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Vitamins And Minerals Advice Made Easy To Understandhttps://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chicago-high-school-students-win-extreme-gym-makeover-from-optimum-nutrition-and-bodybuildingcoms-lift-life-foundation-300721252.html is made up of various things. A big part of your body's makeup is vitamins and minerals. The key to knowing this is to understand that you must keep your body stocked with these things. The article you are about to read has some great advice and information on how to improve your body with vitamins.
Have you been having trouble with your vision recently or simply are concerned with maintaining the health of your eyes? Try taking vitamins such as Omega-3, C, E, and Zink. Not only do these help promote good eye care, they also aid in other aspects of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Never ignore the product warnings on vitamin levels. Vitamin and supplements can have serious side effects when taken with prescription and over the counter medicines. Ginseng can be very dangerous if you have high blood pressure or take heart medications. Lycopene can be deadly if you have a tomato allergy. Always read the warning labels or ask your pharmacist or doctor before taking any vitamins or supplements.
The two easy ways to get vitamin D are drinking milk and getting outside in the sun. If you don't go in the sun much or don't drink much milk, think about a vitamin D supplement. Vitamin D is important for your bones and it keeps them strong.
Some people believe they are able to get all the nutrients their body needs just by eating a healthy diet. This really is a good place to start, but it would be impossible to eat enough to get all the vitamins and minerals your body needs because most foods have been over-processed.
Thiamine, or vitamin B1, deficiency can cause neurological and psychiatric symptoms. These symptoms can include weight loss, weakness, irregular heart rate and psychosis. A vitamin B complex can ensure you receive the vitamin B1 you need, or you can eat pork, brown rice, liver, oatmeal, leafy vegetables, eggs and potatoes.
If you are in menopause, then you shouldn't take prenatal vitamins. People think that these supplements help with the growth of nail and hair. While this is safe in general, they often have more iron than a post menopausal woman needs.
Try making sure you get enough calcium in your diet. It can help you maintain and build strong teeth and bones. It also boosts muscle function. You can find it in foods and beverages, such as broccoli, orange juice, tofu, dairy products, and spinach. If you cannot get enough calcium through food, there are also calcium supplements.
Although all vitamins and minerals are important, some are even more important for growing children. When planning your child's diet, make sure they are getting enough vitamins A, C and D, as well as the B vitamins. Calcium and iron are also very important for your growing children's bodies.
If you are a smoker, you should avoid taking any supplements that contain carotene. There have been numerous studies done that show carotene can increase the risk of lung cancer. Since cigarettes can add to this risk, it would be best if you avoided taking carotene if you are planning to continue smoking.
If you are having a struggle with the daily grind in life such as working multiple jobs and your household routine, you need to take more vitamins. When we are unable to allow our body time to unwind, we need more vitamins and minerals to keep it healthy and able to recover from a hectic schedule.
Always tell your doctor if you are taking vitamin or mineral supplements when you are prescribed medication. Some prescribed drugs interact with certain vitamins, which can lessen or increase the effectiveness of the drug. This can have negative consequences on your body if you do not inform your doctor of supplements you are taking beforehand.
Not everyone absorbs vitamin B12 the same way, so you must be tested yearly to ensure you are getting what you need. For example, some people absorb B12 from supplements easily, while others don't and will need an injection instead. B12 is important for heart health, so ensure your levels are good!
When taking vitamin supplements, always read the label to determine the amount of the vitamin included in each capsule or tablet.The best choice will usually be an amount that is close to the standard recommended daily dose. Carefully consider the potential risk of high dose vitamins to the potential benefits before you buy.
After you go shopping, make sure to store your fresh fruits and vegetables in the fridge. Keeping your produce cold helps the food retain important vitamins, minerals and enzymes. Purchase fresh produce often and eat it daily to get the most from these foods. The more nutrients you get from your food, the less you need from supplements.
Add the "sunshine vitamin" to your diet. Vitamin D is called the "sunshine vitamin" because it comes from sunlight. Since many avoid the sun because of cancer and health risks, they end up with vitamin D deficiencies. However, it's essential for absorbing and using calcium to maintain bone health. So, you should try getting at least 10 and 15 minutes of sun a day.
If you have a wheat intolerance, which supplement you buy becomes more important. Some pills include wheat, so you must check the label before you purchase anything. There are many non-wheat options for people like you, so you won't be denied the supplement you need just because of your medical condition.
You have to remember that taking vitamins is great, but it doesn't replace a healthy diet. You may not eat right all of the time, but a focus on eating fresh foods as often as possible is key to good health. There is no point in taking supplements if you don't have a good diet.
Add the "sunshine vitamin" to your diet. https://www.hindustantimes.com/fitness/workplace-wellness-programmes-benefit-healthy-employees-more-than-others/story-ASrofMvLJdSM4DAW4VL7rI.html is called the "sunshine vitamin" because it comes from sunlight. Since many avoid the sun because of cancer and health risks, they end up with vitamin D deficiencies. However, it's essential for absorbing and using calcium to maintain bone health. So, you should try getting at least 10 and 15 minutes of sun a day.
Eating "superberries" like blueberries can boost the effects of your healthy diet. Blueberries are known as "superberries" because they contain large amounts of antioxidants. These can fight off free radicals and help your body stay healthy. They may also protect you from cancer. You can also find ample amounts of antioxidants in other berries like raspberries and blackberries.
Keeping your body in shape and healthy is key to living a long life, and it begins by knowing the right vitamins and minerals to take. You should be educated on this subject now that you read solid strategies about this topic. Remember what you learned and apply it to your own life to always live a healthy lifestyle. | <urn:uuid:ed62931e-4e67-4c91-9dbf-eb49c21b5fc3> | {
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Things To Know
If you're coming to Canada for a meeting or convention, this is the place to find all the practical resources, tools, information and tips you'll need to make your trip a memorable one. For example, find out more on:
- Clearing customs
- Exchanging currency
- Reserving a rental car
- Finding the most scenic or speedy ways to travel.
Measurements & Voltage
Voltage & Electricity
Canadian appliances operate on 110 volts (60Hz), which is identical to the US voltage. A universal adaptor is required for overseas electrical devices.
Main wall sockets (or power outlets) and plugs for 110 volts are two parallel flat blades. If those sockets are different from the ones used in your country you will need a socket converter.
Metric System of Measurement
Canada formally adopted the metric system in 1970. Metric units (e.g., centimeters, meters, kilometers, liters) replace the traditional imperial units common in the US (e.g., inches, feet, yards, miles, quarts).
- gram is the unit of weight
- meter is the unit of length
- liter is the unit of volume
- Celsius is the unit of temperature - expressed as degree Celsius (Symbol: ˚C)
Use this handy metric-imperial converter to convert miles to meters, gallons to liters, pounds to grams, Fahrenheit to Celsius and more. | <urn:uuid:966ab52b-d687-4c3a-b745-0a739adde1af> | {
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The human papilloma virus (HPV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects the epithelial cells of skin and mucosa. The moist epithelial surfaces (squamous cells) include all areas covered by skin and/or mucosa such as the mouth interior, throat, tongue, tonsils, vagina, cervix, vulva, penis (the urethra – the opening), and anus. Transmission of the virus occurs when these areas come into contact with a virus, allowing it to transfer between epithelial cells. While it is established now that sexual contacts, both conventional and oral, are means of transferring the HPV virus through direct skin to skin contact, it is still poorly understood what other transfer pathways may exist. It is highly unlikely that the virus can live for long on inanimate objects outside of a cell.
The leading cause of oropharyngeal cancer is from HPV, a very small number of oral cavity cancers also occur from HPV. The HPV family contains almost 200 strains, and it is one of the most common viruses in the United States. It is important to understand that of all these, only nine are associated with cancers. Of the nine that are high risk, only one is strongly associated with oropharyngeal cancer, HPV16. A handful or more are associated with benign growths (warts) and the vast majority we have no evidence, other than they exist, that they harm us in any way.
The CDC says that up to 80% of Americans will have HPV infections in their lifetime and 99% will clear these infections without consequence, or even knowing that they had the infection, as it produces no symptoms they will notice. The body’s immune system is usually able to get rid of an HPV infection and many infections come and go without causing any problems, or an individual even knowing they were infected. The information provided is not meant to scare you. Oropharyngeal cancers while increasing rapidly in incidence, are still a very small risk in our world. It is meant to educate you about the risk factors and signs and symptoms of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. An informed individual will be able to self-discover something which is going wrong and bring it to the attention of a medical or dental professional for the earliest possible diagnosis of a problem.
Early discovery has many positive impacts when you consider cancer; potentially longer life spans, and reduction of treatment related morbidity, which significantly improves post cancer treatment quality of life. | <urn:uuid:cba44c9f-b91b-496b-a663-98b04eed4b59> | {
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Everyone knew some things about the war in Afghanistan and its impact on the world politics in general. This was in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks and the policies and practices of the then Bush administration towards Afghanistan left a lasting impression on the world. While stories of the trials and tribulations and heroism of the American military are there for the world to see, the impact of the war on the lives of normal Afghan people and also the Taliban factions opposing the American rule has not been chronicled so far.
Anand Gopal in his book ‘No Good Men Among the Living: America, the Taliban and the War Through Afghan Eyes’ brings about a whole new dimension to this war by telling the stories of three people caught in the conflict: a civilian woman, a Taliban fighter and a US commander. Public opinions regarding the war and its outcomes have been divided. While it is true that the general administration under US rule in Afghanistan improved, and schools and roads were built, the manner in which these changes were brought about actually did more bad than good for the Afghans.
The author tells us how the Taliban was ousted from the entire country (except for a few pockets) by using the famous American dictum of ‘either you were with us or against us.’ The American forces had two things which the Taliban did not have: money and modern weaponry, and it was actually the first which hurt the Taliban more. Almost immediately, the top faction of the Taliban either turned up as informers for the Americans in return for amnesty and huge sums of money. The Taliban commander interviewed by the author recalls seeing for the first time the amount of firepower the Americans carried and what it did to the morals of his group. Neither did it help that most of the Taliban top brass were simple village preachers with no knowledge of advanced weapons.
The civilian population was not saved either. The author documents how innocent farmers would be picked up for questioning and then shipped to Guantanamo on some trumped up charges and then released a few months later for lack of evidence only to be arrested again and subjected to the same treatment. The author devotes a significant amount of space and time in his book to talk about the contractors or local warlords who made millions when US government subcontracted work to them which included supplying fuel for their vehicles and turning informers.
But probably the highlight of this book is the story of a civilian woman who rose through the confines of the traditional Afghan system after her husband was murdered and went on to become a senator for her province in the Afghan assembly. The story of Heena is really worth feeling proud of.
While the author started with the old Afghan proverb, I would like to end with it: ‘There are no good men among the living, and no bad ones among the dead.’ This is the book that one must read to have a comprehensive understanding of the affair from the point of view of those who ‘lost’ in the war (I quote lost in inverted commas as in a war, ultimately everyone loses). | <urn:uuid:c7ae4199-b243-46b3-be4a-41902dd2d0f8> | {
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This is an authoritative guide to understanding and helping a teenager with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. It is designed for parents of teens who have recently been diagnosed with an eating disorder, or who are at risk of developing one, and for other adults, such as teachers and guidance counselors, who are regularly in contact with at-risk adolescents. The book combines the latest scientific expertise available–including the newest treatments and most up-to-date research findings on eating disorders–with the practical wisdom of parents who have raised teenagers with anorexia or bulimia.
In clear and accessible language, Dr. B. Timothy Walsh and V. L. Cameron explain exactly what eating disorders are and describe their characteristics, as well as signs and symptoms. They outline the right way to go about getting a diagnosis if you suspect your child may have an eating disorder, about when and where to get treatment, and about how to navigate the healthcare system. There is also advice on how to handle everyday life–both at home and at school–once your child is diagnosed, and on how to communicate with your teen. Complete with red flags to look out for and warnings on the dangers of doing nothing, this book will help parents and other adults face and deal effectively with adolescent eating disorders before they become life-threatening.
- Patrick Jamieson, PhD
- B. Timothy Walsh, MD
- V. L. Cameron | <urn:uuid:079c470e-470f-4c66-8fb8-2a74b20e4a83> | {
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Livehealth online, often known as telemedicine, is using modern technology to offer healthcare professional services remotely. You can use it to provide a variety of professional services, from consultations and diagnoses to remedies and comply with-up treatment. There are lots of potential advantages of virtual medical care, which includes increased use of care, increased affected individual benefits, and minimize fees.
The Huge Benefits:
●One of many advantages of virtual medical care is it will help to boost entry to treatment. This is particularly essential in rural and far off places, where by individuals could possibly have issues going to see a medical professional or consultant. Virtual medical care could also be used to offer comply with-up maintain sufferers who have been dismissed from your hospital.
●An additional benefit of virtual medical care is that it will help to improve individual results. It is because individuals can obtain prompt and accurate diagnoses and treatment method. Moreover, virtual medical care will help you to boost connection between people along with their doctors.
●Lastly, virtual medical care will help decrease costs. This is because it removes the necessity for traveling and place of work sessions. Additionally, virtual medical care can help to improve the efficiency in the medical care system.
Virtual medical care is actually a developing trend from the healthcare market. It has the possibility to improve entry to care, affected individual results, minimizing fees. In case you are considering using virtual medical care, make sure to explore it along with your doctor to see if it is right for you.
All round, there are lots of good things about virtual medical care. It is actually convenient, could save time and expense, and will be just competitive with in-person attention. In case you are contemplating utilizing virtual medical care, be sure to seek information and locate an established provider. With all the proper supplier, you can acquire great-high quality medical treatment from the convenience of your property. | <urn:uuid:4f45856b-53a9-4c89-9211-7170f3d8bdbe> | {
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Living in ski county, I hear every year about skiers and snowboarders that have sustained head injuries from crashing into trees, pylons, rocks, each other, etc.. There’s always a risk of head injury, and a smart person wears a helmet no matter what they are doing.
Of course, regardless of if you are wearing a helmet or not, if you crash, you run the risk of a head injury, and should be checked out for a concussion. Researchers at Northeastern University are working on a “Smart Helmet” that measures the acceleration and impact, and then reports any potential injury based on the force of the impact. This can help rescuers or even your friends help you in case of a crash.
The helmet is still in prototype, but hopefully will reach the market in some form, it really does have the chance to save lives. | <urn:uuid:387d777b-b53e-4a72-9030-9fd0626ef90b> | {
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Are you looking for cheaper and quality animal feed? Imagine a crop that can double its biomass within 2-3 days, requires minimal input costs, and is in high demand among farmers. This post will educate you on Azolla farming in kenya.
Azolla is also known as mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss, or water fern. It is an aquatic fern that is rich in nutrients and can be used as a feed supplement for livestock giving you more yields and profits. It is is a branched, free-floating aquatic fern with a rapid growth rate.
The Azolla plant has 3 varieties or species that you can grow in Kenya. These are, Azolla Nilotica, Azolla Imbricata and the Azolla Pinatta. The most common variety that is grown in Kenya is Azolla Pinatta.
For centuries, Azolla plant is used as a natural fertilizer and livestock feed. It is commonly found in freshwater environments such as ponds, lakes, and rivers.
Facts about Azolla
- Azolla is a fast-growing aquatic plant that can double its biomass within 2-3 days under ideal conditions.
- Azolla contains 25-30% protein, which is higher than most other conventional animal feed sources such as maize, wheat, and soybean.
- Azolla is rich in essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, making it a complete feed for livestock.
Uses of Azolla
Azolla farming has gained high popularity among Kenyan farmers due to its many benefits for farmers and the environment. Azolla has fast growth rate, high nutrient content, and low production cost. In addition, it is rich in nitrogen. Due to these benefits, it has been known to increase crop yields when used as a natural fertilizer. Additionally, Azolla can be used as a cheap, protein-rich feed for livestock such as poultry, goats and cattle.
Azolla farming is also a sustainable and eco-friendly practice. Azolla fixes nitrogen from the air and converts it into a form that can be easily absorbed by plants. This makes it an excellent organic fertilizer that can improve soil fertility and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, Azolla is a non-toxic and non-invasive plant that does not pose any harm to the environment.
Benefits of Azolla farming
Why should you consider growing Azolla? Below is a summary of top benefits of Azolla farming that you can get;
- Low production cost: Azolla farming requires minimal input costs. The only significant cost involved is the initial setup cost of the pond or tank, which is relatively low
- High yields: Azolla can double its biomass within 2-3 days under ideal conditions. You can harvest the crop every 5-7 days, providing a continuous supply of feed for your livestock.
- High market demand: The demand for Azolla seed and plants is increasing in Kenya. It is high among organic farmers who are looking for cheap organic livestock feed and organic fertilizers.
- Multiple uses: Azolla can also be used as a natural fertilizer, a biofuel, and a source of bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical industry.
- Mosquito control; Azolla restricts the mosquito breeding process. It prevents the survival of larvae and hinders laying of eggs on surface.
- Weed control; Azolla is a perfect companion plant for organic paddy rice farmers. It works by nitrogen fixation, blocking sunlight and works as mulch that prevents waterloss and hinders weed growth.
Where to grow Azolla in Kenya
Are you wondering if your place is fit for azolla farming? You can grow azolla in ponds, ditches or wetlands. You are good to go if you have a source of stagnant or slow moving water. Best ecological conditions for growing azolla are;
- Access to fresh water
- Soils with pH of 3.5-10. The Optimum growth is observed at pH 4.3-7.
- Temperature ranges of between 20-30°c.
- An area with full or partial shade, with about 25-50% access to sunlight daily.
- A supply of composted manure.
- Available space, for the purposes of holding manure.
How to grow Azolla in Kenya
As shown above, Azolla farming gives you an opportunity to improve your farm’s profits and yields. Below we give you six steps of how to start and manage an Azolla farm: these include location selection, pond making and harvesting.
- Choose the right location: Azolla farming requires a location that receives plenty of sunlight and has access to a reliable source of water. The ideal pH range for Azolla growth is between 6.5-7.5.
- Set up the pond or tank: The pond or tank should be constructed using a UV-resistant material such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The pond should be at least 50 cm deep and have a surface area of at least 10 sq meters. The pond should also have a drainage system to prevent waterlogging.
- Prepare the Azolla culture: 500g of Azolla culture is required per square meter of the pond. The Azolla culture can be obtained from a reputable supplier or by collecting it from a natural source. The culture should be kept in a small container with enough water to cover the plants. The container should be placed in a shaded area for 2-3 days to allow the plants to acclimatize to the new environment.
- Introduce the Azolla to the pond: Once the culture has acclimatized, it can be introduced to the pond or tank. The culture should be spread evenly across the surface of the water. The initial density should be around 100-200 grams per square meter.
Maintaining Azolla Pond
To be sucessful, its good to Maintain the right conditions. Azolla requires the right conditions to grow and thrive. The ideal temperature range for Azolla growth is between 20-30 degrees Celsius. The pH should be maintained between 6.5-7.5, and the water should be changed every 7-10 days. • Remove any litter or aquatic weeds seen in the pond regularly.
Harvest and sell the Azolla: Start harvesting after 2-3weeks. Plastic sieves can be used for harvesting. Azolla can be harvested every 5-7 days. Harvested Azolla is to be washed thoroughly to remove dirt and the smell of cow dung before feeding them to animals. The harvested Azolla should be dried in the sun for 1-2 days to reduce its moisture content. The dried Azolla can be sold to livestock farmers or used as a natural fertilizer. The price of a kilogram of Azolla goes for Ksh 1000.
Azolla farming in Kenya is an easy way to improve your yields and profits. You can use Azolla as an organic fertilizer and a livestock feed. Other benefits include reduced costs, increased crop yields, and improved animal health. By following the guidelines and tips outlined in this article, farmers can successfully start and manage an Azolla farm for maximum profitability and sustainability. | <urn:uuid:f39cce7b-0d3b-40f4-a667-93e9abd2fa96> | {
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WASHINGTON - Amid old bones, chants and invocations in Spanish and a nearly forgotten Native American tongue, Pope Francis canonized 18th century Spanish missionary Junípero Serra a saint Wednesday, opening a misty window into the conquest of the American West.
The Mass before some 30,000 worshipers on the steps of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception gave Hispanic-Americans their first Roman Catholic saint, and made the "Apostle of California" the first person to be declared a saint on American soil.
But Serra's elevation to sainthood by the popular Latin American pope certainly wasn't universally embraced.
Even as the church holds up the Franciscan friar as a protector of native people and spreader of the faith from Mexico to California, he remains a contentious figure among Native American groups who protested bitterly against his elevation to sainthood.
"It's a day of mourning for us," said Valentin Lopez, chairman of California's Amah Mutsun tribal band, who presented a petition to Vatican officials in New York this week. "The church continues to not recognize the humanity of our ancestors and all indigenous people."
Native dialect used
At Wednesday's Mass, Vatican officials, who have long sought to atone for the injustices of the church against native people, blended traditional Latin liturgy with Old Testament verses read in Chochenyo, a dialect of the Ohlone language spoken by the Bay Area tribes that Serra evangelized.
Serra's physical remains - bones - were held in an ornamental reliquary presented to Pope Francis by Andrew Galvan, an Ohlone Indian whose ancestors became Christians at Mission Dolores in San Francisco.
To Galvan, participation in the canonization ceremony represented healing and reconciliation.
"I see this as a wonderful opportunity for the Catholic Church to reach out to native people, me included," said Galvan, a curator at Mission Dolores and one of Father Serra's advocates. "The legacy of Junípero Serra's canonization is that native people who have felt ostracized, excluded, left out from the story of the California missions, are invited in."
The strains swirling around Serra's canonization surrounded the 78-year-old pontiff even as he celebrated the open-air Mass under a late-afternoon sun glinting off the blue and gold tiles of the Basilica's massive dome.
Before the pope stood Vincent Medina, assistant curator at Mission Dolores, who read from a specially prepared translation of the prophet Isaiah in the Chochenyo dialect, a language he is helping revive.
Medina had publicly opposed Serra's canonization, but agreed to participate in the ceremony to honor his ancestors and lend visibility to his people.
Pope Francis addressed the native concerns in his homily: "Junípero sought to defend the dignity of the native community, to protect it from those who had mistreated and abused it. Mistreatment and wrongs which today still trouble us, especially because of the hurt which they cause in the lives of many people."
Serra's canonization took place hours after President Barack Obama greeted Pope Francis at the White House, and on the eve of his historic address to Congress on Thursday.
But administration officials steered clear of Serra and other social controversies, even as Vice President Joe Biden, the first Catholic vice president, attended the Mass.
"The pope sets his own agenda, speaks his own mind, and has his own pastoral mission," Obama adviser Ben Rhodes said in a briefing on the papal visit. "We would not in any way want to create any expectation that the Pope is going to be a voice in U.S. domestic political issues."
Other political figures were on hand, including Republican presidential candidate Jeb Bush, a convert to Catholicism, the religion of his Mexican-born wife, Columba.
The sanctification of a Hispanic priest by the first South American pope also brought throngs of Latin American Catholics to the Basilica - the nation's largest Catholic edifice.
"His support gives us a lot of hope," said 26-year-old Miguel Buleje, a "Dreamer" from San Antonio, whose undocumented parents brought him to the United States from Peru when he was 14.
Entire families lined the street outside the Basilica, clogged with worshipers who didn't have tickets. "He speaks our language. I am in heaven," said Maureen Morales, a 33-year-old Costa Rican immigrant from Virginia who stood outside the grounds with her mother and eight other family members.
Cause for reflection
But the canonization was also an occasion for reflection and vigils for many Native Americans across the U.S. who have protested and signed petitions opposing Serra, whom they see as a symbol of European colonialism.
"Father Serra was responsible for the deception, exploitation, oppression, enslavement and genocide of thousands of Indigenous Californians, ultimately resulting in the largest ethnic cleansing in North America," read an online petition that was signed by more than 10,000 around the world.
Lopez and other native activists - including members of the American Indian Movement - traveled to Washington and New York, where they met briefly with Vatican officials.
Among the activists was Norma Flores, who works with the Kizh Nation Gabrieleño Band of Mission Indians in Los Angeles. "They said they're not canonizing the missions," Flores said of church officials. "They're canonizing the man and the good things he did."
Pope Francis has gone to lengths to apologize for the Catholic Church's treatment of indigenous people during colonialism. During a visit to South America in July, the pope acknowledged that "many grave sins were committed against the native peoples of America in the name of God."
Serra's critics contend he was a key player in the Spanish colonial system that decimated California's native tribes and their way of life.
"For me, Junípero Serra was the beginning of the end of who we were as a people," said Corrina Gould, a San Francisco activist who claims Karkin and Chochenyo Ohlone ancestry. "I think the pope has made some great leaps and bounds. He's been forward thinking about a lot of issues in the world, but he's really off the mark with this one."
Serra's defenders portray him as a man of his era - subject to human imperfection, but certainly more benevolent toward indigenous people than others in the Spanish colonial system.
"As others considered them savages, he considered them as human beings who deserved to know about God's goodness and love," said Rev. Kenneth Laverone, a Sacramento pastor who ritually recounted the missionary's life story as part of the canonization Mass. "That was his motivation. Unfortunately, there's always side effects that come with colonization."
Serra was born and educated on the idyllic Spanish island of Mallorca. In canonizing him without the usually required two miracles, Pope Francis credited the priest with giving up what certainly would have been an easier life had he not sailed off to Mexico in 1749. Serra worked his way up the West Coast until he arrived in present-day California, learning local languages and customs along the way.
In one sense, he was a Mexican immigrant.
"For those of us from America, the canonization holds a rich symbolism and spiritual significance," said Los Angeles Archbishop Jose Gomez, speaking at a Serra conference in May. "It is even more powerful and more personal for those of us who are Hispanic and Mexican."
Serra's legacy is built mostly around the last 15 years of his life in California, where he founded nine missions between San Diego and Sonoma. Native critics say the Spanish missions were inherently coercive and brutal, akin to forced labor camps.
But those who venerate Serra say he cannot be blamed for the larger history.
"There's no denying that the missions for the California Indians were an unmitigated disaster," Galvan said. "But I think what's happening now is Junípero Serra is getting the credit or the blame for all the things, good, bad or indifferent, that happened at the California missions in his time."
Record is mixed
This historical record is mixed.
Mission life in California was neither a "bucolic Arcadia" nor Auschwitz, according to Serra biographer Robert Senkewicz.
While there are letters suggesting that Serra upheld the practice of whippings, there is no evidence of his participation, and there are some documented instances where he tried to protect his charges from Spanish justice.
Like other Europeans of his era, Serra took a paternalistic view of Native Americans. "There is considerable evidence that he thought that coercion was an inevitable and important part of mission life, and that Indians should be punished for transgressing mission norms," Senkewicz said.
Native people were likely drawn to the missions for a variety of transitory reasons - protection, food, shelter - without necessarily knowing that from a Catholic theological point of view, once they were baptized it was a one-way street.
"You were not allowed to leave," Senkewicz said. Those who did leave the community without permission were subject to capture and punishment by Spanish soldiers.
But whatever the historical record, Senkewicz sees the debate over Serra being driven by more contemporary concerns. Separately from the canonization, California lawmakers have been debating whether to replace his statue in the U.S. Capitol with one honoring astronaut Sally Ride, the first American woman in space.
"Canonization is never wholly about the past," Senkewicz said. "There are reasons that at particular times, particular people get canonized. You don't have to read the pope's mind to understand that what they think they're doing is calling attention to the increasingly multi-cultural, Latin American nature of American Catholicism." | <urn:uuid:1c1ceb5a-655a-4ad2-a3a6-6a2e3b8caae0> | {
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Those of us that can think back to Psych 101 recall the name Gestalt and his cognitive theory but educators focus on further work in this area put forth by Atkinson and Shiffrin that delves more into memory and how to place knowledge within the mind to make it more accessible. Have you ever driven past a bulletin board on the freeway and it showed an image of a dock and you were immediately brought back to a summer time memory - perhaps a family vacation? Your brain is at work! Just like a computer's filing system...so is the brain. I have an external hard drive that I use for photography. When I move photos from my camera to the drive i label them under a file for the event but then I also place images in folders I have named after specific people, like my daughter. If it is a family event I move that folder under the family name so I can find those events faster if a family member asks for pictures. When I have a photo under a person’s name, under the event label and then in a larger folder for family I'm able to locate that image easier.
That same theory works for information we place in our minds. The more connections I have attached to that piece of knowledge the easier it will be to retrieve it because I have built a solid network and moved it to long-term memory (Orey). If a person has interest in a topic than information makes many connections and can be located quicker. In this facet, different practices are recommended for educators to pique interest and stimulate thought. Teachers can ask inferential or analytic questions. Different organizers like; expository, narrative, graphic and skimming all offer different pathways. If a student can create a memory or pull from their own experiences that means they are pulling from their episodic memory which is a very powerful tool.
Dual coding theory proposes that visuals such as political cartoons and propaganda and even maps have word associations that can be attached to them so that students can file that information away in multiple areas of the brain. If teachers utilize graphic organizers or organizing software that presents these opportunities provide an added depth for the student.
Note taking can also be used to help information move from sensory input to long term memory. My students have worked collaboratively through Google Docs, Prezis, Wikis, as well as power-point. Through those experiences, they were taking the information in - synthesizing it and producing something new and creative with that knowledge. With that experience students not only tap into episodic memory when they go to retrieve it but they also rely upon declarative memory (facts) and procedural memory (how-to) when I offer them the opportunity to use any of those learning tools in the future. I recently started working with 7th graders in a literacy class and they are building their own webpages as well as creating their first Prezi. I know that both of those applications will be needed in two years when they reach the high school. The more we can create meaningful experiences for our students within our classrooms the more successful our students will be in actually recalling and using the knowledge that we want them to know. | <urn:uuid:71753ec9-d4e3-4d03-bfe0-00bb821772c3> | {
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Over the last few weeks, some children in school have set themselves challenges. These have included card tricks, feats of memory and juggling. As a result, we have decided to set up the Scotholme Book Of Records (similar to the Guinness Book Of Records). To be published over the half term holiday (February 13th - 21st), the first edition should open the doors to more amazing attempts to astound from our children. If you're feeling like breaking some records, get practising and think about our 5 Learning Habits and how you can show them in your record attempt (Collaboration, Curiosity, Discipline, Imagination and Resilience)!
If you've ever read Elmer, then you might know what an elephant parade is. If you haven't, look at the amazing photos and you'll see one! The parade needs to be seen to be believed - each class was challenged to build an elephant and after a lot of resilience, collaboration, discipline, imagination and curiosity, here they all are! Come back soon for more information about the elephants and look out for them in new homes in September!
Since 1st February 2017, Scotholme Primary is part of the Shine MAT.
KS2 Lead/ Website Maintained by:
Who's Who @ Scotholme
Click here to take you to the SumDog log in page.
Log into Active Learn (formerly Bug Club) to read at home! Ask your teacher for your username and password if you've forgotten it.
School code: jgcx
Log in to Discovery Coding for tasks you can do at home! | <urn:uuid:5a248763-7371-490c-bce0-5c9ea4e18dc8> | {
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It's an ecosystem of products and services that prevents and reduces food waste creating an environmental conscious community.
Biogrün it’s composed of four Units and an App. The Conservation Unit to prevent waste, consists of five modules, the first is the Life Module that serves for the gestation of plants before being able to move them to Crop Unit. The Freshness module stores fruits and vegetables that don’t need too low temperatures, using evaporative cooling.The Dehydration module extends shelf life of fruits and vegetables creating a new product. The Fridge and Freezer module are for highly perishable foods and they use smart ethylene detectors for detecting early spoiling in stored foods and self registration to follow up on the expiration date.
The Organic Material Processing Unit, promotes domestic waste sorting and compost production to cultivate food in the Crop Unit, designed to facilitate urban agriculture, and conformed by a smart greenhouse system, self watering pots and a health sensor to follow up and facilitate the plants growing. It also consists of three modules adaptable to 3 kind of users (beginner, intermediate, expert) to cultivate and obtain harvest based on their experience. It helps the user to meet specific cultivation requirements for different crops (herbs, vegetables, tubers respectively) for a healthy cultivation process.
These units along with Distribution Units and the Mobile App facilitate the trade or sell of the obtained products like compost, vegetables and dehydrated fruits. All of them are connected to create a social network of people, public and private organizations, products and services in order to develop communities as well as sustainable cities. | <urn:uuid:f69a91ac-54ed-4029-937d-b155fd4d22b5> | {
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Faxinalipterus was a pterosaur, a type of flying reptile. It was not a dinosaur, though it lived during the same period. Faxinalipterus lived during the Late Triassic and resided in South America. The first Faxinalipterus fossil was discovered in 2010.
Quick facts about Faxinalipterus:
- Existed from 228 million years ago to 208.5 million years ago
- Lived in a terrestrial habitat
- Only one specimen has been found by paleontologists
All the Faxinalipterus illustrations below were collected from the internet. Enjoy and explore:
- G. Brea and J. F. Bonaparte. 2005. A new specimen of Guaibasaurus candelariensis (basal Saurischia) from the Late Triassic Caturrita Formation of southern Brazil. In A. W. A. Kellner, D. D. R. Henriques, and T. Rodrigues (eds.), II Congresso Latino-Americano de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Boletim de Resumos. Museum Nacional/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro | <urn:uuid:7bb587cc-cae1-46bc-a3fa-8da9bb22f88c> | {
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You have no items in your
Welcome to Sensory Direct
Gross Motor Skills involve the large muscles of the body that enable functions such as walking, sitting upright, lifting, and throwing a ball.
The development of this is important for major movement functions such as walking, balancing, coordination, jumping, reaching and more. We've found a great selection of products to develop these skills whilst integrating play. | <urn:uuid:d45db2da-ae3f-4923-902d-254085213b5c> | {
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Fifth Grade Curriculum
Fifth graders work hard on projects and tasks that require them to draw on the skills and strategies they have been learning in previous grades. Schoolwork becomes more advanced. Teachers will challenge students with long-term projects that require planning and organization. Additionally, fifth graders are preparing for Middle School, and special attention is given to making sure the students are ready for the changing expectations. | <urn:uuid:544f332f-f3f4-449b-8f32-67daf3a2acfe> | {
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With the right skills, eating healthy can be affordable and delicious. Share your skills and your strength with families living on tight budgets.
While 85% of families living on a tight budget see healthy eating as important, only about half are able to prepare nutritious meals most nights of the week. Food skills taught in Cooking Matters, like smart shopping, meal planning and healthy cooking, can help make healthy eating a daily reality.
What You Can Expect
As a Cooking Matters volunteer, you’ll:
- Connect with a network of peers who share your passion for healthy food and community service
- Share your expertise in hands-on settings - the kitchen and the grocery store.
- Learn from the incredible families who participate in Cooking Matters.
- Draw from and contribute to a collection of chef-developed recipes which prove that healthy food can be delicious.
- Want to come back (98% of volunteers are willing to teach another course).
Cooking Matters at the Store Tour Leaders offer interactive, guided grocery store tours that help participants learn to make healthy purchasing choices on a limited budget. Using our guide and support resources, these leaders organize tours in their own communities – recruiting participants, choosing the tour location, and planning and leading the tour. Potential leaders might include registered dieticians and community nutritionists, culinary professionals, Cooperative Extension agents, and staff of community agencies who are interested in helping low-income families make the most of their food resources.
Cooking Matters Six-Week Cooking Course Instructors
- Culinary Instructors teach adults, kids, and teens how to cook and shop for healthy, low-cost foods. They combine their own knowledge and experience with the lesson plans and recipes provided in the Cooking Matters curricula. Culinary volunteers are usually either graduates of or enrolled in a two-year culinary training program or have at least two years working as a cook or chef.
- Nutrition Instructors teach adults, kids, and teens how to make healthy choices. They use the lesson plans and instructional materials provided in the Cooking Matters curricula, along with their own expertise. Nutrition volunteers are typically graduates of or enrolled in dietetics programs or have at least two years working in a nutrition or dietetics position.
Cooking Matters Six-Week Cooking Course Assistants help before, during and after classes. Duties may include shopping for food, handing out and collecting class materials, engaging reluctant participants, helping with set up and clean up, taking photos or collecting stories during class to help record the Cooking Matters course experience. | <urn:uuid:ee1f93d5-b5bd-4dd7-ba5e-2c484106977d> | {
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To measure liquids, you should always use liquid measuring cups and spoons. Liquid measuring cups are usually glass or plastic, and most have a spout for pouring. Avoid dry measuring cups when measuring liquids. They will not be as accurate and could make a difference in the outcome of a recipe, which is especially important for baked goods.
Remember that the fluid ounces marked on the outside of the liquid measuring cups are not necessarily the same as ounces.
The fluid ounces are a measurement of volume while ounces are a measure of weight. Water and stock will be about the same weight in fluid ounces and weight ounces, but most liquids will be different. For instance, 1 cup of water or butter will be 8 ounces either way, but 1 cup of sweetened condensed milk will weigh around 11 ounces, and 1 cup of honey will weigh about 12 ounces.
Some scales have a liquid measuring feature for fluid ounces or milliliters. That would give you the option of adjusting the density of the liquid you are measuring.
|Fluid Ounces to Metric|
Tips for Measuring Liquids
Set the liquid measuring cup on a flat surface.
Bend or scooch down so you are eye level with the cup so that you can clearly see when the liquid is level with the measurement markings on the sides.
Measuring spoons, made to measure both dry and liquid ingredients, are not as accurate for liquid ingredients.
Since measuring cups don't measure such small increments, measuring spoons must be used for teaspoons and tablespoons of liquid (or, in most cases, anything under two fluid ounces). Be sure to fill the measuring spoon right to the rim for the best measurement. | <urn:uuid:fbca095d-4c19-458e-92d0-52d31810e168> | {
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Many power plants already have equipment to slash mercury
Cross-posted from the Center for American Progress. This post was coauthored by Valeri Vasquez, special assistant for energy policy at the Center for American Progress, and Stewart Boss, an intern with the Energy Team at American Progress.
Coal-fired power plants shoot 772 million pounds of airborne toxic chemicals into the sky every year — more than 2.5 pounds for every American man, woman, and child. In March, the Environmental Protection Agency proposed to dramatically reduce mercury, lead, acid gases, and other toxics from more than 400 plants in 46 states.
Some of the nation’s largest utilities — including the Southern Company [PDF] and DTE [PDF] (formerly Detroit Edison) — have publicly and privately lobbied to delay, weaken, or block these safeguards. They claim, as such polluters usually do, that cutting emissions of mercury, arsenic, lead, acid gases, and other cancer-causing pollutants from coal-fired power plants will cause economic hardship. History has taught us such claims about pending public health protection measures are nearly always wrong.
Analyses from the Center for American Progress (CAP) and others have found that many power plants have already installed or have under construction the pollution-control technologies that can significantly reduce mercury as well as other pollutants. Plants in 17 states are already required to address their mercury pollution, regardless of federal requirements. These measures vary in stringency, with some of them imposing more protective mercury-emissions limits on coal-fired power plants than the EPA has proposed.
Many of the power plants in these states have already installed the equipment necessary to reduce mercury pollution, although most state safeguards have yet to take effect. A CAP analysis of the coal-fired power plants in these 17 states found that more than half of their total electricity-generation capacity has pollution controls that can reduce mercury.
A variety of technologies can capture point-source or smoke-stack mercury [PDF] emissions from coal-fired power plants. Scrubbers, which are most often installed to control sulfur oxide, or SOx, and acid gas emissions, can also capture mercury. “Wet” scrubbers capture oxidized mercury (mercury that has chemically bound with oxygen) while “dry” scrubbers enable a simple fabric filter to trap mercury. The EPA [PDF] estimates that scrubbers can capture 36 to 90 percent of the mercury produced by burning bituminous coal, and 15 to 66 percent of mercury from sub-bituminous coal. (The mercury capture rates depend on the type of scrubber, and whether there are controls for NOx and particulate matter, or soot.) A CAP analysis found that scrubbers are installed for 54 percent of the electricity-generation capacity of the 353 coal-fired units in states with their own mercury-pollution measures.
Activated Carbon Injection, or ACI, is the primary control technology for mercury reduction. Activated carbon — which is highly processed, extremely porous carbon — absorbs mercury in its gaseous form and converts it to a particulate that can then be captured. As an added benefit, “an ACI system is relatively simple and inexpensive,” according to a report prepared for the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management [PDF], or NESCAUM. Units with low SOx emissions could meet all their reduction obligations using ACI, eliminating the need for more expensive scrubbers. There are ACI systems in one-sixth of the electricity-generation capacity in states with mercury programs.
According to the Brattle Group [PDF], an independent consulting firm, the capital costs for scrubbers and activated carbon injection technology are up to $120 million and $30 million, respectively, to install on a 300-megawatt (MW) power plant. EPA has larger projected costs for scrubbers but lower costs for ACI. Plants that have already installed either or both of these control technologies may be able to comply with EPA’s proposed standards without undertaking any further capital expenditures, which means a significantly lower impact on electricity rates.
NESCAUM case studies: ACI controls
In response to a 2006 Minnesota state mercury law, Xcel Energy agreed to install an ACI system on the 900 MW Unit 3 at its Sherburne County plant. The unit, which burns low-sulfur western coal from Montana and Wyoming, already had a dry scrubber operating to reduce SO2 emissions. Once tuned to the unit’s operational specifications, the ACI system should reduce the plant’s mercury emissions by about 90 percent. The system was completed in December 2009 for a total capital cost of $3.1 million, or $3.46 per kilowatt.
Wisconsin Power and Light installed ACI controls at its Edgewater Generating Station. The system was operational in the first quarter of 2008. Edgewater Unit 5 is a 380 MW plant that fires sub-bituminous western coal and employs an “electrostatic precipitator” to capture fine particles. The total installed costs of the Edgewater Unit 5 ACI system were approximately $8 per kilowatt, or approximately $3.04 million.
Both of these power plants installed these controls to comply with the Minnesota and Wisconsin mercury-reduction laws. These plants should find it relatively inexpensive to meet the pending federal standards.
Embracing pollution controls
The large number of plants that have already installed pollution controls explains the recent finding that many coal-fired power plants are already meeting the proposed mercury reduction standard. The Clean Energy Group [PDF] — an electric company coalition that has nearly 100,000 megawatts of the United States’ total fossil-fuel electricity-generation capacity — conducted an analysis that found that:
Nearly 60 percent of all coal fired boilers that submitted stack test data to EPA are currently achieving the Utility Toxics Rule’s proposed mercury emissions standard. This translates to more than 100 boilers (out of a total of 178). These power plants are meeting the proposed standard with a wide variety of pollution control systems and configurations (e.g., wet scrubbers, dry scrubbers, bag houses, and carbon injection systems).
This level of mercury reduction from plants that already have the appropriate pollution controls reinforces that EPA’s proposed safeguards are cost-effective, technology-achievable standards that many utilities have already met.
Some utilities began compliance efforts several years ago. Edison International’s President and CEO Theodore Craver told investors during a call on 2011 first-quarter earnings that the company “installed the necessary equipment back in 2009 and [is] already achieving these [mercury] limits.”
Gale Klappa, chairman, president, and CEO of Wisconsin Energy, says his company anticipates “very little impact on customer electric rates or our capital plan between now and 2015 as a result of all the new EPA regulations that have been proposed.” And by the fourth quarter of 2010, the head of PPL Generation, William Spence, had already equipped “96 percent of [the utility’s] competitive coal generation” with scrubbers.
Old, inefficient units already scheduled to close
Despite the fact that many coal-fired plants across the nation have installed the pollution-control equipment to reduce their mercury pollution, some utilities are still digging their heels in the fight to block or delay the proposed EPA rules.
Many plants without this pollution-control equipment will soon be retired due to their age and inefficiency. A CAP review found that utilities plan to shut down at least 80 of these aging units-closures announced before the EPA proposed the air toxics reduction rules. These plants are 52-years-old on average, with the oldest unit built during World War II. Many of these units have little or no pollution controls, are relatively small, and utilized infrequently.
In the ongoing debate over the proposed mercury rules, some utilities have cited the pending mercury-reduction rules as the reason to shut down some of these old power plants, even though their retirements were previously made public, some as part of Clean Air Act enforcement agreements. A New York Times editorial noted that “Blaming the rules [for plant closures] is a transparent scare tactic designed to weaken the administration’s resolve while playing to industry supporters on Capitol Hill.” (See attached list of plants scheduled for retirement.)
Another tactic some recalcitrant utilities are pursuing is advocating the delay of the air toxics protections. MidAmerican Energy, owned by Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway Inc., testified to the Senate last week in favor of delaying the air toxics rule:
MidAmerican, like many utilities, is concerned about the costs and timetables for the implementation of these EPA rules.
If the timetable of the rules remains unchanged, compliance costs will be shouldered by our customers in the form of higher rates. … these increases will dramatically increase production costs for industrial plants and could result in job losses.
NESCAUM found that pollution-control technology can be added within the proposal’s timeframe:
EPA estimates that the total time needed to complete the design, installation, and testing of a wet FGD [scrubber] system at a typical 500 MW power plant with one FGD unit is 27 months, and longer if multiple boilers or multiple absorbers are necessary. Actual installation times will vary based upon the specifics of the plant, the need to schedule outages with FGD hook up, and other factors.
Plants with scrubbers can install ACI in a year if there is already a bag house. These installation times suggest that utilities will have ample time to install pollution controls. Those that do not can seek an extension from EPA.
Delaying implementation of the air toxics reduction measures would actually disrupt compliance with the standards by injecting more uncertainty into the final requirements and deadlines. This would upset the efforts by many utilities to comply with the standards. On June 15, the Clean Energy Group [PDF] wrote EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson to urge her to:
… proceed with finalizing the rule. Companies have begun to prepare for a 2015 compliance deadline, and the electric power markets are factoring in the capital expenditures that will be required to comply with the rule. Any delay would threaten to undermine those decisions.
MidAmerican also claimed in its June 15 testimony that the 2015 compliance deadline could lead to shortages of equipment and labor to install the necessary pollution-control technologies. This claim, however, was debunked last year. On Nov. 3, 2010, the Institute of Clean Air Companies [PDF] — the trade association of pollution-control suppliers — wrote Sen. Tom Carper (D-Del.) that:
We are extremely confident in the ability of the industry to deliver and satisfy, as we have so successfully in the past, the labor, materials and resources needed to meet the demand. … EPA’s efforts to move forward expeditiously with the proposed interstate Transport Rule and the upcoming utility MACT [air toxics] rules will be helpful in this regard.
Delays in issuing the air toxics rule would harm, not help, companies reduce their mercury, lead, and other toxic air pollution.
The benefits of reducing air toxics
Efforts by Southern Company, DTE, MidAmerican, and other big utilities to block or delay the air toxics reduction rules for coal-fired power plants ignore the overwhelming benefits of pollution reductions to Americans. Coal-fired power plants are the “largest human-caused source of mercury emissions in the United States,” according to Senate testimony by Jerome Paulson of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Power plants [PDF] spew 40 percent of mercury emissions in the United States. Mercury causes severe developmental disabilities, deafness, and blindness in cases of prenatal and infant exposure. The chemical can lower fertility rates and raise chances of heart disease in adults.
These new rules would also slash significant amounts of the three-quarters of a billion pounds of airborne toxic chemicals shot into the skies annually. These contaminates include lead, which causes learning disabilities in children as well as organ failure. Arsenic — used for rat poison — would also be reduced. And the proposed standards would reduce the millions of pounds of “acid gases” that trigger “irritation to skin, eye, nose throat, [and] breathing passages,” according to the American Lung Association [PDF]. Three-quarters of these gases come from power plants.
The EPA [pg. 25,090 of PDF] projects that once the air toxics safeguards are implemented in 2016, the pollution reductions will have annual benefits that in
… [up to] 17,000 fewer premature mortalities, 4,300 fewer cases of chronic bronchitis, 10,000 fewer non-fatal heart attacks, 12,000 fewer hospitalizations (for respiratory and cardiovascular disease combined), 4.9 million fewer days of restricted activity due to respiratory illness and approximately 830,000 fewer lost work days.
We also estimate substantial health improvements for children in the form of 110,000 fewer asthma attacks, 6,700 fewer hospital admissions due to asthma, 10,000 fewer cases of acute bronchitis, and approximately 210,000 fewer cases of upper and lower respiratory illness.
In addition to alleviating this pain and suffering, the total net economic benefit of the air toxics rule is $48 billion to $130 billion in 2016 alone [pg. 24,979 of PDF].
The Clean Air Act of 1990 included measures to reduce emissions of airborne mercury and other toxic chemicals to protect public health. Twenty-one years later, we are on the cusp of final adoption of essential cleanup standards that protect children, seniors, and other Americans from cancer-causing and smog-forming pollution from coal-fired power plants. CAP’s analysis of electricity producers in states with their own mercury rules found that a majority of their coal-fired generation capacity already has the pollution-control equipment necessary to reduce mercury. Congress must ignore the arm twisting and campaign contributions from the big utilities that want to continue to spew these poisons into the skies — and our lungs, waters, fields, and wildlife. Instead, senators and representatives should urge the Obama administration to promptly issue and enforce these long-delayed safeguards.
Donate now to support our work. | <urn:uuid:ae78d137-b6ff-4846-a05a-a340d422e795> | {
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The ability to communicate with words is one thing that sets mankind apart from all other creatures. God is the Author of language, and no one has ever used language as precisely as God does in the Bible, including His use of figures of speech, of which there are more than 200 varieties in Scripture. When most people say, “a figure of speech,” they are speaking in general terms of something that is not true to fact. However, genuine “figures of speech” are legitimate grammatical and lexical forms that add emphasis and feeling to what we say and write. In the Bible, God uses figures of speech to emphasize things that He wants us to see as important. Many people who read the Bible never think to ask themselves, “How do we know what God wants emphasized in His Word?” God uses figures of speech to put emphasis where He wants emphasis, so it is important that we recognize and properly interpret the figures of speech in the Bible. Knowing the figures of speech God uses in the Bible helps us to understand the true meaning of Scripture and enables us to more fully enjoy its richness.
The figure of speech we are going to study in this issue of The Sower is “idiom.” An idiom is the use of a word or words in a way that is peculiar to a language or group of people in that it has a meaning that cannot be derived from the literal meaning of the word or words. An idiom is a legitimate figure of speech that is used for emphasis, although sometimes the idiom becomes such an imbedded part of the language that it is no longer considered an idiom but becomes an accepted meaning of the word, and the emphasis is lost. Idioms are so common that sometimes it can be hard to communicate without using them. Idioms have to be individually learned because the meaning of the words is not literal, but assigned by the culture.
Every language has thousands of idioms, and some idioms are common enough to human experience that they exist in many cultures. Both the Bible and English, for example, speak of the “face” of the earth despite the fact that the earth has no “face.” There are many idioms in the Bible, and if we are going to understand it, we must understand them. Some idioms in the Bible are individual words or phrases, while some involve the way nouns or verbs are used.
The sun of righteousness
An idiomatic phrase in the Bible is the “sun of righteousness.” God is referred to as “light” in the Bible. It makes perfect sense, then, that the Son of God, who revealed the Father and brought light to the world, would be idiomatically called “the sun of righteousness” and the “sunrise from on High.”
But for you who revere my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. And you will go out and leap like calves released from the stall.
I can remember reading this verse as a new Christian and knowing that it referred to Jesus Christ, but not knowing why he was called the “sun” and not the “son.” The answer is that in the biblical idiom, Jesus was the sun because he brought the light of his Father to the world. Zachariah, the father of John the Baptist, referred to Jesus as the rising sun.
because of the tender mercy of our God, by which the rising sun will come to us from heaven
This verse makes no sense if you do not know the idiom. How can the “rising sun” come from heaven? The sun comes from below the horizon and rises up into heaven. However, when we know the idiom, that the “rising sun” is the Messiah, the verse makes perfect sense.
The Prophetic Perfect
An idiom that we of Spirit & Truth Fellowship have spent considerable time writing about is the “prophetic perfect.” In that idiom, a future action that is certain to occur is spoken of in the past tense as if it had already occurred. Doing this emphasizes the certainty of the event happening. For example, speaking of the return of Jesus Christ, the NASB quite literally translates Jude 1:14 as, “the Lord came with many thousands of His holy ones.” Of course saying a future event has already occurred can be confusing to the beginning Bible student. Thus, some translators try to make it easy for the Bible student by translating the verse into English as a present or future tense (cp. the NIV, “the Lord is coming with thousands upon thousands of his holy ones).
Hebrew active verbs can express an attempt
The way the Hebrew language views verbs, an active verb does not have to mean the action is accomplished, but only attempted. This seems very strange to the Western mind, and makes some verses confusing.
Exodus 8:16-18 (KJV)
(16) And the LORD said unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt.
(17) And they did so; for Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the earth, and it became lice…all the dust of the land became lice throughout all the land of Egypt.
(18) And the magicians did so with their enchantments to bring forth lice, but they could not…
The difficulty in the verses above is that the magicians “did so,” but they “could not.” What we need to understand is that the verb “did so” can idiomatically mean, “tried to do so.” The NIV in Exodus 8:18 translates the idiomatic use of the verb right into the verse, making it easier for us: “But when the magicians tried to produce gnats by their secret arts, they could not.” Another example of this idiomatic use of active verbs is in Ezekiel.
Ezekiel 24:13 (KJV):
…because I have purged thee, and thou wast not purged…
The King James Version translates the verbs in a straightforward manner, but it is confusing. How can God purge the people, but they are not purged? The NIV translates the idiomatic use of the verb into the English so we can understand the verse better: “…because I tried to cleanse you but you would not be cleansed…”
Idioms of the language are one reason that simply having a lexicon and concordance will never be enough to fully understand the Bible. At some point we must read and understand the original languages as they were spoken. Thankfully, we have many very good resources such as critical commentaries to help us more completely understand the Bible.
For a much more thorough explanation of this important idiom, see “The Prophetic Perfect,” in our book by John Schoenheit, The Christian’s Hope: The Anchor of the Soul (Christian Educational Services, Indianapolis, IN, 2004), Appendix E, pp. 223-240.
This is also a use of metaphor, a comparison by representation.
The “wings” are actually the “borders,” and thus it was foretold that Jesus would have healing in the borders of his garments, something fulfilled in his ministry (Cp. Mark 5:27-29, 6:56). | <urn:uuid:0d1724df-a489-4d1b-9ca0-456f95a9dbe7> | {
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Os - OsmiumSee metal norms for Osmium
|Chemical Element||Osmium||Melting Point °C||3054|
|Chemical Symbol||Os||Boiling Point °C||5027|
|Atomic Number||76||Density g/cm3||22.6|
|Atomic Weight||190.23||Oxide||OsO4, OsO2|
Osmium is a lustrous, bluish–white metal belonging to the platinum group. Osmium is the 81st most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, making it extremely rare. Of all the known elements, osmium is the densest, closely followed by iridium. Osmium is unaffected by water or acids, but dissolves in molten alkalis. Pure osmium is difficult to obtain, therefore it is often fabricated as a powder, which is then formed into a solid by heating.
An Englishman, Smithson Tennant, is credited with the discovery of osmium in 1803. He came across it whilst analysing a specimen of crude platinum. This crude platinum was dissolved in dilute aqua regia, and the outcome was that not all of the metal went into solution; some remained as a powder. This powder was then tested by using a combination of acid and alkali treatments, eventually separating into two new metals which Tennant called osmium and iridium.
Osmium can be found as an un-combined metal, but is mainly found in nickel and platinum bearing ores and in alloys with iridium. These alloys are either known as iridosmine or osmiridium. Osmium ores are very rare but deposits can be extracted from ores in countries such as Russia, Canada, South Africa and the USA. Overall, less than 100kgs of osmium are produced each year.
Some former uses of osmium are no longer in demand, such as fountain pen tips, compass needles, clock bearings and gramaphone needles, where its extreme hardness and corrosion resistance prevented wear from long-term use. Today it is used as a catalyst in industry, and in the development certain anti-cancer drugs. Osmium metal has very little use in itself, as it is very rare and therefore expensive to acquire, and also the gas of its oxide is poisonous making it an impractical substance. More often than not, osmium as an alloying agent is quite safe and is used to make hard alloys with metals such as platinum and iridium.
- Emsley, John. Nature’s Building Blocks, An A-Z Guide to the Elements, New Edition, Oxford University Press, 2011
- Gray, Theodore. The Elements, A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc, NY, 2009
- Stwertka, Albert. A Guide to the Elements, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2012 | <urn:uuid:cd14fb22-8e3e-404d-b0bb-51d4185e487d> | {
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Please boost your Plan to download papers
Non-word Assignments example - XML-Based Project
Logic & Programming
Pages 12 (3012 words)
This document gives an overview of the project work and states the reasons behind the design decisions taken during the course of the project. It also illustrates the importance of XML technologies in various application areas. …
Extract of sample
Thereafter, using the transformation language XSLT, the information from within the XML document was to be extracted and presented differently depicting different scenarios. Oxygen XML Editor was used for the project.
3. Discussion A total of 7 webpages were taken from the Internet for the project. This section presents the reasons that motivated the various decisions that were taken during each stage of the project.
4. The Material Chosen The site is an informational site that lists down the companies falling in different application areas and where jobs can be hunted. The material chosen for the project were taken from the same site so there is a hierarchy in between the different web pages. Furthermore, the content on each page also follows a hierarchal structure that can be translated into relations. This would facilitate the markup language. The selected webpages covered the most commonly used elements of informational sites (i.e. headings, text, links, paragraphs, lists, etc.). This presented an opportunity of learning to encode the different elements into XML. Besides possessing a hierarchal structure of the selected pages, a repeating structure is also present in each page. ...
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It is said that the formula for Tabasco Sauce is a secret, and that the ingredients remain “virtually unchanged” since it was first made in 1868. This is of course a challenge for curious hot-pepper sauce-lovers, and I understand that many attempts have been made to reproduce this famous condiment.
The original recipe was certainly not a secret. Edmund McIlhenny received a patent for an ‘improvement in pepper-sauce’ in September 1870, and it seems reasonable to assume this was the condiment under discussion, it being unlikely that McIlhenny was simultaneously working on two sauces made from Tabasco peppers. We don’t know the extent of the tweaking that may or may not have gone on, but this original recipe seems like a good place to start for anyone wanting to make Mock Tabasco, does it not?
It is not possible to patent a recipe nowadays, and one wonders how the law could have been policed in 1870 – particularly since McIlhenny makes it clear in the patent document that the instructions are for others to use. I wonder when the secrecy started?
Here it is, the recipe for pepper-sauce made from Tabasco peppers, from U.S Patent Number 107,701 (September 1870.)
Be it known that I, Edmund McIlhenny, of New Iberia, in the parish of Iberia, and the State of Louisiana, have invented a new and improved Pepper-Sauce; and I do hereby declare that the following is a full, clear, and exact description thereof, which will enable others skilled in the art to make and use the same.
This invention relates to a new process of preparing an aromatic and strong sauce from the pepper known to the market as Tabasco pepper. This pepper is as strong as Cayenne pepper but of finer flavor.
My method of preparing the sauce is as follows:
The ripe fruit is mashed to a pulp and mixed with fine vinegar and rock salt, in the proportion of one pint of vinegar and one handful of salt to every gallon of pulp.
The receptacle containing this mixture is closely covered, and the latter macerated for about six weeks, when the pulp is worked through a sieve that is just fine enough to not permit the seeds to pass. About one drop of bisulphate of lime is then added to every ounce of mixture, for preventing fermentation.
The skin and seeds not passed through the sieve are potted for about twenty-four hours, with an ounce of alcohol to each pound of the residue.
This mixture is thoroughly agitated and then placed under a press, by which the remaining pulp and juice are forced out.
A drop of bisulphate of lime is added to every ounce received from the press. The two mixtures thus prepared are now put together, and the whole compound worked through a fine flour sieve. The sauce is thus completely prepared and ready for use.
One or two drops of it will be sufficient for any dish.
Having thus described my invention,
I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent –
1. The pepper-sauce prepared of the ingredients herein set forth, substantially in the manner specified.
2. The herein-described process of preparing pepper-sauce from the ingredients, in about the proportions set forth.
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A modem is a network device that both modulates and demodulates analog carrier signals (called sine waves) for encoding and decoding digital information for processing. Modems accomplish both of these tasks simultaneously and, for this reason, the term modem is a combination of "modulate" and "demodulate."
The most common use for modems is for both sending and receiving of the digital information between personal computers. This information used to be transmitted over telephone lines using V.92, the last dial-up standard, to an analog modem that would convert the signal back to a digital format for a computer to read.
Now, access to the Internet more commonly takes place using high-speed broadband modems.
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National Reconciliation Week (NRW) is an opportunity for all of us to reflect, and explore how each of us, individually and collectively, can contribute to achieving reconciliation in Australia.
Each year, Reconciliation Australia selects a new theme to celebrate NRW. The 2020 theme was In This Together. In this activity, educators will support children to explore the meaning and purpose of the theme. They will also consider practical opportunities for bringing the theme into physical and virtual classrooms, around the school and with the community during NRW and beyond. | <urn:uuid:ed045968-cc93-4f49-91c0-7c2814edaf93> | {
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Doctors want to 3D print transplantable organs from your own stem cells, but now they might be able to replace a bum hip, too. A team of scientists in St. Louis and Durham used stem cells to grow cartilage on a 3D “scaffold” that can be molded into the exact shape of a patient’s hip joint. It could then be implanted onto the surface of the bone, replacing the regular cartilage that acts as a “lubricant” for the ball and socket-style joint. Since it would be made from your own stem cells, there’s no chance of rejection.
The 3D scaffold is made from a woven material that can bear up to 10 times a patient’s weight, letting them to exercise and otherwise live normally. It can even solve the original cause of the program, which is usually osteoarthritis. Using gene therapy, they genetically programmed the joint to release anti-inflammatory molecules on demand to keep the arthritis at bay. “Our hope is to prevent, or at least delay, a standard metal and plastic prosthetic joint replacement,” says Washington University Professor Farshid Guilak.
Lest you protest that this potential treatment is reserved for your elders, think again. “We envision in the future that this population of younger patients [aged 40-55] may be ideal candidates for this type of biological joint replacement,” says researcher Bradley Estes. That’s because doctors are often reluctant to perform joint-replacement surgery on patients younger than 50, because they’ll need a second operation when they’re older and more at risk for infection and other issues. | <urn:uuid:2388c3ed-329f-45a2-b8aa-12eb1bbe42c4> | {
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How to Fight Stress-Related Diseases
No one can avoid all stress -- and a certain amount actually is good for you. But it's always best to keep unhealthy levels in check when possible.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
PTSD is a condition that often follows a terrifying physical or emotional event—causing the person who survived the event to have persistent, frightening thoughts and memories of the ordeal.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
A person with IBS has a colon that is more sensitive and reactive than usual, so it responds strongly to stimuli that would not affect other people.
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
Atopic dermatitis is a hereditary and chronic skin disorder that mostly affects infants and young children, but may last until a child reaches adolescence or adulthood.
Stress Can Pack on Pounds
Many people hunger for sweets, salty snacks, and other processed foods when they are stressed. One solution: Reach for healthy high-fiber snacks with a bit of the tastes you crave.
Insomnia, the term for having trouble sleeping at night, is one of the most common sleep complaints. About one in three adults has bouts of insomnia that last a few days at a time.
A heart attack occurs when the blood supply is cut off from the heart muscle, usually because of a blood clot. Without blood and oxygen, the muscle cells are damaged and die. | <urn:uuid:69fe6f32-3ce4-437b-8013-43f0d23bd5e5> | {
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best wee trips
Abbey Craig, Hillfoots Rd, Stirling FK9 5LF
Completed in 1869 | Architect J.T Rochead
The National Wallace Monument is one of Scotland’s most celebrated landmarks, and commemorates Scotland’s national hero, Sir William Wallace.
Completed in 1869, the monument was the winning design of an architectural competition to build a monument to a celebrated Scottish hero.
The architect J.T Rochead, designed a tower 67 metres high. Set over four levels, visitors can explore the life of William Wallace, and take in the spectacular panoramic views from the ‘Crown’.
For visiting information: http://www.nationalwallacemonument.com/ | <urn:uuid:10473c5c-4ae4-4f74-b3c8-b1c805338bc2> | {
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You may not own an electric car or have a compost pile in your yard, but no contribution to protecting Earth’s natural resources is too small. You can make little differences every day that eventually become a way of life while setting an example for your children.
Eco-friendly pledges like solar panels on residential roofs and paper straws distributed in restaurants are everywhere. More take-out food is available in bio-degradable carriers in lieu of traditional styrofoam. Plastic grocery bags have given way to re-usable cloth ones with sturdy, woven handles.
Even the fashion industry has put its best foot forward. The relatively new shoe design company, Rothy’s, boasts a tagline: “From bottle to beautiful.” As of this writing they have transformed almost 35 million plastic bottles “destined for landfills and repurposed them into timeless, durable flats.”
No matter your commitment to slowing the depletion of natural resources, today, if there’s something you want to do, you can do it.
Environmentally Friendly Swimming Pools
As far as your outdoor life, backyard swimming pools can be built and designed as another dimensional statement about your pledge to sustainability and to making alternative healthy choices for your family.
There are many options to consider. This enterprise, Sustainability for All outlines the means to use naturally occurring elements to keep your pool clean.
In this model, the pool must be originally designed to utilize this method. (More later on ways to convert your pool’s ecosystem!)
Like a more traditional pool outfitted with swim up bars and Baja Benches, natural swimming ponds require a similar attention to engineering. They are divided into separate zones; one for swimming, the other for water purification.
An alternative to chlorine, Sustainability for All recommends using plants and stone or sand to purify the water. “This emulates the natural filtration which takes place in rivers.” So how does it work?
- Water must be in motion, so it is necessary for the swimming pool to be built on a certain slope.
- This motion is generated by a power pump – which can be derived from a solar power supply in order to save even more energy.
- The plants, placed in another space separate from that meant for swimming, are responsible for filtering waste.
- Stones and sand are also natural filters that naturally remove those impurities and bacteria found in water.
- Water saving (there is no need to empty and refill them; you just have to replenish the part that evaporates).
- Energy saving (filter systems are not necessary).
- Additive saving (they do not use chemical products. They do not harm your skin, eyes and mucus health).
According to EcoHome, there are three types of plants that will provide some natural cycle regulation in the swimming pond scenario:
- Floating plants: Water lilies and other floating plants rooted in the bottom provide shade and protect micro-organisms from UV rays.
- Oxygenating plants: By absorbing nitrates and phosphates, submerged and free-floating plants contribute to the ecological balance of the pool and play an important role in slowing the growth of algae.
- Biological filters: As water passes through the fibrous root structure of plants, micro-organisms concentrated on the root system act as a natural filter, removing contaminants and excess nutrients from the water.
In the natural swimming pool scenario, the surrounding aesthetics are also key. You’ll want to edge this relaxation center in the trappings of a natural setting, so the cool refreshment of your “pool pond” is organic to the space.
Saltwater Swimming Pools
The advantages of these installations include:
- Fewer chemicals
- Lower cost of upkeep
- Minimal maintenance
Saltwater swimming pools are also much gentler on your eyes, skin, and hair and even go a little easier on allergy and asthma suffers.
While traditional pools require the manual addition of chlorine on a consistent basis, the saltwater pool relies on a regenerative process to create the chlorine. They may employ salt to generate chlorine, but once generated the chlorine breaks back down into salt.
Because the storage and handling of chemicals is a task necessitating caution, another plus of course is the in-water production of the substance that maintains your pool’s water in a safe, healthy and algae-free condition.
Although more expensive on the front end, you will, in most pool installations, recoup that cost after a few years due to the reduced operating expenses. Overall, a more cost-effective system considering the chlorine versus salt expenditures.
Converting To a Saltwater Pool
If you already have a pool you love, it is fairly straightforward to convert from one whose maintenance is fueled by chlorine to one fueled by salt.
However, like anything else there’s the quick way or the right way. As much as you may pride yourself on your DIY dexterity, your pool is the jewel of your outdoor entertainment center. To run the risk of damaging any component could wind up being more expensive than hiring a reputable pool contractor to oversee the conversion process.
Swim University advises that draining the pool is not necessary unless an antibacterial agent is in use. While you can burn this agent out of the water, it will require a high dose of chlorine to sort of shock it out.
A multi-step process, the pool will need to be drained (or not), the water rigorously tested, and precautions taken to protect your pool’s lining. Considering the corrosive nature of salt, attention must be paid to water-adjacent metal trim.
Finally, there’s selecting and installing the saltwater chlorination system. According to Swim University, “A saltwater chlorination system works by passing an electrical current through salinized water, causing a chemical reaction via electrolysis that creates chlorine from salt molecules. The two main parts of a salt chlorinator are the cell and the control board: the cell is where electrolysis takes place to create chlorine; the control board allows you to adjust how much chlorine is generated.”
Additionally, before converting, you will want to consult with your pool pro to inspect for metal objects outside or beneath water level as they will endure galvanic corrosion over time. You’ll also want to make sure certain plants are not within splashing distance as repeated exposure to saltwater can damage them. As far as concrete coping and surrounding stonework, they should first be properly sealed and hosed down after use as part of your pool’s routine maintenance.
Home improvement financing solution experts since 1979, we’ve seen extraordinary advancements in pool design and its contribution to keeping our beautiful world, beautiful. At Lyon Financial we are proud of the difference we can make for your family by providing something that puts years of memories within reach. Call 877-754-5966 for more information. | <urn:uuid:67888bbe-eda2-4c75-929e-d872518151ef> | {
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The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum is one of the world’s largest and most active popular music research centers and the world’s largest repository of country music artifacts. Early in the 1960s, as the Country Music Association’s campaign to publicize country music was shifting into high gear, CMA leaders determined that a new organization was needed to operate a country music museum and to carry out research and education activities beyond CMA’s scope as a trade organization. Read More
From approximately 1400-1475 A.D., the land that would later be known as Travellers Rest was a Native American village during the pre-historic Mississippian period, the last of the four major cultural periods before first contact with white settlers. In 1796, the remains of a palisade wall, home sites and burials from that settlement were present when Judge John Overton acquired the property.
Just nine years later, in 1805, the first of many archaeological investigations began on the site, and the story of the earliest residents of Travellers Rest first began to be documented. Investigations continued at Travellers Rest throughout the 19th century as the emerging profession of archaeology and its first practitioners visited the site. The exact boundaries of this Mississippian village are yet to be determined, but it is speculated to have been between 10-12 acres and was clearly home to a people with advanced social, agricultural and artistic skills.
In 1920 William Myer, while exploring the Middle Tennessee area for the Bureau of American Ethnology, contracted to have this map made of the Travellers Rest site. It supports the description recorded by Dr. Rush Nutt in 1805 upon visiting Travellers Rest. | <urn:uuid:809d9217-f14d-450d-95a1-604887e40ced> | {
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Hope for Bay Oysters and Blue Crabs?
By Emmy Nicklin, CBF Staff
The Little Oyster that Could
A DNR study released earlier this year showed higher levels of oyster reproduction and a lower mortality rate for the Chesapeake Bay oyster, reaffirming CBF's extensive restoration efforts.
Photo credit: Tom Pelton/CBF Staff
The Algonquin Indians who gave our Chesapeake its name (meaning "great shellfish Bay"), would be saddened today. Since colonial times, the Chesapeake has lost more than 98 percent of its oysters. Gone are the days when oyster reefs posed navigational hazards to Chesapeake Bay explorers or watermen pulled 17 million bushels of oysters each year. In the past 30 years alone, Maryland and Virginia watermen and the seafood industry have lost $4 billion in income. But as recent studies find, all hope is not lost.
A two-month Maryland Department of Natural Resources survey conducted earlier this year revealed higher levels of oyster reproduction and a lower mortality rate. In fact, Chesapeake Bay oysters seem to be growing heartier and more robust. Given that each adult oyster filters and cleans up to 50 gallons of water per day—gobbling up algae, and removing dirt and nitrogen pollution—that's good news for the health of the Chesapeake Bay and for us.
After a devastating bout with disease in the mid 1980s combined with decades of overharvesting, habitat destruction, and water pollution, the oyster was hanging on by a thread. "That was a turning point really," says CBF Fisheries Director Bill Goldsborough, "because up until then for the previous 100 years, oysters had supported the most valuable fishery in the Chesapeake Bay."
Now, thanks to increased awareness, extensive restoration efforts, and preventing the introduction of a non-native oyster species, there is hope for the mighty oyster yet.
For more information on CBF's oyster restoration efforts, visit cbf.org/oysters.
Because of restrictions placed on the Bay's blue crab harvest in 2008, this year's dredge survey revealed a total of 460 million crabs in the Bay—the second highest recording since 1997. The results show that for the first time since the early '90s, the crab population has remained at sustainable levels for three straight years.
Photo credit: Damon Fodge
Perhaps the same hopeful future holds true for the Chesapeake Bay blue crab. Also known as "beautiful swimmer," the blue crab is inextricably linked to the oyster. With the drastic decline of the Bay's oysters in the 1980s, watermen focused more and more on the blue crab. A decade later, the fishery neared collapse. Not only was the blue crab itself threatened, but so too were the oyster reefs and underwater grasses that provide it with food, shelter, and oxygen.
It took bi-state restrictions on catching female crabs in 2008 to bring the beautiful swimmers back. The 2010 winter dredge survey conducted at 1,500 random sites throughout the Bay revealed promising news: The number of blue crabs had doubled from the previous year.
This year's dredge survey counted a total of 460 million blue crabs in the Bay—the second highest recording since 1997. Though down from last year (mostly due to weather), the results still show that for the first time since the early 90s, the crab population has remained at sustainable levels for three straight years. That's good news for the blue crab, the Bay, and the people that depend on it. However, Goldsborough still cautions: "We can't declare victory yet. Mother Nature is telling us that even our hardiest Bay critter still needs a helping hand, so we must stay the course." | <urn:uuid:74e66d05-9c82-4dd7-9e30-c43bb1f3eee5> | {
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Heavy rains that began on December 20, 2016, caused severe flooding in the province of Mersin, southern Turkey, on December 29, 2016. Two people died and many were wounded as a result. The flood increased the amount of microplastics pollution in Mersin Bay by 14 times.
It is widely known that climate change has a negative impact on life in many ways. In particular, catastrophic floods following heavy rains that are caused by climate change introduce a significant amount of anthropogenic stressors to aquatic ecosystems.
As we all know, plastics are one of the most unwanted anthropogenic stressors. However, we do not think that there can be a relationship between global climate change and plastics pollution. When someone talks about global climate change, the first things that come to mind are drought, melting glaciers, and, of course, polar bears, not plastic pollution.
The link between climate change and plastic pollution is based on some basic principles: cause and effect! If there is deforestation, unplanned urbanization, and inadequate infrastructure, excessive rainfall can cause flooding. Sure, floods can occur even if everything is properly done. But, this is not really related to the topic of this article.
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is generally dry and carries materials (micro or macro) uncontrollably from one point to another. And plastics form a great part of these materials.
We clearly observed this phenomenon during the examination of consequences of excessive rainfall which affected the northeastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey (especially Mersin) between December 2016 and January 2017.
Now is the time to say some words about the size and causes of the flood.
The Mersin province has undergone a rapid population growth due to internal migration within the last 30 years. Rapid population growth has brought the problems of unplanned urbanization. The distorted infrastructure, which occurs in connection with unplanned urbanization, can lead to floods during any rainfall, not necessarily heavy rains.
Floods invite dramatic consequences. The flood that occurred on December 29, 2016, in the province of Mersin is a perfect example of these dramatic results. Heavy rain that started on December 20 caused severe flooding in Mersin. It is reported that two people died and many were wounded as a result.
The heavy rains that started on December 21-22, 2016 continued until January 1, 2017, and a total of 346.8 kg/m2 rainfall occurred within those 9 days. Mersin has a long-term rainfall average of 129.8 kg/m2 in December and a long average annual rainfall of 579.7 kg/m2. These figures show that with those 9 days, Mersin received 60% more rain than typical annual expectations! This inevitably led to a disaster.
This level of rain and the subsequent disaster not only caused damage to the terrestrial environment but also affected the marine environment. Floods in coastal cities like Mersin carry things from terrestrial environment to sea. The fact that many pollutants including plastics were transported to the marine environment helps us establish a link between global climate change and plastic pollution.
The Mersin Bay could be called quite polluted, even before the floods carried polluters. Before the flood (November 2016), an average of 539,189 MPs/km2 particles were detected.
This was the third-highest microplastics (MPs) concentration in the Mediterranean Sea followed by Israeli coasts and Iskenderun Bay, again in Turkish waters. The flood has increased that value 14 times and made the Mersin Bay the most polluted region of the Mediterranean Sea, with a value of 7,699,716 MPs/km2. This situation supports the expression, “plastic soup,” that was previously used for the Mediterranean Sea.
Flooding can lead to an increase in the number of MPs as well as a decrease in the size of MPs. For example, the mean size of MPs measured in Mersin Bay before the flood was 2.37 mm, while it decreased to 1.13 mm post-flood. This has many negative effects. Smaller particles mean smaller organisms, such as fish larvae, mussel, and shrimp, can ingest these particles and transfer them into the food chain. As it stands, floods can make the plastic pollution problem even more complex.
Serious agricultural activities are being carried out around Mersin Bay. Currently, plastic pollutants of agricultural origin in Turkey (mulching material, plastic greenhouse covers, irrigation pipes, pesticide bottles, etc.) pose a grave problem. In terrestrial areas, it is possible to see these pollutants in uncontrolled states. Floods can help transport these uncontrolled pollutants to the sea. In particular, polyethylene plastic films used as cover materials constitute a serious risk. The increase in the amount of polyethylene covering materials in Mersin Bay after the flood reveals that this risk is worse than initially thought.
Additionally, Ethylene/Methacrylic Acid Ionomer (EMA), Ethylene/Propylene Copolymer (EPC), Ethylene/Propylene/Diene Terpolymer (EPDT), Polyamide-6/Nylon-6 (PA-6), Phenoxy Resin (PR), and Poly (Styreneco-2-Acrylamido-2-Methyl Propane Sulfonic acid) (PSAMPSA)-type polymers that were not found before the flood were present afterwards, and PAAC and SAAC-type polymers that showed a significant increase post-flood were all polymers that are heavily used in electronics, medical equipment, food packaging, toys, construction materials, and similar industries. Debris caused by the flood itself and any loose plastic waste left in the land were carried by floods directly to marine environments, increasing the polymer variety of marine plastics.
Excessive rainfall and flood are results of global climate change, and plastic pollution is a result of excessive plastic consumption and unsustainable waste management. The reason for both of them is human behavior.
These findings show us that plastic pollution is a serious problem. What’s more, plastic pollution becomes unbearable when it is combined with other kinds of human activities.
These findings are described in the article entitled, How microplastics quantities increase with flood events? An example from Mersin Bay NE Levantine coast of Turkey, recently published in the journal Environmental Pollution. This work was conducted by S. Gündoğdu, C. Çevik, and S. Karaca from Cukurova University, and B. Ayat and B. Aydoğan from Yildiz Technical University.
- Gündoğdu, S., Çevik, C., Ayat, B., Aydoğan, B., & Karaca, S. (2018). How microplastics quantities increase with flood events? An example from Mersin Bay NE Levantine coast of Turkey. Environmental Pollution, 239, 342-350. | <urn:uuid:ef6c448f-154b-49f5-a067-1bcc11f8632d> | {
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In this online Flash game, learners experiment with an ecosystem, trying to find a balance between weebits, their plant food source, and the right climate to keep the plants growing. Weebits are small creatures that live on plants. When they get big enough, they divide, making two weebits. Learners try to produce the largest number of weebits by feeding them plants and making sure the plants have water. This game has three levels (easy, not so easy, not at all easy) which learners can master.
Keywords:Agricultural Engineering,Informal Education,Data Analysis,NSDL,energy,Data Representation,Earth system science,NSDL_SetSpec_ncs-NSDL-COLLECTION-000-003-112-056,Problem Solving,Mathematics,Energy Flow and Chemical Cycles,Social Sciences,Materials science,Chemistry,Upper Elementary,Populations,oai:nsdl.org:2200/20110926122052344T,Biosphere,Atmospheric science,Ecology, Forestry and Agriculture,Life Science,Weather and Climate,Plants,rainfall,Middle School,Early Elementary,food,Reasoning and Proof,water,Education,Technology,food web,Ecosystems,Representation,Biological science,Physics,Computing and Information,population,Ecology,ecosystem,Bioengineering/Biomedical Engineering,General,Engineering,Elementary School,budget,balance,Agriculture,Geoscience | <urn:uuid:739f4ddc-eb24-40ad-a4e8-f92ec4d8a841> | {
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The U.S. Constitution authorizes the federal government to collect various types of taxes from you.
The U.S. Constitution authorizes the federal government to collect various types of taxes from you. No one enjoys paying taxes, but without them, the government could not afford to provide you with the benefits and services it offers. Each form of taxation is governed by separate and distinct bodies of law; however, they all generally charge you tax when you either receive or give money or property.
The most common form of federal taxation is the income tax. The income tax rules allow the government to collect taxes from any person or business that earns money during the year. The tax rules provide a broad and sweeping definition of taxable income to include all property you receive, regardless of whether you earn it at work, through a business or from making good investments. Although this can seem overwhelming, the rules also provide a wide range of credits, deductions and exclusions that reduce the amount of tax you must pay.
Although not as common as the income tax, the federal government does impose a tax when you make certain gifts to another person or entity. Gifts generally cover situations where you do not expect anything in exchange, such as when you give your children birthday gifts. But rest assured the government is not looking to tax those small gifts you make for birthdays, weddings and other special occasions. The tax only applies to large or high-value gifts you make.
Similar to the income tax, the rules governing these transfers allow you to reduce or eliminate the possibility of paying tax with credits, exclusions and deductions. For example, the annual gift exclusion allows you to make an unlimited number of gifts if the value per recipient is below a certain value. A unified credit is also available to every taxpayer. Essentially, this credit lets you make additional tax-free gifts when you use up an annual exclusion, but you do have to file a gift tax return.
The federal estate tax applies to gifts you make at death, rather than while you are alive. This covers the money and property you leave to your heirs in a will, trust or through some other method. Only the value of your estate that exceeds the exemption amount for the year of your death is subject to taxation. Although there is some overlap between the gift and estate tax, the exemption works in the same way as for gift tax, but has historically been larger than $1 million.
Revenue that the federal government raises through the imposition of employment taxes provides the necessary funds to operate social welfare programs such as Medicare and Social Security. If you are an employee, you will see these taxes deducted from your paycheck in addition to your federal income tax withholding.
As of 2018, you are responsible for paying 6.2 percent of your first $128,400 of earnings to fund Social Security, and 1.45 percent on all earnings to fund Medicare. Your employer is also responsible for paying an equal amount on your behalf, but this does not come out of your earnings.
Get every deduction
TurboTax Deluxe searches more than 350 tax deductions and credits so you get your maximum refund, guaranteed. | <urn:uuid:f706d2f7-eaa7-4ec5-a300-142d9196629d> | {
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Cognition and Emotion
Individuals' thoughts and feelings are tied inherently to their communication. The cognitions people have and the emotions they feel both affect, and are affected by, social interaction. Our research examines cognition and emotion from a variety of theoretical perspectives. We use qualitative and quantitative methods to study cognitive structures and processes, lay theories of cognition and emotion, different types of emotions, and the thoughts that people have about their own and others' affective experiences. Our recent work looks at the associations between communication and both cognition and emotion in a variety of contexts ranging from the family to the workplace and examines cognition and emotion as conveyed via face-to-face and virtual interactions.
CMS 386S Communication, Cognition, and Emotion
CMS 386P Stereotyp/Prej in Interpersonal Communication
CMS 386P Perceptive Taking
Aronson, J., & McGlone, M. S. (2009). Social identity and stereotype threat. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination Research (pp. 153-178). New York: Psychology Press.
Hampel, A. D., & Vangelisti, A. L. (2008). Commitment expectations in romantic relationships: Application of a prototype interaction-pattern model. Personal Relationships, 15, 81-102.
McGlone, M. S., & Aronson, J. (2007). Forewarning and forearming stereotype-threatened students. Communication Education, 56, 119-133.
McGlone, M. S., & Pfiester, R. A. (2009). Does time fly when you're having fun, or do you? Affect, agency, and embodiment in temporal communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 28, 3-31.
McGlone, M. S., Beck, G. A., & Pfiester, R. A. (2006). Contamination and camouflage in euphemisms. Communication Monographs, 73, 261-282.
McGlone, M. S., Bortfeld, H., & Kobrynowicz, D. (2007). Laying it on thin: Analogical cue frequency in the manipulation of choice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 721-731.
Peña, J., & Hancock, J. T., & Merola, N. A. (in press). Avatar priming effects in virtual settings. Communication Research.
Peña, J., Walther, J. B., & Hancock, J. T. (2007). Effects of geographic distribution on dominance perceptions in computer-mediated groups. Communication Research, 34, 313-331.
Shapiro, M. A., Peña, J., & Hancock, J. T. (2006). Realism, imagination, and narrative video games. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing computer games: Motives, responses, and consequences (pp. 275-289). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30(3). 341-366.
Vangelisti, A. L. (2006). Hurtful interactions and the dissolution of intimacy. In M. A. Fine & J. H. Harvey (Eds.), Handbook of divorce and relationship dissolution (pp. 133-152). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Vangelisti, A. L. (2007). Communicating hurt. In B. H. Spitzberg & W. R. Cupach (Eds.), The dark side of interpersonal communication (2nd ed., pp. 121-142). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Vangelisti, A. L., Maguire, K. C., Alexander, A. L., & Clark, G. (2007). Hurtful family environments: Links with individual, relationship, and perceptual variables. Communication Monographs, 74, 357-385.
Vangelisti, A. L., & Hampel, A. D. (2010). Hurtful communication: Current research and future directions. In S. R. Wilson & S. W. Smith (Eds.), New directions in interpersonal communication research (pp. 221-241). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Vangelisti, A. L. (Ed.). (2009). Feeling hurt in close relationships. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Vangelisti, A. L. & Hampel, A. D. (2012). Hurtful interactions as feedback. In R. M. Sutton, M. J. Hornsey, & K. M. Douglas (Eds.), Feedback: The communication of praise, criticism, and advice (pp. 153-168). New York: Peter Lang.
Ph.D. Dissertations and M.A. theses
Hampel, A. D. (2006). Commitment expectations in romantic relationships: An application of a prototype interaction pattern model.
Hsu, L. H.. (2009). Identity integration and intergroup bias in the communication behavior of Asian Americans.
Jang, S. A. (2006). Understanding uncertainty, communication efficacy, and avoidance following the discovery of a relational partner's deception.
Mann, T. M. (2006). Cooperative and competitive co-parenting: Relations to marital quality across the transition to parenthood and predictive of children's emotional development.
Merola, N. (2009). Infrahumanization in communication: Linguistic denial of human emotions in the abortion debate.
Middleton, A. V. (2008). Standards and parent-child relationships: An exploratory and quantitative examination of adult children's relationship standards and satisfaction.
Pfiester, R. A. (2009). Stereotype threat in mixed sex dyadic communication.
Department of Advertising
Department of Human Ecology
Department of Psychology
School of Nursing
EDP 382L Motivation and Emotion
EDP 382L Cognition and Behavior
EDP 385 Child and Adolescent Social and Cognitive Development
PSY 387N Fundamentals of Perception
PSY 387R Fundamentals of Cognition
PSY 394N Fundamentals of Cognitive Development
PSY 394U Seminars in Cognition and Perception | <urn:uuid:a3f14fc3-20ac-42b1-a879-ca40dae7ae01> | {
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The UK government wants to commission a space-based solar power station to provide flexibility in the power load of its electrical grid. There was a time when the idea of transmitting solar energy as a form of usable energy seemed science fiction, with everyone doubting its practicality.
According to SolarDaily, the space-based solar power station will use very large solar power satellites to collect solar energy, convert it into high-frequency radio waves, and safely beam it back to ground-based receivers connected to the electrical power grid.
The UK aims to investigate the economic and technical feasibility of such a large-scale station. It is crucial to note that this project has never been done before at this scale in the world. The main challenge that researchers have faced with it is how they can solve the assembling of the massive satellites in orbit.
Historically, the cost of rocket launches and the weight that would be required for a project of this scale made the idea of space-based solar power unfeasible. But the emergence of private space ventures has brought the cost of launch down dramatically in the last decade, according to SolarDaily.
Did you know? Solar Edition publishes Monthly the most efficient solar Panels list based on Power Density and Efficiency for 60 and 72 cells panels? Click here to learn more … | <urn:uuid:741c7255-15fe-44ea-97d3-653741901568> | {
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Dissolved Gas Analysis
Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is the single most broadly used test available today. This test is also the most effective test used to determine whether a transformer's operation is normal or not. Likewise, this test will determine all fault conditions. In conjunction with other tests, analyses and inspections DGA is crucial in determining the operating conditions of transformers.
When an oil sample is analyzed, dissolved gases are extracted from it. The gases are then separated and quantitatively indentified through gas chromatography. When a gas develops, it is due to temperature degradation of transformer oil and insulating materials. Transformer faults occur in internal environments of the insulating oil or in near proximity to cellulose insulation. In the event that a fault is active, the degradation rate can or will be substantial. Each fault, however, consists of various mixtures of degradation gases. Any of these mixtures can identify potential problems that one should avoid.
DGA (ASTM 3612-D) pinpoints the presence and levels of the following gases: Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon Monoxide, Oxygen, Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Ethane, Ethylene, and Acetylene. The concentration level of these gases is measured in parts-per-million. | <urn:uuid:3ea465c9-d479-4448-88c3-4f29f7c306d4> | {
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Most often, data units stored in a database will have a unique identifier. This unique identifier makes it easy to pinpoint one specific data unit when working with many records.
They act like human names, except no two people will ever have the same name.
Use Cases and Examples
Primary keys can be created and assigned to a data unit, or an existing part of the data can be used as a primary key.
Most databases will create one since it's predictable and controlled by the database. Most relational databases assign counting numbers to data units when they are stored in the database. This ID serves as a primary key, which means the first data unit will have an id of 0, the next 1,2,3,4, onward.
Let's say you have a database full of student records. Each student will be assigned a unique ID. This part of the data can also be used as a primary key.
Some databases use primary keys to help speed up the search of data units during querying.
Here is another article for you 😊 "5 terms to know as a technical writer [part 3]" | <urn:uuid:f1d1c8d0-fee5-4c05-9dea-decfd5d25193> | {
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Okay, so how do we use augmented matrices and row operations to solve systems? Now, the counterpart of eliminating a variable from an equation in the system is changing one of the entries in the coefficient matrix to zero.
Such a matrix corresponds to a system of equations which has no solution. However, the only way to change the -2 into a zero that we had to have as well was to also change the 1 in the lower right corner as well. If your device is not in landscape mode many of the equations will run off the side of your device should be able to scroll to see them and some of the menu items will be cut off due to the narrow screen width.
This shows that instead of writing the systems over and over again, it is easy to play around with the elementary row operations and once we obtain a triangular matrix, write the associated linear system and then solve it.
Due to the nature of the mathematics on this site it is best views in landscape mode. In that case you will get the dependence of one variables on the others that are called free. Adding a multiple of an equation to another equation.
Once the augmented matrix has been reduced to upper triangular form, write down the corresponding set of linear equations and use back-substitution to complete the solution. This is called the coefficient matrix of the system.
Continue this process for all rows until there is a 1 in every entry down the main diagonal and there are only zeros below. The previous example shows how Gaussian elimination reveals an inconsistent system.
But practically it is more convenient to eliminate all elements below and above at once when using Gauss-Jordan elimination calculator. Use row operations to obtain zeros down column 2, below the entry of 1.
Use row operations to obtain zeros down the first column below the first entry of 1. We add the last one to the third to get This is a triangular matrix.
Likewise, the counterpart of adding a multiple of one equation to another is adding a multiple of one row to another row. Regardless of its size or the number of unknowns its equations contain, a linear system will have either no solutions, exactly one solution, or infinitely many solutions.
To convert these operations in our matrix language, we first associate with a linear system an augmented matrix The augmented matrices corresponding to equations 5.The reduced row echelon form of a system of linear equations is agronumericus.com the system of equations corresponding to the given matrix.
Use x, y; or x, y, z; or x1, x2, x3, x4 as variables. solving a system of equations. STUDY. PLAY. step 1) set up augmented matrix 2) use elementary row operations to find the reduced row echelon form 3) re-write as a system of equations 4)use algebra to solve for the variables 5)re-write as a matrix.
what are elementary row operations. Mar 28, · How to Write an Augmented Matrix. Skip navigation Using Gauss-Jordan to Solve a System of Three Linear Equations patrickJMT 1, views.
Convert a linear system of equations to the matrix form by specifying independent variables. This is useful when the equation are only linear in some variables. For this system, specify the variables as [s t] because the system is not linear in r. In order to solve a system of linear equations (a)Write the augmented matrix of the system.
(b)Use steps of the row reduction algorithm to obtain an. If you need to, review matrices, matrix row operations and solving systems of linear equations before reading this page.
Menu. About Academic Tutoring A system of linear equations can be represented in matrix form using a coefficient matrix, So we can write the variable matrix as [ x y ]. | <urn:uuid:393e3c6e-2e28-4764-a2e8-f4390eb5da1d> | {
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As the population ages in the United States and around the world, social isolation of older adults, especially older adults who live alone, is a crucial challenge that requires attention. Community and social support programs are essential means to address this challenge. However, technology-based solutions should be considered to supplement or augment these methods to help ensure that older adults remain connected to their friends, family, and community.
The sizeable portion of older adults living alone is alarming given the harmful effects of social isolation – a reduction in social connectedness as measured by satisfaction derived from social ties – can have on the health of older people. Social isolation is associated with negative health effects including chronic health conditions, a weakened immune system, and depression and anxiety. Having services and supports in place to meet the needs of older adults living alone and experiencing the harmful effects of social isolation is vital. | <urn:uuid:d1b945ff-6cee-44cc-9077-2f483935e7e6> | {
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A common sense perspective on GMOs
Over the years, I have tried to manage my own health and general wellness, as well as the development of the products we offer at Nova Scotia OrganicsTM, with an educated and well researched but very common sense approach. In addition to accepting the pure and organic bounty from Nature, we embrace what science has to teach us. The study of soil, for example, has provided horticulturists around the world with so much insight on the structure and requirements of a healthy growing medium for all of the plants that provide us with the fundamentals of good nutrition. The complex and utterly vital role of pollinators has also become better understood and valued due to the dedicated efforts of scientists in many countries.
It has been only in the last few decades that a ‘new’ subject has been introduced, impacting horticulture—and therefore private and commercial agriculture—animal husbandry, research into animal and human disease, and so much more. That subject is genetically modified organisms, or ‘GMOs’. Simply stated, a genetically modified organism is any organism that has had its genetic material altered by using new and still evolving genetic engineering. Elements of DNA from one organism can be added to the genetic makeup of another, resulting in a new, modified organism.
For example, the genetic attributes that color a pansy bright blue have been added to the genetic makeup of a rose, resulting in the first commercially grown and available truly blue rose. Researchers have even been trying to modify the genetic makeup of some breeds of cattle, attempting to produce a cow’s milk with properties very close to human breast milk, the better to help provide compatible, non-chemical nutrition to human newborns whose mothers are unable to breast feed. The subject is complex and will likely continue to evolve for many, many years before we fully understand all of the potential benefits and possible negative impacts.
Commercial agriculture has been quick to adopt some of applied practices of this science. Many crops have been developed using plants genetically modified to be more resistant to the herbicides used to suppress weeds, or to be less susceptible to viruses that can devastate a crop, even to inhibit bacterial growth that begins the moment a fruit or vegetable is picked, or to permit some plants to be grown outside of their natural climate ranges. On the surface, some of these applications appear to have benefits.
However, as is often true, the concerns around GMOs are less about the science itself, than in how the application of this science is being influenced by commercialism, by pressure to increase profit margins, to make big agri-business ever more efficient, and to increase our food industry’s tolerance for risk taking.
A plant with a genetically modified increased tolerance for herbicide application may thrive in the field, grove or planting bed. But what of the human who eats that ear of corn potentially contaminated with this more potent herbicide? This is but one example of troubling questions many have. Genetically engineering the DNA of a single strain of orange tree to possess a greater frost tolerance may provide a simple, cost effective solution with little chance of short term crop failure to the citrus industry, but should we be concerned that this may make species diversity a thing of the past? How would our citrus industry recover if some as yet unknown problem developed with this single strain of genetically modified orange tree and it had become the only predominant variety used in the majority of citrus groves across the world?
Despite broad scientific consensus that genetically modified crops pose no greater risk than conventionally produced foods, some opponents question the objectivity of regulatory agencies and the rigor of the regulatory process. Regardless, all admit we know little about the long term effects of GMOs on the environment and on Nature.
At Nova Scotia Organics, here is what we do know for certain. If we look to Nature, and study natural practices and progress, impacted by the checks and balances of centuries of evolution, and oblivious to the pressures of profitability and business operational efficiency, we cannot stray too far off a healthy path. We embrace science as well as the mind-body traditions of many global cultures, and know that our learning curve will never end. But until we have a much better comfort level with the possible impacts of GMOs, to us and to our environment, here at Nova Scotia Organics we’ve chosen to follow the wisdom of the greatest scientist, researcher, and gardener of them all— Nature itself.
All products offered by Naturally Nova Scotia Organics are 100% GMO free. Period.
It’s your body. Run it well. TM
“…for me, the concerns around GMO are less about the science itself, than in how the application of this science is being influenced by commercialism, by pressure to increase profit margins, make big agri-business ever more efficient, and to increase our food industry’s tolerance for risk taking.”
- GMO seeds may be grown using conventional or organic methods.
- Foods or ingredients claiming to be 'natural', 'whole food' or 'made with organic ingredients' may have ingredients made with genetically modified organisms, unless claimed and verified otherwise.
- All products offered by Nova Scotia Organics are USDA Certified Organic, and none contain GMO ingredients. | <urn:uuid:a10ffcee-7335-4170-80fd-cc191533d696> | {
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The IEEE wants to make idle or underutilized Ethernet connections more energy efficient, which could mean huge electrical cost savings for large enterprises. The trick: finding a way to seamlessly throttle between 10Mbps and 10Gbps.
The standards outfit recently formed an Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) study group to explore how to do this. The idea is to save power in PCs and laptops (most of which ship with GigE cards now) when LAN links are idle, or not utilizing full bandwidth. Researchers estimate that U.S. companies could collectively save $450 million a year in power costs by using such a technology.
The study group is essentially refiguring the process of auto-negotiation — a link-detection technology in Ethernet, where a switch and NIC determine what speeds are supported (10/100/1000Mbps) and establish the link rate. EEE would make this a more real-time process on Ethernet networks. For instance, a GigE-enabled laptop would switch to 10Mbps when idle, maybe 100Mbps during low-bandwidth activities, such as e-mail or Web surfing, and burst to 1000Mbps when downloading large files or streaming video.
"There's lots to take on with this effort," says Mike Bennett, senior network engineer at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, and chair of the EEE Study Group.
One challenge is finding a way to make a PC or laptop network interface card (NIC) change gears more quickly — "a couple orders of magnitude faster than auto-negotiation, to make the switch as seamless as possible," Bennett says. "Auto-negotiation runs at about 1.4 seconds and we're talking about — just to start the discussion — a millisecond of switching time."
EEE technology will have to work on both ends of a link to be successful, Bennett says. "When one device signals a speed change to another, the device would have to stop transmitting frames and tell the other end of the link, 'Hey, we're going to do a speed change here.'" The challenge with that is there are standard buffering sizes for Ethernet gear, he adds.
"Vendors build devices differently. Some have lots of buffers, some don't," he says.
If the IEEE and equipment vendors can figure all of this out, the savings could be huge for large organizations with thousands of Ethernet ports in PCs, servers and other devices, Bennett says.
Dropping a NIC's connection speed from 1000Mbps to 10Mbps could lower the device's power consumption from about 4W to around .60W. Considering the hundreds or thousands of networked machines running in some enterprises, this power savings could be significant, EEE proponents say.
Presentations given at EEE Study Group meetings cite a 2002 Department of Energy study estimating that the total power consumption of enterprise IT equipment in U.S. offices at around 97 terawatt hours per year, which translates to around $8 billion per year in energy costs. Extrapolating that cost over time, and accounting for network-related power consumption, the study group came up with the estimate of $450 million per year.
"If all Ethernet ports in the U.S. were suddenly [EEE] ports, you figure there's enough energy savings there at least worth thinking about," Bennett says.
"We don't want to make it ridiculous and blow it up to something that isn't true, but those are reasonable estimates. If not, we would never have enough people interested in it to get a study group," he says.
Discussions about how EEE technology will operate are in the early stages, Bennett says. What has emerged are two general concepts of what needs to happen at the Ethernet link layer, and higher layers. The first consideration is the control mechanisms that change the physical layer connection or PHY, to the desired speeds. This will define how to physically change PHY speeds among 10Base-T, 100Base-T, 1000T and 10GBase-T in that millisecond-changeover time period Bennett mentioned.
"First question is what's the mechanism of how you switch" among PHY speeds, says Ken Christensen associate professor of computer science and engineering at the University of South Florida, in Tampa, who was among the early researchers into EEE.
Christensen was one of the thinkers behind the idea of EEE, along with Bruce Nordman, a researcher at the Environmental Energy Technologies Division of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Nordman has been researching the overall energy consumption of enterprise IT equipment; Christensen has outlined a technology called Rapid PHY Selection (RPS). RPS involves ways LAN clients and switches can synchronize speeds through a quick MAC frame handshake. The trick is to handle variables such as bursty traffic.
"The next question is when do you switch, and that's the control policy," Christensen says.
Most of the IEEE's standardization effort will focus on how to control PHY speed changes. The policies on when the changes occur will most likely be defined by makers of network equipment vendors, Christensen says. Vendors who figure out how to do this well could use that as a competitive advantage.
"Very simplistically, you could look at buffer thresholds, perhaps," to determine when to switch PHY speeds. "Or you could make an explicit measurement of utilization. If it's more than a threshold, for example, you go up or down, in terms of link rate, which determines how much power the NIC draws from the system."
Learn more about this topicEnergy-efficient Ethernet?
11/27/06Vendors push gear that runs 10G over Cat6 copper, and into blade servers | <urn:uuid:5e2f30a8-5812-4842-94f6-5d90dbdf9ab2> | {
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Queensland University of Technology researchers have taken a unique approach to fighting the effects of chlamydia.
A breakthrough in chlamydia research could mean the creation of a drug that, instead of making someone immune to the sexually transmitted disease, renders it "harmless".
Queensland University of Technology PhD student Connor O'Meara undertook research of chlamydia three years ago and has stumbled across a medical breakthrough that could change the focus of chlamydia research.
The major effect of chlamydia is infertility, but it is caused by the body's brutal reaction to the disease and not the disease itself.
When the body tries to fight chlamydia, in a woman's case, irreversible damage can be done to the reproductive system.
Mr O'Meara works at QUT's Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and may be close to developing a drug which gives the body a tolerance to the disease instead of trying to eradicate it.
"Essentially this could form of the basis of a vaccine that does both, protects the body against infertility but also from the infection," he said.
"Most infections in women are asymptomatic anyway, most people don't know they have it so the problems come later on in lie when they try to conceive and they're infertile.
"Essentially if we can stop that from happening people won't care if they have it."
The vaccine could take the form of a tablet put under the tongue, a nasal spray or a patch put on the skin.
The reason it would not be administered through a needle was that the vaccine would be aimed at mucosal surfaces, as chlamydia usually infects through the genital tracts so the lining needs to be the focus of the vaccine.
"It was actually quite surprising how it came around, we were trialling things you put with vaccines to give your body an emergency reaction, you know, 'there's something bad here, we better react to it'," Mr O'Meara said.
"We essentially tried a number of different ones and we noticed that some animals that were protected from the infertility but still had a normal course of infection.
"We thought, this is quite interesting."
The vaccine could still be decades away as a vaccine has to go through many stringent tests before it is administered to a human, but Mr O'Meara has already won accolades for his work.
He has been awarded the a State Research Excellence and today is heading to the AusBiotech national conference where he will mingle with other PhD students, scientists and researchers. | <urn:uuid:75f4d94c-ef8e-4073-9163-3f776d0902b6> | {
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Eating fresh cucumbers from your own garden taste so much better than anything you can buy. They are easy to grow in a garden bed or container. They can be trellised or staked.
There are many different varieties that you can choose from, some common ones are the long skinny edible peel (English) variety, the slicing varieties and the smaller varieties often used for pickling.
Botanical Family - Carurbitaceae/Ground Family
Location - Needs good drainage. Can be grown outside or in greenhouse.
Soil - Warm, rich sandy.
Soil Preparation - Dig in a few inches of or aged manure, lime (5 pounds per 50 foot bed) and seaweed before planting. Mulch with compost during the growing season.
Seed Info -
Planting times - Soak seeds then start transplants mid April; transplant at 4 weeks.
Most varieties are monoecious and produce both male and female flowers on the same plant. The gynoecious types bear only female flowers, so a few male-flowering pollinators are in the seed packet (you will need to plant all the seeds in order to get fruits). Both need bees to pollinate.
Watering - Need lots of water, deep watering rather than frequent sprinkles is best. If weather is warm water every second day if plants are in the greenhouse.
Weeding - Keep weeded when plants are small.
Disease & Insects - If diseased do not compost plants.
When plants are 6-12 inches long cut the fruit with a knife. It you twist it off you may break the stalk which may kill the plant. Harvest in the morning when it is cool.
Picking when young will encourage more fruit.
Storage - Best stored in the refrigerator wrapped in plastic. Fresh picked will keep up to a week.
1 small yellow onion
2 tsp white vinegar
1/2 cup sour cream
1/4 cup mayonnaise
1/4 tsp dry dill weed
salt and pepper to taste
thin and place in bowl. Slice onion thin, cut slices in half and add to
cucumbers. Mix remaining ingredients and toss with cucumbers. Refrigerate for
at least half hour. Makes 4 servings. | <urn:uuid:81405d8b-2c68-4a40-a813-57791ed6be73> | {
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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
The analysis of DNA samples to detect the presence of a gene or genes associated with an inherited disorder.
the process of investigating a specific population of persons for the purpose of detecting the presence of disease, either incipient or overt, such as the generalized screening of all newborns for phenylketonuria. Genetic screening may be used to identify those who possess defective genes, gain information concerning the incidence of a disorder in the population, and provide reproductive information, specifically to those at risk, such as the close relatives of persons affected with inborn errors of metabolism or those in certain ethnic groups who have a high incidence of a particular disease, specifically sickle cell anemia in African-Americans and Tay-Sachs disease in Ashkenazic Jews. When accompanied by education and counseling, mass screening programs can be effective in the management of genetic disorders. See also genetic counseling.
genetic screeningMolecular diagnostics The screening of a person's serum for molecular markers that indicate an ↑ susceptibility to inherited or acquired diseases with a genetic component GS candidates Cystic fibrosis, PKU, sickle cell disease, Tay-Sachs disease
fa·mil·i·al screen·ing(fă-mil'ē-ăl skrēn'ing)
Examination directed at close relatives of probands with diseases that may lie latent, as in age-dependent dominant traits, or that may involve risk to progeny, as in X-linked traits. | <urn:uuid:b223681c-6387-46b6-8371-b50fbce08ca6> | {
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For centuries the Virgin Mary has been a key figure in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. According to Christian beliefs the mother of Jesus Christ was with her son throughout his life from his birth in the Bethlehem stable to his crucifixion, and witnessed the empty tomb three days later. Mary is the archetypal Madonna, the loving mother who nurtures and heals.
Her image appears in countless paintings and stained glass church windows and her statues appear in sacred grottos, woodland shrines as well as in great cathedrals. She is the embodiment of the eternal mother goddess who has appeared cross culturally.
Mary hears the prayers of the faithful and has performed miracles since the days when she walked the Earth. So strong is the belief of many in her loving heart and miraculous powers that whenever she makes an appearance in our world she attracts millions of pilgrims who wish to see, pray and be healed. Lourdes in France attracts 6 million visitors per year, 5 million annually visit the apparition site at Fatima,
Portugal and nearly 20 million go to the shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe near Mexico City. These appearances – called Marian Apparitions – have appeared all over the globe from Nigeria to Georgia, USA.
But what are these apparitions? Theories abound depending on the beliefs and lenses of those making a judgment. Interpretations of the possible meaning of these phenomena range from the belief that what is occurring is an actual visitation of the Virgin Mary to deliver a message of great importance and to heal those who suffer in mind, body or spirit to the opinion that these are close encounters with some form of interdimensional entity that is not necessarily the Virgin Mary (Vallee, 1975, 2008.)
Despite the widespread distribution of the Apparitions over time and distance they all share certain common elements:
- Initial contact is usually witnessed by children/adolescents;
- It appears at a remote location;
- There is frequently a message of Earthly significance to be transmitted and acted on;
- Unusual phenomena accompany the apparition including bright light, the sun appearing to “spin”, the smell of roses, high pitched sounds, and messages being transmitted to the children who first saw the apparition who act as conduits of communication and can frequently appear to be possessed e.g. the actions of the 4 girls communicating with the apparition in Garabandal, Spain in 1961.
- Miraculous healings occur while the apparition (who usually appears as a small figure wearing a blue robe and encased in brilliant white light) is present and thereafter at the site of the apparition (Zimdars-Swartz, 1991.)
While Christian pilgrims strongly believe that the apparitions are in fact the Virgin Mary, the veracity of such claims is determined by the Vatican through special commissions. These commissions apply a regime of tests and criteria to determine if the event was truly an appearance by Mary worthy of belief by members of the Church.
Others who have witnessed the phenomena of the apparitions first hand or who have seen miraculous healings at shrines such as Lourdes frequently give credence to the claims of divine origin based on empirical evidence and their own sensory cognition and subsequently persist in that belief despite what the Church commissions decree.
There is no way to scientifically determine if the Marian Apparitions are visits by the Virgin Mary. They could very possibly be interdimensional close encounters that are claimed to be Mary because of the spiritual orientation of the witnesses. It is a Mystery and an intriguing one that is consistent with our cultural consciousness. What happens in the Viveca Piscis between the consciousness of an individual and an extension of the numinous is a personal matter (James, 1902.) This only adds to the wonder surrounding these events.
While I was writing this blog I was listening to Symphony Hall on XM radio when the station began playing Schubert’s “Ave Maria.” Synchronicities are indeed remarkable occurrences. | <urn:uuid:563f5797-2bcd-4c94-8549-1aa9979114e6> | {
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Once the grain has grown, the next step on the Grain Chain is to see how it’s milled to make flour.
So for that we need… you got it – a mill! Now when you think of mills you might think of wind mills, or water wheels…
But the mills today are much MUCH bigger.
Whilst those old types of mills did the job pretty well for thousands of years, the flour they made was rather coarse. Modern mills, like this one, make much finer flour and a lot of it which is good because they need to grind over five million tonnes of grain every year!
So here’s how they do it – first they clean the wheat and for that they need…
Magnets! Magnets and other machines help extract any metal and stones from the grain. They wouldn’t be nice to eat. Next it gets a blow dry…
Air currents carry away dust before the grain is washed.
The water softens the outer bran layer which is important because this layer is too tough to make good flour – the bit that’s wanted is underneath – the endosperm.
Now the grain is nearly ready to be milled – it just needs GRISTING!
It’s a weird word that means mixing different types of grains in different proportions to make different kinds of flour.
Now the real fun starts! The grain is finally ready for milling — making the flour — this normally happens in three stages too!
First the grains are cracked to make the outer coat even looser. Then it’s rolled to release the endosperm and the wheatgerm. And finally, it’s sieved to collect the different parts.
George Explores… the Grain Chain, with support from farmers and millers across the UK
Add a comment | <urn:uuid:b75ea3b1-04c0-47cc-b55e-d43db354a322> | {
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Surprise? NASA ‘confirms’ the big bang
14 February 2003
It seems the news is buzzing with the latest reports from NASA. Many people have been asking about these reports, so we present here a preliminary response to be followed with a more detailed report.
The latest reports are once again shouting that the big bang is a historical reality. That’s what Alan MacRobert declares in the article Mapping the Big Bang in Sky and Telescope. He says that the NASA report ‘has powerfully confirmed the conclusions that many teams of astronomers had already reached’. But confirming what people already know doesn’t sound like big news. MacRobert says exactly that: ‘The big news is actually no news’.
NASA has released the first years’ results from a satellite, 1.5 million kilometres from Earth. Called the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, or WMAP, the satellite measures the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) from space. There is no doubt that this is a remarkable achievement.
The oval coloured map represents the whole sky, like the spherical Earth is represented as an oval on a sheet of paper. Different parts of the map relate to different parts of the sky. Different colours represent variations in the CMB with ‘warmer’ as red and ‘cooler’ as blue (but the differences are really tiny).
Overall, this information is not new. Similar maps have been produced before from instruments measuring CMB from the ground and from balloons, and from its predecessor, the COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) satellite. The WMAP results, however, are more precise and cover the whole of the sky.
Neither is NASA telling a new story about the CMB. CMB has long been touted as confirming the big bang, the age of the universe, its composition, geometry, its ultimate fate, and so on. But those assertions don’t come from the measurements. They are based on an enormous number of philosophical assumptions. Of these claims creationist physicist, John Hartnett says, ‘In short, the big bang is first assumed to be true and they adjust their parameters to get the theory to fit the data. Because of this circular reasoning, it would be a miracle if it did not “confirm” the big bang.’
Furthermore, the unbelievably small irregularities in the CMB are interpreted as seeds for galaxy formation—there is no proof, or plausible mechanism.
Recent Cosmic Microwave Background data supports creationist cosmologies.
by Dr John Hartnett
First published in:
A review of CMB data by Dr John Hartnett (see right) was published in TJ early 2001. The big picture has not changed since then. In that report Dr Hartnett showed that CMB actually poses problems for the big bang and supports creationist cosmologies. One problem is that the CMB seems to indicate a preferred frame of reference, contrary to the basic assumption behind the big bang. Another is that the total mass density of the universe inferred observationally does not agree with the mass calculated from big bang theory. And this latest NASA report even said that the stars formed earlier (by their own dating methods) than previously predicted. Then there is the fact that the CMB is very smooth, contrary to big bang predictions. And so on. Creationist cosmology models do not have these problems.
So, have NASA really discovered the big bang is a reality as is so loudly proclaimed? No. They are just asserting it again. Nothing has changed. See Cosmologists Can’t Agree and Are Still In Doubt! | <urn:uuid:2c80e734-cd02-44ff-be91-b99254e03423> | {
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Choosing and Summarizing Internet ResourcesAmy Ogasawara
Miyazaki International College (Miyazaki, Japan)
AOGASAWA [at] pmail.miyazaki-mic.ac.jp
Purpose: This lesson assumes that the purpose for finding Internet resources is for a research paper or project. But the worksheets could be adapted for other, less academic purposes.
IntroductionStudents enjoy surfing the Internet, but one of the problems we as teachers have with using this fun new skill, is turning it into a sound and profitable experience for them. Many times, students cruise from one article or topic to another without really comprehending what it is they are seeing on the screen in from of them. They often skim the surface, but end up without an article or any data for their classroom assignment/research. This can prove to be frustrating for both the students and the teachers.
Therefore, the purpose of this lesson is to teach students a step by step process to follow in a) choosing an Internet resource, and b) summarizing the information found for future reference, or use in a paper or writing assignment. It is also designed to begin to teach students the importance of siting their sources.
OverviewAfter first teaching students the basics of surfing the Internet (should be done in one class period), the following two part lesson provides guided practice of the new skill.
The first part of the lesson focuses on choosing a source. Students have to analyze the information on the screen and make critical judgements as to whether or not it is relevant to their topic.
The second part of the lesson is a practice in the beginning stages of summarizing, and a guide for moving on to the next step in research, via asking more questions. In addition, students are provided with a space for writing down notes, including quotes, statistics, and other important information they may want to include in their findings, writing, or presentation.
Part One:When students come into the class, ask them to randomly choose one source which they think they could use in their research, and one which is not so relevant to their work. As they are surfing and choosing, it is interesting for the teacher to wander around behind them to see if there is any method they are using to choose sources. You will find that most of them are clicking and watching the screen, while a few of them are taking notes to help them decide on sources to mark.
When it appears that they have chosen their sources, give them two of the first worksheet, "Choosing Internet Resources." They should fill out one for each source. By giving them the worksheet after they found their sources, they are able to see more explicitly how they go through the process of deciding and choosing.
Part Two:For the second part of the lesson, have the students transfer the information from the one source they want to keep (use in their research), to the other worksheet titled "Summarizing Internet Resources".
When they get to the "questions" box on the worksheet, could either brainstorm for questions stimulated from the article, or in small groups.
Homework:For homework, students should find one more source on the Internet, using the "Choosing" worksheet as a guide (they need not fill it out each time they look at a source), and filling in the "Summarizing" worksheet for the one they chose.
It is helpful if you are doing a research project covering several weeks if students use the "Summarizing" for every source they use in collecting data.
Editor's Note: Due to limitations of HTML, there is not as much space displayed for each question as was in the original submission. You may want to save this as text, then edit it to suit your needs.
Choosing Internet Resources
Quick ReferenceTitle of resource:
Skimming the Resource
- Look for bold or colored words. What do they tell you about this resource? Jot down a few key words that tell you what this resource is going to be about.
- Read the title(s). What added information have you gained?
- Read the first and last lines in each paragraph.
- Do you think this resource will be helpful to you? Why or why not?
- What do you like about this resource? (Amount of information? Organization? Graphics?)
- How will this information help you in your research?
Summarizing Internet Resources
Quick ReferenceTitle of resource:
- What are the main points in this resource?
- What facts can you use for your research?
QuestionsAn important part of the learning process is asking questions. The more we learn, the more we realize how much we don't know! As you explore each source, you should be asking yourself some questions. Some will be practical and some will be more theoretical. Write as many questions as you can think of as you explore this source.
Site Your Source!Author(s):
The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. II, No. 5, May 1996 | <urn:uuid:e5418fef-b6ac-4145-b993-ecec7c1df34f> | {
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Some DSL-/DOCSIS-Modems can be accessed by the end user. To do that, you have to find out which IP address the device has and on which port using which protocol you can access it. Sometimes you additionally need the correct username and the password to gain access or to apply changes.
Once you have the information, you connect the router directly to your PC, give your PC an IP address from the same net and access it with the appropriate program. Easy. To still be able to do that through NAT, follow the instructions:
Follow these instructions if you are using a default install of backfire and manage the firewall through UCI
An IP in the same net as the modem must be assigned to the interface which is connected to the modem. To do this, we create an alias as shown below.
For this example we assume two things: that the modem's IP is
169.254.1.8, and that the interface "wan" we are adding an alias to is on eth1.
Head towards /etc/config/network and add these lines.
config interface modem option ifname eth1 option proto static option ipaddr 169.254.1.1 option netmask 255.255.255.0
To exempt the internal modem address range from masquerading, add a "masq_dest" expression to the wan zone in /etc/config/firewall:
config zone option name wan option network 'wan' option input REJECT option output ACCEPT option forward REJECT option masq 1 # The firewall will resolve the expression "!modem" to # "! -s 169.254.1.1/255.255.255.0" or whatever range # was configured in the modem alias. option masq_dest '!modem' option mtu_fix 1
If the modem should have an IP address like say
192.168.1.8, you could not use the network
192.168.1.0/24 for your LAN and at the same time access your modem with this method. Use any other network in that case, like
1. Add alias
Navigate to Admin → Network → Interfaces → WAN, fill in a name in the "IP-Aliases" add field and click "Add".
Within the appearing alias section, fill out the IP address and netmask fields suitable for your modem, hit "Save & Apply".
In my case the modem is reachable via 192.168.100.1, so I've choosen 192.168.100.10 as alias address.
After a while you should see the alias prefix appear in the interface status display (underlined red).
Navigate to Admin → Network → Firewall and open the WAN zone properties (framed red).
Switch to the "Advanced Settings" tab and enter
!modem into the destionation restriction field,
this will tell the firewall to not NAT traffic directed at the modem address range.
Hit "Save & Apply" to make the change effective.
At this point the modem should be reachable from any host in the LAN.
Let's configure source NAT. This is done with
iptables, see netfilter.
You can add these custom rules to /etc/firewall.user , or by using the LuCI interface (Network > Firewall > Custom rules).
iptables -t nat -I postrouting_rule -s 192.168.1.0/24 -d 169.254.1.8 -j SNAT --to 169.254.1.1 iptables -I zone_lan_forward -s 192.168.1.0/24 -d 169.254.1.8 -j ACCEPT
If you changed the
lan network from the OpenWrt default of
192.168.1.1, you'll have to replace
192.168.1.0 with the net you've chosen.
NOTE: Depending on how restrictive your firewall and the policy is, you may need to execute the following as well to allow flow (the above rules only manage the SNAT):
iptables -I FORWARD -j ACCEPT -i br-lan -o eth0.2 iptables -I FORWARD -j ACCEPT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED
This works because
pppd (needed for PPPoE) spawns
pppoe-dsl, so eth0.2 remains freely usable. After testing the configuration changes, add all the necessary commands to
/etc/firewall.user. Now for example, you could use a GUI program to show some information about your DSL status:
NOTE: Not all modems offer access! Above picture is obtain through a (closed source) program written for the purpose of obtaining a graphic overview for distinct modems. It is very useful to track down connection problems and monitor your DSL-connection. But some modem even offer a WebUI so you can access them with your web browser.
Follow these instructions if you don't use UCI to manage your firewall
Most of the Easy Version still applies. After assigning the modem interface an address,
you will have to source nat packets to the IP address of the DSL modem, by adding the following line, after the MASQUERADE:
IF_LAN="br-lan" NET_LAN="192.168.1.0/24" iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0.2 -i $IF_LAN -s $NET_LAN -d 169.254.1.0/8 -j SNAT --to-source 169.254.1.1
Follow these instructions if you are using a default install of Attitude Adjustment 12.09 and later
In this example the modem has
192.168.254.254 as default IP. Declare a new interface called "modem". An Alias is not needed anymore, as multiple interfaces can share the same ifname. Make sure you use a different network than your existing LAN. Head towards /etc/config/network and add these lines:
config interface 'modem' option ifname 'eth1' option proto 'static' option ipaddr '192.168.254.1' option netmask '255.255.255.0'
Replace eth1 with whatever interface pppoe uses. eg eth0.2
Check if your interface is up with:
The modem should now be pingable from your Router. Because forwarding between lan and eth1 below pppoe-wan is not allowed, now just simply stick the new interface to the wan zone so it will be forwarded:
uci set [email protected]='wan modem' uci commit firewall fw reload
And thats really all to be done. You could also create a new zone called "modem" and make interzone-forwarding, but thats more work to do.
With DOCSIS-Modem, we do not use the pppd and do not spawn any additional interfaces, so the SNAT-hook need to be before the MASQUERADING-hook. Also, you need to set an alias to the interface with which your Cable modem it connected.
First give the interface (in this case it's even a virtual interface) facing the Internet a second IP address:
ifconfig eth0.2:1 add 192.168.100.2With UCI you can accomplish this as well: aliases.
Then source nat packets to the IP address of the cable modem. Add the following line, before the MASQUERADE:
iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o eth0.2:1 -i eth0.1 -s $NET_LAN -d 192.168.100.1 -j SNAT --to-source 192.168.100.2NOTE: Depending on how restrictive your firewall and the policy is, you may need to execute the following as well to allow flow (the above rules only manage the SNAT):
iptables -I FORWARD -j ACCEPT -i $IF_LAN -o $IF_DSL iptables -I FORWARD -j ACCEPT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED
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Traditional, pre-cladistic systems placed the flatworms in a single phylum, the Platyhelminthes, subdivided into the classes Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda, and Cestoda (see Hyman, 1951). Turbellarians are the largely free-living flatworms---small soft-bodied worms with a ciliated epidermis by which they swim and creep over substrates and with a sac-like gut whose only opening is the mouth. In contrast, the Monogenea, Trematoda, and Cestoda have a specialized, non-ciliated, syncytial epidermis and are obligate parasites, mostly in or on the bodies of vertebrates. As a taxonomic group, the Turbellaria is, in particular, considered an invalid class because it is not monophyletic. (It is both paraphyletic---that is, having descendants, namely the parasitic classes, that are not classified within it [Ehlers, 1985] and polyphyletic---that is, having arisen from more than one ancestor, one for the acoels and another for catenulidans and rhabditophorans [Baguñà and Riutort, 2004; Phillipé et al., 2011]). The term "turbellarian" can still be applied to those worms that were formerly classified in the Turbellaria, but the term "Turbellaria" (specifically, the capitalized taxon name) would have to be written in quotation marks to indicate its paraphyletic status. Not all turbellarians are free-living, so an alternative name sometimes applied to turbellarians, "free-living Platyhelminthes," is not quite appropriate.
In recognition of recent proposals based on molecular sequences (particularly of 18s rDNA, some Hox genes, and, most recently, fuller genomic data) the system displayed here treats the Acoelomorpha as separate from the phylum Platyhelminthes. The position and status of Acoelomorpha have been volatile in molecular systematics, some claiming that it itself is paraphyletic, many claiming that it (possibly as separate taxa Acoela and Nemertodermatida) belongs near the base of the animal tree of life, as the most basal bilaterians---that is, the most primitive of any animal phylum outside of the sponges and cnidarians. Two genomic studies (Bourlat et al., 2006; Phillipé et al., 2011), placed the Acoelomorpha within the Deuterostomia, in a phylum Xenacoelomorpha that includes also the enigmatic sack-like animal Xenoturbella); under this concept, Xenacoelomorpha is placed as sister group to the Ambulacraria (Echinodermata + Hemichordata). Another genomic analysis places the Xenacoelomorpha outside both Protostomia and Deuterostomia, again as the most basal of any bilaterian groups (Cannon et al., 2016). In any case the Platyhelminthes, as defined in these molecular systems, would be only distantly related to the Acoelomorpha.
This taxonomic database covers all turbellarian flatworms, freshwater as well as marine ones, and including parasitic turbellarians. The position of the major parasitic taxa of the Platyhelminthes (the other classes in the traditional system), encompassed now in the taxon Neodermata, is shown as proposed by cladistic systems based on morphological characters (see Baguñà and Riutort, 2004, for summary of other proposed positions of the Neodermata). This means that it is within the turbellarian taxon Eulecithophora, sister group to (or at least within an uncertain polytomy with) the Rhabdocoela and Adiaphanida.
|Louise Bush sorting turbellarians|
|Steve Schilling collecting geographic data|
Data in this listing were initially compiled by Louise Bush. Dr. Bush's last update to the database was in 1991, the year of her death. Since 1991, the database has been updated by S. Tyler, Steve Schilling, Matt Hooge, and Tom Artois, with help from specialists on various groups of turbellarian platyhelminths, including Masaharu Kawakatsu, Ulrich Ehlers, Marco Curini-Galletti, Oleg Timoshkin, Lukas Schärer, Wim Willems, Johannes Achatz, Anatoly Petrov, Julian P. S. Smith III, Eduard Solà, Francisco Brusa, Cristina Damborenea, Miquel Vila Farre.
Images are mostly extracted from scientific papers describing species. Copyrights for images remain with the original print publishers. Copies of many of the images of Rhabdocoela and Proseriata were kindly provided by Tom Artois, Ernest Schockaert, Matt Hooge, and Rick Hochberg. Images of Acoela, Prolecithophora, and other Rhabdocoela were provided by Matt Hooge.
Many of the notes on these turbellarian taxa and references dealing with them are from index cards that Louise Bush maintained, displayed here either as images of those cards themselves or, in the case of Acoelomorpha species, transcribed into text entries. Steve Schilling scanned the Bush's cards and transcribed notes from many of them for this database.
Steve Schilling entered almost all of the geographic-distribution data. He combed the literature for any mention of collections of turbellarians and scrupulously compared geographic names mentioned with names appearing in gazeteers. Some of the early phases of this work on geographic distributions of species was supported by the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS).
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0118804.
Please cite the usage of the World list of turbellarian worms if you utilize taxonomic information in your publications. This supports the academic contributions of the author and recognizes the contribution of this database to the greater community, which are important facets to the ongoing growth and development of taxonomic knowledge.
If data are extracted from this website for secondary analysis resulting in a publication, the website should be cited as follows:Tyler, S., Artois, T.; Schilling, S.; Hooge, M.; Bush, L.F. (eds) (2006-2018). World List of turbellarian worms: Acoelomorpha, Catenulida, Rhabditophora. Accessed at http://www.marinespecies.org/turbellarians on 2018-09-26
If any data constitutes a substantial proportion of the records used in secondary analyses (i.e. more than 25% of the data are derived from this source, or the data are essential to arrive at the conclusion of the analysis), the authors/managers of the database should be contacted. It may be useful to contact us directly in case there are additional data that may strengthen the analysis or there are features of the data that are important to consider but may not have been apparent from the metadata | <urn:uuid:e0510d06-b705-4826-afb2-75207c0ad16f> | {
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St Mary Magdalene Church stands on a small hill close to the Thames in Woolwich. A village church has stood here for hundreds of years but today it feels isolated, rather than part of a community.
A brief history
Perhaps 1,500 years ago a Saxon fishing village and its small church stood on sloping ground in Woolwich, close to the River Thames. In 918, together with the Manors of Greenwich and Lewisham, King Alfred’s daughter gave the church to the Abbey of St Peter in Ghent.
Shortly after the Conquest it was replaced with a stone building dedicated to St Lawrence. And in 1100 King Henry I gave the church to the Priory and Convent of St Andrew in Rochester. By the 15th century the church was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and a century later it was dedicated to St Mary Magdalene.
By the 17th century the building was in danger. A new road to service the expanding dockyard ate into the sloping ground, destabilising the building. Worse still, local residents warned the Admiralty in the 1630s that ‘the bones of the dead are washed out of the churchyard and into the river’.
Today’s church dates from the 1730s. It was built through fundraising and a small donation from the Fifty New Churches Act of 1711. It stood further to the south and higher up the hill on 1.5 acres of land bought from the Bowater family, the main landowners in this area. The old church was demolished, the ossuary rebuilt, the churchyard was extended and new walls enclosed the site. The churchyard was further enlarged in later years but finally closed for burials in 1865. Plumstead Cemetery opened in 1890 and replaced the graveyard at St Mary’s Church.
Gardens of St Mary
Charles Escreet was appointed Vicar in 1892 and he worked with Basil Holmes of the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association to convert the 4-acre graveyard into a public garden. Fanny Rollo Wilkinson, the first professional woman landscape designer, was employed by the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association. She laid out the gardens. (She also worked with the Kyrle Society.) There is surprisingly little information about how she worked and the original layout of her gardens.
G P Youngman, the Council’s Consultant Landscape Architect, redesigned and enlarged the gardens in the early 1960s. He added raised beds, alpine rockeries, and new paths. More gravestones were moved to the perimeter which is always a sad sight to me.
In the garden
The trees in the gardens are lovely, and there is the usual curious wildlife! The autumn was unusually warm and some out-of-season flowers popped up.
Tom Cribb (1781-1848) was the World Champion Bare-Knuckle Boxer. His rather curious tomb stands in a corner of the gardens.
The gardens of St Mary’s Church in Woolwich are quiet and pleasing and feel quite apart from the busy life of the town below. | <urn:uuid:d948f268-0a70-48cb-a902-7cce9b397e1c> | {
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It’s no secret that a tough part of aging is dealing with hair loss, especially for men. Male pattern baldness makes up about 95% of hair-loss cases in the United States today, and about two-thirds of men will experience hair loss or thinning before they reach the age of 35.
In spite of years of fruitless attempts to reverse male pattern baldness, science has not slowed its search for the cause and cure, and researchers may finally be getting close to an answer. These developments could mean the end to male pattern baldness.
Researchers at the University of Southern California have published an article in the journal Cell about their findings on something called quorum sensing, which is essentially a process by which scientists pluck the hairs in specific patches and note the responses of the surrounding follicles. Scientists have found that the plucking of many hairs in specific patches of skin stimulates surrounding follicles to regenerate thicker hairs. The idea is that the immune system’s response to the injured site (where hair was plucked) is essentially to overreact to the injury by causing thicker hairs to grow than were present before.
While there’s no cure for male pattern baldness and thinning hair yet, science may be getting close with these recent tests, although it seems like the process may be a bit counterintuitive – plucking hairs in order to generate fuller growth. But stay tuned! Hopefully these scientists will have more to report on in the coming months! | <urn:uuid:e9b2a37b-7e80-424b-811b-9995ec3b8bad> | {
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Published by Lars Müller Publishers. Edited by Christina Kleineidam.
Cotton is grown on every continent, in a broad range of environmental conditions and under widely disparate conditions of production. It is an important raw material for a highly varied and profitable value creation chain, and it is traded on commodities markets throughout the world. Cotton is at the center of the dispute surrounding agricultural subsidies, and it is an important tool in development aid. International chemical companies have just as much interest in it as do advocates of ecological farming, since it consumes more water, fertilizer, and pesticides than any other crop. Cotton was already traveling around the world from producer to consumer in colonial times; all that has changed today is the routes it follows. Thus in one common scenario, cotton fibers from Texas are sent to China to be processed, then wend their way to the fashion runways of Paris, and finally travel as old clothes to Africa, where they are worn as secondhand fashion. Hans Peter Jost has created a photographic portrait of cotton on his trips to India, China, Brazil, America, Uzbekistan, Mali, and Tanzania, documenting the lives and working conditions of cotton farmers and the cultivation, harvesting, processing, and marketing of cotton. Christina Kleineidam, who accompanied the photographer on his travels, describes what they saw and offers background information on the specific problems of the individual countries. The economist Pietra Rivoli explains the global realities of the cultivation and marketing of cotton in her foreword. | <urn:uuid:7a6cf272-8dc0-41ee-ad76-f3cff860a2aa> | {
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Anton Adriaan Mussert ( 11 May 1894 – 7 May 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB) and its formal leader. As such, he was the most prominent Dutch fascist before and during World War II. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason.
Anton Adriaan Mussert was born in Werkendam, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands. In the 1920s, he became involved in right-wing political movements that advocated a Greater Netherlands by annexing Dutch-speaking neighboring regions. On 14 Dec 1931, he abandoned his profession as a civil engineer and founded the National Socialist Movement political party (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging), or NSB, along with other like-minded activists such as Cornelis van Geelkerken.
A fan of Benito Mussolini, Mussert ruled NSB along a similar model Mussolini had successfully used in Italy. As Italy grew closer to Germany, Mussert grew close to her as well, especially that Adolf Hitler’s vision to annex all German-speaking regions under German rule matched exactly his vision for the Netherlands. In Nov 1936, he met Hitler for the first time, and he remained in communications with Berlin from that point on until 1945.
His political agenda matched many of Germany’s, though Mussert was careful in not allowing the racism to taint Dutch politics.
A state of siege was declared by the Dutch government in April 1940 after the foreign correspondent for the New York Times, Vladimir Poliakov, spread the false news that Mussert’s followers were preparing to kidnap Queen Wilhelmina as part of a coup.
On 10 May, German troops invaded the Netherlands and Mussert was permitted to suppress all political parties other than the NSB.
Mussert was not appointed prime minister of the occupied nation. Instead, Austrian Nazi Artur Seyss-Inquart was appointed as the Reichskommissar, while Berlin summoned Mussert to control his uncooperative countrymen.
Mussert responded by working with the Gestapo in stopping resistance to the German occupation. On 21 June 1940 Mussert agreed to have NSB members train with the SS-Standarte ‘Westland’.
On 11 September, Mussert instructed Henk Feldmeijer, to organise the Nederlandsche SS (Dutch SS) as a division of the NSB. Mussert had nothing to do with the raising of an all-Dutch volunteer SS unit, the SS-Freiwilligen-Legion Niederlande. Regardless, thousands of Dutch citizens were arrested.
During the subsequent occupation, over 100,000 Dutch Jews were rounded up and transported to concentration camps in Germany, German-occupied Poland and German-occupied Czechoslovakia. By the time these camps were liberated, few Dutch Jews survived.
In February 1941, Mussert agreed and oversaw the formation of the 23rd SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Nederland, which trained in Hamburg. In November 1941, the legion was ordered to the Eastern front near Leningrad, under the overall command of Army Group North. The division acquitted itself well alongside its German allies, but suffered large losses.
On 8 December 1941, the independent Dutch administration in the Dutch East Indies declared war on Japan, the ally of Nazi Germany. After the Japanese invasion and occupation and the subsequent internment of 100,000 Dutch civilians and 50,000 military personnel, Mussert requested a meeting with Hitler. On 13 December 1942, Hitler declared Mussert to be “Leider van het Nederlandse Volk” (Leader of the Dutch People).
Having lost control of the Dutch SS and the military units that were serving in the Wehrmacht to his Nazi masters, Mussert had his last meeting with Hitler in May 1943, where he was told that he would never have political control. Following the unsuccessful Operation Market Garden in September 1944, that included a supporting strike by Dutch railway workers, the German authorities forbade food transport by rail, resulting in the Hongerwinter of 1944/45, during which 20,000 died.
By the end of the war, 205,901 Dutch men and women had died. The Netherlands had the highest per capita death rate of all German-occupied countries in Western Europe, 2.36%.Another 30,000 died in the Dutch East Indies, either while fighting the Japanese or in camps as Japanese POWs. Dutch civilians were held in those camps as well.
Upon the surrender of Germany, Mussert was arrested at the NSB office in The Hague on 7 May 1945. He was convicted of high treason on 28 November after a two-day trial, and was sentenced to death on 12 December. He appealed to Queen Wilhelmina for clemency. She refused. On 7 May 1946, exactly one year after his arrest and four days before his 52nd birthday, Mussert was executed by a firing squad on the Waalsdorpervlakte, a site near The Hague, where hundreds of Dutch citizens had been killed by the Nazi regime. | <urn:uuid:4bd08791-140c-4c75-b5dc-65ebe54bb3e4> | {
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From 1959 to 1964, Rivers Sampson worked as a sandblaster and used silica as an abrasive agent. In 2014, at the age of 77, Sampson died of sepsis and silicosis, which is a progressive disease caused by inhaling silica dust. Having silica dust attached to the lungs causes inflammation and scarring.
Sampson’s two surviving adult children brought a lawsuit against more than 20 companies that mined and sold silica for use in sandblasting. It was alleged that these defendants chose not to warn of the health risks of silica exposure. Some of these defendants settled before the trial for confidential amounts or were otherwise dismissed from the case. However, the lawsuit did proceed to a jury verdict against Mississippi Valley Silica Co.
The Sampson family sought punitive damages claiming that the defendants, in choosing not to warn of the known health hazard, constituted actual malice or gross negligence. The Sampson family asserted that the defendant failed to add product warnings regarding the health hazards of silica exposure until 1972, although the industry was well aware of the dangers since at least the 1930s. | <urn:uuid:f092a542-5403-47a9-8b10-7e93d9841962> | {
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Evaluating climate change adaptation options for the Pedieos River Basin
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Tuesday, 07 July 2015 Posted in News, BeWater News
Climate change is affecting our environment and our water resources. Research and dialogue are needed to identify how to adapt to longer droughts, higher temperatures and more intense rain storms. A participatory workshop at The Cyprus Institute engaged water managers, agricultural and environmental officials, forest researchers, landscape planners, hydrologists, economists and educators in the discussion.
The participants identified the forest along the slopes of the Troodos, the river and its natural vegetation, and runoff in the urban areas of Nicosia as key concerns for climate change adaptation. George Demetriou from the Water Board of Nicosia highlighted the important role of “water consciousness” for climate change adaptation.
30 different water management options for the Pedieos River Basin were evaluated by the participants. The options that received full votes were the restoration and maintenance of the river bed, the implementation of good agricultural practices, and the dynamic management of the water of the Tamassos dam. The management of the dam should achieve a balance between the water needs of local communities, the biodiversity of the dam and the river, the recharge of groundwater resources and the protection against floods.
This one-day workshop was based on the challenges, needs and constraints for the Pedieos River Basin identified during the first BeWater workshop that took place one year ago (July 2014). Stakeholders’ reflections will provide key elements for the design of a climate change adaptation plan for the Pedieos River Basin.
The BeWater project is financed through the 7th Framework Programme of the European Commission under the Science in Society initiative. For more information, please contact Elias Giannakis. | <urn:uuid:ddc8ce8f-7a43-4edb-b36b-57fcab54c542> | {
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by William Cullen Bryant
Lines 73-81 Summary
Get out the microscope, because we’re going through this poem line-by-line.
So live, that when thy summons comes to join
The innumerable caravan, which moves
- If that was the end of the poem, it would be pretty depressing. Now, though, all of a sudden, Bryant switches the mood up a little.
- The speaker says: "So live." Enjoy the time you have. Sooner or later you will hear the call ("the summons") of death. You will join the endless train of people leaving this life. We’re still talking about death, but there’s some hope, a reminder of the importance of life.
To that mysterious realm, where each shall take
His chamber in the silent halls of death,
Thou go not, like the quarry-slave at night,
- We’re all headed for what our speaker calls "that mysterious realm," what Shakespeare called "that undiscovered country." We’re all going to get a room ("chamber") in the quiet "halls of death."
- Still, we shouldn’t go as if we were being forced, like slaves in darkness.
Scourged to his dungeon, but, sustained and soothed
By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave,
- Instead of acting like we are being whipped ("scourged") into some underground prison, we should trust that what is happening to us is good. We should be comforted and soothed by our belief in the comfort and rightness of death.
- Notice that he doesn’t say exactly what we should be trusting in. This is important. There’s no clear religious message here, just some general comfort.
Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.
- We end the poem with an image that we think is actually really beautiful. After all that grim contemplation of death, the speaker closes things on a soothing, comforting note. He says that we should get ready to die like someone wrapping a blanket ("drapery") around him and getting ready for a happy, dream-filled sleep. Kind of nice, huh? | <urn:uuid:e5fd098c-5197-4d66-b56d-264dbb5d8622> | {
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Smart Sleeping: How Sleep Powers Your Brain
Feeling less sharp after missing sleep is not all in your head… well, actually it is.
Studies have shown that lack of sleep is a huge contributor to lessened brain power and even declining brain size. During REM sleep, the brain becomes energized to the point that dreams occur. This stage of sleep is vital to rejuvenating the brain and repairing brain cells. Although it is recommended that individuals get a solid eight hours of sleep, naps are also beneficial to strengthening the brain and remaining alert during waking hours.
Failing to get enough sleep can be detrimental to your health and brain processes. It is even thought that sleep disorders contributing to lack of adequate sleep can result in Alzheimer’s and dementia, and, in the short term, makes it much more difficult to learn and retain new information. Although many people are aware of the damage to the body and mind that results from lack of sleep, sleep deprivation continues to be an issue, especially among students and young professionals.
Lack of sleep is horrible for your entire body so it is vital to give your mind and body the rest it needs. Sleep is also an important contributor to parts of the brain that influence growth, social interaction and emotional reactions. While you may only view sleep as a time to rest your brain, you are actually exercising it by allowing it to act in a way and produce chemicals it doesn’t have the ability to while the body is awake. Not only does lack of sleep hurt your brain, your brain cannot produce sleep inducing chemicals if you don’t go through the entire sleep cycle that occurs upon a full night’s sleep.
Give your brain a break and make sure to get adequate sleep to ensure a happy, healthy noggin.
“Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep.” : National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). 25 July 2014. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. <http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm>.
Haiken, Melanie. “Lack Of Sleep Kills Brain Cells, New Study Shows.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 20 Mar. 2014. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/melaniehaiken/2014/03/20/lack-of-sleep-kills-brain-cells-new-study-suggests/>.
Willingham, Val. “Lack of Sleep May Shrink Your Brain.” CNN. Cable News Network, 1 Jan. 1970. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. <http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/04/health/no-sleep-brain-size/>.
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The clavichord (or Clavinet)
is a stringed instrument operated by a keyboard, and enclosed in a
rectangular box. Clavinet seems to be an alternative name for the clavichord, but in modern times it is applied to a brand of electronic keyboard.
This is an old European instrument dating from the 1500s, and it was eclipsed by
the invention of the piano in around 1770. It has a very soft tone, easily
drowned out by other instruments. But it allowed the performer to achieve louder
or softer sounds by striking the keys with varying degree of force. Playing a
key causes a brass blade called a tangent to press against the string. Early
clavichords had a range of only 3 octaves, later ones had 4. | <urn:uuid:1f37fe60-16d0-4dc6-a327-f0c3950a5d85> | {
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Teacher: Kerri Bernhardt Lesson Topic: Triangle Congruence using ASA and AAS
Level: 10th grade
NCSCOS Goal and Objective(s): Mathematics-The student will learn how to prove two triangles congruent using multiple postulates and theorems. (NCSCS 2.03 a) Computer- The learner will demonstrate knowledge and skills in the use of computer and other technologies. (NCSCS 2.01)
Prerequisite Background Knowledge/Preassessment (information needed for students to benefit from lesson):
The students must know the meaning of included for both sides and angles. The students will need to know what congruent means and properties that can be used to prove triangles are congruent.
Materials/Resources/Technology: Protractors, compasses, scissors, computer lab with publisher and word or similar applications, textbook, paper and writing utensil, projector
Procedures (beginning, middle, end – comprehensive step-by-step explanation of teacher and student activities):
The lesson will begin with an investigation activity of the ASA postulate. The students will draw a triangle and label it ABC. Next they will construct a segment XY congruent to AB, angle X congruent to angle A, and angle Y congruent to angle B. Finally they will label the other point on this triangle Z. The students will then cut out the triangles and investigate congruence. Next a conjecture will be made about these two triangles and their similarities will be discussed.
There will be a discussion of the differences between SAS and ASA (sides vs. angles). The ASA postulate will be defined. Next a proof will be done using the ASA postulate. The angles and sides of a lacrosse goal will be used to write a proof using ASA.
The class will walk though the steps of a flow proof of the AAS theorem using the ASA postulate. Next the AAS theorem will be defined. Next the class will write two proofs using the AAS theorem.
the class will travel to the computer lab and use applications like
and Word to draw diagrams and write explanations of SSS, SAS, ASA, and
Thinking Question: Create an outline proof of the
Angle Side Angle postulate.
Differentiation (What will the teacher do to meet the needs of the various learners in your class?):
The investigation activity helps the students visualize the ASA postulate. The computer activity makes a visual and explanation in the students own words of the different theorems and postulates used.
Assessment (How will the teacher know students learned?):
The computer activity will be collected and assessed to determine students understanding.
Remediation/Next Steps (What will the teacher do for students who did not meet expectations? Also, what will the students do for follow-up/Homework/Enrichment?):
Students who did not meet expectations will be given another assignment of problems and written explanations after a review of the topics covered. All students will be assigned a number of homework problems to ensure their understanding.
successful? What should be
done differently regarding classroom management, instructional
Kerri Bernhardt: Back | <urn:uuid:94b8ed93-127c-4fe9-a4a3-354f98ba6a5a> | {
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- MicroRNAs are molecules involved in using the information in genes to produce proteins.
- A recent study explored their potential as biomarkers for ME/CFS by looking at differences in microRNA levels in the blood between 40 people with ME/CFS and 20 healthy control subjects.
- Compared with controls, people with ME/CFS had significant differences in the levels of four out of the eight microRNAs analysed.
- Furthermore, higher levels of microRNAs were related to more severe ME/CFS symptoms.
- Further research and larger studies are needed to validate and build on the findings of this relatively small study, to bring us closer to determining the diagnostic potential of microRNAs in ME/CFS.
Over the past decade, microRNAs (or miRNAs) have gained considerable attention for their potential as biomarkers in ME/CFS. These small molecules, found both inside and outside of cells, play a role in gene expression – the process of using information from sections of DNA, known as genes, to produce proteins that serve various functions in the body. To further investigate the role of microRNAs in ME/CFS, a recent study was conducted by Dr Irene Offritti and colleagues, with 60 participants recruited from an outpatient clinic in Latvia.
What was the aim of the study?
The primary aim of this small study was to assess whether there are differences in circulating microRNAs (i.e. in the blood or other body fluids) between patients with ME/CFS and healthy control subjects.
A secondary goal was to determine the human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) status of participants. HHV-6 is essentially a set of herpesviruses which has been proposed as one potential trigger of ME/CFS, and has been suggested to impact the expression of microRNAs.
As with similar research, the rationale for the study was to ascertain whether differences in microRNAs could be used to distinguish people with ME/CFS from healthy individuals, and therefore indicate that understanding microRNAs could move us a step closer to developing a diagnostic biomarker.
What were the methods?
The researchers recruited 40 patients and 20 healthy controls (without a medical history of ME/CFS) from an outpatient clinic in Latvia. It should be noted that whilst the paper consistently mentions ME/CFS, their clinical diagnosis was based on the Fukuda criteria, which actually refers to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). A semi-structured interview approach was used to categorise patients into three groups according to disease severity: mild, moderate and severe.
Extensive tests were performed on blood samples obtained from the participants. This analysis aimed to provide information about the types and levels of microRNAs and to detect the presence of HHV-6. The researchers focused on eight specific microRNAs (mir-124, mir-127, mir-140, mir-142, mir-143, mir-150, mir-448 and mir-551) which they thought were relevant based on previous literature.
The researchers also measured levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (signalling proteins associated with inflammation), referring to previous links which had been made between them and HHV-6. Essentially, they were looking at the relationship between inflammation and microRNA levels in these patients.
What did they find?
The main findings of the study were:
- MicroRNA expression – Levels of three of the microRNAS analysed (miR-142, mir-150 and mir-448) were higher in people with ME/CFS than in controls, while another (miR-40) was lower in ME/CFS patients.
- Symptom severity – MicroRNA levels tended to be higher in patients who had more severe symptoms, indicating a potential association between microRNA expression and disease severity in ME/CFS. However, these findings were not always statistically significant, suggesting a need for further investigation.
- HHV-6 and pro-inflammatory cytokines – There was no significant correlation between microRNA levels and the presence of HHV-6 or levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This suggests that differences in microRNA expression are not directly associated with HHV-6 infection or the inflammatory status of individuals. However, the researchers did mention that the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and benzodiazepines could reduce levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus making it difficult to draw firm conclusions.
The researchers mention that they used semi-structured interview questions by Minnock et al. to group patients according to disease severity. However, the reference article is not related to ME/CFS, rather it primarily addresses perceptions of fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This raises a concern about the suitability of using these questions for ME/CFS classification, and it would be useful if the researchers had provided more information about their methods with respect to this.
The study refers to ME/CFS but uses the Fukuda criteria, which are specific to CFS and do not require the presence of post-exertional malaise, considered to be a cardinal feature of ME/CFS. This mismatch between the criteria and condition has potential implications on the validity of the study findings.
The researchers acknowledge that, not only did the study have a small sample size, but there were significant age differences between the patient and control groups. A small sample may not accurately represent a larger population and is more susceptible to being skewed by outliers or random fluctuations. Additionally, as the control group was not matched for age it makes it harder to draw firm conclusions as the differences in microRNA levels might have been age-related.
A quick glance at the summary table from a recent systematic review analysing potential ME/CFS biomarkers will tell you that an enormous number of microRNAs have been analysed, with minimal overlap between studies. Despite the limitations of this study, it is useful that the researchers chose to study microRNAs that they had noted in previous literature as this gives the opportunity to compare findings.
The three microRNAs increased in the patient group (miR-142, mir-150 and mir-448) were also found to be upregulated in previous data. However, they also mention that there are mixed results between studies regarding the expression of miR-140 and the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
With the help of ME Research UK funding, researchers such as Dr Bhupesh Prusty and Dr Francisco Westermeier have also touched upon the relationship between ME/CFS and microRNAs. However, this is a vast and complex field, and we need larger studies with robust methodology to build upon and validate previous findings. At present it seems that quite a few more steps are needed before microRNAs could be considered a frontrunner in the search for biomarkers. | <urn:uuid:6968bec5-7345-4490-8212-a3a6c0ef3951> | {
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CJPME Factsheet 23, published March, 2007: Inaugurated in 1920 and ending in 1947, the British Mandate for Palestine was the product of 1) British political ambitions to replace the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, 2) Britain’s promises of colonial control to the French in the region, and 3) conflicting British promises of self-determination to the Arabs and Jewish statehood for Zionists. The British ruled Palestine under the League of Nations Mandate which followed Britain’s Balfour Declaration of 1917, whose unilateral principle was “the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people,” in Biblical Palestine.
Jewish Terrorism under the British Mandate
What was the British Mandate in Palestine?
Inaugurated in 1920 and ending in 1947, the British Mandate for Palestine was the product of 1) British political ambitions to replace the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, 2) Britain’s promises of colonial control to the French in the region, and 3) conflicting British promises of self-determination to the Arabs and Jewish statehood for Zionists. The British ruled Palestine under the League of Nations Mandate which followed Britain’s Balfour Declaration of 1917, whose unilateral principle was “the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people,” in Biblical Palestine.
What was the intent of Jewish violence under the British Mandate?
In the 11 years leading up to the creation of the state of Israel in Palestine in 1948, Zionist extremists who lived in the territory of Palestine under the British Mandate used terrorism as a military strategy to accelerate the establishment of an independent Jewish state. Their violence was directed against the British authorities who governed Palestine and against the Palestinian indigenous population throughout Palestine. Over 57 violent attacks were carried out by Zionist terrorist groups (e.g. Haganah, Lehi, Irgun – ultra-nationalist groups from the far right wing of the Revisionist Zionist movement) killing over 5,000 Palestinians and dozens of British. While Zionist terrorist groups assassinated UN personnel, murdered British officers and attacked British military headquarters to overthrow the Mandate, they terrorized Palestinian inhabitants in order to provoke mass flight, displacement and migration.
Who were these Zionist terrorist groups? Who did they target?
Prominent Zionist Terrorist Groups during the Mandate period included:
The Irgun (Etzel): Known as the National Military Organization and the Military sector of the Revisionist movement, the Irgun stated that “political violence and terrorism” were “legitimate tools in the Jewish national struggle for the Land of Israel.” Their attacks included:
- Al-Quds massacre, December 1937: Member of the Irgun hurled a hand grenade at the marketplace near al-Quds mosque, killing and injuring dozens.
- Haifa massacre, March 1938: Members of the Irgun and Lehi gang throw grenades at Haifa market, killing 18, and injuring 38.
- Haifa massacre, July 1938: The Irgun explodes booby trapped vehicles in Haifa market, killing 21 and injuring 52.
- Balad El-Sheik Village Attack, June 1939: This Palestinian village was attacked by members of the Haganah, the Main Jewish Defense. Five villagers were kidnapped and murdered.
- King David Hotel Bombing, July 1946: Led by Menachem Begin, the Irgun planned and carried out the bombing of the KingDavidHotel, the British military headquarters in Jerusalem in July 1946 in order to destroy documents proving the terrorist campaigns of Zionist groups. The attack killed 28 Britons, 17 Jews, 41 Palestinians and 5 others for a total of 91 victims.
- Attack on the British Officers’ Club at Goldschmidt House, March 1947: This Jerusalem attack killed 17 British military and intelligence officers.
- Kidnapping and murder of British Soldiers, July 1947: This attack which led to the murder of two British sergeants in Netanya was the straw that broke the camel’s back. Very soon afterward, the British abandoned the British Mandate, turning Palestine over to the UN.
- Bombing of the Jerusalem Railway Station, October 1947: The Irgun bombed the Jerusalem Railway Station in addition to mining roads and attacking army vehicles.
The Stern Gang: Founded by Avraham Stern in 1939, the Stern Gang was an eccentric group which even sought contact with the Nazis in order to subvert British control in the Middle East. Under Stern, the group conducted robberies and attempted assassinations against the British. Stern is also noted for his “Eighteen Principles of National Renewal,” which articulated an expansionist mandate of Zionism, claiming a Jewish state from the Nile in Egypt to the Euphrates in Iraq.
The Lehi: After the British assassinated Stern in 1942, his followers regrouped as an underground movement called the Lehi, acronym for Fighters for the Freedom of Israel:
- Assassination of Lord Moyne, November 1944: Assassinated in Cairo, Egypt, Lord Moyne was the highest ranking British government representative in the Middle East at the time. The Lehi targeted him because of his support for a Middle Eastern Arab Federation.
- Cairo-Haifa Train Bombings, Early 1948: A few months before the 1948 Israeli-Arab war, the Cairo-Haifa train was bombed several times, attacks claimed by or attributed to the Lehi. An attack in February killed 28 British soldiers, and wounded 35 more. An attack in March killed 40 civilians, and wounded 60 more.
- Deir Yassin Massacre, April 1948: Commandos of Lehi and Irgun headed by Menachim Begin attacked Deir Yassin, a village of 700 Palestinians, ultimately killing between 100 and 120 villagers. The Master Mind behind the Deir Yassin massacre, Begin justified the attack in his book The Revolt:
Arabs throughout the country, induced to believe wild tales of ‘Irgun butchery,’ were seized with limitless panic and started to flee for their lives. This mass flight soon developed into a maddened, uncontrollable stampede. The political and economic significance of this development can hardly be overestimated.
- Assassination of Count Folke Bernadotte, September, 1948: Count Bernadotte, a UN Peace mediator who had come to the Middle East 1948 to modify the Palestine partition plan in an effort to resolve Arab-Jewish disputes, was also assassinated by the group.
- A Legacy of Assassinations: More than any other Jewish terrorist group, Lehi was known for using assassinations as a terror mechanism, even using them against Jews they accused of being traitors. Lehi carried out 42 assassinations, more than twice as many as the Irgun and the Haganah combined. Of its politically-motivated assassinations, over half of them were carried out against other Jews.
What happened to these terror groups following the establishment of Israel?
A building block of Israel’s political perspective and statehood program, most Zionist terrorist groups transitioned from underground terrorist groups to political mainstreams parties rapidly with the founding of Israel in May, 1948. (Note, however, that some groups continued to operate even after May, 1948, e.g. assassination of Count Bernadotte in September, 1948 as mentioned above.) Menachim Begin transformed the Irgun into a political party called Herut. The Lehi became the Moledet party which today continues to openly advocate the ethnic cleansing of Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza, territories now occupied by Israel. Paradoxically, terrorist leaders Menachim Begin and Yitzhak Shamir later became Prime Ministers of Israel – their political heirs now forming part of the political establishment of Israel.
Cohen, Michael J. The origins and Evolution of the Arab-Zionist Conflict, University of California Press, 1987.; Also see http://www.palestinecenter.org/palestine/britishmandate.html
http://www.palestine-encyclopedia.com/EPP/Chapter04_1of2.htm, accessed March, 2007
Chomsky, Noam, "Blaming The Victims," ed. Said and Hitchens.
Amichal Yevin, Ada, In purple: the life of Yair-Abraham Stern, 1986, Tel Aviv: Hadar Publishing House, p. 316 (Hebrew) See also http://www.saveisrael.com/stern/saveisraelstern.htm
See http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=341600202419569830
Begin, Menachim, The Revolt.
Ben-Yehuda, N., Political Assassinations by Jews (State University of New York, 1993), p. 397
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Mikhaj and Others v. Russia
Segregated Classes for Roma Children
The authorities of School No. 66 in Tula, a city south of Moscow, have for many years operated a segregated school with separate classes just for Roma children. The school statute and website describe them as "Roma classes." Under this system, Roma children receive an inferior education and cannot transfer to regular classes. The Roma-only classes end after five years, meaning that the children have no access to secondary education, further marginalizing their community. This discrimination violates their right to an inclusive education.
For several years, all Roma children at School No. 66 in Tula City, Russia have been taught in so-called "special classes" with inferior instruction, whereas all the non-Roma children have been taught in regular classes.
The head of School No. 66 states that in the primary school there are "special classes for children of Roma ethnicity." The statute for School No. 66 explicitly states that the special classes are designed for "Roma children." Thus, this is a case of direct discrimination.
Lists of pupils for the 2008-2009 school year show that 41 students, all of whom are Roma, attended the four special classes in School No. 66. There were no Roma in the school's 12 regular classes.
Russian law stipulates that children are carefully tested before they are assigned to special classes, and the consent of their parents is required for both the testing and their placement in special classes. However, the Roma parents have not been asked to give their consent, and some were not even aware that their children were being segregated.
Children in special classes receive an inferior education compared to children in regular classes. Their education in the Russian language is poor. They are not taught a foreign language. They are not taught computer science or technology, all of which are essential skills in order to progress in society.
Until recently, it has been virtually impossible for Roma children to transfer to non-Roma classes. There are special classes only for the first five years of school. Thus, Roma children have no opportunity to attend middle or secondary school, severely limiting their life opportunities, and perpetuating their marginalization as an ethnic group.
The applicants sought to challenge this treatment before the Russian courts, arguing that it violated their right not to be subjected to discrimination, as well as their right to be educated, their family rights, and the dignity of the children. However, the courts rejected the claims as "unfounded."
Open Society Justice Initiative Involvement
The Justice initiative is representing the applicants before the European Court of Human Rights together with lawyers from the Memorial Anti-Discrimination Center in St. Petersburg.
The existence of separate classes for children with "special needs" that have, by design and in practice, only Roma students, constitutes impermissible racial discrimination and segregation, in violation of the following rights protected by the Convention:
Right to education. The children are given a sub-standard education for only the first five years of primary school, and are denied any access to the secondary education that exists for other Russian children, violating the right of access to effective education protected in Article 2 of Protocol No. 1.
Respect for family life. The refusal to seek, let alone secure, parental consent for both testing of the children and their placement in special classes constitutes a violation of the right to respect for family life protected by Article 8 of the Convention.
Discrimination. The children have been subjected to discrimination in the enjoyment of the right to education on the ground of race or ethnic origin by being placed in Roma-only classes in primary school which constitutes a violation of Article 14 taken in conjunction with Article 2 of Protocol No.1.
No effective remedy. Despite the fact that the case presents clear evidence of ethnic segregation in School No. 66, the efforts made by the applicants to seek a remedy were prevented by procedural hurdles, such that the substance was not considered. This means that no effective remedy has been provided for the applicants at the national level, in violation of Article 13 of the Convention.
The case is currently being considered by the court.
Application filed with the European Court of Human Rights.
Appeals filed to the Tula Regional Court, arguing that Russian Courts should directly apply the decision of the European Court in D.H. and Others v. Czech Republic.
Complaints filed with the Tula District Court, arguing that the discrimination violates the rights of the children. The claims are rejected.
The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination recommends that Roma are fully integrated into the general education system in Russia.
No Roma class opened in the fifth year due to a lack of pupils. Students have to re-take the fourth year.
The School No. 66 Statute is approved, which states that classes for children with special needs are provided "to Roma."
Makhashev v. Russia
This case involves brothers who were beaten by Russian police and subjected to anti-Chechen insults. Discrimination by police against Chechens is common in Russia, but this was the first time it has been challenged in court.
D.H. and Others v. Czech Republic
In 2007, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Roma children in the Czech Republic face systematic discrimination. But the Czech government has yet to take steps to remedy continuing school segregation.
Bagdonavicius v. Russia
This is a case brought by the Open Society Justice Initiative challenging the destruction of Roma families' homes in Russia.
Failing Another Generation: A Photo Essay
The Open Society Justice Initiative commissioned photographer Stephanie Sinclair to document how the Czech government is funneling a new generation of Roma children into sub-standard schools, in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights.
A Hard Look at Discrimination in Education in Germany
Imagine if you were ten years old and already knew your educational choices were limited and your future job prospects dim. This is the situation for children in Germany from Turkish, Kurdish, or Arab backgrounds.
A Dark Anniversary in the Czech Republic
In November 2007, the European Court of Human Rights demanded an end to segregated education for Roma in Czech schools. Last week, five years later, Gypsy Crew took the stage. | <urn:uuid:7427560f-c15e-4d54-bb60-454948d7333e> | {
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Lecithin is a fat and a necessary component of every cell in our body. It belongs to phospholipids and composed of glycerol, phosphoric acid, fatty acid and choline. In our body, it is mainly found in lipoproteins and cell membranes which carry cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Lecithin is also produced in certain quantities in the major organs of the body like heart, liver and kidneys. It plays an important role in cells construction and also prevents the hardening of cell membranes. Except the health benefits lecithin also has the therapeutic uses. It is taken as a medicine and also used in the medicines manufacturing.
Health Benefits of Lecithin
1. Neurological conditions
It is used in the treatment of neurologic disorders. It is the good source of choline and increases accumulation of acetylcholine (Ach) in brain. Acetylcholine (Ach) plays an important role in several brain functions like supports the good memory. So increased concentration of this neurotransmitter (Ach) results in improved memory.
2. Effects on Liver/Cholesterol level
Lecithin is used the treatment of liver complications and hypercholesterolemia. It is packed with the wonderful properties which are quite effective in reducing cholesterol levels thus helps in the preventing or controlling atherosclerosis.
3. Immune system effects
It helps in the activating the specific and nonspecific defense systems. Thus lecithin is useful to modify the immune system.
4. Protect cells
Lecithin helps in the protection of cells which is useful for maintaining the resistance to various diseases in the body.
5. Cardiovascular health benefits
It helps to maintain the good health of heart. It helps in lowering down the levels of bad cholesterol and triglycerides. Besides this, lecithin increases the HDL, known as good cholesterol in the body. Lecithin prevents the damages which may occur due to coronary artery diseases. It prevents the cholesterol and fat deposition in the heart. It also improves the circulation and prevents the clot formation.
It has been found that vegans and vegetarians are at a risk of developing lecithin deficiency. Lecithin deficiency in body may result in the several health issues like digestive problems, nausea, muscle, joint problems and sluggish memory.
Food sources of Lecithin
Good sources of lecithin may include cauliflower, soy, peanuts, corn, spinach, oranges, wheat germ, egg yolk, fish, milk, red meat and beef liver.
Side Effects of higher intake of lecithin
Higher intake of lecithin may result in the nausea, anorexia, increased salivation, abdominal pain, fishy body odor, diarrhea and hepatitis.Share with your friends: | <urn:uuid:20278dfc-a2b1-40dd-ac41-dce916222e3d> | {
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January 2016 was an exciting month in the world of nutrition, as it brought the highly-anticipated release of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). The DGA is a resource that supports policy makers and health professionals in helping Americans make healthy choices. The DGA is released every five years to reflect changes based on the latest scientific evidence regarding nutrition.
New Guidelines Recommend Limiting Added Sugars
One of the most talked about changes in the updated DGA is the recommendation to limit added sugars to no more than ten percent of daily calories. While previous editions of the DGA recommend limiting added sugar – this is the first time an actual “upper” limit has been advised.
Note: This recommendation refers only to sugars added to food products; not naturally occurring sugars that you find in fruit and dairy.
How Do You Know if a Food Has Added Sugars?
The best way to assess if sugar has been added to a food is to read the ingredient list. There are many different types and names for sugar. To help you in identifying sugars, here is a list from the USDA.
Quick tip: The ingredient list is organized in order of weight, so therefore the higher sugar is on the list you can assume the higher the sugar content per serving.
What Does Ten Percent Look Like?
What does a ten percent of caloric intake look like in the real world? In an average 2000 calorie diet this would equate to about 200 calories per day. This means there’s not a lot of wiggle room for added sugar in your diet. So, what steps can you take to reduce the amount of added sugar in your diet to a more reasonable and moderate amount?
- Become Nutrition Label Literate. Read labels to be able to compare and choose products that have less, or no added sugar. The FDA has a handy guide on how to read nutrition labels.
- Beverage Choices. When you hydrate, choose water, unsweetened tea or coffee, low-fat milk, 100 percent juice, or other calorie-free drinks.
- Breakfast or PBJ? Whether you’re having waffles or making a PBJ, use low or no-added sugar jellies, jams and syrups.
- Sugar Alternative. Replace sugar with low-calorie or zero-calorie sweeteners such as stevia.
Looking For Ways to Reduce Added Sugar? Choose Stevia.
Let’s face facts, while many people desire to be healthier the taste of plain yogurt or unsweetened tea may not appeal to everyone. If you are looking to adapt your sugar intake to the DGA’s recommendations – stevia is a natural, zero-calorie sweetener that can help you enjoy the foods you love while decreasing your sugar intake. Not only is stevia zero calories, but it also does not impact blood sugar making it safe for people with diabetes. It comes in both powder and liquid forms so that it can be used in a variety of foods, and it can even be used in baking.
Suggestions for Stevia
Stevia can really be used in any food or beverage as an alternative to sugar. It makes it easy combine your personal food preferences with a diet that meets the new DGA guidelines. Here are some easy (and tasty) suggestions to begin using stevia in your diet.
- Try a few drops of vanilla stevia in your afternoon chai tea for a virtually calorie-free pick me up.
- Mix a ½ cup of low-fat cottage cheese with one packet stevia and a dash of cinnamon for a calcium rich, protein packed, low-cal snack.
- Replace the sugar in a brownie recipe with stevia for a rich dessert lower in calories and sugar.
Check out the recipe section on Stevia Benefits to get more ideas on different ways you can use stevia.
Finally, the DGA made another big change in its latest edition – urging Americans to focus on making small changes to help transitioning to a healthier diet feel manageable and sustainable. A small change like switching from sugar to stevia is a perfect complement to this recommendation and reducing added sugar.
Carolyn Reynaud, MS, RD, LD is a licensed registered dietitian and a paid contributor to SteviaBenefits.org. She received her BS in nutrition from Michigan State University and her Masters and Certificate in Public Health from Georgia State University. She has experience working in several avenues of health care including corporate wellness, clinical disease management, research, and health promotion. She has been working as a health coach specialist for close to 6 years, where she counsels patients on preventative healthcare and helps them meet their health goals. Follow her on Twitter @ReynaudCari. | <urn:uuid:1a19d3dd-5415-4f2d-8be6-19952623fdcd> | {
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Staff Person: Maury York
The Chinese New Year is one of that country’s most important holidays. It begins on the first day of the first lunar month, in late January or early February. In 1903, Commander George Leland Dyer, a U.S. naval officer, witnessed the Chinese New Year celebration in Shanghai. He described the celebration in a letter to his wife, dated January 31, 1903.
“We had a good look at Shanghai on an interesting occasion. It was the Chinese New Years and the streets were crowded with Chinese in gala dress. There was a continual passing of Chinese women in carriages of the hack variety and in rickshas. These people were all handsomely dressed in colored silks and were painted very perceptibly. Many women were also walking or stumping along on their deformed feet, all attended by women more plainly dressed. There were also many riders on the small ponies which seem to be in use. These were all Caucasians and men. I saw no ladies on horse back.”
Dyer was nearing the end of a long career in the Navy that had begun in 1870, when he was graduated with honors from the U. S. Naval Academy. His papers are a rich primary source for studying naval history. A finding aid for the George Leland Dyer Papers is available on the Special Collections Department’s website. | <urn:uuid:deff426b-e34e-4a73-bcd7-d2964da3e68a> | {
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ATLANTIS AND 2012 THEN SCIENCE OF THE LOST CIVILIZATION AND THE PROPHECIES OF THE MAYA
by Frank Joseph
264 pages, 6×9
Include 8-page color insert and 18 b&w illustrations
Frank Joseph posits the Mayan Calendar was brought to Mesoamerica by survivors of Atlantis and Lemuria. He reveals how the calendar’s eternal cycle correlates with scientific studies on glacial ice cores and predictions from indigenous people.
Inner Traditions Bear & Company | <urn:uuid:14a59878-ac0e-4a2f-a27b-796d4bbf00cf> | {
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The illustrated definitions of golf terms are grouped along the categories listed below. Use this section to access in-depth guides regarding golf terminology.
Golfers have at their disposal a collection of tools that assist them in bringing the golf ball into the hole in the least amount of strokes possible. These tools are called golf clubs and mastering each of them is the ambition of any serious golfer. A golfer is allowed to carry 14 of these clubs in his bag but is free to decide what the final makeup ultimately looks like. Visit this section for golf terms related to the types of golf clubs available.
If you’re at all interested in the game of golf you’ll inevitably run into golf lessons and instructions which will refer to specific club parts. Visit this section for golf terms related to the club parts.
Before a golfer is to even feel comfortable hitting a shot he will meticulously position several key parts of his body in relation to the ball, to the club in hand, and to the target. Only after everything is in place will he be ready to begin his swing. Visit this section for golf terms that relate to the golf setup.
The golf swing is the relatively complex result of a carefully choreographed sequence of movements. Indeed, it starts as the golfer lines up for an upcoming shot and ends when he stands immobile, watching the ball fly in the air. The golf terms representing the many movements involved are broken down into sections.
The golf swing is a complex procedure, necessitating the timely and orderly flow of various movements that solicit muscles and joints in the entire body. As a result, it is not uncommon that one strays away from the textbook swing and commits one of the golf swing errors described in this section.
From the moment it is struck to the moment when it finally lands a golf ball can travel along a variety of ball flights. Indeed, as golfers can attest, balls do not always travel along a straight line. Some are more desirable than others, and the golf terms related to the ball flights are explained in this section.
For many reasons golf is a sport unlike any other. Indeed, in order to play it one must learn to perform an incredible variety of different shots, using many different clubs. How one will select which shot to perform next will depend on the environment around the ball, around the target, and everywhere in between said ball and said target. The different shots that a golfer will need to master in order to confidently go through a whole round of golf are explained in this section.
Inevitably, golfers will execute bad shots from time to time. Reducing their frequency is key to lowering one’s score and ultimately one’s handicap. Still, there are several ways a golfer can mishit shots. Golf terms related to golf shot errors are explained in this section.
Starting from the tee-box and through his journey onto the green and ultimately into the cup, a golfer will have to contend with shots of varying difficulty based on where the ball is located. Here are the golf terms that represent the types of lies that golfers will face, fully explained and illustrated.
Because no two golf courses are identical the scores posted on different venues can be difficult to accurately compare, unless other factors are brought in to standardize them. Here are key concepts and golf terms related to handicap and their related formulas.
People often assume incorrectly that golf is played using a single format. This misconception surely stems from the fact that most golf played and viewed on TV does indeed feature the same format as it is played on one tournament after the next. Rather, there are at least fourteen different formats that one can use when golfing, each adding different challenges and sets of goals. The golf terms related to the different playing formats are explained in this section.
The ultimate objective in a traditional game of golf is to finish a round of 18 holes using the least amount of strokes. After each hole is completed, the golfer will write down the number of strokes that was required in bringing the ball from the teeing ground all the way to the hole. Names are given for each of those numbers and the golf terms related to golf scores are explained in depth.
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What Is the Difference Between Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Big Data?
Feb. 20, 2017
The concepts of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning and Big Data have become increasingly important. However, these terms are often confused.
We are going to explain the differences between these buzzwords in a simple way. First, we will clarify the concepts and then we will focus on their differences.
When we commonly talk about Artificial Intelligence (AI), we usually refer to machines that are capable of learning and thinking in a human-like way. Actually, it is an ever-changing concept. For example, optical character recognition (known as OCR) was one of the first practical applications of Artificial Intelligence. However, since today it is a common technology, it is no longer perceived as Artificial Intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence has been applied in a wide range of fields, including Natural Language Processing (to understand human language) or artificial vision (for example, to recognize objects in a photograph). It is also commonly used in knowledge representation, classification, clustering, prediction, or recommendation.
Machine Learning is a branch of Artificial Intelligence dedicated, as the name implies, to learn. It is usually the core of most AI applications, but it is often combined with other technologies. For instance, to understand human written language it is necessary to apply knowledge of morphology, syntax, synonymy, statistics, etc. Once a model is built with this knowledge, machine learning can help us understand and classify new texts.
Deep Learning is a branch of Machine Learning. Although born in the nineties with the appearance of neural networks, it is considered one of the newest branches. Today, thanks to the latest advances in computing, it is possible to relate observation fields that until recently had to be treated independently.
The term Big Data refers to new technologies capable of processing vast amounts of data. This trend has been gaining momentum since the digital data explosion in 2010. This data analysis may be merely statistical and it does not necessarily imply the use of Artificial Intelligence. However, it is common to employ Machine Learning in some tasks, for example to detect previously hidden patterns.
In short, we can explain the differences between these four concepts by ordering them. Deep Learning is a new branch of Machine Learning, which is in turn a branch of Artificial Intelligence. Big Data is not necessarily related to Artificial Intelligence since it is a set of independent technologies designed to manage large volumes of data.
Finally, we always like to point out that Artificial Intelligence is very artificial, meaning that it is a product of human activity. So far, it is not very intelligent by itself. That is, Artificial Intelligence projects keep demanding a lot of human work. Maybe we should call it Big Artificial. | <urn:uuid:252b497d-a75e-4f0b-ac90-5d8861afa99a> | {
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The words recited, resighted sound the same but have different meanings and spellings. Why do recited, resighted sound the same even though they are completely different words?
The answer is simple: recited, resighted are homophones of the English language.
To repeat or utter aloud (something rehearsed or memorized), especially before an audience.
To relate in detail. See Synonyms at describe.
To list or enumerate.
To deliver a recitation.
Simple past tense and past participle of resight.
Definitions from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition, from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License and Wordnik.
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The proliferation of sensor-studded cellphones could lead to a wealth of data with socially useful applications — in urban planning, epidemiology, operations research and emergency preparedness, among other things. Of course, before being released to researchers, the data would have to be stripped of identifying information. But how hard could it be to protect the identity of one unnamed cellphone user in a data set of hundreds of thousands or even millions?
According to a paper appearing this week in Scientific Reports, harder than you might think. Researchers at MIT and the Université Catholique de Louvain, in Belgium, analyzed data on 1.5 million cellphone users in a small European country over a span of 15 months and found that just four points of reference, with fairly low spatial and temporal resolution, was enough to uniquely identify 95 percent of them.
In other words, to extract the complete location information for a single person from an “anonymized” data set of more than a million people, all you would need to do is place him or her within a couple of hundred yards of a cellphone transmitter, sometime over the course of an hour, four times in one year. A few Twitter posts would probably provide all the information you needed, if they contained specific information about the person’s whereabouts.
The first author on the paper is Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye, a graduate student in the research group of Toshiba Professor of Media Arts and Science Sandy Pentland. He’s joined by César Hidalgo, an assistant professor of media arts and science; Vincent Blondel, a visiting professor at MIT and a professor of applied mathematics at Université Catholique; and Michel Verleysen, a professor of electrical engineering at Université Catholique.
Focusing the debate
Hidalgo’s group specializes in applying the tools of statistical physics to a wide range of subjects, from communications networks to genetics to economics. In this case, he and de Montjoye were able to use those tools to uncover a simple mathematical relationship between the resolution of spatiotemporal data and the likelihood of identifying a member of a data set.
According to their formula, the probability of identifying someone goes down if the resolution of the measurements decreases, but less than you might think. Reporting the time of each measurement as imprecisely as sometime within a 15-hour span, or location as imprecisely as somewhere amid 15 adjacent cell towers, would still enable the unique identification of half the people in the sample data set.
But while its initial application may be discouraging, de Montjoye and Hidalgo hope that their formula will provide a way for researchers and policy analysts to reason more rigorously about the privacy safeguards that need to be put in place when they’re working with aggregated location data.
“Both César and I deeply believe that we all have a lot to gain from this data being used,” de Montjoye says. “This formula is something that could be useful to help the debate and decide, OK, how do we balance things out, and how do we make it a fair deal for everyone to use this data?”
In the data set that the researchers analyzed, the location of a cellphone was inferred solely from that of the cell tower it was connected to, and the time of the connection was given as falling within a one-hour interval. Each cellphone had a unique, randomly generated identifying number, so that its movement could be traced over time. But there was no information connecting that number to the phone’s owner.
The researchers randomly selected a representative sampling from the set of 1.5 million cellphone traces and, for each trace, began choosing points at random. For 95 percent of the traces, just four randomly selected points was enough to distinguish them from all other traces in the database. In the worst (or, from another perspective, best) case, 11 measurements were necessary.
“There’s a concern with this data, to what extent can we preserve anonymity,” says Luis Bettencourt, a professor at the Santa Fe Institute who studies social systems. “What they are showing here, quite clearly, is that it’s very hard to preserve anonymity.”
But for Bettencourt, the uniqueness of people’s trajectories through cities is itself precisely the type of information that analysis of cellphone data is meant to uncover. “This is interesting, from a scientific point of view, to understand how people use urban space,” Bettencourt says. “It shows what kind of social systems cities are.”
The researchers suspect that similar relationships might hold for other types of data. “I would not be surprised if a similar result — maybe requiring more points — would, for example, extend to web browsing,” Hidalgo says. “The space of potential combinations is really large. When a person is, in some sense, being expressed in a space in which the total number of combinations is huge, the probability that two people would have the same exact trajectory — whether it’s walking or browsing — is almost nil.” | <urn:uuid:265aa007-7677-47c0-bfce-fafbe501de03> | {
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WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?
Human trafficking is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, slavery or forced commercial sex acts.
The U.S. State Department estimates that currently 27 million people live in slavery as a condition of human trafficking, and that human trafficking generates $150 billion every year.
SURVIVORS OF TRAFFICKING EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM
RST's Survivors of Trafficking Empowerment Program (STEP) is designed to help survivors of trafficking throughout their transition to stable, independent lives. Serving in 6 cities across Texas, RST serves all survivors of human trafficking, labor and sex trafficking, adults and minors, foreign-born and domestic born. RST serves survivors regardless of race, color, national or ethnic origin, age, religion, disability, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, or veteran status.
Refugee Services of Texas also provides services to victims of crime including sexual assault, dating violence, domestic abuse, child abuse & neglect, human smuggling, kidnapping, stalking, Visa/Identification fraud, and wage theft.
WHAT WE DO
When a survivor is referred to or seeks to work with RST's STEP Program, our team will assess their basic needs. Once immediate safety and basic needs have been addressed, the STEP team works with survivors through a holistic approach to support their journey through recovery to independent, stable lives.
The following services are provided, among others:
- Human trafficking screenings
- Crisis management and safety support
- Basic needs assistance
- Employment assistance
- Counseling services
- Emotional support
- Applications for public benefits
- Community outreach and trainings
See our impact on survivors across Texas - click on link above!
Refugee Services of Texas has chaired and currently serves as a standing steering committee member for the Central Texas Coalition Against Human Trafficking (CTCAHT) for fifteen years. CTCAHT brings together local government, non-profit and law enforcement professionals at all levels on a systematic basis to identify survivors, provide comprehensive services, and prevent trafficking through various means. RST STEP services are available across the state of Texas in the following cities: Amarillo, Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston and the Rio Grande Valley.
For referrals, please email [email protected] and our STEP team will be in touch with you as soon as possible.
Want to learn more about human trafficking?
RST has partnered with organizations across Texas to bring you incredible conversations with experts in the field to help YOU know more about the basics of human trafficking, how you can identify the signs and what you can do to make a difference in your community!
Dig deeper into serving survivors of trafficking in your community: learn more about RST's impact on the community here and sign up for RST's Human Trafficking 101 Volunteer Training to join the fight against human trafficking today!
In honor of Human Trafficking Awareness Month, the City of Dallas Office of Equity & Inclusion along with our community partners at New Friends, New Life and Mosaic Family Services hosted a panel to talk about human trafficking awareness.
Our friends at The Office for Victim Advocacy & Violence Prevention and the University of Texas at the Rio Grande Valley Police Department hosted RST as part of their Water Cooler Discussions series to highlight the basics of human trafficking.
This session, lead by Stacie Jonas with Texas Rio Grande Legal Aid, is just one from the Combatting Human Trafficking in the Valley Conference hosted by Refugee Services of Texas.
This session, lead by Bria Cottle and Gloria Newton with the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation, is just one from the Combatting Human Trafficking in the Valley Conference hosted by Refugee Services of Texas. | <urn:uuid:2e28e756-452e-4da2-b8e5-3d14de68590c> | {
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Alternative terms for "Cheoplasty"
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Cheoplasty Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Cheoplasty
Literary usage of Cheoplasty
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. American Journal of Dental Science by American Society of Dental Surgeons (1896)
"I think about the year 1855, Dr. Blandy, of Baltimore, introduced a metal he called "cheoplasty," for making cast plates. It was similar to Watt's and ..."
2. New York Dental Journal (1859)
"BUCKINGHAM, of Philadelphia, considered the subject of the greatest importance ; advised the use of tin instead of cheoplasty ; gave his plan ..."
3. The People's Dental Journal (1863)
"cheoplasty is a plate composed of a combination of metals. It is seldom used except in peculiar cases for the lower jaw, where weight is required to ..." | <urn:uuid:08934dd7-b113-4537-a69e-60b2019501dc> | {
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"After war, the people you meet differ so from former times," wrote the Vietnamese poet Nguyen Trai in the early 15th century. Americans are still searching for answers to the Vietnam conflict, and the conflict that lives on in the collective mind and soul of this country. American writer Lady Borton is one of the few who has explored the North Vietnamese point of view in trying to reach an understanding of what happened and why. Borton was the first American journalist given permission by Vietnamese officials to speak with ordinary villagers and to live with a village family. During her time there, she met Vietnamese peasant women who played crucial and heretofore unrecognized roles in the Vietnamese victory; women who, like American veterans, "did what they had to do."
After Sorrow was produced by Lady Borton.
Home of the survivors of Vietnam's post war holocaust.
History Place: Vietnam War
An outline of the many facts and factors that were a part of the Vietnam war
Vietnam's Lost Souls
Excerpted from NEWS WATCH, this article speaks of the lost missing in action Vietnamese soldiers.
Vietnam: Yesterday and Today
Includes chronology,characteristics,and war literature pertaining to the vietnam war.
The Sorrow of War: A Novel of North Vietnam
This novel is based on the experiences of a North Vietnamese soldier who fought in the South for over ten years. Bao Ninh
Even the Women Must Fight:
The active participation of Vietnamese women in the Vietnam War.
Karen Gottschang Turner,Phan T. Hao
Twice around the World
Some Memoirs of Diplomatic Life in North Vietnam and Outer Mongolia | <urn:uuid:bae49cbe-43f1-44b9-a68e-904dd68571be> | {
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Healthy Oils for Deep Frying | Truweight
M-Phil, Food Science & Nutrition
The traditional Indian cuisines and desserts demand deep frying in healthy oils. And no matter how much we proclaim to eat healthy, cooking oil plays a major role in validating the assertion.
Deep fried foods are indeed unhealthy and can lead to heart diseases and high cholesterol levels.
For deep frying, we use hot oil with temperatures close to 176-190°C. When we put the food into hot oil, its surface is cooked quickly, forming a layer that filters the oil from getting inside the food, and the moisture present in the food cooks it from within.
However, if the temperature is not optimal, oil is absorbed into the food which makes it more unhealthy.
But, what if, there were healthful alternatives for deep frying the food?
“So it be”!
Traits of Healthy Oil
To choose healthier oil we need to keep in mind a few facts;
- Oil with higher smoking points are considered to be healthier.
- The components of the oil should be stable and not reactive to the oxygen, when overheated.
- It should contain saturated fats and monounsaturated fats.
- Avoid polyunsaturated fats in oil
Healthy Oils On your way!
Now, since you know the qualities of essential oil, here is a list of cooking oils with unbounding health benefits:
1. Coconut Oil
Coconut nut oil is one of the healthiest oils available in the southern part of India.
According to studies, coconut oil are highly stable even above the temperature of 180°C without losing the quality. This is due to the presence to saturated fatty acids (made up of medium-chain fatty acids) which is a more stable fat and makes it heat resistant.
The fat in coconut oil takes very less time to metabolize as well as less time to float around the blood, thereby reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.
And for your information the recent studies have proved that saturated fats are innocent and not harmful for human consumption.
Coconut oil claims myriads of health benefits. as a cooking oil. It cuts down belly fats and also kills harmful bacteria in your body.
If you don’t like the smell and flavour of coconut oil, try a brand that suits your preference, also, refined coconut oil is neutral in both taste and aroma
2. Olive Oil
We all know how healthy olive oils are, we have been using it for dressing, shallow frying, sautéing etc. What we don’t know is that it can be used for deep frying purposes as well.
There has been several studies that showed olive oil can be an apt choice for deep frying, as it can withstand heat for over 24 hours before it oxidizes excessively.
Olive oil is packed with monounsaturated fatty acids, which makes highly resistant to heat.
However, heating olive oil can run down the beautiful aroma but it’s still healthy.
Olive oil is ideal for deep frying. Without overheating, in proper temperature, it will not undergo any structural change as well as its nutritional value is retained better than other oils.
This is not only because of the antioxidants but also due to its high levels of oleic acid. Its high smoking point (210ºC) is substantially higher than the ideal temperature for frying food (180ºC).
Those fats with lower critical points, such as corn and butter, break down at this temperature and form toxic products.
Food fried in olive oil has a lower fat content than food fried in other oils, making olive oil more suitable for weight control. Olive oil, therefore, is the most suitable, the lightest and the tastiest medium for frying.
3. Avocado Oil
Avocado oil has higher smoking points, which is up to 270 °C. These have similar composition to that of olive oil.
However, it has monounsaturated fats, along with both saturated and polyunsaturated fats that makes it less healthy than olive oil in spite of having higher smoking point.
4. Peanut Oil
Peanut oil is also known as groundnut oil. It is a preferred essential oil for deep frying because of its high smoke point of 230°C and neutral taste.
Interestingly, it’s the only oil that can be reused several times as it does not absorb the flavour of food.
As far as the health is concerned, it contains polyunsaturated fats that makes it prone to oxidation in high temperatures.
5. Palm Oil
Palm oil is suitable for deep frying as it contains saturated and monounsaturated fats, and a little polyunsaturates. It has a neutral taste and unrefined palm oil is the healthiest version.
However, palm oils are rarely harvested.
The ‘Not So Healthy Oils’!
While we are listing the good oils for your health, it is only fair to reveal the list of edible oils that should be avoided. This shockingly includes industrial vegetable oils.
Yes, you read that right! The oils that we consume have undergone harsh processing, and do not have any healthy values.
So don’t be fooled by the fancy sounding fake claims like “cholesterol free” and “rice brand”.
The fact is these oils are rich in polyunsaturated fats and toxin trans fats with unbalanced omega-6 and omega-3 ratio.
- Sunflower oil
- Rice bran oil
- Soybean oil
- Sesame oil.
- Corn oil.
- Canola oil is
- Cottonseed oil
- Safflower oil.
- Grape seed oil
- Margarine or any fake butter substitutes.
These are a few oils that aren’t fit for deep frying or cooking at all.
However, deep-fried foods, in general, add a lot of calories and cause weight gain. So much so that a KFC chicken wing contains around 70 calories.
Also Read High-Fat Foods for Weight loss! | <urn:uuid:898007d0-507d-46bf-bf01-225921094020> | {
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This unit describes the knowledge and skills required to support students with different developmental issues to participate in classroom and other school activities.
This unit applies to education support work in a variety of contexts and the work is to be undertaken with appropriate guidance, support and supervision by a nominated teacher or other education professional.
Education system/school’s policies and procedures.
Curriculum and curriculum framework.
Cultural and linguistic background of students and families.
Broad developmental stages of children/young people in the physical, Cognitive, language, social and emotional domains.
Strategies to support the stages of development in each domain.
Importance of confidentiality as it relates to information about children.
Materials and resources to support the stages of development in each domain. | <urn:uuid:e3e48627-1910-4576-8ad8-054c2db557fd> | {
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Patents allow pharmaceutical companies to sell drugs at several times the price they would be able to get in a competitive market. Only a small proportion of the extra money spent by the public goes into research and development (R & D), despite the latter being the supposed benefit of the higher prices.
I looked at a sample of fourteen of the largest pharmaceutical companies.
Between them they made an average gross profit margin of 77%. Having heard the pharmaceutical companies and other advocates of patents, you might imagine that most of this 77% would go to fund research.
In fact only 16% of revenues goes into research. 33% goes into sales, general and administrative costs. A look at the few companies (Novartis and Roche) that separate sales and marketing from administrative and general costs shows that the bulk of this does go into sales and marketing.
The high expenditure on sales is defended as a means of providing doctors with information. It is hard to see how it is better than cheaper ways of providing doctors with impartial and fuller information in the form of journals, training and access to research.
Heavy expenditure on sale also encourages the use of the patented drugs that are heavily marketed rather than cheaper out of patent drugs. I have previously written about a number of other unintended consequences of relying on patents to fund drug research.
The system is so bad that it would be better simply to abolish patents and for governments to increase their funding of researchers. While state sector mechanism are not always efficient, it is hard to imagine that it would do worse than the current system that:
- costs a lot more than direct funding would,
- misdirects money, and
- creates incentives for behaviour that is actually undesirable.
The biggest problem is a zeitgeist that leads people to even consider an alternative to everything possible being done by the for-profit private sector.
Note on methodology: The companies in the sample were chosen by taking the 20 largest companies from this list and removing those whose non-pharmaceutical revenue were more than 20% of the total, unless they disclosed the relevant numbers separately for their pharmaceutical busines. All relevant reported numbers in the most recent available annual report were converted to dollars at current rates and then summed. These simplifications would have introduced small errors, but no consistent bias. The companies in the sample were: Pfizer, Glaxosmithkline, Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis, Roche, Merck, Astrazeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Wyeth, Eli Lilly, Amgen, Takeda, Schering Plough and Astellas. | <urn:uuid:7e7a5015-5a86-4d35-af68-02af12e225fc> | {
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The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to describe:
1. something that started at some point in the past, continued for a period of time up to a certain point in the past, and was still in progress when another action took place.
a. I had been living in Chicago for three years when all my families decided to migrate to the US in 2013.
I started living in Chicago 3 years earlier (in 2010). I continued to live in the city up to 2013, and was still living there, when my families migrated to the US.
b. Rita had been waiting for half an hour when I finally arrived.
Rita started to wait half an hour earlier than my arrival, continued to wait up to my arrival time.
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense vs The Past Continuous Tense
The past perfect continuous tense is related to the past continuous tense. The past perfect continuous tense is focused on the duration of your action, i.e. for two hours, for a few minutes, for a week, etc. However, if you DO NOT INCLUDE the duration of time, the past continuous tense is used. The past continuous tense is focused on your action being in progress when another action interrupted.
2. cause and effect relation. look at the following examples.
a. I was so tired because I had been working too hard.
b. All my body got dirty. I had been playing in the mud.
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Maratha Empire Peshwa
A selection of articles related to maratha empire peshwa.
Original articles from our library related to the Maratha Empire Peshwa. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Maratha Empire Peshwa.
- Astronomy in Ancient Civilisations
- It is a pity that the myths of ancient civilisations are so easily dismissed as the musings of savage minds, as it is subsequently easy to overlook the fact that many of their myths were encryptions of their astronomical knowledge. The best example of this...
Modern Science >> Astronomy
- Story of the Celts: The Ancient Celts
- The Ancient Celts [ 8 ] What is surprising to most modern readers is just how widespread across Europe the Celts once were. The Celts have been called the "Fathers of Europe," that is north of the Greco-Roman Mediterranean. Long before the Germanic...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
- The Pagan Origins Of Christian Mythology
- The Judeo-Christian religions were founded in a region of the world where savior religions existed for thousands of years. Much of the symbolism and many of the stories in the Bible may be traced to earlier myths of the Persians, Egyptians, and other people...
Religions >> Christianity & Paganism
- The Pagan Roots of Democracy
- I stepped into the voting booth with civic pride and religious inspiration. The pastors urged the congregation to renew America and vote for a good Christian man, Ronald Reagan. I voted a straight Republican ticket. Those godless Democrats were no better than...
Saga of Times Past >> History & Anthropology
- Who Were the Celts?
- The Celts were a group of people that occupied lands stretching from the British Isles to Galatia. The Celts had many dealings with other cultures that bordered the lands occupied by these people, and even though there is no written record of the Celts...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
- Historical Christian Jewelry
- The art of jewelry making evolved though the centuries. In a sense, jewelry is any ornamentation or adornment on the body. Jewelry has been used not only for aesthetic reasons but also as an indication of a person’s status in life.
>> Body Mysteries
Maratha Empire Peshwa is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Maratha Empire Peshwa books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- INDIAN STATES AND SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
- But he made no attempt to check the dangerous feudal tendency which in the end proved ruinous to the Maratha Kingdom.
- INDIAN HISTORY ( CODE NO. 14 ) PART - I (1) Sources of Ancient
- of Mughal Empire. 7. Rise of Marathas - Shivaji, Shambhaji, RajaRam, Tarabai and.
- Adapting the Eye_image sheet_08_2_2011.indd
- Maratha Empire, 1805, oil on canvas, © Tate, London 2011. 3. James Gangaram Chintaman Tambat, A Rhinoceros in the Peshwa's Menagerie at Poona, Nov.
- Savarkar – A poetic genius or a psychotic?- Response to Ashok
- Dec 31, 2010 with the defeat at Panipat battle which proved to be fatal for Maratha Kingdom under Peshwas.
Suggested News Resources
- Saroj Khan teams up with Aditi Rao Hydari for song in Marathi movie
- Set in the 17th century, based on the love story of legendary warrior of Maratha empire Peshwa Madhavrao and his wife Ramabai, the film has historic, old world appeal.
Suggested Web Resources
- Maratha Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- 23 Jun.1761); Madhavrao Peshwa (1761-18 Nov.1772) (b.
- Maharashtra, Maharashtra Maratha Empire, Maharashtra History
- Map of India Provides Information about the Maratha Empire of Maharashtra. Also a Detailed Study of the Shivaji and Peshwa Rule Provided in the Website.
- Kingdoms of South Asia - Indian Kingdom of Marathas (Peshwas)
- The Maratha losses at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 has already halted the expansion of the empire and reduced the power of Peshwa.
- Indian History - Rise of Marathas and Sikh Kingdoms in India
- Balaji Vishwanath - (1713 to 1721) - In 1713, Peshwa, its status as capital of Maratha Kingdom from Rajgad.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Maratha Empire Peshwa Topics
Related searcheslist of islands in the mediterranean
indigo dye sources and uses
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7 Tips for Avoiding the Flu and Other Illnesses at Work
UL’s environmental health and safety advisor weighs in
As compared to all the years since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began its current influenza tracking system back in 2010, this year’s influenza season ranks among the worst for numbers sick, hospitalizations and deaths.
“The numbers are astronomical,” says Langdon Dement, environmental health and safety (EHS) advisor for UL EHS Sustainability. “We’re barely embarking on the height of flu season, meaning there are still several more weeks to go. It’s important to take workplace measures to protect yourself, your family and your coworkers, even if you already had the flu this year, as there’s a risk of contracting a different strain.”
These steps can help you reduce the
risk of getting sick with influenza, norovirus (often responsible for stomach bugs), colds, and other communicable
illnesses that can be passed easily from one person to several.
1. Get vaccinated against influenza, even this late in the season, says Dement. “It’s pivotal in reducing your risk of
2. Stay home if you’re sick. These illnesses spread easily through direct and indirect contact, droplet and airborne methods,
Dement explains. Direct contact is when you touch a person’s hand who
sneezed/coughed into it and then touch your own face. Indirect means touching a
surface that harbors the virus and then your face. Airborne transmission is
inhalation of tiny airborne virus particles.
“Most experts believe flu is
transmitted by droplet form – when infectious agents are released when a person
coughs, sneezes or talks, and come into direct contact with the mucosal
surfaces (eyes, nose or mouth) of another individual,” says Dement. This is why
a sick person can spread the flu to someone as far away as 6
when you’re showing symptoms is pivotal. If workers don’t have enough sick days
or make light of sickness and go to work, they risk passing it onto the rest of
the workplace,” Dement says.
always cover your mouth or cough/sneeze into the crock of your elbow or into a
tissue. Then wash your hands, Dement advises.
3. Use a sanitizing cloth to wipe down your workstation
multiple times a day, such as when you first get to work and before and after
snacking. If an infectious particle resides on
these surfaces, sanitizing them before you accidently touch your
nose/mouth/eyes reduces your risk of getting sick, says Dement. Pay particular
attention to areas such as keyboard, mouse, desk, telephone, and cellphone.
4. Wash your hands with soap and water often throughout the
day. “It’s going to get redundant, but
it’s a key way to reduce your risk of getting sick,” says Dement.
5. A healthcare setting that treats patients will need to
use even more precautions, such as personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns, face masks, respirators, goggles, and face
shields) when needed, adds Dement.
6. Know when to
get to a doctor. Flu symptoms include:
- Fever or a feeling of chills/feverish (though not everyone will have a fever)
- Sore throat
- Runny/stuffy nose
- Muscle/body aches
- Vomiting and diarrhea (more common in children than adults)
Although healthy people usually get better without medical intervention, the CDC urges adults to see a healthcare professional if symptoms escalate to a persistent high fever, difficulty breathing, a rapid heartbeat, significant tiredness or confusion. “Or if you start to get better, and then suddenly feel much worse. That could indicate a secondary bacterial pneumonia, and you should seek medical attention immediately,” says Dr. Anne Schuchat, CDC Acting Director.
Emergency symptoms in kids differ.
7. A few additional
tips for workplace leaders and HR specifically include:
- Make sure your company places sanitizing wipes and sanitizer around the workplace.
- Post signs around the workplace to reinforce and demonstrate proper handwashing.
- Post flyers showing how to properly sneeze, cough and blow the nose.
- Empower people to stay home when sick.
of everything, it’s vital to ensure that sick people stay home. That’s one of
the best ways to reduce the risk of sickness spreading throughout the
workforce,” Dement says.
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MANILA — Supreme Court Senior Associate Justice Antonio T. Carpio on Monday debunked the territorial claim of China over almost the entire South China Sea by citing historical facts.
The statement was made by Carpio during his lecture in the De La Salle University on Monday.
According to Carpio, if the ancient maps of China will be the basis, particularly the first map of China, the Hainan Island is its southern tip territory which had the ancient name of Zhuya, Qiongya and Qiongzhou.
The Hainan Island, Carpio said, in the last many centuries is part of Guangdong Province before it became a separate province in 1988.
Carpio added that the sea expedition of Chinese Imperial Admiral Zheng He from 1405 to 1433 cannot be made as basis for the territorial claim over the South China Sea.
He stressed that Spain and Portugal also cannot revive their 15th century claim over all the seas of the world despite the 1481 Papal Bull confirming the partition of the still undiscovered territories between Spain and Portugal.
Carpio pointed out that even the historical name cannot also be made as a basis for the territorial claim because in fact, the name of South China Sea did not originate from the Chinese sea voyagers, but rather, it emanated from the European sea voyagers.
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Many people are aware that vitamin C can help them recover from a cold or flu, but there’s much more to understand about how vitamin C supports our health. Vitamin C is essential to good health year-round, not just when we are ill. In fact, it’s critical for our overall health and survival. Unfortunately, vitamin C deficiencies are rife today and lacking enough of this important vitamin can contribute to almost any disease.
Vitamin C is anti-inflammatory, helps increase our blood’s white count by strengthening our neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages; and generally boosts the immune system against viruses, bacteria, yeast, mold, and other unwanted fungi. This makes getting an adequate amount of vitamin C essential if you are battling a chronic illness or symptom.
The right kind of vitamin C also helps to cleanse the liver, blood, and lymph, strengthen the adrenal glands, and repair damaged neurotransmitters. It also helps the body to detox effectively, which is a challenge many chronically ill people face until they get the right detox-supporting nutrients.
The Best Sources Of Vitamin C
Different forms of vitamin C support our health in varying ways, so it’s important to know which high-quality sources of vitamin C to turn toward. Some of the best food sources of vitamin C are rosehips, kiwi, oranges, and tangerines.
Another great source of one essential form of vitamin C (there are many) is from freshly juiced fennel. Drinking 16oz of straight fennel juice on an empty stomach daily can offer many wonderful health benefits over time. All fruits and vegetables contain some vitamin C, so focusing your diet largely on fresh produce will naturally help to boost your vitamin C intake.
Your Nutrient-Enhancing Friend
One way you or a loved one can amplify the vitamin C you absorb is to get direct sunlight on your skin when possible. The sun strengthens and enhances the absorption and function of every single nutrient, vitamin C included. Think of the sunshine as a vehicle for getting a multivitamin and multimineral support to all your body systems! You don’t need to spend long in the sunshine, and sunburn should always be carefully avoided. Even five minutes in the sun early or late in the day when the sun is not full force can be very helpful.
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So this Sunday is referred to in the lectionary cycle as "Christ the King" or "The Reign Of Christ" Sunday. With that in mind and looking at this week's scriptures, there are three things we feel are important to think about: How this Sunday fits in to the Liturgical year; The relationship between Sheep and Shepherd; And what does it mean to be subject to a King?
Christ the King Sunday is the very last Sunday of the Liturgical year. The next Sunday marks the beginning of Advent and a change in the tone and direction of our reading and our attention. This Sunday celebrates the role of Christ as the ultimate ruler. If you think about where we have come, both in terms of the Hebrew scriptures and the teachings and miracles and parables of Jesus throughout the gospel of Matthew read throughout ordinary time, we've learned a lot about leadership. Along the way, we've learned a lot about who the ancestors were as human beings, and we can probably draw some conclusions about who we are as well. And, even in our popular political culture, we've just spent a full year trying to determine what makes a good leader. We've got definite ideas of what works and what doesn't...and perhaps of the limitations of our humanness to lead, to reign, to be supreme. Christ the King Sunday is a reminder that no human leader draws near the divinity or supremacy God's incarnate Son. This is a bridge Sunday – the bridge between our Ordinary time journey through history and teachings to a season where we watch and wait for incarnation...for God with us.
Important to gaining insight to the Ezekiel passage is understanding the relationship between Sheep and Shepherd. Because of the inherent natures of sheep and humans, this is not a democratic relationship. Sheep, while possessing many endearing qualities, are not "smart" (at least according to traditional human standards). They are almost completely defenseless (they can jump, but they have no upper teeth), they are prone to disease and infection, they do not have a good sense of direction, and they cannot even lay down on their sides and get back up again easily (they mostly crouch down). Especially in the arena of sheep being domesticated by humans for their wool and meat, sheep are heavily dependant on human care and intervention. Sheep need someone to look out for them and help them find food, water, and a safe place to rest. When they are given a Shepherd, Sheep loyally respond and follow; but without one, they often find themselves lost and unsafe.
With all of this in mind, read the description Ezekiel offers of how God will be a Shepherd for God's people--God's sheep. It reads like a paternalistic love story. Ezekiel is writing to the Israelites as they are in exile in Babylon. He is reminding them God will not leave them lost and on their own, but will search them out and offer protection. However this will evidently not be blindly offered because there will be a judgment between the fat sheep and the lean sheep. This likely refers to the folks who, as they were conquered by Babylon, chose to side with the Babylonians and prospered while the bulk of Israel went in to exile.
In the Matthew passage we get more sheep references, but this time to being separated from the goats in a time of judgment. We are told that one of the primary reasons this division falls along these lines is because of the willingness to follow found in sheep. Now part of this has also to do with the greater intelligence (and as a result, greater stubbornness) of goats. Another way to read the passage is, "those who heard my voice and followed me will be at my right hand, and those who heard my voice and did not follow me and chose to go their own way will be at my left hand."
Another important part to understanding this passage is the power / dominance / authority / judgment offered by a King. We do not have much experience with Kings / Queens / Ultimate Authorities in our day. It is hard to imagine (for most of us) what it is like to be completely under the power of someone who can decide if we live or die. Jesus was sharing this teaching in a time and place where folks understood what it meant to be under an authority (the Romans) and their families had recent histories of what it meant to be under the authority of a King. The deeper explanation of this judgment that we get from the mouth of Jesus does not need much interpretation--the ones who fed the hungry, gave water to the thirsty, welcomed the stranger, clothed the naked, and visited the imprisoned will be blessed by the Father and inherit the Kingdom; those that offered no food, no water, no welcome, no clothing, and no visitation will be sent into the eternal fire.
Are we willing to be subjects? Are we willing to let a Shepherd guard the flock to which we belong?
This week, how do these readings and their topics / concepts / ideas work together? What do they tell us?
Do you feel the changing of the season? What are you anticipating?
What potential will rest under the surface until a warmer day?
Make a joyful noise to the LORD, all the earth.
Worship the LORD with gladness;
come into his presence with singing.
Know that the LORD is God.
It is he that made us, and we are his;
we are his people, and the sheep of his pasture.
Enter his gates with thanksgiving,
and his courts with praise.
Give thanks to him, bless his name.
For the LORD is good;
his steadfast love endures forever,
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Friday, December 31, 2010
In the first centuries the Merovingian kings of Gaul conquered many German tribes, these Colonists of Gaul were also focused in change the religion. The missionary activity funded monasteries at Würzburg, Regensburg, Reichenau, and other places. Many years later, from 772 to 814, the king Charlemagne extended his empire into northern Italy and the territories of all west of Germany, including Saxons and Bavarians. When Charlemagne was confirmed as emperor of Rome, the “Holy Roma Empire” was established. The years passed and the empire was divided into several parts because of the many fights between Charlemagne’s grandchildren, this division gave place to the beginning of the Frankish Kingdom under the government of Duke Henry of Saxony. The time between 1096 and 1291 was the age of the crusades and knightly religious orders were established: The Templars, the Knights of St. John and the Teutonic Order, many towns, castles, bishops’ palaces and monasteries were founded in this age. But from 1300 The Empire started to lose territory on all its frontiers. In the 15th century the king Maximilian I tried to reform the Empire but it was frustrated by the continued territorial fragmentation of the Empire.
In the 16th century began the Germany reformation under the philosophy of Martin Luther and his “95 theses” against the abuse of indulgences to the church. Luther translated the Bible establishing the basis of modern German. By 1555 the era of religious tensions seemed to end with the Peace of Augsburg. In the 17th century the Thirty Year’s War devastated Germany, and the religious tensions continued, and the conflict was widened into a European War by the intervention of King Christian IV of Denmark, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and France under Cardinal Richelieu, the regent of the young Louis XIV. Germany became the main theatre of war and the scene of the final conflict between France and the Habsburgs for the predominance of Europe. The war resulted in large areas of Germany being laid waste, in a loss of something like a third of its population, and in a general impoverishment. Finally, the war ended with the Peace of Westphalia and the German territory was lost to France and Sweden; Netherlands also left the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire was formally dissolved on 6 August 1806 when the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II resigned and the Confederation of the Rhine was established under Napoleon's protection. Later with the Wars of Liberation began the destruction of Napoleon’s army and Germany was liberated from French rule.
After the fall of Napoleon, European monarchs and statesmen convened in the Vienna in 1814 for the reorganization of European affairs. On the territory of the former "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation", the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund) was founded, a loose union of 39 states (35 ruling princes and 4 free cities) under Austrian leadership, with a Federal Diet (Bundestag) meeting in Frankfurt am Main. In 1867 the German Confederation was dissolved. In its place the North German Confederation (German Norddeutscher Bund) was established, under the leadership of Prussia. Austria was excluded, and would remain outside German affairs for most of the remaining 19th and the 20th centuries. The North German Confederation was a transitory group that existed from 1867 to 1871, between the dissolution of the German Confederation and the founding of the German Empire, led by Otto Von Bismarck who was declared chancellor. With it, Prussia established control over the 22 states of northern Germany and, via the Zollverein, southern Germany.
In 1871 The German Empire was funded with 25 states, three of which were Hanseatic free cities, and the Chancellor was Bismarck. It was dubbed the "Little German" solution, since Austria was not included. Bismarck's domestic policies as Chancellor of Germany were characterized by his fight against perceived enemies of the Protestant Prussian state. Other Bismarck's priority was to protect Germany's expanding power through a system of alliances and an attempt to contain crises until Germany was fully prepared to initiate them, then in 1879 Bismarck formed a Dual Alliance if Germany and Austria-Hungary, later Italy joined to the Dual Alliance to form a Triple Alliance against France colonial policy. In spite of Bismarck policies, the 29 year old Wilhelm II removed Bismarck of his chancellor position. In 1898 the Triple Alliance was dissolved by differences between Austria and Italy and Germany was increasingly isolated.
First World War
Imperialist power politics and the determined pursuit of national interests ultimately led to the outbreak in 1914 of the First World War, sparked by the assassination of the Austrian heir-apparent Franz Ferdinand and his wife. Germany fought on the side of Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire against Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan and several other smaller states. Fighting also spread to the Near East and the German colonies. The entry of the United States into the war in 1917 following Germany’s declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare marked a decisive turning-point against Germany. On November Kaiser Wilhelm II and all German ruling princes abdicated and the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed a Republic who signed the end of the war at Compiègne. After First World War, Germany was obligated to cede many areas, allied troops occupied the left German Bank of the Rhine for a period of 5-15 years, and the German army was to be limited to 100,000 officers. Furthermore, Germany and its allies were to accept the sole responsibility of the war, and were to pay financial reparations for all loss and damage suffered by the Allies. The humiliating peace terms provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime.
In 1919, under the Weimar constitution, Friedrich Ebert was named as the first German President, but the Weimar republic was not accepted by the National Socialist German Workers' Party and German Communist Party. In 1923 began other the problems when Germany defaulted on its reparation payments French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialized Ruhr district. The German government encouraged the population to passive resistance and later the occupation became a loss-making deal for French government. As consequence of this, many lost all their fortune and they would become bitter enemies of the Weimar Republic. Fortunately, in 1928 Germany’s industrial production improved. At this time, Hitler made his first appearance with storm troopers in Munich and after the national elections in 1932, the new president Hindenburg appointed him Chancellor.
With Hitler, the Communism was begun. He also formed a slim majority government and obtained the full legislative power with the Enabling Act of 1933, only the Social Democrats were against this act. The Enabling Act formed the basis for the dictatorship, dissolution of the trade unions and all political parties other than the Nazi party were suppressed. A centralized totalitarian state was established, no longer based on the liberal Weimar constitution. In 1938, Hitler entered into Austria and he was acclaimed, many Austrians voted for the annexation of their country to Germany.
Second World War
In 1939, after six years, The Nazi regime prepared the country for World War II. The Nazi leadership occupied countries through forced deportation and genocide, now knows as the Holocaust. By 1945, Germany and its partners (Italy and Japan) had been defeated, chiefly by the forces of the Soviet Union, the USA, Britain, and Canada. Many people had been killed between six million Jews and five million non-Jews, and much of Europe lay in ruins. World War II resulted in the destruction of Germany's political and economic infrastructure and led directly to its partition, considerable loss of territory, and historical legacy of guilt and shame. Germany was divided into four military occupation zones by the Allies; the three western zones would form the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) while part of the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The Germans were repatriated to the Eastern Europe (German exodus). In this process of expulsion, millions of Germans died.
After war, Germany population lived on near starvation levels. In the early 1950s, West Germany eventually came to enjoy prolonged economic growth. The recovery occurred largely because of the previously forbidden currency reform of June 1948 and from 1949 on partly by U.S. assistance through Marshall Plan loans. Across the border, East Germany soon became the richest, most advanced country in the Warsaw Pact, but many of its citizens looked to the West for political freedoms and economic prosperity. In 1970, West Germany under Brandt's Ostpolitik was intent on holding to its concept of "two German states in one German nation." Relations improved, and in 1973, East Germany and West Germany were admitted to the United Nations. German reunification happened in 1990 when East German authorities suddenly allowed East German citizens to enter West Berlin and West Germany. Hundreds of thousands of people took advantage of the opportunity; new crossing points were opened in the Berlin Wall and along the border with West Germany.
New Germany, France and other European countries formed the European Union. After all, Germany became into a country of remarkable diversity, with cultural differences, although Germans will never forget the dark past.
Saturday, December 25, 2010
Monday, December 20, 2010
But Changi is not content. It is going all out to add more attractions: The newest terminal has spacious art deco styled powder rooms for women, and for those with time on their hands, a butterfly park and movie theatres. And adding a completely new dimension, the airport, will also offer an exclusive area for storing and trading gold, diamonds and high value art. In the process, Changi, or at least a part of it, will turn into Fort Knox.
Changi’s latest addition is being built by Singapore Airport Freeport, a company co-founded by private investors from Singapore and Switzerland. “It will operate as a round-the-clock free trade zone that customers can use for tax-free storage and trading,” says Alain Vandenborre, vice-chairman of the company. Auction house Christie’s has taken up 40 percent of the space in the first phase; the rest is likely to be booked by art dealers, sovereign institutions, and companies active in the storage or trading of fine art and physical gold.
The Freeport is part of Changi’s attempts to increase activity that attracts more traffic into the airport. It has shielded airline users from increase in landing fees and offers incentives to those who bring in more traffic or use Singapore as a hub to link up with other carriers. Three Indian airlines — Jet Airways, Kingfisher and Air India (as well as its low cost subsidiary AI Express) — currently connect to Changi from about half a dozen points in India. These airlines have had to face huge increase in fees at airports back home over the past two years. As airline losses grew to $9 billion in 2009, most were grateful for any reductions that came their way.
Changi was able to freeze fees and offer airlines discounts on various airport services thanks to a revenue buffer created from non-aeronautical income (from shops, food and beverage sales, hotels and parking) — which was 55 percent of the total revenues earned in 2009. In the year ended March 31, 2009, the airport’s operations generated revenues of S$1.23 billion and a net surplus of S$284 million.
As traffic picks up, the discounts are slowly being scaled back for passenger carriers, though they are still in place for cargo airlines where recovery is much slower. Few airports in the region have been able to match this. Airports in India, for instance, have increased landing charges by about 10 percent during the period.
The ability to take the unconventional route to increasing traffic to the city-state, has put Changi in the lead as one of Asia’s biggest hubs. Thirty-seven million passengers used its three terminals in 2009, despite there being virtually no domestic flights in the single-city state. Contrast this with Mumbai airport that handled about 25 million passengers in the same period, counting both domestic and international flights.
Competition is stiff and every new scheme is directed at attracting more airlines. With a capacity of 70 million passengers, Changi is well-provided for growth, a trait not very evident at airports in India.
“The Bangalore international airport that opened in 2008 was saturated from day one. It was built for 11 million passengers, and traffic was already over 10 million the year it opened,” says D.P. Singh, general manager, corporate planning, at the Airport Authority of India.
At Changi they are already taking the next step. Last year the airport structure changed from a government to a corporate entity. The Temasek-led Changi Airport Group (CAG) is the new owner that bought the airport from the ministry of civil aviation. (Temasek owns and manages the Singapore government’s direct investments.) This has been followed by better salaries and hiring from the non-aviation sectors like retail. This will allow the airport to improve revenues, says a report by the Sydney-based think tank Centre for Asia-Pacific Aviation which closely monitors airlines and airports in the region.
One way that Changi manages to keep its edge is by providing for the entire spectrum of airline traffic. High-value passengers, whether they are flying by a commercial airline or a business jet, can pay about S$500 to be met at the aircraft and whisked away to JetQuay, a small exclusive terminal. The service is available for arrival and departure, and the JetQuay team helps with immigration and other travel formalities.
On the other end of the band is the budget terminal that caters to the no-frills customer. Though only 20 percent of Changi’s passengers use the terminal, it allows airlines to save on aerobridge and office rental charges. There are no aerobridges or escalators and passengers have to walk on the tarmac to reach the aircraft. They are charged S$15 for using the budget terminal as opposed to S$28 for the ones with frills. “Three airlines — Tiger, Sebu-Pacific and Firefly — operate from it, even as others like AirAsia and Jetstar choose to use the main terminals so that they can interline with carriers like Qantas,” says Ivan Tan, director communications, CAG.
One formal way devised to funnel the changes needed to keep ahead is the Changi Airport Growth initiative, launched this year. Yam Kum Weng, executive vice president, Air Hub Development, says incentive programmes and joint collaborations are tailored according to the airline’s business model and needs.
Yet competition is creeping up fast in the form of other very aggressive regional airports like Kuala Lumpur and others in the Middle East like Dubai and Doha. CAG will have to think on its feet to keep ahead. The most recent case of a tough fight over a customer was for Australian budget carrier Jetstar. The Aussie carrier committed to make Changi its largest air hub in Asia. The choice was made over Kuala Lumpur airport, after much negotiation. Changi airport is the sixth largest in the world now, but keeping ahead in the future will not be easy.
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Thursday, December 16, 2010
And Waugh says his time will come sooner or later. Ponting has taken time to mature into the role of skipper, but Waugh insists that there are two factors that have sharpened him from the rather blunt blade that failed to cut the mustard four years ago – namely fatherhood and then the moulding of his own side.
The birth of Waugh’s own daughter 13 years ago proved the catalyst that gave the former skipper the perspective needed to start improving as a captain.
“Becoming a parent was the key for me,” he said.
“It gave me the ability to stop thinking about cricket 24-7 and that’s important.
“It changes a lot of things in your life and maybe that was what changed Ricky’s captaincy, becoming a father.
“You see things from a different perspective. It’s not so much about yourself anymore. You have to look after your own family and your kids and you see things differently.”
A year after the birth of his first daughter, Waugh became involved with an orphanage in Calcutta called Udayan that helped girls with leprosy. And following the birth of Ponting’s fi rst daughter, Emmy Charlotte in July last year, Waugh detected a similar shift in Ponting’s focus.
“In some ways he has probably appreciated having some young guys in there who he can infl uence. It is easier when you have a team you can mould, rather than experienced players.”
Waugh was not at Cardiff yesterday and instead was saddle sore having completed 40 miles on a bicycle supporting Daley Thompson’s Laureus knife crime initiative.
Like Ponting, Waugh endured a signifi cant amount of criticism during his fi ve-year stint as captain. He maintained it is something that goes with the territory.
“Everyone in a position of leadership is going to get criticism,” he said.
“People will always have opinions. But you just have to look in the mirror and work out whether you are doing the best job you could possibly be doing. Most importantly, you have to realise you are never going to please everyone.
“When you are fresh you take all the criticism home but the longer you play the easier it gets. As a young kid you take everything on board and you think the world is against you but, later on, while you are still under pressure, you have a better perspective.”
Sunday, December 12, 2010
The biggest mistake by people wanting to start in golf is to rush out and buy a brand new set of shiny and expensive golf clubs. While they are nice to look at you should keep in mind that today's golf equipment comes in great varieties to cater for different golfing types and abilities. Since you're just starting out you do not know which set fits you best. Just imagine the envious looks you get at the driving range when you come with your $2000 set, and the subsequent laughter when you try and just 'hack away' - not worth the embarrassment! Once you spend a few hundred or even thousand $$ on a set that doesn't suit your style you're stuck with it or you have to sell it to somebody else at a loss.
GOLF COURSES IN GERMANY
Taking a Golf courses can be very expensive, time-consuming effort. And like any good or service that will cost money and require time, you should be careful before you buy. It's OK to shop around for a golf instructor, it's recommended in order to find the best fit. Here you can find some things to consider before you commit to golf lessons.
Know your Price Limit
Golf lessons are expensive. But some are more expensive than others. Generally, the more expensive instructors are the ones with more experience, more accolades and who are attached to a more upscale golf facility. But there are lots of teaching pros out there who are less expensive but still very good. Decide how much you are willing to spend before you start shopping, and stick to it.
Make Sure Your Goals and Commitment Match
A golf instructor can do wonders with your game, but he can't do it alone. To make golf lessons worthwhile, you must be able to follow up on them by continuing to work on the instructor's suggestions on your own time. The higher your goals, the more work will be required. Be realistic in your goals and make sure you can offer the commitment necessary to meet those goals.
Private Lessons vs. Golf Schools
Private lessons and Golf schools are the two typical ways to receive golf instruction. Both have strengths. Private lessons allow for follow-up visits over a period of time - a building block approach to learning golf. Schools offer an intensive amount of learning in a short time, but can also offer too much information and without follow-up. But private lessons can take months to complete.
Monday, December 6, 2010
Producer: Ronnie Screwvala, Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Director: Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Starring: Hrithik Roshan, Aishwarya Rai, Aditya Roy Kapoor, Monikangana Dutta, Rajit Kapoor, Shernaz Patel,Nafisa Ali, Sanjay Lafont
Music: Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Lyrics: A.M. Turaz, Vibhu Puri
Recommended Audience: General
Film Released on: 19 November 2010
Hrithik Roshan. Aishwarya Rai Bachchan. Sanjay Leela Bhansali. Three powerhouse names in a single film, and the potential viewer has nothing but the universe to expect for the film. And yet, there will be some skeptics who have lost faith in Bhansali a la Saawariya. The questions that now remain on the mind are: Does Guzaarish score? Has Bhansali made a gem? Do Hrithik and Aishwarya get it right again with their chemistry?
Set in Goa, Guzaarish traces the lives of a paraplegic Ethan Mascarenhas (Hrithik Roshan), once a famed magician who lost his ability to feel or work with anything below his neck level. He is now a radio show host of the program Radio Zindagi – a show that speaks about life and living it to the fullest – in an unknown radio station, and is taken care of by his nurse, Sofia D’Souza (Aishwarya Rai), who shares a strong but silent bond with him. One fine day, he calls his lawyer friend, Devyani Dutta (Shernaz Patel) and asks her to file a petition in the court for his own death, leaving Devyani and Sofia stunned. In this time, an eager magician, Omar Siddiqui (Aditya Roy Kapoor), comes into his life to learn magic – and it is here that Ethan decides to hand over his entire knowedge to him. Slowly, he learns to live, to absorb and to love… all in more ways than one!
Now we all know that Bhansali films are unique in their own, regardless of how good or bad the box office collections or critical reactions may be may be. While Khamoshi is still the standpoint of his career, the only film in which he has given a glimmer of hope to see more of the filmmaker’s potential was in Black. And when Saawariya released, most felt the hope was diminished, as though it was made on a large scale, the movie was slow, and the screenplay of the story lacked punch to attract a universal crowd; hence the extremely mixed buzz for Guzaarish. In fact, many people stated that the promos and trailers of Guzaarish had a certain déjà vu from Saawariya.
Guzaarish is not only different from Saawariya; in fact, here, Sanjay Leela Bhansali has finally outdone Khamoshi and has given us a moving storyline with an equally sensational screenplay (Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Bhavani Iyer), having fantastic dialogues (Vibhu Puri, Bhavani Iyer) that will sting your mind long after the movie’s over. Post Black and Saawariya, we already know that Bhansali is a fan of the bluish color tone, and here too, though it hasn’t been added in dollops, there’s just the right amount of it with subtlety all over it. Even if there’s so much pain and tragedy in display in the lives of the protagonists, each frame looks picturesque; thereby forming an ironical correlation between pulchritude and desolation.
Production design and styling of the characters give the movie and the protagonists an old-world feel. Sudeep Chatterjee’s cinematography captures each frame with a hauntingly dark aesthetic that will not just seduce the viewer, but arouse a lot of curiosity in one’s mind concerning the lives and the incidents of the protagonists.
Tubby and Parik’s background score is absolutely breathtaking, and one of the best since Love Aaj Kal. The score is something not to be listened, but to be experienced deep within while watching the film. Camerawork is smooth and consistent throughout, keeping the overall pace uniform. Hemal Kothari’s edit is excellent. Music by the auteur, Bhansali, himself, is terrific, and the visuals totally support the lyrics and the compositions.
Moving on to the performances, Hrithik Roshan is the showstealer. Here he takes the whole movie forward with the varied emotions he exhibits, whether it’s the awkward laugh, or the tears when he cries hearing the voice of his muse Estelle after fourteen long years. His aggressiveness and the way he reacts like an excited 10-year old while touching upon matters of sexual arousal.
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan gets back at her detractors like a raging tigress after the failure of Raavan, and performs stupendously. She impresses with her absolutely restrained performance, her aura and her overall controlled self. She plays the part of the nurse more like she is the nurse. The chemistry they both display, as usual, is phenomenal. Each scene they’ve shared with each other has a certain uniqueness of intensity attached to it.
Aditya Roy Kapoor shines. He’s already proved himself in London Dreams and Action Replayy, and he’s continuing to do so in his own inimitable style. This guy’s got a lot of potential. Shernaz Patel is a natural. Nafisa Ali charms, even though it is in a small role. Ash Chandler enacts his part efficiently. Others are laudable.
Overall, I’ll have to say that never since Khamoshi, have I seen something Bhansali has done better till Guzaarish came along. Guzaarish is easily the best film of Bhansali, and the best film of the year so far. In a year where we’ve seen a lot of masala moneymakers, the audience has always thirsted for something far different and meaningful. Guzaarish is not just those, it’s THE actual, genuine, bona fide deal. It’s food for the mind and the soul. It’s relish for each of the body’s senses. It’s well-worth the big screen experience, and is to be appreciated in a whole new way!
Producer: Kunal Kohli
Director: Danish Aslam
Starring: Imran Khan,Deepika Padukone,Shahana Goswami,Yudishtir Urs,Navin Nischol, Lillete Dubey
Lyrics: Prasoon Joshi
Recommended Audience: General
Film Released on: 26 November 2010
Kunal Kohli has, and will always be known for his surprise hit Hum Tum, for which actor Saif Ali Khan became a star overnight. Post Hum Tum’s success, Kohli directed an average Fanaa, and followed it up with a decent Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic, which also announced the debut of his production cell, Kunal Kohli Productions. More than two years later, Kohli is back, albeit only to produce debutant director Danish Aslam’s film under his banner. This movie has a lot going for it – Vishal-Shekhar’s excellent music, Imran Khan and Deepika Padukone’s extra-promising pair, and a genre (romantic comedy) that has proven to be a success more often than not.
But there are times when the genre doesn’t work, and when the formula fails to generate success. Does Break Ke Baad succeed or does Danish Aslam fail to execute a good product? Let me analyse.
They grew up together, they became the closest of friends, and then they decided to be in a relationship for around eight years, till she finally gets to achieve her dream of being an actress, post getting elected in a scholarship for acting in Australia, and this is when Abhay (Imran Khan) and Aaliya (Deepika Padukone) decide to “take a break” in their relationship. And then life changes for them…
I’ve always said that, and I repeat, that story and screenplay is very important for the viewers to hold their attention, but here, the screenplay (Renuka Kunzru, Danish Aslam) is full of glitches. Most of the movie borrows from the attitude of Love Aaj Kal, which was a far superior product, which successfully conveyed the confusion in relationships and kept it far more real than any other. While the character development is something viewers must watch out for, the story fails to grip post interval – it just goes all slow, and the viewer wonders why did they come to see the film.
The pre-interval portions hold some interest due to the imaginative writing of the lead characters and engaging chemistry between the two; along with some witty realistic one-liners and some scenes you could relate to. But post-intermission, the movie drags and goes into various subplots such as the two trying to make a secure life out of their ambitions and dreams, which for most part makes the story drab and boring. What makes the movie worse is the random climax, which makes the viewer feel it was as if the movie was written in a hurry. Though Imran Khan’s previous film had nothing new to say, it was far more entertaining because of some smart writing, something that’s only shown in bits and spurts here. I’d like to mention, however, that though Danish the screenwriter requires a lot more to work on, Danish the director has a lot of potential and is here to stay, provided he gets better scripts to work on.
It seems the makers try very hard to cover their screenplay by trying to gloss it up with technically superior stuff. The movie boasts of amazing cinematography, where each frame looks beautiful, and with the help of some neat camerawork, makes it look on par with international films. Background score gels well with the scene. Music by Vishal-Shekhar is absolutely fresh, and the visuals complement the song terrifically. Lyrics by Prasoon Joshi have been well written and fit the songs and the situations they support well. What’s good about it is that the songs don’t have lip-sync, which make it pretty grounded. Styling for the lead characters is spot-on. Editing by Anand Subaya is phenomenal; especially noteworthy is the split-screen scene where the two are leading separate lives, feeling the same way.
Moving on to the performances, Imran Khan does really well, but he seems repetitive, just like Deepika Padukone’s character graph looks like. Imran Khan played a similar “understanding” guy in Jaane Tu… Ya Jaane Na, but when actors look repetitive in their roles, the future doesn’t look good unless they get more versatile even though they want to stick to the same genre. Nevertheless, he hooks you because of the slightly different mould of the character he’s playing.
Deepika Padukone has spunk, but her role reminds you of both Bachna Ae Haseeno and Love Aaj Kal. While her commitment phobia reminds you of Bachna Ae Haseeno, the bold, thinking attitude of her character reminds you a bit of Love Aaj Kal. While Deepika’s mad act is probably the only reason one might stay to watch how the film unfolds, post her gripping act in Lafangey Parindey, one expected her to reach new heights, and with the promising promos, it looked quite like it, but apparently all that glitters isn’t always gold!
Lillette Dubey is a far more gripping character to look out for, and when supporting characters like herself and Sharmila Tagore (playing Ayesha Khan, Aaliya’s ex-star mom) become more interesting than the lead characters themselves, you know there’s something wrong. Navin Nischol is good. Yudhishtir Urs, otherwise known as the host of Channel [V]’s hatke show Truth/Love/Cash, is hilarious! Shahana Goswami is amazing! She is one actress to look out for! Her body language as the no nonsense person is perfect! Others are good.
Overall, Break Ke Baad tries to hard to be cool and modern, but also tries to pack in too many subplots and shaadis and over-exaggerated coolness, that it gets difficult to view the movie as a romantic comedy anymore! This is a clear case of the trailers giving dubious promise! Watch this film only if you’ve got nothing to do! Disappointing.
Producer: Sunita Gowariker, Ajay Bijli, Sanjeev K Bijli
Director: Ashutosh Gowariker
Starring: Abhishek Bachchan, Deepika Padukone, Vishakha Singh, Sikandar Kher
Music: Sohail Sen
Lyrics: Javed Akhtar
Recommended Audience: Parental Guidance
Film Released on: 03 December 2010
Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey is a book to movie adaptation by the gifted film-maker Ashutosh Gowariker. The film is based on the book 'Do And Die: The Chittagong Uprising 1930-34' by Manini Chatterjee. Once again Ashutosh Gowariker has returned to the forgotten era. And once again he has shown that this most definitely his forte, previously with Lagaan , Jodhaa Akbar, and now Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey. Speaking with Ashutosh Gowariker he spoke about the difficulties which arose whilst shooting this film and the most difficult hurdle by far was in re-creating the 1930s in Chittagong. Not only is this demanding and a lengthy process, but Gowariker sure convinces the audiences of the realities of the 1930s.
The film is set in the 1930s British India: In the province of undivided Bengal lies the sleepy, peaceful port of Chittagong. In this unassuming little town a revolution is about to begin; a revolution which will forever wake all of Chittagong and inspire the entire nation. The plot of the movie is based on a real incident...April 18. One night. Five simultaneous attacks. A band of 64 people; 56 innocent yet fearless young boys, five defiant revolutionaries, two determined young women, and an idealistic leader - Suriya Sen, a school teacher by profession.
This group of 64 represents a little-known chapter in history; a forgotten night that reigned terror on the British through a series of calculated attacks. Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey is a true story of these forgotten heroes and the narrative takes us through every step of the action from the initial trepidation, to the thrill of the attack, to the underground movement, daring escapes and tragic captures, and most importantly, their undying legacy. The film has been shot in Goa and not in Chittagong as some may think, Despite not shooting in the original locations of the 1930 revolution; the film most certainly captures the feel and spirit of the youth in that era.
Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey is embroidered with some beautifully soft instrumental pieces alongside two songs “Naiyn Tere” [Pamela Jain and Rajini Jose] and “Sapney Saloney” [Sohail Sen and Pamela Jain] hit a chord with me besides the patriotic number “Vande Mataram” [Revised Sanskrit To Hindi] by Cine Singers Association Chorus Group. The music was impactful in every scene and added to the screenplay.
And now coming to the crunch time, Abhishek Bachchan suited the character of Suriya Sen. His character appears very passionate, but at the same time very composed and it was great to see that contradiction. Abhishek emerges into the character very well. The cool, calm collected teacher to the successful revolutionary he really is. After Guru this has to be Abhishek’s most memorable performance to date. Let's hope he receives some accolades for this role. He portrayed the character to the fullest.
Deepika Padukone discards her glamorous looks that we usually see her sport in films. For accepting a role like this so early on in her career, she should be commended. She lived up to the strong, determined and ambitious character of Kalpana Datta and brought her own elements in to the role. She looked stunning in simple sarees draped in a Bengali manner.
Sikander Kher who essays the role of Suriya Sen’s friend Nirmal Sen, left me with a lasting impression. He stood out in most of the scenes he was in. Kudos to Sikander for pulling off a supporting actor role so brilliantly. The rest of the supporting cast and comrades of Suriya Sen were played by Samrat Mukerji, Vishakha Singh, Maninder and Feroz Wahid Khan, each actor gave an honest and natural performance. I would not want to forget the teenage actors, some whose faces I did recognise from television serials. Each youth artist gave an honest performance; all of them looked the part, showed enthusiasm and charisma.
One must mention the production design by Nitin Desai and costume design by Neeta Lulla which proves to be very authentic and transports you to the 1930s era in India.
Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey is truly an enlightening and enriching experience especially as this revolution was almost unheard of within our Indian history. It certainly evoked the Indian in me and brought me to tears in many scenes. The only flaw with the film (as with all Gowariker's films) is the length. It is approximately 2:50 hours long and there are parts that could have been condensed. It may not rake in the coins at the box office, but it’s by far one of this year’s epics and runaway success in terms of creativity. It is a film that needs to be encouraged and appreciated by all.
Friday, December 3, 2010
KOFFEE WITH KARAN
|Karan Johar’s ‘Koffee With Karan’ third season is undoubtedly spicier than the previous ones. Each episode throws up surprises. This weekend, it’s the smashing Bollywood couple Kareena Kapoor and Saif Ali Khan on the couch.|
What so special about this episode? Read on...
On the show, Saif looked dashing, and Kareena quite saucy in a saree. Saif once again proved he is one of the best in clever quips and ripostes. He sure does impress with his wit and humour. When asked by Karan, what his advertising punchline would be, he replied, “Reliable, strong and very long!”
Here are the stills of the duo with Karan:
The director of films like Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, Black and Guzaarish is now planning to revive his once-shelved film which will star Salman Khanand Kareena Kapoor in lead roles.
Sanjay Leela Bhansali has recently admitted that he makes films, not money, so reviving an old film requires courage. If the recent buzz is to be believed than the director has started thinking again about his magnum opus Bajirao Mastani with Salman and Kareena. The movie was planned in the year 2003 and Sanjay was eager to have Aishwarya Rai in the lead role of Mastani opposite Salman. But because of the Salman and Aishwarya break-up, the director abandoned the thought of making the film with the couple.
Later he went on to make other films but he couldn’t actually part withBajirao Mastani. Sanjay even thought of Kareena at that time for the role but nothing could materialize. Afterwards, Bajirao Mastani was tagged as a jinxed film.
The film narrates the love story of Peshwa Bajirao and his second wife Mastani, who was a Muslim. Their relationship was also the reason of much rift in the orthodox Marathi society of that time and led to a major crisis within the royal Peshwa family. Mastani was a brave lady; she was a skilled horse-rider and used to go to the battlefield with her valiant husband.
With a skilled director like Sanjay, we can expect Bajirao Mastani to be another grandiose, epic film.
Wednesday, December 1, 2010
The ocean’s waves often break over the side of the Icebergs swimming pool, located in the corner of the famed Bondi Beach. This beautiful full-sized 8 lane, 50m swimming pool is open to the public and the fee is only 5 AUD.
Unlike the Icebergs, you would have to be a millionaire to immerse yourself in the waters of the Neptune Pool. The pool, located at Hearst Castle, was originally constructed in 1920s for William Randolph Hearst, an American magnate, and has, since, been rebuilt twice.
This twisting swimming pool projects eight feet over the sidewalk, at the edge of the 10th floor of the Joule Hotel in Dallas. The five-star complex, located in the building since 1927, was designed by a famed architect, Adam D. Tihany.
The calm, emerald-green swimming pool is floating above the Ayung River valley in Bali’s lush foothills. The pool’s home is the Alila Udubu resort, Payangan, a traditional Balinese hill village, near Ubud.
All we know about this swimming pool is that it is located somewhere in Iceland, and to swim in it you have to drive to the farm next door to ask for a key. If you find it, let me know…
This is the world’s largest swimming pool. It is 1,013 m (3,324 ft) long and has an area of 8 ha (19.77 acre), which is equivalent to 6,000 8-meter-long pools. The water is pumped from the Pacific Ocean, then filtered and treated before it is supplied to the pool.
Gellert Baths and Swimming Pool complex looks more like a cathedral than a pool. The famed Budapest’s bath was constructed between 1912 and 1918 and it features chic Art Nouveau style. The temperature of water exceeds 40°C (110°F), so visiting the baths is a perfect way to kill the time on a rainy day.
Harbour Grand Hong Kong, an icon of luxury in Hong Kong, is home to an amazing outdoor swimming pool that sits on the 23th floor of the hotel. The pool, facing the Victoria Harbour, has some truly stunning views of the city’s countless skyscrapers.
Badeschiff or “bathing ship” is the most unusual swimming pool in Berlin. It is an old cargo container converted into a pool on Spree River. During the summer it is an outdoor pool with the beach, bar and DJs. In the winter the whole thing is covered, and a few extra saunas are added.
This amazing swimming pool in Pimalai Resort & Spa on Koh Lanta looks more like some kind of a temple site. In fact, it is a fresh-water, infinity-edge pool, which is set around 50 meters above sea level – so while swimming you can admire the spectacular views of the beach and the sea below.
Water cycle is one of the most interesting environmental cycles to learn about. One can always experiment with simple projects on water cycle and observe this cycle practically. This article will provide you with an explanation of the water cycle for kids with the different stages of the water cycle and some interesting projects to perform and observe the water cycle. | <urn:uuid:afb48713-bcaa-4459-8869-bf7ba965ebf1> | {
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The International Potato Center (CIP) announces the launch of its free online mobile accessible Pest Risk Atlas for Africa that assesses potential pest risks under current and potential future climate conditions for a number of important pests that effect African agricultural and horticultural crops like potato, sweetpotato, vegetables, and maize.
“African communities are highly dependent on agriculture, which is vulnerable to unpredictable changes in climatic conditions,” said Dr. Jürgen Kroschel, CIP’s Agroecology and Integrated Pest Management science leader. “Any increase in temperature caused by climate change will have drastic effects on pest invasions and outbreaks affecting pest management, crop production and food security.”
Climate change will exacerbate existing vulnerabilities of resource-constrained farmers who depend on agriculture for a living. CIP launched the Pest Risk Atlas for Africa to benefit researchers and extension workers involved in pest risk analysis and pest management. Ultimately, this information will create better awareness of current and future pest risks under climate change and promote the inclusion of pest risk adaptation plans at country level. Consequently, it may lead to the adaptation of sustainable pest control methods that are not overly dependent on pesticides and therefore are best suited for farmers in Africa to improve their food security and daily lives under future climates.
In its global pest management research efforts, CIP’s Agroecology and Integrated Pest Management program developed a scientific framework based on advanced pest phenology modeling and Geographic Information System risk mapping to better understand future pest risks on global, regional, and local scales and to use this information for adaptation planning.
The Pest Risk Atlas for Africa provides detailed information for pest risk analysis including:
- Detection and identification, morphology, and biology with an emphasis on temperature-dependent development
- Means of movement and dispersal, economic impact, geographical distribution, and phytosanitary risks
- Risk mapping under current and future climates: global risk and regional risks for Africa with individual country risk maps
- Phytosanitary measures and adaptation to risk avoidance at farm level.
On average, 30–50% of the yield losses in agricultural crops are caused by pests, despite the application of pesticides to control them. Climate, especially temperature, has a strong and direct influence on the development and growth of insect pest populations. A rise in temperature due to climate change may both increase or decrease pest development rates. Hence, an increase in temperature can potentially affect range expansion and outbreaks of many insect pests. Therefore, if adequate integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are not developed and made available to farmers, greater losses in crop yield and quality could ultimately result.
Natural enemies play an important role in managing pests and are often used in classical biocontrol programs to manage invasive non-indigenous pests. It is important to better understand how climate change will affect this trophic level and how crop management can build and rely on biocontrol strategies. The Pest Atlas for Africa includes important data and mapping information to better use this powerful pest management option.
The Pest Risk Atlas for Africa is now available online at https://cipotato.org/riskatlasforafrica/ and will be periodically updated and enriched with new pest chapters. All individual pest and biocontrol agent chapters can be downloaded for free. It also contains interactivity that allows users to zoom into maps, and do quick searches for specific information.
The International Potato Center, known by its Spanish acronym CIP, was founded in 1971 as a root and tuber research-for-development institution delivering sustainable solutions to the pressing world problems of hunger, poverty, and the degradation of natural resources. CIP is truly a global center, with headquarters in Lima, Peru and offices in 20 developing countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Working closely with our partners, CIP seeks to achieve food security, increased well-being, and gender equity for poor people in the developing world. CIP furthers its mission through rigorous research, innovation in science and technology, and capacity strengthening regarding root and tuber farming and food systems.
CIP is part of the CGIAR Systems Organization, a global partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for a food secure future. CGIAR research is dedicated to reducing rural poverty, increasing food security, improving human health and nutrition, and ensuring more sustainable management of natural resources. Donors include individual countries, major foundations, and international entities. | <urn:uuid:e8f64a18-5ff0-46b8-a637-1ebb22de9e48> | {
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I saw two kangaroos; but it was when we were among the rocks, and they in the plains below. Juno stood on a jutting precipitous rock, aud pointed them, a little frightened, yet half inclined to take a bound after them. Carlo had a run after a wallabee; but it requires a practised dog to kill one, and he is yet inexperienced.
May 1st.—Some natives—seven men, one pretty young woman, and two boys—have been here. I gave them some wheat, but they wanted bread very much, and stayed with me for it half an hour, then went to Mr. Shaw's, thence to the barracks, where shots were fired to frighten them; they were unarmed;—I hope we shall not suffer for the indiscretion of the soldiers.
2nd.—Captain Irwin came here to-day, and instituted an inquiry into this unprovoked and causeless firing at the unarmed natives, and issued strict orders.
A murder was committed by the natives the day before yesterday, on the road between Fremantle and the Canning, in consequence of the following provocation. Some time ago, a man who had come from Van Diemen's Land, when escorting a cart to the house of Mr. Phillips, on the Canning, saw some unoffending natives in the way. "D—n the rascals," said he, "I'll show you how we treat them in Van Diemen's Land," and immediately fired on them. That very cart, with two men who had been present at the transaction, was passing near the same spot the day before yesterday, when they were met by about fifty natives, who had lain in ambush, and the two men were deprived of life so suddenly, that Mr. Phillips (who was accompanying other carts about two hundred yards behind) was hardly in time to see Ya-gan thrust a spear into one of them as he lay on the ground. A reward has been offered for the head of this Ya-gan, whether dead or alive; and several others who were active in the affair, will probably be proclaimed also. A native was shot a few days since at Fremantle, in the act of breaking into a store at night. | <urn:uuid:b6aa2b17-6fe6-4eaf-8a8f-3d41b7988a45> | {
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A monument to a forgotten war’s soldiers awaits restoration on the National Mall.
By Donna Evers
The First World War left an indelible impression on all of those who experienced its horrors. Ernest Hemingway, one of many young writers who volunteered to drive ambulances on the battlefields, borrowed an expression coined by his friend, Gertrude Stein, to describe those who came of age during and shortly after the conflict as the “Lost Generation.” To those who witnessed the death and devastation, the war signaled the end of optimism about the future. At the same time, they marveled at the courage of the soldiers who gave their lives. | <urn:uuid:fa84e96c-cc99-4687-a2da-69ea564b5c0f> | {
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“I think Lester Brown is one of the sharpest minds out there in terms of identifying the broad spectrum of ecological issues we face, and promoting practical, sensible solutions that are both environmentally and economically sound.” – Jeff McIntire-Strasburg, Sustainablog.
Chapter 13. The Great Mobilization: Shifting Taxes and Subsidies
The need for tax shifting—lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities—has been widely endorsed by economists. For example, a tax on coal that incorporated the increased health care costs associated with mining it and breathing polluted air, the costs of damage from acid rain, and the costs of climate disruption would encourage investment in clean renewable sources of energy such as wind or solar. 4
A market that is permitted to ignore the indirect costs in pricing goods and services is irrational, wasteful, and, in the end, self-destructive. It is precisely what Nicholas Stern was referring to when he described the failure to incorporate the costs of climate change in the prices of fossil fuels as “a market failure on the greatest scale the world has ever seen.” 5
The first step in creating an honest market is to calculate indirect costs. Perhaps the best model for this is a U.S. government study on the costs to society of smoking cigarettes that was undertaken by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In 2006 the CDC calculated the cost to society of smoking cigarettes, including both the cost of treating smoking-related illnesses and the lost worker productivity from these illnesses, at $10.47 per pack. 6
This calculation provides a framework for raising taxes on cigarettes. In Chicago, smokers now pay $3.66 per pack in state and local cigarette taxes. New York City is not far behind at $3 per pack. At the state level, New Jersey—which has boosted the tax in four of the last five years to a total of $2.58—has the highest tax. Since a 10-percent price rise typically reduces smoking by 4 percent, the health benefits of tax increases are substantial. 7
Tax restructuring can also be used to create an honest pricing system for ecological services. For example, forest ecologists can estimate the values of services that trees provide, such as flood control and carbon sequestration. Once these are determined, they can be incorporated into the price of trees as a stumpage tax. Anyone wishing to cut a tree would have to pay a tax equal to the value of the services provided by that tree. The market for lumber would then be based on ecologically honest prices, prices that would reduce tree cutting and encourage wood reuse and paper recycling.
The most efficient means of restructuring the energy economy to stabilize atmospheric CO2 levels is a carbon tax. Paid by the primary producers—the oil or coal companies—it would permeate the entire fossil fuel energy economy. The tax on coal would be almost double that on natural gas simply because coal has a much higher carbon content. As noted in Chapter 11, we propose a worldwide carbon tax of $240 per ton to be phased in at the rate of $20 per year between 2008 and 2020. Once a schedule for phasing in the carbon tax and reducing the tax on income is in place, the new prices can be used by all economic decisionmakers to make more intelligent decisions. 8
For a gasoline tax, the most detailed analysis available of indirect costs is found in The Real Price of Gasoline by the International Center for Technology Assessment. The many indirect costs to society—including climate change, oil industry tax breaks, oil supply protection, oil industry subsidies, and treatment of auto exhaust-related respiratory illnesses—total around $12 per gallon ($3.17 per liter), slightly more than the cost to society of smoking a pack of cigarettes. If this external or social cost is added to the roughly $3 per gallon average price of gas in the United States in early 2007, gas would cost $15 a gallon. These are real costs. Someone bears them. If not us, our children. Now that these costs have been calculated, they can be used to set tax rates on gasoline, just as the CDC analysis is being used to raise taxes on cigarettes. 9
Gasoline’s indirect costs of $12 per gallon provide a reference point for raising taxes to where the price reflects the environmental truth. Gasoline taxes in Italy, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom averaging $4.40 per gallon are almost halfway there. The average U.S. gas tax of 47¢ per gallon, scarcely one tenth that in Europe, helps explain why more gasoline is used in the United States than in the next 20 countries combined. 10
Phasing in a gasoline tax of 40¢ per gallon per year for the next 12 years, for a total rise of $4.80 a gallon, and offsetting it with a reduction in income taxes would raise the U.S. gas tax to the $4–5 per gallon prevailing today in Europe and Japan. This will still fall short of the $12 of indirect costs currently associated with burning a gallon of gasoline, but combined with the rising price of gasoline itself it should be enough to encourage people to use improved public transport and motorists to buy the plug-in hybrid cars scheduled to enter the market in 2010.
These carbon and gasoline taxes may seem high, but there is at least one dramatic precedent. In November 1998 the U.S. tobacco industry agreed to reimburse state governments $251 billion for the Medicare costs of treating smoking-related illnesses—nearly $1,000 for every person in the United States. This landmark agreement was, in effect, a retroactive tax on cigarettes smoked in the past, one designed to cover indirect costs. To pay this enormous bill, companies raised cigarette prices, bringing them closer to their true costs and further discouraging smoking. 11
A carbon tax of $240 per ton of carbon by 2020 may seem steep, but it is not. If gasoline taxes in Europe, which were designed to generate revenue and to discourage excessive dependence on imported oil, were thought of as a carbon tax, the $4.40 per gallon would translate into a carbon tax of $1,815 per ton. This is a staggering number, one that goes far beyond any carbon emission tax or cap-and-trade carbon-price proposals to date. It suggests that the official discussions of carbon prices in the range of $15 to $50 a ton are clearly on the modest end of the possible range of prices. The high gasoline taxes in Europe have contributed to an oil-efficient economy and to far greater investment in high-quality public transportation over the decades, making it less vulnerable to supply disruptions. 12
Tax shifting is not new in Europe. A four-year plan adopted in Germany in 1999 systematically shifted taxes from labor to energy. By 2003, this plan had reduced annual CO2 emissions by 20 million tons and helped to create approximately 250,000 additional jobs. It had also accelerated growth in the renewable energy sector, creating some 64,000 jobs by 2006 in the wind industry alone, a number that is projected to rise to 103,000 by 2010. 13
Between 2001 and 2006, Sweden shifted an estimated $2 billion of taxes from income to environmentally destructive activities. Much of this shift of $500 or so per household was levied on road transport, including hikes in vehicle and fuel taxes. Electricity is also picking up part of the shift. Environmental tax shifting is becoming commonplace in Europe, where France, Italy, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom are also using this policy instrument. In Europe and the United States, polls indicate that at least 70 percent of voters support environmental tax reform once it is explained to them. 14
Environmental taxes are now being used for several purposes. As noted earlier, landfill taxes adopted by either national or local governments are becoming more common. A number of cities are now taxing cars that enter the city. Others are simply imposing a tax on automobile ownership. In Denmark, the tax on the purchase of a new car exceeds the price of the car itself. A new car that sells for $25,000 costs the buyer more than $50,000. Other governments are moving in this direction. New York Times reporter Howard French writes that Shanghai, which is being suffocated by automobiles, “has raised the fees for car registrations every year since 2000, doubling over that time to about $4,600 per vehicle—more than twice the city’s per capita income.” 15
Some 2,500 economists, including eight Nobel Prize winners in economics, have endorsed the concept of tax shifts. Harvard economics professor N. Gregory Mankiw wrote in Fortune magazine: “Cutting income taxes while increasing gasoline taxes would lead to more rapid economic growth, less traffic congestion, safer roads, and reduced risk of global warming—all without jeopardizing long-term fiscal solvency. This may be the closest thing to a free lunch that economics has to offer.” 16
Cap-and-trade systems using tradable permits are sometimes an alternative to environmental tax restructuring. The principal difference between them is that with permits, governments set the amount of a given activity that is allowed, such as the harvest from a fishery, and let the market set the price of the permits as they are auctioned off. With environmental taxes, in contrast, the price of the environmentally destructive activity is incorporated in the tax rate, and the market determines the amount of the activity that will occur at that price. Both economic instruments can be used to discourage environmentally irresponsible behavior.
The use of cap-and-trade systems with marketable permits has been effective at the national level, ranging from restricting the catch in an Australian fishery to reducing sulfur emissions in the United States. For example, the government of Australia, concerned about lobster overharvesting, estimated the sustainable yield of lobsters and then issued catch permits totaling that amount. Fishers could then bid for these permits. In effect, the government decided how many lobsters could be taken each year and let the market decide what the permits were worth. Since the permit trading system was adopted in 1986, the fishery has stabilized and appears to be operating on a sustainable basis. 17
Although tradable permits are popular in the business community, permits are administratively more complicated and not as well understood as taxes. Edwin Clark, former senior economist with the White House Council on Environmental Quality, observes that tradable permits “require establishing complex regulatory frameworks, defining the permits, establishing the rules for trades, and preventing people from acting without permits.” In contrast to restructuring taxes, something with which there is wide familiarity, tradable permits are a concept not widely understood by the public, making it more difficult to generate broad public support. 18
Each year the world’s taxpayers provide an estimated $700 billion of subsidies for environmentally destructive activities, such as fossil fuel burning, overpumping aquifers, clearcutting forests, and overfishing. An Earth Council study, Subsidizing Unsustainable Development, observes that “there is something unbelievable about the world spending hundreds of billions of dollars annually to subsidize its own destruction.” 19
Iran provides a classic example of extreme subsidies when it prices oil for internal use at one tenth the world price, strongly encouraging car ownership and gas consumption. If its $37-billion annual subsidy were phased out, the World Bank reports that Iran’s carbon emissions would drop by a staggering 49 percent. This move would also strengthen the economy by freeing up public revenues for investment in the country’s economic development. Iran is not alone. The Bank reports that removing energy subsidies would reduce carbon emissions in India by 14 percent, in Indonesia by 11 percent, in Russia by 17 percent, and in Venezuela by 26 percent. Carbon emissions could be cut in scores of countries by simply eliminating fossil fuel subsidies. 20
Some countries are already doing this. Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany reduced its coal subsidy from $2.8 billion in 1989 to $1.4 billion in 2002, meanwhile lowering its coal use by 38 percent. It plans to phase out this support entirely by 2018. As oil prices have climbed, a number of countries have greatly reduced or eliminated subsidies that held fuel prices well below world market prices because of the heavy fiscal cost. Among these are China, Indonesia, and Nigeria. 21
A study by the U.K. Green Party, Aviation’s Economic Downside, describes the extent of subsidies to the U.K. airline industry. The giveaway begins with $18 billion in tax breaks, including a total exemption from the federal tax. External or indirect costs that are not paid, such as treating illness from breathing the air polluted by planes, the costs of climate change, and so forth, add nearly $7.5 billion to the tab. The subsidy in the United Kingdom totals $426 per resident. This is also an inherently regressive tax policy simply because a part of the U.K. population cannot afford to fly, yet they help subsidize this high-cost travel for their more affluent compatriots. 22
While some leading industrial countries have been reducing subsidies to fossil fuels—notably coal, the most climate-disrupting of all fuels—the United States has increased its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries. Douglas Koplow, founder of Earth Track, calculated in a 2006 study that annual U.S. federal energy subsidies have a total value to the industry of $74 billion. Of this, the oil and gas industry gets $39 billion, coal $8 billion, and nuclear $9 billion. At a time when there is a need to conserve oil resources, U.S. taxpayers are subsidizing their depletion. 23
Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. A world facing the prospect of economically disruptive climate change, for example, can no longer justify subsidies to expand the burning of coal and oil. Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power will help stabilize the earth’s climate. Shifting subsidies from road construction to rail construction could increase mobility in many situations while reducing carbon emissions. And shifting the $22 billion in annual fishing industry subsidies, which encourage destructive overfishing, to the creation of marine parks to regenerate fisheries would be a giant step in restoring oceanic fisheries. 24
In a troubled world economy, where many governments are facing fiscal deficits, these proposed tax and subsidy shifts can help balance the books, create additional jobs, and save the economy’s eco-supports. Tax and subsidy shifting promise energy efficiency, cuts in carbon emissions, and reductions in environmental destruction—a win-win-win situation.
4. Redefining Progress, The Economists’ Statement on Climate Change (Oakland, CA: 1997).
5. Nicholas Stern, The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change (London: HM Treasury, 2006), p. 27.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Sustaining State Programs for Tobacco Control: Data Highlights 2006 (Atlanta, GA: 2006).
7. Cigarette death toll from World Health Organization, “Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD),” fact sheet (Geneva: November 2006); Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, “Top Combined State-Local Cigarette Tax Rates,” fact sheet (Washington, DC: Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, 1 July 2007); Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, “Raising Cigarette Taxes Reduces Smoking, Especially Among Kids (And the Cigarette Companies Know It),” fact sheet (Washington, DC: Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, 11 June 2007).
8. Carbon content of fuels from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Bioenergy Conversion Factors, at bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/ misc/energy_conv.html, viewed 15 October 2007.
9. Gasoline indirect cost calculated based on International Center for Technology Assessment (ICTA), The Real Price of Gasoline, Report No. 3 (Washington, DC: 1998), p. 34, and updated using ICTA, Gasoline Cost Externalities Associated with Global Climate Change: An Update to CTA’s Real Price of Gasoline Report (Washington, DC: September 2004), ICTA, Gasoline Cost Externalities: Security and Protection Services: An Update to CTA’s Real Price of Gasoline Report (Washington, DC: January 2005), Terry Tamminen, Lives Per Gallon: The True Cost of Our Oil Addiction (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2006), p. 60, and Bureau for Economic Analysis, “Table 3—Price Indices for Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Purchases,” GDP and Other Major Series, 1929–2007 (Washington, DC: August 2007); U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA), This Week in Petroleum (Washington, DC: various issues).
10. American Petroleum Institute, State Gasoline Tax Report (Washington DC: August 2007); DOE, EIA, “Weekly (Monday) Retail Premium Gasoline Prices, Selected Countries,” at www.eia.doe.gov/emeu, updated 9 July 2007; Gerhard Metschies, “Pain at the Pump,” Foreign Policy, July/August 2007.
11. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, “Cigarette Price Increase Follows Tobacco Pact,” Agricultural Outlook, January–February 1999.
12. DOE, op. cit. note 10; carbon tax equivalent calculated using DOE, EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gasses in the United States 2001 (Washington, DC: 2002), p. B–1; DOE EIA, Annual Energy Review 2006 (Washington, DC: 2007), p. 359.
13. Markus Knigge and Benjamin Gorlach, Effects of Germany’s Ecological Tax Reforms on the Environment, Employment and Technological Innovation: Summary of the Final Report of the Project (Berlin: Ecologic Institute for International and European Environmental Policy, August 2005); German Wind Energy Association, A Clean Issue—Wind Energy in Germany (Berlin: May 2006), p. 4; Donald W. Aitken, “Germany Launches its Transition: How One of the Most Advanced Industrial Nations is Moving to 100 Percent Energy from Renewable Sources,” Solar Today, March/April 1005, pp. 26–29.
14. Estimate of Swedish tax shifting based on Paul Ekins and Stefan Speck, “Environmental Tax Reform in Europe: Energy Tax Rates and Competitiveness,” in press, 2007; Ministry of Finance, Sweden, “Taxation and the Environment,” press release (Stockholm: 25 May 2005); household size from Target Group Index, “Household Size,” Global TGI Barometer (Miami: 2005); population from U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database, at http://esa.un.org/unpp/; Andrew Hoerner and Benoît Bosquet, Environmental Tax Reform: The European Experience (Washington, DC: Center for a Sustainable Economy, 2001); European Environment Agency, Environmental Taxes: Recent Developments in Tools for Integration, Environmental Issues Series No. 18 (Copenhagen: 2000); environmental tax support from David Malin Roodman, The Natural Wealth of Nations (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998), p. 243.
15. “New Hampshire Town Boosts Recycling with Pay-As-You-Throw,” Environment News Service, 21 March 2007; Tom Miles, “London Drivers to Pay UK’s First Congestion Tax,” Reuters, 28 February 2002; Energy Council, Energy Efficiency Policies and Indicators (London: 2001), Annex 1; Howard W. French, “A City’s Traffic Plans Are Snarled by China’s Car Culture,” New York Times, 12 July 2005.
16. N. Gregory Mankiw, “Gas Tax Now!” Fortune, 24 May 1999, pp. 60–64.
17. Australia in John Tierney, “A Tale of Two Fisheries,” New York Times Magazine, 27 August 2000; South Australian Southern Zone Rock Lobster Fishery Management Committee, Southern Zone Rock Lobster Annual Report 2005–2006 (Adelaide, South Australia: October 2006), p. 2.
18. Edwin Clark, letter to author, 25 July 2001.
19. André de Moor and Peter Calamai, Subsidizing Unsustainable Development (San José, Costa Rica: Earth Council, 1997); Barbara Crossette, “Subsidies Hurt Environment, Critics Say Before Talks,” New York Time, 23 June 1997.
20. World Bank, World Development Report 2003 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 30, 142; International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2006 (Paris: 2006), p. 279.
21. Belgium, France, and Japan from Seth Dunn, “King Coal’s Weakening Grip on Power,” World Watch, September/October 1999, pp. 10–19; coal subsidy reduction in Germany from Robin Pomeroy, “EU Ministers Clear German Coal Subsidies,” Reuters, 10 June 2002; DOE, EIA, International Energy Annual 2005 (Washington, DC: June–October 2007), Table E.4; Craig Whitlock, “German Hard-Coal Production to Cease by 2018,” Washington Post, 30 July 2007; China, Indonesia, and Nigeria subsidy cuts from GTZ Transport Policy Advisory Service, International Fuel Prices 2007 (Eschborn, Germany: April 2007), p. 3.
22. John Whitelegg and Spencer Fitz-Gibbon, Aviation’s Economic Downside, 3rd ed. (London: Green Party of England & Wales, 2003); dollar conversion based on August 2007 exchange rate in International Monetary Fund, “Representative Exchange Rates for Selected Currencies in August 2007,” Exchange Rate Archives by Month, at www.imf.org/external, viewed 16 August 2007; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 14.
23. Doug Koplow, Subsidies in the U.S. Energy Sector: Magnitude, Causes, and Options for Reform (Cambridge, MA: Earth Track, November 2006).
24. Fishery subsidy value includes “bad” subsidies and fuel subsidies as estimated in Fisheries Center, University of British Columbia, Catching More Bait: A Bottom-Up Re-Estimation of Global Fisheries Subsidies (2nd Version) (Vancouver, BC: The Fisheries Center, 2006), p. 21.
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Groundwater Is Drought Lifeline for California Farmers
By the end of this year, the California drought will have cost the state about 3.25 million Olympic-sized swimming pools worth of surface water.
That’s 2.15 trillion gallons — enough water to supply 18.4 million average homes with water for an entire year — lost to drought, and resulting in $2.2 billion in economic losses and more than 17,000 jobs losses across the state.
Drought-stricken Folsom Lake from Beal's Point in Granite Bay, Calif., in February.
Credit: University of California-Davis
Those numbers come from a University of California-Davis report released Tuesday on the economic impacts of the drought in California, the conclusions of which UC-Davis Center for Watershed Science professor and report co-author Richard Howitt summed up this way during a news conference Tuesday:
“There are pockets of extreme deprivation where they’re out of water and out of jobs,” he said. “In certain parts of the Central Valley, it’s extremely bad.”
Agriculture by itself is taking a $1.5 billion economic hit as the drought has forced 428,000 acres of farmland out of production, according to the report.
Farmers in California are suffering their greatest water loss in history because of the drought as river water used for crop irrigation has been reduced by one-third, according to the paper.
|RELATED||Time is Running Out for California Drought Relief
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Is the West’s Dry Spell Really a Megadrought?
California is neck-deep in its third-worst drought on record, with drastically reduced snowpack and water supplies across the state. The drought is generally forcing the state to do some soul searching and thinking about how it plans to store, consume and conserve water in the coming years.
Today, 100 percent of the state is at least severely drought-stricken, with more than 78 percent either in extreme drought or exceptional drought, the worst stages of water scarcity according to the U.S. Drought Monitor.
California is surviving the drought this summer because it is using its water “bank account” — groundwater. The problem for the state is that nobody knows how big that bank account is because California is the only Western state that doesn’t measure its groundwater, Howitt said.
About 5.5 million acre-feet of the 6.6 million acre-foot loss in surface water is made up for with groundwater pumping, which means that the state is really only feeling a water loss of about 1 million acre-feet, or enough to fill roughly 543,089 Olympic swimming pools.
But groundwater pumping comes at a cost to farmers — $454 million statewide — mainly because of the electricity required.
It’s anybody’s guess how long that use of groundwater can go on for because the state doesn’t know how much groundwater is being used, preventing the state from managing its groundwater effectively, according to the report.
“We’re like somebody who is so rich, they don’t have to balance their checkbook,” Howitt said. “We still think we’re in a groundwater-rich era.”
Report co-author and UC-Davis professor Jay Lund said more groundwater is being pumped for agriculture this year than has ever been delivered by the State Water Project in an entire year. (The Project is in charge of storing and delivering water across the state, with most water going to urban users.)
The report calls on the state of California to more effectively manage groundwater and allow it to replenish in wet years.
Dry fields in February near San Joaquin, Calif.
Credit: University of California-Davis
But when the next wet year will come is anybody’s guess, because there’s more than a 50 percent chance that the drought will drag on at least another year, Lund said
He said the length of the current drought may not be affected by a possible El Niño currently brewing in the Pacific, he said.
El Niños do not correlate with higher stream flows in California, so the state can’t plan on an unusually wet period coming up if an El Niño develops, Lund said.
Climate change's role in California's drought is unclear, and the National Climate Assessment projects that the state is unlikely to see the significant changes in soil moisture, precipitation and the annual number of dry days that are expected in Arizona, New Mexico and other areas of the Southwest.
California has always had droughts and probably always will, Lund said.
“The climate is becoming warmer,” he said. “We are seeing a shift — less runoff in the spring and more in the winter. That makes it harder to manage water because water is running off at a time further from when we want it.”
The state has a long history of drought, with some lasting only a few years and others lasting centuries.
The bottom line for California and water scarcity is that climate change will likely make it costlier and less convenient to capture water for human and agricultural consumption, but it’s unclear yet if climate change alone will mean less water overall for the state, Lund said. | <urn:uuid:fa3abef4-870b-4fca-b533-867af87e67fa> | {
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As you complete the rest
of the introductory module, you will:
Apply the rationale for change in designing adult learning
Define the word design as it is used in this course.
Recognize the steps in the design process.
Apply adult learning principles to design problems.
Identify your design project.
Are your adult learning experiences producing results?
Focus on student outcomes requires different staff development approaches.
Results are a must today!
What do adults need to know and be able to do?
Staff development for adults should be linked to student needs.
Learning should be part of long term plan.
No more one shot experiences for adult learners.
What is learned must be transferred and applied to the work setting.
Staff development must get RESULTS.
need the opportunity to apply new knowledge in the workplace, to practice
and get feedback when they try out new skills. For real learning to result,
what is learned must be successfully transferred and applied in the work
How staff development has changed is described in an article that has
become a classic. Print, read, and highlight the key points in the article
A Paradigm Shift in Staff Development Journal of Staff Development,
Fall, 1994 Vol. 15, No. 4, pg. 26
Author: Dennis Sparks
Activity Intro - A:Reflect
and write a brief paragraph response to each of the questions.
Please submit your activity by email to your facilitator. If you
are unable to access email, you may print out the PDF and
US Mail or Pony Mail
it to your facilitator.
To show what you currently do to develop an adult learning experience,
complete the next activity. Create
a flowchart as a word document illustrating the step-by-step process you
adult learning experience or staff development opportunity for which you
have responsibility. Or you may sketch out the process off-line using
paper and colored pencils or markers. Be honest about how you currently
Designing Staff Development
Design is a step-by-step process for the assessment
and analysis of learner needs, the development of specific objectives,
the development of learning strategies, materials and content, and
the evaluation of the effectiveness of the adult learning experience.
To learn the steps in the design process, review the Flow Chart.
STEPS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS
on the similarities on your flow chart and the flow chart provided. Reflect
on the differences. Write a few notes about the similarities and differences.
Bring the flowchart you created for this activity along with your notes
to the first meeting of the study group for discussion.
Please review the
Adult Learning (PDF) presentation.
As we begin to design staff development experiences, these principles
will guide our thinking.
To gain more insight about adult learning, you may consult additional
resources. For additional information about Adult Learning, you may choose
to read one of the following “classics” in adult education.
Brookfield, S.D. (1986) Understanding and facilitating adult learning.
San Francisco: Jossey Bass
Knowles, M.S. (1998) The modern practice of adult education: From
pedagogy to andragogy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Merriam, S.B.,& Caffarella, R.S. (1991). Learning in adulthood.
scenario and determine if the designer's approach is consistent or inconsistent
with adult learning principles.Click
your choice for each scenario to receive feedback.
If you were able to answer the questions
correctly, continue with the module. If you were not, go back and review
Adult Learning (PDF) presentation
and select additional resources on adult learning to expand your understanding.
If you would like to print the PDF, simply click on the PDF link and print
The Broward County Schools approach to designing quality staff development
is aligned with the best available knowledge at the national, state and,
local levels. To understand more about the rationale for the changes,
explore the national, state and local district policies driving the changes
in the design and delivery of staff development in the school district.
Each link will take you to more information. Be prepared to discuss these
national, state, and local policies at the first study group meeting.
The National Staff Development Council has developed twelve Standards
for Staff Development relating to context, content, and process.
PDF: The State of Florida has developed
a Protocol System for Evaluating Professional Development
PDF: The Broward County School District
"Pathways Policy" directs staff development in the district
to include the national and state standards of effective professional
PDF: The Broward County Staff Development
Model addresses all the components necessary for effective staff development
and ensures “change” takes place. The model is also linked
to the Sterling Criteria used in the district.
A video-tape based program titled, A Paradigm Shift: Staff Development
for Improved Learning is available for check out from the Myron Ashmore
Center in Broward County Schools HRD Department. This program is produced
by Video Journal. This video provides additional rationale for the shift
to results-driven, impact focused staff development approaches and examples
of what is happening in other districts around the country.
To identify your project, think about a “real world” learning
experience you need to design or re-design. As you proceed through this
course, you will demonstrate your learning by preparing pieces of the
design you have identified. For now, you will simply identify your design
project and e-mail it to your learning facilitator. At the first study
group meeting be prepared to share a preview of your design project. You
will receive helpful feedback from your learning facilitator and peers.
Activity Intro - B: Please submit your activity by email
to your facilitator. If you are unable to access email, you may print
PDF and fax or
US Mail or Pony Mail
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Kodiak Bear is the largest of all the brown bears of the Alaskan coast and islands,
which weight up to 685 kilogram. Also known as the Big Brown (because of the size) and the Alaskan brown bear
these giants fatten on everything from mountain blueberries to washed-up whale carcasses, but their
particular prey is the big
Pacific salmon that come up the coastal rivers each summer to spawn.
Seeing a Kodiak bear rearing its monstrous bulk in the air to spot a likely
fishing hole, one finds it hard to realize that it was born blind and helpless, an
infant the size of a rat and weighing less than a pound
Kodiak Bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi) is also commonly referred to as the Alaskan Brown
or simply the Brown Bear. Native to the Kodiak Archipelago region in Alaska, the Kodiak Bear is plentiful
Since there have been many Kodiak Bears throughout Alaska, their genetic pool is strong and
they rarely are affected by the health conditions associated with species that must rely upon inbreeding
for survival. Male Kodiaks are referred to as boars while the female is known as a sow.
As with other bears, baby Kodiaks are referred to as cubs. The Alaska Department of Fish and Wildlife
has declared the Kodiak Island to be protected, and under this protection, the Kodiak population
has flourished, there are approximately 3,500 Kodiak Bears throughout Alaska.
When viewing the Kodiak Bear, you might notice a striking similarity to the Grizzly Bear,
however they have several differences. The Kodiak Bear is larger than the Grizzly Bear and is known for
having a wider or broader face as well as fur that is longer than the Grizzly Bear.
The Kodiak’s coat may range from shades of tan or blonde, to a dark chocolate brown, and baby bears tend
to have a pure white ring that remains around their neck for the first several years of the cub’s life.
They are very large creatures and though it is difficult to get an exact weight on any wild Alaskan Brown Bear,
there have been estimates made in regards to their size. It is believed that the male Kodiak can range
between 800 and 1500lbs. while females range between 500 and 700lbs.
It’s important to realize that Kodiak bears in captivity often weigh extremely more than those
in the wild, even reaching weights of 2,500 lbs.
Other distinguishing features include a very small tail that measures between 2 and 8 inches,
and flat feet with claws that are continually exposed. The Kodiak Bear is also known for having very large claws
as well as a coat of long, shaggy fur. The Kodiak has very poor eyesight and relies almost exclusively upon its
well-developed sense of smell and hearing. The height of the Kodiak can range between 5 ˝ to 9 ˝ feet.
The shoulder span of the bear is also very wide and ranges between 3 to 5 feet. Kodiak Bears are also identified by a
very noticeable, protruding hump on the shoulders.
Kodiaks begin breeding between the ages of 4 and 6 years old.
The breeding period is between the months of May and July and their gestational period last between 180 and 270 days
or between 6 and 9 months. The sow delivers her cubs between the months of January and March.
The typical number of bear cubs delivered is 2, and cubs are known to stay with their mothers for the first two years of life.
The main diet of the Kodiak Bear is fish, and it is due to this excessive amount of protein that the Kodiak grows to such
a large size, making the Kodiak the largest bear worldwide.
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Many express hesitation when it comes to the idea of taking cholesterol medication, or “statins.” This is despite their well documented record of efficacy and safety in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Guidelines for the treatment of high cholesterol are based on one’s LDL (or “bad cholesterol”) level in combination with one’s determined CVD risk.
According to the National Cholesterol Education Program’s most recent Adult Treatment Program Report (ATP III) for those at lowest risk, medication may not be indicated until the LDL cholesterol is greater than 160 to 190. However, for those at highest risk, medication may be suggested when the LDL level is over 100, or even lower for some.
Who is at highest risk and how should asymptomatic adults be screened for CVD?
Recent guidelines by ACCF and AHA have been issued in 2010. Those with existing cardiovascular disease (history stroke, aortic aneurysm, coronary artery disease or peripheral vascular disease) are at highest risk for future events. Certain diseases are also considered “coronary artery disease equivalents,” because of the very high rates of cardiovascular disease in those affected. Diabetes and chronic renal insufficiency are the two most common conditions that fall into this category.
One widely used CVD risk calculator is called the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). Use of this tool is endorsed by the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology, and numerous other medical professional groups. The FRS uses traditional cardiac risk factors to calculate a score of one’s ten year risk of having a cardiovascular event. The major risk factors for CVD are:
- Cigarette smoking
- Hypertension (BP greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg or on antihypertensive medication)
- Low HDL cholesterol (less than 40 mg/dL),
- Family history of premature CHD (CHD in male first-degree relative less than 55 years; CHD in female first-degree relative less than 65 years)
- Age (men greater than or equal to 45 years; women greater than or equal to 55 years)
High risk is defined as a person whose likelihood of having a cardiovascular event is over 20% within ten years. Low risk is defined as a person whose likelihood of having a cardiovascular event is less than 10 %. Those at intermediate risk have a 10 to 20% chance of having a cardiovascular event within 10 years. Some further stratify intermediate risk into moderate risk (FRS of <10% but two CHD risk factors) and moderately high risk (FRS >10% and two CHD risk factors). Furthermore, some use a cut-off of 6% as the upper limit of “low risk.”
The Framingham Risk Score works well for those over 40 years old, and may work better for men than women. The key is to identify those who are at higher risk and to take action to modify that risk—lowering their blood pressure and treating their cholesterol. There are supplementary tests that can be particularly useful in patients who are intermediate risk and might benefit from more intense monitoring and intervention.
Here some tests that have clinical utility:
“HS-CRP” (C-reactive protein) is an inflammatory marker that may be helpful to guide decision-making for men over 50 and women over 60 who are at intermediate cardiac risk. CRP can be lowered by interventions that improve other cardiovascular risk factors, such as exercise, weight loss, smoking cessation, statins, and antihypertensive treatments. In the JUPITER trial rosuvastatin (Crestor) 20 mg/d versus placebo was studied in the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in men and women without diabetes with LDL cholesterol > 130 mg/dL and CRP > 2 mg/L. After a median follow-up of 1.9 years, rosuvastatin was associated with a significant reduction in cardiovascular events.
Hemoglobin A1C is a measure of glycemic control over several months. It is most commonly used to diagnose and monitor diabetes. However, studies have shown that in non-diabetic patients increased hemoglobin A1C levels (even within normal range) are associated with increasing risk of cardiovascular disease.
Urinalysis for the detection of microalbumin
Urine microalbumin detection is recommended annually in diabetic patients. The test is inexpensive and easy to perform. The presence of microalbuminuria has also been linked to increased cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension and in asymptomatic adults who are at intermediate risk of cardiovascular disease.
Carotid Intima Media Thickness (IMT) by Ultrasound
This is the thickness of the vascular lining of the carotid artery. The risk of CHD events increases in a continuous fashion as carotid intima media thickness increases (RR increases approximately 15% per 0.10-mm increase in carotid IMT). This test is not performed at all centers.
Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)
The ABI is performed by doppler measurement of blood pressure in all 4 extremities at the brachial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis arteries. The highest lower-extremity blood pressure is divided by the highest of the upper-extremity blood pressures, with a value of < 0.9 indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease, which is defined as > 50% blockage. When defined in this way, the ABI has both a high sensitivity and specificity for anatomic blockage. An abnormally low ABI has also been shown to be a predictor of cardiovascular events.
An Exercise ECG, a form of cardiac “stress test,” may be useful for risk assessment in intermediate-risk asymptomatic adults (including sedentary adults considering starting a vigorous exercise program). Probably the most powerful risk marker obtained during routine exercise testing is exercise capacity; studies have consistently found that depressed exercise capacity is associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
Computed Tomography for Coronary Calcium
A cardiac CT or EBCT may be used to detect and quantify coronary calcium (CAC), a marker of atherosclerosis. It may be useful in persons at intermediate risk (6 to 20%). This test is not recommended for men less than 40 or for women less than 50 due to the very low prevalence of detectable calcium in these demographics.
In pooled data from six clinical trials, study subjects who had calcium scores of zero were found to have a low rate of cardiovascular events (0.4%) over the subsequent 3 to 5 years after testing. In subjects with high calcium scores, 400 to 1000 and >1000, the rates of cardiovascular events over the 3 to 5 year period were 4.6% and 7.1% respectively.
The recently released EISNER study found that study subjects who received cardiac CT for coronary artery calcium score were more likely than control subjects who received counseling alone to modify their cardiovascular risk profile over a 4 year period. In contrast study subjects who received calcium scoring by CT were not found to incur higher downstream medical testing or health care costs. The implication being that the test could be an effective strategy for early detection, without increasing overall cost.
Cardiovascular disease remains the most common cause of death in the American population. In the last century we have developed effective therapeutics that help prolong life, reduce and delay the risk of cardiovascular illness. Doctors should help patients understand their individual risk profiles, which are not static, but worsen with age, so that appropriate behavioral change or medication is prescribed when it is indicated. | <urn:uuid:ec71d1eb-5dbd-40f3-90fb-f53785634d51> | {
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Students can get in on the action with this exciting series that explores the world of making art. Each title looks at a different aspect of making art, such as painting or sculpting, as well as what materials are used in each type of activity. Students will enjoy taking part in fun art activities.
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How Do People Make Paintings?
How Can Paintings Show Feelings? | <urn:uuid:7301751b-8607-4daf-8eb1-f804ddedd630> | {
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Lent has 40 days - ever wonder why?
Lent is the 40 day long penitential period in the Catholic Church, immediately prior to the Paschal Feast (Easter) the greatest feast in the Church. The Eastern Catholic churches call this period Great Lent.
There is a strong Biblical foundation for observing a 40 day period of penance and/or anticipation. The Scriptures are full of the significance, perhaps known only to God, of the number 40.
In the Old Testament, God punished mankind by sending a flood over the earth for 40 days and nights. The people of Nineveh repented of their sins with 40 days of fasting. The Prophet Ezekiel lay on his right side for 40 days as a precursor to the siege and destruction of Jerusalem. The Prophet Elijah fasted and prayed for 40 days on Mount Horeb. Moses fasted 40 days and nights while on Mount Sinai. Moses and the Israelites wandered in the desert for 40 penitential years until they entered the Promised Land.
In the New Testament, the Lord fasted for 40 days and nights in preparation for the beginning of His public ministry.
We model our 40 day season of Lent today on this holy tradition, established throughout Salvation History, the story of God's relationship with humanity. Most importantly we observe these 40 days of Lent in imitation of Our Lord - the example for us all.
Very early in the history of the Church, the practices and duration of Lent became more regulated with the Church Fathers encouraging the practice of the 40 day period of fasting prior to the more intense fasting of Holy Week. By the end of the fourth century, it was well established in the Church that Lent’s duration was 40 days and that prayer and fasting constituted its primary spiritual exercises.
Unto this very day, we observe 40 days of penitential practices, typically of prayer and fasting because we take Jesus as our model, to prepare ourselves for the Paschal feast, that is, Easter. The Catechism tells us “By the solemn forty days of Lent the Church unites herself each year to the mystery of Jesus in the desert.” (Catholic Catechism #540).
This article brought to you by Aquinas and More Catholic Goods. Written by Mike Davis. | <urn:uuid:a6775643-f79a-4b58-bfb2-e5db958ed1aa> | {
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Abstract and Keywords
The beginnings of German national identity were not political but rather cultural. Already in the eighteenth century, Germans had begun to react against the intellectual domination of the French Enlightenment and against the idea of a purely rational and universal definition of human nature. Instead, German thinkers began to develop the idea that humanity consists of different peoples (in German, Volk, people or folk) who share a common language, culture, and history. This idea was picked up on and carried forward by the Romantic movement, which emphasized emotion and particularity as opposed to the reason and universality of the Enlightenment.
Against this backdrop of growing German cultural self-identity, the military and political humiliation of the crushing Prussian defeat at Jena by Napoleon in 1806 flashed like a bolt of lightning. Prussia was forced to surrender all of its territory west of the Elbe River, and Napoleon even occupied Berlin. This defeat led to reforms of the feudal system in Prussia in 1807, not wholly unlike the changes in Japan after the Meiji Restoration. It also inspired one of the most important statements of German nationalism, a series of lectures delivered in Berlin in 1807–1808 by the most important German philosopher of the time, Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814).
Despite his success as an academic philosopher, Fichte’s best-known work derived from a series of lectures inspired by the nationalist awakening he experienced as a result of Napoleon’s defeat and occupation of Prussia, the leading German state. He gave the lectures, entitled Addresses to the German Nation (1807), to raise morale and inspire patriotism among Germans.
Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation (1807–1808), trans. R. F. Jones and G. H. Turnbull. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (1979): 3–4, 12–13, 15, 131, 132, 135–36, 138, 143–44, 145, 146–47, 151, 153, 223–24, 264, 266, 268.
Access to the complete content on Oxford First Source requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription.
If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code. | <urn:uuid:7ab9efef-03e5-49c9-8ace-28b914a70cf7> | {
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WHAT GOES DOWN, HAS TO COME UP
“The COVID-19 pandemic has spread with alarming speed, infecting millions and bringing economic activity to a near-standstill as countries imposed tight restrictions on movement to halt the spread of the virus.
As the health and human toll grows, the economic damage is already evident and presents the largest economic shock the world has experienced in decades,” was the starting paragraph of a June 2020 article published on TheWorldBank.org. However, in September 2021, eighteen months since the dreaded coronavirus pandemic first unsettled us all, the sentiment shared by executive respondents to a McKinsey Global Survey revealed that “the economy is on track towards a recovery”.
Seventy-one percent of respondents predict that conditions in the global economy will improve within the next six months, just slightly down from an all-time high of the 81 percent who made this estimation in the previous quarter. Sixty-five percent of respondents still expect improvements in their own countries’ economic prospects, down just slightly from 73 percent who expressed this belief in March 2021.
But before we go back and analyze what happened on the global economic stage between these two dates (i.e., June 2020 and September 2021), it’s worth noting that concerns about the pandemic’s effects seem to have reared their ugly head again. As a result of the appearance of a new variant (e.g., the Delta variant) – with 49 percent of respondents citing these mutations as a risk to domestic growth, at least over the coming year, up from 42 percent in July and 36 percent in June, said the report.
Yes, back in June 2020, when the World Bank brought out their publication “Global Economic Prospects”, the organization’s baseline forecast envisioned a 5.2 percent reduction in the global gross domestic product (GDP) over that year, which they described as “the deepest global recession in decades” despite the efforts made by governments to work against this state of affairs through a variety of fiscal and monetary support policies. Major long-term concerns that would “leave lasting scars” included: lower investment rates, eroded human capital through lost time at work and school, and fragmented global trade and supply chains.
Particular issues cited in the paper, which were also shared via the World Bank’s Twitter account, ranged from the contraction of per capita income to the greatest degree since 1870, an unprecedented collapse in oil demand, to a simultaneous crash in oil prices. Many emerging and developing countries were experiencing weaker growth before this crisis took hold; the shock of the pandemic rendered the challenges that these economies now face even more severe.
NOT ALL BAD NEWS
But a BBC News report in January 2021 revealed that not all global market sectors were in the doldrums. With many governments pledging billions of dollars towards vaccine and treatment options, shares in a selection of pharmaceutical companies were showing an upwards trajectory – including Moderna, Novavax, and AstraZeneca. Just Pfizer saw its share price fall, potentially because of the high cost of production of their vaccine and doubts about the management of its vaccination program.
The same report revealed that with consumers still feeling largely anxious about their full-on return to bricks-and-mortar stores and in-person shopping, retailers were reporting the growth in popularity of smaller satellite stores versus the former crowded shopping mall craze seen in the big centers.
A study by accountancy leader EY, “Can in-store digital experience transform the future of shopping?”, said as many as 67 percent of customers were not willing to travel more than 5km to do their shopping. Another winner, of course: online retail, which saw a global revenue of US$3.9 trillion last year, according to EY.
Other positive news? Major stock markets showed a brilliant recovery between November 2020, when the first vaccine was announced, and the January news report – with the Nikkai up 22.9 percent, the Shanghai up 16.1 percent, and the Dow Jones up 7.1 percent. Was it just the “January effect”, or a result of slashed interest rates in many countries, making borrowing cheaper and encouraging more spending? Either way, unemployment rates remained a worry across many countries, especially when compared to their 2019 figures.
The proportion of individuals out of work hit a yearly total of 8.9 percent in the US, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The number of job opportunities, in general, remains rather low among most of the countries surveyed (i.e., Australia, France, Italy, Spain, the US, India, Japan, and the UK). Also, on the negative side of things, the IMF estimated that the global economy had shrunk 4.4 percent over 2020 as a whole: “The worst decline since the Great Depression of the 1930s”, it said. Of interest was the fact that China continued to experience economic growth, to the tune of 2.3 percent.
And this year? IMF estimates suggest we’ll hit global growth of 5.2 percent in 2021, driven mainly by the growth shown in India (8.8 percent) and China (8.2 percent). Big, services-reliant economies such as the UK and Italy would still not be out of the doldrums by year-end.
TOURISM AS RECOVERY BENCHMARK
A sector we certainly can’t omit from any piece on the pandemic’s effect on the global economy is that of tourism. While the 13 October 2021 statistics from the UN World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) show that global tourism is on the rise this year, these patterns vary radically and are still below the levels of tourism experienced on the global stage in 2019.
UNWTO Secretary-General, Zurab Pololikashvili, commented in the update: “There is clearly a strong demand for international tourism, and many destinations have started welcoming visitors back safely and responsibly. However, the true restart of tourism and the benefits it brings remain on hold, as inconsistent rules and regulations and uneven vaccination rates continue to affect confidence in travel.”
The sentiment here is a mixed bag – it shows how, probably, the most heavily affected industry is making a concerted effort at recovery, with 54 million tourists crossing international borders in the summer (i.e., over July 2021). The figure is up from the 34 million international arrivals recorded in July 2020, a promising comparison, but not yet anywhere near the benchmark of 164 million international travelers recorded in July 2019 – the figure we want to get back to.
One can’t help wondering how long the recovery to 2019 levels will take, despite the rise in consumer confidence resulting from the need to show a negative test or vaccination certificate before leaving one country and entering the next. Let’s hope a panel of global tourism industry experts, who predict 2023/2024 for the latest, are 100 percent correct and that the recovery of the global economy follows closely behind that of tourism as the savviest benchmark out there. | <urn:uuid:d3a9b1f3-384f-448e-be4b-fe8905e7c4fb> | {
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Published: Jan 1966
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The thermal properties of hardened concrete that are of engineering significance are thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal diffusivity, and coefficient of thermal expansion. Thermal conductivity is the measure of rate of heat flow; specific heat is the measure of heat capacity; thermal diffusivity is an index of the facility with which the temperature can change; and coefficient of thermal expansion governs change in volume, or as usually measured, change in length with change in temperature. Adiabatic temperature rise, or the heat of hydration of the cement, may well be considered as another, although transient, thermal property of the concrete. This property and proper control of it is of vital consideration in the design of modern, massive, concrete structures [1–4]. Knowledge of these properties is used in designing and predicting the behavior of all types of structures, from the building of lightweight concrete in which insulation is a major factor to large massive structures in which artificial cooling may be employed. Stabilizing the structure thermally and volumetrically is of prime importance. An accurate knowledge of these properties or the ability to predict them with reasonable accuracy can do much to bring about better design and more efficient construction of all concrete structures.
Mitchell, L. J.
Supervisory engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. | <urn:uuid:07f3849d-b34f-474e-b2a7-982d93917236> | {
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On my Teachers Pay Teachers page, I made a set of blank calendars! They have multiple uses!
The blank calendars can be used as citizenship documentation in which each child colors a square in corresponding to his or her behavior that day (e.g. green, yellow, or red).
They can be used to track weather, teach calendar skills, document how the students are feeling that day.
You can even use them to write down your instructional focus for the week and the daily objectives.
The can be used as a testing schedule or to mark which days your students go to various pull out programs (such as speech or ESL).
They are great for creating your own homework calendars. These are useful if you have children that need more challenging work or extra reinforcement at home. If you take the time to make one of these special calendars, you can use it for improving the home/school connection. You could create summer calendars to the children do not lose what they have learned over the summer.
These calendars can help extend circle time where the children apply what they have learned.
The possibilities are endless! | <urn:uuid:521f2f84-234d-4c46-b0ad-59726faa680a> | {
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Corruption in Oceania
Oceania consists of an enormous region containing Australia, New Zealand, and hundreds of thousands of islands scattered across the Pacific Ocean. It contains some of the world’s most developed and democratic countries as well as some of its most impoverished (Papua New Guinea). Although it comprises a very small share of the world’s population, it exhibits a great diversity of cultures, economies, and political systems.
- Andrews, S. (2016, April 22). Corruption and chaos in Papua New Guinea. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/corruption-and-chaos-in-papua-new-guinea/.
- Heron, L. (2018). Rising corruption costs Australia up to 4% of GDP, says think tank. Global Government Forum. https://www.globalgovernmentforum.com/rising-corruption-costs-australia-4-gdp-says-think-tank/.
- Human Rights Watch. (2010). Gold’s costly dividend human rights impacts of Papua New Guinea’s Porgera gold mine. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/png0211webwcover.pdf.
- Larmour, P. (1997). Corruption and governance in the South Pacific. Pacific Studies, 20(3), 1–14.Google Scholar
- Larmour, P. (2012). Corruption and the concept of culture: Evidence from the Pacific Islands. In M. Barcham, B. Hindess, & P. Larmour (Eds.), Corruption: Expanding the focus (pp. 155–177). Canberra: Australian National University Press.Google Scholar
- Laurance, W., Kakul, T., Keenan, R., Sayer, J., Passingan, S., Clements, G., et al. (2011). Predatory corporations, failing governance, and the fate of forests in Papua New Guinea. Conservation Letters, 4(2), 95–100. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00156.x/pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- New York Times. (2001, December 6). Tiny Pacific Island is facing money-laundering sanctions. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/06/world/tiny-pacific-island-is-facing-money-laundering-sanctions.html.
- Perry, P. (2001). Political corruption in Australia: A very wicked place? New York: Ashgate.Google Scholar
- Pitts, M. (2001). Crime and corruption: Does Papua New Guinea have the capacity to control it? Pacific Economic Bulletin, 16(2), 127–133. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/278e/3192ddb9df82bd25c4ca6ca642283e4ad548.pdf.
- The Economist. (2013, February 16). Onshore financial centers: Not a palm tree in sight. https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21571554-some-onshore-jurisdictions-can-be-laxer-offshore-sort-not-palm-tree-sight.
- The Guardian. (2001, June 22). Pacific atoll paradise for mafia loot. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jun/23/jonhenley.
- Wilson, C. (2015). Tackling corruption at its root in Papua New Guinea. Inter Press Service News Agency. http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/02/tackling-corruption-at-its-root-in-papua-new-guinea/. | <urn:uuid:e7214166-0521-4af6-bf83-1bd15a2557e2> | {
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Published Apr 20, 2018Believe it or not, today marks the 20th anniversary of Massive Attack's landmark 1998 album Mezzanine. And to celebrate, Robert Del Naja and co. will be re-releasing the album on a very innovative format — DNA.
With the help of technology developed by scientists at Swiss university ETH Zurich, the digital audio files of Mezzanine are set to be converted into "920,000 short DNA strands," which will then be stored in "5,000 tiny (nanometre-sized) glass spheres," according to university researchers.
This will mark the first time an entire album has been converted to DNA via such a process, said a press release from the university, which added "it could be an answer to the problem of archiving the increasing amount of information that the world is creating."
To get a bit more technical, the audio is being compressed using Opus, with the beads then being stored in water. The DNA then can be removed at any point, meaning the album will be archived for hundreds if not thousands of years, explained ETH professor Robert Grass. By comparison, CD are said to only last for about 30 years.
"While the information stored on a CD or hard disk is a sequence of zeros and ones, biology stores genetic information in a sequence of the four building blocks of DNA: A, C, G and T," explained Grass.
Over here you can hear a sound sample of Mezzanine highlight "Teardrop," as well as learn more about the project.
While this marks the first time a full album has been encoded into DNA, individual songs have gone through a similar process in the past. | <urn:uuid:a491c8a5-775e-4f34-8772-9ca832abaa96> | {
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