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[40k] Is Chaos corruption alone enough to bring Chaos Space Marine creation up to replacement levels? | Or are Chaos Space Marine numbers being slowly depleted as the original traitor legions die or turn to Chaos Spawn? | 16 | The numbers of the original traitors are being slowly whittled down - although not as quickly as you might expect, since some of them get resurrected due to Warp fuckery.
However, they're also always recruiting. They still have gene-seed, and armies of cultists who would cheerfully volunteer to have it implanted into them. Fabius Bile is constantly performing perverted experiments to make new Chaos Marines.
On top of that, the Heresy was the biggest incident of Astartes falling to chaos, but it was far from the only one. Few outside of the Grey Knights are completely immune to the temptations of the Ruinous Powers, and it's not unknown for entire Chapters to fall to Chaos (most famously the Astral Claws/Red Corsairs, under Lugft Huron/Huron Blackheart, the Tyrant of Badab). | 30 |
My professors never taught be the basics of writing for academic journals. What book should I read in order to teach myself how to write articles for journals? | I did a BS in Economics and an MBA from Bangladesh. I was extremely interested in research and I still am. But my supervisor and professors were dismissive of my interests considering me overconfident and "someone who thinks they are great researchers or can be" (someone too full of themselves). In any case, they were interested in test scores and rote learning and never on research. I did one semester of course in research in my undergrad and the supervisor only brushed through the basics.
I am thinking of starting my own research and writing my own articles and maybe try for PhD. I know it might not be possible with such scarce hands on training but I really want to give research article writing for journal articles a shot.
I know longer have access to the library at my university so I cannot get books on loan. Also, academic books are prohitively expensive given the exchange rate, import duties and the insane amount of red tape surrounding the outflow of foreign currency from the country. So, I am preferrably looking for a free book(s) on how to write research articles and to know the intellectual property rights regarding my work.
I want to learn how to write articles for journals and I am looking for books that will teach me how. Can someone suggest some brief yet comprehensive books that I should read to teach myself how to write research articles? | 15 | You seem to come from a very 'taught' background rather than a research one. Did you have research oriented dissertations or thesis? If so, publishing that could be your first target.
I would suggest start by reading the articles in your field and target journals. It is English and you can learn a lot from just reading and noticing how they are structured and what information they cover.
I am not aware of any Academic Publishing for Dummies kind of books, but to be honest, you don't need them. | 15 |
CMV: Property taxes are the most unethical tax there is. | I understand the concept of owning land and paying a fee to the state for occupying such a limited resource but the part I do not agree upon is having your home included in the assessment. If you want to turn that walk-in closet into a bathroom you have to pay a perpetual fee for bettering your home. That's really all it is: a continual fee for improving your living space. Think about how crazy that is. If I decide to spend my own money to build a new deck, the state makes me pay an additional fee, in perpetuity, as they somehow claim ownership to a small portion of the added value of my home that came at MY expense.
Again, I understand, and agree with, the basic premise of property taxes. We as the owners of a limited amount of land in a community have a shared responsibility for the upkeep of that same community, in which we reside. But how can the local government act as if they are owed more money should YOU decide to update that land on your own dime? | 204 | I agree that a land\-value tax is the conceptually cleanest, and arguably least distorting kind of tax, but there are a few solid reasons why including structure\-values in the calculation improves on a land\-value tax on some metrics:
1. Usage of public goods\- an empty plot of soil is far less likely to use underground water supplies than a farm that digs into the water table to irrigate; a shack is going to use far less firefighter time than a mansion; a single\-person house is going to use far fewer police and public school services than a sky\-scraper with a thousand people. Sure, you can add separate taxes for each of these resources, but that's far more complicated that just picking a proxy like "struture\-value" that correlates with all of these things.
2. Allowing small farms and other traditionally respected heavy land users to keep functioning \- if we were to change the scheme to land\-value only, all of a sudden a lot of businesses would have to shut down because they had bought their land on the assumption that taxes would continue to function as promised. The change would be unfair because it breaks an implicit promise, and potentially unsavory because we would have to shut down certain institutions we have come to value (maybe even if they are not the most efficient users of land).
3. Progressiveness of taxation\- if you accept that there is a lot of luck involved in whether you happen to become a millionaire (even if you are just talking about ovarian lottery luck, of happening to be born with good genes and family), then you might reasonably choose to live in a world where if you happen to be born lucky you are willing to pay more for public goods, in exchange for having to pay less if you are unlucky (aside from fairness, this also results from the marginal dollar being worth far less to a millionaire than someone poor). One good way to get rich people to pick up more of the tab for local schools and other services is to charge people with expensive houses more.
| 38 |
ELI5: How is something that’s shaped as strangely as the anus able to be air-tight? | 15 | Pucker your lips like you're trying to make an exaggerated kissy face. Notice that it's still air tight. Your butthole and your lips are pretty identical in terms of shape and construction, cept they're on opposite ends of a really long pipe.
Bonus fact: kissing someone is basically just making a really long pipe with an asshole at both ends. | 43 |
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CMV: Modern Art Schools are Ugly and Dehumanizing | A common theme with a great majority of pre-modern artistic classics is that they showcase talent and dedication to the craft, often via the glorification of human beauty, intelligence and exceptionalism, amoung other innately admirable qualities. Greco-Roman statues glorified the perfection of the human physique, renaissance art glorified the realization of enlightenment and a higher state of mind, Victorian orchestra glorified mastery, grace and refinement, etc. All of the great classics to come from these groups were produced by immensely experienced and dedicated masters of the craft, who spent their entire lives honing their skills and expanding their tenure.
But now anything can be art, which means that everything IS art. The bar has been set so low that there's no demand for experience or talent. If anything can and is art, then anyone can produce art, and according to the modern schools of thought, it's of equal value to any other art. So why bother putting any effort into anything if it's just as good as a red strip down a white canvas some schmuck made in five minutes? Naturally, this attracts the kind of people who are averse to actual effort. The kind of people who think that "meaning" and metaphor are viable replacements for talent, aesthetics and other quantifiable metrics.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzsGmdmhDTI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1un4Mots4pk
This is women screeching and stroking invisible penises. This is art.
I'm not going to link it, but "Interior Semiotics" is the process by which a woman opens canned food, rubs it onto herself, babbles like an insane person, and then freebleeds all over the place. This is art.
The simple fact of the matter is, when you have no standards, people will fail to meet them. Every time. When you don't hold art to the standard that it should glorify the most admirable qualities of humanity, it will default to showcasing humanity at it's most basic and depraved.
What do you think about all of this?
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> *This is a footnote from the CMV moderators. We'd like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!* | 117 | Why do you believe art should capture technical skill? Thanks to computers and cameras creating "perfect" depictions of reality can be done by anybody. Should art have stopped with the invention of the camera? | 60 |
[LotR] Why do wizards take the form of men, rather than dwarves or elves? | In many ways, Gandalf seems closer to elves than to men. | 108 | Because it was in Men that hope for defeating Sauron lied. All other beings were bound to Arda and its fate; only Men had the ability to forge their own destiny. Since the Istari were sent to aid (indirectly) in the battle against Sauron, they needed to assume a form that would best interact with Men. | 123 |
ELI5: what does this saying mean? I can't get my head around it: "it pays to kill with kindness when you're your own worst enemy" | 45 | Who would most people love to kill? Their worst enemy. If you were your own worst enemy and you choose to kill with kindness, you would be extremely kind to yourself. Therefore it "would pay." Essentially it implies being extremely kind to yourself. | 40 |
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Are planetary rings always over the planet's equator? | I understand that the position relates to the cloud\disk from which planets and their rings typically form, but are there other mechanisms of ring formation that could result in their being at different latitudes or at different angles? | 1,353 | Large spinning bodies form an equatorial bulge. There's more mass around the equator, so given enough time any body in orbit will settle into an orbit about the equator. A ring formed at a tilt from this would be unstable and would migrate towards the bulge. Uranus for example has an extreme tilt, and its ring system aligns with its equator.
Venus rotates so slowly it doesn't have a significant equatorial bulge, so potentially it could support a ring system with any degree of tilt. | 995 |
If I consumed excess salt in my diet, could I counteract this by drinking an extra glass or two of water? | Is there any method to counteract eating excess salt? | 16 | The only bad thing about eating too much salt is that it raises your blood pressure by helping your body retain water. If you drink more water with your salt, you'll actually increase your blood pressure more. So actually the way to "counteract" too much salt is to take a diuretic so you'll urinate more and get rid of the excess water, as well as the excess salt. But then if you do that, you also get rid of potassium, which you're probably not eating excessively, leading to an imbalance with respect to sodium and potassium. These two elements are essential in many processes in your body, notably in the regulation of the heart beat and in the working of muscles. This is why marathoners die when they rehydrate with plain water instead of water containing sodium and potassium.
So basically, it's just a lot easier to not eat so much salt. | 13 |
Does closing schools for several months in the summer have any educational or learning-process benefits? | If not, why do we do that? | 15 | It is actually counterproductive, from an educational and learning-process perspective.
Across nations, the best correlation with student test scores is the number of school days per year. In South Korea, they have 220, and their students perform the best. In the USA, we have about 180, and our students fall in the middle of the pack among developed nations.
Source: Howard S. Friedman
Interestingly, many US schools have worked on the hypothesis that the long break leads to a decay in learned material, and some have switched to a 9 week on, 3 week off, schedule (Wake County, NC). There is no strong evidence that this practice positively impacts test scores. Schools have not taken to boosting the number of school days per year, probably because it would require a 22% increase in tax collection to pay for the increased number of school days. | 11 |
ELI5- Why is it that can some countries can have nuclear weapons while others can't, and who gets to decide? | 20 | Pretty much everyone got together and agreed to A. Stop building nukes B. Get rid of the nukes they have (this has been progressing slowly) C. Share nuclear technology for energy purposes.
The big countries benefit from number 1- no new nukes, so the balance of power swings more towards them. Less powerful countries like 3- they get free technology and don't have to rediscover nuclear power on their own if they want to have their own reactors.
Not everyone signed the treaty- in particular, India, Pakistan, and Isreal. The first 2 have publicly shown that they have developed nukes, and everyone is pretty sure about Israel.
Iran *did* sign, which is why the UN is allowed to care about their nuclear program. | 22 |
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ELI5: Why are there so many gun models using the same calibre? Doesn't the bullet determine most of the lethality and range, while the gun is just the vehicle that fires it? | 10,180 | The cartridge itself is the main factor in terminal ballistics, but barrel length is also important - a longer barrel gives the bullet more distance to accelerate, to a certain degree.
That aside, there's also plenty of other factors in a gun. Ergonomics, rate of fire, price, the action and lock type, materials, safety, other features to improve reliability or ease of use, the list goes on. Also, some models may be updated versions of older designs, direct competition to a similar model or just an improved but more expensive luxury version.
Think of it like there being lots of models of cars that use the same fuel. | 7,356 |
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ELI5: Why livestreams (Twitch, Youtube, etc) have such a clear and smooth quality while video calls (Skype, etc) are so laggy and low quality? | I watch a Youtube channel called Funhaus and they often stream using their webcam and the quality is perfect (also used for recording). They also play games with other Youtube channels and they use Skype to chat with them before and after matches, but the quality is incredibly bad. Why? | 20 | Because you aren't watching them "live". There's a delay corresponding to the amount of time it takes to send the data to the streaming services, then to you. Once the streaming service has the data, they can stream it to you unhindered. The delay allows for perfect playback. Because a long delay wouldn't be acceptable with video chatting services, this method can't be used, and the data has to be streamed at a lower quality or with chunks missing to eliminate delays as much as possible. | 44 |
ELI5: Why is it that we need to basically 'fast' for 24 hours before going into surgery? | I have always wondered how having very little food in your stomach affects a surgery. I'm sure this concept is irrelevant in emergency surgery situations, so what are the implications? | 43 | Anesthesia can make you very nauseated, and they don't want you vomiting while you're unconscious. Also, your organs "wake up" at different rates, and it's important that your digestive tract be able to engage in effective peristalsis to move food down the canal. Otherwise, you'd have lumps of decomposing food in your digestive tract, constipation (another side effect of anesthesia), and bloating and cramps from the offgassing because the peristalsis wasn't squeezing it along. Same thing goes with pets, which is why you have to withhold food and water for a time before surgery. It's a smaller consideration in emergency surgery, as you mentioned, but if you have the ability to prevent it, why not? | 27 |
ELI5: Why do some Americans treat the their constitution as a borderline religious text? | 24 | The United States has, since it's founding, taught it's schoolchildren the nation's history as a series of *narrative stories*. Discussions about the American revolution don't discuss the implications of post-war reconstruction on regional stability until the college level. As children, they learn about the Ride of Paul Revere and narratives about oppressed people being free.
In those stories, the US founding fathers take on the role of the Knights of the Round Table, acting as perfectly just rulers who advocate equality, bravery, and good government. It's designed both to inspire patriotism and to help kids to remember some of those early laws and ideas by presenting a simple narrative of Good and Evil as a mnemonic to remember them by.
As people grow up, the heroic tales of the Founding Fathers remain a part of their patriotism, and they feel a great attachment to the principles that those men said were sacred. The US constitution nevertheless changes frequently, with the latest change in 1992. Most of the changes to the document don't involve the 'core principles' of Right and Wrong that American schoolchildren are taught to remember though. Generally, when people say 'the constitution is a sacred document' they mean things like Freedom of Expression and the Right to Bear Arms rather than how the US constitution handles a sudden vacancy in the vice presidency.
In other words, the Founding Fathers are a channel for people's political opinions surrounding right and wrong. When they are morally outraged by a law, they argue that the Founders would be. When they are okay with a change, generally they figure the Founders would, with today's evidence and information, be okay with a change too. Their actual opinions have very little bearing unless people still agree with them. For example, many of the Founding Fathers supported slavery, which we don't really talk about anymore. But when a quote can be found that matches a Founding Father with your opinion, it makes you feel really patriotic, so people quote them all the time.
Plus they were some quotable gentlemen. Very literary, good command of language. | 56 |
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[40k] Do Dark Mechanicus hereteks think the Machine God has a place in the Chaos Pantheon? How do they reconcile his worship with being so "invisible" compared to the other gods? | 24 | Hereteks do not believe in the machine god. They see through the religion of mars as a quality assurance scheme turned into religious ritual. This means they will try to improve, customize and even innovate on the pre-existing designs and technology.
Dark Mechanicus take it even further and experiment with daemons and "warp physics" to improve their designs and equipment. Daemons and Chaos bands will give them slaves, resources and more for them to produce war engines that will bring glory to their patron gods name | 26 |
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[SCP/Harry Potter] If we assume the Foundation secretly knows about wizards and takes a hands-off approach to their world, what potential "Plan-B" backup plans might they have ready just in case? | 32 | Wizards aren't really an X threat and they police themselves. Not really the foundations business, though were they to exist in the same universe they would likely get hired to boost the security of several facilities. | 35 |
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ELI5: Why does cheese shredded from a block taste better than pre shredded cheese from the same brand? | If you buy a block of cheese and shred it at home, the shredded cheese always tastes better than pre shredded cheese from a bag. Why? | 39 | Because pre shedded cheese has a starchy coating to stop it all sticking together. Self shredded cheese doesn’t have this. It’s also why certain recipes, mac’n’cheese especially, call for freshly shredded and not pre bought. | 63 |
ELI5 what mutually exclusive means? | 16 | Mutually exclusive is the condition where two things can not both be possible because of the other. Imagine flipping a coin. The coin landing heads and the coin landing tails would be mutually exclusive because it's impossible for both outcomes to happen. The coin must land on one side or the other. | 35 |
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Advice for dealing with toxic fellow graduate student(s) | *Thanks in advance for any advice. I've been blessed with un-dramatic, secure, and emotionally mature friends (which is great), but it's left me unsure how to handle all of this. At this point, I mostly just want to be rid of the drama. Also, if anyone has any suggestions on making friends in grad school (particularly outside of their grad program), I'd really appreciate it. If you want/need details on my specific situation and why I'm asking, see below.*
I started my Ph.D. last year, which wasn't the easiest time to move and begin a new program. Against the odds, I made friends with a few fellow students last February. Everything seemed great. However, a couple of months in, one student in particular (I'll call her A) started displaying some toxic behavior.
At first, it was things like subtly putting down others when they did well or did a homework problem correctly when A got it wrong. Then it was talking about other friends in the group (particularly a young woman I'll call B, but everyone) behind their backs. The badmouthing could take a lot of forms. For example, she would say that B's fiance (who proposed to her last semester) was an alcoholic and a drug addict (he's not) and that we would probably need to hold an intervention when the relationship hit rock bottom in a couple years. She spoke horribly about B when they got engaged (what did she see in him, he's awkward, B is settling, B just got lucky finding love, B's fiance won't be happy with her forever, etc.). Other negative comments included others in the group being immature, liking gossip, being bad/unethical about research, being unproductive, naive, stupid, bad with money, etc. Things escalated when she tried to ice B out of the group (B didn't do something A wanted; A never told B she wanted this thing). At this point, I stepped in and continued hanging out with B despite A. A then decided to make up with B (although she is still mad, even enraged, and will talk about it given a chance). However, B thinks that this was just a small fight between the two of them. She doesn't know that A stopped inviting her to things (and attempted to get me to do the same) or that B still continually badmouths her. B thinks they are still good friends. For some, some definitions of friendship, maybe they are.
After that, I started to realize that A has a history of turbulent relationships. She is not friends with any of her friends from high school or college (her words). She has already fallen out with at least two members of her cohort (she has been here a year longer than I have). Despite this, A is both charismatic and manipulative, which I think enables her to continually get away with how she treats people. In any case, I realized that it was only a matter of time until she got angry with me -- which is what happened less than a month later. I asked her about it after I realized what was going on. Apparently, it's because I wasn't sure I wanted to watch a particular movie and because I corrected her on homework a couple of times (e.g., "I don't think the answer to X can be Y because X divided by Z is not Y" -- I wasn't mean about it). The last two things made her question our friendship. She also told me that she only became friends with me because she felt sorry for me because of COVID, that we only became friends she had recently fallen out with a different friend, and so forth. Just a whole slew of statements that I'm sure were designed to hurt me. I also tried to talk with her about the badmouthing thing, which only resulted in her gaslighting me - she tried to tell me that she hadn't said any of those things, which is just BS because she said them all the time. At that point, I knew there was no recovering the relationship, and I was no longer interested in interacting with her. It doesn't seem worth it.
Here are my questions. However, really any advice or perspective would be great.
* How should I handle this situation appropriately? I see graduate school as being a professional environment. How can I minimize damage? I'm worried about my reputation in the department given A's tendency to badmouth everyone. Typically if I didn't want to be friends with someone I would slowly distance myself by becoming busy with other things, but that seems hard given that everything with A generally seems very dramatic (she spread rumors and tried to complain to the department about one of the students she fell out with last year).
* Does it make sense for me to distance myself from this friend group as a whole? Can I do that in academia or would that count as shutting the door on potentially useful relationships?
* Does B deserve to know? I am inclined not to say anything because I don't think it would do any good, but I've had some friends give me the opposite advice.
* Any tips for how I can avoid situations or people like this in the future?
*TL;DR - I made a toxic friend in my first year of grad school. Now I'm just exhausted from all of this want to figure out a way of distancing myself gracefully and moving on with my Ph.D. without being totally socially isolated.* | 119 | Everyone will learn quickly, if they do not already know, about A's bad behavior. Avoid A and be friends with the others. If B asks tell B in a way that doesn't drag B into the mess any further.
At this point you need to just move on from this mess and get your focus back on important things.
Join a campus group, connect with old friends online, go to social events in your city/town when you can. Avoid A and carry on through your program. A will get herself in her own trouble. | 116 |
[Alien Franchise] Why would you keep trying to domesticate Xeno's after you have the Ripley "clone"? | I know it was the dream of the Wayland Corp. to somehow domesticate the Xenomorphs into a perfect bio weapon, but after cloning Ripley in Alien: Resurrection, didn't they have something better; a human with enhanced hand/eye coordination, seemingly improved speed and strength, increased aggression responses, and bonus acidic blood!
Rather than an organism they can't control the spread of (see any Alien movie, comic, game), they got an enhanced human that wants to fight, and may be able to understand Xenomorph behavior or biology in a way we can't. They should find out what's different in her DNA, and then work to make those changes onto more suitable subjects (colonial marines) to create a better soldier. | 37 | A human will never be perfect. But they already have the perfect killing organism. A Xenomorph is superior to Ripley-8; it is faster, stronger, and is a more efficient killing machine if used properly.
They needed to extract the Queen from Ripley; the enhancements were pure coincidences. Ripley may have been more bloodthirsty, but she still cared about humanity. It also ties into psychology: to make the perfect colonial marine killing machine, you need a psychopath; and given the amount of time Weyland-Yutani spent trying to extract a Queen from Ripley, the company would need to keep working time after time.
Even then, when will they get a perfect killing organism? At what point will it be perfect enough to kill upon command and restrain itself? When will the Xenomorph DNA work against the company? So many factors that tie into ethics (and we all know Weyland-Yutani has none). They just want one thing: a controllable beast. But tying humans into it will draw unwanted attention from other factions. They'll see the company as a more powerful threat that now showed everyone it is not bound by ethics or morals. It is considered better to use a killing machine that is known for being a killing machine (and efficiently eliminate current threats) rather than bastardized humans and Xenomorphs into attracting attention from other factions (which would increase the work needed to win). | 16 |
ELI5: What is the "basic income" movement? | 33 | It's a movement to create something a bit like Social Security, but for everyone.
Modern society produces a shit-ton of excess resources. In many ways, we could get by without literally everybody working -- unemployment rates, and people on welfare, seem to argue for this.
The idea is that you have much higher taxes, and then use that tax money to give everyone a basic (shitty appartment with roommates?) standard of living.
People would then work since they wanted to do something with their life or because they wanted more money than that.
The proponents see it as a solution to the future where automation may displace most workers permanently, and also that it avoids the problems with modern day welfare where it dissuades people from working, that it is easily defrauded, and needs lots of bureaucracy to get (which poor people have a hard time with.) | 38 |
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[Lord of the Rings] Could they recreate the Army of the Dead by having people voluntarily break oaths? | 35 | No.
1. It wasn't the fact that they broke their oath that turned them into undead monstrosities. Isildur's curse did that.
2. Humanity just doesn't have the power to do that anymore by the time LOTR's story starts. The world's magic is fading, Humanity's power is fading, Everything in Arda is slowly progressing towards becoming completely mundane (as, remember, It's framed as being our own world, just before). The Magic necessary to do something like that again simply doesn't exist, unless maybe you're an ancient and powerful Elf Lord, one of the Istari, or Sauron himself. Maybe the Witch King could have done it.
3. Even if that magic *was* still accessible for humanity, It's not entirely clear how it actually worked. LOTR and its associated works don't really describe the rules of magic very clearly (what we call a soft magic system). It's entirely possible that such a curse would require the proper emotional state, or even outright malice, to accomplish successfully, which provides a further barrier to doing it on purpose. | 73 |
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ELI5: Do bounty hunters actually have any real authority about a regular civilian ? | They seem to be overstepping their rights
edit: if anyone was wondering, this [gem](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SEh3Q9ARMKE) from r/cringe is what sparked my interest | 173 | State laws vary greatly, some don't allow bounty hunters to make any arrests at all, but quite often yes, they do have even more authority than the police. The reason is that the bail jumper *gave* them that authority when they signed the bail agreement. They are essentially signing away their rights and agreeing to such terms. Bounty hunters don't have to read a fugitive his rights either. If he's on bail, that's already been done and the bounty hunter is just returning him to the custody of the state. Someone on bail technically remains in the custody of the state, but with certain agreed to freedoms provided they behave.
Bounty hunters only have authority over someone who skips bail. They have no such authority to track down people wanted by the police for other reasons. Again, the fugitive must have consented to this arrangement beforehand.
Bounty hunters can also enter a fugitive's home without either notice or a warrant. But they have no right to enter the home of a friend or relative, or any other private property, even if they believe the fugitive is inside. In that case they'll just stake the place out and call the police to make the arrest. | 149 |
CMV: As a black person, I don't see the merit behind minorities lambasting oppressors of a different ethnicity before holding members of their own community accountable | This isn't an attack on POC. I do not believe any community is a monolith and I know that true progress doesn't happen overnight. I try to call out people that have an overreliance on victimhood or that use buzzwords without really expressing an apt description. I get demonized and insulted regularly for this. I'm hoping to use this opportunity to assess my own opinions and whether they hold up to criticisms.
Some more specific examples include the concept of reparations for the Atlantic slave trade. I don't believe that chapter of Americana should *ever* be forgotten. I don't think it should be a cudgel with which to beat a white person over the head with when their family emigrated from Ireland and they faced a whole different set of xenophobia and jingoism. I think the lessons should be taught as history and work best when referencing implementing solutions. Justice Thurgood Marshall was sharp in how he addressed Jim Crow and Civil Rights when talking about Affirmative Action but a key point he intimated was that this should advance "with all deliberate speed". I fully acknowledge the abuse and torment of those entrapped in the Atlantic slave trade. I believe those people that ask for reparations are essentially asking for a divestiture of wealth accumulated over generations. It manifests in the form of people giving up jobs at 'white-shoe' firms to the best candidate as opposed to a crony and that takes generations more. My qualm is that members of the majority ethnic group are villainized for their very existence. If this level of animosity was turned to your local neighrhood crip gang member, they would be eradicated.
That brings me to the violence in the black community. I cannot fathom how this is the fault of anyone but the people perpetrating these acts. I'm extremely ignorant on how oppression compels you to gun down another for respect or street credibility. I (silently) lose respect for the people that defend these murders under the guise that they are products of their community or it wasn't in their ability to not commit violence. I'm not an expert but I've found no other comparison of people being absolved of guilt because of vestiges of systemic racism occurring any-number of years prior.
Please let me know what didn't make sense or why I'm uninformed here.
EDIT: I've been permanently banned from this sub. It wasn't mentioned why but I assume it was the fact my opinion was just tad too unpopular.
EDIT: I was never banned from this thread. I misread a message I got from a mod. This is probably a great reason new accounts are discouraged from posting right away. For all the folks calling me a troll or white supremacist for being new, I promise I'm just late to the party. This site is still cool though.
LAST EDIT: so i don't have to type in replies anymore, when I said policy reform shouldn't come "before" internal accountability, it's because they're both equal. | 1,608 | So black people have to fix 100% of the problems in their community before they can address the problems of racism and oppression from the outside?
Seems like an unreachable objective that would permanently delay progress. | 376 |
[DOOM - any and all continuities] If a way could be found to prevent possession, or if the forces of Hell were unable to possess people for whatever reason, would they stand a chance against Earth's forces? | Assume that a portal opens up and humanity has to close it (or invade and occupy Hell, I guess). The forces of Hell want to invade and occupy Earth.
It seems like their big advantages are:
Teleportation (but they don't seem to abuse it as much as you'd think it would make sense to).
Possession- they don't even need to take over places the normal way when they can just possess everyone there and make them into demons/quasi zombies.
Corruption- in the more traditional sense. They just find some useful idiots to go turncoat and screw the rest of humanity over for dubious benefits.
That last one might be their strongest asset, given the overwhelming technological advantage we have.
As it is, without a human grafting tech to their demons, Hell's forces are pretty much restricted to possessing humans who can use human weapons, or whatever they can innately do (spitting fireballs, scratching and biting). OTOH we humans can slap some high tech weaponry into any schmuck's hands and with some minimal training (point and shoot, stay calm under fire) they can be as strong as anyone else, at least at range.
Or, as I put it in Call of Duty: "It turns out that stupid people's bullets hurt just as much."
I'm not saying the conflict wouldn't be bloody, but would Hell have a chance of winning without possession? Maybe if they had infinite reinforcements they could eventually overwhelm humanity, but even without considering the heavier stuff we have at our disposal, our small arms seem more than a match for demonic forces that cannot simply possess the majority of us. | 54 | Demons are incredibly durable even the weakest specimens requires sustained small arms fire to kill. Larger demons require no less than anti armor weaponry to down, don't require food or sleep, and can cut through heavy armor.
Your overestimating the effectiveness of an average soldier, in combat it takes several thousand rounds fired to kill an enemy combatant. That's with human targets, imps rarely stay on the ground or attack in a large clump, hellknights will charge straight through any defensive structure you've built and sow unparalleled chaos, Pinkies will soak everything short of an anti armor explosive.
Our biggest advantage would be air superiority and even that won't last without infrastructure . Hell would either straight up win or severely cripple humanity us. | 27 |
ELI5: Ebola Information Post. | Many people are asking about Ebola, and rightfully so.
This post has been made and stickied with the purpose of you asking your ebola-related questions here, and having them answered.
Please feel free to also browse /r/Science [Ebola AMA](http://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/2hy3r9/science_ama_series_ask_your_questions_about_ebola/). | 203 | Everybody is saying "don't worry, don't touch another persons bodily fluids, feces, vomit etc if they are infected and you'll be O.K.".
What worries me is mutation (because that's what viruses do). This thing goes airborne as it did in Reston, Virginia 20 years ago (fortunately only for primates) we are all pretty much fucked. | 45 |
Are pacemakers able to adjust their "heart rate" based on the exertion of the person they belong to? Do they support a feedback system with the body? | I was thinking about this today, since someone's heart rate fluctuates even as they just stand up, do pacemakers have a way of dealing with such fluctuation? And if they can, to what extent can they support changes in heart rate? Could a pacemaker patient go for a run, or participate in extreme sport, for example? | 1,483 | Pacemakers generally regulate pacing at a lower boundary; this lower boundary is usually set by a cardiologist.
Pacemakers do not, however, regulate every heart beat. Aside from other contraindications there is no reason a pacemaker patient cannot run, exercise, or live a normal, healthy life. Their heart rate will increase, yes, but the medical device has nothing to do with this. It will only intervene when there is a missed beat or arryhtmia.
EDIT: This is not entirely accurate, particularly some different styles of pacemakers; there are pacers that will regulate maximum limits as well as constant heartbeat. Please see corrections in comments below. | 983 |
If we ever wanted to start populating another planet, what the fewest number of men and women you could send so there wouldn't be any incest among the offspring? | If we ever wanted to start populating another planet, what the fewest number of men and women you could send so there wouldn't be any incest among the offspring? | 21 | Probably a few thousand, maybe less. If your familiar with human genetics you'll realize once the population reaches a certain generation, everything's incest and inbreeding. In fact, genetic diversity in humans is pretty low compared to other animals.
The more important question would be how many individuals would be needed to keep recessive deformities to a minimum. You can't really put an ideal number on this because there will be genetic deformity in a certain percent of the population no matter it's size.
I say let's put all of Hollywood on Space-X, aim it at A. Centari and hope for the best. | 16 |
ELI5: How are chords made from a scale? | 17 | There are four major types of chords: major, minor, augmented, and diminished.
**Major**
Major chords are the basic chords that make up any song you listen to. Every other chord is just a major chord with a little bit difference. That being said, the major chords are the simplest of all the chords. A major chord, or major triad, starts with a root note like a C note. The next note on the chord is the third note in the scale of the root note. For example if the root note was C, the next note would be an E note. The third and final note of the chord is the fifth note on the scale. In the example of a C scale, the fifth note would be a G note. When you put them all together you get a chord with the note combination of 1-3-5; a C chord will have a note combination of C-E-G.
**Minor**
Minor chords are major chords in which the third not is taken down a half step to make it flat. In the example of a C chord the note combination would be a C-E flat/F sharp-G. This creates a more mellow and deeper sound and creates a more sorrowful feel to the song.
**Augmented**
Augmented chords take the major chord and increase the fifth note by a half step, making it sharp. For the C chord, the note combination C-E-G sharp/A flat. Augmented chords kind of sound weird and are used in songs that are not very harmonic. A good example of this would be "Oh Darling" by The Beatles.
**Diminished**
Lastly, diminished chords take a minor chord and make the fifth note down a half step, making it flat. The note combination for a C chord would be C-E flat/D sharp-G flat/F sharp. Diminished notes create a very flat tone and makes songs sound deep and sad.
**<TL;DR>**
Major chord note combination: 1-3-5
Minor chord note combination: 1-3 flat-5
Augmented chord note combination: 1-3-5 sharp
Diminished chord note combination: 1-3 flat-5 sharp | 20 |
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ELI5: How do you explain the difference between sympathizing with someone and empathizing with someone? | 18 | Sympathy is the act of understanding someone else's emotions. Empathy is feeling those emotions yourself.
For example, if a friend's parent recently passed away you might feel sympathy if you understand that they are sad. But, if you also had a parent pass away you can remember the same feelings you had at that time. So, you can empathize with the person because you feel (or have felt) the same way they do. | 26 |
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Is there a single language I could learn that would allow me to write code for iOS, Linux, and possibly even micro controllers such as the Arduino? | I am currently a mechanical engineer with a little bit of basic electronics knowledge, and have spent many years running various flavors of Linux and writing small bash scripts to automate various tasks. So I'm not exactly starting from 0 when it comes to learning programming...but still only at maybe a 1 out of 100, lol.
I am equally interested in coding for hardware, micro controllers, sensors, etc, think IOT devices as well as apps for iPhone, iPad, MacOS, and Linux. But I dont want to end up overwhelming myself by trying to learn multiple languages at once. So is there any 1 language that can be used on all these platforms? | 20 | C or C++ is going to be essentially you're only option. Microcontrollers don't usually have support for other languages.
Unfortunately the Apple ecosystem is particularly locked down, to write apps for their products you *have* to use an Apple computer and an Apple programming language (e.g. Swift) is strongly recommended. You can use C++ (using e.g. Qt) but it won't be the easiest experience. | 35 |
I'm predicting 60 events to happen over 30 days, randomly distributed. How many days with zero events can happen in a row before I'm statistically unlikely to meet my target? Is this something the Poisson distribution applies to and how can I calculate it? | 365 | yes, the poisson distribution can be used, but it requires that you know the probability of the event happening. are you saying that the probability is 60 events every 30 days or are those just some numbers you're making a bet about or something? | 98 |
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if we have godness of fit tests, why even use qqplot? | hi, I hope its not too stupid of question
but we learned about godness of fit test, and we can use it to check if a sample comes from normal distribution
so isnt it much better than using qqplot to check if data is from normal distribution?
since qqplot is pretty much more of "guessing" game if we think the line and dots look good enough
and using the godness of fit test give us a more accurate / concreate way of deciding if its actually noraml | 20 | Testing for normality is useless. Large enough data and you will always reject normality because nothing is perfectly normally distributed, and smaller datasets you will fail to detect that they aren't normal because the tests lack power. | 25 |
[Star Trek] Why are there so few artificial lifeforms and AIs running around? | As far as I know, the only forms of artificial life are the androids designed by Noonien Soong, the "machine race" from the V-ger incident, and the occasional self-aware holodeck program.
What is it about the Star Trek universe that gives rise to so few AIs/artificial lifeforms compared to other scifi universes? | 16 | There are several factors.
One is that functioning, stable, artificial lifeforms are very difficult to produce. Dr. Soong's android Data is the only known fully autonomous artificial being that isn't either dangerous to biological life (like his brother Lore), or prone to catastrophic malfunction (like his daughter Lal). Records of the encounter with the androids associated with Harcourt Fenton Mudd indicate that they are both dangerous, plotting to take over the galaxy and "protect" humanity by effectively enslaving us, and fragile, capable of being destroyed by simple conversational logic loops. Research tends to indicate that, left to its own devices, artificial intelligence has a habit of spinning into one neurosis or another, and that placing such intelligence in an autonomous body causes even an even greater likelihood of malfunction.
Another issue is that the Federation is highly cautious about the ethical dangers of creating artificial beings. The transcripts of the trial of Lt. Commander Data are an excellent real world exploration of the subject, and there have been huge amounts of further discussion on the topic. In essence, the danger is that we would create artificial life, and then enslave it. The incident involving the exocomps is also worth looking at. In that instance, there were robots designed for hazardous work, but with the ability to learn. They spontaneously generated a form of sentience and a sense of self-preservation. This indicates that, given the proper conditions, it is possible for a low-functioning machine intelligence to grow to a higher-functioning one. Again, we run up against issues of both the rights of sentient beings, and the dangers of allowing machine intelligence to develop. It is possible that, if allowed, the exocomps could have developed into friendly machine life. It is also quite possible that they could have developed into incredibly dangerous machine life.
The fact of the matter is, machine intelligence is an almost impossible balancing act. On the upper side of intelligence and complexity, you have machines that spin up into neurosis and malfunction. On the lower side, you have machines that aren't intelligent enough to serve any useful function, and are essentially dependent on their caretakers. In either case, machine intelligence carries more costs than benefits. Well-adjusted artificial beings, like Data, are almost totally unheard of, because that balance is so difficult to reach. | 17 |
ELI5: How would modernizing infrastructure help us? | I'm curious to hear from somebody who knows this kind of stuff
Im guessing it makes us safer, gives 'right now' jobs for awhile. It would save energy (the electrical grid waste something like half of all electricity produced, that's a lot of waste). | 27 | you pretty much answered it yourself. the national infrastructure is composed of lots of different parts though. road networks, fibre optic internet, train tracks, etc etc. a better infrastructure makes for a more efficient country, with less waste. and improving things can create shortterm jobs, while maintenance of the infrastructure already provides longterm jobs. | 12 |
[Luke Cage] Shouldn't the guns break when Luke Cage try to bend them even with his strength? | 30 | The parts would probably break away from each other, but the metal itself would bend instead of breaking. Materials go through two types of deformation before breaking: elastic (like a spring being slightly stretched) where they return to the original shape, plastic (like stretching a spring waaaay out) where they will not reshape, and after this they reach their yield strength where they break. Most of the metal parts of guns would plastically deform, not yield.
Source: am engineer. Took some classes about this. | 38 |
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ELI5: How is it that just a few millimetres of insulation in space suits is enough to protect astronauts from the extreme heat/cold of outer space? | 15,474 | Vacuums are really terrible at conduction, so you dont need a crazy thick layer of insulation. When we insulate something on earth its either in air or in a liquid, both of which transfer heat (conduct) a lot better. Basically the cold air or water "steals" your body heat a lot more than a vacuum would | 8,446 |
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Did we learn anything new from this recent Venus Transit? | or did we simply observe it in ways we havent before due to scientific and technological advancements?
| 102 | The hubble space telescope has been used to observe the transit (by observing it's reflection off the moon). This is being used to confirm that our models of how extrasolar planets dim the light from their sun are correct.
Technically that's not something new, but it does give us greater confidence that our models are correct. | 76 |
[MCU] What was Loki's long-term plan when he was disguised as Odin? | Would he ever have revealed himself? Or would he live out the ruse throughout the centuries? | 325 | [](/twilyshrug)He's the God of Mischief, not Intricate Schemes.
He didn't have a long term plan and this was his undoing. He's always been an opportunistic little weasel who takes whatever comes his way and runs with it.
He let frost giants into Asgard to ruin Thor's big day, and when the consequences of this exceeded his wildest dreams and led to Thor being banished and his father entering the Odinsleep, he took the opportunity and seized the throne.
When Thanos offered to help make him a king, he took the opportunity without questioning the long term wisdom of the act.
When he and Thor fought the dark elves and he saw the opportunity to fake his own death, he jumped on it in a heartbeat. And then when he saw an opportunity to ambush his father and seize the throne yet again, he leapt for it and never looked back... or very far forward.
When Loki found himself on Sakaar he created the most long term plan he ever had: getting himself close to an old man and waiting for him to die so he could once again seize power.
Then, later, when he was in the middle of saving the people of Asgard and walked past the Space Stone, he picked it up simply guessing that it might come in useful later.
The Joker once claimed to be a man without a plan; a dog chasing cars, he said. This wasn't true. He was a man of intricate schemes and precise planning. Loki, however, really *is* a dog chasing cars in that he makes a predatory leap for power whenever given the opportunity. He really has no idea what he'll do *afterwards.* | 457 |
Reduce inflation by reducing money supply? | I’m probably being a moron but if inflation is caused by money becoming less valuable, can’t the government just reduce the amount of money in circulation to make its value increase?
What if the government sold a ton of assets to the banks. The banks would pay with cash. The government would then hold onto that cash, keeping it out of circulation. Money is therefore more scarce, making the value of any unit of money increase.
I’m sure there is an obvious answer to why it isn’t as simple as this, but I know almost nothing about this stuff so would love to understand it if someone can ELI5. Thanks. | 40 | No it's literally that simple and that's pretty much what governments do.
Or rather, they control inflation by controlling the "speed" of money creation.
Think of it like that, if you're driving a car, you don't always slam on the brakes to reduce speed, letting go of the throttle, or simply pressing the throttle down *less* can also reduce your speed depending on the circumstances.
It's the same with money creation. The central bank could slam on the brakes and halt inflation very quickly or severely, or it could also just *slow down* money creation and also reduce inflation.
That matters because creating more money causes inflation by causing an increase in aggregate demand. People have more money, people want to buy more stuff, and prices go up.
Consequently, the same goes for the other direction. If the central bank would shrink the money supply super aggressively, that would lead to a sharp fall in aggregate demand, and most likely crash the economy. The central bank doesn't want that, so it applies the throttle more gently. | 47 |
[ROBOCOP] Does Robocop have a power source? | How does Robocop have a power source? I get the baby paste helps maintain his organic parts but how is the rest powered?
And If his brain grows old will he die? Go senile? | 56 | it does have a battery system of some kind since they refer to his "recharging" state a few times. How often he needs to recharge is unknown since we see him hide out in an abandoned warehouse for a while and repair his damaged parts after his first run in with ED-209 he must be able to run several days without issue. | 41 |
What makes Immanuel Kant such a good philosopher? What did he express or mention that made him so prominent and outstanding? | He is my favorite philosopher just because people say he is one of the top 3 best, and I even have a book about him.
I am just a beginner, and a novice, and I don't really understand what makes him so great? | 30 | Why is he your favorite philosopher if you don't know why he's great?
Kant is important in philosophy mainly for what he calls his "Copernican Revolution"--his idea that the mind doesn't merely record the external world, but that it actively shapes it. | 41 |
[the boys] do heroes actually fight the villains or is it an act? | so in the comics, its established that nearly all the heroes are pretty much just celebrities with powers and typically only stop a few small crimes to look good in the papers. but there have been quite a few times where a hero has been shown fighting a super villian( like when A train was fighting that guy at the fair). how does that work? are those villains paid by vought or are they actually just super powered people who go on crime sprees? if its the latter, does vought risk losing a hero in the fight or do they check out the villain first and see if the hero can beat them? | 27 | It's all fake. The heroes and the villians. The villians are paid in secret and usually only attack fake events like a bank that's been closed for renovations or whatnot. The A train fight that resulted in the death of civilians was because A train tried to be flashy with his takedown of the villian instead of the scripted actions.
Some villians do exist but they're funded by vought through shell companies and kept in line through secret means and more powerful heroes. Told to take a dive but do whatever they want with the loot from a jewelry heist so long as the Hero looks good chasing them off.
Whenever the supes face real criminals the collateral damage is high so they're kept to smaller events by vought to mitigate the PR risks.
Basically if it's a supe on supe fight it's a WWE match for fans. If it's real crimes it's a one sided affair against petty criminals to make the hero look good without having to do anything. | 45 |
[40k/StarWars] What would the Galactic Empire and the Imperium of Man would think of eachother? | What do you think the Galactic Empire and the Imperium of Man would think of eachother? How would they react? | 24 | Pre-Heresy, the Emperor of Man would crush Palpatine and forcefully bring the Empire back into the fold. Post Heresy, the Imperium would destroy every single planet in the Galactic empire for harbouring Xenos and unsanctioned psykers | 32 |
Can flammable liquids/gases just "combust" in high temperature environments or do they require a spark or some sort of ignition/catalyst? | We touched on the combustion of organic molecules in my org chem class and I was just curious if a flammable substance is placed in a controlled environment and the temperature increases, will it eventually just ignite?
What would happen to initiate this on the molecular level (like is there a mechanism)? | 23 | A diesel engine operates by this principle. A fuel-air mixture is compressed until its temperature and pressure become great enough for it to ignite. What happens on a molecular level is that in order for any reaction to proceed, there is a certain energy barrier that must be overcome, and once the temperature is high enough, the molecules have enough kinetic energy to overcome that barrier. | 11 |
CMV: High schools should have a career path option for those who aren't planning to go to college | The high school system in the US serves mainly as college prep. It's unrealistic and honestly just ridiculous to expect all high schoolers to go on to to higher education. It does not properly serve students who will be going directly into the workforce. I believe this plays a role in how many students drop out and unemployment rates for young people.
Sure, there are some trade programs you may be able to get into. The problem is there is that these programs have limited availability and only serve a handful of careers. For this reason, I am disregarding trade programs in my argument.
Here's my proposed solution:
High school would have two paths, college and career (like the game of life). Coursework would be the same for 9th and 10th grade. The usual core classes
For 11th grade, you get to choose either a college or career pathway. I feel this is the most appropriate time to allow students to make this decision. With how it is currently, students are expected to start their college search in 11th grade and have the option of dropping out.
The career path would consist of classes teaching the essential skills needed to find work and become independent. Example classes would be:
-Job searching and interviewing
-Basic computer literacy (word, excel, etc)
-budgeting and money management
-courses specific to different industries like food safety, customer service interactions, etc.
-part time employment would count as a certain amount of school credit
Some core subjects would still be required but in a form where it focuses more on real life skills, like an English class that is centered around resume writing, writing professional emails, etc.
If after a career path student graduates they change their mind and want to go to college, they still can. Plenty of students who drop out still go on to get a college degree, they just need to take some extra courses.
I feel this is the best way to prepare young people going into the workforce and increase graduation rates. But I'm sure there must be a flaw with this plan otherwise it probably would be implemented. CMV. | 154 | Contrary to popular teenage belief, the vast majority of high schoolers have no clue what they want to do with their lives or at least have an unrealistic idea of how the pathway to their dreams will go.
Giving the students preparatory information for college is essentially preparing them for the tougher scenario (education-wise). It's a hell of a lot easier to take a few resume, LinkedIn, and interview workshops compared to catching up on years of high school education lost to this alternate pathway. Changing your mind and going into the workforce immediately after being prepped for college is orders of magnitude easier than someone who was never prepped for college changing their mind and wanting to go to college.
In addition, the proposed alternate course load is objectively easier and less time consuming than a traditional course load, making it very exploitable for lazy students who are just looking to breeze through while learning as little as possible. This one is more of a minor point but still something to consider.
Essentially, high schoolers should not be trusted to make such an important and long-term decision until at the very least they've graduated. We should continue to prep them for the toughest scenario (college/university) with immediate entry into the workforce being an alternate choice that can still often benefit from high school education. Let them be prepared for college and change their minds later if they want. It's a hell of a lot easier than dealing with someone years behind in education wanting to suddenly go to college.
| 47 |
ELI5:What is live ball v. dead ball baseball? | I've just gotten into baseball recently and I notice that there is often a distinction between the live ball and the dead ball era of baseball. Can somebody please explain this distinction as well as why it results in higher scoring games during live ball baseball? | 15 | In the early 20th Century, baseball was played in larger ball parks, and used balls that were softer, due to the way they were made and from overuse...a single ball might be used over multiple games. Worn balls also gave the pitchers an advantage, as scuff marks and wear damage allowed them to put more action on the ball. This resulted in a ball that was harder to hit, and wouldn't travel as far when it was hit. Baseball strategy that revolved more around getting base hits, and the rare home run was seen as a mistake, a fly ball that just happened to travel a little farther.
Once teams started using better balls and replaced them more frequently, batters could hit further, and strategy shifted accordingly. | 14 |
[Warhammer 40k] How do you become a High Lord of Terra? | 39 | Be rich. Be influential. Be good at your job. Be old.
Basically, in order to become one of the 13 High Lords, you have to rise extremely high in the ranks of various branches of the Imperium. That requires competence, influence, and most of all... living a very long time. | 47 |
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Why are the polar icecaps mostly freshwater? Is freezing saltwater a possible or practical way of desalination? | 37 | Polar ice caps are a combination of frozen sea water as well as snow that falls from the sky. When water freezes, due to the structure of ice, it leaves behind impurities such as salt, resulting in pure water (ice). Also when water evaporates it leaves behind impurities such as salt, therefor snow falls as pure water too. This results in freshwater ice caps.
Edit: Grammar | 12 |
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[WH40k] Are there Khornate/Nurglite/Tzeentichian Eldar? | 20 | The others here are actually incorrect, though it's not something that is widely published. There ARE Chaos Eldar, and the God they favour depends on the individual. When they die, it's up to their patron to fight for their soul, but the whole point of serving Chaos is to try not to die.
Eldar Souls are exceedingly valuable to the Chaos Gods, because they basically taste the best. They remain conscious, so continue to generate emotion and experience after death, and Slaanesh's automatic claim on the overwhelming majority means the other gods relish the opportunity to nom down.
As such, in order for an Eldar to survive such an arrangement is to be very, VERY good at killing. The sheer weight of souls they send their patron has to outweigh their own value, usually by many times over. Because of this, the Eldar that survive as Champions of Chaos are amongst the most powerful and deadly. They almost always work alone or as temporary allies of others, as they have a tendency to kill everyone around them to keep their patron appeased.
The only known, named Chaos Eldar is Araha, believed to he dedicated to Khorne. | 24 |
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Does crime in all countries come mostly from the economic underclass? | 52 | I hope it's OK to ask a follow-up question:
If we do think that crime is mostly from lower castes, could this be because wealthier individuals are better able to conceal their criminal activities, or to avoid punishment through better legal defense capability?
Said another way, if rich people *did* commit as much crime as poor people, how would we even know? | 15 |
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ELI5- Why are there unsolved mathematical equations? Who wrote them and how do they know if they are solvable or not? | 101 | So...you should note that mathematical problems and mathematical equations aren't inherently the same thing.
An equation is basically just two sets of algebraic quantities that have an equal/greater than/less than sign between them. Some of these equations are inherently not solvable because they have self-contradictory answers. For example, let's say you have the equation;
1/(x + 3) + 1/(x - 3) = 6/(x^2 - 9)
You can manipulate it (multiply both sides by "(x + 3)\*(x - 3)") to get the following;
x + 3 + x - 3 = 6
or;
2\*x = 6
or;
x = 3
But that doesn't actually work, because if you plug x = 3 back into the original equation one of the two terms on the left side of the equals sign gives you a 1/0 situation, which means that x = 3 is essentially not "allowed" to be an answer. Thus, the equation has no solution, making it unsolved.
For unsolved *problems*; those are basically just mathematical statements that we can't quite figure out if they're true or not. For example, there's the Collatz Conjecture; pick a number, and then perform the following operations;
1) If it's even, divide it by 2.
2) If it's odd, multiply it by 3 and add 1.
Then feed the resulting number back in, and again, and again. Doing this, you'll (probably) end up with a repeating sequence of 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, etc. No matter what your starting number is, you always seem to end up in this pattern because *eventually* you wind up with some number 2^N and the whole thing collapses.
The problem is that we can't figure out how to prove that it's explicitly true for all numbers; we can only observe that it hasn't been disproven yet, which is not good enough for mathematics. Thus, the problem is unsolved. | 113 |
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Why do GPS clocks gain 38 rather than 60 microseconds per day over clocks on the surface of the Earth? | I was under the impression that satellites could be essentially modelled as inertial reference frames in that they are in free fall and thus have no net forces, thus making time run faster for them by a factor of sqrt(1 - 2GM/r*c^2 ) as compared to an object on the surface of the Earth. This gives me 60 microseconds per day, which seems to agree with what Wikipedia suggests (.0219 seconds per year), yet every source states that GPS satellites only gain 38 microseconds per day, not 60.
What am I missing here? Can small satellites not actually be modelled as inertial reference frames? If so, why?
edit: I do understand that by doing change in gravitational field, then Lorentz factor, one gets the standard 38 microseconds, but I do not understand why the two results are different.
edit 2: I think I was missing the glaring fact that time is still relative, even in inertial frames. I do not think that it is incorrect to model a satellite as inertial, as free-fall being inertial is pretty much the whole point of the equivalence principle, but closer orbits will still run slower and this is not a contradiction. | 130 | As you know, there are two effects, which go in opposite directions.
Because of the orbital motion, there is a Lorentz time dilation effect that causes time to pass more slowly GPS satellite than on Earth.
Because the gravitational field is stronger at the surface of the Earth than at the location of the satellite, there is a gravitational time dilation effect that causes time to pass more quickly at the satellite.
You cannot model the satellite as being in an inertial reference frame, because its orbit is not at constant velocity; it is accelerating due to its changing direction of motion.
| 64 |
ELI5: Why do some really popular reddit posts suddenly lose thousands of upvotes? | 17 | There's an algorithm in place to equalize stupidly high karma scores; i imagine the intent is to prevent hugely popular posts from dominating the front page for more than a few hours. gotta keep the content cycling. | 15 |
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[DC] How can anyone with anything remotely resembling human limitations challenge the Flash in any way? | He can move faster than the speed of light and his reaction speed is less than an attosecond.
Captain Boomerang is a normal human with normal human limitations throwing gimmicky boomerangs. How does Flash not have him disarmed and tied up before CB even realizes that he entered the room? | 89 | Because the flash doesn't use his full power all of the time. He go easy on normal humans because he doesn't want to harm seriously or kill them.
He recognise that most of his enemies are mentally ill peoples who need help more that being punched in the face and trown in jail.
And its worth noting that a lot of the Flash enemies do respect him. And the OG enemies of the Flash try to kill as few as possible , they even disaprove the newer and more violent Bad guys.
Basically the Flash is chill and his bad guys are too as a result. | 98 |
ELI5: It seems like the whole world is against George Lucas' remade and remastered version of the Original Star Wars trilogy. What exactly did he do to change the story that makes fans hate it so much? Why all the vitriol? | 242 | As Pandromeda mentioned, Han Solo fired first. Also, he added in a bunch of CG aliens that didn't fit, put back in a deleted scene with Jabba the Hutt that wasn't necessary, added cheesy special effects to the Death Star explosion, added in a fucking song and dance number to Return of the Jedi, replaced the original ending of Jedi and added in Hayden Christiansen. He basically tinkered with it unnecessarily and added in a bunch of crappy looking CG aliens and effects.
edit: cheese=cheesy | 192 |
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Eli5: why is it so hard to get an accurate weight when using one leg on a scale? Shouldn't all your weight be going straight to that 1 foot? | 38 | Scales don't measure weight, they measure force. When something isn't moving (and therefore isn't exerting any forces other than gravity), you can use a scale to measure its weight. The same holds if you stand still on a scale with both feet, because you can get your center of gravity into a stable position and then stop moving. You could also sit on the scale to achieve a similar effect.
But standing on one leg is different. This is an unstable position, and so you constantly have to shift and exert force to stay upright. Those forces, or at least the downward portions of them, register on the scale in addition to your weight, and so the scale's reading shifts around as you do. | 45 |
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[Warhammer 40k] How do psykers work? | So anyone with strong souls or emotions whatever(specifically unlike the Tau) contributes to the Warp, which, as I understand it, is basically a sewer for psychic energy. Would that be right?
So do psykers tap into the Warp and channel it, or do they create the Warp energy they use themselves? What would happen to the average trained psyker who found himself in a universe without the Warp? What about the Emperor himself? | 16 | All living things (even the Tau) have a sort of 2-way connection with the Warp, referred to by Imperial Scholars as an Animus. This 'tether' links the physical body with the Warp, and develops over time along with the biological and chemical responses of the individual, reflecting their identity, personality and emotions. It is, accurately, described as a Soul, and slowly bleeds 'thought and emotion' out into the surrounding Warp. Upon biological death, this tether is severed and the Soul is released into the Warp, where it eventually disperses and fades into the background.
In this way, living things 'power' the warp. The influence their thoughts and emotions has causes ripples in the background of the Warp, coalescing into strong energy currents and interactions. It's not that they collect Psychic energy, they CREATE it. Without living things, the Warp is calm and static. With living things, it is an infinite source of power.
The strength of this connection varies, but all living things have one. Even the Tau have connections, though theirs is considerably weaker than, say, Humans, who are themselves far weaker than Eldar. The strongest connections aren't necessarily Psykers, though all Psykers have a strong connection.
Psykers are different than normal entities in that some quirk of their biology allows them to draw power along these connections, opening miniature warp-rifts and channelling the Warp Energy through their own brains and bodies. Again, this is a biological process, and a lobotomy can actually sever a Psyker from the Warp (it's actually an extreme punishment considered a living death to the Eldar). Whatever quirk they have, the process allows them to harness and control Warp Energies, allowing them to influence the physical universe while basically ignoring it's laws.
Those who lack this biological quirk CAN gain similar powers, however, if they are able to communicate with the things that dwell within the Warp. Though certain sorcerous practices, individuals can make deals with Daemons of various sorts who can either lend them their own power (by feeding it along that inherent 2-way connection) or force open that tether to unlock the individuals own potential. This is insanely dangerous however.
If a Psyker were to be disconnected from the Warp, in any way, it would not kill them. However, they are said to experience a deep depression and feeling of detachment. Amongst the Eldar, such individuals often experience suicidal tendencies.
The Emperor would, probably, suffer from a far worse fate. His immortality, knowledge and cosmic perspective is entirely because his Animus is formed of thousands of Psykers. Without the Warp, that connection doesn't exist, and he becomes a normal man. No Immortality, no Magical Powers, no Super Strength, and no special memories. | 17 |
ELI5: What is Chemotherapy, and what happens during it? | 24 | it's chemical treatment to combat (usually) cancer growth. most are in liquid form and are administered intravenously (through a drip in your arm). a single treatment of chemo may involve receiving several different chemicals in one session, commonly over quite a while (an hour or more). usually you sit on the ward with others while receiving it or there are some you can receive at home. depending on the length of course this may be done weekly or fortnightly for several months. on ward most people chat / read / watch tv while receiving treatment. the combination of chemicals are designed to slow down cell reproduction in your body. others are designed to kill cancer cells or types of cell in your body. there are lots of different kinds of chemo for lots of different kinds of cancer. the side effects usually stem from the slowing cell growth and killing of certain cells : hair loss, nausea/vomiting, constipation, thirst and so on. it's common to have additional courses of medicine that combat the side effects specifically. | 15 |
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[TheCulture] Culture humans use genetically modified bacteria to control their biology, why is that better than achieving the same thing via nano tech? | 17 | GM bacteria *are* nanotech, they're just 3D electromechanical, water-based, chemical difference engines... that self repair and reproduce.
Literally, they're nanotech that's carbon based, not silicon based.
Earth Humans have a very intimite (and still poorly understood) relationship with their microbiome. Everything, from your taste in foods to sexual partners, is influenced by your microbiome - to the extent that if we just replaced yours with silicon nanobots it would be the equivalent of replacing a part of your brain with silicon - doable, but is it still *you*?
The Culture decided to go via the microbiome route and not the 'nanobiome' route - possibly for the philisophical reasons, but also because you'll never actually escape bacteria (every human race they contact will have them, every flake of dust, every surface they touch...) so might as well roll with it and make it part of the plan, not a problem. | 39 |
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I believe that lowering the US drinking age to 18 is a terrible idea. CMV. | Personally, I feel that there are many good reasons for maintaining the US drinking age of 21. It is completely normal for a society to set age limits on certain activities that minors are not considered responsible enough to engage in (why else do we have a driving age and an age of consent?); the age of 21 for drinking is not arbitrary (it was created to reduce the frequency of alcohol-related traffic fatalities) and lowering it could result in widespread social consequences (such as higher rates of youth binge drinking and alcoholism.)
CMV.
| 16 | One reason is simply because people are adults well before they're 21. You can be trusted to take out a loan, live alone, and fight in a war before you're allowed to drink. It makes the drinking age seem like pointless bureaucracy compared to those.
However, the primary reason might be that binge drinking tends to reduce when it is legal. College students and some high school students drink either way, but they tend to drink more when it isn't allowed. | 35 |
ELI5- why do screens/lights flicker in videos taken by phone or even yt vids, but not in movies and professional productions? | 677 | Professionals use synchronized cameras, or simply replace the screen displays in post-production with CGI. Professional cameras have lots of adjustments, like longer exposure times, that can give cinematographers more options to capture displays. | 735 |
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"Dumb Starbucks" is not parody and should not be protected by fair use laws. CMV. | If you haven't seen it, a coffee shop opened up in LA called [Dumb Starbucks](http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/dumb-starbucks-los-angeles-tied-comedy-duo-22453399). It was exactly the same as Starbucks, except it has 'dumb' written in front of everything. Turns out (shockingly), it was an attempt to mock Starbucks by a comedian, possibly for use in a comedy show. The comedian claims :
> "By adding the word 'dumb,' we are technically 'making fun' of Starbucks, which allows us to use their trademarks under a law known as 'fair use,'"
Since Dumb Starbucks was actually offering coffee (Free or otherwise), they were using Starbucks' logos and branding to directly compete with Starbucks. Because of this, the use of the trademarked material should not be considered fair use. CMV. | 33 | >Since Dumb Starbucks was actually offering coffee (Free or otherwise), they were using Starbucks' logos and branding to directly compete with Starbucks
You are allowed to use someone's logo and branding to directly compete with them. The Kirkland Calcium pill can say "Compare to Caltrate". What you are not allowed to do is to impersonate them such that a customer would mistake you for the trademark holder.
Do you believe that people coming to Dumb Starbucks believed they were in an actual Starbucks shop? | 27 |
How do scientists stop the environment from causing wave function collapse when doing QM experiments? | My assumption has always been that things like the double slit experiment must be performed in a vacuum to prevent the air from interfering with the electrons being fired. However, is it possible to completely prevent ALL particles from contaminating the environment? For example photons emitted from the equipment, stray cosmic rays, etc?
How is this overcome? | 79 | >However, is it possible to completely prevent ALL particles from contaminating the environment? For example photons emitted from the equipment, stray cosmic rays, etc?
No, you can never eliminate all the noise factors, but you can reduce them to the point where you still can observe the phenomena in which you are interested in.
This is the case for basically all experiments.
As for the collapse in quantum mechanics: It's not as much of a all or nothing thing as the name would suggest. The system collapses completely into one of the eigenstates of the measurement, if *all information* about it's state is leaked into the environment in the process of measurement. But you can also have situations where only part of the information about the state of your system is leaked into the environment. In that case superpositions are not completely destroyed, but are merely somewhat diminished in their visibility. There is a full spectrum between no measurement and complete collapse.
Even so isolating your system of interest well is a major challenge and is for example the key problem that stands between us and large and functioning quantum computers. What methods you end up using in particular for isolating your system depends heavily on the physical system you are working with. For background photons for example the methods range from blackout curtains to cooling your environment into the sub-Kelvin regime, depending how sensitive your setup is.
edit: added clarification | 18 |
ELI5: If we perceive sound because of vibrations, why aren't bugs/insects deterred by loud vehicles, construction sites, and other noises that are loud for humans? | 297 | They don't have ears that resemble ours with a sensitive membrane, tiny hairs, and impossibly small bones that resonate.
Their membranes are cruder. Or they hear with an organ on their antenna, etc.
Loud noises don't damage them the way they do us. | 287 |
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[Fallout 3] How come wastelanders can survive multiple bullet wounds to the head? | And not just survive, but are still able to fight without flinching after taking more than one point-blank shot to the face. | 16 | Pre-war ammunition has mostly suffered from decay and the stuff manufactured more recently uses easy-to-make but low powered propellants. This means that bullet velocities are much lower than the original gun manufacturers expected and so they are not reliably able to penetrate the human skull with the small rounds they use. | 29 |
ELI5: Why does consuming water hydrate your skin, but putting water frequently on your skin dry it out? | 145 | The thing that keeps your skin "moist" and supple is actually the naturally occuring oils that your skin produces.
If you bathe too much or use harsh soaps or maybe alcohol cleansers, these remove the oils from your skin. Whatever water is in your skin then evaporates = dry skin.
Thats what moisturizing cremes do. They not only add more water back to your skin, but they also add natural oils to keep the water in. | 93 |
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Why is AM radio fuzzier than FM radio? | 45 | AM is amplitude modulation, that means the carrier wave from the transmitter varies in proportion to the audio, so a quiet signal has very little carrier. Generally interference causes RF pulses of energy, if the interference is on a similar frequency to the broadcast carrier wave, your receiver can't tell them apart, so you hear it
FM,on the other hand has a constant level carrier wave, and the audio is transmitted by changing the carrier wave frequency very very slightly, in proportion to the audio signal loudness. As long as the received carrier wave is above a minimum, it is more or less immune to the RF interference, by at least a factor of a 100 or so
Production, in the studio generally compresses the feed to the AM transmitter, so it's always at a high carrier level, and all the treble is cut off, so it sounds pretty rough.
Modern AM radios are also pretty badly designed, which doesn't help | 32 |
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Why does adding or removing an electron from an atom completely alter its fundamental properties? | I understand why alkali metals are highly reactive, I understand why Noble gases just chill and I have a basic understanding of why some elements are radioactive or have magnetic properties but let me take Gold (please!):
It's a solid, very dense but the most malleable of the metals, has a melting point of 1064 degrees, a latticed crystal structure and is yellow. Now if we remove an electron, it becomes platinum, an even denser white silver element with a melting point 700 degrees higher and a cubic crystal structure. If we add an electron it becomes Mercury with a super low melting point of -39 degrees and a rhombohedral structure. Add a few more and it becomes poisonous (lead), then turns into a metalloid (Polonium) and then a non-metal (Astatine) all with completely different fundamental properties.
So what's the story here?
Edit: I'm an idiot; the atomic number is of course the proton number. Don't know what I was thinking. Still, the question remains. | 22 | >Now if we remove an electron, it becomes platinum
no, it does not. it becomes Au^+1 (gold atom with a charge on it). if you removed a *proton* it would become platinum. and even then, it would be an isotope of platinum, you would have to remove another neutron and electron to get a normal platinum atom. | 30 |
Why do entry level jobs demand 3-4 years of experience ? | About to graduate next year with a CS Degree and almost all entry level jobs on every possible platform i could find (like linkedin , angellist , indeed etc) demand 3-4 years of experience while paying the shittiest of salaries they possibly could . Any advice on where to look for a mern stack developer job that doesn't demands experience from a fresher rather focuses on projects and skills to hire people ? | 59 | As a general rule of thumb, subtract 2 years from requested experience. 3-4 years might actually be looking for some one with *some* professional experience, but if they say they want 1-2 years of experience, they'll probably take a fresh grad.
The situation arrises in a number of ways, but mostly it boils down to an absence of communication between engineering (who wants to hire someone) and hr (who write job postings). Engineering wants someone familiar with a tool, hr translates that into a couple years of experience with a tool that anyone could pick up in a month. It's not HR's fault per se, learning new "resume-relevant skills" is just a lot more common in software than it is most other fields. | 43 |
Why didn't the big bang turn into a black hole instead of an explosion? | Me and my dad were talking about when all the matter was in one place why didn't it become a black hole instead of the big bang? So we couldn't find an anwser so I thought why don't we ask Reddit?
Oh and btw what is the density of the matter in a black hole and is that the highest density possible?
Hope you understand what I have wrote and sorry for any grammar mistakes, I'm not the best at english :) | 26 | First, you need to understand what exactly is the big bang.
The big bang is not a "big explosion of matter", as you might picture. Think about larger scales, bigger than galaxies or clusters of galaxies or everything you can picture. Matter is more or less homogeneous and you can treat it like a fluid (like a lake, for instance. from far away, it looks homogeneous, but if you get close, you'll see molecules and atoms and everything).
Whenever you have such a homogeneous fluid and you turn on gravity, you find out that it is dynamical. It will either expand or contract, depending on what is the total energy of the fluid. When we look around, we see that this is what happening: everything is expanding. So we have a good estimate for the density of this fluid around us. Keep im mind that in the effective cosmological description that we have, this "universe" has an infinite volume, so expanding and contracting are terms that are related to how you measure distances.
When you switch back time, though, it means that at some point the density will be bigger and bigger and bigger. You find out that you will undergo phase transitions (for instance, at some point in the past all the matter was radiation, and before that it was some other strange fluid with different properties).
This is the big bang: it's not a statement about what was the state of the universe when t->0, but how the universe has evolved ever since. When you try to understand what happens at t->0 you get a singularity, but that's not physical, since at this point you can no longer treat all your matter content as some homogeneous fluid. We say that the "effective theory breaks down", which literally means that you can no longer trust whatever approximation you made to derive this "big bang solution".
So what you are saying is right: if you compress a fluid such that its energy density is high enough, it will form a black-hole. And certainly there might be primordial black-holes around because at some points, the energy density might become a lot bigger through some thermal fluctuations and you might just pop a black-hole. But taking the universe as a whole, you can NEVER have the whole energy content to become larger than this cutoff, which is given by the Planck energy scale, otherwise, bam, your effective description is breaking down. | 14 |
[Community] Who *was* the Ass Crack Bandit? | 43 | Don't you mean who *is* the Ass Crack Bandit?
Allegedly it was Alex "Starburns" Osbourne, however he later recanted his confession. Also he's not a Dave fan so, you know, he doesn't fit the profile. Who knows who the ACB really is? | 31 |
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ELI5: Why electrons do not interact/get affected with strong force? | 40 | The four elementary forces can each only interact with particles that have particular properties. The gravitational force works on objects that have mass (it should work on individual particles with mass but we mostly see it on big objects because the force isn't that strong). The electomagnetic force works on anything with an electric charge. The strong nuclear force works on anything with a "color charge". Finally, the weak nuclear force works on anything with a "weak isospin".
Electrons have mass, charge, and weak isospin, but no color charge. Thus they will be affected by the gravitational, electromagnetic, and weak nuclear forces, but not the strong nuclear force. In the same vein, neutrons have no charge, so they won't be affected by the electromagnetic force.
So far the only particles with color charge we know of are quarks, and they are classified as "red", "blue", and "green" just like electric charges can be positive or negative. There's also "anti-red", "anti-blue", and "anti-green" for antiparticles. Just like positive and negative charges attract each other, color charges like to be neutral, either sticking together a color and it's anti-color for two particle systems, or all three colors together in three particle systems. | 16 |
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CMV: Twitter's Hypothetical Fact-Checking Program is a Terrible Idea | There have been a few various Reddit posts and news articles, and I fully admit that this entire thing, at the moment, is really a non-story; Twitter had created design mockups (likely not even functional yet) as to how they'd designate posts that provide what they designate as "harmfully misleading" information. Twitter users, likely prolific public figures, would recieve an orange or red label based on the verity of whatever statement they squeeze into 240 characters.
So, this argument moreso falls along the idea that, if implemented, this would be an awful idea.
I will admit that, of course, the idea of this project is well-intentioned: Twitter is one of the largest social media platforms and regularly gives people (yes, even famous people and presidents) the ability to mass-spread misinformation.
I will not argue that misinformation is harmful, to a degree.
However, Twitter seeking to easily identify and place warnings on such tweets would be bad for a myriad of reasons, and I'll list them below.
1. Most obviously, who gets to decide what's truth? Assuming Twitter is labelling tweets as true or false, they have to have some form of information backing these statements. If you're going to specify something as objectively false, you need a source, which becomes murkier when a claim isn't totally backed by just one source. If Trump makes a claim and says Study A supports that claim, could Twitter find Study B that came to a different conclusion and say it's false?
2. Is "truth" only determined by statistics or by a larger narrative? Facts can be objectively "true" and may not necessarily add to the greater picture or support a false bigger picture. For example, there is a well-known and oft-parroted (by the alt-right or other white supremacists) statistic that states that the black population, a minority of the united states, commits nearly fifty percent of the crimes. This implies that african americans are more prone to crime in general. However, if we look at these statistics- which are usually supported by government studies- we see that this only accounts for the actual charges, not taking into account how often black youth are charged for crimes they didn't commit. It also doesn't take into account that poor, urban areas usually result in an increased crime rate regardless of ethnic makeup of said urban areas. So while it's "technically true," it's being used to dogwhistle a racist narrative (blacks are prone to crime). But if Trump tweeted "...you know, thirteen percent of the population commits fifty percent of the crimes," how would Twitter regard this statement, assuming it is the only one made in that tweet? If Twitter denied that statement, it would be ignoring government data. If Twitter supported that statement, it would be enabling racists everywhere that their beliefs are true.
3. Certain "studies" aren't always truthful in their own decision-making. Consider the also oft-cited study of how nearly forty-percent of police officers in the United States are domestic abusers or whose spouses have experienced "spousal abuse." Regardless of your personal opinion on policing in the U.S., the study was conducted under certain pretenses, that included "shouting" at your partner as "spousal abuse." Due to this inclusion, the numbers of the study are inflated, which some see as misleading in it's representation (most people, as well as the law, assume domestic abuse is physical.) But really, you could do the same for any survey or study; assume a politician wants to point out the success rate of a political strategy, and points to a study where other countries who've done A + B get C, our desired outcome. The study could easily fail to mention that said countries have D, E, and F in place to make A +B work; but since a study says "yes, that's true, in these countries A + B = C" then the claim, based on that source, is correct. Another study could come out and contradict those findings by adding the additional information. Which would twitter decide is fact?
4. Trying to argue against social media's influence on communication and information would be silly at this point. It's ingrained itself in our politics, our culture and our popular discourse. But we shouldn't allow it any more power to discern what we see as the truth. If an anti-vaxxer states explicit lies on a platform, then it's up to you, as a viewer, to base your decision on your own findings. Of course, anti-vaxx methods being disproven is only a google search away. Where this gets sticky are the claims that aren't easily proven or disproven. Once again, you'd need to look into it yourself; trusting Twitter's binary response of "yes or no" on a fact contributes to intellectual laziness. "Oh, twitter said it was true (without providing details) so I guess it's true."
5. We already have other third-party (in this case, not Twitter or the claim-maker) fact-checking websites available for everyone to see, like Snopes or Politifact. Even these reputable sources are labeled as "biased" by their opponents on both sides of the political sprectrum. While these sources usually provide a simplistic way of understanding (Snopes via their "mostly true/false" and Politifact's "pants on fire meter" they often make more than just that binary claim of wrong/right. They'll explain the claim, the scope of the situation, the facts and any other circumstances or context, and then why they based their judgement as such. Even if these services made a false or faulty judgement, the process of their decision-making is explained, so they can always be held accountable if they make a mistake. With a simplistic "wrong/right" indication for Twitter and nothing else, we have no way to understand how Twitter comes to their conclusions or if they did so in a manner that avoids mistakes. It'd be nearly impossible for a fact-checking source to be unbiased; if we can get their reasoning, however, we can better understand the situation without relying solely on the opinion of others to guide us.
6. I'm not trying to argue that all fact-checking is wrong: I just believe that Twitter should remain the plaform, not the arbiter, of the information that it disseminates. Do I have a better idea on how to stop misinformation online? No. But I don't believe that an influential company becoming the arbiter of truth in the digital age is the solution, or even a solution, that could do more good than harm.
So, CMV? | 61 | " ... Indeed it has been said that democracy is the worst form of Government except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time. ..." - Winston Churchill
The salient question isn't whether a fact-checking program like that has drawbacks. The question is whether it's better or worse than the status quo or some other alternative. So just looking at the shortcomings is looking at half the picture. How does this new scheme compare to whatever twitter is already doing where there is clearly one set of rules for famous and powerful people, and another set for normals?
Similarly, something can be "good for twitter" even if it isn't good for you. The fact is that twitter doesn't really care whether people use the service to publish dangerous bullshit. To me it seems like this 'fact checking' stuff is part of an effort to avoid more stringent or onerous government interference. | 10 |
ELI5: Why is fighting more acceptable in hockey than in other sports? | 978 | Because hockey has a lot of "incidental" contact, there is a lot that can go on that isn't illegal, and can't be made illegal, but still needs to be discouraged.
As such, self policing is certainly a part of the sport, this involves fighting.
Hockey is a very *frustrating* sport, it always has been, it is for most every level, there's lots of hitting, slowing, grabbing, pushing, shoving, chopping, and so on. Eventually sometimes tempers get the better people.
But the big reason is policing and intimidation are considered legitimate parts of the game. | 615 |
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CMV: I do not agree with Playboy's decision to stop publishing fully nude photos | I do not make this argument in the interest of titillation or sexual arousal. There's plenty of that stuff to be found online for free. Playboy has to me always been an upscale "nudey mag." Their photos are well-shot, almost artful in their approach. According to Playboy's statement, a move to a more PG-13 Maxim or FHM-type feel is "the right thing to do." I do not believe it is.
The world is full of sexually restrained photography. The world is also full of niche artsy nude photography. What the world will now be lacking is mainstream, well-done nude photography.
For a while, Playboy has taken on a more populist and decidedly feminist ideology. I have no problem with this, as I consider myself a feminist, but the craft of nude photography and co-exist alongside a mindfulness toward sexual assault, objectification, and other issues that plague western women, as countless think pieces have argued.
In short, I believe Playboy's decision is an attempt to cater to a wider demographic while sacrificing what made them great in the first place: a mainstream, smart, witty, magazine that also happened to feature beautiful photographs of beautiful nude women.
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There is very little demand for that with what can be now be found on the internet. In 1970, there was significant demand for those types of photos. | 155 |
What happens at a chemical level when a bottle of liquor is allowed to "rest"? | I'm curious about this and don't really see it addressed elsewhere. It's become common to allow a bottle of liquor (whisky, cognac, etc) to "rest" after opening. In fact, I just read this in a vodka review: "It is Beluga’s philosophy to have this vodka rest after each step of the production," explains Borisov. After a five-time filtration process to achieve maximum smoothness, the vodka's final resting period is 90 days. "This allows it to reach perfect balance and harmony,"
Since I always like to ask myself "why is that" and "what mechanism is at work here", I'm asking precisely that. Is there some chemical change happening to drive a flavor shift or is this "resting" of a seemingly stable substance mostly psychological in nature. If a sealed or capped bottled is allowed to "rest" sans additional oxygen or heat, how is it changing? | 4,098 | With a lot of spirits, their individual character comes from the infusion of other flavors based on what vessel they're resting in. Bourbon, for example, uses oak barrels that are charred on the inside. As they rest in large barns that are not temperature controlled, the natural thermal expansion and contraction causes the spirit to move in and out of the barrel wood, absorbing various organics and other chemicals along the way.
Once bottled, spirits don't age anymore. Ideally. If they're poorly sealed, then they may oxidize.
Resting a bottle after opening will allow for any volatiles that want to escape to do so, although in a narrow bottle your available surface area is limited. That's usually why you decant into a different container from the bottle before drinking.
Any flavors remaining in the spirit after it rests are what 'should' be there.
Vodka is a bit silly though, as it's generally going to be as close to straight ethanol and water as you can get. | 2,974 |
Eli5: Why is Urban warfare feared as the most difficult form of warfare for a military to conduct? | 1,749 | There are way more places to hide people, traps, and weapons. You have to search every room in every building on every street. Plus, there's the constant danger of civilians being caught in crossfire or combatants disguising themselves as civilians. Much harder than facing another uniformed group on natural terrain. | 3,249 |
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ELI5: Why does it seem like all Caribbean islands (Jamaica, Bahamas, Bermuda, Puerto Rico, etc.) seem to be third world countries, with terrible economies and infrastructure? | This is not meant to offend anyone from these countries, its just the impression I get being American.
Someone I know just got back from a service trip to Jamaica to teach first aid and CPR to villagers and describes a place where everyone is poor, and there are no jobs and no place to go.
Are there any particular reasons, historical or otherwise, for this trend? I have been to Bermuda and the Bahamas and even in the high traffic tourism areas you can tell how poor the people are and how sadly hopeless their situations seem. | 134 | Historical and geographical reasons.
Most of those islands were colonized by Spain in the 16th and 17th century and used to produce sugar and tropical fruit crops. The colonial government had little interest in improving infrastructure, education, or standard of living and many of the residents were slaves.
When the Spanish empire started to unravel those islands found themselves suddenly self-governing with little experience or resources.
Since then they've struggled with corrupt governments, meddling from cold war superpowers, and the simple lack of resources on an island.
| 116 |
[DC] I just killed the world famous reporter Lois lane by accident. How screwed am I? | Me and my friends were joyriding in metropolis and idk all the details cause everything happened so fast, but we hit some lady by accident. We checked if she was alive but nothing. She was wearing a daily plant badge and we saw it was that famous lady that interviews superman all the time. We left the body and me and my friends have been hiding out in different places since. We have no idea what to do or where to go. How is superman going to handle this? | 33 | I think everyone is overlooking a very important factor.
Yes, Superman is a Good Person&trade; and probably won't chuck the moon at you or anything.
But you know who's Superman's best friend, and *really* sensitive about loved ones getting killed?
The Bat.
I hope you've got good health insurance, because your vertebrae are about to turn into a pile of gravel. | 48 |
ELI5: How come my 4y old remembers last years christmas very well. And remembers everything we did last summer. And I don’t remember anything from my first 4 years? Can’t be the years cause a 60y old remembers his high school pretty well. | 18 | Because those are practically the only memories they have.
The last year or so have been filled with 'firsts' the only experiences they have had. So of course they would be worth remembering.
By the time you are older, you will have experienced those 3-4year old memories dozens, if not hundreds of times, and most of them will have been better, or more memorable than the ones that happened when you were 3. | 26 |
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ELI5: What is Sharia Law and why is their so much controversy with it? | 22 | Sharia means 'legislation' in Arabic and is basically the "law of Islam", when a society has the Quran and the teachings of the prophet Muhammad as their law, you could say the country has 'sharia law'. So basically, it's islamic theocracy. So a judge in a country with sharia law would be someone who is an expert in islamic vice and virtue.
I suppose the controversy surrounding it is first and foremost that theocracy is viewed as an old and dated way of rule (here in the west at least).
There is also a general fear of anything 'muslim' in western society today, which is probably part of the explanation as well. | 13 |
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[Star Wars] Since the Kaminoans and the Trade Federation were both able to create large armies that the Republic and the Jedi were unaware of for over a decade, did the empire ever do anything to prevent this from happening again in the future? | Or is the galaxy just so large that it's nearly impossible anyway? If you think about it, the kaminoans/Trade Federation could have conquered the galaxy, had the sith not been involved. | 82 | In Legends, both the Kaminoans and members of the Trade Federation built new armies after the Clone Wars, and both were swiftly dismantled by the new Galactic Empire.
In canon, The Empire's biggest weapon in preventing uprising was fear of reprisal. The built really big spaceships with really big guns and mercilessly slaughtered anyone who even remotely tried to fight back. After a certain point, it's easier to just live under the Empire's boot than risk being stomped.
Also, you have to realize how much effort went into the Clone Wars the first time around. Palpatine had both armies built in secret, by proxy. Then he actively distracted the Jedi with other matters, (and tied up the Republic by bureaucracy) until he was ready for the war to begin. | 61 |
When overweight people lose a lot of weight due to illness, is it kind of "helpful", "healthy" or "beneficial?" once they overcome the illness? | 107 | You'd get all the benefits of dieting to lose weight however you'd miss out on the benefits of exercise, in fact your cardiovascular health would be worse due to the lack of exercise when ill, which would also cause loss of muscle mass | 26 |
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ELI5: When we say we've "mapped the human genome", what exactly does this mean? | 193 | DNA is a lot like a cookbook that your body uses to brew proteins. Proteins are themselves made from amino acids that are glued together. These proteins can have a lot of functions, some act as lego that your body uses to build structures, others function as tiny machines that your body uses to move energy and other proteins around, even others help defend you against bad guys from outside your body.
DNA is a lot like a language which has only four letters (C, G, A, T) and uses only three letter words. Special little machines in your cells can read these three letter words and mix the proper amino acid ingredients together to cook proteins. In doing so, they make new machines and building blocks for your body's cells to use.
When we say we have "mapped the genome", we mean that we have read the entire cook book of several individuals, and written down the recipes in the correct order.
However, just because we know how to cook something does not mean we know how it works or what every recipe is for. A lot of current research is focused on understanding what the function of a lot of the recipes is. This is important for several reasons. One is that recipes sometimes become damaged. A lot of times you hear about a genetic illness, it is because the recipe for a particular mini-machine or protein has become damaged, and then your body loses some function.
Edit: thanks for the kind words, all! | 164 |
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[General Fantasy] Why don't wizards shave? | 35 | In general, they get too focused and distracted by their studies to take time to shave. The basic hygiene spells that they use to get around having to waste time on bathing don't trim beards. So... after a while, most male wizards end up bearded. Now, it's become a bit of a meme, and wizards compete over beard length when they have conferences or meetings. | 54 |
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Omega-3s are essential but they're not that widely available.How is that humans survived and thrive even w/o it? | They're found mainly in fish and algae which are widely available in coastal regions but many people live inland where this isn't available.
Thank you | 113 | They are passed from mother to offspring during gestation, at the expense of the mothers stores of those fats. Prior to seafood consumption, they were available by eating the most concentrated land-based sources of those EFA's, namely the brains of other mammals, especially ruminants(although the EFA's are present in smaller quantities in all the fats of grass-eating animals). The precursors and the fats themselves are also found in grasses and other plants. Even chimps in the wild seasonally eat other monkeys and consume the brains. | 28 |
[Marvel] Taskmaster has a photoreflexive memory that allows him to copy any technique by seeing it only once, and learn other certain skills with mere exposure. If he received tutoring by, say, Doctor Strange, would he be able to master magic extremely fast and become a phenomenal Sorcerer? | 67 | He'd master the physical side very quickly but there's a mental side that's much more important. When you make a shield for example, you aren't just gesturing with your arms. You're also feeling the energy flow through you and imagining it form different shapes. There's also a lot of book learning involved -- you have to understand the forces you're manipulating. | 61 |
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CMV: I don't think there's much society can do to help incels. They have to help themselves and many seem very unwilling to | I was reading a thread about a recent NYT 'The Daily' podcast ([https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/09/podcasts/the-daily/suicide-investigation.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/09/podcasts/the-daily/suicide-investigation.html) for those interested) which touched on incels. In the comments at least one person brought up that society needs to talk about these people and how to help them, why they're like this, etc and how every time male incels are brought up it's in reference to them being dangerous or a threat.
I'm definitely not in the incel community but I feel like I'm familiar enough with it just by being an internet vet to understand & speak on some of it.
These men (and some women, but mostly men) feel like they are undateable and that no one would ever find them attractive. They think they have little or no chance of ever attracting a partner and that this is often because they were dealt some bad hand of genetics or environment or some other external force.
The problems I have with the community and why I don't think society can or maybe even should help these people is because a large amount of them just straight up reject any advice on how to improve their situation. Becoming 'blackpilled' where an incel just straight up gives up hope seems to be a badge of honor in some of these communities. It's just such a stark example of the crabs in a bucket mentality, these people find each other and just pull each other down more and more until they're completely hopeless.
There are plenty things people can do to make themselves more attractive to a partner: try to take care of your mental health, try to become physically fit, 'looksmax' as they like to say in the community, get a hobby & become good at something, try to become a fully self actualized person by yourself before you look for someone else to complete you, make yourself a person that could bring value to a partner's life instead of dragging them down. There's a million things.... Get a book on small talk and go practice with old ladies. The point is a lot of people in these communities don't want to hear it, they reject it completely and they meme about people saying things like this. They want society to change around them instead of vice versa. They blame women for not finding them attractive instead of themselves for not making themselves attractive to people.
Edit: Oh last minute edit that I meant to put in my OP. I think that almost anyone if they do some of the above things can find **A** partner. One problem with incels and men in general is that they are not willing to date someone *in their bracket* so to speak. Not everyone is going to be able to date a person who is perfect or even good/great in every way but that's okay. Most people are average, average people dating other average people is normal. A lot of these people would benefit greatly from lowering their expectations.
TLDR: I don't think there's a lot society can or should do to help incels. They need to help themselves. They need to get out of these toxic communities and start working on building their life in a healthy way. | 72 | Legalizing sexwork, not shaming virgins, and giving young men just as much aid and opportunities that young women get would likely go a long way
There are plenty of men who look fine, are in decent shape, have zero issue with small talk, and are miserable, depressed, single, and alone anyway. They feel they gave it their all and did everything they were supposed to do with nothing positive to show for it.
They refuse to hate women because they know this is unhelpful, unfair, and wrong. So they hate themselves instead and feel stuck | 71 |
[Elden Ring]Is player deaths in Elden Ring canon like other from software games and if yes then what is the reason for our respawn abilities. | Most from software games consider every death as canon and have an explanation about how we come back. Is this true for Elden Ring as well and if so how does that work in this world. | 61 | Here's the fun thing: in Elden ring, *nobody* dies permanently. The concept of permanent death was almost completely destroyed when the Elden Ring was shattered. Even the characters that otherwise stay dead for the duration of the game (bosses, mostly) would come back eventually given enough time.
The one exception to this is the rune of death, given to the Black Knives. They actually can kill people permanently (whether or not the black knife assassins you face in game have this ability is unclear). | 79 |
ELI5: How does the brain store words in multiple languages | I'm bilingual and currently working on my third language, so I've been curious as to how the mind associates things in multiple languages. | 15 | This one's quite interesting since we don't really know how the brain stores words in one language in the first place, but our current best guess is that they are stored in a mental lexicon which is like a spider web connecting different words of same categories, be it word type, semantics, same prefixes, suffixes etc.
There are two theories regarding multiple languages: either your brain just stores concepts and links them to the words in both languages, or you have two of those webs which additionally are connected to each other via translations. | 16 |
ELI5: Why does eating something hot (like a ghost pepper) make humans actually produce heat? | Why does eating something very spicy make humans actually give off heat?
Example: When I eat something like ghost pepper based hot sauce, I radiate heat off the top of my head. | 16 | You're not radiating heat. Not in the way you think.
Capsaicin is causing an inflammatory reaction in your body, starting with your mouth. Blood is rushing to that area. *That* heats up the area, not the peppers. But your overall body temperature didn't really change. You're just perceiving your normal temperature in a different way than before. | 27 |
ELI5: Ion Thrusters | Edit: I found a fairly good explanation by [NASA](http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs21grc.html) if anyone is interested. | 151 | An ion thruster works by shooting very small particles out the back of a spacecraft in order to make it move forward in space.
Let's try it at home! For this first part, you're going to need roller skates and a bowling ball. Stand on a flat surface with your skates on, take the bowling ball, and throw it as hard as you can straight out away from you. Did you move backwards? You probably did! That is the result of something called Newton's 3rd law, which you might have heard said as "for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction".
It turns out, if you throw the ball even harder, you'll move even more! But this could get hard to do if you want to keep going faster. To do so, you need to throw even harder, but you can't because you're just a 5 year old. The other way would be to bring more bowling balls, but they're heavy and carrying more than one or two could be hard.
So what to do? Well, you could throw even smaller balls even faster if you have something like a machine gun at home! You might want to ask your mom first, then go grab her machine gun, put your rollerskates back on, and now trying spraying your neighbor's garage in a hail of lead. Notice how you've moved backwards even more? This is because the action is a product of the weight of the thing we're throwing (bowling balls are big, bullets are small) and how fast we throw them. We can't throw bowling balls fast, but mom's machine gun can throw lots of bullets very fast!
An ion thruster works with even smaller bullets thrown SUPER FAST! In fact, what an ion thruster is throwing is something even smaller than an atom, and that's very small indeed. We "throw" these ions using magnets and electricity, and we throw them close to the speed of light, which is the fastest you can throw anything! It's so fast that even these super tiny "bullets" are enough to get you moving if you throw enough of them. And because these "bullets" (ions) are so tiny, we can carry more than we could ever need - unlike those bowling balls.
tl;dr - listen to your mom or she'll fuck your world up | 147 |
I believe it is disgusting that courtroom proceedings can be televised CMV | In the wake of the George Zimmerman trial and the "Reality TV"-esque coverage it got I find it disgusting that it was able to shown live on TV. I have no problem with the older methods where reporters could go in and take notes and whatnot, but I think live viewing by anyone is bad for several reasons.
"Non Newsy" information can come out. What I mean by that is individuals who are asked to testify could be forced to answer a question that while not illegal would be embarrassing to that person or have potential negative effects. For instance a witness to a crime could conceivably be forced to come out as homosexual to the entire world. Under the previous system that fact while it still would come out would more likely than not be ignored by the media, and only really recorded in court transcripts.
The other problem I have with it is it breaks down the whole notion of "Innocent until proven guilty". People on the jury were approved by both the prosecution and defense who agreed that these people will be able to give a unbiased verdict. The reason the process of selecting a jury is difficult is to ensure that the verdict is based on facts not emotion or previous prejudices.
Finally my last reason is that at some of these trials a person's life is on the line. People who watched this were watching it like they would anything else on tv only in this case a person's future was in jeopardy this reason kind of blends with the last one in that the general public is not mature enough to handle the results. People in a situation like this will forever judge the person the same way they judge a character on survivor or american idol.
Please try to keep your convincing away from a specific trial like Zimmerman's.
Edit: I like your responses but you seem to think I oppose all media in trials, my problem is not with reporters covering a trial it is instead with the live broadcasting part. If a reporter wanted to go in and write notes or anything short of full length recordings I would be fine with it. | 16 | Well, under the 6th amendment everyone has a right to a public trial. This ensures that nothing unlawful goes down in the courtroom and they have a fair trial. Also, if someone didn't like the fact that their trial was being publicized, they could request closure, if "first, there is a substantial probability that the defendant's right to a fair trial will be prejudiced by publicity that closure would prevent, and second, reasonable alternatives to closure cannot adequately protect the defendant's right to a fair trial."
source: wikipedia | 10 |
ELI5: the 'Gotta go fast' video of the guy on the bike passing everyone out | how is the guy in this video passing everyone else out even though they are peddling?
http://i.imgur.com/3eizJGT.gifv | 55 | They are going down a hill (if it was flat or uphill, this would not have worked). By planking on his seat he was able to dramatically reduce his wind resistance - he made himself more aerodynamic. As crazy as it sounds, not having your legs be a big windbreak can sometimes be just as beneficial to your speed as pedaling. | 33 |
Can Someone Explain This Please? (Slight NSFW) | Saw an image similar to this on the front page of r/wtf and would like to know what's going on exactly.
http://imgur.com/byhef7m
In detail or without :)
Cheers | 89 | The puppets are 3D depictions of what is sometimes called the homunculus of the sensory and motor cortex of the brain.
The motor cortex of the brain is located about halfway along the upper part of the human brain and is the starting point for the execution of all voluntary movement. If you decided to get up from a chair that idea is first sent to the primary motor cortex and those brains cells (neurons) then figure out which muscles to move which way to get up from your chair.
If you take the entire motor cortex and start cataloging which brain cell directs which muscle you'll find more brain cells dedicated to the muscles of the face (tongue and lips in particular) and hands than any other part of the boy. This is because you need very fine motor control - aka very precise and accurate direction of muscles - to speak or do things like write or type.
The same goes for the primary sensory cortex of the brain. Signals from sensory organs go to the brain to 'report their findings'. The largest sensory organ of the human body is the skin, and these signals all get sent to the sensory cortex (right next to the motor cortex). The brain again has more neurons devoted to receiving sensory input from certain parts of the body, especially the hands. It means that sensory definition is much better in the hands (and lips), sensory definition is the ability to distinguish two different sensations as being different.
For example take a two pronged fork with the tines at a distance of 3 mm, if you prick this fork anywhere on your body that isn't the fingers you're brain won't be able to tell that there are two tines (blindfold your subject, because they will be able to see, and sight informs interpretation of sensation). But if you use this fork to prick someone's fingertip you will be able to tell that there are two different tines. For the lips sensory definition is about 5 mm, but it can be as much as 40 mm for the upper back or shoulders.
If you want to know more google for the homunculus of the primary somatosensory complex or homunculus of the primary motor and sensory cortex. | 112 |
ELI5: Why don't our teeth heal themselves like every other bone in our body? | 318 | Teeth don't have cells. Healing takes place when cells divide to replace cells that were lost. Your teeth were grown inside your body and then pushed out. Our DNA is only programmed to do this with 2 sets.
Source: /u/panzerkampfwagen | 174 |
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I believe Schools do not have the purpose to raise kids. CMV. | This CMV was inspired by a recent discussion threat you can find [here](http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1wx6wh/whats_something_you_think_they_should_start/).
I think the main purpose of schools is to provide education in the following senses:
1. Teach critical thinking and critical reading.
2. teach kids to express themselves through language and text.
3. Teach Logic and Maths
4. Teach the basics of how the world works, such as science, economics, social and political science.
This is essentially what I would boil it down to when it comes to mandatory courses, but I encountered lots of people who want to go far beyond that, teaching anything in school from doing taxes over vehicle maintenance, cocking, personal finance, buying a house to cleaning and managing the household.
However, I believe those things should be taught by parents since they are responsible for raising a child. Putting all those things into the curriculum would be a huge waste of time and money for things that are not in the schools responsibility.
When I say these things should not be taught I don't say that they are completely off the radar. For example you should learn about the consequences of bad hygiene, drugs and unhealthy eating in Biology (as part of how the world works), but that does not mean that you teach techniques of cleaning. You just imply that not cleaning will be bad. Furthermore, schools are free to create extracurricular activities that deal with those topics, like personal finance or job application, for those interested.
In the end I believe raising children is still the job of the parents and schools should not teach every trivial thing about live, but instead focus more on providing education to create well informed critical human beings. | 16 | Parents should teach their children critical thinking as well. And language/expression. And basic logic. And how the world works.
What's special about those that isn't special about, for example, home economics?
Frankly, that latter is probably going to be *more* useful to the child than most other things taught in school.
If we need school at all, it's because parents suck at teaching children the things they need to know in order to be healthy productive citizens. All of the things. | 11 |
[General Superheroes] Quipping and poking fun seem to be incredibly effective against supervillains. Why don't more superheroes do it? | Spider-Man is a well-known example; he uses quips and alternative ways to mess with his opponent, which proves to be highly effective. Why don't other superheroes, e.g. like Superman and Captain America, use this strategy? | 15 | It's actually more difficult than you think to be a smart arse in the heat of the moment. Parker does it as a coping mechanism because of the stress of it and it just so happens to be his forte.
Captain America doesn't want to be known as the guy who tried to drop a burn and ended up stammering about the dudes gloves. | 48 |
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