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Tin(II) oxide Tin(II) oxide (stannous oxide) is a compound with the formula SnO. It is composed of tin and oxygen where tin has the oxidation state of +2. There are two forms, a stable blue-black form and a metastable red form. Preparation and reactions Blue-black SnO can be produced by heating the tin(II) oxide hydrate, SnO·xH2O (x<1) precipitated when a tin(II) salt is reacted with an alkali hydroxide such as NaOH. Metastable, red SnO can be prepared by gentle heating of the precipitate produced by the action of aqueous ammonia on a tin(II) salt. SnO may be prepared as a pure substance in the laboratory, by controlled heating of tin(II) oxalate (stannous oxalate) in the absence of air or under a CO2 atmosphere. This method is also applied to the production of ferrous oxide and manganous oxide. SnC2O4·2H2O → SnO + CO2 + CO + 2 H2O Tin(II) oxide burns in air with a dim green flame to form SnO2. 2 SnO + O2 → 2 SnO2 When heated in an inert atmosphere initially disproportionation occurs giving Sn metal and Sn3O4 which further reacts to give SnO2 and Sn metal. 4SnO → Sn3O4 + Sn Sn3O4 → 2SnO2 + Sn SnO is amphoteric, dissolving in strong acid to give tin(II) salts and in strong base to give stannites containing Sn(OH)3−. It can be dissolved in strong acid solutions to give the ionic complexes Sn(OH2)32+ and Sn(OH)(OH2)2+, and in less acid solutions to give Sn3(OH)42+. Note that anhydrous stannites, e.g. K2Sn2O3, K2SnO2 are also known. SnO is a reducing agent and is thought to reduce copper(I) to metallic clusters in the manufacture of so-called "copper ruby glass". Structure Black, α-SnO adopts the tetragonal PbO layer structure containing four coordinate square pyramidal tin atoms. This form is found in nature as the rare mineral romarchite. The asymmetry is usually simply ascribed to a sterically active lone pair; however, electron density calculations show that the asymmetry is caused by an antibonding interaction of the Sn(5s) and the O(2p) orbitals. Non-stoichiometry has been observed in SnO. The electronic band gap has been measured between 2.5eV and 3eV. Uses The dominant use of stannous oxide is as a precursor in manufacturing of other, typically trivalent, tin compounds or salts. Stannous oxide may also be employed as a reducing agent and in the creation of ruby glass. It has a minor use as an esterification catalyst. Cerium(III) oxide in ceramic form, together with Tin(II) oxide (SnO) is used for illumination with UV light. References Category:Amphoteric compounds Category:Oxides Category:Reducing agents Category:Tin compounds

Fontainea picrosperma Fontainea picrosperma, commonly known as the blushwood tree, is a rainforest tree in the family Euphorbiaceae endemic to Queensland in Australia, where it grows on the Atherton Tablelands. Uses An anti-cancer drug known as EBC-46 has been developed from an extract of the fruits of Fontainea picrosperma. Trials have shown that it has activity against four different types of tumours, including basal-cell carcinoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma. The fruits are toxic to humans if eaten. References picrosperma Category:Trees of Australia Category:Malpighiales of Australia Category:Critically endangered flora of Australia Category:Flora of Queensland

Sacred Defence Week The Sacred Defence Week ( Hafte Defâ Moqaddas, also translated Holy Defence Week) is an Iranian annual commemoration of the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War (often called "the Sacred Defence" in Iran). It is marked by military parades. It is set by the Iranian calendar and begins on Shahrivar 31. References Category:Annual events in Iran Category:Observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar Category:Iran–Iraq War Category:Military of Iran Category:September observances Category:Autumn events in Iran

Abdelhamid Abdou Ibrahim Abdelhamid Abdou (date of birth and death unknown) was an Egyptian football defender who played for Egypt in the 1934 FIFA World Cup. He also played for El-Olympi. References Category:Egyptian footballers Category:Egypt international footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Olympic Club (Egypt) players Category:1934 FIFA World Cup players Category:Year of death missing Category:Year of birth missing Category:20th-century Egyptian people

Robinson Helicopter Company The Robinson Helicopter Company, based at Zamperini Field in Torrance, California, is a manufacturer of civil helicopters. Robinson produces three models – the two-seat R22, the four-seat R44, both of which use Lycoming piston engines, and the five-seat R66, which uses a turbine engine. History The company was founded in 1973 by Frank Robinson, a former employee of Bell Helicopter and Hughes Helicopters. Since delivering its first helicopter in 1979, Robinson Helicopter has produced over 12,000 aircraft. Plans for production of the Robinson R66 were announced in March 2007. It is a five-seat helicopter of similar configuration to the R44, but with the addition of a luggage compartment, wider cabin (by 8 inches), and powered by a Rolls-Royce RR300 gas turbine engine. In 2013, Robinson was the global market leader, selling 523 light helicopters, a 1% increase from 2012. However the production in 2014 was 329 aircraft. In 2015, Robinson produces one R22, 4-5 R44 and 1-2 R66 per week, and has contracted with Rolls Royce to supply 100 RR300 turbines per year for 10 years for the R66. The factory can produce up to 1,000 helicopters per year. Products Robinson R22 Robinson R44 Robinson R66 Robinson also produces the Robinson Helipad, a modular helipad designed for light helicopters. Mast Bumping Controversy Mast bumping is a dangerous condition helicopters can encounter when load on the helicopter's rotor assembly is temporarily reduced during flight (for example, during a low-g maneuver or turbulent weather). The reduction of load triggers excessive flapping in the helicopter's rotor blades, which can cause the entire rotor assembly to shear off the aircraft. Robinson helicopters use a patented design for their main rotor, with a tri-hinged rotor assembly 'teetering' atop an extended mast. A number of Robinson helicopters have been destroyed in incidents where mast bumping was determined to have occurred. A May 2018 article in the Los Angeles Times reported Robinson helicopters seemed to have increased susceptibility to mast bumping incidents. It noted Robinson R44s were involved in 42 fatal crashes in the U.S. from 2006 to 2016, more so than any other civilian helicopter. In 2016, the New Zealand Transport Accident Investigation Commission (TAIC) released a report summarizing 14 mast bumping accidents or incidents involving Robinson helicopters in New Zealand, in which 18 people died. The TAIC report noted "Helicopters with semi-rigid two-bladed main rotor systems, as used on Robinson helicopters, are particularly susceptible to mast bumping in ‘low-G’ conditions". In 2018, a U.S. lawsuit accused the Robinson Helicopter Company of defective manufacturing after a mast-bumping event caused the in-flight breakup of a R66 helicopter. References External links Robinson Helicopter Company website Category:Helicopter manufacturers of the United States Category:Manufacturing companies based in Greater Los Angeles Category:Companies based in Torrance, California

When Megan Went Away When Megan Went Away is a 1979 picture book written by Jane Severance and illustrated by Tea Schook. The book, published by the independent press Lollipop Power, concerns Shannon dealing with the separation of her mother and Megan, her mother's former partner. It is regarded as the first picture book to include LGBT characters, and specifically the first to feature lesbian characters, a distinction sometimes erroneously bestowed upon Lesléa Newman's Heather Has Two Mommies. As a young lesbian working in a feminist bookstore in Denver in her early twenties, Severance sought to rectify the lack of picture book content she perceived for children with lesbian parents. When Megan Went Away was not widely distributed upon publication and proved divisive, with some praising the story for being an anti-sexist example of lesbian life and others finding its depiction of same-sex separation poorly timed, arriving at a moment when lesbian motherhood was on the rise. Copies of When Megan Went Away are primarily accessible in archives and library special collections as of the 2010s. Plot The story centers around Shannon, a preteen girl whose mother's partner, Megan, has recently separated from Shannon's mother. Shannon wanders throughout her house, noticing items Megan has taken with her, as well as items that remain, reminding her of her mother's former partner. Shannon makes a dinner of sandwiches and milk for herself and her mother, and she grows angry when her mother fails to eat the meal. In the darkness, the two cuddle beneath a blanket, reflecting on good and bad times they shared with Megan, and crying together. Later, exhausted, Shannon and her mother make their way to the kitchen where her mother fries them both hamburgers. Background and writing Jane Severance recalled attempting to write stories when she was seven years old, having "always wanted to be a writer". She came out as a lesbian and moved to Denver to study education in college, later working as a preschool teacher. In Denver, she became involved with what she later characterized as "a very small subset of the lesbian community [...], the very young lesbian feminists". Severance observed among her peers what she described as "some pretty wretched parenting", noting that the lack of older lesbian role models, dearth of education, plus poverty, mental illness, and substance abuse all contributed to the challenges in parenting faced by the community. Severance's life, in her words, "was all about being a lesbian" and she identified a need for picture book content about children with lesbian mothers like those around her. Despite a lifelong interest in having her work published, Severance was nevertheless unaware how to break into publishing. While working at Woman to Woman, a feminist bookstore, she encountered works published by the Chapel Hill, North Carolina-based feminist publishing collective Lollipop Power, a subsidiary of the Durham-based Carolina Wren Press. An independent lesbian press, Lollipop Power began publishing work in 1970 devoted to lessening gender stereotypes and gendered behavior in young children. Publication history Severance wrote When Megan Went Away when she was approximately 21 years old. She wrote to Lollipop Power, whose address was listed on the back of their books, and submitted the book to them. During the editing process, Lollipop Power rewrote a section of the book, which Severance objected to. They also suggested that she change Shannon and Megan's names, lest readers get the impression that "only women with Irish heritage were lesbians". When Megan Went Away was published in 1979 as a 32-page paperback illustrated by Tea Schook. Both the book's pages and its covers were printed on paper and bound with staples. Recommended for readers aged 5–12 years, the book did not receive a wide distribution upon its printing. Text of the story was also reprinted in 1986 in Ms. without Schook's illustrations. The story was run under the pen name R. Minta Day and published as part of the Stories for Free Children feature, consisting of anti-sexist, anti-racist fiction for children. Reception When Megan Went Away received no reviews from major book review magazines upon its publication. Lenore Gordon praised the story in the Interracial Books for Children Bulletin in 1980, writing that its strength lies "both in [Severance's] gentle storytelling voice and her use of detail." Gordon described Schook's illustrations as having "a pleasurable child-quality" to them, which she found to be tonally inconsistent with Severance's somber text. Similarly, Carolyn Moskovitz described the story in the WLW Journal as "a bit downbeat". Writing in 1989, the English professor Virginia L. Wolf suggested that the romantic nature of the relationship between Shannon's mother and Megan might not be recognized by child readers, but that some adult readers would likely understand the story's lesbian context. While praising its attempts to depict an anti-sexist family, Gordon criticized When Megan Went Away for presenting "an uncommonly liberated lesbian lifestyle" which she viewed as minimizing the relevance of the book to a wider array of readers. According to the early childhood education scholar Danné E. Davis, the timing of the book's publication received criticism from some contemporary lesbians and feminists, who viewed the separation narrative of When Megan Went Away as detrimental to public perception of lesbian households at a time when lesbians motherhood was beginning to increase. Legacy Before the late 1970s, several picture books with gender-nonconforming characters existed, but there were otherwise no LGBT characters within the medium of children's picture books. Scholars of children's literature generally consider When Megan Went Away to be the first published picture book to include any LGBT characters, as well as the first specifically to feature lesbian characters and the first to depict separation in a same-gender relationship. Though the text of the story never uses the word "lesbian" to explicitly identify the characters as such, the word is used paratextually in Severance and Schook's dedication at the beginning of the book: "This story is for all children of lesbian mothers, for the special hardships they may face, and for the understanding we hope they will reach." When Megan Went Away is sometimes forgotten as the first picture book to feature lesbian characters, with that distinction instead given to Lesléa Newman's Heather Has Two Mommies, not published until a decade later in 1989. For a time, the website of Alyson Books, publisher of Heather Has Two Mommies, listed Heather as the first lesbian picture book. Though Newman originally claimed Heather was the first lesbian picture book, she later acknowledged that When Megan Went Away preceded her work. Newman has said that she is "very careful with the wording that [she] in distinguishing Heather, choosing to describe it as "the first picture book that portrays a happy family that consists of two lesbian moms and their child." Citing its success and notoriety, Severance has expressed the desire that Newman identify Heather as "the first successful book about lesbian mothers". Both Severance and Newman, who are personally acquainted, agreed that intangible factors like timing and luck likely contributed to the relative popularity of Heather. Severance additionally described Newman as "a hustler" who "knew how to run with" her book's popularity, while Newman stated that she believed Lollipop Power did a poor job of marketing When Megan Went Away upon its publication. In contrasting the ways in which Heather and When Megan Went Away were received, Davis wrote that both books were "Perhaps too early for their time". Since When Megan Went Away was published, Severance has written two more books: Lots of Mommies (1983), a picture book about a girl raised by four women including her mother, and Ghost Pains (1992), a young adult novel about two sisters living with an alcoholic lesbian mother. As of 2010, she was continuing to write and searching for an agent in order to publish other works for a larger audience. Copies of When Megan Went Away are difficult to find in the 2010s. Their availability is limited to library special collections and archives, and when secondary sales of the book do occur online, copies may be listed for over 40 times the original retail price of See also Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin (1981, translated into English 1983), the first picture book to include gay male characters 10,000 Dresses (2008), the first picture book to feature a transgender character Notes References Cited Category:1979 children's books Category:1970s LGBT literature Category:Children's books with LGBT themes Category:American picture books Category:Lesbian fiction Category:Works about divorce

Bruce Phillips Bruce Phillips (2 May 1929 – 18 October 2014) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League. A fullback, Phillips won St Kilda's best and fairest award in 1950 and finished equal third in the Brownlow Medal count that year. Phillips, who was a VFL representative in interstate football, played 115 games for St Kilda before a knee injury ended his career. In 2008 Phillips was inducted into St Kilda's Hall of Fame. He died aged 85 in 2014. References External links Profile at the Saints player encyclopedia Category:1929 births Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Category:St Kilda Football Club players Category:Trevor Barker Award winners Category:2014 deaths

Nafissa Sid Cara Nafissa Sid-Cara or Nafissa Sidkara (18 April 1910, in El Eulma, Algeria - 1 January 2002, Paris, France) was a French politician. Sid-Cara was the first female minister to serve in the French Fifth Republic as well as the first ever Muslim woman to serve as a minister in a French government. She was appointed Secretary of State in charge of social affairs in Algeria under Prime Minister Michel Debré in 1959-62. This was the first time a woman was appointed into a French government since 1937. Personal life Sid-Cara's family were Algerians of Turkish origin; her brother, Chérif Sid Cara was also a French politician. References Category:1910 births Category:2002 deaths Category:People from El Eulma Category:Algerian War Category:Algerian people of Turkish descent Category:French people of Algerian descent Category:French people of Turkish descent Category:Women government ministers of France Category:20th-century French politicians Category:20th-century French women politicians

Helenów, Przasnysz County Helenów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krasne, within Przasnysz County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately south of Przasnysz and north of Warsaw. References Category:Villages in Przasnysz County

Spacemen 3 Spacemen 3 were an English alternative rock band, formed in 1982 in Rugby, Warwickshire, by Peter Kember and Jason Pierce, known respectively under their pseudonyms Sonic Boom and J Spaceman. Their music is known for its brand of "minimalistic psychedelia". Spacemen 3 had their first independent chart hits in 1987, gaining a cult following, and going on to have greater success towards the end of the decade. However, they disbanded shortly afterwards, releasing their final studio album post-split in 1991 after an acrimonious parting of ways. They gained a reputation as a 'drug band' due to the members' drug-taking habits and Kember's candid interviews and outspoken opinions on recreational drug use. Kember and Pierce were the only members common to all line-ups of the band. Both founding members have enjoyed considerable success with their respective subsequent projects: Sonic Boom/Spectrum and Spiritualized. History Formation and early years (1982–85) The creative and song-writing force throughout Spacemen 3's history were Peter Kember and Jason Pierce. They met at the (now defunct) Rugby Art College on Clifton Road, Rugby, Warwickshire in Autumn 1982, both aged 16, and became close friends. Pierce was in a band called Indian Scalp, but he left them near the end of 1982 in order to collaborate with Kember. The two guitarists recruited drummer Tim Morris, who played with a couple of other bands and had a rehearsal space at his parental home which they used. Shortly afterwards they were joined by an acquaintance, Pete Bain, on bass. Morris and Bain had previously played together in a band called Noise on Independent Street. Pierce handled lead vocal duties. Now a 4-piece, the band originally adopted the name The Spacemen. Their first live performances occurred around winter 1982/83, playing at a party and then at a couple of gigs they managed to get at a local bar; at the latter their set included a 20-minute version of the one-chord song "O.D. Catastrophe". In Autumn 1983, Pierce, having finished his course at Rugby Art College, started attending an art school in Maidstone, Kent. This prompted Bain and Morris to leave and join a new local band, The Push, being formed by Gavin Wissen. Kember and Pierce recruited a replacement drummer, Nicholas "Natty" Brooker. They continued without a bassist and Pierce would regularly return to Rugby for rehearsals. In early 1984, they only performed at a few local, low key venues. Still a trio, they changed their name to Spacemen 3. Kember explained: Despite having played fewer than ten gigs, Spacemen 3 decided to produce a demo tape. In 1984 they made their first studio recordings at the home studio of Dave Sheriff in Rugby. This material – which included early iterations of the songs "Walkin' with Jesus", "Come Down Easy" and "Thing'll Never be the Same" – was used for a short demo tape entitled For All The Fucked Up Children Of The World We Give You Spacemen 3. They got a few hundred cassette copies made and produced their own artwork and booklet to accompany it, selling the tapes for £1 at a local record shop. Spacemen 3's music at this stage had a loose, swampy Blues feel; some songs included harmonica and slide guitar, and their style sounded akin to The Cramps. These early demo recordings, which Kember later recalled as being "really dreadful", would later be released unofficially in 1995 on the Sympathy for the Record Industry label, thus providing an insight into the band's embryonic sound. Around 1984 and 1985, Spacemen 3 were doing gigs every two or three months on the local Rugby/Northampton/Coventry circuit, and had a regular spot at The Black Lion public house in Northampton. Their gigs had an 'anti performance' element: Kember and Pierce would play their guitars sitting down and would barely acknowledge the audience. They would illuminate the stage with some cheap, old optokinetic disco light-show equipment which they had acquired, providing a psychedelic backdrop. Kember: By summer 1985, Spacemen 3 were headlining at The Black Lion and becoming one of the biggest local bands. Around this time they started to co-host a weekly club night together with another local band, Gavin Wissen's 'The Cogs of Tyme'. 'The Reverberation Club', as it was called, was held at The Blitz public house in Rugby on Thursdays. "50s, 60s and 70s punk" records were played and it soon provided a live venue for Spacemen 3 and various other local bands. At one of their gigs at The Black Lion in 1985, they came to the attention of Pat Fish, the leader of the recording band The Jazz Butcher; he felt Spacemen 3 were "extraordinary" and "like nothing else". Sound of Confusion era (1986) 'Northampton Demos' In November 1985, Spacemen 3 played a gig at a leisure centre in Coventry to an audience of fewer than ten people. Nevertheless, encouraged by the support of Pat Fish, they determined that they ought to record a new demo tape. By this time they had reconfigured and honed their musical style, and their repertoire consisted of newer songs and re-worked older ones. "The band's sound had crystallised into the intense, hypnotic, overloaded psychedelia which characterised their early [record] output, and which would serve as a template for their live act throughout their existence" (Ian Edmond, Record Collector). At Pierce's instigation, Pete Bain rejoined the band on bass in order to fill out their sound. Despite being a 4-piece again, they would retain the name 'Spacemen 3'. Kember and Pierce opted to upgrade their guitar equipment ahead of recording the new demos. Kember purchased a Burns Jazz electric guitar and 1960s Vox Conqueror amplifier; whilst Pierce bought a Fender Telecaster and a 1970s HH amplifier. Both of their new amplifiers included distortion/fuzz and tremolo; these two effects were key components of Spacemen 3's signature sound. In January 1986, Spacemen 3 attended the Studio Morocco based at the home of Carlo Marocco at Piddington, outside Northampton, to record their new demo tape. They spent three-and-a-half days at the 16-track studio. Recording live as a group, with minimal overdubs, they managed to get demos for approximately seven songs. Kember and Pierce handled the production. with studio manager Dave Howard dealing with the technicalities. These "fine set of performances" (Ned Raggett, AllMusic) would later be unofficially released as the vinyl album Taking Drugs to Make Music to Take Drugs To on the Father Yod label in 1990 (albeit described incorrectly as "rehearsals in Rugby"). Spacemen 3 managed to obtain a record deal shortly after producing their new demos. Pat Fish had given a copy of the demo tape to Dave Barker, the owner of the independent record label Glass Records, to whom Fish's band The Jazz Butcher were signed. Spacemen 3 signed a three-year, two-album recording contract with Glass Records in early 1986. Debut album Spacemen 3 were sent to record their first album, Sound of Confusion, at the studios of Bob Lamb in the King's Heath area of Birmingham. By this time, they had already started to write some 'softer' songs, but they decided that the album should consist entirely of 'heavier', older material. With a recording budget of less than £1,000, they completed the album in five days, with the last two days dedicated to mixing. Attempts at recording the title song "Walkin' with Jesus (Sound of Confusion)" were unsuccessful and abandoned. It was originally intended that Pat Fish would produce the album, but due to his touring commitments with his band, The Jazz Butcher, it was instead produced by Bob Lamb. However, Lamb refused to allow Kember or Pierce near the production desk. Kember would later reveal, "He [Lamb] had no affinity with our type of music at all and was quite domineering". Both Kember and Pierce were unhappy with the production on the album, feeling it suffered from Lamb's unsympathetic production; they later said they much preferred their versions on the Northampton demo tape. The seven-track Sound of Confusion album had a heavy psychedelic style with a strong Stooges influence. It was "a full on, fuzzed up drone of relentless guitar pounding" (Ian Edmond, Record Collector), with a "rough garage energy " and "minimal, bluntly entrancing riffs" (Ned Raggett, AllMusic). A NME review of the 1990 re-release recalled of the album: "It's a lo-fi, mostly low-key affair, the sound of the band finding their feet... It doesn't quite attain the critical mass to transcend its basis in the most rudimentary garage punk of the Sixties... Side Two is pretty much one long tribute to The Stooges... Sound of Confusion probably felt like a revelation, to the few who heard it at the time." Sound of Confusion was released in July 1986. The cover artwork included shots of the band illuminated by their light-show equipment. The album was not received well, making little impression at the time, although it went on to reach no. 2 on the UK Independent Chart in 1989. Publicity for the album suffered from lack of funding by Glass Records. During 1986, Spacemen 3 made live performances every few weeks. These continued to occur at local venues, with the exception of gigs in Chesterfield, Birmingham and, in August, their first appearance in London. The latter gig saw them receive their first reviews in both NME and Sounds. To follow up their album, Spacemen 3 made their first single: "Walkin' with Jesus". This was recorded at Carlo Marocco's studio outside Northampton. For the title track they re-mixed the version they had previously recorded for their demo tape. For the B-side, they recorded "Feel So Good", a newer composition, and re-recorded a 17-minute "Rollercoaster" (a cover of the 13th Floor Elevators). This single was the first Spacemen 3 record that Peter Kember and Jason Pierce produced; the duo handled all future production. The "Walkin' with Jesus" single was released in November 1986. It received decent reviews from NME and Sounds, and peaked at no. 29 on the UK Independent Chart, and no. 46 in the indie chart published by Sounds. It was in 1986 that guitarist Peter Kember started to use his long-term alias 'Sonic Boom'. He had earlier employed the aliases 'Mainliner' and 'Peter Gunn'. Bassist Pete Bain also adopted his alias: 'Bassman' or 'Pete Bassman'. Towards the end of 1986 the behaviour of Spacemen 3's drummer, Natty Brooker, became increasingly eccentric and bizarre. His refusal to wear shoes, even when playing the bass drum, led to arguments and Brooker left the band. Stewart 'Rosco' Roswell, a housemate of Pierce's and Brooker's, was recruited as the latter's replacement. Although Roswell was originally only a temporary appointment and was not a recognised drummer at the outset, he remained in the band for over a year. The Perfect Prescription era (1987–88) 1987 In January 1987, Spacemen 3 commenced work on their second album, The Perfect Prescription. This was recorded at Paul Atkins' VHF Studios, near Rugby. VHF had been recommended to the band by in-house sound engineer Graham Walker with whom they had worked previously when recording their first demo tape. The first set of demo recordings they made at VHF Studios relating to the new album were dubbed the 'Out Of It Sessions'. Procurable only as bootleg, this work shows the transition in Spacemen 3's musical style that was occurring around winter 1986/87. VHF Studios' 8-track facilities needed updating though, and a deal was agreed that Spacemen 3 would receive a large amount of studio time in return for financing new 16-track recording and mixing equipment at VHF, at a cost of around £3,000. Spacemen 3 would spend over eight months at VHF Studios. Importantly, this allowed them generous time to experiment, and develop and refine their sound and material in a studio setting, assisted by Graham Walker. In the album liner notes of Forged Prescriptions, a re-release of The Perfect Prescription, Kember recalled: Whilst working on the album, "Transparent Radiation" — a cover of a song by the Red Crayola — was recorded, and released as a single in July 1987. "Transparent Radiation" was awarded 'Single of the Week' by Sounds, and matched the previous single in reaching no. 29 on the independent chart. The B-side included "Ecstasy Symphony", a new experimental piece using an organ drone multi-tracked and fed through various effects (this would presage some of Peter Kember's later work and his interest in analogue synthesisers). The Perfect Prescription was completed in September 1987 and released the same month. Kember described it as "kind of a concept album, it's about our better and worse experiences with drugs". Produced by Kember and Pierce, they agreed to restrict the amount of guitar overdubs in order that it would be easier to replicate the songs live. The Perfect Prescription received little critical attention in the UK, being better received in the United States. However, it represented Kember and Pierce's "collaborative zenith" (Erik Morse), and the album "is practically a best-of in all but name" (Ned Raggett, AllMusic). The Perfect Prescription "marked a serious artistic development, drawing deeper from gospel, ambient, and spiritual music, granting a serenity and depth to their spaced-out garage psychedelia" (Stephen Erlewine, AllMusic). Although retaining the same minimalist approach, Spacemen 3's sound was now sparser and mellower. Extra textures and complexity were evident, provided by overdubs and additional instrumentation, with the organ sound of the VHF Studio's Farfisa being a significant introduction. The instrumental palette was also extended with acoustic guitar, violin (from local musician Owen John), saxophone and trumpet (from members of The Jazz Butcher) being used on some songs. Much of the album did not feature drums. This was the first album on which Kember contributed lead vocals. Spacemen 3 performed live on about twenty occasions during 1987. This included several gigs in the Netherlands and Belgium in March, and a few dates in London, Sheffield and Leeds later on in the year. 1988 In January–February 1988, Spacemen 3 undertook a six-week tour of continental Europe, encompassing Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Belgium. Comprising nearly thirty gigs, the tour saw tensions and discontent arise between band members. After they returned to England, drummer Stewart Roswell quit. Relations between Peter Kember and Jason Pierce were beginning to suffer as a result of Pierce's romantic relationship with Kate Radley, whom he had been dating since Summer 1987. Kember resented the amount of time his song-writing partner was spending with her at his expense. A UK tour in Spring 1988 used stand-in drummers to fulfil live dates. Roswell's departure was followed by that of Pete Bain at the end of May. A replacement bassist was immediately appointed: Will Carruthers, a friend of the band who had recently been playing in another Rugby group, 'The Cogs of Tyme'. In July 1988, Spacemen 3's third single, "Take Me to the Other Side", was released, from The Perfect Prescription album. The single received good press and was NME Single of the Week. Spacemen 3 were keen to be freed from their recording contract with Glass Records who were in financial difficulty and owed them royalties. Although they had produced the requisite two albums, there was still a year remaining on their contract. A deal was reached whereby, in return for providing a live album, their contractual obligations would be deemed to have been met and they would be allowed to leave. Accordingly, Performance was released in July 1988. This seven-track live album was a recording of their gig at the Melkweg venue, Amsterdam, on 6 February 1988. (Three previously unreleased songs were excluded.) Following their departure from Glass Records, Spacemen 3 were without a record deal. The only offer they received was from the prominent independent label Creation Records. However, Creation owner Alan McGee – a keen fan of the band – was only able to offer a one-album deal and with no advance. This was not pursued. It was at this juncture that Kember and Pierce chose to enter into a contractual relationship with Gerald Palmer, a Northamptonshire businessman and concert promoter who had already been functioning recently as Spacemen 3's de facto manager. This tripartite business partnership had the following terms: Palmer would own the master tapes of all future recordings, the rights of which would be licensed to record labels for release; touring and recording costs etc. would be financed by Palmer, who would give Kember and Pierce an advance of £1,000 each; and, in return, all profits would be split 50:50: 50% for Palmer, and 50% for Kember and Pierce and other band members. Significantly, this contract was only with Kember and Pierce, meaning Spacemen 3 as a legal and financial entity would, in essence, constitute only the two of them together with Palmer. In addition, Palmer became Spacemen 3's manager. Playing with Fire era (1988–89) 1988 Peter Kember had purchased an unusual electric guitar near the end of 1987: a Vox Starstream made in the late 1960s. This guitar incorporated several in-built effects, including fuzz and Repeat Percussion (or Repeater). The latter was a unique tremolo type, almost delay-like effect, and Kember would use it heavily on Spacemen 3's future output. One of his first compositions featuring this effect was the eponymous "Repeater" (a.k.a. "How Does It Feel?"). "Repeater" and two other new songs also composed by Kember – "Revolution" and "Suicide" – were debuted on the European tour in early 1988. All three songs would feature on the next studio album, Playing With Fire. Around Spring 1988 Kember was using his 4-track recorder to develop his ideas and several songs for the next album. Recording for Spacemen 3's third studio album, Playing With Fire, started in June 1988. Their new manager, Gerald Palmer, booked ARK Studios in Cornwall for a month. These sessions were not particularly productive however and they left a week early. ARK Studios only had 8-track facilities and some of Spacemen 3's recordings were accidentally wiped by the in-house sound engineer. Rough demos were managed for Kember's "Honey" and Pierce's "Lord Can You Hear Me?". They still did not have a drummer at this point. New bassist Will Carruthers made his first live appearance with Spacemen 3 at London Dingwalls on 20 June, where they were supported by My Bloody Valentine. It was after this gig that a confrontation occurred between Kember and Pierce and his girlfriend, Kate Radley. Tired of Radley's persistent presence around the band of late – at recording sessions, touring and backstage at gigs – Kember enforced an agreed 'no girls on the bus' policy and barred Radley from boarding the tour van, leaving Pierce and Radley to find their own way home. Recording for Playing With Fire recommenced; they returned to VHF Studios, outside Rugby, where they had recorded The Perfect Prescription. By now, song-writing duo Peter Kember and Jason Pierce were formulating new song ideas entirely separate from one another. Both their personal and working relationships were beginning to disintegrate. Pierce's romance with Kate Radley was impacting on his time with the band and his contributions. Of the eventual tracks on Playing With Fire, six were Kember's compositions, whilst only three were Pierce's. The recording process for this album was different: individual parts were recorded separately, which meant band members did not have to be present at the same time. On 19 August, Spacemen 3 gave an unusual live performance. Palmer had booked them to provide 'An Evening of Contemporary Sitar Music' in the foyer of the Waterman's Art Centre in Brentford, London, to act as a prelude to a screening of the film Wings of Desire. Kember, Pierce and Carruthers were joined by Rugby musician Steve Evans. They played a 45-minute jam, based around a single chord strummed by Evans, featuring riffs from some of the songs from their as yet unreleased Playing With Fire material. This performance was recorded and was later released, in 1990, as Dreamweapon. The crowd assembled for the film was not impressed, and according to Pat Fish one of the patrons remarked to the other: "To think that Elvis died for this!" After initial plans to use drummers from The Weather Prophets and Thee Hypnotics for the recording of Playing With Fire, a permanent drummer was recruited in late August: Jonny Mattock. Despite this he does not appear on Playing With Fire – a drum machine was used on all of the songs and no drummer is credited on the album. Mattock had been playing in a Northampton band called 'The Apple Creation'. He was recommended by future Spacemen 3 guitarist Mark Refoy. Mattock made his live debut on 24 August at a gig at the Riverside in Hammersmith, London, and contributed to the new album. The new rhythm section of Carruthers and Mattock would remain constant for the rest of Spacemen 3's existence. In Summer 1988, Spacemen 3 managed to obtain a two-album deal with independent label, Fire Records. Kember and Pierce argued over the choice of song for their first single with Fire. Agreement was eventually reached on "Revolution". At a gig 15 November 1988, advertised as 'Sonic Boom and Jason of Spacemen 3', only Kember and Carruthers performed; Pierce spent the whole time at the bar with Kate Radley, whom he was now living with. The single "Revolution" was released in November 1988. The title track was a powerful, anthemic "mind-melting crunch" (Ned Raggett, AllMusic). "'Revolution' was the chest-tearing noise that propelled them from complete obscurity to the cultosphere of young indie rock godz" (Jack Barron, NME, 29/7/1989). The single peaked in the top 10 of the indie charts, representing Spacemen 3's highest chart position yet, and was voted by radio listeners for inclusion in John Peel's end-of-year Festive Fifty. Awarded Single of the Week by the Melody Maker, it was extremely well received by the music press whose general attitude towards the band changed at this juncture: Spacemen 3 "became the indie phenomenon of late 1988" (Erik Morse). They were receiving more media attention and got their first cover story, in Melody Maker 19 November 1988 issue. Peter Kember effectively become the sole spokesperson for Spacemen 3, giving numerous interviews. These provided for controversy and journalistic focus due to Kember's candid openness about his drug taking habits and his forthright views on recreational drug use. On one occasion, Kember invited his interviewer to accompany him as he collected his methadone prescription. Kember was regularly described in the music papers, incorrectly, as the "leader" of Spacemen 3, although he had not helped in this portrayal: in the Melody Maker article referred to above, Kember had stated: "This band is my design and the rest are totally into it." Completion of the Playing With Fire album was delayed due to recording delays and a dispute about song-writing credits. At a meeting at Fire Records' London office, Peter Kember proffered his name for single writing credits for six of the album's nine songs; however, Jason Pierce countered, demanding joint credits for three of those songs due to the guitar parts he had contributed to them. An argument led to Kember attempting to hit Pierce and a scuffle ensued. An impasse resulted; Pierce threatened to pull his songs from the album if his demands were not met. Manager Gerald Palmer mediated to resolve the feud. At a very tense four-hour meeting, of fierce arguments and recriminations between Kember and Pierce, Palmer finally managed to obtain a compromise with Kember conceding split song-writing credits for 'Suicide'. Sonic Boom solo project In late 1988, Peter Kember was already working on new material for post Playing With Fire. His productivity meant he had a surfeit of songs, and he advised his bandmates of his intention to produce a solo album. New indie label Silvertone Records offered Kember a generous one-off album deal which he accepted. Kember finished recordings for his debut solo album and single in March 1989, prior to the commencement of Spacemen 3's European tour. Other members of Spacemen 3, including Pierce, as well as other musicians, had contributed sessions. Release of Kember's solo album (Spectrum) and single – under the moniker of Kember's alias, Sonic Boom – were put on hold in order to avoid a marketing clash with Playing With Fire. 1989: Playing With Fire album release and tour Spacemen 3's eagerly awaited Playing With Fire album was finally released on 27 February 1989. The album's front cover sleeve bore the slogan, "Purity, Love, Suicide, Accuracy, Revolution". Playing With Fire was Spacemen 3's first record to chart and one of the breakthrough indie albums of the year. Within weeks of its release, it was No. 1 in both the NME and Melody Maker indie charts. It was "their most critically and commercially successful album" (Stephen Erlewine, AllMusic). Reviews were extremely positive and the album garnered wide critical acclaim: With the exception of "Revolution" and "Suicide", the other songs on the album were mellower and softer than Spacemen 3's previous work, continuing the development of their previous album. "Playing With Fire...shows another side of Spacemen 3 – a slower, melancholic, blissfully refined pop band" (Ron Rom, Sounds). The band "created glazed, liquid songs with subtle arrangements and sheer reveling in aural joys...[Playing With Fire is] a feast of sound" (Ned Raggett, AllMusic). The Playing With Fire album was distributed in the United States on Bomp! Records, the label of Greg Shaw, who paid $10,000 for the rights. Spacemen 3 were popular in America and a prospective US tour was planned to start in September 1989. Greg Shaw organised the tour. In February–March 1989, Spacemen 3 undertook a four-week UK tour comprising 21 dates, coinciding with the new album's release. Comments from gig reviews included: At the start of the UK tour Kate Radley was again travelling in the tour van, thus causing tension between Kember and Pierce. After several gigs, Kember told Pierce this could not continue. For the rest of the UK dates Pierce and Radley, now living in a new flat together, made their own way to gigs. The UK tour was shortly followed by an extensive and gruelling four-week tour of continental Europe in April–May 1989. This incorporated 22 dates across the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Austria and Italy. (Radley was not present on this tour.) Setlists remained more or less consistent around this period. For the purposes of live performances, Spacemen 3 played their more powerful or heavier – and therefore mostly older – songs, featuring little from Playing With Fire; although the odd softer song was played occasionally. Sets typically ended with the song "Suicide" which could last up to 45 minutes. Break-up, final album, and formation of Spiritualized (1989–91) 1989 At the beginning of 1989 Spacemen 3 had been one of the "hottest indie bands in England" (Erik Morse) and were gaining the attention of major US record labels. However, despite their success in winter 1988–89, their prospects were very different less than a year later. The personal and working relationship between Peter Kember and Jason Pierce, still the principal members of the band, would completely disintegrate, leading Spacemen 3 to eventually disband. Spacemen 3 used the short break between the UK and European tours in Spring 1989 as an opportunity to record a new single. Two songs were recorded, at VHF Studios: "Hypnotized", a new song by Pierce, who had recently acquired his own 4-track recorder; and "Just To See You Smile", by Kember. The songwriters spent a day's session on each other's song, although Kember's contribution to "Hypnotized" was not ultimately used. Kember accused Pierce of copying his sounds; he felt the flutter multi-tap reverb on "Hypnotized" was the same as he had employed on "Honey" and "Let Me Down Gently" on Playing With Fire. Whilst Spacemen 3 were on tour in Europe in April–May 1989, manager Gerald Palmer prepared the new single for release. Without consulting Kember or Pierce, Palmer mastered the tracks, had the sleeve artwork designed, and selected "Hypnotized" for the A-side. When Kember found out he was furious; however, Palmer refused to postpone the pressing of the single. A resulting feud permanently damaged Kember and Palmer's working relationship. When Spacemen 3 returned to England from their European tour at the end of May 1989, there was tension between Kember and Pierce. In June, Spacemen 3 played ten UK gigs. Initially, Pierce was making his own way to these dates, but when he instead used the tour van there was a bad atmosphere between the two men. The single "Hypnotized" was released on 3 July 1989. It was their "most anticipated release yet" (Erik Morse) and immediately charted inside the top 10 of the NME and Melody Maker indie charts. It was Sounds Single of the Week. After two weeks, Hypnotized reached No. 1 on the Melody Maker indie chart, and No. 2 on the NME indie chart (second only to The Stone Roses' "She Bangs The Drums"). It was voted No. 33 in John Peel's end of year Festive Fifty. A third guitarist, Mark Refoy, had been recruited at the beginning of Summer 1989, to play on later live dates and work on the next album. Refoy had been a friend and keen fan of the band for several years, and had contributed to Kember's solo album. He was guitarist in the indie band 'The Tell-tale Hearts' who had disbanded in 1987. Refoy made his first live performance with Spacemen 3 at their Rugby 'homecoming' gig on 20 July. On 23 July, Spacemen 3 played their biggest headlining gig at The Town & Country Club, London, a 2,000-capacity venue. On 22 August, they played a warm-up gig at Subterranea, London, for the Reading Festival, their first festival gig. Spacemen 3 played at the Reading Festival on 25 August 1989. This would transpire to be their last ever live performance. At the beginning of September 1989, Spacemen 3 were about to undertake a substantial tour of the United States – despite disagreement between Kember and Pierce as to whether Kate Radley could accompany them. The tour schedule had been finalised and they were due to be in America for the rest of the year, playing about 50 gigs. The band had grievances with their manager Gerald Palmer, such as perceived lack of monies being received, and summoned him to a meeting at VHF Studios. The meeting, which was secretly recorded, involved intense arguments and accusations, and nothing was resolved. In an interview in 1991, Kember described Palmer as "the most devious guy I've ever had the misfortune to meet". A few days later Kember and Pierce met Palmer again and sacked him. However, Palmer's partnership agreement with Kember and Pierce meant that he was contractually still effectively one third of Spacemen 3. Palmer had already incurred at least £10,000 in recording expenses for the next album. In response to his dismissal as manager, he decided to withdraw his commitment to finance the imminent US tour, which was therefore cancelled at the eleventh hour. Tour posters had already been printed. The considerable time and money Bomp! Records' Greg Shaw had expended in preparing the tour was wasted. The official explanation at the time – and that reported in the UK music press – was that the US tour had been cancelled because they had not been able to obtain work permits due to the drug convictions of band members. However, it has since transpired that this was not the case: work permits had been obtained for the band, albeit with difficulty. Recording for Spacemen 3's fourth studio album, Recurring, had commenced at the beginning of August 1989, again at VHF Studios. According to Mark Refoy, Kember and Pierce rarely appeared at the studio at the same time and there was "quite a tense atmosphere" between them. When work recommenced after the Reading Festival, Kember and Pierce were recording separately from one another. Pierce contributed guitar parts to Kember's songs, but Kember did not play on any of Pierce's songs. When Kember heard Pierce's demos, he again renewed his claim that he was copying his sounds and effects, and accused Pierce's "Billy Whizz" of being a composition he had written several years prior. The two were now estranged and working completely separately. They agreed to have separate sides of the album for their own songs, all of which they had written and composed individually. Pierce's side of the album is effectively his next project 'Spiritualized', and Kember's side of effectively his next project 'Spectrum' with Richard Formby Kember's partner in Spectrum playing guitar on his side. The other three band members – Carruthers, Mattock and Refoy – who all went onto join Spiritualized, were called in to contribute sessions when required. In late September, Kember made a solo performance at a gig supporting The Telescopes. Kember and Pierce agreed to be in the studio together to record a cover of Mudhoney's "When Tomorrow Hits", for a prospective split single with Mudhoney. When Kember heard Mudhoney's version of "Revolution", with altered lyrics, he was offended and this collaborative Sub Pop release was called off however. The recording of "When Tomorrow Hits" was the last occasion Kember and Pierce would work together. A disconsolate Will Carruthers left the band at this point, fed up with the discord and lack of remuneration. Recording for the album proceeded slowly and was still ongoing in Autumn 1989, by which point Kember had used two to three times the amount of studio time as Pierce. According to band members, Kember's behaviour was becoming increasingly obsessive and erratic. He was regularly missing booked studio slots. In late October, Kember's debut solo single, "Angel" was released. It received a lukewarm reception. On 14 November 1989, the four remaining Spacemen 3 band members met to discuss finishing the album and arranging future live dates. The meeting was unproductive. Reportedly, Kember and Pierce both said little. Jonny Mattock told Kember he was difficult to work with. Mattock and Mark Refoy, both peeved, left the meeting prematurely and effectively resigned from Spacemen 3. In December, Gerald Palmer attempted to mediate between his business partners, Kember and Pierce, meeting them individually because Pierce reportedly refused contact with Kember. Dedicated record deal During 1989, Gerald Palmer had been courting interest and offers from US major record labels. Palmer had been postponing a decision hoping the US tour would lever improved offers. Negotiations with Dedicated Records, a satellite label of BMG, had been ongoing for several months. The poor intra-band relations had remained secret for the sake of outward appearance. By October 1989, the latest offer from Dedicated was a five-album, multimillion-dollar deal, with a £60,000 advance. Palmer had expended £15,000 on legal fees, and because he had managed to negotiate out the standard Leaving Member Clause, Kember and Pierce were in a 'win-win situation'. In December, the three met to arrange signing the Dedicated record deal. Pierce insisted that Kember sign an agreement stating that the two of them had equal rights to Spacemen 3, to mutually protect them by preventing either party potentially claiming ownership of the Spacemen 3 name should the other quit. Coerced by the attraction of his portion of the Dedicated advance, Kember signed it. Mattock claims Kember attacked Pierce in the street the next morning. At the beginning of 1990, Kember and Pierce attended the London offices of Dedicated separately to sign the record contract. A few days later, at a dinner (at the Paper Tiger Chinese restaurant in Lutterworth, Leicestershire) with Dedicated executives, Kember and Pierce were cordial with the other guests but didn't talk with one another. The pretence was kept up until the end; Palmer did not inform Dedicated about the band breaking up until March. 1990 In late 1989, Jason Pierce, dissatisfied with his mixes at VHF Studios, took his recordings for the Recurring album to Battery Studios, London. Assisted by engineer/producer Anjali Dutt, Pierce completed final remixes of his songs in January 1990. However, Peter Kember's side of the album was far from ready, and he resorted to calling on the help of Richard Formby, a producer. According to Formby, when he arrived, Kember's recording was only half done; some songs were incomplete, and two had to be re-recorded from scratch. In January 1990, Kember's side project and debut solo album, Spectrum (Sonic Boom), was released. Recorded nearly a year previously, Kember had used the project as a vehicle for a group of melancholic themed songs, having decided to save his more upbeat work for Spacemen 3 and Recurring. The Spectrum album was advertised as being by the "founder member/leader of Spacemen 3". Also in January, Pierce was developing ideas for forming a new band or side project of his own. He invited Spacemen 3 compatriots, Refoy, Carruthers and Mattock, to jam and rehearse with him at a small church hall and his flat. Initially it was informal, but this was the origin of Pierce's Spacemen 3 'splinter' band, Spiritualized, comprising all the same members as Spacemen 3 except for Kember. In February 1990, this new grouping recorded "Anyway That You Want Me". This was recorded at VHF Studios; the purpose of these sessions was kept secret from Kember who was still working there. Speaking in 1991, Pierce explained the purpose of starting Spiritualized: Kember continued on completing his Recurring material. His indecision and constant remixing was prolonging the recording of the album. Gerald Palmer was still funding the studio time, and warned Kember to finish. Eventually, intolerant of any more delays, Palmer attended VHF Studios. He seized Kember's tapes, carrying out a previous threat, and chose the final mixes for release. There were reportedly dozens of different mixes for each song. In June 1990, Spiritualized released their debut single, "Anyway That You Want Me". This was a cover of a song by The Troggs which Spacemen 3 had demoed in 1988 during their Playing With Fire sessions. The single's cover sleeve, which had no text on it, controversially bore a sticker saying "Spacemen 3". Furthermore, adverts for the single featured the Spacemen 3 logo. The release of the Spiritualized single was the first Kember had definite knowledge of the band's existence. The circumstances surrounding the single and its marketing prompted Kember to announce that he was leaving Spacemen 3 and that the band no longer existed. Kember, interviewed in 1991: In the latter half of 1990, Pierce's new band, Spiritualized, toured around the UK. They performed songs from the then as yet unreleased Recurring, as well as new material. Spiritualized signed a record deal with Dedicated and recorded their debut album in Winter 1990/91. 1991 In January 1991, the Spacemen 3 single "Big City"/"Drive" was released. Both songs from the double A-side single were from the soon-to-released Recurring. Kember and Pierce had been due to be at the studio for the mastering of the single, however Pierce did not attend. At that point the two had hardly spoken face to face in over six months. Kember decided to fade out several minutes of Pierce's song from the single, "Drive". The last Spacemen 3 album, Recurring, was finally released in February 1991. Although the band had not officially disbanded, for all intents and purposes it was a posthumous release. The two sides of the album – one by Kember (A-side), the other by Pierce (B-side) – reflected the split between the band's two main personnel. The songs on Recurring had been composed in 1989. It expanded on the sounds of the previous, Playing With Fire album. Musically, it was richer and lusher, but Kember and Pierce's respective halves of Recurring were distinctly different and presaged the solo material which they were already working on by the time of the album's release. Kember's side demonstrated his pop and ambient sensibilities; Pierce's side indicated his sympathy for gospel and blues music and his interest in lush production. In 1991 Kember and Pierce were pursuing their musical careers with their own bands, Spectrum and Spiritualized respectively. The release of Recurring prompted renewed press speculation about the future of Spacemen 3. No official statement explained why, or confirmed whether, Spacemen 3 had broken up. The fall-out was covered in the music press: Band members' activities post Spacemen 3 Most members of Spacemen 3 have continued to produce music and record either collaboratively or in solo projects. Peter Kember (alias 'Sonic Boom') has had a solo career releasing music under the monikers Spectrum and E.A.R., and has also done production work for MGMT, Panda Bear, Dean & Britta and The Flowers of Hell. Jason Pierce (alias 'J. Spaceman') remains the leader and creative force, and only constant member, of the alternative band Spiritualized who have achieved significant critical acclaim and commercial success. Both Kember and Pierce continue to perform some Spacemen 3 songs live (e.g. "Transparent Radiation", "Revolution", "Suicide", "Set Me Free", "Che" and "Let Me Down Gently" [Kember]; and "Take Me to the Other Side", "Walkin' with Jesus", "Amen" and "Lord Can You Hear Me?" [Pierce]). Will Carruthers, Jonny Mattock and Mark Refoy formed Spiritualized with Pierce in early 1990. Carruthers left the band after the first album in 1992; followed by Mattock and Refoy in 1994. Refoy then fronted Slipstream who released two albums. Refoy played guitar for the Pet Shop Boys on their live tour in 2007. Will Carruthers took a hiatus from the music industry after leaving Spiritualized; but subsequently has worked with Kember, recorded two solo albums as Freelovebabies, and has most recently toured with The Brian Jonestown Massacre. Carruthers, Mattock and Refoy have also collaborated on projects together. After leaving Spacemen 3 in 1988, both Pete Bain and Stewart Roswell ('Rosco') joined the neo-psychedelic band Darkside who released several albums. Following the end of Darkside, Bain formed 'Alphastone', and has assisted Kember on some of the latter's solo projects. As of 2010 he provides vocals and guitar in 'The Urgz'. Stewart Roswell (alias Sterling Roswell) released a solo album, The Psychedelic Ubik, in 2004. In the early 1990s, early Spacemen 3 drummer Natty Brooker played bass under the alias 'Mr Ugly' in Garage rock band 'The Guaranteed Ugly', with Gavin Wissen. They released two albums. Brooker provided cover artwork for Spacemen 3's Recurring album and early Spiritualized releases. Brooker died of cancer on Friday 18 April 2014. Reunion prospects and relations between Kember and Pierce In 2004 Peter Kember stated: "I saw Jason [Pierce] live in LA on the tour... I sent Jason a note – a peace offering with my new email, phone and address – but nothing so far. I would actually very much like to work with him again." In an interview the following year, on the possibility of a reunion, Kember said: "Reunions suck on the whole. Reforming is different. I'd like to think that Jason [Pierce] might consider working on stuff in the future, but there are far from likely signs of that at present." In 2008, Jason Pierce revealed that an offer to reform for a performance at the Californian music festival Coachella has been refused. He said: "Why would I do that? I mean, I would have liked to go and watch the Battle of Waterloo when it happened but that doesn't mean I'm going to go and sit in a field somewhere and watch people act it out." In 2009, approaches were again made for a reunited Spacemen 3 to appear at a summer festival, at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival; however, Pierce quashed rumours, saying he "wasn't interested" and added, "The split was so acrimonious and my view of him [Kember] hasn't changed. No, I've not mellowed about him." In an interview in June 2011, Kember revealed that Jason Pierce and himself had not had contact since 1990 or 1991. Kember stated, "Well, I've been in touch with him, but he's never gotten back in touch with me. I sent my best wishes and stuff, but nothing back. I have a feeling that isn't going to change, after all this time". He added that although he would be interested in a Spacemen 3 reunion in principle, he thought the realistic chances of it occurring were "zilch". A partial and unofficial 'reunion' of Spacemen 3 occurred on 15 July 2010 at a benefit gig dubbed 'A Reunion of Friends', organised for former Spacemen 3 drummer Natty Brooker (diagnosed with terminal cancer), at the Hoxton Bar and Grill in London where there was a retrospective exhibition of his artwork. Will Carruthers said of the event, "This is as close as you'll get to a Spacemen 3 reunion, trust me." The participants were: Peter Kember (keyboard/guitar/vocals); Will Carruthers (bass); Jonny Mattock (drums); Mark Refoy (guitar); Jason Holt (guitarist from Kember's touring Spectrum band); and guest appearances from Pat Fish (vocals), and Kevin Shields (guitar) of My Bloody Valentine. They played a 45-minute set comprising the songs 'Walkin' with Jesus', 'Revolution' and 'Suicide'. Musical style and influences Sonically, Spacemen 3's music was characterised by fuzzy and distorted electric guitars, stuttering tremolo effects and wah-wah, the employment of 'power chords' and simple riffs, harmonic overtones and drones, softly sung/spoken vocals, and sparse or monolithic drumming. Their earlier record releases were guitar 'heavy', sounding Stooges-esque and "a bit like a punked-up garage rock band" (Stephen Erlewine, AllMusic); whilst their later work was mostly sparser and softer with more textural techniques and augmented by organs, resulting in "their signature trance-like neo-psychedelia" (Stephen Erlewine, AllMusic). Kember described it as "very hypnotic and minimal; every track has a drone all the way through it". Spacemen 3 were adherent's to the "minimal is maximal" philosophy of Alan Vega, singer for the American duo Suicide who were known for their ominously repetitive music. This minimalist musical approach typically represented compositions consisting of the repetition of simple riffs based around the progression of only two or three chords, or simply using just one chord. Kember has articulated the maxim: "One chord best, two chords cool, three chords okay, four chords average". Spacemen 3 had the dictum "taking drugs to make music". In interviews, Kember often stated the importance of recreational drug use in his lifestyle and in inspiring his and Pierce's song-writing. Kember candidly admitted to his frequent drug taking – including cannabis, LSD, magic mushrooms, MDMA, amphetamine and cocaine – and being a former heroin addict. Much of Spacemen 3's music concerned documenting the drug experience and conveying the related feelings. In NME 2011 list, the '50 Druggiest Albums' of all-time, Spacemen 3's Northampton Demos release, Taking Drugs to Make Music to Take Drugs To, was ranked No. 23. Kember was a keen record collector from the age of 11 or 12; some of the first records he purchased included albums by The Velvet Underground. Pierce: "When I was 14, I bought The Stooges' Raw Power and I listened to nothing but that for a year". Spacemen 3's early gig posters would often make explicit references to their sound being inspired by The Stooges, The Velvet Underground and The Rolling Stones. In 1988, Kember said, "Groups like Suicide or the MC5 are like my favorite stuff in the world". Pierce said, "Early on, we were listening to The Stooges, then came Suicide, then we'd start listening to Sun Ra, and pick up on all these lateral threads that ran between them". Spacemen 3 were "fanatical musical magpies". In addition to the Protopunk of New York's The Velvet Underground and Suicide, and Detroit's The Stooges and MC5, Kember's and Pierce's musical influences included: US 1960s Psychedelic rock, such as The Thirteenth Floor Elevators; US 1960s Garage rock; 1960s British Invasion bands; Rock n' Roll; Buddy Holly; Surf music; The Beach Boys; early, seminal Electronic music, e.g. Silver Apples, Delia Derbyshire and Laurie Anderson; Krautrock; The Gun Club, The Cramps and Tav Falco's Panther Burns; early Chicago blues, e.g. Bo Diddley, John Lee Hooker, Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf; early Delta blues; gospel and early Staple Singers; Otis Redding; the production techniques of Brian Wilson, Joe Meek and Phil Spector; and the avant-garde jazz and free jazz of Sun Ra and John Coltrane. Spacemen 3 recorded and performed numerous covers and re-workings of other bands' songs, particularly earlier on in their history, and this was indicative of their influences. Examples include songs by the following bands and artists: The Stooges, MC5, The Thirteenth Floor Elevators, Roky Erikson, The Red Krayola, Glenn Campbell (of The Misunderstood), The Velvet Underground, Lou Reed, Suicide, Bo Diddley, The Rolling Stones, The Troggs, The Yardbirds, and The Sonics. The song "Hey Man" (a.k.a. "Amen") is based on a Gospel traditional. The song "Come Down Easy" is derivative of a Blues traditional. Spacemen 3 performed an instrumental song live with a pronounced Bo Diddley style rhythm, dubbed "Bo Diddley Jam". The Spacemen 3 song "Suicide" was a clear acknowledgement of one of their influences: when performed live it was usually introduced as "this song is dedicated to Martin Rev and Alan Vega – Suicide". Kember was also interested in drone music and everyday ambient sounds such as those created by electric razors, washing machines, lawnmowers, planes, motor engines and passing cars. Personnel and instruments Band members Timeline Instruments Electric guitars (Kember/Pierce/Refoy) Acoustic guitars (Kember/Pierce/Refoy) Farfisa organ – unidentified model/s (Kember/Pierce) Vox Super Continental organ, c. 1960s (Kember/Pierce) Keyboards – unidentified (Kember/Pierce) Electric bass guitar (Bain/Carruthers/Kember) Drums/percussion (Morris/Brooker/Roswell/Mattock) Harmonica (Pierce) Electric Saz or Baglama (Kember) Sitar (Pierce) Other musicians and instruments Sessions contributed at studio recordings Violin – Owen John. † § Cello – Josephine Wiggs (of The Perfect Disaster). ‡ Saxophone – Pat Fish (of The Jazz Butcher). § Saxophone – Alex Green (of The Jazz Butcher). † § Trumpet – Mick Manning (of The Jazz Butcher). † Flute – Pat Fish (of The Jazz Butcher). § Guitars/keyboards – Richard Formby (of The Jazz Butcher and Spectrum).. § † The Perfect Prescription || § Recurring || ‡ "Girl On Fire" (demo) || Temporary musicians for live performances Stand-in drummers, Spring/Summer 1988: Dave Morgan (of The Weather Prophets). 5 gigs, March 1988. Either Malcolm Catto or Martin Langshaw (of The Perfect Disaster). 6 gigs, March–April 1988. (unknown.) A few gigs, April–May 1988. Thierry. A few gigs, May–July 1988. Other: Steve Evans – electric guitar. Date/Event: 19/08/1988. 'An Evening of Contemporary Sitar Music' at Waterman's Art Centre, London. Legacy "Spacemen 3 were one of the most revolutionary UK guitar bands" (Ian Edmond, Record Collector). They produced "some of the most visceral and psychedelic music of all time...and set a sonic template that influenced a generation, inspiring countless bands" (Julian Woolsey, Rock Edition). Writing in Spring 1991, just after the band had split, Vox Stephen Dalton referred to Spacemen 3 as "one of the most influential underground bands of the last decade". Spacemen 3's style and sound has influenced many artists, on both sides of the Atlantic, including some bands belonging to the Shoegaze scene. E.g. My Bloody Valentine, Chapterhouse, Slowdive, Ride, Six By Seven, Mogwai, Bardo Pond, The Flowers of Hell, Yume Bitsu, Luna, Windy & Carl, The Third Eye Foundation, American Analog Set, Black Mountain, Flying Saucer Attack, A Place To Bury Strangers, The Brian Jonestown Massacre, Colorsound, The Warlocks, Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, The Icarus Line, The Morning After Girls, Scarling, and Wooden Shjips. "Hey Man" is used as the theme song for the Vice show "Abandoned" "Hordes of bands would rank Playing with Fire [Spacemen 3's third studio album] as the equal (or better) of psychedelia's '60s/'70s forebears" (Ned Raggett, AllMusic). It represented "a blueprint for the next generation of ambient drone, space rock acts" (Laura Hightower). In 1998, a tribute album to Spacemen 3 was released by the Rocket Girl label. A Tribute To Spacemen 3 included covers by bands such as Mogwai, Low, Bowery Electric and Bardo Pond. The album liner notes stated: "There are so many current bands who draw their influences from Spacemen 3 that now seems an appropriate time to show tribute to this underrated band." In 2004, US journalist Erik Morse's biography of the band's life and work, Spacemen 3 & The Birth of Spiritualized, was published. Discography Studio albums Live albums Performance (Glass) 1988 [recorded at Melkweg gig, Amsterdam, 1988] – UK Indie no. 18 Dreamweapon (Cheree) 1990 ['An Evening of Contemporary Sitar Music' performance at Watermans Art Centre, Brentford, London, 1988] Live In Europe 1989 (Space Age) / Spacemen Are Go! (Bomp!) 1995 [recorded during 1989 European tour] Compilation albums Translucent Flashbacks – The Glass Singles (Fire) 1995 [First three singles] Singles & EPs "Walkin' With Jesus" (Glass) 1986 – UK Indie no. 29 "Transparent Radiation" (Glass) 1987 – UK Indie no. 29 "Take Me To The Other Side" (Glass) 1988 "Revolution" (Fire) 1988 – UK Indie no. 8 (untitled) aka "Threebie 3" (Fierce) 1989 [Special limited edition, mail order offer with Playing with Fire album. Live recording: performances at Melkweg gig, Amsterdam, 1988, excluded from Performance album] "Hypnotized" (Fire) 1989 – UK No. 85, UK Indie no. 1 "Big City" (Fire) 1991 – UK No. 88 Special re-release albums Playing with Fire (Space Age) 1999 [Playing with Fire plus alternate versions etc. from same sessions; double CD] Forged Prescriptions (Space Age) 2004 [Perfect Prescription alternate mixes plus alternate versions etc. from same sessions; double CD] Unofficial albums Taking Drugs to Make Music to Take Drugs To (Father Yod) 1990 ['Northampton Demos', 1986] Losing Touch with Your Mind 1991 [A collection of alternate versions and rare releases] For All the Fucked Up Children of This World We Give You Spacemen 3 1995 [Early demos, 1984] Revolution or Heroin (Fierce) 1995 [Live bootleg – University of London Union gig, c. 1988] How the Blues Should've Turned Out 2005 [Limited edition, numbered double CD of previously unreleased demos, alternate versions, etc.] Notes re: releases since band disbanded In the two decades following the break-up of Spacemen 3, a large amount of previously unreleased recordings has been released, adding significantly to the Spacemen 3 canon. This material includes: live recordings; demos; earlier iterations of certain songs; alternate versions of many songs; some unfinished work; and some entirely previously unreleased songs. These releases have been both official and unofficial, and some have been issued by the Kember/Palmer-affiliated label Space Age Recordings. Losing Touch with Your Mind, an unofficial release of 1991, was a compilation of alternate song versions and rare releases. The 1993 re-release of Dreamweapon on the Sympathy For The Record Industry label – which included the intriguing live 44-minute Eastern-inspired drone music performance at the Watermans Art Centre, Brentford, London, of August 1988 – was augmented with a previously unreleased recording of a jam. 1995 saw the unofficial release of the band's first demo tape: For All the Fucked Up Children of This World We Give You Spacemen 3. Dating to 1984, this provided an interesting insight into the band's earliest work and "rougher" sound. These recordings pre-dated the other early demos previously made available on the 1990 unofficial, Father Yod release entitled Taking Drugs to Make Music to Take Drugs To. The 1994 re-release of the Taking Drugs to Make Music to Take Drugs To (Northampton Demos) album included several previously unreleased alternate song versions and other bonus tracks. Two live albums were released in 1995: Live In Europe 1989 (also released in 1995 as Spacemen Are Go! on the Bomp! label, but without 'Take Me to the Other Side' and an alternate take of 'Suicide') which represented the first release of the band's live work from their lengthy 1989 contintental tour; and Revolution or Heroin, a bootleg of performances from the band's 1988 gig at the University of London Students Union. The former has been described as "far better than the more ragged earlier Spacemen 3 live album, 1988's Performance" (Stewart Mason, AllMusic). In 1999, Spacemen 3's third studio album, Playing with Fire, was given a special, 10th-anniversary re-release. This official double disc release comprised all the original recordings together with previously unreleased alternate versions, demos and covers (e.g. The Perfect Disaster's "Girl on Fire" and The Troggs' "Anyway That You Want Me") from the same studio sessions. This re-release has been described as the "definitive" version of the Playing with Fire album. In 2004, Spacemen 3's second studio album, The Perfect Prescription, was also given the special re-release treatment. The double disc official release, entitled Forged Prescriptions, comprised alternate mixes of the original album tracks together with previously unreleased alternate versions, demos and covers (e.g. The Spades' "We Sell Soul" and The Troggs' "I Want You") from the same studio sessions. Kember's liner notes explain that the alternative mixes represent the more multi-layered versions which he and Pierce agreed not to use because they would be unable to satisfactorily reproduce their sound live. A bootleg called the Out of it Sessions comprises demo recordings of early iterations of songs from The Perfect Prescription album. In 2005, Kember produced and released his own limited edition, double disc album, How the Blues Should've Turned Out. This wholly comprised previously unreleased material, including alternate versions, rough demos, unfinished work, etc. See also Spiritualized Sonic Boom Spectrum E.A.R. Darkside Slipstream Further reading Biographies: Morse, Erik (2005). Spacemen 3 & the Birth of Spiritualized. Omnibus Press. . Record Collector magazine, Issue 285, May 2003 – Spacemen 3 feature. 'Spacemen 3' article, Sonic Boom website Discographies (detailed): Record Collector magazine, Issue 285, May 2003 – Spacemen 3 feature. Selected interviews: Forced Exposure magazine, Issue 14, Autumn 1988 – article by Nigel Cross and Byron Coley and interviews with Peter Kember 1987/88. Conflict, Issue 48, Summer 1988 – interview with Peter Kember. Melody Maker, 19/11/1988 edition – interview with Peter Kember. NME, 29/7/1989 edition – interview with Peter Kember. Sounds, 09/02/1991 edition – John Robb article and interviews with Peter Kember and Jason Pierce. Vox, April 1991 edition – Stephen Dalton article and interviews with Peter Kember and Jason Pierce. 3:AM Magazine, October 2002 – interview with Peter Kember. References Sources Record Collector magazine, Issue 285, May 2003 – Spacemen 3 feature. Outer Limits (Spacemen 3 fan magazine), Issues 1 & 2, 1991 (Two-part article re: early history of Spacemen 3). NME, Melody Maker, Sounds, Vox etc. – articles, interviews, album reviews, etc. External links Sonic Boom’s official website Spiritualized official website Spacemen 3 Live Archives 1986 – 1989 Spacemen 3 message board section on official Spiritualized website Reaction of Peter Kember to Erik Morse's Spacemen 3 biography at 3:AM Magazine Category:English alternative rock groups Category:Neo-psychedelia groups Category:Sympathy for the Record Industry artists Category:Musical groups established in 1982 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1991 Category:Space rock musical groups Category:British musical trios Category:Glass Records artists Category:1982 establishments in England

Chantiers de l'Atlantique Chantiers de l'Atlantique is a shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France. It is one of the world's largest shipyards, constructing a wide range of commercial, naval, and passenger ships. It is located near Nantes, at the mouth of the Loire river and the deep waters of the Atlantic, which make the sailing of large ships in and out of the shipyards easy. The shipyard was owned by Alstom from 1976 onwards, became Alstom-Atlantique, and was later part of Aker Yards when Aker Group acquired the Alstom Marine business in 2006. In 2008, the South Korean company STX Corporation acquired Aker Yards, and the shipyard became part of STX Europe (formed by the renaming of Aker Yards). A plan is currently under review by the EU's Competition Bureau for Italy's Fincantieri to acquire a 50% stake in the shipyard. After the bankruptcy of STX Corporation, the shipyard reverted to its original name of Chantiers de l'Atlantique. History Chantiers de l'Atlantique was formed in 1955 by the merger of Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire and Ateliers et Chantiers de Penhoët. The shipyard's first ships were built for the French transatlantic line Compagnie Générale Transatlantique. In 1961, it built the transatlantic ocean liner , the world's longest passenger vessel at the time. After the construction of the last Compagnie Générale Transatlantique liner and the closure of the Suez Canal, the yard began building large tankers, including Batillus, Bellamya, Pierre Guillaumat and Prairial. A new dry dock was built for this purpose and would have allowed the construction of tankers exceeding one million tonnes, but it remained unused until the construction of two cruise ships for Holland America Line in the 1980s. Between 1985 and 1998, the shipyard built several cruise ships for Royal Caribbean Cruise Line (RCCL). In 1987 the first of these ships, Sovereign of the Seas, was delivered, and was the first mega cruise ship in the world. Subsequent deliveries to RCCL included Monarch of the Seas, Majesty of the Seas, Nordic Empress, Legend of the Seas, Splendour of the Seas, Rhapsody of the Seas, and Vision of the Seas. In 2003, the shipyard also delivered Crystal Serenity to Crystal Cruises and RMS Queen Mary 2 to Cunard Line. During the construction of RMS Queen Mary 2, a gangway to the dry-docked ship collapsed, killing sixteen people. On 4 January, 2006 Aker Yards purchased the Marine Division of Alstom, which included the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard. In March 2007 Aker ASA divested its interest in Aker Yards, with South Korean STX Corporation acquiring a 39.2% stake in Aker Yards in October. By 3 November, 2008 STX Corporation had acquired a controlling stake in the company, renaming it to STX Europe. The same year, the French government purchased a 33.34% stake in the shipyard. After the bankruptcy of STX Corporation in 2016, STX France was put up for sale, and the Italian state-owned shipyard Fincantieri showed interest in acquiring STX France. In September 2017, after difficult negotiations and a brief nationalization of the shipyard by the French government, the involved parties reached an agreement, with Fincantieri acquiring a 50% stake in STX France, and the remainder being held by the French Naval Group and the French government. A month later, it was announced that the Saint-Nazaire shipyard would regain its original name, Chantiers de l'Atlantique. Ships built Ships built by Chantiers de l'Atlantique include: - Entered service in 1935. It was the world's largest ship until Cunard's Queen Elizabeth, held Blue Riband. Capsized in New York Harbor, 1942. Scrapped in NJ, 1946. Sans Souci class - 4 sloops, designed as seaplane tenders, but built as escorts. all launched in 1940. The BELLE ABETO - Built 1952 as LAENNEC 66 BELLE ABETO Passenger/cargo Ship. - Launched in 1961, the world's longest passenger ship from 1961 to 2004, became the SS Norway. MS Ancerville - A former passenger ship built in 1962, integrated as part of Sea World, a multi-purpose complex in Shenzhen, China since 1983. ZIM - Israel flagship (1964). MS Renaissance - A French cruise liner that entered service in 1966 for service on the Marseilles-Haifa route. Batillus class supertankers - Four ships launched (1976-1979) and - Two LNG carriers built in 1976-1977 for the Dutch NSU (later Nedlloyd) and Ocean Group (now owned by Bonny Gas Transport). The large drydock, which was later used for the Queen Mary 2, was specially built for the building of supertankers in the 1970s, among which were these two ships. The drydock was never used again until the QM2 was being built. The MS Thomson Spirit - Then the MS Nieuw Amsterdam, it was finished by Chantiers de l'Atlantique in 1983, for the Holland America Line. - Brittany Ferries ship that operates between Portsmouth and St Malo, was launched in 1989. Royal Caribbean Internationals MS Sovereign of the Seas - Was the largest cruise ship in the world from 1988 to 1990, and its sister ships, MS Monarch of the Seas and MS Majesty of the Seas. MS Dreamward - Entered service in 1992. MS Windward - Entered service in 1993. MS Paul Gauguin - Currently sailing in French Polynesia. Grand Mistral - Entered service in 1999. Nowadays, it is operated by Ibero Cruceros. Ocean Princess - Formerly Tahitian Princess, it launched in 1999. Pacific Princess - Launched in 1999 and is a sister ship to Ocean Princess. GTS Millennium - Built in 2000 and sailed by Celebrity Cruises. - Formerly Royal Princess, formerly R8, was launched in 2001. Seven Seas Mariner - Launched in 2001 and operated by Regent Seven Seas Cruises (formerly Radisson Seven Seas Cruises). This is the world's first all balcony luxury cruise ship. Coral Princess - Launched in 2002 by Princess Cruises - Launched in 2003 by Princess Cruises. She is a sister ship to Coral Princess. Crystal Serenity - Entered service in 2003 RMS Queen Mary 2 - Floated in 2003, is the longest, tallest, widest, and the largest ocean liner, and at the time of her construction, the largest passenger ship, and is currently the only ship to undergo regularly scheduled transatlantic crossings. KOGO - Completed by Alstom in May 2006. It was a yacht owned by Mansour Ojjeh, who also part-owns the McLaren Formula One team. KOGO has been used by Lewis Hamilton and the yacht has an on-board gym and Jacuzzi. MS Baltic Princess - A part of it was launched in 2008. Norwegian Cruise Lines Norwegian Epic - Built in 2010 and currently the worlds third largest cruise ship, behind the Oasis-class, the Quantum-class and ahead of Freedom-class ships of RCI. Russian amphibious assault ship Vladivostok - Later purchased by Egypt. Russian amphibious assault ship Sevastopol - Later purchased by Egypt. Royal Caribbean International's Harmony of the Seas Celebrity Cruises - Project EDGE Royal Caribbean International's Symphony of the Seas - World's largest passenger ship as of May 2018 (228,081 tons) References External links Category:Shipyards of France Category:Aker Group Category:Saint-Nazaire Category:1861 establishments in France Category:Buildings and structures in Loire-Atlantique

Star Princess (2001) Star Princess is a cruise ship operated by Princess Cruises, a subsidiary of Carnival Corporation & plc, and is the second ship in the cruise line's history to operate under this name. She is the third Grand-class ship to have been built and introduced into the Princess fleet, following and , after her debut in 2002. Star Princess is scheduled to be transferred to P&O Cruises Australia, debuting for the company as Pacific Encounter in November 2021. History Star Princess In January 1998, the then-unnamed ship was ordered as part of a two-ship order made by Princess with Fincantieri, with each ship costing $425 million. The two 109,000 GT Grand-class ships were scheduled to be delivered in the spring and fall of 2001, respectively, and slotted to sail in the Caribbean from Port Everglades year-round. Later, in October 2000, Princess announced Star Princess would instead be deployed to Los Angeles for Mexican Riviera cruises following her delivery, with Alaska itineraries during the summers. Star Princess would become the first then-dubbed "mega-ship" ever to be homeported in Los Angeles and also cruise from the West Coast on a full-time basis. Star Princess was launched on 10 May 2001 at Fincantieri's shipyard in Monfalcone, Italy. On 29 June 2001, a fire started in a galley onboard when sparks from a welding torch ignited it. The fire spread into a dining room but damage was not extensive and construction continued until completion on 25 January 2002. Star Princess was christened on 25 January 2002 at Fincantieri's Monfalcone shipyard by her godmother, Gunilla Antonini, wife of Fincantieri's executive chairman, Corrado Antonini. Pacific Encounter On 22 August 2018, Princess' sister brand, P&O Cruises Australia, announced that Star Princess would be transferred to the P&O Australia fleet in late-2021, joining her sister ship, Golden Princess, which transfers to P&O Australia in October 2020. On 25 November 2019, P&O Australia announced that the vessel will be named Pacific Encounter upon joining the fleet. Service history Deployments as Star Princess At the time of her delivery to Princess Cruises, Star Princess was too large to make a Panama Canal transit, so to arrive in Los Angeles, she embarked on an eastward voyage from Italy, taking her through the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal, the Indian Ocean, and a 26-day inaugural voyage across the Pacific Ocean. Star Princess''' first homeport was Los Angeles and her maiden season featured itineraries to the Mexican Riviera, with her first cruise from Los Angeles, a 3-day cruise, held on 10 March 2002. She sailed to Alaska from Vancouver beginning summer 2003. In fall 2003, she became the first vessel of more than 100,000 GT to sail in Australian waters after she arrived in Sydney on 26 November 2003. She moved to Southeast Asia in the spring of 2004 before cruising the Mediterranean in the summer of 2004, the Caribbean that fall and winter, and the Baltic the following summer. She made her first trip to South America and Antarctica in January 2008. For winter 2019-2020, she is homeported in Los Angeles, with itineraries including the Mexican Riviera, Sea of Cortez, and Hawaii. She will move to San Francisco for summer 2020 to sail Alaska itineraries before returning to Los Angeles for winter 2020-2021 with itineraries to the Mexican Riviera, Hawaii, French Polynesia, and the California coast. Star Princess will cruise one of her last seasons for the company from Vancouver and Whittier in the summer of 2021 to sail Alaska itineraries. Deployments as Pacific Encounter In December 2019, P&O Cruises Australia announced that Pacific Encounter would homeport in Brisbane beginning in November 2021 and cruise to different destinations in Oceania, including the Queensland coast and Melanesia islands. In popular culture In 2002, Hong Kong TV drama, Ups and Downs in the Sea of Love, was filmed onboard Star Princess, among other locations. Accidents and incidents 2006 fire On 23 March 2006, at approximately 3:00AM, while en route from Grand Cayman to Montego Bay, Jamaica, a fire broke out in the passenger compartments, amidship, on the port side of the ship. Shortly after, the captain sounded the general emergency signal—seven short blasts followed by one long blast on the ship's whistle over the public address system, horn, and various alarms. Passengers evacuated their cabins into public areas through smokey hallways, grabbing their life jackets on the way. They assembled at their muster stations and were combined into groups for about seven hours. The evacuation was reportedly orderly, in contrast to deadlier fires such as those on Morro Castle and Yarmouth Castle. Lifeboats were lowered but proved to be unnecessary, as the fire was contained and doused, and the ship headed into Montego Bay under her own power. The fire was allegedly caused by a cigarette left burning on a balcony, which had become hot enough to melt the balcony divides made from plastic polycarbonate, a material that had been approved by international cruise line safety rules. The fire caused scorching damage in up to 150 cabins, and smoke damage in at least 100 more on passenger decks 9 to 12 (Dolphin, Caribe, Baja and Aloha decks, respectively). A passenger, Richard Liffidge, 72, of Georgia, died from "asphyxia secondary to inhalation of smoke and irrespirable gases" and thirteen other passengers suffered significant smoke inhalation. While a smouldering discarded cigarette probably did cause the flames, the following items were also at fault for allowing the fire to spread as quickly as it did: The balconies' polycarbonate partitions, polyurethane deck tiles, and the plastic furniture were highly combustible and produced large quantities of very thick black smoke when burned. The glass in the doors between the staterooms and balconies was neither fire retardant, to meet with the requirements of an ‘A’ class division, nor self-closing. The balconies crossed main zone fire boundaries, both horizontally and vertically, and were without structural or thermal barriers at the zone or deck boundaries. No fire detection or fire suppression systems were fitted on the balconies. Aftermath The cruise was terminated in Montego Bay and passengers were evacuated to hotels in Jamaica and subsequently flew home. All passengers received a full refund and were reimbursed any out-of-pocket travel expenses they incurred. The ship had been on a Caribbean itinerary that departed from Port Everglades on 19 March 2006. With 79 cabins destroyed and a further 204 damaged, the ship was moved to the Bahamas where she was prepared for a transatlantic crossing to the Lloyd Werft shipyard in Bremerhaven, Germany for repairs. Her remaining Caribbean cruises and a transatlantic cruise were cancelled, with the anticipation that she would begin her summer season in the Baltic on 15 May. The ship set sail again on 13 May 2006, and resumed its regular service on 15 May from Copenhagen. Princess implemented new measures that aim to prevent a disaster of similar proportion, which include enhanced procedures for handling fires and clear communication during emergencies. Passengers reported that the only noticeable differences were a strong smell of new carpeting, the addition of sprinklers to all balconies and the replacement of plastic furniture with non-combustible alternatives. No interior decor was significantly modified in order to maintain consistency of the ship's interior design. 2012 reported ignored distress call On 10 March 2012, en route in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America, three passengers from Star Princess spotted a small boat drifting with waving seamen, apparently in distress, and notified the crew. However, Star Princess did not change course to investigate. On 19 March, the Ecuadorean coast guard rescued the Panamanian fishing boat Fifty Cent with one survivor on board. Subsequent communication between the survivor, a reporter, and the passengers who spotted the survivors led to allegations that the small boat sighted nine days prior was, in fact, the Fifty Cent, and that Star Princess had failed to stop and render aid. Princess Cruises first indicated that there had been a breakdown in communication and the captain had not been notified of the sighting. A later report stated that a crew member did, in fact, convey the passengers' concerns to the bridge, and that the ship's log for that time on 10 March contained an entry recording that the ship had deviated to the west to avoid the fishing nets, and that the fishermen had "signaled their thanks" for avoiding their nets. By June 2012, two lawsuits had been filed against Princess Cruises on behalf of the fishermen of the Fifty Cent. In August 2012, Princess Cruises responded with the claim that Star Princess and Fifty Cent'' were never within sight of one another and thus, the accusations were the result of mistaken identity. As supporting evidence, the cruise line made public the results of a drift analysis and a photographic investigation they had commissioned. In April 2013, the Bermuda Department of Maritime Administration was reported to have closed their official inquiry into the incident. The Bermuda Police Service carried out the investigation. The Department of Public Prosecutors disclosed that the passengers who were material witnesses to the case made a statement that the boat they had seen from the cruise ship was ultimately not the same boat as the one recovered by the Ecuadorean coast guard. References External links MAIB Report on the investigation of the fire Princess Cruises: Star Princess Miramar Ship Index - Star Princess Category:Cruise ships Category:Ships of Princess Cruises Category:Maritime incidents in 2006 Category:Maritime incidents in 2012 Category:Ship fires Category:Ships built in Monfalcone Category:2001 ships Category:Ships built by Fincantieri

Sânpetru Mare Sânpetru Mare ("Greater St. Peter"; or Ratzsanktpeter; ; ) is a commune in Timiș County, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Igriș (Egres) and Sânpetru Mare. It also included Saravale village until it was split off to form a separate commune in 2004. The village of Sânpetru Mic is in the neighboring commune of Variaș. References Category:Communes in Timiș County Category:Localities in Romanian Banat Category:Serb communities in Romania

Albert Fuller Albert Fuller (July 21, 1926 – September 22, 2007) was an American harpsichordist, conductor, teacher, impresario, and prominent proponent of early music. He was the first artist to record the complete keyboard works of Jean-Philippe Rameau. Fuller was born in Washington, D.C. and started his music studies at the Washington National Cathedral. He was a boy soprano and studied the organ with Paul Callaway. He later attended the Peabody Conservatory of Music at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore as well as Georgetown. Fuller went on to study harpsichord under Ralph Kirkpatrick at Yale and theory under Paul Hindemith. He graduated in 1954 with an M.Mus. After graduation, Fuller went to Paris on a Ditson Fellowship. On his return in 1957 he gave his first New York recital. In 1964 Fuller was made a professor at the Juilliard School of Music. In 1972 he co-founded the Aston Magna Foundation for Music and Humanities and became its artistic director. The Foundation's aims are to "enrich the appreciation of music of the past and the understanding of the cultural, political, and social contexts in which it was composed and experienced." Following a dispute with the Aston Magna board, Fuller left the group in 1983. Two years later, he founded the Helicon Foundation, a New York presenting organization devoted to chamber music performances on original instruments and in period style. Fuller retired as president and artistic director of Helicon at the end of the 2005-2006 season, having led the organization for 21 years. Upon his retirement, James Roe was appointed artistic director and William A. Simon became president. Fuller wrote the memoir Alice Tully: An Intimate Portrait (University of Illinois Press, 1999), and translated, from the French, Hugues Cuenod With a Nimble Voice: Conversations With Francois Hudry (Pendragon Press, 1999). He is prominently featured in Paul Festa's 2006 Messiaen documentary Apparition of the Eternal Church, and in the book based on it, OH MY GOD: Messiaen in the Ear of the Unbeliever. Fuller died at his home of congestive heart failure. References External links Aston Magna Foundation website Helicon Foundation website Albert Fuller's Rendezvous Lounge Category:1926 births Category:2007 deaths Category:American performers of early music Category:American harpsichordists Category:Musicians from Washington, D.C. Category:20th-century American musicians Category:20th-century classical musicians

Jan Howard Sings Evil on Your Mind Jan Howard Sings Evil on Your Mind is the second studio album released by American country artist, Jan Howard. The album was released in June 1966 on Decca Records and was produced by Owen Bradley. The record would be one of many Howard would record with Decca until the early seventies. Its name was derived from the single, "Evil on Your Mind", which was included on the album and became one of Howard's biggest hits and her signature song. Background and content Jan Howard Sings Evil on Your Mind was recorded in six separate recording sessions within the span of two years. The first had taken place September 18, 1964 and the final session was finished on May 10, 1966. All sessions were recorded at the Columbia Recording Studio, located in Nashville, Tennessee. Renowned country music producer, Owen Bradley, produced the album and would produce all of Howard's studio albums with Decca in the years to come. The album's personnel was made up of Nashville's A-Team of musicians, which included Harold Bradley, Floyd Cramer, and Grady Martin. The album consisted of twelve tracks, five of which were composed by Jan Howard's husband and Nashville songwriter, Harlan Howard. His compositions included, "Evil on Your Mind", "What Makes a Man Wander", and "You Don't Find a Good Man Everyday". Also featured on the album was Gale Garnett's "We'll Sing in the Sunshine" and Dolly Parton's "Put It Off Until Tomorrow", a top-ten hit for Bill Phillips earlier in 1966. Release Jan Howard Sings Evil on Your Mind was officially released in June 1966 on Decca Records. That year, the record peaked at number ten on the Billboard Magazine Top Country Albums chart, becoming her very first album to peak within any Billboard record chart. Overall, the album would spawn four singles, three of which were released before the album itself was issued in 1966. The lead single, "What Makes a Man Wander" was released in the Fall of 1964, and reached a peak position of twenty five on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1965. The next two singles, "I've Got Feelings Too" and "You Don't Find a Good Man Everyday", did not chart. The final single, "Evil on Your Mind", reached number five on the Hot Country Singles chart in 1966, aiding the release of the album. "Evil on Your Mind" became Howard's highest charting solo single of her career and one of two top ten hits she would endure as a solo artist. Track listing Personnel All credits are adapted from the liner notes of Jan Howard Sings Evil on Your Mind. Musical and technical personnel Harold Bradley – guitar Floyd Cramer – piano Pete Drake – steel guitar Ray Edenton – guitar Buddy Harman – drums Jan Howard – lead vocals Grady Martin – guitar Bob Moore – bass Hargus Pig Robbins – piano Pete Wade – guitar Chart performance Release history References Category:1966 albums Category:Jan Howard albums Category:Decca Records albums Category:Albums produced by Owen Bradley

Subaru TransCare Subaru Transcare is not a specific model but rather a range of modifications available for Subaru vehicles to enable their use by elderly or disabled persons. The company featured this range at the 38th Tokyo Motor Show, 2004, under the slogan "Open all roads: Vehicles for broadening opportunities and enriching life". Available modifications include: Hand controls enable drivers to perform braking and acceleration by hand Seats that turn outwards, extend beyond the door frame and lower automatically with a wireless remote control Automatic wheelchair loading with a lift that lowers to ground level and automatic sliding door Additional belt across the chest to prevent the person from falling forward during stops Lowered floors with steps that automatically come out when the door is opened Ambulance style rear gurney loading with rails and bracing facilities Transcare modifications are available for the Legacy, Sambar, Impreza, Forester, R1 and R2. References External links A video of the rotating/lifting seat Transcare Category:Adapted automobiles

Daventry Country Park Daventry Country Park is a Local Nature Reserve and country park on the north-eastern outskirts of Daventry in Northamptonshire, England. It is owned and managed by Daventry District Council. The park centres on Daventry Reservoir, which feeds the Grand Union Canal, and there are also meadows and crack willow woodland. Birds include yellowhammers, lesser whitethroats, dunnocks and song thrushes. Facilities include a bird hide, a nature trail, an adventure playground, and a cafe. References External links The Friends of Daventry Country Park Category:Country parks in Northamptonshire Category:Local Nature Reserves in Northamptonshire Category:Daventry

Krzysztof Kościelniak Krzysztof Kościelniak (born August 7, 1965 in Rabka, Poland) – a Catholic priest, full Professor of History (History of the Orient, Asian Studies, Islamic Studies, History of Religion, History of the Oriental Churches). Currently, a full professor at the Jagiellonian University, at the John Paul II Pontifical Academy (UPJPII) in Kraków and in the Seminary of the Pauline Fathers in Kraków. Education and research experience He studied at the Higher Theological Seminary of the Archdiocese of Kraków (1985-1991) and the Pontifical Academy of Theology in Kraków (PAT; since 2009 the John Paul II Pontifical University – UPJPII), the second cycle of studies at the Faculty of Theology (1992). Further studies at: the Institute of Oriental Philology, Jagiellonian University (1995-1996), Institut für Sprachen und Kulturen des Vorderen Orients, Ruprecht Karls Universität Heidelberg, Germany (1996-1997), Pontificio Istituto di Studi Arabi e d’Islamistica – Arabic Study Centre Cairo, Egypt (1997-1998); Franciscan Center of Christian Oriental Studies, Cairo, Egypt (1997-1998). Ph.D. (Religiology) in 1999 from the Faculty of Theology of the Pontifical Academy of Theology. Habilitation (postdoctoral dissertation) in the Humanities, History of the Orient, 2001, Faculty of History and Cultural Heritage (PAT). Research long-term stay in Syria (2002-2003), professorship in 2004/2005 (Full Professor) – Faculty of History, Jagiellonian University. Various research stays, including Syria (a dozen times in 2004-2011), Rome, French Polynesia, London, New Zealand. Studies of the Muslim minority in Xīnjiāng (China), Yala, Pattani, Narathiwat (southern Thailand) and Turkey. A lecturer at Fu Jen University and Tamkang University, Taipei (2016-2017). A lecturer at Caucasus International University (2018) in Tbilisi (Georgia), visiting professor at Imam Khomeini International University (2019) in Qazvin (Iran). Professional experience Working as the Catholic priest he experienced Catholic communities in many countries Jagiellonian University: since 2005, a full professor at the Faculty of International and Political Studies; since 2011, Head of the Department of the Middle East and North Africa, in 2012-2016, Head of the Institute of the Middle and Far East, (he contributed to the creation of Asian Studies), member of some commissions, organizer of several student summer schools in many Asian countries. Pontifical Academy of Theology (since 2009 the John Paul II Pontifical University in Kraków): since 1994, a lecturer at the Faculty of Theology, the Faculty of Philosophy, the Faculty of History and Cultural Heritage, Faculty of Social Sciences). Assistant Professor (2001-2009) and Full Professor at the Faculty of History and Cultural Heritage (2009-2011). He held many positions, founder and editor-in-chief of the scientific journal ‘Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia’ (2009-2012), the series of Oriental sources and monographs, he organized several student summer schools in Syria. Expert activities: among others, the Congress of EPP Group in the European Parliament in Venice, Doha International Center for Interfaith Dialogue (Qatar),Al-Rai Center for Studies, Jordan Europe Business Association, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Malaysia (Islamic Science University of Malaysia), Singapore (10th International Conference on Language Literature, Culture and Education 2018) and Seville (World Congress on Middle Eastern Studies 2018). He delivered ca. 120 scientific papers and has given many interviews. Scientific work and research His research activities focus on the fields Asian/Oriental studies: - the condition of the Muslim states, contemporary Islam and the Muslim minorities (Models of modernization of Islam in a dynamic context, the processes of democratization in today's Islamic world, elements of democracy in the Islamic world, the attempts of the separation of religion and state, Christian and Muslim perceptions of secularization its practical application in the Muslim countries and the economic consequences of the ‘Arab Spring’ (2011-2013) in Egypt, Tunisia, Syria and Libya, cultural, and ethnic diversities of Muslim immigrants in Poland in the period of 1989-2014, perspectives and challenges of migration of Muslims to Europe, the Muslim-Hindu relations after the establishment of Bharatiya Janata Party(India), Muslim Uighur community in China, the life of Afaq Khoja (1626-1694) in the historical context and the polemics about his role within the Uighur community). - Islamic Studies (Christian influences in Muslim tradition, the concept of time and calendar in Islam, Quranic demonology, the concept of al-ʿArāf (‘Muslim purgatory’), the Qur'an hermeneutic in the world of Islam, Islamic jurisprudence and the rules of Sunni Muslim theology aspects of divinization according to Farīd-al-dīn ʿAṭṭār Nīšāpūrī (died ca. 1221), the concept of the universality of Islam, the Muslim eschatology, the slavery and the status of women in Islam, the concept of Jihad in Sunni sources (Qur'an, Sunnah) and the modern modifications and perceptions of Jihad in the Islamic world. Jihad in various aspects contexts (historical, theological and dialogue of life). Author of the first Polish Concordance of the Qurʾān. He has translated and commented on several Hadiths.) - the history of Islam (the history of Central Asia from the 6th to the 12th centuries and history of sub-Saharan Africa in the Middle Ages (published as parts of ‘The Great History of the World). The achievements and failures of the Abbasids (750-1258), meanings of history in the Muslim thought, He has described Muhammad’s tomb in Medina in the 17th century (focusing on the relations of the Islamicised Polish men kidnapped by Turks to Egypt) and analyzed the contribution of Tadeusz Lewicki (1906-1992) to Islamic studies and the history of West Africa.) - the Oriental Churches (Arab Christianity before Muhammad, and Christian Arabic literature before the rise of Islam The Christians in the Muslim world in the Middle Ages, the history of the Melkite Church (634-1516), the Maronite Church in the Middle East as a bridge between the East and the West, the contribution of Christian Maronites to the famous Organic Statute of Lebanon (Règlement) in 1861 and 1864 and statistical changes of Christians in Lebanon and Syria in the twentieth century. The changes of Coptic identity, the pluralism of the Catholic Church in Egypt and the condition of Christian minorities in Turkey. - islam and Christianity - interactions and dialogue (the influence of Biblical demonology on the Qur’anic concepts of Satan in the context of the interaction of Ancient religions, apocryphal tradition in the Quranic demonology, Muslim tradition in the background of the Christian-Islamic acculturation from the 7th to the 10th centuries, the origin, history and meaning of the New Testament borrowings in the hadiths, the interaction between the Qur’an and pre-Islamic Polytheistic and Christian beliefs, the Old and New Testament elements in the Qur’an, Christian influences on some Muslim interpretations of al-ʿArāf (‘the Muslim purgatory’) and early Christian (Patristic) elements in the Qur'an, the differences between Islam and Christianity. - the History of Muslim-Christian Relations (the sources depicting the seizure of the Church of St. John the Baptist in Damascus during the reign of Caliph Walid II, the dynamism of the Muslim-Christian acculturation in the first centuries of Islam in the Middle East, culture and religion in the Middle East in the first centuries of Islam according to Ibn Haldūn (1332-1406), Christological aspects of the Christian-Islamic polemics from the early ages of Islam, the Arab invasion in Rome (846), the condition of Christian communities in the Muslim world before the Crusaders, the ambivalence of the position of Christians in the Muslim community, the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem in 1009, the description of Christians in Egypt by the Franciscan friar Anthony Gonzales (1673), the praise of the crusaders’ attitude towards Muslims in Ibn Jubayr's chronicle concerning his journey to the East (d. 1217), the significance of the Franciscans in the Middle East during the Mameluke epoch, the imitation of the Islamic ideology of Jihad in ‘Tactica’ by Emperor Leo VI (866-912), the missionary activities of Protestant Churches in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 19th century, Western influences on the shaping of the political system in Lebanon in the second half of the 19th century. Muslim-Christian dialogue in the context of human rights (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), dialogue of life between Christians and Muslims in the history of Lebanon (1861-1945) after the Organic Statute of Lebanon (Règlement), the Polish experience of co-existence between Christians and Muslims. - theology and the history of religions, religious studies (the author of textbooks as part of the series ’Religions of the modern Middle and far East’; the first volume presents the complex of the phenomenon of religion, the second volume shows the comprehensive outline of Hinduism. He has also published the textbook on the Catholic theology of religions and has co-authored two textbooks on Catholic fundamental theology. He has compared the idea of martyrdom in several religions of the world. Investigated the contacts and interactions of the ancient Egyptians with the nomadic (Arab?) culture and elements of the ancient Egyptian demonology in religion in pre-Islamic Arabia.) - biblical studies (this range of publications is typical for his early research activities (mainly biblical demonology). He has analyzed the theme of evil spirits in the Bible, presented an exegesis of some fragments of the Gospel of John which has the term άρχων του̃ κόσμου τούτου (‘Lord of this world’). He has examined the connection between biblical demonology and ancient religions of the Middle East, and polemized with the theory of Gerald Messadié (Histoire générale du diable) that biblical demonology directly depends on Persian demonology. In addition to biblical demonology, he has conducted an exegesis of the Lord's Prayer and other fragments of the New Testament which were incorporated into the Muslim tradition.) Membership in professional organizations Member of the Association of European Arabists and Islamicists (L'Union Europeene des Arabisants st Islamisants – UEAI); the Committee of Oriental Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, (2011-2014, the member of the presidium of this committee); the Committee on Byzantine of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, Scientific Society of Australia, New Zealand and Oceania; the Association of the Fundamental Theologians in Poland and the Polish Theological Society in Kraków (both the Theological Commission and the Historical Commission), the John Paul II Intercultural Dialogue Institute in Kraków. Books Polish Muslims. Religion and Culture [Muzułmanie polscy. Religia i kultura], Kraków: Wydawnictwo M 2015 ( accessed: 20.12.2016); ﻴﺎﻨﻮﺵ ﺪﺍﻨﺴﻜﻲ, ﺍﻠﺪﺮﺍﺴﺎﺖ ﺍﻠﻌﺮﺒﻴﺔ ﻮ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻔﻲ ﺒﻮﻠﻮﻨﻴﺎ, ﻣﺆﺘﻣﺭ ﺁﻔﺎﻖ ﺍﻋﻼﻗﺎﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻠﺒﻮﻠﻨﺪﻴﺔ 65,  عمّان: الجامعة الأردن ٢٠١١ Hinduism „Contemporary Religions of the Middle East and Far East” vol. 2 [Hinduizm, „Religie współczesnego Bliskiego i Dalekiego Wschodu” vol. 2], Kraków: Wydawnictwo M 2015; The Complex Phenomenon of Religion, „Contemporary Religions of the Middle East and Far East” vol. 1 [Złożony obraz zjawiska religii, „Religie współczesnego Bliskiego i Dalekiego Wschodu” vol. 1], Kraków: Wydawnictwo M 2014; (accessed 12.12.2016) Religious and Philosophical aspects of times and history in Islam, [Czas i historia w islamie. Kalendarz i podstawy chronologii muzułmańskiej], Kraków: Wydawnictwo UJ 2013 (accessed: 12.07.2016); Dillemas of democracy In the Middle East. Izrael, Jordan, Turkey, ed. K. Kościelniak, Kraków: UNUM 2010 (accessed: 12.07.2016). State, Religion, Community. Selected Topics from Political Modernization in the Middle East [Państwo, religia i wspólnota. Wybrane zagadnienia z procesów modernizacji na Bliskim Wschodzie], ed. K. Kościelniak, Kraków: UNUM 2010; Change and Stability. State, Religion and Politics in the Middle East and North Africa, ed. K. Kościelniak, Kraków: UNUM 2010 (accessed: 22.12.2016); Prosperity and Stagnation. Some Cultural and Social Aspects of the Abbasides Period (750-1258), ed. K. Kościelniak, “Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia” 1, Kraków 2010 (accessed: 12.07.2016); Human rights in the culture of the Northern Africa, the Middle and Far East [Prawa człowieka w kulturze północnej Afryki Bliskiego i Dalekiego Wschodu], ed. K. Kościelniak, Kraków: UNUM 2008 (accessed: 12.12.2016). Theme Concordance of the Koran [Tematyczna konkordancja do Koranu, Kraków 2006, Kraków: UNUM 2006 (accessed: 10.07.2016); The Sunnah, Hadiths and Traditionalists. An Introduction to the Muslim Tradition [Sunna, hadisy i tradycjoniści. Wstęp do tradycji muzułmańskiej], Kraków: UNUM 2006 (accessed: 10.07.2016); Christentum und Islam. Perspektive und Probleme des Dialogs, Kraków: UNUM, 2005 (accessed: 15.07.2016); Greeks and Arabs. The History of the Melkite (Catholic) Church in the lands conquered by the Muslims (634-1516) [Grecy i Arabowie. Historia Kościoła melkickiego (katolickiego) na ziemiach zdobytych przez muzułmanów (634-1516)], Kraków: UNUM 2004 (accessed: 10.07.2016); The Jihad. Holy War in Islam. The Relation Between Religion and State. Islam vs. Democracy. Christians in the Islamic Countries, [Dżihad. Święta wojna w islamie. Związek religii z państwem. Islam a demokracja. Chrześcijanie w krajach muzułmańskich], Kraków: Wydawnictwo M 2002 (accessed: 17.07.2016); Zło osobowe w Biblii. Egzegetyczne, historyczne, religioznawcze i kulturowe aspekty demonologii biblijnej, Kraków: Wydawnictwo M 2002 (accessed: 17.12.2016); Christianity Encountering World Religions [Chrześcijaństwo w spotkaniu z religiami świata], Kraków: Wydawnictwo M 2002 (accessed: 14.07.2016); Muslim Tradition in the Background of the Christian-Islamic Acculturation from the 7th to the 10th Centuries. The Origin, History and Meaning of the New Testament Borrowings in the Hadiths [Tradycja muzułmańska na tle akulturacji chrześcijańsko-islamskiej od VII do X wieku. Geneza, historia i znaczenie zapożyczeń nowotestamentowych w hadisach], Kraków: UNUM 2001 (accessed: 22.11.2016). 20 Centuries of Christianity in the Arab Culture, Volume I: Ancient Arabia. Christianity in Arabia until Muhammad (d. 632) [XX wieków chrześcijaństwa w kulturze arabskiej. Tom I: Arabia starożytna. Chrześcijaństwo w Arabii do Mahometa (632)], Kraków: UNUM 2000 (accessed: 19.07.2016); Evil Spirits in the Bible and the Koran – the influence of biblical demonology on the Koranic conceptions of Satan in the context of interactions of the Ancient religions [Złe duchy w Biblii i Koranie - wpływ demonologii biblijnej na koraniczne koncepcje szatana w kontekście oddziaływań religii starożytnych], Kraków: UNUM 1999 (accessed: 1.07.201). Links, sources [Oxford Encyclopedia of Personalities of the Republic of Poland] Oxford Encyklopedia – Osobistości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, entry: Krzysztof Kościelniak, London: An Oxford Encyclopedia Publication 2016, pp. 555–556 (presentation of Prof. Krzysztof Kościelniak's activities and achievements till 2016); Polish Scholarly Bibliography (PBN) – the portal of the Polish Ministry of Science, Polska Bibliografia Naukowa PBN, Krzysztof Kościelniak (complete list of Prof. Krzysztof Kościelniak's published scientific works), [accessed: 12.07.2016]. Academia, Krzysztof Kościelniak – Jagiellonian University – Department of the Middle and Far East (the majority of scientific publications of Krzysztof Kościelniak on-line): [accessed: 12.07.2016]. K. Kaucha, Kościelniak Krzysztof, w: Leksykon teologii fundamentalnej, red. M. Rusecki i inni, Lublin-Kraków 2002, s. 653-654 (omówienie zasadniczych osiągnięć naukowych K. Kościelniaka do 2001); J. Hauziński, [Research on the history of the Islamic world in Poland after 1945] Badania nad dziejami świata islamu w Polsce po 1945 roku, in: T. Majda (ed.), Szkice z dziejów polskiej orientalistyki, vol. V, Warszawa 2010, pp. 69–70 (presentation of Prof. Krzysztof Kościelniak's contribution to Oriental studies till 2008); D. Rosiak, Ziarno i krew. Podróż śladami bliskowschodnich chrześcijan [Grain and blood. Travel in the footsteps of Christians in the Middle East], Wołowiec: Wydawnictwo Czarne 2015, wstęp (Memories of the meeting Krzysztof Kościelniak) (accessed: 29.12.2016) International Institute of Advanced Islamic Studies (IAIS) Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Krzysztof Kościelniak, [accessed: 10.07.2016]. The Institute of the Middle and Far East (Instytut Bliskiego i Dalekiego Wschodu), Ks. prof. dr hab. Krzysztof Kościelniak, [accessed: 12.07.2016]. Krzysztof Kościelniak, Dorobek naukowy Katedry Historii Religii Bliskiego i Dalekiego Wschodu [Krzysztof Kościelniak, Achievements of the Department of the History of Religion in the Middle and Far East at the Faculty of History and Cultural Heritage, John Paul II Pontifical University of Kraków] (presentation of Prof. Krzysztof Kościelniak's activities and achievements till 2011) [accessed: 22.03.2011]. Sprawozdanie dziekana Wydziału Studiów Międzynarodowych i Politycznych UJ z kadencji 2012-2016 [Report of the Dean of the Faculty of International and Political Studies – Jagiellonian University of the 2012-2016 term] [accessed: 21.07.2016]. M. Rzepka, 8th Doha Conference on Interfaith Dialogue, in: Vita Academica 6(60)2010, p. 26; [accessed: 25.06.2016]. Instytut Bliskiego i Dalekiego Wschodu UJ, Wydarzenia [The Institute of the Middle and Far East – Events] [accessed: 20.07.206] Instytut Bliskiego i Dalekiego Wschodu UJ, Galerie i blogi, [The Institute of the Middle and Far East – Galleries and blogs] [accessed: 20.07.2016]. Rozmowy Teofila: Rozmowa A. Dobrzyńskiego OP z ks. Krzysztofem Kościelniakiem - Dlaczego warto zajmować się islamem? [Dissusions of ‘Teofil’: Conversation of Rev. A. Dobrzyński, OP, with Rev. Krzysztof Kościelniak: Why is Islam worth knowing], in: ‘Teofil – Pismo Kolegium Filozoficzno-Teologicznego Dominikanów’ 24(2006) pp. 23–4; [accessed: 12.07.2016]; Rozmowa o dialogu chrześcijańsko-muzułmańskim J. Bocheńskiej z ks. prof. Krzysztofem Kościelniakiem [Christian-Muslim dialogue. Conversation of J. Bocheńska with Rev. Prof. Krzysztof Kościelniak], in: ‘Tolerancja.pl’ [accessed: 12.07.2016]; Dialog życia. Rozmowa ks. dr Piotra Gąsiora z ks. prof. Krzysztofem Kościelniakiem [The dialogue of life. Conversation of Rev. Dr Piotr Gąsior with Rev. Prof. Krzysztof Kościelniak], in: ‘Niedziela Ogólnopolska’ 48/2006, pp. 13–14; [accessed: 18.07.2016]); Co mamy przemilczać?! Z ks. prof. dr. hab. Krzysztofem Kościelniakiem - islamoznawcą, wykładowcą na Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej – rozmawia ks. Piotr Gąsior [Are we to remain silent? Conversation of Rev. Dr Piotr Gąsior with Rev. Prof. Krzysztof Kościelniak, lecturer at the Pontifical Academy of Theology], in: ‘Niedziela Ogólnopolska’ 43/2006, pp. 18–19 [accessed: 12.07.2016]. Radość w Rabie Niżnej – mieszkańcy są dumni z ks. Prof. Krzysztofa Kościelniaka [Joy in Raba Niżna – The people of Raba Niżna are proud to Rev. Father Krzysztof Kościelniak], in: Gazeta krakowska – nowosądecka, 16.12.2005, pp. 1–2. Ksiądz Profesor z Raby Niżnej – specjalista od islamu i świata arabskiego, [Rev. Father Professor from Raba Niżna – expert in Islam and the Arab World], in: Nasza Gmina Mszana Dolna 4(2005) p. 9. 30 przesiadek. Wspomnienia studentów z wyjazdu naukowego do Syrii, [Thirty changes. Recollections of students participating in the summer school in Syria], in: ‘Patos’ part I 4(2005) pp. 16-17; part II 1(2006) pp. 14-15. References Category:Polish historians Category:Jagiellonian University Category:1965 births Category:Living people Category:Polish scholars of Islam Category:Polish Arabists Category:Polish Roman Catholic theologians Category:Polish Roman Catholic priests

Quiet Fire (Frank Morgan and Bud Shank album) Quiet Fire is a live album by saxophonists Frank Morgan and Bud Shank which was recorded in Seattle in 1987 but not released on the Contemporary label until 1991. Reception The review by Allmusic's Richard S. Ginell said: "At one time, there would have been a yawning stylistic gap -- indeed, a Grand Canyon -- between alto players Frank Morgan and Bud Shank. But by the time they finally collided head on at Seattle's Jazz Alley, they were perfectly compatible, as their often fiery live exchanges here graphically prove. It was Shank who had changed the most, having set his sights upon becoming a roaring bebopper upon his move to Washington State the year before this gig ...the presence of a live audience clearly pushes these horns into some exciting, ardent jazz territory". the Washington Post's Geoffrey Himes wrote: "The tough bop aggression of this recording will surprise those who are expecting the sensual romanticism of Morgan's last few outings or the cool-jazz that has dominated most of Shank's career. ... Despite their parallel histories, the two men had never met before the weekend, and this duet allows us to eavesdrop on them feeling each other out for the first time". Track listing "Solar" (Miles Davis) – 7:13 "Phantom's Progress" (George Cables) – 6:14 "Quiet Fire" (Cables) – 9:47 "Emily" (Johnny Mandel, Johnny Mercer) – 6:45 "What's New?" (Bob Haggart, Johnny Burke) – 6:20 "The Night Has a Thousand Eyes" (Jerry Brainin, Buddy Bernier) – 9:40 Personnel Performance Frank Morgan, Bud Shank – alto saxophone George Cables – piano John Heard – bass Jimmy Cobb – drums Production Eric Miller – producer Scott Charles – engineer References Category:Frank Morgan (musician) live albums Category:Bud Shank live albums Category:1991 live albums Category:Contemporary Records live albums

WOLI (AM) WOLI (910 AM) is a regional Mexican/brokered programming radio station located in Spartanburg, South Carolina. The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast with power of 3,600 watts in the daytime and 890 watts at night under separate directional signal patterns. History WSPA 950 AM signed on the air on February 17, 1930 as South Carolina's first radio station, beating out WCSC/Charleston and WIS/Columbia by several months. The station was owned by Virgil Evans during its first 10 years on the air. WSPA was sold on June 1, 1940 to the Spartanburg Advertising Company, a group that was formed with the intention on starting a second radio station in Spartanburg, WORD 910 AM, which signed on in September of that year utilizing studio and tower space from WSPA. In 1944 the FCC ordered the WSPA-WORD combo to be broken up due to ownership regulations which forbid an owner from having no more than one AM station per market. This was completed on March 17, 1947 when WSPA and WSPA-FM was sold to Liberty Life Insurance and WORD was sold to Spartan Radiocasting (WSPA-FM 98.9 signed on as South Carolina's first FM station on August 29, 1946). In 1952, a dispute erupted between both Spartan Radiocasting and Liberty Life over a proposed allocation for VHF TV channel 7 in Spartanburg. It was settled in 1958 when Spartan Radiocasting bought back WSPA and WSPA-FM from Liberty Life Insurance and spinning off WORD and their FM sister WDXY 100.5 to different ownership. In 2002, Entercom (then owners of WORD/WYRD) swapped WORD's programming and call letters from 910 AM over to its newly acquired sister, WSPA's signal at 950 AM to gain better coverage. Then in 2005, WSPA as well as the FMs WOLI/WOLT were spun off to Davidson Media Group. The WSPA call letters were dropped per an agreement with WSPA-TV to surrender the WSPA calls if the radio station ever changed hands. New calls of WOLI took to the air and simulcasted parts of WOLI-FM programming with brokered programming. In 2007, the simulcasting with the FM ended and the station switched to Spanish Religious programming, but retained the brokered programming, which then switched to black gospel January, 2011 through August 2011, a few months of which were simulcast from Davidson-owned WRJD (then known as "Rejoice 1410" in Durham, North Carolina). September 1, 2011, WOLI relaunched as Yahoo! Sports Radio 910 until January 2012. In August 2012, WOLI once again became Spartanburg's home to Wofford Terrier sports. After the Terriers left WOLI after the 2004 season, they returned to 910 AM as well as 105.7 FM. On January 7, 2013, WOLI was relaunched as Earth 105.7 FM with an Oldies format. On March 1, 2013, the Earth FM oldies format moved to WOLT (since renamed WRTH). WOLI was relaunched as The Source @ 105.7/AM 910 with an adult standards and brokered programming format. The station also airs local sports. On July 13, 2015, Davidson Media sold WOLI and eleven other stations to TBLC Holdings, with the sale to be completed on September 30, 2015. The sale was consummated on November 5, 2015, at a purchase price of $3.5 million. On November 5, 2015, WOLI changed their format to regional Mexican, branded as "Activa 103.9" (simulcasting WTOB-FM 103.9 FM). References External links OLI Category:Radio stations established in 1940 Category:1940 establishments in South Carolina

Bela Rahma Bela Rahma is an Arabic television drama. Plot A rich beautiful woman (Fajer) lives with her little sister (Wedd) who suffers from Down Syndrome, and her struggle with her addicted cousin (Jassim) to live a peaceful life. Cast Zainab Al Askari Miriam Al-Saleh Abeer Al-Jundi Ali Jumaa Ibrahim Al-Zageli Saad Al-Buanen Hibba Al-Dedri Music The song was sung by Nabil She'al Awards Bela Rahma was selected the best gulf series in 2006, and Zainab Al Askari was also selected the best actress for her role for the second time. References Category:Arabic television series

Pkhista River The Pkhista is a river in the West Caucasus, near the border between Abkhazia and Russia. It has a length of and flows into the left (eastern) bank of the Psou River to the south of the village of Salkhino. It is one of two main left hand side tributaries of the Psou River, the other being the Besh River. Both tributaries are in Georgia. References Category:Rivers of Abkhazia Category:Rivers of Georgia (country)

Čenkovice Čenkovice is a small village in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has around 190 inhabitants. Ski area Buková hora is part of the village External links New website of the Ski area (in Czech) Village website (in Czech) Details about the village (in Czech) Ski area website (in Czech) Category:Villages in Ústí nad Orlicí District

Dysmicohermes ingens Dysmicohermes ingens is a species of fishfly in the family Corydalidae. It is found in North America. References Further reading Category:Corydalidae Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Insects described in 1954

Vladimir Rott Vladimir Rott, a Canadian engineer turned author, was born in 1935 in the Soviet Union, into a family of immigrants from Hungary. In 1974, during a visit to Toronto he defected to Canada, leaving behind his wife and three children in Togliatti, Russia. Reunited with his family he led a life of an engineer, entrepreneur and traveled the world making up for the lost opportunities not available to the citizens of the Soviet regime. In later years he became a prolific writer dedicating his free time to writing autobiographical books and philanthropic pursuits in support of the forgotten and underprivileged Siberian Jewry. Biography Early years Born in the Soviet Union at the end of the depression into a family of Jewish Hungarian immigrants, Vladimir’s childhood was scarred, at the age of three, by the arrest of his father Ferenc in 1938, along with millions of other innocent people during Stalin’s Great Purge. The family became Soviet Citizens in the hopes that the unjust arrest and imprisonment of Ferenc would somehow be overturned. Along with mother Regina and older brother Jozef, Vladimir endured the stigma of being the family of the "Enemy of the State" during the Soviet regime. When the Soviet regime collapsed, the invading Nazis imposed their own order in Belarus, life for the Jewish population of Bobruysk saw a traumatic change. All of Bobruysk's Jews were rounded up, isolated, and systematically exterminated. But, amazingly, Vladimir's family of three, survived due to their "Hungarian" ancestry. Following the arrest of Ferenc in 1938, Regina had to take on several jobs in order to ensure the family’s survival, leaving Vladimir to fend for himself. Street smart, and able to fix almost anything, Vladimir’s personality developed into that of a tough survivor who is drawn to challenges and able to work his way out of any situation. Middle years The family moved to Tomsk Siberia in 1954, in order to be closer to Ferenc, still hoping to be reunited. Vladimir attended Tomsk Polytechnic University and received undergraduate and graduate degrees in electrical engineering. While playing violin in the university's Big Band orchestra, he met and married Iya Yaroslavskaya. They had two children in Tomsk, Sandor and Ilona. Their third child Edwin, was born after the family moved to Togliatti where Vladimir became the head of Installation and Maintenance of Machinery department of the LADA VAZ - Volga Automobile Plant, supervising 1,500 employees. Vladimir and family traveled to Hungary to be reunited with family there and to meet their extended family from Canada. This led to an invitation to visit Canada and to Vladimir's ultimate defection in Toronto in 1974. In late 1975, Vladimir was reunited with his wife and three children in Toronto, where he still lives today. Later years In 1984, he was reunited with his childhood diaries and the cherished letters his father wrote from prison in Kolyma, Siberia, from 1935-1952. These documents were smuggled out of Russia via Hungary and Austria by his friends. The arrival of this archive was marked by a congratulatory letter from the renowned Russian exiled author, Alexander Solzhenitsyn. These historical documents inspired him to write several books starting with "My Father’s Letters from Siberian Prison," which were purchased by many Hungarian high school libraries and became part of the curriculum. He received an award from the Hungarian Government and became an honorary member of the Hungarian Writers' Guild in 2013. For several years Rott worked on restoration of a Jewish cemetery and construction of a monument in Mysovaya Station, Siberia, which was unveiled in June 2014. Career Tomsk, Russia - Sibelectromotor (Sibirsky Motorny Zavod/ Siberian Electric Motors) Togliatti, Russia - VAZ (Volzhski Avtomobilny Zavod/ Volga Automobile Plant), TPU (Togliatti Politekhnitchesky Institut - Togliatti Polytechnical Institute) Toronto, Canada - Six Fix Services Ltd., Sibel Engineering Member of the Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario Bibliography Father's Letters from Siberian Prison Printed in three languages: English, Russian and Hungarian. Edited collection of letters Ferenc Roth wrote from Siberian Prison in Kolyma, 1935-1952. These letters served as the only connection Vladimir had to his father. This archive accurately documents the family's hardships after Ferenc's arrest during Stalin's regime and life under the Nazi occupation of Bobruysk. They are filled with the empty hope of a family reunion; father's futile threats and attempts to discipline his unruly teenage son; moving passages expressing deep love for his wife and regret of past actions which resulted in the family's misfortunes. In Defiance of Fate: Book 1 – Joy from Sadness Printed in three languages: English, Russian and Hungarian. Dedicated to the memory of his parents, Vladimir has written this book in which he invites the reader to visit a Hungarian village at the turn of the 20th century, to spend time together with him during his school days, as well as through the German occupation of Bobruysk (Belarus); to learn about the ways he became an engineer in Siberia – in the university city of Tomsk, to follow the stages of the challenging construction and production at the "Lada-VAZ" – the Volga Automobile Plant in Togliatti. He also shares his story of defection to Canada. In Defiance of Fate: Book 2 - Joy of Discovery Printed in three languages: English, Russian and Hungarian. This is Book Two of Vladimir Rott's memoirs, Joy of Discoveries. In it he describes his fight to secure his family's emigration from the Soviet Union, experiences of culture shock, acclimatization, and maturity in the West, his first years in Canada, the lives and accomplishments of his children and grandchildren - as well as his meetings with his American relatives, the creation of a family tree, and the building of a Holocaust memorial in the village of Garadna, Hungary, commemorating the 32 Spielberger family members who perished in Auschwitz. Mysovaya Station Printed in three languages: English, Russian and Hungarian. Vladimir's wife Iya Yaroslavskaya Guterman was born in the Buryat-Mongolia region in Ulan-Ude on Lake Baykal. The book explores the family history in this distant region, the trials and tribulations of Siberian Jews, and the unfortunate life of Iya's distant cousin in a psychiatric institution in the Siberian town of Babushkin, once known as Mysovaya Station, which was a bustling stop along Tsarist Russia’s Great Tea Road. Awards and Honours Order of the Badge of Honour, 1971, USSR A Pro Cultura Hungarica Emelékplakett - Hungarian Cultural Medal, 2013, Hungary References Category:1935 births Category:Canadian engineers Category:Russian Jews Category:Living people Category:Canadian non-fiction writers

Harry Garland Harry T. Garland (born 1947) is a scientist, engineer, author, and entrepreneur who co-founded Cromemco Inc., one of the earliest and most successful microcomputer companies. He received the B.A. degree in mathematics from Kalamazoo College, and the Ph.D. degree in biophysics from Stanford University. Dr. Garland has been recognized as one of the most important innovators in the history of the development of personal computers in Silicon Valley. Stanford University Garland began his graduate work at Stanford University in 1968. Garland's research at Stanford focused on the function of the human brain in controlling voluntary movement. He developed techniques in electromyography for monitoring muscle activity during voluntary movement and worked to delineate the role of the brain and the role of local reflexes in the control of muscles. This led to a deeper understanding of brain function during voluntary movement, and insight into the mode of action of L-DOPA in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Garland received the doctoral degree from Stanford in 1972. He was invited by John G. Linvill to join the research staff of the Stanford Electronics Laboratories where he worked on the Optacon project and developed the concept for the next generation Optacon reading aid for the blind. In 1974, he was appointed Assistant Chairman of the Department of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University; he taught graduate courses in electrical engineering and published a textbook in the new field of microprocessor system design. Popular Electronics While at Stanford University, Dr. Garland also worked to bring electronics technology to a wider audience. Over a period of six years, in collaboration with Stanford colleague Roger Melen, he wrote a series of articles for Popular Electronics magazine describing original designs that could be built by the electronic hobbyist. During this period, Garland and Melen also published two books: Understanding IC Operational Amplifiers and Understanding CMOS Integrated Circuits. The MITS Altair computer, which launched the microcomputer industry, was introduced in January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics magazine. That same issue carried an article by Garland and Melen on solid-state image sensors. The following month they, together with their Stanford colleague Terry Walker, published the design of the world's first completely digital solid-state camera in Popular Electronics, and began work on developing an interface to connect the camera (which they called the “Cyclops”), to the MITS Altair computer. MITS introduced the Cyclops Camera as a peripheral for the Altair Computer in January 1976. Their next project for Popular Electronics was to develop an interface between the Altair computer and a color television set. They called it the “Dazzler”. Garland and Melen again collaborated with Terry Walker on the hardware design and with Ed Hall, a fellow member of the Homebrew Computer Club, on the software design. The Dazzler appeared on the front cover of the February 1976 issue of Popular Electronics, and Garland and Melen offered a kit of parts for sale. To support their sales of the Cyclops and the Dazzler, Garland and Melen rented a 200 sq. ft. office in Los Altos, California and formed Cromemco, a company named after the Stanford dormitory where they had both lived as graduate students. Cromemco Dr. Garland was president of Cromemco from its incorporation in 1976 until its sale in 1987. From the original Cyclops and Dazzler products the company developed a full line of microcomputer systems that were rated as the most reliable in the industry. Cromemco systems became the systems of choice for broadcast television graphics, were widely deployed as Mission Planning Systems by the United States Air Force, and were the first microcomputer systems widely distributed in China. By 1980 Cromemco occupied 200,000 sq. ft. of manufacturing and office space in Mountain View, California, and In 1981 Inc. Magazine ranked Cromemco in the top 10 fastest growing privately held companies in the U.S. Garland achieved this growth without accepting any external equity financing. The success of Cromemco products in television broadcast applications was based on a successor product to the original Dazzler, called the "Super Dazzler" interface (SDI). ColorGraphics Weather Systems, a customer of Cromemco, developed software for the SDI specifically for television weather graphics and digital art creation. Dynatech, the parent company of ColorGraphics Weather Systems, sought to acquire Cromemco to provide the computer and graphics systems for their broadcast division, and purchased Cromemco in 1987. Further activity In 1990 Dr. Garland was invited by Dr. Hajime Mitarai, president of Canon Inc., to help establish a new R&D center for Canon in Silicon Valley. Dr. Garland served as Vice President of this new center, Canon Research Center America, from 1990 to 2001. At Canon he developed technology for medical digital radiography equipment, and worked on standards to integrate this equipment with hospital and radiology information systems. He served on the Kalamazoo College Board of Trustees from 1987 to 2005, and on the board of Industry Initiatives for Science and Math Education (IISME) from 1996 to 2010 including a term as president of that board. In 2002 Dr. Garland co-founded Garland Actuarial LLC with his wife, Roberta J. Garland, and serves as chairman of the firm. Recognition Dr. Garland's contributions to the computer industry have been recognized in numerous books and on television, including appearances on the Financial News Network, The Personal Computer Show, The Screen Savers, and in the PBS documentary Triumph of the Nerds. He has received the Sesquicentennial Award from Kalamazoo College and the Distinguished Alumni Award. He is the author of three books: Understanding IC Operational Amplifiers, Understanding CMOS Integrated Circuits, and Introduction to Microprocessor System Design. He has been awarded 20 U.S. Patents. References Category:1947 births Category:American computer businesspeople Category:American technology company founders Category:Cromemco Category:Living people Category:American electronics engineers Category:Silicon Valley people Category:Stanford University alumni Category:Kalamazoo College alumni

Mood management theory Mood management theory posits that the consumption of messages, particularly entertaining messages, is capable of altering prevailing mood states, and that the selection of specific messages for consumption often serves the regulation of mood states (Zillmann, 1988a). History The idea of selecting media content in the interest of enhancing one's states has been proposed by Zillmann and Bryant (1985) and Zillmann (1988a). Initially, the assumptions were referred to as theory of affect-dependent stimulus arrangement, but subsequently gained more prominence under the label of mood management (Knobloch, 2006). Mood management research may be traced back to Leon Festinger's (1957) cognitive dissonance theory. Festinger notes that the human organism tries to establish internal congruity among cognitions such as attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge about oneself and the environment. When a person holds two cognitions that are incompatible, dissonance is produced. But such dissonance can be reduced through selective exposure, that is, individuals will seek out information that will reduce the dissonance and avoid information that will increase the already existing dissonance. Festinger's theory was primarily laid out in cognitive terms, addressing exposure choices to persuasive messages. Zillmann and his colleagues thus proposed the mood management theory that attempts to cope with the broadest possible range of message choices such as news, documents, comedies, dramas, tragedies, music performances, and sports. It deals with all conceivable moods rather than a single, specific affective state, such as dissonance (Zillman, 1988b). Fundamental assumptions Based on the hedonistic premise that individuals are motivated for pleasure and against pain, mood management theory states that, to the extent possible, individuals tend to arrange their environment so that good mood (commonly pleasure) is maximized or maintained, and bad mood (commonly pain) is diminished or alleviated. Environmental arrangement can take many forms, including psychically moving away from or avoiding situations that creates negative effect (such as avoiding a stressful traffic jam), or moving toward or selecting situations that result in gratification (such as strolling in a beautiful garden). Moreover, since entertainment provides its audience with the opportunity to symbolically arrange the environment, mood management theory states that people's entertainment choices should similarly serve the management of moods (Oliver, 2003). The specific hypotheses of mood management theory have been summarized as follows by Zillmann (2000): The indicated hedonistic objective is best served by selective exposure to material that (a) is excitationally opposite to prevailing states associated with noxiously experienced hypo- or hyperarousal, (b) has positive hedonic value above that of prevailing states, and (c) in hedonically negative states, has little or no semantic affinity with the prevailing states. Although mood management suggests that individuals' behaviors often conform to the hedonistic assumption, this theory also makes clear that individuals are not necessarily aware of their motivation. Rather, people are thought to initially arrange their environments in a random fashion, and arrangements that are incidentally made during good moods and that extend or enhance the hedonically positive state leave a memory trace that increases the likelihood for making similar stimulus arrangements under similar circumstances (Zillmann, 1988a, 1988b). In other words, the formation of these preferences is controlled by a mechanism called operant conditioning, which refers to the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior. Empirical evidence Although its principles relate to the broader realm of mood optimization, mood management theory has largely been applied to entertainment choices. Focusing on viewers' selection of television entertainment, for example, an experimental study by Bryant and Zillmann (1984) reveals that individuals can overcome boredom or stress through selective exposure to exciting or relaxing television programming respectively. In the context of music exposure, Knobloch and Zillmann (2002) demonstrate that individuals could improve negative moods by electing to listen to highly energetic-joyful music. Also, Wakshlag et al. (1983) reported that participants with increased fear levels preferred films with low victimization scores and with high justice scores. This demonstrates that individuals aim to minimize stimuli which are associated with the source of a negative mood. Challenges The theoretical proposition of mood management theory has been faced with challenges, especially when studying (1) the role that negative moods and burdening feelings play within the entertainment experience; (2) the diversity of individual users, social and cultural situations, and media products on offer, and (3) the new, so-called interactive media and how entertainment can best be conceptualized within them (Vorderer, 2003). References Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (1984). Using television to alleviate boredom and stress: Selective exposure as a function of induced excitational states. Journal of Broadcasting, 28, 1–20. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Knobloch, S. (2006). Mood management theory: Evidence, and advancements. In J. Bryant & P. Vorderer (eds.), Psychology of entertainment (pp. 239–254). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Knobloch, S., & Zillmann, D. (2002). Mood management via the digital jukebox. Journal of Communication, 52 (2), 351–366. Oliver, M. B. (2003). Mood management and selective exposure. In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewoldsen, & J. Cantor (eds.), Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 85–106). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Vorderer, P. (2003). Entertainment theory. In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewoldsen, & J. Cantor (eds.), Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 131–153). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Wakshlag, J., Vial, V., & Tamborini, R. (1983). Selecting crime drama and apprehension about crime. Human Communication Research, 10, 227-242. Zillmann, D. (1988a). Mood management through communication choices. American Behavioral Scientist, 31 (3), 327–341. Zillmann, D. (1988b).Mood management: Using entertainment to full advantage. In L. Donohew, H. E. Sypher, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Communication, social cognition, and affect (pp. 147–171). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Zillmann, D. (2000). Mood management in the context of selective exposure theory. In M. f. Roloff (ed.), Communication yearbook 23 (pp. 103–123). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1985). Affect, mood, and emotion as determinants of selective exposure. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 157–190). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. External links Dolf Zillmann's webpage Category:Communication theory

Bristol Aeroplane Company The Bristol Aeroplane Company, originally the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company, was both one of the first and one of the most important British aviation companies, designing and manufacturing both airframes and aircraft engines. Notable aircraft produced by the company include the 'Boxkite', the Bristol Fighter, the Bulldog, the Blenheim, the Beaufighter, and the Britannia, and much of the preliminary work which led to the Concorde was carried out by the company. In 1956 its major operations were split into Bristol Aircraft and Bristol Aero Engines. In 1959, Bristol Aircraft merged with several major British aircraft companies to form the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) and Bristol Aero Engines merged with Armstrong Siddeley to form Bristol Siddeley. BAC went on to become a founding component of the nationalised British Aerospace, now BAE Systems. Bristol Siddeley was purchased by Rolls-Royce in 1966, who continued to develop and market Bristol-designed engines. The BAC works were in Filton, about north of Bristol city centre. BAE Systems, Airbus, Rolls Royce, MBDA and GKN still have a presence at the Filton site where the Bristol Aeroplane Company was located. History Foundation The British and Colonial Aeroplane Company, Ltd was founded in February 1910 by Sir George White, chairman of the Bristol Tramways and Carriage Company, along with his son Stanley and his brother Samuel, to commercially exploit the fast-growing aviation sector. Sir George had been inspired to embark on this venture following a chance meeting between himself and American aviation pioneer Wilbur Wright in France during 1909, after which he recognised aviation as holding significant business potential. Unlike the majority of aviation companies of the era, which were typically started by enthusiasts with little financial backing or business ability, British and Colonial was from its outset well funded and run by experienced businessmen. Sir George had decided to establish the business as a separate company from the Bristol Tramway Company, having considered that such a venture would be seen as too risky by many shareholders, and the new company's working capital of £25,000 was subscribed entirely by Sir George, his brother, and his son. The affairs of the two companies were closely connected, and the company's first premises were a pair of former tram sheds suitable for aircraft manufacture at Filton, leased from the Bristol Tramway Company. Additionally, key personnel for the new business were recruited from the employees of the Tramway Company, such as George Challenger, who served as the company's chief engineer and works manager. Flying schools were established at Brooklands, Surrey, which was then the centre of activity for British aviation, where Bristol rented a hangar; and at Larkhill on Salisbury Plain where, in June 1910, a school was established on of land leased from the War Office. These flying schools came to be regarded as some of the best in the world, and by 1914, 308 of the 664 Royal Aero Club certificates which had been issued had been gained at the company's schools. The Bristol Boxkite The company's initial manufacturing venture was to be a licensed and improved version of an aircraft manufactured in France by société Zodiac, a biplane designed by Gabriel Voisin. This aircraft had been exhibited at the Paris Aero Salon in 1909 and had impressed Sir George with the quality of its construction. Accordingly, a single example was purchased and shipped to England to be shown at the Aero Show at Olympia in March 1910, and construction of five further aircraft commenced at the company's Filton facilities. It was then transported to Brooklands for flight trials, where it immediately became apparent that the type had an unsatisfactory wing-section and lacked sufficient power; in spite of high expectations, even though Bristol fitted the aircraft with a new set of wings, it could only manage a single brief hop on 28 May 1910, after which work on the project was abandoned. Since the machine had been sold with a 'guarantee to fly', Sir George succeeded in getting 15,000 francs compensation from Zodiac. In light of this failure, the company decided to embark upon designing its own aircraft to serve as a successor. Drawings were prepared by George Challenger for an aircraft based on a successful design by Henri Farman whose dimensions had been published in the aeronautical press. These drawings were produced in little over a week, and Sir George promptly authorised the construction of twenty examples. The first aircraft to be completed was taken to Larkhill for flight trials, where it performed its first flight on 20 July 1910, piloted by Maurice Edmonds. The aircraft proved entirely satisfactory during flight tests. The first batch equipped the two training schools, as well as serving as demonstration machines; the aircraft, which gained the nickname of the Boxkite, went on to become a commercial success, a total of 76 being constructed. Many served in the company's flying schools and examples were sold to the War Office as well as a number of foreign governments. 1911–1914 Although satisfactory by the standards of the day, the Boxkite was not capable of much further development and work soon was started on two new designs, a small tractor configuration biplane and a monoplane. Both of these were exhibited at the 1911 Aero Show at Olympia but neither was flown successfully. At this time, both Challenger and Low left the company to join the newly established aircraft division of the armament firm Vickers. Their place was taken by Pierre Prier, the former chief instructor at the Blériot flying school at Hendon: he was later joined by Gordon England. In January 1912, Romanian aircraft engineer Henri Coandă was appointed as the company's chief designer. During early 1912, a highly secret separate design office, known as the "X-Department", was set up to work on Dennistoun Burney's ideas for naval aircraft. Frank Barnwell was taken on as the design engineer for this project, and took over as Bristol's chief designer when Coandă left the company in October 1914. Barnwell was to become one of the world's foremost aeronautical engineers, and was to work for the company until his death in 1938. The company expanded rapidly, establishing a second factory at the Brislington tramway works; the firm employed a total of 200 people by the outbreak of the First World War. First World War At the outbreak of war in August 1914, Britain's military forces possessed just over a hundred aircraft and the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) consisted of only seven squadrons equipped with a miscellany of aircraft types, none of them armed. Official War Office policy was to purchase only aircraft designed by the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), and Bristol had already built a number of their B.E.2 two-seater reconnaissance aircraft. However, pressure from the pilots of the RFC and Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) led to orders being placed for a new aircraft manufactured by Bristol, known as the Scout. In 1915, Barnwell returned from France, his skills as pilot being considered to be of much less value than his ability as a designer. At this time Leslie Frise, newly graduated from Bristol University's engineering department, was recruited by Barnwell. In 1916, the company's founder Sir George died; he was succeeded in managing the company by his son Stanley. The first project that was worked on by Barnwell after his return, the Bristol T.T.A., was designed in response to a War Office requirement for a two-seat fighter intended to conduct home defence operations against Zeppelin raids. This was not successful but, in 1916, work was started on the Bristol F.2A, which was developed into the highly successful F.2B Fighter, one of the outstanding aircraft of the 1914–18 war and a mainstay of the RAF during the 1920s. More than 5,300 of the type were produced and the Fighter remained in service until 1931. Another aircraft designed at this time was the Bristol Monoplane Scout. Although popular with pilots, the success of this aircraft was limited by War Office prejudice against monoplanes and only 130 were built. It was considered that its relatively high landing speed of 50 mph made it unsuitable for use under the field conditions of the Western Front, and the type's active service was limited to the Near East. Inter-war years By the end of the war, the company employed over 3,000 at its production works, which were split between Filton and Brislington. Its products had always been referred to by the name 'Bristol' and this was formalized in 1920, when British and Colonial was liquidated and its assets transferred to the Bristol Aeroplane Company, Ltd. During this time the company, acting under pressure from the Air Ministry, bought the aero-engine division of the bankrupt Cosmos Engineering Company, based in the Bristol suburb of Fishponds, to form the nucleus of a new aero-engine operation. There was already a good working relationship between Bristol Aircraft and Cosmos, the Cosmos Jupiter having been first flown in a prototype Bristol Badger in May 1919. For £15,000 Bristol got the Cosmos design team, headed by Roy Fedden, along with a small number of completed engines and tooling. Although it was to be several years before Bristol showed any profit from the aero engine division, the Jupiter engine eventually proved enormously successful; indeed, during the inter-war period, the aero-engine division was more successful than the parent company and Bristol came to dominate the market for air-cooled radial engines. Apart from providing engines for almost all Bristol's aircraft designs, the Jupiter and its successors powered an enormous number of aircraft built by other manufacturers. Bristol's most successful aircraft during this period was the Bristol Bulldog fighter, which formed the mainstay of Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter force between 1930 and 1937, when the Bulldog was retired from front line service. Since the Bulldog had started life as a private venture rather than an Air Ministry-sponsored prototype it could be sold to other countries, and Bulldogs were exported to, among others, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, and Australia. During this time, Bristol was noted for its preference for steel airframes, using members built up from high-tensile steel strip rolled into flanged sections rather than the light alloys more generally used in aircraft construction. On 15 June 1935, the Bristol Aeroplane Company became a public limited company. By this time, the company had a payroll of 4,200, mostly in the engine factory, and was well positioned to take advantage of the huge re-armament ordered by the British Government in May of that year. Bristol's most important contribution to the expansion of the RAF at this time was the Blenheim light bomber. In August 1938, Frank Barnwell was killed flying a light aircraft of his own design; Barnwell was succeeded as Bristol's Chief Designer by Leslie Frise. By the time war broke out in 1939, the Bristol works at Filton were the largest single aircraft manufacturing unit in the world, with a floor area of nearly 25 hectares (2,691,000 square feet). Second World War During the Second World War, Bristol's most important aircraft was the Beaufighter heavy two-seat multirole aircraft, a long-range fighter, night fighter, ground attack aircraft and torpedo bomber. The type was used extensively by the RAF and Commonwealth air forces and by the USAAF. The Beaufighter was derived from the Beaufort torpedo bomber, itself a derivative of the Blenheim. In 1940, shadow factories were set up at Weston-super-Mare for the production of Beaufighters, and underground at Hawthorn, near Corsham, Wiltshire, for engine manufacture. Construction in the former stone quarry at Hawthorn took longer than expected and little production was achieved before the site closed in 1945. The company's war-time headquarters was located in the Royal West of England Academy, Clifton, Bristol. Post-war When the war ended, Bristol set up a separate helicopter division in the Weston-super-Mare factory, under helicopter pioneer Raoul Hafner. This facility was taken over by Westland in 1960. Other post-war projects included Bristol Cars, which used pre-war BMW designs as the basis for the Bristol 400. Vehicle production was conducted at Patchway, Bristol. The engine developed for the Bristol 400 found its way into many successful motor cars manufactured by other companies, such as Cooper, Frazer Nash and AC and, in and , powered the Bristol 450 sports prototype to class victories in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race. In 1953, S.H. Arnolt, a US car dealer who sold British sports cars, commissioned the Bristol Car Division to build a sports car for the US market, called the Arnolt-Bristol. It is estimated that about 177 were built before production ceased in 1958. In 1960, Sir George White was instrumental in preventing the car division being lost during the wider company's merger with BAC. Accordingly, Bristol Cars Limited was formed, and remained within the Filton complex. Sir George retired in 1973 and Tony Crook purchased his share, becoming sole proprietor and Managing Director. Pre-fabricated buildings, marine craft and plastic and composite materials were also amongst the company's early post-war activities; these side-ventures were independently sold off. Bristol was involved in the post-war renaissance of British civilian aircraft, which was largely inspired by the Brabazon Committee report of 1943–5. In 1949, the Brabazon airliner prototype, at the time one of the largest aircraft in the world, first flew. This project was deemed to be a step in the wrong direction, gaining little interest from military or civilian operators, resulting in the Brabazon being ultimately cancelled in 1953. At the same time as the termination, Bristol decided to focus on development of a large turboprop-powered airliner, known as the Britannia. Capable of traversing transatlantic routes, it proved a commercial success; both it and the Freighter were produced in quantity during the 1950s. However, sales of the Britannia were poor and only 82 were built, primarily due to its protracted development; having been ordered by BOAC on 28 July 1949 and first flown on 16 August 1952, it did not enter service until 1 February 1957. Bristol was also involved in helicopter development, with the Belvedere and Sycamore going into quantity production. Another post-war activity was missile development, culminating in the production of the Bloodhound anti-aircraft missile. Upon introduction, the Bloodhound was the RAF's only long range transportable surface-to-air missile. Bristol Aero Engines produced a range of rocket motors and ramjets for missile propulsion. The guided weapons division eventually became part of Matra BAe Dynamics Alenia (MBDA). In the late 1950s, the company undertook supersonic transport (SST) project studies, the Type 223, which were later to contribute to Concorde. A research aircraft, the Type 188, was constructed in the 1950s to test the feasibility of stainless steel as a material in a Mach 2.0 airframe. By the time the aircraft flew in 1962, the company was already part of BAC. In parallel with these supersonic studies, several subsonic designs were schemed in this period, including the Type 200 (a competitor of the Hawker Siddeley Trident) and its derivatives, the Type 201 and Type 205. None of these designs were built. Merger into BAC In 1959, Bristol was forced by Government policy to merge its aircraft interests with English Electric, Hunting Aircraft, and Vickers-Armstrongs to form the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). Bristol formed a holding company which held a 20 per cent share of BAC, while English Electric and Vickers held 40 per cent each. In 1966, the Bristol holding company which held 20 per cent of BAC and 50 per cent of Bristol Siddeley engines was acquired by Rolls-Royce. Bristol also had the following holdings and subsidiary companies at this time:- Bristol Aerojet (50 per cent) – Bristol Aeroplane Co Australia – Bristol DE Mexico SA (78 per cent) – Motores Bristol De Cuba SA – Bristol Aeroplane Co of Canada – Bristol Aero Industries Ltd – Bristol Aeroplane Co USA – Spartan Air Services Ltd (46.5 per cent) – Bristol Aeroplane Co New Zealand – Bristol Aircraft Services Ltd – Bristol Aeroplane Plastics Ltd – SECA (30 per cent) – Short Bros & Harland (15.25 per cent) – SVENSK-ENGELSK Aero Service AB – TABSA (25 per cent) – Westland Aircraft Ltd (10 per cent). The Bristol Aeroplane Company of Canada The Canadian Bristol group of companies was the largest of the overseas subsidiaries. The group undertook aircraft handling and servicing at Dorval Airport, Montreal. Vancouver Airport was the base for Bristol Aero Engines (Western), Ltd., one of the Canadian company's four operating subsidiaries. Work at Vancouver included the overhaul of Pratt and Whitney and Wright engines for the R.C.A.F. and commercial operators. Bristol Aircraft (Western), Ltd (Stevenson Field, Winnipeg) was formerly MacDonald Brothers Aircraft, and was the largest of the subsidiaries and the group's only airframe plant. Bristol de Mexico, S.A. de CV. (Central Airport, Mexico City), overhauled piston engines for South American operators. Bristol de Mexico S.A. obtained a license to manufacture Alfred Herbert Ltd machine tools in 1963 and commenced assembling their centre lathes in 1963. They also commenced building their own design of small engine lathes for the Mexican Government to be installed in training schools throughout Mexico. Malcolm Roebuck was hired from Alfred Herbert Ltd along with William Walford Webb Woodward to supervise this project. Nationalisation In 1977, BAC was nationalised, along with Scottish Aviation and Hawker Siddeley, to form British Aerospace (BAe), which later became part of the now-privatised BAE Systems. The Canadian unit was acquired by Rolls-Royce Holdings and sold in 1997 to current owner Magellan Aerospace. Archives A small number of records from the early history of this company are held within the papers of Sir George White at Bristol Archives (Ref. 35810/GW/T) (online catalogue). Other records at Bristol Record Office include the papers of Lionel Harris, an engineer at the Bristol Aeroplane Company in the 1940s (Ref. 42794) (online catalogue) Bristol Engine Company The Bristol Engine Company was originally a separate entity, Cosmos Engineering, formed from the pre-First World War automobile company Brazil-Straker. In 1917, Cosmos was asked to investigate air-cooled radial engines and, under Roy Fedden, produced what became the Cosmos Mercury, a 14-cylinder two-row (helical) radial, which they launched in 1918. This engine saw little use but the simpler nine-cylinder version known as the Bristol Jupiter was clearly a winning design. With the post-war rapid contraction of military orders, Cosmos Engineering went bankrupt and the Air Ministry let it be known that it would be a good idea if the Bristol Aeroplane Company purchased it. The Jupiter competed with the Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar through the 1920s but Bristol put more effort into their design and, by 1929, the Jupiter was clearly superior. In the 1930s, and led by Roy Fedden, the company developed the new Bristol Perseus line of radials based on the sleeve valve principle, which developed into some of the most powerful piston engines in the world and continued to be sold into the 1960s. In 1956, the division was renamed Bristol Aero Engines and then merged with Armstrong Siddeley in 1958 to form Bristol Siddeley as a counterpart of the airframe-producing company mergers that formed BAC. Bristol retained a 50% share of the new company, with Hawker Siddeley group holding the other 50%. In 1966, Bristol Siddeley was purchased by Rolls-Royce, leaving the latter as the only major aero-engine company in Britain. From 1967, Bristol Siddeley's operations became the "Bristol Engine Division" and the "Small Engine Division" of Rolls-Royce, identified separately from Rolls-Royce's existing "Aero Engine Division". A number of Bristol Siddeley engines continued to be developed under Rolls-Royce including the Olympus turbojet – including the joint development Bristol started with Snecma for Concorde – and the Pegasus. The astronomical names favoured by Bristol indicated their heritage in a Rolls-Royce lineup named after British rivers. Helicopter Division The Bristol Aeroplane Company's Helicopter Division had its roots in 1944, when the helicopter designer Raoul Hafner, released from the Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment (AFEE), came to Bristol along with some members of his team. Under Hafner's direction, the division produced two successful designs that were sold in quantity. The first, designated the Type 171, had a shaky start after the wooden rotor blades of the second prototype failed on its first flight in 1949. Nevertheless, the Type 171, called Sycamore in military service, was sold to air forces around the world and 178 were built in total. After the Type 171, the Bristol Helicopter Division started work on a tandem rotor civil helicopter. The result was the 13-seat Type 173, which made its first flight in Filton in 1952. Five examples were built for evaluation purposes. Although no airlines ordered the Type 173, it led to military designs, of which the Type 192 went into service with the RAF as the Belvedere. First flying in 1958, 26 were built in total. Pursuing the idea of a civil tandem rotor helicopter, Hafner and his team developed a much larger design, the Type 194. This was in an advanced state of design when the Bristol Helicopter Division was merged, as a result of government influence, with the helicopter interests of other British aircraft manufacturers (Westland, Fairey and Saunders-Roe) to form Westland Helicopters in 1960. When the competing Westland Westminster was cancelled, the management of the combined company allowed development of the Type 194 to continue, but it too failed to find a market. The Helicopter Division started out at the main Bristol Aeroplane Company site in Filton, but from 1955 it was moved to the Oldmixon factory in Weston-Super-Mare, which had built Blenheims during the War. The factory is now the site of The Helicopter Museum. Products Bristol did not systematically assign project type numbers until 1923, starting with the Type 90 Berkeley. In that year, they also retrospectively assigned type numbers in chronological order to all projects, built or not, from August 1914 onwards. Thus the Scouts A and B did not get a type number but the Scout C did and was the Type 1. The final Bristol project, numbered Type 225, was an unbuilt 1962 STOL transport. Of these 225 Types, 117 were built. This list does not include the unbuilt "paper aeroplanes"; it does include the pre-August 1914 aircraft. Aircraft Pre-World War I Bristol Boxkite Bristol Glider Bristol Racing Biplane Bristol Biplane Type 'T' Bristol Monoplane Bristol Prier monoplane Bristol-Burney seaplanes Bristol-Coanda Monoplanes Bristol Gordon England biplane Bristol B.R.7 Bristol Hydro no.120 Bristol G.B.75 Bristol T.B.8 Bristol P.B.8 Bristol S.S.A. World War I Bristol Types 1–5 Scout A-D Bristol Type 6 T.T.A. Bristol Type 7 F.3A Bristol Type 8 S.2A Bristol Types 10, 11, 20, and 77 M.1 Monoplane Scout Bristol Types 12, 14–17, and 22 F.2 Fighter Bristol Type 13 M.R.1 Bristol Type 18 Scout E Bristol Type 21 Scout F Inter-war Bristol Type 23 Badger Bristol Types 24 Braemar and 25 Tramp Bristol Type 26 Pullman Bristol Types 27–29, 47, and 48 Tourer Bristol Types 30 and 46 Babe Bristol Type 31 Grampus Bristol Type 32 Bullet Bristol Type 36 Seely Bristol Type 37 Tramp Bristol Types 52 and 53 Bullfinch Bristol Type 55 tractor biplane lone range bomber project Bristol Type 62 and 75 Ten-Seater and Type 79 Brandon Bristol 71 three seat triplane torpedo-carrier project Bristol Type 72 Racer Bristol Type 76 Jupiter Fighter Bristol Type 73 Taxiplane and Type 83/183 Primary Trainer Bristol 82 coastal defence torpedo biplane project Bristol Type 84 Bloodhound Bristol Type 90 Berkeley Bristol Type 91 Brownie Bristol Type 92 'Laboratory' biplane Bristol Types 93 Boarhound and 93A Beaver Bristol Type 95 Bagshot Bristol Type 99 Badminton Bristol Type 101 Bristol Type 105 Bulldog Bristol Type 106 two seat general purpose biplane project Bristol Type 107 Bullpup Bristol Type 108 night bomber biplane project Bristol Type 109 Bristol Type 110A Bristol Type 113 commercial biplane Bristol Type 115 troop-carrier monoplane Bristol Type 116 troop-carrier biplane Bristol Type 118 Bristol Type 120 Bristol Type 121 project Bristol Type 122 project Bristol Type 123 Bristol Type 125 torpedo monoplane Bristol Type 130 Bombay Bristol Type 131 twin engined day bomber project Bristol Type 133 Bristol Type 136 two seat day bomber monoplane Bristol Type 138 Bristol Type 142 'Britain First' Bristol Type 143 Bristol Type 146 Bristol Type 147 two-seat turret fighter project Bristol Type 148 Bristol Types 142M, 149, and 160 Blenheim Bristol Type 155 twin engine wood/metal bomber World War II Bristol Fairchild Type 149 Bolingbroke Bristol Type 152 Beaufort Type 156 Beaufighter Bristol Type 159 Bristol Type 163 Buckingham Bristol Type 164 Brigand Bristol Type 166 Buckmaster Post-WW2 Bristol Type 167 Brabazon Bristol Type 170 Freighter and Wayfarer Bristol Superfreighter Bristol Type 172 jet bomber project Bristol Type 174 jet bomber project Bristol Type 175 Britannia Bristol Type 176 swept wing research aircraft project Bristol Type 177 jet fighter project Bristol Type 178 rocket fighter project Bristol Type 183 variable geometry wing research plane project Bristol Type 184 delta wing research aircraft Bristol Type 186 low-level bomber project Bristol 188 high speed research aircraft Bristol Type 200 Bristol Type 204 supersonic tactical strike/recce project Bristol Type 205 medium range jet airliner project Bristol Type 208 V/STOL transport project Bristol Type 223 Bristol Type 224 V/STOL transport project Helicopters Type 171 Sycamore Type 173 Type 192 Belvedere Bristol Type 199 convertiplane project Type 214 project Engines Bristol Engine designs include: Original series: Cherub Lucifer Jupiter Titan Mercury Neptune Pegasus Phoenix Hydra Sleeve-valve series: Perseus Aquila Taurus Hercules Centaurus Turbine-based types: Theseus turboprop with heat exchanger Proteus two-shaft turboprop Olympus two-spool turbojet Orpheus single-spool turbojet Orion two-shaft turboprop Pegasus two-spool vectored thrust turbofan Cumulus APU for TSR-2 Bristol Janus small free-power turbine engine for Bristol Type 173 helicopter Ramjet types: BRJ.801 Thor Odin Missiles and rockets Bristol missile designs include: Blue Envoy – project for a surface-to-air missile to meet Operational Requirement 1140; did not enter production Bloodhound – large surface-to-air missile Fulmar – research rocket Skua – sounding rocket Bristol 182 for the specification UB.109T, also known by MoS codename "Blue Rapier" See also Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom Bristol Aerospace, Canadian subsidiary Roy Fedden, engine designer Harry Ricardo, engine designer Bristol Aeroplane Company F.C., the works football team References Citations Bibliography External links The Bristol Aeroplane Company, the founder's family's website Bristol aircraft engines Category:Defunct aircraft manufacturers of England Category:Defunct companies based in Bristol Category:Defunct helicopter manufacturers of the United Kingdom Category:Former defence companies of the United Kingdom Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1910 Category:Filton Category:20th century in Bristol Category:1910 establishments in England

Sylvester Morand Sylvester Morand is a British actor, best known for his role as Nikolai Rostov in the BBC's 1972 dramatisation of War and Peace. He lives in West Hampstead, London, his brother, Timothy Morand lives nearby and is also an actor. He is also a stage actor. Filmography Television War and Peace (1972–73) Bergerac S6E7 Retirement Plan (Christmas Special) (1988) References External links Category:People from West Hampstead Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:British male film actors Category:British male television actors

Ross Donoghue Ross Donoghue (born July 19, 1959) is a former middle-distance runner who specialized in the 1500 meters and the mile. He first rose to prominence as a standout high school runner with Bishop Cunningham High School from Oswego, New York. He was recruited by Villanova, where he would establish himself as one of the most prolific 1500-meter and mile-specialists in the school's history. Donoghue represented the United States at the 1983 Pan American Games, where he finished second overall in the men's 1500 meters. Over the course of his competitive career, he ran under four minutes in the mile on eight occasions. Running career High school Donoghue attended Bishop Cunningham High School up to his graduation in the class of 1977. On November 20, 1976, he ran his last cross country race as a high schooler at the New York State Federation meet, where he placed first out of 550 runners on a 3-mile course, recording a time of 15:06. Collegiate Donoghue was recruited by Villanova University, a school with an emphasis on their track program. During his spell at Villanova, Donoghue was the men's 1500 meter Big East (both indoor and outdoor) champion in 1982. Although he specialized in the 1500 and the mile, he also had experience in the shorter distances, and recorded a personal best of 1:48.0 in the 800 meters while at Villanova. Post-collegiate Donoghue continued to train for the 1500 meters and the mile after college, and was called up to the US track team for the 1983 Pan American Games. There he finished second in the 1500 meters ahead of countryman Chuck Aragon, but was edged out by Brazilian champion Agberto Guimarães. He ran at the 1984 US Olympic Trials in the men's 1500 meters, won his preliminary heat, and subsequently pulled out of the finals in the trials due to a pain in the heel. References Category:American male middle-distance runners Category:Villanova Wildcats men's track and field athletes Category:1959 births Category:Living people Category:Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States Category:Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field) Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Pan American Games

Hydnum umbilicatum Hydnum umbilicatum, commonly known as the depressed hedgehog, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Hydnaceae. It was scientifically described in 1902 by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck. It is found in North America and in Europe. It is edible. References External links Category:Cantharellales Category:Edible fungi Category:Fungi described in 1902 Category:Fungi of North America umbilicatum

Braunstone Park & Rowley Fields Braunstone Park & Rowley Fields is an electoral ward and administrative division of the city of Leicester, England. It comprises the western Leicester suburbs of Braunstone Frith, Braunstone Park and Rowley Fields. Geography Braunstone Park & Rowley Fields is bounded by the wards of New Parks and Western Park to the north, Westcotes to the east and Aylestone to the south-east. South of the ward is the district of Blaby and the town of Braunstone in Leicestershire, which has a shared history with the Leicester suburbs. History Braunstone was mentioned in the Domesday book when it was owned by Hugh de Grandmesnil. It was substantially extended in the early twentieth century, and included the first of Leicester's large estates of council housing. Originally part of the parish of Braunstone, the area containing social housing was annexed by Leicester City Council in 1935 as the Braunstone Estate. The remainder of the build retained the Parish of Braunstone name, but was renamed in 1977 as Braunstone Town. This section was the only portion of the 1935 build to feature privately owned/saleable homes, created by the local company, Turnbull Building Co and Sons. Turnbull Drive, part of the estate, was named after the company; Edward Avenue and Francis Avenue nearby represent the then Sons of the Company owner. The Braunstone Estate is dominated by the park, one of the largest in the city, while the striking feature of Braunstone Town is the wide Kingsway, a road which features a large village green at its heart running for the entirety of the street. Braunstone Park is a park in western Leicester, England. It is in the Braunstone area, and is approximately triangle shaped, with the base being at the south, and a small frontage north onto the A47 (Hinckley Road). The park is the setting for Braunstone Hall, and is the remnant of the large Braunstone estate. There is a firm "barrier" between the social housing project portion, Braunstone Estate, and the privately owned housing in Braunstone Town (Formerly the Parish of Braunstone). This was created to maintain social class sensibilities, an important factor in 1930s British society. This division is created by Braunstone Lane (which runs through the heart of the old Braunstone Village/Parish Centre). Both estates were created from 1935 onwards with the social housing appearing utilitarian and the private housing taking on a range of styles of the classic British 30s semi designs. Travelling along the Braunstone Lane from the city centre feed road (Narborough Road) to Leicester Forest East, the social housing (Braunstone Estate) lies to the right and the private housing (Braunstone Town) lies to the left. Many buildings of much earlier periods than the 1930s exist in the heart of the former village including the old school house, the Shakespeare public house, the former village shop and some private homes. Many of the former council let/social housing projects are now also privately owned following a national wave of council property sales initiated by the Thatcher Government from the late 1970s to the present day. Pockets of both sections of both estates now also feature buildings from later development periods, including the multi purpose community centre in Braunstone Town, Braunstone Civic Centre, which lies at the end of the Kingsway. Some of the newer build properties in the heart of areas heavily proportioned by 30's style buildings, emerged as a result of vacant land created by World War II bomb damage from "stray" bombing. The two estates were within range of German planes in the bombing of the nearby City of Coventry. (The German Airforce would commonly offload excess bombs on unsuspecting/non-target residential areas). The Braunstone Estate won £49.5 million of funding from the Tony Blair Labour Government's New Deal for Communities regeneration scheme in the late 1990s, after Government statistics showed that this estate was one of the most deprived in the East Midlands. New Deal has led to a series of improvements, including a new leisure centre, health centre and a library and learning complex called The BRITE Centre. Braunstone Community Association, which runs the New Deal programme, has developed from being one of the most troubled projects to one of the best, nationwide, in a space of four years. Key current issues for Braunstone Town include the continued development of the Thorpe Astley estate and Meridian Leisure, traffic management along Narborough Road South and into the neighbouring Fosse Shopping Park shopping complex, and the expansion of the shopping complex, alongside pollution issues from the neighbouring junction 21 of the M1 motorway and the expansion of some neighbouring greenfield sites into business premises such as seen at Grove Farm Triangle and Grove Park. The former Jones and Shipman Engineering works (once the biggest employer of Braunstone Town and Braunstone Estate residents) has been redeveloped into a modern housing estate. Braunstone Town was used as a film location site in 1985 for the filming of the Thames Television adaptation of the early Adrian Mole novels by the Leicester born Author Sue Townsend. The shopping parades on the Turnbull Drive/Edward Avenue crossroads can be seen in the series as can the Braunstone Civic Centre. Amenities and facilities Braunstone Park contains two large ponds, and a children's play area on the park. In the centre of the park is Braunstone Hall, which was built as a private house in 1775, and became a school in 1932. The school closed in 1997 and has since become derelict. In 2013, plans were announced to turn the building into a hotel and conference centre. At the edge of the park is Braunstone Leisure Centre, which is run by Leicester City Council. Braunstone Swimming Club is Braunstone's local competitive Swimming Club. On 26 and 27 May 2017 Braunstone Park played host to the first ever Braunstone Bonanza with the return of a modest fair to the park stalls and activities for all ages. In 2018 the Bank Holiday weekend will play host once again with increased entertainment including Live Stage Entertainment from singers and dancers and so much more including a bigger funfair. References External links Braunstone Town Council http://www.leicestershireparishcouncils.org/braunstonetown/25413.html https://web.archive.org/web/20070113064534/http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council--services/ep/business--the-economy/the-big-build/learning/brite-centre http://www.fosseshoppingpark.co.uk/ Mosaic Church – A New Church for Braunstone & Rowley Fields Manor House Community Centre Category:Areas of Leicester Category:Braunstone Category:Wards of Leicestershire

Jovan Šević Jovan Šević or Ivan Šević (, ; died ) was an 18th-century military officer of Serb origin. He reached the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Serb militia forces in the Pomorišje region, then in the Military Frontier of the Habsburg Monarchy. When it became obvious that privileges granted to Serb militiamen would be reduced or completely revoked after Pomorišje and Potisje lost their frontier status, Šević left Habsburg military service in 1750 and moved to Russia. At the end of 1752, he led the second wave of colonists who migrated from Pomorišje, Potisje and Slavonia to the Russian Empire (modern-day Ukraine) where they settled the newly established administrative region of Slavo-Serbia at the beginning of 1753. To enable him to recruit more of his fellow officers, Šević was promoted to the rank of General by the Russian Empress, Elizabeth. He commanded a Serb Hussar Regiment consisting of the colonists he brought to Russia. After Šević's death, Slavo-Serbia was disestablished, and many of his descendants became notable military officers in the Russian Imperial Army. Over time, all the Serb colonists became assimilated. Miloš Crnjanski described the migration led by Šević in his most notable work, the novel Migrations (). Family Jovan Šević was born into a Serbian noble family that had migrated from Ottoman-occupied Serbia to the territory of the Serbian Despotate in Hungary in the first half of the 16th century. In some accounts, he is referred to as Ivan or Živan. Šević's grandfather was named Radoslav. Šević's father was Georgije, better known as Đurka Šević, who was an oberkapitän (upper captain) in the Serb militia in the Pomorišje military frontier (near Arad). Đurka succeeded Jovan Tekelija in this position in the first half of 18th century, while at that time, his son was an oberkapitän in Čanad (modern-day Magyarcsanád). By the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, many of Šević's descendants had become successful officers in the Imperial Russian Army. Šević had a son named Petar, who was a lieutenant in the Moriš Brigade before the migration to Russia, where he reached the rank of lieutenant colonel. Another one of Šević's sons, Ivan, was a colonel, and his son Georgije later reached the rank of General in the Imperial Russian Army. Georgije's son, Ivan (Šević's great-grandson) also became a Russian General. In 1812, he was decorated for bravery at the Battle of Borodino, during Napoleon's invasion of Russia. Šević's daughter was married to Stevan Petrović (formerly Šarović), who had moved from Podgorica to Slavo-Serbia. Pomorišje Military Frontier Šević was firmly opposed to the plans to disestablish Military Frontier in Pomorišje. When it was obvious that Pomorišje and Potisje would lose their frontier status, Šević decided to migrate to Russia. In the November 1750 plebiscite, he was the first higher-ranking officer who left the Habsburg army; he applied to be regular citizen and requested a passport to emigrate to Russia. To avoid issuing the passport to Šević, the government officials staged a trial against him and arrested him, but eventually lost the case because of the lack of evidence for their accusations. When Šević was in prison, the prosecution canvassed his rival, ambitious Jovan Horvat, who additionally accused Šević to support their case. When the prosecution lost their case because of the lack of evidence, Horvat left their side and became one of the most ardent supporters of migration to Russia. On 19 October 1751, Šević's passport was issued, but he did not travel to Russia immediately after he received it. He gradually sold his property and secretly tried to convince other military officers to join him and migrate to Russia. To prevent emigration of a larger number of Serbs to Russia, Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa issued a special decree () on 19 June 1752. People who would try to convince citizens of the Habsburg Monarchy to move to another country and serve another empire would be executed. The Russian empress Elizabeth promoted Šević to the rank of General with the right to appoint other subordinated military officers who would join him to migrate to Russia. In September 1752, about a year after he received his passport, Šević led the second group of Serb colonists to Russian Empire. Slavo-Serbia Šević was among the Serbian military officers who led about 3,000 Serb families that emigrated to the region along river Donets. The group led by Šević was the second group of Serb emigrants to the Russian Empire. The first group settled the region which was referred to as New Serbia for some time. The second group, led by Šević, settled the territory which they named Slavo-Serbia. This name was initially proposed by Šević. They left Pomorišje in September 1752 and reached Kiev in December 1752. There, they were instructed to settle New Serbia governed by Jovan Horvat. They refused to do so and Šević accompanied by Rajko Preradović, a Colonel of the Slavonian Hussar Regiment, went to St. Petersburg where they submitted an application to the Governing Senate to allow them to settle another territory, separated from New Serbia. On 17 May 1753, Russian empress Elizabeth signed a decision to allow colonists from Pomorišje led by Šević to populate the territory between Bakhmut and Luhansk. The New Serbia was established and populated by Serb colonists, while colonists to the Slavo-Serbia, besides the Serb majority, include people of other ethnicity, such as Bulgarians, Aromanians, Vlachs and Greeks. Horvat tried to convince people brought by Šević to Slavo-Serbia to move to his New Serbia, but his attempts failed and only a small number of people moved using small boats to float downstream on the Dnieper. Šević and his men were included in the Serb Hussar Regiment. During wartime, they fought in the army of the Russian Empire while in peacetime, they cultivated the land. The Serb Hussar Regiment participated in the Seven Years' War, together with regiments from New Serbia, under the command of Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin. Cossacks did not accept new settlers as well as their government did. It was recorded that they made raids into New Serbia and Slavo-Serbia and that in one of those raids, they stole the horses of Jovan Šević. According to contemporary accounts, the land settled by Šević and other Serb military officers was cultivated and flourished. Slavo-Serbia was disestablished in 1764, which according to some authors happened soon after Šević's death. Legacy Miloš Crnjanski described the migration to Russia in 1752 in his novel Migrations (). The territory of former Slavo-Serbia administrative region today belongs to the modern Ukrainian territories of Luhansk Oblast and Donetsk Oblast. A town in Luhansk Oblast (Slovianoserbsk) was developed from the village populated by one rota of Serb colonists. In its center, there is an impressive monument which depict Serb and Russian Hussars and Ukrainian Cossack. It was erected in 2003 to commemorate 250 years of Serb migration to this region. The inscription on Serbian, Ukrainian and Russian language which says, "There Are No Holier Ties Than Brotherhood Bonds". See also Ivan Shevich Rajko Depreradović Andrei Miloradovich Jovan Horvat Ivan Adamovich Avram Ratkov Nikolay Bogdanov Nikolay Depreradovich Ilya Duka Simeon Končarević Pavle Julinac Jovan Albanez Simeon Piščević Anto Gvozdenović Mikhail Miloradovich Semyon Zorich Peter Tekeli Georgi Emmanuel Marko Ivelich References Sources Category:Year of birth unknown Category:18th-century Serbian people Category:Serbian military leaders Category:Imperial Russian Army generals Category:Slavo-Serbia Category:Hussars Category:Imperial Russian people of Serbian descent Category:1764 deaths Category:Habsburg Serbs Category:Habsburg Monarchy emigrants to the Russian Empire Category:Russian Imperial Hussars officers

Born for This! Born for This! is a studio album by American R&B recording artist Stephanie Mills, released in 2004. The album features re-arranged productions of Mills's hit songs such as "Never Knew Love Like This Before" and "Something in the Way (You Make Me Feel)". Track listing Notes Tracks "Never Knew Love Like This" and "Something in the Way" was re-titled from original song name for this album. Charts Personnel Producers - Barry Eastmond, Gordon Chambers (track: 1, 9), Darryl McClary, Michael Allen (track: 2, 3, 4, 6)Darren Lighty, Edward Ferrell (track: 5, 8), Ryan Leslie (track: 7), BeBe Winans (track: 10) Executive Producer – Ed Woods, Stephanie Mills References Category:2004 albums Category:Stephanie Mills albums Category:Lightyear Entertainment albums

John Maisto John Francis Maisto (born 28 August 1938) is a U.S. former foreign service officer and former ambassador. Previously, he was the U.S. Ambassador to the Organization of American States (OAS), the U.S. Ambassador to Venezuela 1997–2000 and the Ambassador to Nicaragua 1993–1996. Maisto attended the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University (1961). References Sources United States Department of State: Biography of John F. Maisto United States Department of State: Ambassadors to the Organization of American States Category:1938 births Category:Living people Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Nicaragua Category:School of Foreign Service alumni Category:Permanent Representatives of the United States to the Organization of American States Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Venezuela Category:United States Foreign Service personnel

Keith Hartwig Keith Hartwig is a former wide receiver in the National Football League. Biography Hartwig was born Malcolm Keith Hartwig on December 10, 1953 in Corona del Mar, Newport Beach, California. Career Hartwig was drafted in the eleventh round of the 1977 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings and played that season with the Green Bay Packers. He played at the collegiate level at the University of Arizona. See also List of Green Bay Packers players References Category:1953 births Category:Sportspeople from Newport Beach, California Category:Green Bay Packers players Category:American football wide receivers Category:University of Arizona alumni Category:Arizona Wildcats football players Category:Living people

Little Tallapoosa River Little Tallapoosa River is a river in Georgia and Alabama, in the United States. It rises in northern Carroll County, Georgia near the city of Villa Rica and flows southwest into Alabama, joining the Tallapoosa River in Randolph County near the head of R.L. Harris Reservoir. In May 2012, Aimee Copeland, a 24-year-old graduate student fell from a zip-line into the Little Tallapoosa River. She suffered a deep cut in her leg and contracted necrotizing fasciitis, a flesh-eating bacterial disease. She was forced to have her leg amputated a week after the accident. References Category:Rivers of Alabama Category:Bodies of water of Randolph County, Alabama Category:Rivers of Georgia (U.S. state) Category:Bodies of water of Carroll County, Georgia

EIHL All-Star Team The All-Star Teams for the British Elite Ice Hockey League are voted for by members of Ice Hockey Journalists UK (formerly known as The British Ice Hockey Writers Association) to honour the best players at the end of each season. 2003-2004 First Team Second Team 2004-2005 First Team Second Team 2005-2006 First Team Second Team 2006-2007 First Team Second Team 2007-2008 First Team Second Team 2008-2009 First Team Second Team External links Elite Ice Hockey League Ice Hockey Journalists UK All

Dale Gorman Dale Anthony Gorman (born 28 June 1996) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays for club Newport County on loan from Leyton Orient. Gorman began his career at hometown club Letterkenny Rovers before signing a scholarship with Stevenage in 2013. He broke into the Stevenage first-team during the 2015–16 season and spent three seasons in the first-team before leaving in May 2018. Gorman joined Leyton Orient of the National League ahead of the 2018–19 season, where he helped the club earn promotion back to the Football League in his first season there. He has also represented Northern Ireland at U17, U19 and U21 level. Early life Gorman is the son of Sheila and coach and former Finn Harps F.C. player Anthony Gorman. Dale Gorman has two younger brothers called Zach and Joel. He attended St Eunan's College for his secondary education. Club career Early career Gorman began his career with his hometown club, Letterkenny Rovers, progressing through the youth ranks at the club. He attracted the attention of English side Stevenage after being scouted in a Northern Ireland U17 game against Scotland. After Gorman had finished competing in qualifying for the 2013 European U17 Championships, he was invited to train at Stevenage's academy, playing in a youth game against Bournemouth. He scored one goal and assisted another in the match, and was subsequently offered a two-year scholarship. He signed the deal immediately, calling it a "no-brainer". His parents also had relatives living near the club. Stevenage Gorman officially joined Stevenage in May 2013, and spent the following two seasons in the club's youth set-up, competing for the U18 and reserve sides, as well as playing at the IMG Cup in Florida for the Hertfordshire side. During his two years at academy level, Gorman also frequently trained with the first-team. In May 2015, he signed his first professional contract with the club. Ahead of the 2015–16 season, Gorman featured in several of Stevenage's pre-season fixtures under new manager Teddy Sheringham. He made his professional debut in the club's second game of the new campaign, coming on as a second-half substitute in Stevenage's 2–1 away loss to Ipswich Town in the League Cup on 11 August 2015. Gorman made his first start a week-and-a-half later, playing the whole game as Stevenage secured their first win of the season courtesy of a 2–0 victory over Hartlepool United at Broadhall Way. After featuring a handful of times during the first half of the season, Gorman signed an improved three-year contract with Stevenage in December 2015. He went on to make 14 appearances during his first season in professional football. The following season served as Gorman's breakthrough campaign as a first-team regular. His first appearance of the new season came at Portman Road in an EFL Cup game away at Championship opposition Ipswich Town, the same match and venue where he made his professional debut a year earlier. This time Gorman played the whole match in a 1–0 Stevenage win. It marked the start of a run of games in the first-team for the midfielder, and he scored his first professional goal in December 2016, netting with a curling strike in a 2–1 away win over local rivals Barnet. The following month, on 9 January 2017, Gorman signed a new contract with the club, running until 2019. Gorman scored once in 30 appearances during the season as the club finished in tenth place in League Two. The 2017–18 season saw Gorman make 27 appearances in all competitions, scoring twice, as Stevenage finished the League Two campaign in 16th position. He was released in May 2018. Leyton Orient Following his departure from Stevenage, Gorman signed for National League club Leyton Orient on a two-year deal on 14 June 2018. He scored his first goal for Orient when he scored in an EFL Trophy tie against Southend United on 3 September 2019. On 10 January 2020 Gorman joined Newport County on loan for the remainder of the 2019-20 season. He made his debut for Newport County on 18 January 2020 in the 2-0 League Two win against Swindon Town as a second half substitute. International career Gorman decided to play for Northern Ireland in order to further his prospects of gaining a move to an English club. Having earned six caps for Northern Ireland's U17 side from October 2012 to March 2013, Gorman made the step up to U19 level following his move to Stevenage in the summer of 2013, receiving his first call-up at U19 level in October 2013, and proceeded to make three appearances at that level over the space of a year. A month after making his professional debut at Stevenage, Gorman was called up to the Northern Ireland U21 side, making his debut on 5 September 2015, a game in which he was sent off for two bookable offences in a 2–1 home defeat to Scotland U21. Career statistics Honours Leyton Orient National League: 2018–19 References External links Category:1996 births Category:Living people Category:Association footballers from County Donegal Category:Association football midfielders Category:English Football League players Category:Letterkenny Rovers F.C. players Category:Leyton Orient F.C. players Category:Northern Ireland under-21 international footballers Category:People educated at St Eunan's College Category:People from Letterkenny Category:Republic of Ireland association footballers Category:Stevenage F.C. players Category:Newport County A.F.C. players

Alexandra Olsson Alexandra Olsson (born 5 April 1998) is a Finnish handball player for HIFK Handboll and the Finnish national team. References Category:1998 births Category:Living people Category:Finnish female handball players Category:People from Kauniainen

Salome (given name) Salome is a feminine name derived from the Hebrew word shalom, meaning "peace." Salome (c. early 1st century CE) was the daughter of Herodias, and nemesis of John the Baptist (Mark 6:17-29 and Matt 14:3-11). Christians have traditionally regarded her as a dangerous temptress. Salome is also the name of a Christian saint, who was traditionally one of the women who witnessed the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The name is currently among the top 10 names given to newborn girls in 2011 in Georgia and Colombia. It is ranked among the top 100 names for girls in France. It is less popular in the United States, where it does not rank among the top 1,000 names; just 82 newborn girls there were given the name in 2010. Variants Salomé, French, Portuguese, Spanish Salomea, Polish Solomiia, Solomiya or Solomia, Selome Amharic Salomėja, Lithuanian Salome, Georgian People with the given name Salomé Ureña (1847–1897), poet and teacher from the Dominican Republic Solomiya Krushelnytska (1872–1952), Ukrainian soprano opera star Solomiia Pavlychko (1958–1999), Ukrainian literary critic, philosopher and translator Salome Jens (born 1935), American actress who appeared in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Salomé Breziner, film director and screenwriter Salome Melia, Georgian chess player Salome Tanuvasa, New Zealand artist Salome Zurabishvili, President of Georgia Notes Category:Feminine given names Category:Filipino feminine given names

Spain at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships Spain competed at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July. Medalists Artistic swimming Spain's artistic swimming team consisted of 14 athletes (13 female and 1 male). Women Mixed Legend: (R) = Reserve Athlete Diving High diving Spain qualified one female high diver. Open water swimming Spain qualified three male and three female open water swimmers. Men Women Mixed Swimming Men Spain entered 9 swimmers. Women Water polo Men's tournament Team roster Daniel López Alberto Munarriz Álvaro Granados Miguel de Toro Domínguez Sergi Cabanas Marc Larumbe Alberto Barroso Francisco Fernández Roger Tahull Felipe Perrone (C) Blai Mallarach Alejandro Bustos Eduardo Lorrio Coach: David Martín Group C Playoffs Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Women's tournament Team roster Laura Ester Marta Bach Anni Espar Beatriz Ortiz Roser Tarragó Irene González Clara Espar María del Pilar Peña (C) Judith Forca Paula Crespí Maica García Godoy Paula Leitón Elena Sánchez Coach: Miki Oca Group C Quarterfinals Semifinals Final References World Aquatics Championships Category:Nations at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships 2019

Clifton Mayne Clifton Mayne (1933–2014) was an American tennis player. He was from California. He worked in the direct mail industry and served on the Executive board of the Direct Marketing Association. He made his debut at U. S. Championships in 1952 and lost in round three to Charles Masterson. In 1953, Mayne led two sets to love against Budge Patty in round two but lost in five sets. In 1955 he lost in round three to Vic Seixas and in 1956 lost in round two to Robert Bedard. In 1957 Mayne lost in round one on his Wimbledon debut to Seixas. At the 1957 U. S. Championships Mayne beat Neale Fraser before losing to Sven Davidson in the quarter finals. At Wimbledon 1960 he lost in round one to Boro Jovanović. References Category:1933 births Category:2014 deaths Category:American male tennis players Category:Tennis people from California

Mark Casey (footballer) Mark Charles Casey (born 9 October 1982) is a Scottish former professional footballer. Career Casey began his career with Celtic, appearing for the under-18 and under-21 side before joining Portsmouth in July 2001. Casey failed to make a competitive first team appearance for Pompey, and moved on loan to St Patrick's Athletic in March 2004. Casey left Portsmouth in May 2005, and returned to Scotland to sign for Ayr United. He spent two and a half years with Ayr, before leaving the club in January 2008 due to work commitments, and signing for junior side Glenafton Athletic. He returned to the senior game 8 months later, joining Albion Rovers. He was injured on his debut, and left the club a short time after. He spent the next year out of the game, before appearing at Clyde's open trials in July 2009, and earned himself a one-year contract. He left the club after 6 months in December 2009. In January 2010 he signed for Bellshill Athletic. Personal life Casey is the son of former Celtic player Jim Casey. In November 2008, Casey appeared in court after driving whilst being three times over the drink limit, despite already being banned from the road. He was jailed for two and a half months. References External links Category:Living people Category:1982 births Category:Footballers from Glasgow Category:Scottish footballers Category:Celtic F.C. players Category:Portsmouth F.C. players Category:St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players Category:Ayr United F.C. players Category:Albion Rovers F.C. players Category:Clyde F.C. players Category:Scottish Football League players Category:League of Ireland players Category:Association football defenders Category:Bellshill Athletic F.C. players Category:Glenafton Athletic F.C. players

Girard Township Girard Township may refer to the following places in the United States: Girard Township, Macoupin County, Illinois Girard Township, Michigan Girard Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania Girard Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania Girard Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota Category:Township name disambiguation pages

Danylo Danylenko Danylo Danylenko (; born 10 October 1994) is a Ukrainian athlete specialising in the 400 metres hurdles. He competed in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2014 World Indoor Championships finishing sixth. International competitions Personal bests Outdoor 200 metres – 21.80 (-1.5 m/s, Lutsk 2016) 400 metres – 46.09 (Naples 2019) 400 metres hurdles – 50.50 (Kirovograd 2015) Indoor 200 metres – 22.34 (Kiev 2016) 400 metres – 47.12 (Istanbul 2019) References Category:1994 births Category:Living people Category:Ukrainian male hurdlers Category:Ukrainian male sprinters Category:European Games competitors for Ukraine Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2019 European Games Category:European Games medalists in athletics Category:European Games gold medalists for Ukraine

Sharif Finch Sharif Jarel Gregory Wayne Finch (born October 1, 1995) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Temple, where he played 53 career games, which is tied for the most career games in Temple football history. He was signed by the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent in 2018. Early life Finch was born to Wendy and Gregory Finch on October 1, 1995 in the Queens borough of New York City. He played linebacker at Henrico High School. During his junior season in 2011, Finch led the team with 161 tackles and 10.5 sacks. During his senior season in 2012, Finch once again led the team with 123 tackles and 7 sacks. Finch received eight scholarship offers to play college football. His top three candidate were Temple, Penn State, and Old Dominion. Impressed with Temple’s facilities and academics, Finch officially committed to play for coach Matt Rhule and the Owls in February 2013. College career College statistics In 2013, Finch played 11 games and started twice as a true freshman for the Temple Owls. In the season finale, he batted down a pass on 3rd down forcing Memphis to punt and then blocked the punt on the following play which Temple recovered in the endzone for a Touchdown. In the 2014 season, Finch moved to defensive end and played in all 13 games and started in 11 games. In the first defensive play of the first home game against Navy, he forced a fumble that he recovered in the endzone for a touchdown. In the next game against Delaware State, Finch recorded his first career interception, where he returned it 65 yards for a touchdown. In 2015, Finch’s production declined as the team went with a defensive end rotation strategy. He played in 12 games, and missed one game to nurse a knee injury. In the season opening game at Penn State, he recorded a 26-yard interception return to set up Temple’s game-winning score. Finch finished tied for second in the nation in blocked kicks. In 2016, knee injuries limited Finch to just four games. He was granted a medical redshirt exception, allowing him to play in the 2017 season. In the 2017 season, Finch played in all 13 games with 12 starts. He recorded 55 tackles, 15.5 tackles for loss, 8.5 sacks, one forced fumble and one fumble recovery. His team-leading 8.5 sacks were a single-season career high. He was named to the Second Team All-American Athletic Conference and ECAC First Team All-East. On March 19, 2018, Finch participated in the Temple ProDay, an event where Temple football players demonstrate their skills to an audience of NFL scouts and coaches. Twenty-two NFL teams attended this event. Professional career Finch was not selected in the 2018 NFL Draft. Despite a body size prototypical for NFL outside linebackers, scouting reports indicated Finch lacked strength and technique needed at the professional level. However, the reports state it lacked enough research on Finch due to his 2016 injury. Scouting reports also considered Finch to be a good teammate and a humble leader. Tennessee Titans Finch signed with the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent on May 11, 2018. The free agent offer by the Titans to Finch was the highest among the 22 undrafted free agents signed that season. On September 1, 2018, Finch secured his place on the Titans’ 53-man roster for the 2018 season, after a strong preseason. He recorded his first career tackle on September 23, 2018 in a 9-6 Titans victory on the road against the Jacksonville Jaguars. On September 30, 2018, Finch recorded his first career sack in a 26-23 overtime victory against the Philadelphia Eagles. Finch finished his rookie year with 22 tackles, 1.5 sacks, two quarterback pressures, two stops for loss, two forced fumbles, a fumble recovery, and seven special teams stops. Finch was waived by the Titans on December 21, 2019 after being inactive for the majority of the season. Cincinnati Bengals On December 23, 2019, Finch was claimed off waivers by the Cincinnati Bengals, but was waived the next day after failing his physical. NFL statistics Personal life Finch is the youngest of 22 siblings and enjoys playing the piano. His mother, Wendy, died of breast cancer on May 28, 2015. His father, Gregory, died of a heart attack on July 30, 2018, while Finch was participating in his rookie training camp. His father's death occurred just 10 days before Finch’s first professional preseason game. Since Gregory’s death was sudden and heartbreaking, Finch mustered up the courage to comfort his family by playing the piano at his father's funeral. On August 9, 2018, during the third quarter of this preseason game against the Green Bay Packers, Finch recorded his first sack. Immediately after the sack, he pointed to the sky with two fingers as a tribute to both of his parents. He wears a set of dog tags with their names and photo and an inscription that reads "everything is for you." References External links Tennessee Titans bio Temple Owls bio Category:1995 births Category:Living people Category:People from Henrico County, Virginia Category:Players of American football from Virginia Category:American football linebackers Category:Temple Owls football players Category:Tennessee Titans players Category:Cincinnati Bengals players

Gunther Teubner Gunther Teubner (born 30 April 1944 in Herrnhut) is a German legal scholar and sociologist, best known for his works within the field of Social Theory of Law. His work "stands as one of the most highly evolved positions in the contemporary sociology of law and legal-political norms". Biography He was Professor of Private Law at the University of Bremen from 1977 to 1981. From 1982 to 1991 he was associated with the European University Institute in Florence, Italy. From 1993 to 1998 he was the Otto Kahn Freund Professor of Comparative Law and Legal Theory at the London School of Economics, and since 1998 he has been Professor of Private Law and Legal Sociology at the University of Frankfurt. Since 2007, Teubner has been Principal Investigator at the Frankfurt Excellence Cluster "The Formation of Normative Orders". In 2007/2008 he was Fellow at Wissenschaftskolleg Berlin, in 2009/2010 at the universities of The Hague, and Maastricht. In 2011 he has taken up an "ad personam" Jean Monnet Chair at the International University College of Turin. References External links Gunther Teubner – at the University of Frankfurt Category:Academics of the London School of Economics Category:European University Institute faculty Category:Living people Category:1944 births Category:Members of Academia Europaea

Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra The Sacramento Philharmonic is a symphony orchestra in the Sacramento region, established in 1997 after the disbandment of the Sacramento Symphony that same year. Led by Maestro Michael Morgan, the orchestra performs at the Community Center Theatre and at the Mondavi Center at the University of California, Davis History Sacramento Symphony Orchestra The Sacramento Symphony was established in 1948 and rapidly became a large regional orchestra made up of local professional musicians. However, starting in 1986 and continuing through the mid-1990s, the Sacramento Symphony had severe administrative difficulties and ran into significant operating deficits, repeatedly filing for bankruptcy. Despite several moderate bail-outs from businesses, the general public and local government, in 1997 the Sacramento Symphony officially closed its doors. Directors included Fritz Berens (1956?-1963?), who helped found the Sacramento Youth Symphony, Harry Newstone (1965–78), who oversaw the move from the Memorial Auditorium and the Hiram Johnson High School Auditorium (where most of the concerts were held ) to the new Community Center, Carter Nice (1979–92) and Geoffrey Simon. The Sacramento Philharmonic Established the same year as the Symphony shut down, the new Sacramento Philharmonic, composed almost entirely of the same orchestra members, featured a significantly smaller schedule. The Philharmonic, with the support of Sacramento County, sought to avoid the unfortunate fate of the defunct Symphony and requested several market studies from national firms to help determine the potential for professional orchestral music in the Sacramento region. With a similar population to Cleveland, which has a world-famous orchestra in the highest calibre, the potential, as determined by the studies, seemed positive. In 2013, the Sacramento Philharmonic merged with the Sacramento Opera to form the Sacramento Region Performing Arts Alliance. A year after the merger, the new group announced it would sit out the 2014–15 season due to financial problems and disagreements between leaders of the two formerly separate organizations. In April 2015, the organization announced that it would reopen for the 2015–16 season. The group promoted its return with a series of surprise flash-mob style performances at locations throughout the city. References 1999 article at SFCV Category:American orchestras Category:Culture of Sacramento, California Category:Musical groups established in 1948 Category:Arts organizations established in 1948 Category:Orchestras based in California

Yellowfin gambusia The yellowfin gambusia (Gambusia alvarezi) is a species of fish in the family Poeciliidae. It is endemic to the Rio Conchos of Chihuahua, Mexico, where it is known as guayacon de san gregorio. This species was described in 1957 by Clark Hubbs and Victor G. Springer with the type locality given as El Ojo de San Gregorio in Chihuahua. The specific name of this fish honours the Mexican ichthyologist José Alvarez del Villar (1903-1986) for his work on the fishes of Mexico and for his assistance to Clark and Springer. References Category:Gambusia Category:Freshwater fish of Mexico Category:Fish described in 1957 Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Wrapped in Ribbon Wrapped In Ribbon is Canadian Idol finalist Theresa Sokyrka's Christmas album, released for purchase online on November 5, 2007. Album information The album has 8 tracks, including a song by Reid Jamieson previously featured on his album The Unavoidable Truth called "Last Day Of The Year" as well as a duet with Matt Dusk called "Baby, It's Cold Outside." Promotion Currently the album is only available for purchase online, at Credit Union banks in Saskatchewan as well as Saskatoon bookseller McNally Robinson. Track listing "The Christmas Song" "Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas" "Let It Snow" "Last Day Of The Year" - cover of a song by Reid Jamieson "What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?" "White Christmas" "Winter Wonderland" "Baby, It's Cold Outside" (Duet with Matt Dusk) Category:2007 albums Category:Theresa Sokyrka albums Category:MapleMusic Recordings albums

Qiaohuying station Qiaohuying station () is a station on Line S1 of the Beijing Subway, it was opened on 30 December 2017. References Category:Beijing Subway stations in Mentougou District Category:Railway stations opened in 2017 Category:2017 establishments in China

Dyenmonus angolanus Dyenmonus angolanus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1956. References Category:Lamiinae Category:Beetles described in 1956

The Happiness of the Katakuris is a 2001 Japanese musical comedy horror film directed by Takashi Miike, with screenplay by Kikumi Yamagishi. It is loosely based on the South Korean film The Quiet Family. The film is a surreal horror-comedy in the farce tradition, which includes claymation sequences, musical and dance numbers, a karaoke-style sing-along scene, and dream sequences. The film won a Special Jury Prize for its director at the 2004 Gérardmer Film Festival and has received generally positive reviews from critics. Plot The Katakuris are a four-generation family of failures: patriarch Masao Katakuri (Kenji Sawada), his wife Terue (Keiko Matsuzaka), his father Jinpei (Tetsurō Tamba), his formerly criminal son Masayuki (Shinji Takeda), his divorced daughter Shizue (Naomi Nishida), her child Yurie (Tamaki Miyazaki, who narrates the film), and their dog, Pochi. The family uses the father's redundancy pay to purchase a large old home situated on a former garbage dump near Mount Fuji that they have named the ‘White Lover's Inn'. They have the intention of converting it into a bed and breakfast, since the road running nearby is supposed to be expanded up to the house, which would bring many guests and tourists. However, the road hasn't been expanded yet and the Katakuris subsequently have no guests. When one finally shows up, he subsequently commits suicide during the night, and the Katakuris make the decision to save their business by burying the body and concealing the death. The second guest, a Sumo wrestler, also dies of a heart attack during a tryst with his much younger girlfriend, who also dies. Somehow, each of their guests ends up dead—by suicide, accident or murder—and pretty soon the bodies in the back yard begin to pile up. The Katakuris soon find themselves sucked into a nightmare of lies and fear. Meanwhile, the recently divorced daughter falls in love with a man calling himself Richard Sagawa (Kiyoshiro Imawano), a U.S. naval officer who claims to be the nephew of Queen Elizabeth II herself. Just when Richard stumbles onto a clue that might lead him to uncover the string of disappearing guests, a nearby volcano begins rumbling to life. Cast Release The Happiness of the Katakuris was first shown in Japan at the Tokyo International Film Festival in October 2001. The Happiness of the Katakuris was released theatrically in Japan on February 16, 2002. Reception On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 64%, based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "If nothing else, Happiness of the Katakuris scores points for its delirious, over-the-top originality." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "Mixed or average reviews". Kim Newman (Sight & Sound) stated that "Like many of Miike's efforts...[the film] feels all too much like the work of someone who had seven other films on his mind, not all of which he crams into his current project". Newman commented on the acting, noting that "The performances are all fine, but the individual players sometimes seem to be competing for screen space rather than building an ensemble." The review found that the "one-damn-thing-after-another progression straggles on a reel too long, delaying the inevitable and pleasing volcanic eruption finale with a hostage-taking psychopath who only pops in to drag things out until the big bang." A second review in Sight & Sound described the film as "Wilful, kitsch and eccentric" and "Miike's oddest and most infuriating film yet." Notes References External links Category:2001 horror films Category:2000s comedy horror films Category:Japanese comedy films Category:Japanese horror films Category:Japanese musical films Category:2000s musical comedy films Category:South Korean film remakes Category:Horror film remakes Category:Films directed by Takashi Miike Category:Japanese-language films Category:Musical film remakes Category:Japanese films Category:2001 films Category:Japanese film remakes Category:Shochiku films Category:Discotek Media

Paisley North (Scottish Parliament constituency) Paisley North was a constituency of the Scottish Parliament (Holyrood). It elected one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post method of election. Also, however, it was one of nine constituencies in the West of Scotland electoral region, which elected seven additional members, in addition to nine constituency MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole. From the Scottish Parliament election, 2011, the town of Paisley was split between two new constituencies. Paisley largely replaced Paisley North and Paisley South. Renfrewshire North and West took some parts of the north west of Paisley. Electoral region See also West of Scotland Scottish Parliament region Before the 2011 Boundary Review, the other eight constituencies of the West of Scotland region were Dumbarton, Clydebank and Milngavie, Cunninghame North, Eastwood, Greenock and Inverclyde, Paisley South, Strathkelvin and Bearsden and West Renfrewshire The region covered the West Dunbartonshire council area, the East Renfrewshire council area, the Inverclyde council area, most of the Renfrewshire council area, most of the East Dunbartonshire council area, part of the Argyll and Bute council area and part of the North Ayrshire council area. Constituency boundaries The Paisley North constituency was created at the same time as the Scottish Parliament, in 1999, with the name and boundaries of an existing Westminster constituency. In 2005, however, the Westminster (House of Commons) constituency was abolished in favour of new constituencies. Council areas The Holyrood constituency was within the Renfrewshire council area. The rest of the Renfrewshire area is covered by the Paisley South, West Renfrewshire and Glasgow Govan constituencies. The West Renfrewshire constituency also covered a portion of the Inverclyde council area, and the Glasgow Govan constituency also covered a portion of the Glasgow City council area. Glasgow Govan was in the Glasgow electoral region. Member of the Scottish Parliament Election results Notes and references Category:Politics of Paisley, Renfrewshire Category:Scottish Parliament constituencies and regions 1999–2011 Category:1999 establishments in Scotland Category:Constituencies established in 1999 Category:2011 disestablishments in Scotland Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011

The Last Little Life EP The Last Little Life EP is the first EP by American rock band The Rentals and is a collection of new material from the band in more than 8 years, released August 14, 2007. In addition to three brand new tracks, the EP also includes a new reworking of "Sweetness and Tenderness" originally from the group's 1995 debut Return of the Rentals. Their third full-length album was to follow after the EP's release, But it was replaced by The multimedia project Songs About Time in 2009. A third album, named Lost in Alphaville, was eventually released in 2014 to positive reviews. The title The Last Little Life comes from the first word of the three new songs on the album: "Last Romantic Day," "Little Bit of You in Everything," "Life Without a Brain." Track listing Personnel Matt Sharp – vocals, acoustic guitar, synthesizers Rachel Haden – bass, vocals, synthesizers Sara Radle – guitar, vocals, piano, synthesizers, glockenspiel Ben Pringle – synthesizers, trombone, acoustic guitar, vocals Lauren Chipman – viola, vocals, synthesizers Dan Joeright – drums, percussion, vocals References Category:2007 EPs Category:The Rentals albums

Walter Gowers Walter Gowers (first ¼ 1903 – third ¼ 1965) was a professional rugby league and association football (soccer) footballer who played in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain (non-Test matches), and Lancashire, and at club level for Platt Lane ARLFC (in Wigan), the Rochdale Hornets (two spells), and St. Helens (Heritage № 450), as a goal-kicking , i.e. number 1, and club level association football (soccer) for Preston North End (reserves in 1926), as a full-back. Background Walter Gowers' birth was registered in Wigan district, Lancashire, England, he worked as a gardener, he lived at High Birch Terrace, Rochdale, and he died aged 62 in Rochdale district, Lancashire, England. Playing career International honours Walter Gowers represented Great Britain in non-Test matches on the 1928 Great Britain rugby league tour of Australia and New Zealand, scoring 27-goals. County honours Walter Gowers represented Lancashire while at Rochdale Hornets, winning four County Championship medals. Club career Walter Gowers came out of retirement aged to play one match for Rochdale Hornets against Wigan at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 12 January 1946. Career records Walter Gowers holds Rochdale Hornets' "most appearances in a career" record with 456-appearances between 1922 and 1946, and holds Rochdale Hornets' "most points in a career" record with 1497-points scored between 1922 and 1946. He previously held Rochdale Hornets' "most goals in a season" record with 109-goals during the 1933–34 season, this record was extended by Graham Starkey during the 1966–67 season. Genealogical information Walter Gowers' marriage to Mary E. (née Prescott) was registered during first ¼ 1929 in Chorley district. They had children; Winifred J. Gowers (birth registered third ¼ 1930 in Rochdale district), John Gowers (birth registered first ¼ 1934 in Wigan district), and the rugby league footballer; Ken Gowers. Walter Gowers was the great-grandfather of the Middlesex cricketer John Simpson (Ken Gowers' grandson). References External links Profile at saints.org.uk Rochdle Hornets statistics at greyhoundderby.com Category:1903 births Category:1965 deaths Category:English rugby league players Category:Footballers who switched code Category:Great Britain national rugby league team players Category:Lancashire rugby league team players Category:Sportspeople from Wigan Category:Rochdale Hornets players Category:Rugby league fullbacks Category:St Helens R.F.C. players

The Blue Book (India) The Blue Book is a publisher of discount coupon books for restaurants, beauty spas, hotels and leisure destinations in India. The Blue Book originated in Hyderabad, India in 2013 with its distribution currently concentrated around the city of Hyderabad. The first edition of The Blue Book was published on 8 February 2013. The Blue Book is published once in a year and its vouchers stay valid for the entire year. The Blue Book is privately owned, founded and funded by Varun Kumar Akula, its current director. Business model The Blue Book associates with restaurants, retail brands and leisure destinations to sign up for the scheme each year. Each outlet is allocated space in the book to feature discount vouchers in the appropriate category. Users have to tear out the vouchers and present it to the concerned person at the outlet to avail the offer. The merchant/outlet discounts the bill on payment by the appropriate amount. The Blue Book generates revenue through sale of the books, advertising and premium positions in the book. References Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India Category:Sales promotion

Hour of Slack The Hour of Slack is a one-hour radio program produced by the Church of the SubGenius centering on the King of Slack, J. R. "Bob" Dobbs. Reverend Ivan Stang presents his own commentary, along with recorded material from all SubGenius radio and stage shows, bands, ranters, media barrage collage artists, and selections from the indie audio underground created by various SubGenii and others. Over 1,700 segments of this show have been broadcast. It is syndicated across North America, and weekly shows (and past segments) are available by mail. Originally created in Dallas, TX, the show now originates either in pre-recorded form from the Church of the SubGenius headquarters in Cleveland Heights, OH, or occasionally performed live at WCSB-FM (both for broadcast and live MP3 stream) on the campus of Cleveland State University. The show is also available as a podcast in iTunes Stations that carry Hour of Slack ALASKA - Kasilof: KWMD 90.7 FM ALASKA - Anchorage: KWMD 104.5 FM ARKANSAS - Fayetteville: KXUA 88.3 FM CALIFORNIA - Santa Cruz: Free Radio Santa Cruz 101.1 FM COLORADO - Boulder: KFBR 95.3 FM CONNECTICUT - New London: WCNI 90.9 FM (intermittently) CONNECTICUT - Storrs: WHUS 91.7 FM FLORIDA - Dade City: Dade City Community Radio 87.9 FM GEORGIA - Atlanta: WREK 91.1 FM Georgia Tech (also Rev. Susie's "Bob's Slacktime Funhouse" afterwards) IDAHO - Moscow: KRFP 92.5 FM ILLINOIS - Champaign: WEFT 90.1 FM (part of The Mental Vortex) INDIANA - MAINE - Portland: WMPG 90.9 FM MINNESOTA - Minneapolis: Radio Free Twin Cities 93.1 FM N. CAROLINA - Greensboro: WQFS 90.9 FM N. CAROLINA - Durham: WXDU 88.7 FM OHIO - Cleveland: WCSB 89.3 FM (flagship station) OHIO - Kingsville: Edge Radio 106.7 FM PENNSYLVANIA - Stroudsburg: WFZR 89.1 FM TENNESSEE - Sewanee: WUTS 91.3 FM TENNESSEE - Knoxville: WOZO-LP 103.9 FM TEXAS - Austin: KAOS 95.9 FM WISCONSIN - Madison: WORT 89.9 FM WISCONSIN - Milwaukee: WICA 92.9 FM CANADA - Halifax: CKDU-FM 88.1 FM CANADA - Vancouver, BC: CJSF-FM 90.1 FM and 93.3 cable FM CANADA - Victoria: CFUV-FM 101.9 FM Shortwave - WBCQ 'The Planet', 7.415 MHz shortwave (also on freq. 9.330, 17.495 and 5.110 MHz) External links Hour of Slack official website at SubGenius.com - includes broadcast times, downloads. Category:Church of the SubGenius Category:American comedy radio programs

Marni Abbott-Peter Marni Abbott-Peter (born October 11, 1965) is a Canadian retired wheelchair basketball player. As a member of Team Canada, she won three gold medals and one bronze during the Paralympic Games as well as four World Championship titles. She was inducted into the Canadian Paralympic Committee Hall of Fame in 2015. She is married to fellow Paralympic athlete Richard Peter. Early life Born in Nelson, British Columbia, Abbott-Peter grew up in the Kootenays region of British Columbia, beside skier Nancy Greene Raine who inspired her to begin skiing. Although Raine would later move away, both Abbott-Peter and her brother partook in skiing lessons. Career Abbott-Peter sustained a spinal cord injury as a teenager while she was downhill skiing. As she was recovering, Abbott-Peter met Paralympic athlete Rick Hansen who introduced her to wheelchair sports. She first began swimming at the Pan American Games, where she won five medals, but soon began playing wheelchair basketball in 1988 and made the Canadian national team in 1992. From 1992 to 2004, Abbott-Peter won three gold medals at the Paralympic Games and three consecutive World Championship titles in wheelchair basketball with Team Canada. In 2003, Abbott-Peter was named Female Athlete of the Year by the BC Wheelchair Sports Association. After briefly retiring in 2004, where she served on the BC Games Society Board and coached, Abbott-Peter won a bronze medal with Team Canada at the 2010 World Championship. In 2007, Abbott-Peter was inducted into the BC Sports Hall of Fame. In 2012, Abbott-Peter was selected to coach at the Women's' Wheelchair Basketball tournament at the 2012 London Games. The following year, she was inducted into the Okanagan Sports Hall of Fame. In 2014, Abbott-Peter helped coach the BC Breakers to the Canadian Women's Wheelchair Basketball Championships at the 2015 Canada Winter Games. In 2015, Abbott-Peter was inducted into the Canadian Paralympic Committee Hall of Fame and later into the Basketball BC Hall of Fame. Outside of sports, Abbott-Peter was named into the Canadian Disability Hall of Fame in 2016. Personal life Abbott-Peter became engaged to fellow Paralympic athlete Richard Peter in 2005, and the two later married. Paralympic Games results References Category:Living people Category: 1965 births Category:Paralympic gold medalists for Canada Category:Sportspeople from British Columbia Category:Basketball people from British Columbia Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for Canada Category:Canadian women's wheelchair basketball players Category:Canadian Disability Hall of Fame

National Speed Limits (Malaysia) Had Laju Kebangsaan (National Speed Limits) is a set of speed limits applicable on Malaysian expressways, federal roads, state roads and municipal roads. The National Speed Limits was enforced on 1 February 1989 following the National Speed Limit Orders 1989 (Perintah Had Laju Kebangsaan 1989). Like any other countries in the world, failing to obey the speed limit on Malaysian roads and expressways is an offence as subject to Malaysian Road Safety Act 1987, which can be fined up to RM300, depending on the difference between the speed limit and the driven speed. Default speed limits Expressways: 110 km/h (68 mph) by default, but may be reduced to 80 or 90 km/h (50-56 mph) at dangerous mountainous stretches, crosswind areas and urban areas with high traffic capacity. Federal roads: 90 km/h (56 mph) by default (reduced to 80 km/h during festive seasons), 60 km/h (37 mph) in town area. State roads: 90 km/h (56 mph) by default (reduced to 80 km/h during festive seasons), 60 km/h (37 mph) in town area. Speed limits for heavy vehicles Special speed limits are applied to heavy vehicles, and all heavy vehicles have speed limit stickers describing the allowed speed limits. However, many heavy vehicles especially express buses do not obey these speed limits. The speed limits for heavy vehicles are as follows:- Expressways: 80–90 km/h (50-56 mph) Federal and state roads: 70–80 km/h (43-50 mph) by default, 60 km/h (37 mph) in urban areas Other speed limits For school areas, the speed limit of 35 km/h (22 mph) is applicable during rush hours. Besides, cars with trailers apply the same speed limit as heavier vehicles (80 km/h (50 mph) on expressways and 80 km/h (50 mph) on other roads). Starting from the 2006 Hari Raya Aidilfitri, the Malaysian Police began enforcing lower speed limits during festive seasons for all federal and state roads, from the default 90 km/h (56 mph) down to 80 km/h (50 mph). Speed penalties Speeding over the enforced speed limits can be fined up to RM300 and offenders may also receive demerit points as subject to KEJARA System by Malaysian Road Transport Department. The speed penalties are given according to the difference of the driven speed and the enforced speed limit as follows:- 1 ~ 25 km/h: RM80 (6 demerit points) 26 ~ 40 km/h: RM150 (8 demerit points) Over 40 km/h: RM300 (10 demerit points) Speed limit issues Higher speed limit on expressways (130 km/h) In 1991, a proposal to increase the speed limit on Malaysian expressways to 140 km/h (87 mph) was made but was finally rejected in 2005 by Minister of Works, Datuk Seri S. Samy Vellu, stating that most drivers often drive 10 to 30 km/h faster than the stated speed limit on the expressways. Over the years, several attempts to set higher speed limit for the expressways were being made by certain quarter of the public. However, each attempt was successfully turn-down citing safety as one of the main reason for the rejection. On the basis of fatality per 100 km length of road, Malaysian expressways recorded more than three times higher number of fatality when compared to that of the federal roads. Lower speed limit during festive seasons (80 km/h) Starting from the 2006 Hari Raya Aidilfitri festive season, the Malaysian police enforced lower speed limits on federal and state roads during festive seasons, from the default 90 km/h (56 mph) to 80 km/h (50 mph) as a preventive measures to reduce accidents during festive seasons. However, many road users complain about the viability of the lower speed limit because the accident rate during festive seasons continue to rise even with lower speed limits, as the lower speed limit doesn't seem to bring any significant effects of reducing the accident rate; therefore, lower speed limit alone is not the effective deterrent of fatal accidents during festive seasons. See also Speed limit Speed limits by country Speed trap Malaysian Expressway System Malaysian Federal Roads System Malaysian State Roads system References Malaysia Category:Road transport in Malaysia Category:Malaysian Public Works Department

Alonina rygchiiformis Alonina rygchiiformis is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is known from South Africa. References Category:Sesiidae Category:Moths of Africa

Phule Phule may refer to: Jyotirao Phule, a social reformer from India Savitribai Phule, wife of Jyotirao Phule and a social reformer in her own right Phule (character), a character created by Robert Asprin

Świerna Świerna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubień Kujawski, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. References Category:Villages in Włocławek County

Discoderopsis Discoderopsis nigrovirens is a species of beetles in the family Buprestidae, the only species in the genus Discoderopsis. References Category:Monotypic Buprestidae genera

Fourth Ward Park Fourth Ward Park may refer to: Historic Fourth Ward Park, a park in the Old Fourth Ward of Atlanta, Georgia Fourth Ward Park (Charlotte, North Carolina), an urban park in the Fourth Ward of Charlotte, North Carolina

Brian Cabral Kealilhaaheo Brian David Cabral (born June 23, 1956) is an American football coach and former player. He stood in as the interim head football coach for three games at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 2010. Cabral played professionally as a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) with the Atlanta Falcons, the Green Bay Packers, and the Chicago Bears. He won a Super Bowl as a member of the 1985 Chicago Bears. College playing career Cabral lettered three seasons for Colorado at linebacker from 1975 to 1977 under Coach Bill Mallory, as he was a captain and played a big role on The Buffaloes' Big Eight champion team in 1976. He led Colorado with 13 tackles (12 solo) in the 1977 Orange Bowl against Ohio State. As a senior, he was honored as the Big Eight Conference's player of the week for a monster 25 tackles in a CU 27-21 win over Stanford and shared the team's Sure Tackler Award with Mark Haynes. That 25-tackle game included 13 solo stops and is still tied for the fourth most in a single game in Colorado team history. NFL career Cabral was a nine-year National Football League veteran, being drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the fourth round of the 1978 NFL Draft. He played two seasons with Atlanta, one with Green Bay and six with Chicago. As the captain of the Bears' special teams, he was a member of Chicago's Super Bowl XX championship team in 1985. Coaching career Following his NFL career, Cabral became the inside linebackers coach at Purdue for two seasons. In 1989, Cabral came back to Colorado and tutored the inside linebackers his first year as a graduate assistant. Cabral assumed full-time duties in the same capacity in 1990, and would remain in that capacity for two decades under Bill McCartney, Rick Neuheisel, Gary Barnett, Dan Hawkins and Jon Embree. From 1999 through 2005, he also coached the punt return unit on special teams, and served as the director of Colorado's summer football camps from 1995 through 2005 and for a brief time as recruiting coordinator. Known as one of the top linebacker coaches in the nation, his students have included Matt Russell, the 1996 Butkus Award winner, all-Big Eight performers Greg Biekert, Chad Brown and Ted Johnson, all of whom went on to stardom in the National Football League, and all-Big 12 linebacker Jordon Dizon, a consensus All-American who was also the league defensive player of the year for 2007. He also recruited tailback Rashaan Salaam, the 1994 Heisman trophy winner, and Chris Naeole, a 1996 All-American guard. Hawkins promoted him to assistant head coach on February 7, 2008. Hawkins cited his leadership, noting that "no one person has had more influence in the success of Colorado football than Brian Cabral." Cabral's 21 years as a full-time assistant rank as the most in Colorado athletic history, not only for football but for all sports sponsored by the University. Cabral has served twice as interim head coach for the Buffaloes. His first stint was a three-month period in 2004 before the start of the season when Head Coach Gary Barnett was placed on paid administrative leave. In that role, he continued to coach his position players but also took care of day-to-day operational details of the program. On November 9, 2010, Cabral was again named interim head coach when Dan Hawkins was fired. He won his initial game as interim head coach against Iowa State after Hawkins firing, with Hawkins' son having his best game of the season. In 2013, Cabral became associate head coach and defensive coordinator at Indiana State. Personal life Cabral grew up in Kailua, Hawaii and remains involved in recruiting efforts in Hawaii for the Buffaloes. Cabral has worked youth camps in the state as well as all-Polynesian camps in the continental U.S. He is a founding board member of the Polynesian Coaches Association. Cabral earned a B.S. degree in therapeutic recreation from Colorado in 1978. Head coaching record ‡ Named interim head coach on November 9 References External links Indiana State profile Category:1956 births Category:Living people Category:American football linebackers Category:Atlanta Falcons players Category:Chicago Bears players Category:Colorado Buffaloes football players Category:Colorado Buffaloes football coaches Category:Green Bay Packers players Category:Indiana State Sycamores football coaches Category:Purdue Boilermakers football coaches Category:Super Bowl champions Category:Sportspeople from Honolulu Category:Players of American football from Hawaii

March of the Bastards March of the Bastards is the third studio album by hard rock band Shaman's Harvest. It was released on August 8, 2006. Track listing "Home (Part I)" – 2:03 "The Lorax" – 3:10 "March Of The Bastards" – 4:18 "The Offering" – 4:49 "Drawn By The Sirens" – 3:48 "Waiting For The Animal" – 4:39 "Sequoia" – 4:10 "Halon" – 3:54 "The Anvil" – 4:00 "Home (Part III)" – 4:16 "Destination Nowhere" – 3:14 References Category:2006 albums Category:Shaman's Harvest albums

Almond (surname) Almond is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Barbara Almond (1938–2016), American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Bob Almond (born 1967), American comic book inker Bobby Almond (born 1951), New Zealand footballer Brent Almond (born 1983), American film producer Cliff Almond, American drummer and percussion player Cody Almond (born 1989), Canadian-born Swiss professional ice hockey centre Darren Almond (born 1971), English artist David Almond (born 1951), British writer Edward Almond (1892–1979), American military officer Gabriel Almond (1911–2002), American political scientist Hely Hutchinson Almond (1832–1903), Scottish physician and a politician Henry Almond (1850–1910), English football forward Harry Almond (1928–2004), British Olympic rower Hely Hutchinson Almond (1832–1903), Scottish physician and politician Ian Almond (born 1969), English literary scholar and writer J. Lindsay Almond (1898–1986), Associate Judge of the U.S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals Jack Almond (1876–?), English footballer James Almond (1874–1923), English footballer James Lindsay Almond, Jr., Governor of Virginia Jeanie Almond, American trap shooter Joan Almond (born 1935), American photographer John Almond (disambiguation) – multiple people Lincoln Almond (born 1936), Governor of Rhode Island Louis Almond (born 1992), English football forward Marc Almond (born 1957), English vocalist and recording artist Mark Almond, British writer Mary Almond (born 1928), English physicist, radio astronomer, palaeomagnetist, mathematician, and computer scientist Morris Almond (born 1985), American basketball player Oliver Almond, English Roman Catholic priest and writer Paul Almond (1931–2015), Canadian television and motion picture director and novelist Peter Almond, Australian judge Roy Almond (1891–1960), Australian rugby league player Steve Almond (born 1966), American author Willie Almond (1868–?), English footballer See also Philipp van Almonde, Dutch vice Admiral References Category:English-language surnames Category:Jewish surnames

Yonder Mountain String Band (album) {{Album ratings |rev1 = |rev1score = (?) }}Yonder Mountain String Band'' is an eponymous progressive bluegrass album by the Yonder Mountain String Band. It was released May 9, 2006 by Vanguard Records. Track listing "Sidewalk Stars" (Adam Aijala, Jeff Austin, Dave Johnston, Ben Kaufmann, Tom Rothrock) – 4:13 "I Ain't Been Myself in Years" (Benny Galloway) – 3:08 "How 'Bout You?" (Aijala, Austin, Johnston, Kaufmann, Rothrock) – 3:46 "Angel" (Aijala, Austin, Johnston, Kaufmann, Rothrock) – 4:48 "Fastball" (Aijala, Austin, Johnston, Kaufmann, Rothrock) – 1:06 "East Nashville Easter" (Austin, T. Snider) – 4:49 "Just the Same" (Johnston) – 4:02 "Classic Situation" (Aijala, Austin, Johnston, Kaufmann, Rothrock) – 3:22 "Night Out" (Aijala, Johnston) – 3:38 "Midwest Gospel Radio" (Aijala, Austin, Johnston, Kaufmann, Rothrock) – 2:50 "Troubled Mind" (Kaufmann) – 3:35 "Wind's on Fire" (Johnston) – 2:32 Chart performance Album Personnel Yonder Mountain String Band Dave Johnston – banjo, vocals, acoustic guitar on tracks 1 & 12 Jeff Austin – mandolin, vocals, guitar on track 8 Ben Kaufmann – bass, vocals, acoustic guitar on track 3, electric piano on track 3, piano on track 12 Adam Aijala – acoustic guitar, vocals, electric guitar on track 3, slide guitar on track 12 Other musicians Darol Anger – fiddle on track 4 Tom Rothrock – thumb, 1/4 cable & amplifier on track 5, beats on track 10 Pete Thomas – drums on tracks 3 & 8 Technical David Raccuglia – photography Tom Rothrock – producer, amplifiers, beats Mike Tarantino – engineer Don C. Tyler – mastering Notes External links Yonder Mountain String Band Official Homepage Frog Pad Records Homepage Category:2006 albums Category:Yonder Mountain String Band albums Category:Frog Pad Records albums Category:Albums produced by Tom Rothrock

Alan Ball Local History Awards The Alan Ball Local History Awards in the United Kingdom exist to recognise outstanding contributions in local history publishing (both in print and in new media), and to encourage the publishing of such works by public libraries and local authorities. The awards were established in the 1980s and are run by the Library Services Trust. They are named after the local history author and former chief librarian of the Harrow and Home Counties libraries. A maximum of three awards are made each year. Awards The following is the partial list of award winners. 2018 A Swindon Time Capsule: Working Class Life 1899-1984. Highlights from the Dixon-Attwell Collection held at Swindon Central Library, by Graham Carter, Swindon Heritage, Local Studies (Swindon Libraries). Poole, the First World War and its Legacy (web site), Poole Museum. Bristol Old Vic Archive (web site), Bristol Bristol Old Vic Heritage, Amy Spreadbury. 2017 Miss Weeton, Governess and Traveller, ed Alan Roby; Wigan Archives. Spratton Local History Society website 2015 West Sussex Remembering 1914-18, eds. Martin Hayes and Emma White; West Sussex County Council. Buxton Museum Apps , Buxton Museum. Milford Street Bridge Project, Milford Street Bridge Project, St Edmunds Community Association. 2010 East Lothian Council, East Lothian 1945–2000, Sonia Baker (editor) Epping Forest District Council, The Life and Art of Octavius Dixie Deacon, Chris Pond and Richard Morris Nottinghamshire County Council, These Uncertaine Tymes: Newark and the Civilian Experience of the Civil Wars 1640–1660, Stuart Jennings 2007 Bedfordshire Women's Land Army (web site), Bedfordshire County Council, Stuart Antrobus The Somerset Wetlands: An Ever Changing Environment, Somerset Books, Pat Hill-Cottingham, Derek Briggs, Richard Brunning, Andy King, Graham Rix 2006 Norfolk E-Map Explorer (web site), Norfolk County Council Viewing the Lifeless Body, A Coroner and his inquests held in Nottinghamshire Public Houses during the Nineteenth Century, 1828–1866, Nottinghamshire County Council, Bernard Heathcote. 2005 Beyond the Grave: Exploring Newcastle's Burial Grounds, Newcastle City Council, Alan Morgan 2004 Am Baile/The Gaelic Village (web site), Highland Council, Interactive Bureau Steam And Speed: Railways Of Tyne And Wear, Newcastle upon Tyne City Council, Andy Guy The Shadow of the Gallows: Crime and Punishment on Tyneside in the Eighteenth Century, Newcastle Libraries & Information Service, Barry Redfern Picture The Past (web site), Nottinghamshire County Council, Nottingham City Council, Derbyshire County Council and Derby City Council 2003 Kinder Scout: Portrait of a Mountain, Roly Smith 1999 Southwark: An Illustrated History, London Borough of Southwark, Leonard Reilly City of Westminster Leading the way: a history of Lancashire's roads, Lancashire County Council, Alan Crosby 1998 City of Newcastle upon Tyne, Richard Caddel and Anthony Flowers Guardian of the Trent: The Story of Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire County Council, Pamela Marshall and John Samuels Stockport: a History, Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council, Peter Arrowsmith 1997 City of Sunderland, Terry Deary The History of Croxley Green Through Its Street Names, Croxley Green Parish Council, Shirley Greenman The Lancashire cotton industry : a history since 1700, Lancashire County Council, Mary B Rose 1996 Birmingham City Council, Richard Albutt, Martin Flynn, Philippa Bassett, Jackie Inman Lancashire County Council, Michael Winstanley William Morris at Merton, London Borough of Merton, David Saxby 1994 Essex Gold: Fortunes of the Essex Oysterman, Essex County Council Hervey Benham Durham County Council Patricia R. Andrew Merton Priory, London Borough of Merton Penny Bruce and Simon Mason Clydebank District Council Ian Johnston Shropshire From the Air: Man and The Landscape, Shropshire County Council Michael Watson and Chris Musson 1993 Isle of Wight County Council Lancashire County Council, Jim Walker City of Newcastle upon Tyne, M Barke and RJ Buswell The Wakes of Northamptonshire: A Family History, Northamptonshire County Council, Peter Gordon Huddersfield: A Most Handsome Town, Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council, EA Hilary Haigh 1992 London Borough of Sutton Cinemas of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne City Libraries and Arts, Frank Manders Tameside 1066–1700, Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council, Michael Nevell 1991 Suffolk County Council, Rachel Lawrence Old Runcorn, Halton Borough Council, H F Starkey Northamptonshire County Council, David Blagrove Gateshead Metropolitan District Council, G. Bennett et al. 1989 Author: Eileen M. Bowlt, Hillingdon Libraries Book production: Somerset County Library, Keen 1988 Patrick Dillon & Wiltshire County Library 1987 Author: Helen & Richard Leacroft Book production: Cambridgeshire Libraries, Storey 1986 Author: Eleanor & Rex C. Russell Book production: Northamptonshire Libraries, Rowland Holloway See also List of history awards British Association for Local History English county histories English local history The Whitfield Prize Wolfson History Prize References Category:History awards Category:British non-fiction literary awards Category:Awards established in 1986 Category:1986 establishments in the United Kingdom Category:British local history

Darby Plantation Darby Plantation may refer to: Darby Plantation (New Iberia, Louisiana), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Iberia Parish Darby Plantation (Edgefield, South Carolina), listed on the NRHP in Edgefield County See also Darby House (disambiguation)

Hololepta aequalis Hololepta aequalis is a species of beetle belonging to the Histeridae family. It is found in North American countries such as Canada and the United States where it lives on an elevation of and feeds on dead poplars. Besides poplars, it also feeds on pines, willows, and tulips (especially Liriodendron tulipifera). Its body is flat and is long. Its annuli is V-shaped while its palpi is horizontally projecting in front of the head. The species' antennal lobe is under anterior angles of its prothorax while its labrum is free. Further reading References Category:Histeridae

Cairns Shoal Cairns Shoal () is a small area of shoal lying west of Craigie Point in the east part of Right Whale Bay, South Georgia. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Petty Officer Peter T. Cairns of HMS Owen, which first located this shoal in 1961. References Category:Barrier islands of Antarctica

Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade is a 2016 American computer-animated television special, produced by Blue Sky Studios and directed by Ricardo Curtis. It premiered on Fox during the Easter season. Most of the actors reprise their roles from the previous installments except Aziz Ansari, whose role as Squint was replaced by Seth Green. This Easter special takes place between Continental Drift and Collision Course. Plot Three months after the events of the fourth film, Manny and his crew get ready for Easter. While Ellie struggles to make the decorations single-handedly, Manny and Diego try to watch some eagle fights between an eagle and different animals, Crash and Eddie try repeated unsuccessful attempts to prank Peaches (starting the first April Fools' Day), who wants to spend Easter with her friends, and Scrat, after he excavated in the underground from the Death Valley to the new herd's Valley and found his acorn again, once again loses his acorn when it becomes a tree. In the meantime, Sid decides to look after eggs for the owners of them, much to the scorn of Manny and Diego. Meanwhile, ex-pirate bunny Squint has been living in his home hole for the past three months with his lazy brother, Clint. After getting back on his feet, the pirate sees Manny and his group as he plans to have his revenge for what he did to Captain Gutt and his boat. Squint confronts them, demanding a new boat, but is unsuccessful. However, he steals the eggs when Sid falls asleep, forcing the sloth and his friends to look for them, and Clint lends a hand by giving them a map to the eggs, which have been painted by Squint to camouflage them. When they retrieve the eggs and see through their disguise, they find they are one egg short, with Squint telling them that if they don't make a boat for him by the next day, the egg will be scrambled. Clint leads his brother into an ambush by Manny, Sid, and Diego. They find the egg when it's revealed to be painted into an acorn and has been taken by Scrat. When Manny washes the paint off, a disappointed Scrat throws the egg off a cliff and the gang manage to retrieve it. Squint battles with Sid to get the egg, but the ice cracks and Squint is eventually led into Crash and Eddie's latest prank. After that, the mammoth family decide to spend Easter together and Sid suggests that Clint be the Easter Bunny by painting eggs every year and hiding them. Meanwhile, a defeated Squint uses Scrat's nut basket as a ship, but it sinks and Scrat is unable to stop him due to being covered in chocolate that dries up like cement. Voice cast Ray Romano as Manny John Leguizamo as Sid Denis Leary as Diego Taraji P. Henson as Ethel Queen Latifah as Ellie Gabriel Iglesias as Cholly Bear Wendy Williams as Condor Mom Lili Estefan as Gladys Glypto Blake Anderson as Clint Keke Palmer as Peaches Seann William Scott as Crash Josh Peck as Eddie Seth Green as Squint Chris Wedge as Scrat Reprising their roles from Ice Age: Continental Drift are Peter Dinklage as Captain Gutt, Rebel Wilson as Raz, Nick Frost as Flynn and Kunal Nayyar as Gupta as shown in a flashback sequence to the events of the film. Release The Great Egg-Scapade was televised by Fox on March 20, 2016, as a lead-in to its live special The Passion: New Orleans. The Great Egg-Scapade was released on DVD March 7, 2017. References External links Category:2016 computer-animated films Category:2016 television films Category:American films Category:Animated films about animals Category:English-language films Category:Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Category:Films set in prehistory Category:Fox television specials Category:Blue Sky Studios short films Category:Fox Television Animation films Category:Ice Age (franchise) films

Lyclene poring Lyclene poring is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 2001. It is found on Borneo. The habitat consists of lowland forests. The length of the forewings is about 6 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is pale yellow. References Category:Nudariina Category:Moths described in 2001 Category:Moths of Asia

Halide A halide is a binary phase, of which one part is a halogen atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less electronegative (or more electropositive) than the halogen, to make a, e.g., fluoride, chloride, or theoretically tennesside compound. The alkali metals combine directly with halogens under appropriate conditions forming halides of the general formula, MX (X = F, Cl, Br or I). Many salts are halides; the hal- syllable in halide and halite reflects this correlation. All Group 1 metals form halides that are white solids at room temperature. A halide ion is a halogen atom bearing a negative charge. The halide anions are fluoride (F−), chloride (Cl−), bromide (Br−), iodide (I−) and astatide (At−). Such ions are present in all ionic halide salts. Halide minerals contain halides. All these halides are colourless, high melting crystalline solids having high negative enthalpies of formation. Tests Halide compounds such as KCl, KBr and KI can be tested with silver nitrate solution, AgNO3. The halogen will react with Ag+ and form a precipitate, with varying colour depending on the halogen: AgF: no precipitate AgCl: white AgBr: creamy (pale yellow) AgI: green (yellow) For organic compounds containing halides, the Beilstein test is used. Uses Metal halides are used in high-intensity discharge lamps called metal halide lamps, such as those used in modern street lights. These are more energy-efficient than mercury-vapor lamps, and have much better colour rendition than orange high-pressure sodium lamps. Metal halide lamps are also commonly used in greenhouses or in rainy climates to supplement natural sunlight. Silver halides are used in photographic films and papers. When the film is developed, the silver halides which have been exposed to light are reduced to metallic silver, forming an image. Halides are also used in solder paste, commonly as a Cl or Br equivalent. Synthetic organic chemistry often incorporates halogens into organohalide compounds. Compounds Examples of halide compounds are: Sodium chloride (NaCl) Potassium chloride (KCl) Potassium iodide (KI) Lithium chloride (LiCl) Copper(II) chloride (CuCl2) Silver chloride (AgCl) Calcium chloride (CaCl2) Chlorine fluoride (ClF) Organohalides Bromomethane (CH3Br) Iodoform (CHI3) Hydrogen chloride (HCl) See also Salinity Organohalide Hydrogen halide Silver halide References Category:Salts

Paziella galapagana Paziella galapagana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. Description Distribution This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean along the Galapagos Islands. References Merle D., Garrigues B. & Pointier J.-P. (2011) Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the world. Part Muricinae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 648 pp. page(s): 164 External links Category:Muricidae Category:Gastropods described in 1970

Gene Sperling Eugene B. "Gene" Sperling (born December 24, 1958) is an American economist, who was Director of the National Economic Council and Assistant to the President for Economic Policy under Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama. Life and career Early life and education Sperling was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he attended both Pioneer High School and Community High School, from which he received his degree. He received a B.A. in Political Science from the University of Minnesota in 1982, where he was Captain of the Men's Varsity Tennis Team, and a J.D. from Yale Law School in 1985, where he served as a Senior Editor of the Yale Law Journal. After graduating from Yale Law School, he attended business school at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Prior to joining the National Economic Council, Sperling served as Deputy Director of Economic Policy for the Presidential Transition and Economic Policy Director of the Clinton-Gore Presidential campaign. From 1990 to 1992, he was an economic advisor to Governor Mario Cuomo of New York. Career Clinton administration Sperling served as Deputy Director (from 1993-1996) and then Director (from 1996-2001) of the National Economic Council during the Clinton administration. As deputy director from 1993-1996, Sperling helped design and pass several of President Clinton’s early initiatives, including 1993 Deficit Reduction Act, the expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Direct Student Loan Act. As director from 1996-2001, Sperling was a principal negotiator of the 1997 bipartisan Balanced Budget Act, was the architect of the Save Social Security First debt reduction strategy, and co-negotiated the final China WTO agreement in Beijing in 1999 with United States Trade Representative Charlene Barshefsky. He also played a leading role in the design and passage of other Clinton administration economic initiatives, including the Hope Scholarship Tax Credit, the New Markets Tax Credit, the Children’s Health Insurance Program, the Gear-UP Early College Mentoring program, expanded debt relief to poor nations, and stronger international protections against abusive child labor. Sperling worked with then-Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers to negotiate protections for the Community Reinvestment Act in the Financial Modernization Act of 1999, also known as the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. These protections helped secure passage of the bill. Post-Clinton administration After leaving the National Economic Council, Sperling served as Founder and Director of the Center for Universal Education at the Council on Foreign Relations and the Brookings Institution. He co-authored the book What Works in Girls’ Education: Evidence and Policies from the Developing World. He also authored The Pro-Growth Progressive: An Economic Strategy for Shared Prosperity as a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. For four years, he was a consultant and part-time writer for the television series The West Wing. Sperling is the author of the forthcoming 2020 book Economic Dignity, based on his Atlantic article, "Economics is Broken," which was published in 2019. Sperling was the chief economic adviser for Hillary Clinton during her 2008 presidential campaign. Prior to joining the Obama administration, Sperling earned $887,727 from Goldman Sachs in 2008 for his work helping to create and implement their 10,000 Women initiative. He was also compensated $158,000 for speeches, mostly to financial companies. Sperling received $2.2 million in total compensation in 2008 from a variety of consulting jobs, board seats, speaking fees and fellowships. Obama administration From 2009 to 2011, Sperling served as a counselor to Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner. He advised on financial crisis and auto rescue matters, and was Geithner's top aide on fiscal, budget, tax, Affordable Care Act, and small business issues. In January 2011, President Barack Obama appointed Sperling as the Director of the National Economic Council. In that role, Sperling played a key role representing the White House in budget negotiations with Congress as well as serving as the White House point person on several of the President’s top priorities including job creation, manufacturing policy, housing, GSE reform, skills initiatives and patent reform. He played a key role in designing the Small Business Jobs Act, the payroll tax cut, the extension of training assistance and the expansion of tax credits for low income working Americans. He was the creator of the $447 billion American Jobs Act. Sperling also led the design and implementation of the President’s initiatives on Manufacturing Innovation Hubs, SelectUSA, the College Opportunity Summit, and the ConnectED initiative. Sperling was named one of the 100 Most Powerful People in Finance worldwide in 2013 by Worth Magazine. He was named one of the 50 Most Powerful People in Washington by GQ in 2012. On February 27, 2013, Sperling was identified as the writer of an e-mail informing Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward "that he would regret" publishing a story critical of Obama's sequester. Sperling left the National Economic Council in March 2014. Criticism Sperling came under scrutiny for receiving up to $600,000 in unsecured, below market-rate loans from friend Howard Shapiro, a lawyer at Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr, while serving in the Obama administration. Critics argued that this created a conflict of interest for Sperling, as he helped craft a federal and state government settlement negotiated by WilmerHale and other law firms over foreclosure and mortgage servicing abuses by major financial institutions. Sperling told ProPublica he was not involved in the negotiations and only "helped decide that settlement money would go toward reducing principal on mortgages for borrowers whose homes were worth less than their mortgages", however the Financial Times reported that Sperling also met with groups such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to persuade them of the benefits the deal would have for borrowers. Sperling defended the loans by arguing that his savings were "depleted" after having "worked every single year of my career in either public service or in near-full time non-profit work." He self-reported that his income in 2008 was $2.2 million, including $887,727 from Goldman Sachs. The loans in question allowed Sperling to keep his $2 million house in Washington D.C.'s affluent Georgetown neighborhood, and Sperling said it helped him "afford to remain in public service." The loan was approved by the White House Counsel’s office and the Office of Government Ethics, and Sperling has yet to repay it. Personal life Sperling is married to television writer Allison Abner, whom he met when he was a consultant on NBC’s The West Wing. They have a daughter, Nina and a son, Miles Works References External links at the White House "The Pro-Growth Progressive" - Gene Sperling speaks at Google Obama appointee Sperling was key H-1B broker, Computerworld, January 11, 2011 |- Category:1958 births Category:Center for American Progress people Category:Clinton administration personnel Category:Goldman Sachs people Category:Jewish American politicians Category:Living people Category:Obama administration personnel Category:People from Ann Arbor, Michigan Category:University of Minnesota alumni Category:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni Category:Yale Law School alumni Category:Economists from Michigan Category:21st-century American economists

Saskatchewan Transportation Company The Saskatchewan Transportation Company (STC) was a Crown corporation in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan responsible for operating intercity bus routes in the province from 1946 to 2017. Created in 1946 by an Order in Council giving the company a mandate to provide service between major urban centres and to as much of the rural population as possible, STC was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Crown Investments Corporation of Saskatchewan. The government of Saskatchewan announced on March 22, 2017 that it planned to shut down STC by the end of May 2017. Freight services were terminated effective May 19, and passenger services were terminated effective May 31. Facilities STC owned and operated bus depots in Regina, Saskatoon, and Prince Albert. It also had numerous ticket agencies in communities throughout the province and served as an agent for Greyhound tickets at many of its locations. Regina Terminal Address: 1717 Saskatchewan Drive, Regina Coordinates: Facility includes: Head office, STC bus station, STC freight terminal, Greyhound Canada service, Robin's Donuts Opened: October 8, 2008 Saskatoon Terminal Address: 50 – 23rd Street East, Saskatoon Coordinates: Facility includes: STC bus station, STC freight terminal, Greyhound Canada service, Robin's Donuts Prince Albert Terminal Address: 99 – 15th Street East, Prince Albert Coordinates: Facility includes: STC bus station, STC freight terminal, Greyhound Canada service Agencies The Saskatchewan Transportation Company worked with over 170 private companies within the province to provide local passenger and express depots to rural communities. These locations were referred to as agencies and made up the ground work by which STC was able to provide service to the people of Saskatchewan. Services Maintenance The Saskatchewan Transportation Company operated Maintenance Facilities in Regina and Saskatoon, which allowed for the efficient operation of their fleet and provided an array of services to foreign fleet customers. Saskatoon Bus Service Centre Address: 88 King Street, Saskatoon Coordinates: Regina Bus Maintenance Centre Address: 9th Avenue and Wallace Street, Regina Coordinates: Passenger STC operated a number of routes to both urban and rural communities across Saskatchewan. Many STC passenger coaches were wheelchair accessible and all were Wi-Fi equipped. Express STC had a history of package delivery across Saskatchewan. Many people relied on STC to transport packages, parcels, and equipment to rural areas. While providing overnight service to many locations, STC also provided customers with door-to-door pick-up and delivery in major centres. Charter STC provided charter services to a number of groups and organizations every year in Saskatchewan. Many corporations, sports teams, and clubs chose STC when travelling to functions both in and out of province. Charters were available any day of the week and for various lengths of time subject to availability. Employees STC employed over 230 people. All In Scope employees were members of the Amalgamated Transit Union. Closure and sale of assets The provincial government shut down STC in 2017 as part of spending cutbacks. Ridership had decreased 77 percent since its peak in 1980, and only two of its 27 routes turned a profit. The opposition NDP criticized the shutdown, saying it would hurt rural residents who relied upon the service for parcel delivery and transportation for medical appointments in larger centres. The company's assets were sold for $29 million, slightly more than their appraised value of $25.7 million (CAD). References External links Category:1946 establishments in Canada Category:2017 disestablishments in Saskatchewan Category:Bus transport in Saskatchewan Category:Crown corporations of Saskatchewan Category:Intercity bus companies of Canada Category:Organizations based in Regina, Saskatchewan Category:Organizations disestablished in 2017 Category:Organizations established in 1946

Paul Morel Hospital Paul Morel Hospital is an ancient hospital located in Vesoul, France. See also List of hospitals in France Category:Vesoul Category:Hospitals in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté

Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA) The Signal Intelligence Regiment () (KONA) was the basic element of the field organisation of the German Army (Wehrmacht) signal intelligence organization during World War II. The KONA regiment were mobile communication reconnaissance units which were assigned to an Army group and operated close to the front lines within the operational Theatre to intercept and build intelligence, via evaluation services (cryptanalysis) and disseminate the intelligence to senior staff locally and in the OKH/GDNA headquarters in the rear. To quote World War II cryptographic historian, Christos Triantafyllopoulos: The KONA units did not have the ability to solve complicated Allied cryptosystems. Instead they focused on exploiting low/mid level ciphers and even in this capacity they were assisted by material sent to them by the central cryptanalytic department. This was the German Army High Command's Inspectorate 7/VI Sources The remains of Signal Intelligence Regiment 1 (abbr KONA 1) was a signals regiment that surrendered to American troops near Tausing, located close to and northwest of Liezen, Austria on 9 May 1945. Commanded by the fanatical Nazi Major Ernst Hertzer, the remains of the regiment consisted of around 700 officers, enlisted men and women who were sent to the abbey at Stift Tepl, that was being used as a Prisoner of War enclosure. They had destroyed all their papers en route except those document they considered the most important for reconstruction of their records. The remaining documents were kept in three briefcases plus a single book. On the afternoon of 9 May, with strong rumours of Russians approaching the area, the three briefcases were burned with only the book remaining. The book remained in the unit vehicles after an extensive search and was never found. Between 23 May and 28 May 1945, over 350 prisoners were screened at a town called Konstantinsbad close to Plzeň in the Czech Republic. All primary personnel were interviewed, with a further 41 chosen for further questioning. Some reports were written at Plzeň but most TICOM documents relating to KONA units were written between 30 May and 2 June at Oberursel near Frankfurt am Main. Further interrogations were undertaken and more specific information given when the group was moved to Revin. In total, the material created consisted of 31 reports supported with supplements giving information of the makeup and organization of Kommandeur der Nachrichtenaufklärung unit 1. History KONA 1 operated in the southern sector of the Russian Front from June 1941 until May 1945, intercepting and evaluating Russian Army, Russian Army Air and the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) traffic. Certain personnel within Kona 1 appeared to have succeeded in reconstructing the detailed Order of Battle of the Russian military, and in predicting the timing and location of Russian offensive before they occurred The results were achieved by close integration of all sources of information as opposed to cryptanalysis of Russian ciphers, although low and medium grade Russian ciphers were read. The ratio of general evaluation against pure cryptanalysis was about three to one which was due to the following: * Russian High Grade ciphers were generally unreadable, due to the use of one-time pads. * A large amount of information could be obtained from Russian military practices, movements of strategic reserves, chain of command, intentions to attack as well as including use of Indicators on ciphers, call-signs and a low standard of Russian wireless discipline. From an examination of the cryptographical processes of Russian security, Kona 1 appeared to have determined that one time pads were used for high grade ciphers, and a number of code books and recyphering tables were used for medium and low grade ciphers. Medium and low grade ciphers appear in most cases were within the capability of KONA 1 to be available for reading. Captain Roman Roessler, Chief Evaluator of KONA 1, and commanding officer of the Intelligence Evaluation Centre () (abbr. NASS) of the KONA regiment, stated that even if identification of individual formations wasn't possible, KONA was still successful in formulating a picture of groupings and number of formations. As regards the Russian Rifle Corps and Divisions, KONA had to rely on other means to gather signal intelligence KONA 1 successes may be considered overenthusiastic. Organization and Functions KONA Regiment The purpose of a KONA regiment was to supply intelligence to the Staff (military) of the Army Corps, Armies and Army Groups. Each KONA unit consisted of a Regimental Evaluation centre and possibly 5 or 6 intercept and intelligence companies. The KONA regiment operated with the signal intelligence platoons operating close to the front line, with its companies situated close to army HQ and the main evaluation unit situated in the rear at Army Group Headquarters (abbr. HQ). Close Range Signal Intelligence Companies () (abbr.NANAK or NAK) were tasked with intercepting low level traffic. These were evaluated as they came in, with all intelligence passed to Senior Staff of their assigned Army Group as it became available, with all intercepts and immediate reports passed back to an evaluation platoon at company headquarters, for further evaluation. Long Range Signal Intelligence Companies () (abbr. NAFAK or FAK) intercepted high level traffic, undertook some immediate evaluation which was passed to Senior Staff, and also passed back reports and intercepts to the regimental Signal Intelligence Evaluation Centre () (abbr. NAAS). In 1944, the Signal Intelligence Battalion () (Abbr. NAA) was introduced into the organization of the KONA. These battalions were small administrative units, which acted to co-ordinate unit activities at Army level. Major Hertzer, Commanding Officer of KONA 1 stated that the NAA supervisors were generally elderly soldiers, who duty was to gather opinions and make small adjustments in close range signal, intelligence platoons, i.e. NAZ. Colonel Boetzel, head of the OKH/GdNA, stated that the NAA was not an effective improvement. Signal Intelligence Evaluation Centre (NAAS) The Signal Intelligence Evaluation Centre () (NAAS) centre was situated close to an Army Group HQ The NAAS functionality included evaluation and traffic analysis, cryptanalysis, collation and dissemination of intelligence. <li>Four types of activity was included for the Evaluation and Traffic Analysis of intercepts: <li>Technical and tactical evaluation of (NAAS) The NAAS centre was situated close to an Army Group HQ The NAAS functionality included evaluation and traffic analysis, cryptanalysis, collation and dissemination of intelligence. <li>Four types of activity was included for the Evaluation and Traffic Analysis of intercepts: Technical and tactical evaluation of all identified intercepts, i.e. picked up by Long Range units. Processing of all unidentified intercepts. Traffic analysis from both long and short range units including intercepts which may not be from the enemy armies. Checking and tactical evaluation of reports from Short Range units. Traffic analysis, Direction finding evaluation, update of registry card index, NKVD evaluation and Russian Air force intercepts processing. Cryptanalysis in the NAAS primarily meant the solution of unknown systems, the study of developments in known systems, and work on NKVD ciphers and processes. The NAAS worked on 4-figure Russian ciphers. The NAAS was responsible for the dissemination of intelligence, passing its results to the Intelligence Officer of the associated Army Group, and also forwarding the intelligence to the Signal Intelligence Agency of the OKH/GDNA The NAAS had a key position in the direction of coverage for interception. Through the chain of command, it controlled the intercept coverage for all lower units with co-ordination by staff of the headquarters of OKH/GDNA controlling everything else Certain items were passed unprocessed straight to the GDNA cryptanalysis unit. Ciphers from the NKVD that were formatted using 5-figure groups were passed automatically to the GDNA cryptanalysis unit for additional cryptanalysis. Stationary Intercept Company (FESTE) The stationary Intercept Companies (1923–1939 , 1939–1945 ) (Abbr:Feste or more commonoly FNAST) were designed to work at a lower level to the NAAS, i.e. that of the Army. The intercepts were designed in the pre-war period, and although they were retained, their traditional functionality and designation of being fixed () in a single location was redesigned to become semi-motorized for use in the East during the Russian campaign and later. Feste 10, the stationary company of KONA 1, operated close to Army HQ Feste 10 consisted of five sections, besides the HQ section. An intercept platoon, controlled by the NAAS, covered unknown traffic in the 3500-5500 kHz band, fixed NKVD nets assigned by NAAS and those formations of mobile network traffic as directed by NAAS. An evaluation section identified and reported unknown traffic. The study of unidentified intercepts was a primary function of the Feste. A cryptanalysis section worked to identify cipher keys, translation of plain-text messages and solutions to cyphers. The Feste also had a Direction Finding platoon, which provided resources on demand. Communications between the Direction Finding sites and the Regiment were provided by a Communications platoon, which passed results back to the NAAS via telegram or teleprinter. Long Range Intelligence Company (FAK) These companies () (Abbr:FAK) were different from the Feste, in that they were more concerned to a greater degree with identified traffic. Like the Feste, they were semi motorized and were designed to operate close to Army HQ. They were designed in a manner that each unit should be associated with each army staff covering an army section. In reality however, the operations of these types of companies, and indeed the Feste, took place further and further in the rear. The large amount of work that needed to be undertaken and became heaviest just at the time when safety precautions required a withdrawal, meant that it was found to be more practical to undertake work in the rear where it would be less frequently interrupted. In gathering intercepts, the FAK's were directed by the cover control section of the Evaluation Centre (NAAS). The traffic intercepts received by the unit was studied as fully as resources allowed. Plain-text messages were translated, with intercepts with known ciphers decoded by specialists attached to the unit. A card index section was maintained by the archivist. Those intercepts which couldn't be analysed via cryptanalysis were forwarded to the traffic analysis section of the NAAS. Close Range Intelligence Company (NAK) The Close Range Company () (Abbr:NAK), worked at Army Corps level. Its primary task was to intercept traffic and work on low-level 2, 3, and possibly 4 digit ciphers traffic close to the front lines. Although the unit was designed to work at Army Group level, in practice such companies were also stationed by the commander of regiment with each Army as well. In contrast to the Long Range Companies, these units were designed to operate by platoon. The operation of each company was divided amongst four platoons which were, () which intercepted traffic, () for bearings and fixes on enemy transmitters, Evaluation () and (), which handled all communication problems. The direction finding platoon whose organization was particularly elaborate, operated from tents. Normal direction finding operations for one company called for an average of eight out-stations, spaced 5 to 10 kilometres from each other and parallel to the front of one to several hundred kilometres. From HQ to the outstation was 20-30 kilometers. Each station was mobile and moved as the fighting moved. For communications wire would sometimes be available, but mostly it was wireless. A normal days operations used approximately 20 receivers, of different designs and types, according to the frequency range they listened too. Antennas were of the usual inverted L type, averaging 60 metres in length, and from 10 to 12 metres high. Masts for antennas 8 metres high were always carried, but an effort was always made to find longer masts locally. Receivers were powered exclusively by batteries. Gasoline driven generators were used to power the transmitters. Attached to each platoon was a small evaluation section, consisting of 1-3 evaluators who generally operated out of a captured house or tent near the intercept station with their results being passed to the Evaluation platoon of the company. Only the simplest systems were worked on at the NAK level, with the majority of the intercepts being passed to the NAAS, which studied the intercepts using cryptanalysis and well as for tactical intelligence derivable through traffic analysis. Close Range Signal Intelligence Platoons (NAZ) Each Close Range Company usually had two or three Close Range Signal Intelligence Platoons () (Abbr. NAZ), designed to work below the NAK but still at Army Corps level. Signal Intelligence Battalion (NAA) The Signal Intelligence Battalion () (Abbr. NAA) was introduced into the organization of the KONA, in 1944, as a considered improvement on the NAK and FAK operational model of radio intercept. These battalions were small administrative units, which acted to co-ordinate unit activities at Army level. NAA supervisors were generally elderly soldiers, whose duty was to gather opinions and make small adjustments in close range signal intelligence platoons, i.e. NAZ. Colonel Boetzel, head of the OKH/GdNA, stated that the NAA was not an effective improvement. Operations Direction Finding Direction finding (D/F) was perhaps of the greatest importance in signal intelligence activities, as it enabled the location of the enemy. Its importance increased as Russian radio discipline, code and cypher security improved during the latter half of the war. The Kona employed 5 personnel with each forward platoon with 50 D/F personnel stationed at Feste 10 (the long range intercept unit). The NAAS evaluation section received raw intercepts from the D/F sections of both the FAK and the NAK. The FAK sent requests not only to the long range but also the close range direction finding sites. Fak 617, which covered the Russian 1st Ukrainian Front, for example, sent its orders both to three or four long range direction finding sites and about 12 close range units. The D/F reported back using enciphered wireless signals. Long range D/F sets were located 200-350 kilometres behind the front line. Three D/F sets at a particular spot constituted a D/F group. A supervisor who worked at Company level working in the intercept room issued requests. Through this means, simultaneous fixes could be taken by two and frequently by three sites. Close range D/F sets were located at the NAK platoon level. These sets received requests not only from the Long Range Companies but also the Close Range Headquarters. Direction finding techniques The site chosen by the D/F unit had to be favourable for good radio reception and minimum magnetic declination. Each unit included 2-3 operators, one of whom received messages from other D/F teams, while the second acted as intercept operator, relaying intercepts back to the NAAS. Two to three D/F sets in one place constituted a D/F Group where each set operated for a particular company. Results were reported back by W/T. The D/F operators had to acquire adeptness in rotating the loop antenna to the point of minimum volume, ascertaining the width of this band of minimum response, and computing the exact azimuth from the marginal readings. Moreover, D/F operations had to be carried out with exceptional speed, since often only one or two call signs or an acknowledgement lasting a few seconds could be intercepted. Extreme care had to be exercised to ensure the NAAS operators were not deceived. Each operator used a report form on which he entered information regarding the time, frequency, call sign, and fragments of intercepted messages, as well as the azimuths obtained. To dispatch D/F teams a transmitter at the intercept centre was used. The operator stated the frequency and call sign of the station to be located and the number of the D/F team, so that the azimuth thus taken could be later confirmed by checking. If no teletype communication was available, the D/F data was forwarded to the evaluation centre by radio. Radio Finger Printing History of Kona Units Kona 1 Kona 1 operated in the vicinity of Lviv, later Vinnytsia, then Poltava, then Reichshof and the towards the end of the war, the Czechoslovakia area. To Kona 1 headquarters were subordinated: 1 Signal Intelligence Evaluation Centre - NAAS 1 1 Stationary Intercept Company - Fest 10 1 Close Range Signal Intelligence Company - NAK Preuss 2 Signal Intelligence Battalions - NAA 3 and NAA 4 To NAA 3 were subordinated: 1 Long Range Signal Intelligence Company - FAK 623 1 Close Range Signal Intelligence Company - NAK 953 To NAA 4 were subordinated: 1 Long Range Signal Intelligence Company - FAK 617 1 Close Range Signal Intelligence Company - NAK 954 Headquarters The headquarters unit of KONA 1 which worked at Army Group HQ, consisted of the commandant of the KONA, his Adjutant, a Chief of Operations, a paymaster, a technical inspector, clerks and truck drivers. The following statistics show the breakdown of the HQ unit {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | KONA Headquarters |- | | Officers | Enlisted Men | Women |- | Commander | 1 | - | - |- | Adjunct | 1 | - | - |- | S-3 | 1 | - | - |- | Paymaster | 1 | - | - |- | Technical Inspector | 1 | - | - |- | Clerks | | 4 | 2 |- | Truck Drivers | | 9 | - |- | | 5 | 13 | 2 |} NAAS 1 The NAAS of KONA 1 has two major operation subdivisions: a section engaged in evaluation and traffic analysis, and a section for cryptographic activities. There was also an HQ section, a communication line section, a truck drivers section, a communication line section and a section for truck drivers. The number of personnel totalled 8 officers, 160 enlisted men and 50 enlisted women divided as follows: {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | NAAS |- | Section | Officer | Enlisted Men | Women |- | HQ | 1 | 18 | 2 |- | Evaluation | 6 | 66 | 25 |- | Cryptanalysis | 1 | 42 | - |- | Communication | - | 21 | 23 |- | Truck Drivers | - | 13 | - |- | | 8 | 160 | 50 |} Feste 10 The Stationary Intercept Company, Feste 10, and the Long Range Signal Intelligence Companies, FAK 617 and FAK 623, were similar in the organization and operation. Each had a HQ Section, monitoring platoons, and evaluation section, a cryptanalytic section and a communication platoon. The difference between Feste 10 and the FAK were minor. Feste 10 was less mobile that the FAK, having eight truck drivers, instead of 12 and 16 assigned to FAK 617 and FAK 623. The following tables show the subsections and strengths of the Feste 10, FAK 617 and FAK 623. The following tables show the subsections and strength of the Feste 10, FAK 617 and FAK 623 The following described the layout of Feste 10: {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | FESTE 10 |- | Section | Officer | Enlisted Men | Women |- | HQ | 1 | 18 | 2 |- | Evaluation | 1 | 25 | 8 |- | Monitoring Platoon | | 32 | 61 |- | Cryptanalysis | 1 | 42 | 2 |- | Communication Platoon | - | 10 | - |- | Truck Drivers | - | 13 | - |- | D/F and Intercept | - | 50 | - |- | | 3 | 158 | 73 |} FAK 617 The following described the layout of FAK 617: {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | FAK 617 |- | | Officers | Enlisted Men | Women |- | Headquarters | 1 | 15 | 3 |- | Monitoring and Intercept | 1 | 91 | - |- | Evaluation | 1 | 33 | - |- | Cryptanalysis | - | 20 | - |- | Comms Platoon | - | 23 | - |- | Truck Drivers | - | 16 | - |- | | 5 | 198 | 3 |} FAK 623 The following table describes the layout of FAK 623: {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | FAK 623 |- | | Officers | Enlisted Men | Women |- | Headquarters | 1 | 14 | 4 |- | Monitoring and Intercept | 1 | 83 | - |- | Evaluation | 1 | 34 | - |- | Cryptanalysis | - | 16 | - |- | Comms Platoon | 1 | 17 | - |- | Truck Drivers | - | 12 | - |- | | 4 | 176 | 4 |} NAK 954 The Close Range SigInt Company, NAK 954, was also managed and split into a number of subsections. The NAK operated by platoons, one platoon attached to each Army Corps. The strength of the platoon was from 20 to 30 men, of which approximately 12 were used for radio telephone intercept, 2 in radio intercept, 4 in D/F and 3 in evaluation. The rest of the platoon compromised clerks, drivers and cooks. For NAK 953, Up to September 1944, it was subordinated to NAA 3 of KONA 1, at the time it was moved to the West, leaving behind its interpreters and cryptanalysts, who continued to serve on the eastern front. NAK Benold, named after its commanding officer, was composed of specialists of various kinds who had been drawn from the SigInt companies subordinate to KONA 1. As a company, it formed part of NAA 3. NAK Preuss was formed from forces withdrawn from other units of KONA 1. This close range company was, in contrast to other companies, subordinated directly to KONA Headquarters. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | NAK 954 |- | | Officers | Enlisted Men | Women |- | Headquarters | 1 | 41 | - |- | Evaluation | 1 | 30 | - |- | Radio Receiving | - | 25 | - |- | Comms Platoon | 1 | 18 | - |- | 4 Monitoring Platoons | 4 | 112 | - |- | | 4 | 226 | - |} NAK 953 Up to September 1944, NAK 953 was subordinated to NAA 3 of KONA 1, but at that time it was moved to the west, leaving behind only its interpreters and crypt analysts, who continued to serve on the Eastern front. NAK Benold NAK Benold, named after its commanding officer, was composed of specialists of various kinds who had been drawn from the signal intelligence companies subordinate to KONA 1. As a company it formed part of the NAA 3. NAK Preuss NAK Preuss, taking its name as did NAK Benold, from its CO, was formed from forces withdrawn from other units of KONA 1. This close range signal company was, in contrast to other companies, subordinated directly to KONA HQ. Kona 2 KONA 2 operated in Warsaw, Barysaw, Orsha, Vitebsk, Smolensk, Minsk, Grodno, then Szczytno, Gdańsk and finally Holstein. The KONA 2 organization is not known in detail. It had the following order of battle: 1 Signal Intelligence Evaluation Centre, NAAS 2 3 Signal Intelligence Battalions, NAA 6,NAA 7, NAA 8 1 Stationary Intercept Company, Feste 7 3 Long range Signal Intelligence Companies, FAK 610, FAK 619, FAK 622 3 Close range Signal Intelligence Companies, NAK 951,955,958 In February 1945, these components of KONA 2 were split; part of them remained with KONA 2, which was reassigned from Army Group North to Army Group Weichsel; part of them were attached to KONA Nord, which took the place of KONA 2 with Army Group North. The original components were divided between the two KONA in the following way: KONA 2: 2 Long Range Signal Intelligence Companies, FAK 610, 622 1 Close Range Signal Intelligence Company, NAK 958 1 Stationary Intercept Company, Feste 7 KONA Nord: 1 Long range Signal Intelligence Company, FAK 619 1 Close Range Signal Intelligence Platoon, NAZ Brutus 2 Close Range Signal Intelligence Companies, NAK 951, NAK 955 1 Signal Intelligence Evaluation Centre, NAAS 2 This remained the general structure until 28 March 1945, when by order of General Albert Praun to return KONA Nord units to KONA 2, except the Close Range Signal Intelligence Companies NAK 951, and NAK 955 Kona 3 KONA 3 was composed of one NAA (10), one FAK (possibly 611, which was transferred to the west under KONA 6 in October 1944), one NAK, one FESTE. Nothing further is known about KONA 3, as it ended up caught by the Russians in a pocket in Kurland, a region in Latvia, towards the end of the war and captured intact by the Red Army KONA 3 operated in Riga, Pskov and Courland where it was caught in the Courland Pocket. Kona 4 KONA 4 was subordinated to the Commanding Officer Southeast, OB Südost (), who controlled the German Armies of the Balkans These armies responsibility was one of an occupational force and there KONA 4 added to its normal task of intercepting long range traffic emanating from the Middle East and Africa, i.e. that of monitoring the traffic of the occupied Balkan countries. For this reason KONA 4 included no mobile Long Range Signal Intelligence Companies and only two mobile Close Range Signal Intelligence companies. The other units belonging to KONA 4 were NAAS 4, and two Feste, Feste 5 and Feste 6 NAAS 4 NAAS 4 code name was HASSO, which stood for () (Listening from the Southeast), Intercept Evaluation Station Southeast NAAS 4 was divided into the cryptanalysis section, a D/F section, a tactical and final evaluation sections. The NAAS 4 unit has around 90 men, including interpreters, decoders, cryptanalysts, evaluators, draughtsmen, drivers, telephonist and wireless operators. Feste 5 Feste 5 was the former Army Fixed Intercept Station at Graz. The unit has the sections: HQ Radio intercept section. Radio operation and maintenance section for radio transmitter. Cryptanalysis section. Evaluation section for D/F activities. The unit had a headcount of around 170 men and operated around 50 radio intercept sets. It had the usual mix of staff prevalent in KONA 1 Feste. Feste 6 Feste 6 was the former Army Fixed Intercept Station at Tulln. It had a strength of around 130 personnel and similar sectioned layout as Feste 5. NAZ T KONA 4 had two Close Range Signal Intelligence Platoons: NAZ T and NAZ W. NAZ T consisted of 42 men, among them was Turkish linguists, cryptanalysts and interpreters. NAZ T had the following layout: Platoon HQ Radio intercept station with 10 sets. Radio maintenance section D/F Platoon Cryptanalysis section for Turkish communications only Final evaluation section for D/F NAZ W NAZ W consisted about 80 personnel who specialized in monitoring internal Balkan radio traffic, and was based in Belgrade to collect and decode traffic of General Draža Mihailović and Marshall Josip Broz Tito. It was organized as follows: Platoon HQ Radio intercept station. Radio maintenance section D/F Platoon Cryptanalysis section Final evaluation section for D/F The KONA unit had a Radio Controlled Station, or Broadcast Monitoring Point () which was part of KONA 4 until it was dissolved in 1942. Kona 5 KONA 5 was located on the Western Front for much of World War II and was the only unit of that type located there, until the establishment of KONA 7 in February 1943. Before February 1944, the KONA 5 organization consisted of NAAS 5, Feste 2, 3,9 and 12, as well as two Long Range Signal Intelligence Companies, FAK 613 and FAK 624 Sometime after February 1944, KONA 5 was changed. The reorganisation of KONA 5 follows the change in the German order of battle which took place on the western front in early 1944. Prior to that time, the western armies had been under command of Army Group D to which KONA 5 was attached. However, in early 1944, Army Group D was absorbed into OB West () which took control of three newly formed Army Groups on the western front, Army Group B, Army Group H and Army Group G. KONA 5 was reorganized so that it contained: Three NAA: NAA 12, 13 and 14. NAA 12 was attached to Army Group D, NAA 13 to Army Group B and NAA 14 to Army Group G In regard to the subordination of the six component parts of KONA 5 to the three NAA units, there is disagreement between the Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre publication and a TICOM interrogation report. According to the TICOM report: Feste 12 combined with Feste 3 to form NAA 12; Feste 2 and 9 combined with FAK 613 to form NAA 12. There was no indication whether FAK 624 combined with other companies when it formed NAA 14. Kona 5 organization remained constant throughout most of 1944. In late 1944, an attempt was made to centralize and strengthen the western field organization. A new senior communication intelligence officer () (Abbr. Hoeh Kdr D Na) was established. The new Commander, Colonel Kopp was attached to OB West () and was made responsible for all signal intelligence activities in the west The western field organisation was strengthened by moving KONA 6 from the eastern front to the western front to join KONA 5. Both KONA units were subordinated to Colonel Kopp: KONA 5 was assigned to Army Group D, which controlled the German armies on the southern end of the western front, and KONA 6 was attached to Army Group B which controlled the German armies on the northern end of the western front With KONA 6 move to the west, KONA 5 organization was modified. The Signal Intelligence Battalions were reduced to two, NAA 12 and NAA 14. NAA 13 which had been composed to two Stationary Intercept Companies: Feste 2 and 9, and one Long Range Signal Intelligence Company: FAK 613, was taken from KONA 5, broken up and its individual components reassigned. Feste 2 was placed under direct supervision of Colonel Kopp; Feste 9 was shifted from Norway to Italy, where it fell under KONA 7; and NAA 12 with FAK 613 was assigned to KONA 6. KONA 5 was compensated for the loss of FAK 613 by the addition of FAK 626, which was taken from one of the eastern front KONA, (perhaps KONA 8) and brought to the western front. During Spring 1945, KONA 5 was organized as: One evaluation centre: NAAS 5, with two battalions: NAA 12 and NAA 14, one Stationary Intercept Company: Feste 12, one Long Range Signal Intelligence Company: FAK 624 which was subordinated to NAA 14, one Signal Intelligence Company: FAK 626. This was the organisation of KONA 5 until the capitulation. NAAS 5 NAAS 5 was located close to Paris at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The unit had about 150 personnel, consisting of interpreters, cryptanalysts, evaluators, Draughtsman, switchboard operators and telephonists, drivers, clerks. In addition, some women auxiliaries were available, particularly for telephonist and switchboard work. The internal organization of NAAS 5 is not known Feste 12 The unit was subordinated to NAAS 5 until early 1944, when it joined with Feste 3 to form NAA 12. Feste 12 organisation consisted of a radio intercept platoon, and a telephone communication unit. When it was attached to NAAS 5, Feste 12 has no cryptanalysis or evaluation personnel since this work was being done at NAAS 5. The strength of Feste 12 was estimated at 120 men and 30 women auxiliaries Feste 2 According to a prisoner's account the organization of Feste 3, the former Army (Wehrmacht) intercept station at Münster, closely approximated Feste 3. It had a radio intercept platoon, a D/F platoon, and an evaluation platoon consisting of two sections: one for the evaluation of content of messages, content evaluation () and one for the evaluation of traffic, traffic analysis (). In 1944, Feste 2 combined with Feste 9 and FAK 613 to form NAA 13. When NAA 13 was broken up in November 1944, Feste 2 was subordinated directly to the Senior Commander of Signal Intelligence in the West, Major General William Gimmler. Feste 3 Feste 3 was the original Army intercept station at Euskirchen. Early in the war it had been subordinated to KONA 5. Administered independently in 1944, it combined with Feste 12 to form NAA 12. When KONA 5 was reorganized in the fall of 1944, Feste 3 was combined with the Long Range Signal Intelligence Company: FAK 626, which had been brought from the Eastern Front to form NAA 14. This organization was valid until the end of the war The internal organization of Feste 3 is described by a liaison officer, Lt. Hans Lehwald, who was attached to it. He stated that it consisted of a radio reception platoon of approximately 70 receivers, and an evaluation platoon of 25-30 men. The evaluation was broken into section for traffic analysis, cryptanalysis, evaluation, D/F and filing section for diagrams of the nets, call signs, personalities, code names and D/F results Feste 9 Feste 9 was a Stationary Intercept Company formed in Frankfurt in the Spring of 1942 and sent to Norway in July of that year. It was first stationed at Trondheim, later in Bergen, and in the Spring of 1944 at Ski near Oslo. Between the summer of 1944 and the following winter, most of the personnel were moved to Italy and by Christmas 1944, there was nothing left of the unit in Norway While in Norway, Feste 9 was organized along the lines of a Long Range Signal Intelligence Company, with a HQ platoon, an intercept platoon· or BO-120men, a D/F platoon, a radio reconnaissance platoon of about 20 men, and an evaluation section of about 30 men. The evaluation section had one subsection for the evaluation of message contents one for traffic, and one for cryptanalysis When in Norway, Feste 9 was, subordinated to KONA 5. It can be surmised, however, that its connection with KONA was always more flexible than that other units because of its geographical position in Norway. When NAA 13 was broken up, Feste 5 remained under the supervision of KONA 5 until it was shifted to Italy under KONA 7 FAK 624 FAK 624 was formed at Montpellier on 16 April 1943 and attached to KONA 5 In February 1944, FAK 624 was subordinated to NAA 14 of KONA 5, and in late Autumn it combined with Feste 3 to form the reorganized NAA 14. The unit was composed of an intercept platoon and an evaluation platoon. For transport, FAK 624 is said to have approximately 85 vehicles with six special French radio trucks and trailers for D/F equipment. The strength of the company was roughly 250 men including interpreters, code clerks, cryptanalysts, radio intercept operations and 90 drivers. FAK 613 FAK 613 belonged to KONA 5, in so far as is known from its inception. In February 1944 FAK 613 combined with Feste 2 and Feste 9 to form NAA 13. When this battalion was broken up in late 1944, FAK 613 was reassigned to KONA 6, where it remained until the end of the war. Little is known about the organization other than its organization paralleled that of FAK 624. FAK 626 FAK 626 was established in August 1943, trained until January 1944 and was activated in Winniza. Its original mission was originally the interception of traffic of the 1st French Army, and the 7th American Army and later that of the 1st, 3rd and 9th American Armies. It was subordinated to an eastern KONA, perhaps KONA 8 and was stationed in the Ukraine. In October 1944, FAK 626 was sent to Landau where it was tutored in western traffic and reorganized. In November 1944, it met FAK 624 at Landau, and both units were sent west to KONA 5 with which they remained until the end of the war. The strength of FAK 626 on the Russian Front was around 250-300 men of whom 80-100 men were intercept operators, 10-15 D/F operators, 10-15 cryptanalysts, 5-7 translators, 10 were traffic analysts. The unit was greatly under strength on the Western Front. Kona 6 KONA 6 was created and activated as an eastern KONA at Frankfurt in 1941 and stationed in the Crimea to work in the Caucasian campaign. After that campaign, it was reassigned to work on the interception of Russian partisan traffic. This remained its task until the KONA was reassigned to work in the western front. There is little information about what KONA 6 did while it was in the east. As a western KONA, it had two Signal Intelligence Battalions: NAA 9 and NAA 12. NAA 9 had been brought from the east in November 1944. Subordinated to it were the Close Range Signal Intelligence Company: NAK 956, which was established in October 1944 and the Long Range Signal Intelligence Company: FAK 611, which had been brought from the east at the time. NAA 13, which had been assigned to KONA 6 from KONA 5 with the Long Range Signal Intelligence Company: FAK 613. Subordinated to NAA 12 were also FAK 610 which had been brought from the east in November 1944; and NAK 953 which had been reassigned from the east also in October 1944. FAK 613. FAK 613 was given by KONA 5 to KONA 6 in late 1944. Nothing is known of the organization of this unit, but was likely the same as other Long Range Signal Intelligence Companies. FAK 611. FAK 6111 was active in the Eastern front during the Russian campaign from June 1941. It was also stationed in Poland, where it was attached to Army Group Centre. In November 1944, FAK 611 was moved to the western front and subordinated to KONA 6, NAA 9 Nothing is known about the size of FAK 611 on the eastern front. On the western front, it was small enough to occupy a house in Zutphen, the Netherlands. It consisted of 30-40 radio and telephone operators, 10 cryptanalysts and decoders, and 25 evaluators FAK 610. FAK 610 was activated in 1940 for operations on the eastern front Subordinated to KONA 2, it worked at Tilsit in September 1940 and later settled at Volkhov, where it intercepted Russian traffic. In November 1944, it was transferred to the western front where it was subordinated to NAA 13 of KONA 6 It operated in Rostov-on-Don, Novocherkassy, Minsk, where it reorganized for partisan traffic. It disbanded in 1944, and was assigned to OKH/Chi at the Maybach I and II bunker in Zossen. Kona 7 KONA 7 was established in February 1943 and subordinated to the Commander-in-Chief South (OB Süd), Albert Kesselring who controlled the Armies in Italy. In 1944, KONA 7 was made up as follows: 1 HQ Unit. 1 Signal Intelligence Evaluation Centre: NAA 7, with a code-name of Krimhilde 2 Stationary Intercept Companies: Feste 1 and Feste 9, with code-names of Monika and Astrid 1 Long Range Signal Intelligence Company: FAK 621 with code-name of Erika NAAS 7 NAAS 7 was organized into cryptography, cryptanalysis, evaluation. The evaluation sections included immediate, tactical, D/F, traffic, content, and final evaluation. The strength of the evaluation centre was about 150 men. Feste 1 Feste 1, the former Army intercept station in Stuttgart, which had been stationed in Strasbourg in 1940, Brittany in 1941, and later that year in Montpellier, and later they moved to Italy and was attached to KONA 7 in 1943 The main task of Feste 1, was interception. No evaluation was done by the personnel who consisted of radio intercept operations, telegraph and telephone operators and D/F operators. Feste 9 The origin of Feste 9 is described under KONA 5. FAK 621 FAK 621 was created in 1942 from the remnants of former 3rd intercept () company: NA 56 at Bielefeld. Most of the original FAK 621 was captured in the North African Campaign on 10 July 1942. The remnants of the company continued to work on Allied systems until May 1943, when the Allies captured the unit in Tunisia Nothing is known of the organization of the company. Kona 8 KONA 8, which was formed in October 1944, and was assigned to the Eastern Front Army Group South. It had one Evaluation Centre: NAAS 8, 2 Signal Intelligence Battalions, NAA 1 and NAA 2, one Long Range Battalion: FAK 620, one Close Range Signal Intelligence Company whose identity is unknown, and one Stationary Intercept Company, either Feste 4 or Feste 8. It was known that Feste 8 attempted in the winter of 1942-3 to intercept Russian radio telephone traffic at Königsberg, but is not certain to what eastern KONA this Feste was assigned. KONA 8 operated in Odessa, Romania, Croatia, and finally Linz. FAK 620 FAK 620 had monitored western traffic on the Norderney Island from about August 1939 until it was sent to the eastern front and subordinated to KONA 8 Nothing more is known of the units. Kona Nord KONA Nord was created in February 1945 to serve Army Group North when KONA 2, which had been attached to that group, was transferred to Army Group Weichsel. From KONA 2, KONA Nord received NAAS 2, FAK 619, NAK 951, NAK 955, NAZ Brutus. This organization was valid until 28th Match 1945, when by order of General Albert Praun, KONA Nord was ordered to return to Army Group Weichsel all its components except the two Close Range Signal Intelligence companies: NAK 951 and NAK 955. These probably remained with KONA Nord until the capitulation. NAA 11 NAA 11 was a field unit unique in the General der Nachrichtenaufklärung organization. Although it was assigned to the 20th Mountain Army () under the command of Generaloberst Eduard Dietl. In matters of signal intelligence it was an independent unit subordinated directly to Intercept Control Station East (HLS Ost) acting in all respects like a Signal Intelligence Regiment. Its units mission was to obtain signal intelligence from the Russians, mostly by the use of intercept. The original core of NAA 11 was the Long Range Signal Intelligence Platoon designated North (German:Nachrichten Fernaufklaerungszug Nord) (abbr. FAZ Nord) which operated in Finland after 1941. One 1 March 1944, FAZ Nord was merged with the Close Range Signal Intelligence Company, NAK 961 to form NAA 11, which increased the units strength from about 80 to 300. One of the most important accomplishments of NAA 11 Nord was the breaking of enemy codes, specifically Russian and later, Allied and Swedish codes. Russian codes, e.g. were built up from one another. Previous traffic and experience therefore were utilized from 1941 to 1945. NAA 11 maintained an extensive card catalogue of some 6000 cards. The distribution of tasks of the NAA 11 Nord unit was as follows: {| class="wikitable" ! Job type ! No of Men |- | Intercept Operations | 200-250 men (75 sets) |- | D/F operators | 30 men |- | Evaluation | 40 |- | Cryptanalysis | 25 |- | Own W/T traffic | 30 men |- | Drivers, cooks, mechanics | 100+ men |} NAA 11 Nord produced two types of reports: Daily News Report () Enemy Situation Report () The report was distributed to the Chief of Staff, Commander of XX 20th Mountain Army, General der Nachrichtenaufklärung by Teleprinter. In Autumn 1944, after Finland's capitulation, NAA 11 retreated to Norway. In May 1945, when it was located as Gjovik, Norway, it was ordered to turn over all its documents and paper to the 20th Mountain Army and to organize a group which would incorporate the experience and knowledge of the unit. This party became known as The Norway Party and their published reports became TICOM documents I-55 and I-106. Aspects of Evaluation and Cryptanalysis in the KONA Regiment Evaluation in the NAAS The main duty of the NAAS was to evaluate enemy traffic intercepted and passed to it by the Long Range and Close Range Signal Intelligence companies. Captain Roessler, Chief Evaluator of KONA 1, and Commanded Officer of the NAAS, observed that, there were no prescribed rules for evaluation, and this fact, determined by the material dealt with, made the success or failure of the signal intelligence service a personal matter depending on the perspicacity and experience of a few specialists and persons operating in key positions. Evaluation in the NAAS was concerned with the observation and interpretation of known radio nets, the study of unidentified traffic and in the results of cryptanalysis. Roessler emphasized that in the case of KONA 1, the interpretation of unknown traffic was...for a long term intelligence point of view, the chief evaluation problem. Comprehensive research work was necessary to systematize the evidence available, and the basic instruments of this systemic knowledge system was the Card Indexes. A fundamental principle, established after much difference of opinion, was that the smallest detail serving to characterize or identify the Allies W/T traffic should be carded: the resultant card index served the most varied purposes. The mass of material intercepted compelled this step; firstly as an Aide-mémoire, secondly a most careful record of all characteristics became increasingly urgent as, with increasing Russian W/T security, the sources available for interpretation became continually less numerous. Towards the end of the war, therefore, the card indexes were considerably extended, despite economies in personnel and material. In accordance with the above principles, Companies had to provide the most detailed reports. A smoothly functioning report system was the chief problem discussed at almost all meetings to consider organisation. A Long Range Signal Intelligence Company needed an average of 16 typists hours to get out its daily report for the NAAS. The reporting system covered the following fields (whether in writing, by courier, or by teleprinter or telephone) Report on traffic of the W/T nets (call-signs, frequency, traffic workings, keys used, further characteristics) Report on content of signals. Technical Signals Reports Reports of all the Companies, collated by the NAAS, gave a complete picture of the traffic intercepted during the day. The more important conclusions, i.e. those which had tactical value, deduced from traffic relations and content of messages, were collected in the daily Situation Report (). The work of the NAAS hardly reflected in the Situation reports, as the intercept operator heard a great deal more than just enemy traffic he had been assigned to, and a greater percentage of all intercept traffic was no identified, the NAAS, had to deal necessarily with all the traffic of the Russian Armed Forces. The card indexes had to bear on this problem. Comprehensive Research work which served to generalise and/or systematise the detailed evidence was carried on from the same point of view. Further material which served in identification included: Names (including those heard in radio broadcasts) Cover-names. 5-figure characteristics. D/F results Map Coordinates Key usage Contents of decoded signals. Technical characteristics The part played by decoded messages in the total success of Signal Intelligence diminished steadily towards the end of the war. Intelligence of greatest tactical value was drawn mostly from other sources, e.g. 5-figure characteristics,Map Coordinates. By and large, Signal Intelligence, gave an almost complete picture of the groupings of Russian forces, from the Fronts (Army groups_ via the Armies, down to the Corps level. The strategic mobile formations, i.e. Armour and Cavalry, were continuously covered. When formations could not be completely identified, perhaps because of camouflage measures, the overall groupings and number of available formations was still clear. Rifle Corps and divisions were usually better known to the NAAS centre through other sources, e.g. prisoners. In the overall picture, Infantry divisions, were not as interesting as the Senior HQs, and the mobile formations. It was essential for the NAAS that Signal Intelligence should observe events on the enemy's side which could be learned from no other angle. Card Indexes As NAAS 1 was the chief evaluation centre within the KONA 1 regiment: its card indexes had to be as comprehensive as possible, meaning collaboration with other Regiments employed on the Eastern Front, i.e. KONA 2, 3 and 8 and with the GDNA East. An exchange system (new interpretations, corrections etc.) functioned smoothly with copied cards being exchanged via telegraph or courier, depending on urgency. The section which kept the card indexes updated was called the Department of Card Files () The following card indexes were kept: Personality Index: This index listed all officers and radio operators whose names were derived not only from radio but from all sources (interrogations, captured documents, etc.). All names were treated with caution due to the Russian propensity of using cover names. There was a special file for indexing these. When the entry was clarified, a suitable entry was made on the card. Example data: AIESKOWSKIJ, OBERST. Chief Signals Officer, 1st Ukrainian Front. (Mentioned on Wireless on 15/1/1935) or GWANOW, Major. Area 6th Pz. Army (18/2/'45, KONA 8) Unit Index: This file contained all information available from all sources on all Russian units. Each card was designed to list the following item: unit, commanding officer, chief of staff, components to which the unit was subordinate, subordinate units comprising the unit in question, location, date of first appearance, and sources of information. Blocknot Index: Notes on Blocknots. The highest level code used by Soviet forces during World War II, in the East, was the 5-figure codebook enciphered with Blocknot book, where each page had a random sequence of numbers, organized in numbered rows and columns. There were two types or categories of Blocknots: The Individual in which each table of random numbers was used only once. The General in which each page of the Blocknot was valid for one day. The security of the additive sequence rested on the choice of different starting points for each message. In 5-figure messages, the blocknot was one of the first 10 Groups in the message. Its position changed at long intervals, but was always easy to re-identify. The Russians differentiated between three types of blocks: The 3-block, DRIERBLOCK also called I-BLOCK, i.e. individual block, that could be used and read only between two wireless telegraphy stations on one net. The 6-block, SECHSERBLOCK, also called Z-BLOCK, i.e. circular block, that could be used and read, between all W/T stations in a net. The 2-block, ZWEIERBLOCK, also called the OS-BLOCK, used only in traffic from lower to higher formations. The Chi-number was the serial numbering of all 5-figure messages passing through the hands of the Cipher Officer, starting on the first of January and ending on thirty-first December of the current year. It always appeared as the last group in an intercepted message, e.g. 00001 on 1 January, or when the unit was newly set up. The progression of Chi-numbers was carefully observed and recorded in the form of a graph. A Russian corps had about 10 5-figure messages per day, and Army about 20-30 and a Front about 60-100. After only a relatively short time, the individual curves separated sharply and the type of formation could be recognized by the height of the Chi-number alone. Blocknot Index: Both Blocknots and Chi-numbers were contained in the same index. A careful recording and study of blocks provided the positive clues in the identification and the tracking of formations using 5-figure codes. The index was subdivided into two files: one, the search card index, contained all blocknots and chi-numbers whether or not they were known; the other, the unit card index, contained only known Block and Chi-numbers. Inspector Berger observed that the two files formed: The most important and surest instruments for identifying Russian radio nets, known to him.. Key Index: () This index contained all solved keys, irrespective of the areas in which they were used. They were arranged according to the German designation of the Russian keys. The German system of key designation includes a self-evident description of the code plus an allotted number, e.g. R4ZC 1800: meaning 4-Zahlen Code 1800/Russian 4-figure code 1800/333 The 2 and 3-figure keys were peculiar to definite formations and with this certain inferences about the formation in question could sometimes be made on the basis of the key alone. Call Sign Index: All call signs picked up on the entire Eastern front, known or unknown, were listed in this index, which showed not only the call signs, but also the connection in which it previously might have appeared. The index was fully cross-references and was relied upon not only for spot identification of call-signs but for building new call-sign blocks. Each card had a reference, the Network No. Cover Name Index: The Russian Soviet forces used cover names abundantly, not only for units, but for common military expressions and tactical measures as well. Some were so consistently used that all disguise was lost, and they became accepted expressions. On the whole they presented no great difficulty and could usually be interpreted successfully. Example хозяиство means Unit. All cover names obtained were scrupulously recorded by the Index Section. In many cases nearly complete cover tables were reconstructed from the various Russian fronts. Coordinates Index: The map coordinates derived by the solution of Russian map reference systems were recorded in this index, the co-ords being arranged both by the system and by the unit making use of the system. It is significant that even though the coordinate system might not be understood, the method itself might be enough to furnish important clues facilitating the tracking of a particular formation. Direction Findings Bearings. This file consisted of a listing of the various bearings on each Russia radio station obtained through direction finding, and helped the NAAS to estimate the value and significance of the bearings. Direction finding became increasingly important as one of the branches of signal intelligence, as Russian wireless discipline and cipher security became better and better as the war progressed. D/F requests to fix a W/T station by long range D/F within 15 km, or by close range D/F of about 2,3 km. Air Traffic Index: Russian Air Traffic was frequently picked up by operators assigned to search missions. In order to spot this intercept as Air traffic, a catalogue of its characteristics was necessary; and to accomplish this, a special index was set up in the NAAS. In this index were recorded not only the statistics derived from German Army interception of Air traffic, but also data supplied by units of the Luftwaffe (Sigint Abteilungen III/353 Luftflotte 4 and II/353 Luftflotte 6). The statistics gathered were passed to the Long Range Signal Intelligence Companies (FAK), which were likely to pick up Air traffic. The companies did not have separate air data indexes, but kept the data in the Army card index. It should be pointed out that in order to insure the most comprehensive indexes possible, liaison was maintained laterally between the NAAS and KONA 1 and the other regiments on the Eastern front. Full collaboration was effected also with OKH/GdNA. A system for exchanging current information, new interpretations, corrections, etc., operated smoothly, the data being passed by telegraph or courier depending upon the urgency of the item in question. Below the level of the NAAS, card index were extensively used; but they were less comprehensive, being only as complete as the company cover assignment permitted. Regarding the card index in general, Roessler made a significant and characteristic observation, emphasizing that while the card indexes formed the indefensible material basis for evaluation, memory, experience and perspicacity of the individual evaluators lent the spark. Evaluation in the Feste Evaluation in the Feste was the matter of identifying and interpreting unknown traffic, the interception of which was its particular function. Some characteristics of Russian communications facilitating identification have been discussed in the preceding section. The systematisation of this work as carried on by the Feste Evaluation Sections showed how the identifying elements were studied at this level. The first task of the Traffic Evaluation Sections was to work up the information into a network diagram, which not only represented the net structure but listed all pertinent information and formed the basic medium studied. The diagram contained: The net number. The date Traffic workings with call signs. The number and kind of messages (if any) sent. The Direction finding number Block numbers and Chi-numbers on any 5-figure messages. Short plain text messages when available. Study of the network diagram in the 5-figure section (In the case of a 5-figure message having been picked up). Identification of the W/T station sending the 5-figure message was the first step. The Blocknot and chi-numbers were studied and checked against the previously indexed or charted data in the index cards archive. The BLOCKNOT with almost the same number in the index. Identification by CHI-number alone (or in conjunction with the BLOCKNOT) checked against the Chi-number graph. Identification of general class, e.g. Army traffic) by other 5-figure characteristics. All diagrams passed through the Traffic Analysis Section where the network diagrams were studied. General scrutiny of composition of call signs. Determination of area covered by net (Front, Army) comparison of call signs used with 'Basic Book for Allotment of Call-Signs' () Recording and collecting of call signs still that were unclarified, in order to recover new call sign systems. Checking of the network diagrams and messages against the card indexes of names, cover-names and cover-numbers. Identification of names and numbers by means of the index;hints for interpretation already entered on the network diagram taken into account. The network diagrams were passed to the Direction Finding Evaluation Section, which determined by the location of the fixes whether the intercept was likely to be, e.g. Army (near the front) or Air Force; or Line of Communication traffic, in the rear. Does the D/F fix, if any, point to an area near the front? If so, probably Army traffic. Does the D/F fix, if any, point to the rear area? If so, Air Force, or Line of Communication traffic. The diagrams went finally to the Final evaluation or Fusion Section, where the results entered on the diagram by the various sections were weighted and considered in the light of information passed to the Final Evaluation unit by the Cryptanalysis section. The findings guided modification of the cover towards dropping the less important traffic and placing more sets on the interesting circuits. Decision on the identity of the traffic, taking into consideration: the balance of the results entered on the network diagrams by the various sections. results obtained by the cryptanalysis section. Reports to NAAS on: identified traffics. tactical information derived from the messages. Guidance for interception: Cover of less interesting traffic suspended. Special attention to more interesting traffic ordered. The traffic identified by the Final Evaluation unit was reported to the NAAS, together with the tactical information derived from the messages. The findings guided modification of the cover towards dropping the less important traffic and placing more sets on the interesting circuits. Evaluation in the FAK The Evaluation Section in the FAK was apparently organized like that in the Feste, although the relative dearth of evidence available precluded drawing a close parallel. Presumably it differed in function from the Evaluation section in the FAK and worked on identified traffic as well. As in the case of the Feste, the basic document of evaluation was the network diagram, prepared by the Traffic Evaluation section. This diagram included all evidence by which the station in question had been identified (in the case of 5-figure traffic, the Blocknots and Chi-numbers) and other significant data. Apparently, as was the case of the Feste, this diagram parsed through various sections devoted to D/F evaluation, traffic analysis, work on unidentified traffics, content evaluation, and finally to fusion or final evaluation. Cryptanalysis in the KONA The details of cryptanalysis performed by the field units are discussed in Russian Cryptanalysis. Because of the importance of the field in the total evaluation, however, it is pertinent to note here the organization and function of the sections carrying out this work at KONA level. NAAS The cryptanalysis in the NAAS was performed by a special section separate from the Evaluation and Traffic Analysis sections. The cryptanalysis section totalled fewer than 60 people. Although the desired level was 60 personnel, it was never reached, despite increasing difficulties in Russian Keys which called for more and more specialists and assistants. Cryptanalysis in NAAS 1 was accordingly, subdivided into the following sections: 2-figure codes and cyphers 3-figure codes and cyphers 4-figure codes and cyphers New developments Analysis NKVD Code building (expansion) () P/L text scrutiny Organisation The cryptanalysis section had the following tasks: To collect and work on the traffic which the companies could not deal with, whether because of lack of material or preoccupation with more important systems. To test and check doubtful solutions passed up by the companies. To establish whether keys broken by the companies were the first examples of their kind; to complete them and put them in a handy workable form, i.e. basic form, and to assign a number to each key appearing in the area of the regiment. To pass back down all solved key systems to companies who might be concerned. To assign a number to each key appearing in the Regiments area. To work on NKVD signals. Sections 1 to 3 analysed the relevant material in both raw and processed state: corrected mistakes in the Signals companies solutions, i.e. signals on which no work had been done (at Company level) were, if there was sufficient material, passed to the section dealing with New Developments. There were also responsible for checking the solutions offered in their respective (2,3, and 4-figure) fields. The New Developments section did the real cryptanalysis. It normally concentrated on difficult systems which the Signal Companies had neither time nor man-power to deal with adequately, if at all. The Analysis section consisted, in the main, of mathematicians and its work was of mathematical, systematic or analytic nature: Work on 2,3, 4-figure Addresses. Work on 5-figure Signals, letter systems (transposition, Stencil). Examination of Signals with practice traffic characteristics. Reduction of solved keys to a basic form. Intercepted NKVD signals were worked on in the NKVD section of the NAAS, if they originated in the Regiments area. The remainder were sent by courier to LNA. The solved keys were passed, as necessary to the Book-building section () to be completed. This section worked in close contact with the analytic section, where a commonality of tasks, that of establishing the basic form of the key, existed. The section responsible for P/L text scrutiny investigated questionable translations, corruptions and abbreviations. FESTE AND FAK The function and organisation of cryptanalysis in the long range companies, both Feste and FAK, appears to have been much the same in each. On paper, cryptanalysis at company level was a part of the evaluation platoon, in contrast to its independent position as a separate section in the NAAS. It appeared to have functioned independently, in practice, because of the special nature of the work. The evidence indicated there may have been 15-20 people engaged in cryptanalytic work in the company evaluation platoons. It was the task of company cryptanalysis not only to solve systems, to recover ciphers, to decode already known procedures, and/or to translate all this material, but also to contribute to the identification and interpretation of traffics on the basis of keys employed...[The cryptanalysis section] cooperated closely with cryptanalysis of the NAAS, but was so organised and equipped that it could work on most messages itself. Ltn. Harry Loeffler (FESTE 10) The cryptanalysis group was divided into separate sections for plaintext message translation, 2,3,4-figure traffic, with a separate section for each, and a general section which kept card indexes and lists, and performed certain administrative duties. These sections, besides being responsible for the solution of new systems, the recovery of additive, and the decoding of solved systems, played an important part in traffic identification through a study of the keys employed. The key indicators, which Russia ciphers placed at the beginning and often at the end of the messages, were arranged by the numerical designation arbitrarily assigned by German staff to Russian keys in an index file. Cryptanalysts relied heavily upon the card indexes (described above) in their work, and also had at hand graphic and statistical presentations of signal letter, arbitrarily, and trigraphic frequencies, and lists of pattern words. They cooperated closely with the personnel engaged in the final evaluation section, often passing notes with the translated messages calling the attention of the evaluations to the key employed on the message, or to peculiarities which might have a significance when viewed in relation to the total data. Moreover, the cryptanalysts kept in touch with those responsible for intercept, to the end of obtaining the best possible copy for the new systems. Reports resulting from Evaluation The finding of the intelligence units were passed to the operating agencies in various reports, and the intelligence contained therein was made available by an efficient reporting system. Captain Roessler observed that: a smoothly functioning report system was the chief problem discussed at almost all meetings to consider organisation. The companies were required to provide highly detailed reports. They had to exercise their own judgement, showing initiative and intelligence in selecting the items to be passed on. A great deal of material was never reported at all but simply went into the card indexes of the companies. The companies had to distinguish urgent from routine items, and the NAAS frequently rebuked the forward units for a failure to send back in a flash what they had allowed to get through only in a routine report. The NAK maintained an evaluation platoon at Company HQ which correlated and interpreted the materials from other platoons, and reported the findings laterally to Army Corps command staff and upward to the NAAS. The basic technical report at company level was the Day Report made by the intercept operators, listing all traffic head on the frequencies monitored. There were columns for recording the time of intercept, the frequency upon which the traffic was taken, the call signs to and from, the contents of the transmission, the intercept number and remarks. All intercept operators made similar logs, which gave a picture of the total traffic carried on a particular link or network. These logs provided the company evaluation sections with the subject matter studied in drawing up their Situation Report. A typical Situation Report described the deployment and status of identified Russian units and reported any appearance of a new unit. The reports issued by the FESTE and the FAK were much the same. These included: Twice-daily Network Reports () Advance Reports () Daily Situation Reports () for a summary of the days Advance Reports and all less important data. These reports were sent to the NAAS for further interpretation and significant intelligence items were then passed laterally to the Armies. A long range company needed an average of 16 typist hours to get out its daily report for the NAAS. The Feste on the Eastern front issued in addition to the reports listed above a type of report known as the 5-figure offer was to assure the maximum exploitation of information available, and in effect constituted invitations to all KONA's to check the data in these reports with their own files. They listed all current data derivable from the external characteristics of messages consisted of 5-figure groups. The section at the NAAS for technical and tactical analysis collated and combined the significant findings from all these reports with the data at hand, passed material not immediately expoitable to the various specialists in the NAAS for the further squeeze and passed its combined report to the Army Group. Roesser referred to the daily Situation Reports issued by the NAAS as a Location Report (). Information furnished by members of In 7/VI showed that the Signal Intelligence Reports issued by the Evaluation Centres of some regiments were called Radio Position Messages Report (). These consisted of four component reports: Direction dinding reports () Radio traffic reports () Radio clear text reports () Radio code-text reports () These reports went beyond In 7/VI and were passed to the Army Group Commander as well as to the Army High Command the other echelons and commands on a distribution list of 14 listings. TICOM Publications The Target Intelligence Committee was a project formed in World War II by the United States to find and seize German intelligence assets, particularly signals intelligence and cryptographic ones. The archive consists of 11 primary documents Volume I to Volume IX. These primary volumes, are aggregate summary documentation, each volume targeting a specific German military agency. The archive also consists of Team Reports, DF-Series, I-Series, IF-Series and M-series reports which cover various aspects of TICOM interrogation and amount to over 1500 documents. The following documents are referenced in this article. Missing TICOM Documents The following TICOM documents are not currently available on the open inter-networks but may be available on the external link below at National Archives and Records Administration. If they are not available there, then they are still considered Top Secret but may be available via an NSA FOIA request. TICOM DF-18 "Russian Decryption in the Former German Army" by Dettmann and Samsonow. TICOM I-116 "Interrogation of Ltn. Alex Dettmann and Oberwachtmeister Sergius Samsonow of OKH (Gen.d.NA) at Oberursel, Germany, during August 1945." TICOM IF-171 "Report on Further Information obtained from Uffz. Kotschy and Uffz. Boscheinen both of Festungs art Abt 1518, deserted at Diffenbach 22 November 1944." TICOM IF-120 "First detailed interrogation report on Thomas Barthel." TICOM documents IF-144, IF-127, IF-105, IF-10, IF-40 still remain secret and have not been released by the NSA. References External links TICOM Documents at NARA Category:Signals intelligence of World War II Category:Research and development in Nazi Germany Category:Military history of Germany during World War II

Wave FM __NOTOC__ Wave FM is a radio station broadcasting to the cities of Dundee and Perth, Scotland. The station broadcasts a mixed music format 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and was founded as part of The Petros Radio Group which launched Discovery AM in 1994 and Radio Waves in 1995, followed by the award of a full scale ILR licence with the help of a consortium which also founded Kingdom FM in Fife with the assistance of IRG (The Independent Radio Group) When the station originally launched it was called Discovery 102, since Dundee is known as the City of Discovery after the RRS Discovery, which is docked there. The brand name was changed to Wave 102 after The Discovery Channel stated that people would mistakenly associate the station with its network. On 15 May 2008 New Wave Media became the new owners of Wave 102, which was eventually joined by sister stations Original 106 in Aberdeen and Central FM in the Forth Valley. On 26 October 2016 Ofcom approved an application from Wave 102 and Heartland FM to allow Wave 102 to take over the 106.6FM transmitter covering Perth. On Monday 9 January 2017 the station started to brand itself as 'Dundee and Perth's Wave 102'. On 1 December 2016 three online-only stations were launched under the Wave 102 brand; Wave 102 Chart (playing non-stop hits), Wave 102 Country (24 hour current and classic country hits) and Wave 102 Gold (non-stop 60's, 70's and 80's hits). All are accessible from the station website and downloadable app. In December 2017 it was announced that Dundee based DC Thomson had acquired the licences to broadcast to Dundee and Perth from New Wave Media. On 19 March 2018 Wave 102 relaunched as Wave FM at 6am. Programming Wave FM's range of adult orientated music is reflected in its playlist. The station plays chart hits appealing to a 35+ age range, and various classic hits. All programming is produced locally in their Dundee studios with no national or networked input. News and sport bulletins are presented 24 hours a day, and on the hour and half hour in the mornings. National bulletins from Sky News Radio are carried in the evenings after 6pm. Weekend bulletins are between 08.00 and 12.00 with Sky News bulletins outside these hours. There is also a daily sports round up. Influence Rockstar North, the Dundee founded game developer of the Grand Theft Auto series, added Scottish and Dundee sound and visual references in the game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, one being an in-game radio station called Wave 103. References External links Official website Wave

Glasses (Who Needs 'Em?) Glasses (Who Needs 'Em?) is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Lane Smith. It was originally released in 1991 by Viking Books. The book received favorable reviews. Summary A boy is unhappy about having to wear glasses, until his doctor provides an imaginative list of well adjusted eyeglass wearers. References Category:American picture books Category:1991 children's books

Raleigh County Raleigh County may refer to: Raleigh County, West Virginia, United States Raleigh County, New South Wales, Australia

Margowo Margowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świerzno, within Kamień County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Świerzno, south-east of Kamień Pomorski, and north of the regional capital Szczecin. Before 1945 the area was part of Germany. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. References Margowo

W. M. Hunt W.M. Hunt is a photography collector, curator and consultant who lives and works in New York City. Founding partner of the prominent photography gallery Hasted Hunt (later renamed Hasted Kraeutler, but closed its doors in 2015 ) in Chelsea, Manhattan, and former director of photography at Ricco/Maresca gallery, Hunt has been collecting photography for over 35 years. He is a professor at the School of Visual Arts and has been profiled in The New York Times, Art on Paper, Modern Painters (magazine), The Art Newspaper, PBS' EGG, the Arts Show, as well as BBC's The Genius of Photography and elsewhere. His book "The Unseen Eye" (Aperture, Thames & Hudson, Actes Sud) focuses on Collection Dancing Bear, currently his largest collection of photographs. W.M. Hunt is on the Board of Directors of the W. Eugene Smith Memorial Fund and The Center for Photography at Woodstock where he was the recipient of their Vision Award in 2009. He also served on the Board of Directors of AIPAD (Association of International Photography Art Dealers) and was the past Chairman of Photographers + Friends United Against AIDS. During his time as director of photography at Ricco/Maresca gallery and as former curator at Hasted Hunt, W.M. Hunt debuted and represented artists including Wilson Bentley, Elinor Carucci, Luc Delahaye, Jean-Paul Goude, Lisette Model, Erwin Olaf, Eugene Richards, Martin Schoeller, Alex Webb, Joel-Peter Witkin and Gerald Slota. Selected Curated Exhibitions "Delirium" Ricco/Maresca, New York, 1995 "Grace" The Center for Photography at Woodstock, 1996 "Sans Regard or No Eyes: Photographs from W.M. Hunt / Collection Dancing Bear" Rencontres de la Photographie, Arles, France, 2005 "San Regard: La Collection Dancing Bear de W.M. Hunt" Musée de l'Élysée, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006 "Eye: The Dancing Bear Collection of W.M. Hunt" Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2007 "VII @ Galapagos" New York Photo Festival, New York, 2008 "RE: groups" Houston Center for Photography, Houston, 2010 "The Unseen Eye" Appleton Museum of Art, Florida, 2010 "I Get A Sickening Feeling Every Time I Think Of It - Ten from 2010" VII Gallery, DUMBO, Brooklyn, 2010 "Photographs from the W.M. Hunt Collection exhibition George Eastman House" References External links Conscientious Extended: A Conversation with Bill Hunt MOSSLESS Interviews: WM Hunt (video) Ciel Variable: Hide and Seek in a Photograph Collection World Photo Org's Real Stories: Interview with Bill Hunt (video) France 2: Le Festival De Photos D'Arles (video) (French) Rencontres de la Photographie à Arles 2005 / I am the collection / W.M. Hunt New York Photo Festival 2008 / Interview with Bill Hunt (video) WM Hunt Category:Living people Category:Photography curators Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

Linkage (policy) Linkage was a foreign policy that was pursued by the United States and championed by Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger in the 1970s détente, during the Cold War. The policy aimed to persuade the Soviet Union and Communist China to co-operate in restraining revolutions in the Third World in return for concessions in nuclear and economic fields. However, despite the lack of Soviet intervention, many revolutions still occurred in Third World countries, thereby undermining the policy. The premise behind linkage, as a policy, was to connect political and military issues, thereby establishing a relationship making progress in area "A" dependent on progress in area "B." An important aspect of the policy was that deviations from respecting the rights and interests would go punished. The intent of the action was to bring home to the offending state the limitations of acceptable international behavior and demonstrate that attempts at expansion (and upsetting international stability) would go punished. Thus, conflict itself would contribute to stabilizing the international order. The Nixon-Kissinger approach did not link foreign and domestic areas. Selective relaxation of tensions is an opposing policy to linkage. In that case, an issue of arms control could be addressed and tension diminished, with the status quo being maintained in other strategic areas. Sources Diplomacy by Henry Kissinger (1994) , pp 716–721 Kissinger: A Biography by Walter Isaacson (1992) Category:Presidency of Richard Nixon Category:Soviet Union–United States relations Category:Cold War terminology Category:China–United States relations Category:Cold War policies Category:20th century in international relations

Asaphocrita catenae Asaphocrita catenae is a moth in the family Blastobasidae that is endemic to Costa Rica. References Category:Moths described in 2002 Category:Endemic fauna of Costa Rica catenae

David Smith (Gloucestershire cricketer) David Smith (5 October 1934 – 17 December 2003) was an English cricketer, who played in five Tests for England in India in 1961-1962. He was one of a trio of pace bowlers, along with Alan Brown and Butch White, who were given their opportunity on the eight Test, five-month tour of India and Pakistan. However, his efforts in the heat and dust of the Indian subcontinent, did not do sufficient to earn him a chance to bowl in an England Test series at home. Life and career David Robert Smith was born in Fishponds, Bristol. He was a lower-order right-handed batsman, and a medium-fast right-arm bowler, who played for Gloucestershire for fifteen seasons from 1956, usually opening the bowling in partnership with Tony Brown. He was a successful county bowler at slightly above medium-pace, able to move the ball off the seam in both directions, and in five seasons he took more than 100 wickets, with a best of 143 wickets in 1960. In a team that was packed with all-rounders, Smith tended to bat fairly low, but he occasionally made useful runs, often in a fairly forthright style. Smith's only Test cricket came on the long, and by modern standards, arduous Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) tour that started in Pakistan, moved on to India, took in Sri Lanka and then returned to Pakistan, in 1961-62. Leading England fast bowlers such as Fred Trueman and Brian Statham opted out of the tour, and Smith was one of three seam bowlers whose only experience of Test cricket came on the tour. Smith played in only the five Indian Tests, missing the three in Pakistan, and took six wickets in a series dominated by spin bowling. The regular Test fast bowlers resumed their careers in the 1962 English season, and Smith was never selected again. Smith was also a footballer who played at outside-left for Bristol City and Millwall. David Smith died in Bristol in December 2003, at the age of 69. References Category:1934 births Category:2003 deaths Category:Sportspeople from Bristol Category:England Test cricketers Category:English cricketers Category:Gloucestershire cricketers Category:English footballers Category:Association football wingers Category:Bristol City F.C. players Category:Millwall F.C. players Category:English Football League players Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers Category:North v South cricketers

Duplicaria ustulata Duplicaria ustulata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Terebridae, the auger snails. Description Distribution References External links Category:Terebridae Category:Gastropods described in 1857

KMB Football Team KMB Football Team () was an association football club in Hong Kong. The club last played in the Hong Kong football league system during the 2017–18 season when they finished bottom, and were eliminated from the system as a result. Honours Domestic Hong Kong First Division League (1st tier) Champions (2): 1953–54, 1966–67 Performance in Asian club competitions See also Kowloon Motor Bus External links KMB at HKFA Category:Football clubs in Hong Kong

Nigrostriatal pathway The nigrostriatal pathway is a bilateral dopaminergic pathway in the brain that connects the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in the midbrain with the dorsal striatum (i.e., the caudate nucleus and putamen) in the forebrain. It is one of the four major dopamine pathways in the brain, and is critical in the production of movement as part of a system called the basal ganglia motor loop. Dopaminergic neurons of this pathway release dopamine from axon terminals that synapse onto GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons (SPNs), located in the striatum. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc is one of the main pathological features of Parkinson's disease, leading to a marked reduction in dopamine function and the symptomatic motor deficits of Parkinson's disease including hypokinesia, tremors, rigidity, and postural imbalance. Anatomy The connection between the substantia nigra pars compacta and the dorsal striatum is mediated via dopaminergic axons. Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) The substantia nigra is located in the ventral midbrain of each hemisphere. It has two distinct parts, the pars compacta (SNc) and the pars reticulata (SNr). The pars compacta contains dopaminergic neurons from the A9 cell group that forms the nigrostriatal pathway that, by supplying dopamine to the striatum, relays information to the basal ganglia. In contrast, the pars reticulata contains mostly GABAergic neurons. The SNc is composed of a thin band of cells that overlies the SNr and is situated laterally to the A10 group of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that forms the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. The SNc is easily visualized in human brain sections because the dopamine neurons contain a black pigment called neuromelanin which is known to accumulate with age. The dopaminergic cell bodies in the SNc are densely packed with approximately 200,000 to 420,000 dopamine cells in human SNc and 8,000 to 12,000 dopamine cells in mouse SNc. These dopamine cell bodies are localized to one of two chemically defined layers. Those in the upper layer (or dorsal tier) contain a binding protein called calbindin-D28K which can buffer calcium levels inside the cell when it becomes too high or toxic. Dopamine cells in the lower layer (or ventral tier) lacks this protein and are more vulnerable to the effects of neurotoxins (e.g. MPTP) that can cause Parkinson disease-like symptoms. The dorsal tier dopamine cells have dendrites that radiate horizontally across the pars compacta, whereas ventral tier dopamine cells have dendrites that extend ventrally into the pars reticulata. Dopaminergic axons The axons from dopamine neurons emanate from a primary dendrite and project ipsilaterally (on the same side) via the medial forebrain bundle to the dorsal striatum. There is a rough topographical correlation between the anatomical localization of the dopamine cell body within the SNc and the area of termination in the dorsal striatum. Dopaminergic cells in the lateral parts of the SNc project mainly to the lateral and caudal (posterior) parts of the striatum, whereas dopamine cells in the medial SNc project to the medial striatum. In addition, dopamine cells in the dorsal tier project to the ventromedial striatum, whereas the ventral tier neurons project to the dorsal caudate nucleus and putamen. In general, there is a greater density of dopaminergic input to the dorsolateral striatum. Each dopamine neuron has an extremely large unmyelinated axonal arborization which can innervate up to 6% of the striatal volume in a rat.  Although all SNc dopamine cells project to both the striosome (or patch) and matrix neurochemical compartments of the striatum, most of the axonal territory of a dorsal tier neuron is in the matrix compartment while the majority of the axonal field of ventral tier neurons is in the striosomes. Nigrostriatal dopamine axons can also give rise to axon collaterals that project to other brain regions. For example, some, SNc nigrostriatal dopamine axons send axon collaterals to the pedunculopontine nucleus, the ventral palladium, subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus, amygdala and the thalamus. A small number of SNc dorsal tier dopamine neurons also project directly to the cortex, although most of the dopaminergic innervation of the cortex comes from the adjacent VTA dopamine neurons. Dorsal striatum The dorsal striatum is located in the subcortical region of the forebrain. In primates and other mammals it is divided by the anterior limb of a white matter tract called the internal capsule, into two parts: the caudate nucleus and the putamen.  In rodents, the internal capsule is poorly developed such that the caudate and putamen are not separated but form one large entity called the caudate putamen (CPu). The majority (about 95%) of cells in the dorsal striatum are GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) also known as spiny projection neurons (SPNs). Approximately half of these MSNs contain dopamine D1 receptors and project directly to the substantia nigra to form the direct pathway of the basal ganglia, whereas the other half express dopamine D2 receptors that project indirectly to the substantia nigra via the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus to form the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. The remaining 5% of cells are interneurons that are either cholinergic neurons, or one of several types of GABAergic neurons. The axons and dendrites of these interneurons stay within the striatum. The caudate nucleus and putamen receive excitatory information from all areas of the cerebral cortex. These glutamatergic inputs are generally topographically arranged such that the putamen takes information largely from the sensorimotor cortex whereas the caudate nucleus obtains information largely from the association cortex. In addition, the dorsal striatum receives excitatory inputs from other brain structures like the thalamus, and minor excitatory inputs from the hippocampus and amygdala. The dorsal striatum contains neurochemically defined compartments called striosomes (also known as patches) that exhibit dense μ-opioid receptor staining embedded within a matrix compartment that contains higher acetylcholinesterase and calbindin-D28K. The dopaminergic axon terminals of the nigrostriatal pathway synapse onto GABAergic MSNs in the dorsal striatum. They form synapses on the cell body and dendritic shaft regions but mostly on the necks of dendritic spines that also receive glutamatergic input to the heads of the same dendritic spines. Function The main function of the nigrostriatal pathway is to influence voluntary movement through basal ganglia motor loops. Along with the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic pathways the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway can also influence other brain functions including cognition, reward and addiction. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons exhibit tonic and phasic patterns of neuronal firing activity. This can lead to different patterns of dopamine release from the axon terminals in the dorsal striatum and also from the cell body (soma) and dendrites in the SNc and SNr. As well as releasing dopamine some axons in the nigrostriatal pathway can also co-release GABA. The nigrostriatal pathway influences movement through two pathways, the direct pathway of movement and the indirect pathway of movement. Direct pathway of movement The direct pathway is involved in facilitation of wanted movements. The projections from dopamine D1 receptor containing medium spiny neurons in the caudate nucleus and putamen synapse onto tonically active GABAergic cells in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) which then project to the thalamus. Because the striatonigral / striatoentopeduncular and nigrothalamic pathways are inhibitory, activation of the direct pathway creates an overall net excitatory on the thalamus and on movement generated by the motor cortex. Indirect pathway of movement The indirect pathway is involved in suppressing unwanted movement. The projections from dopamine D2 receptor containing medium spiny neurons in the caudate nucleus and putamen synapse onto tonically active GABAergic cells in the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) which then projects to the substantia nigra pars reticulata via the excitatory subthalmic nucleus (STN). Because the striatopallidal and nigrothalamic pathways are inhibitory but the subthalamic to nigra pathway is excitatory, activation of the indirect pathway creates an overall net inhibitory effect on the thalamus and on movement by the motor cortex. Clinical significance Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease is characterized by severe motor problems, mainly hypokinesia, rigidity, tremors, and postural imbalance. Loss of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway is one of the main pathological features of Parkinson's disease. Degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the putamen-caudate complex leads to diminished concentrations of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway, leading to reduced function and the characteristic symptoms. The symptoms of the disease typically do not show themselves until 80-90% of dopamine function has been lost. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) is a complication associated with long-term use of the Parkinson's treatment L-DOPA characterized by involuntary movement and muscle contractions. This disorder occurs in up to 90% of patients after 9 years of treatment. The use of L-DOPA in patients can lead to interruption of nigrostriatal dopamine projections as well as changes in the post-synaptic neurons in the basal ganglia. Schizophrenia Presynaptic dopamine metabolism is altered in schizophrenia. Other dopamine pathways Other major dopamine pathways include: mesocortical pathway mesolimbic pathway tuberoinfundibular pathway See also Dopamine Parkinson's disease Stuttering References External links Diagram Category:Central nervous system pathways Category:Dopamine Category:Basal ganglia connections

366 __NOTOC__ Year 366 (CCCLXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gratianus and Dagalaifus (or, less frequently, year 1119 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 366 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire January 2 – The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, and invade the Gallic provinces. They capture Alsace and a large part of the Swiss Plateau. April – Emperor Valens defeats the troops of Procopius in the Battle of Thyatira, bringing an end to his revolt; Serenianus and Marcellus are killed. He flees the battlefield, but is executed by Valens. Valens builds a pontoon bridge across the Danube and drives the Visigoths farther north, where they will come under pressure from the advancing Huns. Winter – Emperor Valentinian I appoints Jovinus, his Master of the Horse (Magister Equitum), general of the army. He defeats the Alamanni in three successive battles and pushes them out of Gaul. By topic Arts and sciences The Tabula Peutingeriana, a map showing Roman possessions and roads, is created about this time. Religion January 31 – Athanasius of Alexandria returns from his fifth exile. He has spent four months in his ancestral tomb outside Alexandria. Buddhist monk Lè Zūn has a vision of "golden rays of light shining down on 1,000 Buddhas", resulting in the creation of the Mogao Caves. October 1 – Pope Liberius dies after a 14-year reign and is succeeded by Damasus I as 37th pope. Romans unhappy with this choice elect the antipope Ursicinus. Births Yao Xing, emperor of the Chinese Qiang state Later Qin (d. 416) Deaths May 16 – Ajabel, Roman Catholic martyr May 27 – Procopius, Roman usurper August 1 – Leo of Montefeltro, Roman Catholic bishop and saint September 3 – Saint Marinus September 24 – Pope Liberius Date Unknown Acacius of Caesarea, bishop and Christian leader of Arianism Marcellus, general and Roman usurper Serenianus, general of the Imperial Guard Yu Daolian, empress and wife of Jin Feidi Zhi Dun, Chinese Buddhist monk and philosopher (b. 314) References

Shelford, Victoria Shelford is a rural locality in Victoria, Australia. The locality is in the Golden Plains Shire near the regional city of Geelong and west of the state capital, Melbourne. The Post Office opened on 1 July 1847 as The Leigh and was renamed Shelford in 1854. It became a Licensed Post Office on 20 May 1994, and has since closed; the date of closure is unknown. Shelford Today Shelford today still has a Recreation Reserve where the Shelford Cricket Club play their home games and the Recreation Reserve have Tennis Courts aswell. Shelford also has a Primary School and a Town Hall Heritage listed sites Shelford contains a number of heritage listed sites, including: 1372 Rokewood-Shelford Road, Leigh Shire Hall and Toll House Shelford-Bannockburn Road, Leigh River Iron Bridge References Category:Towns in Victoria (Australia)

Scantron Corporation Scantron Corporation is an American company based in Eagan, Minnesota. Scantron provides products and services for assessments and surveys worldwide. Scantron deals with forms printing and scanner manufacturing. It operates in 98% of the US school districts, 56 countries, 48 ministries of education, and 94 of the top 100 US universities. They are best known for their machine-readable paper forms on which students mark answers to multiple-choice test questions and the optical mark recognition (OMR) and imaging scanners that read them. To analyze those answers, the machines use OMR- and image-based data collection software. In addition to its forms and scanners, Scantron provides web- and desktop-based assessment software. Scantron is a division of MacAndrews & Forbes. Scantron was a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) from 2010 until it resigned from the organization in 2012. See also Mark sense Tabulating machine Optical mark recognition Optical character recognition Course evaluation References External links Category:Companies based in Eagan, Minnesota Category:Optical character recognition Category:Commercial computer vision systems

2009 in Canadian music This is a summary of the year 2009 in the Canadian music industry. Events March 29 – The Juno Awards of 2009 are held in Vancouver, British Columbia. June 15 – The 2009 Polaris Music Prize 40-album longlist is announced. July 7 – The 2009 Polaris Music Prize 10-album shortlist is to be announced. September 21 – Fucked Up's album The Chemistry of Common Life is announced as the winner of the 2009 Polaris Music Prize. September – K'naan's single "Wavin' Flag" is announced as the official theme song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Albums A Apostle of Hustle, Eats Darkness Marie-Pierre Arthur, Marie-Pierre Arthur Attack in Black, Years (by One Thousand Fingertips) B Howie Beck, How to Fall Down in Public Daniel Bélanger, Nous Bell Orchestre, As Seen Through Windows Art Bergmann, Lost Art Bergmann Justin Bieber, My World Billy Talent, Billy Talent III Jully Black, The Black Book Blue Rodeo, The Things We Left Behind Brian Borcherdt, Torches/The Ward Colorado Demos Bruce Peninsula, A Mountain Is a Mouth Michael Bublé, Crazy Love By Divine Right, Mutant Message C Patricia Cano, This Is the New World Paul Cargnello, Bras coupé CFCF, Continent DJ Champion, Resistance Classified, Self Explanatory The Cliks, Dirty King Leonard Cohen, Live in London Rose Cousins, The Send Off Eliana Cuevas, Luna Llena Cuff the Duke, Way Down Here Amelia Curran, Hunter Hunter D The Dardanelles, The Dardanelles Default, Comes and Goes Despised Icon, Day of Mourning Digawolf, Distant Morning Star Julie Doiron, I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day Drake, So Far Gone E Emerson Drive, I Believe Evening Hymns, Spirit Guides F Julie Fader, Outside In Melanie Fiona, The Bridge Faber Drive, Can't Keep a Secret G Gentleman Reg, Jet Black Hannah Georgas, The Beat Stuff The Good Lovelies, The Good Lovelies (March), Under the Mistletoe (December) Jenn Grant, Echoes Grand Analog, Metropolis Is Burning Great Lake Swimmers, Lost Channels (March), The Legion Sessions (October) Emm Gryner, Goddess H Handsome Furs, Face Control Ron Hawkins, 10 Kinds of Lonely Hayden, The Place Where We Lived Hedley, The Show Must Go The Hidden Cameras, Origin:Orphan Hollerado, Record in a Bag Hot Panda, Volcano...Bloody Volcano The Hylozoists, L'Île de sept villes I Immaculate Machine, High on Jackson Hill In-Flight Safety, We Are an Empire, My Dear Islands, Vapours J jacksoul, SOULmate Jets Overhead, No Nations The Junction, Another Link in the Chain Junior Boys, Begone Dull Care K K'naan, Troubadour k-os, Yes! Kalle Mattson, Whisper Bee L Lhasa, Lhasa Lightning Dust, Infinite Light Lights, The Listening The Lovely Feathers, Fantasy of the Lot M Ryan MacGrath, In My Own Company Catherine MacLellan, Water in the Ground Magneta Lane, Gambling with God Malajube, Labyrinthes Dan Mangan, Nice, Nice, Very Nice Carolyn Mark and NQ Arbuckle, Let's Just Stay Here Melissa McClelland, Victoria Day Metric, Fantasies Amy Millan, Masters of the Burial Misstress Barbara, I'm No Human Taylor Mitchell, For Your Consideration Moneen, The World I Want to Leave Behind Montag, Hibernation The Most Serene Republic, ...And the Ever Expanding Universe MSTRKRFT, Fist of God N The New Cities, Lost in City Lights O Octoberman, Fortresses Ohbijou, Beacons Our Lady Peace, Burn Burn P Paper Moon, Only During Thunderstorms Peaches, I Feel Cream Pilot Speed, Wooden Bones Pink Mountaintops, Outside Love Joel Plaskett, Three Po' Girl, Deer in the Night Pony Up!, Stay Gold Priestess, Prior to the Fire Propagandhi, Supporting Caste R Corin Raymond, There Will Always Be a Small Time Lee Reed, Introductory Offer Reverie Sound Revue, Reverie Sound Revue Alejandra Ribera, Navigator/Navigateher Rock Plaza Central, ...at the moment of our most needing Royal City, Royal City Ruby Jean and the Thoughtful Bees, Ruby Jean and the Thoughtful Bees Daniel Romano, Frederick Squire and Julie Doiron, Daniel, Fred & Julie The Rural Alberta Advantage, Hometowns S John K. Samson, City Route 85 Shout Out Out Out Out, Reintegration Time The Slew, 100% Still Life Still, Girls Come Too Sunparlour Players, Wave North Sunset Rubdown, Dragonslayer Swan Lake, Enemy Mine T Tegan and Sara, Sainthood Think About Life, Family Three Days Grace, Life Starts Now Thunderheist, Thunderheist Thus Owls, Cardiac Malformations Tiga, Ciao! Timber Timbre, Timber Timbre Tire le coyote, EP Torngat, La Petite Nicole The Tragically Hip, We Are the Same Two Hours Traffic, Territory U Ubiquitous Synergy Seeker, Questamation United Steel Workers of Montreal, Three on the Tree V Various Artists, Friends in Bellwoods II Various Artists, Great Canadian Song Quest Various Artists, Record of the Week Club vitaminsforyou, He Closed His Eyes So He Could Dance with You Roch Voisine, Americana II W Martha Wainwright, Sans Fusils, Ni Souliers, à Paris: Martha Wainwright's Piaf Record Patrick Watson, Wooden Arms Wax Mannequin, Saxon The Wooden Sky, If I Don't Come Home You'll Know I'm Gone Y Years, Years You Say Party! We Say Die!, XXXX Young Galaxy, Invisible Republic Z Zeus, Sounds Like Zeus Top hits on record Top 10 albums These are the top selling albums in Canada. These albums consist of Canadian sales only. Top 10 American albums Top 10 British albums Top International albums Canadian Hot 100 Year-End List Deaths January 31 – Dewey Martin, rock drummer March 15 – Edmund Hockridge, singer and actor March 22 – Archie Green, folklorist and musicologist May 3 – Renée Morisset, pianist June 27 – Jackie Washington, blues musician October 28 – Taylor Mitchell, folk singer-songwriter November 22 – Haydain Neale, soul/R&B singer References

Hester Vaughn Hester Vaughn, or Vaughan, was a domestic servant in Philadelphia who was arrested in 1868 on a charge of killing her newborn infant, and was sentenced to hang after being convicted of infanticide. The Revolution, a women's rights newspaper established by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, conducted a campaign to win her release from prison. The Working Women's Association, an organization that was formed in the offices of The Revolution, organized a mass meeting in New York City in her defense. Eventually Vaughn was pardoned by the governor of Pennsylvania, and deported back to her native England. Arrest and trial Hester Vaughn was an Englishwoman who came to the United States in 1863. Some contemporary accounts suggest that she had immigrated along with a husband, whom she later discovered to be a bigamist. By 1868, she was reportedly unmarried and employed as a domestic servant in Philadelphia. In February of that year - after attempting to conceal her pregnancy - she gave birth alone in a rented room. Neighbors later discovered her there with her dead infant and informed the police. Vaughn was arrested and charged with the first-degree murder of her child. In July, 1868, she was tried for infanticide in Philadelphia's Court of Common Pleas, with judge James R. Ludlow presiding. According to a contemporary Philadelphia newspaper account, the coroner testified that the newborn baby had suffered severe injuries to the skull. Vaughn was reported to have said that she had been startled by someone coming into her room and had fallen on the baby, killing it. The all-male jury found her guilty of deliberately killing her child, and she was sentenced to death by hanging. The judge was later reported to have said that infanticide had become so common that "some woman must be made an example of." Defense campaign In August, 1868, the women's rights newspaper The Revolution, established by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, launched a campaign in Vaughn's defense. According to historian Sarah Barringer Gordon, women's rights activists had been searching for a popular cause through which to raise awareness about women's oppression when Vaughn's case came to their attention. The newspaper initially described Vaughn as a "poor, ignorant, friendless and forlorn girl who had killed her newborn child because she knew not what else to do with it," elaborating that "If that poor child of sorrow is hung, it will be deliberate, downright murder. Her death will be a far more horrible infanticide than was the killing of her child." In a nod to the issue of women's suffrage, the editorial also mentioned that Vaughn had been wronged by "the legislature that enacted the law" under which she was tried, for as a woman, she necessarily had no "vote or voice" in such matters. As its campaign developed, The Revolution modified its approach. In December, 1868, it argued that Vaughn had become pregnant through "brute force," suggesting she had been raped. It also implied that the infant's death had occurred either naturally or accidentally: "During one of the fiercest storms of last winter she was without food or fire or comfortable apparel. She had been ill and partially unconscious for three days before her confinement, and a child was born to Hester Vaughan. Hours passed before she could drag herself to the door and cry out for assistance, and when she did it was to be dragged to a prison." The Working Women's Association (WWA), an organization that had been formed in the offices of The Revolution, made Vaughn's case its first public cause, with a goal of obtaining her pardon from Pennsylvania governor John W. Geary. In November, 1868, Anna Dickinson, a well-known orator on the subject of women's rights, gave a lecture for the WWA at the Cooper Institute in New York City, in which she "described the girl's terrible wrongs and sufferings," and declared her support. The WWA then sent a committee, which included Clemence Lozier, a female doctor, to Philadelphia to meet and interview Hester Vaughn in Moyamensing Prison. According to Dr. Lozier's report inThe Revolution, Vaughn's only visitor prior to the committee's meeting was another female doctor, Dr. Smith. Both Dr. Lozier and Dr. Smith agreed that Vaughn was innocent of the charge of infanticide, and had almost certainly suffered from "puerperal mania," now understood as postpartum psychosis. Among other symptoms, this had included temporary blindness, leading them to argue that if the infant had indeed been born living - which was unclear, as it has never been examined - Vaughn may have inadvertently smothered it, as she was alone during and after the birth and could not see. After the committee's return, the WWA organized a large meeting on Vaughn's behalf, also held at the Cooper Institute. At the meeting, influential editor Horace Greeley urged the crowd to focus on Vaughn's release. Susan B. Anthony then introduced several resolutions, beginning with a call for a new trial, on the grounds that Vaughn had not been tried by a jury of her peers; or for an unconditional pardon, as Vaughn was "condemned on insufficient evidence and with inadequate defense." Other resolutions were broader in scope, calling for women to serve on juries and to have a voice in making laws and electing public officials, and for the end to the death penalty. All of the resolutions were adopted by the WWA. Elizabeth Cady Stanton also spoke at the meeting, where she issued a demand for women's suffrage, and for women to have the rights to hold public office and serve on juries. After the meeting, a New York newspaper reported that Vaughn's case was intended to be the first of many causes taken on by the WWA. "Miss Anthony wanted it understood that the workingwomen were going to defend the defenceless of their own sex," it explained, and quoted Anthony as saying, "As soon as we get Hester Vaughan out of prison we will get somebody else to work for. We intend to keep up the excitement." The WWA, however, took on no additional legal cases, and by December, 1868, it had disbanded. Furthermore, the WWA's campaign for Hester Vaughn's release was also criticized in several newspapers. For example, according to the New York Evening Telegram, none of the speakers at the WWA's meeting "expressed the slightest sympathy with the thousands of poor little infants who are sacrificed to this puerperal mania or something else every month of the year... Hester Vaughn's murdered child is surely entitled to some pity as well." The Nation said that Vaughn's conviction was "denounced with as much fury as if the woman's story of bigamy, and the rape which the victim refuses to prove, made it in some mysterious way the duty of the Governor to treat the infanticide as really a blameless act". Despite the case's divisiveness, Governor Geary pardoned Vaughn and she was deported back to England, though it was unclear if the above campaign was the motivation for the governor's decision. After returning to England, Vaughn reportedly lived in illness and poverty. Aftermath There is no mention of Hester Vaughn in the History of Woman Suffrage, Stanton and Anthony's multi-volume history of the women's suffrage movement, and articles about Vaughn stopped appearing in The Revolution in early 1869. In 1876, Stanton and Anthony's "Declaration of Rights of the Women of the United States" did reference infanticide, stating that women's lack of rights and representation on juries resulted in their unfair treatment within the legal system: "Young girls have been arraigned in our courts for the crime of infanticide; tried, convicted, hung - victims, perchance, of judge, jurors, advocates, while no woman's voice could be heard in their defence." Nevertheless, according to historian Sarah Barringer Gordon, suffragists faced a damaging public backlash for their support of a woman convicted of infanticide, and their work on Vaughn's behalf ultimately proved detrimental to their credibility. References Bibliography Balser, Diane (1987). Sisterhood & Solidarity: Feminism and Labor in Modern Times. Boston: South End Press. Barry, Kathleen (1988). Susan B. Anthony: A Biography of a Singular Feminist. New York: Ballantine Books. DuBois, Ellen Carol (1978). Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America, 1848-1869. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Farless, Patricia L. "Hester Vaughan: Infanticide, Woman's Rights, and Melodrama", in Selected Annual Proceedings of the Florida Conference of Historians, Annual Meeting, 2004. Published in 2005 by the Florida Conference of Historians: 1076-4585. Gordon, Sarah Barringer. "Law and Everyday Death: Infanticide and the Backlash against Woman's Rights after the Civil War", in Lives in the Law, edited by Austin Sarat, Lawrence Douglas and Martha Umphrey (2006). University of Michigan Press. Gordon, Ann D., editor (2000). The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: Against an aristocracy of sex, 1866 to 1873. Vol. 2 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Knappman, Edward, editor (1994). Great American Trials, "Hester Vaughan Trial: 1868", by Kathryn Cullen-DuPont, pp. 155–157. Detroit: Visible Ink Press. Sherr, Lynn (1995). Failure is Impossible: Susan B. Anthony in Her Own Words. New York: Random House. External links In addition to the articles cited above, articles in The Revolution on the Hester Vaughn case include: "Hester Vaughan," September 17, 1868, p. 169 "Hester Vaughan," November 19, 1868, p. 312 "The Case of Hester Vaughan," December 10, 1868, p. 357 "Hester Vaughan," December 10, 1868, p. 360 "The Hester Vaughan Meeting at Cooper Institute," December 10, 1868, p. 361 "Is Hester Vaughan Guilty?," January 21, 1869, p. 35 "Hester Vaughan Once More," August 19, 1869, p. 165 These articles can be viewed on the web through a service of the Watzek Library of Lewis & Clark College, which provides digital images of every issue of The Revolution. Category:English emigrants to the United States

Addicted (Sweetbox song) Addicted was the first promotional single to be lifted from Sweetbox's sixth studio album, Addicted. It uses a sample from Vivaldi's The Four Seasons. It is the only song on the album to have a music video; the video and two remixes (Boom Boom Remix and Pot Black Dirty Mix) are included on the Korean version of the Addicted album, while the video and these two remixes (Boom Boom Remix and Rich Rich Remix) are on the European version of the Addicted album. The Boom Boom Remix can also be found on the remix album Best of 12" Collection; a live version of the song can be heard on the album Live. Track listing Notes The Songs Everything's Gonna Be Alright -Reborn- and Everything's Gonna Be Alright -Reborn- (Classic Mix) features the singer Toby Breitenbach. Sources Category:2006 singles Category:Sweetbox songs Category:Songs written by Jade Villalon Category:2006 songs Category:Sony BMG singles

1960 in baseball Champions Major League Baseball World Series: Pittsburgh Pirates over New York Yankees (4-3); Bobby Richardson, MVP All-Star Game (#1), July 11 at Municipal Stadium: National League, 5-3 All-Star Game (#2), July 13 at Yankee Stadium: National League, 6-0 Continental League: Proposed 3rd Major League with teams in Atlanta, Buffalo, Denver, Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, Miami, Minneapolis-St.Paul and New York disbanded before scheduled start of play in 1961. Other champions College World Series: Minnesota Japan Series: Taiyō Whales over Daimai Orions (4-0) Little League World Series: American, Levittown, Pennsylvania Winter Leagues 1960 Caribbean Series: Elefantes de Cienfuegos Cuban League: Elefantes de Cienfuegos Dominican Republic League: Leones del Escogido Mexican Pacific League: Ostioneros de Guaymas Panamanian League: Marlboro BBC Puerto Rican League: Criollos de Caguas Venezuelan Western League: Rapiños de Occidente Awards and honors Most Valuable Player Roger Maris, New York Yankees (AL) Dick Groat, Pittsburgh Pirates (NL) Cy Young Award Vern Law, Pittsburgh Pirates Rookie of the Year Ron Hansen, Baltimore Orioles (AL) Frank Howard, Los Angeles Dodgers (NL) The Sporting News Player of the Year Award Roger Maris, New York Yankees The Sporting News Pitcher of the Year Award Chuck Estrada, Baltimore Orioles (AL) Vern Law, Pittsburgh Pirates (NL) The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award Danny Murtaugh, Pittsburgh Pirates Gold Glove Award Vic Power (1B) (AL) Bobby Richardson (2B) (AL) Brooks Robinson (3B) (AL) Luis Aparicio (SS) (AL) Jim Landis (OF) (AL) Roger Maris (OF) (AL) Minnie Minoso (OF) (AL) Earl Battey (C) (AL) Bobby Shantz (P) (AL) MLB statistical leaders Major league baseball final standings American League final standings National League final standings Events January–February January 5 – The Continental League, a proposed third major league, gets an assurance of Congressional support from New York Senator Kenneth Keating. January 11 - He was the heart and soul of Philadelphia Phillies baseball, but on this day, Richie Ashburn was traded to the Chicago Cubs. But 3 years later he returned to the Phillies as a member of its broadcasting team and he would remain with the team until his untimely death in 1997. February 4 – For the second straight election, the BBWAA voters fail to elect a new member to the Baseball Hall of Fame. Edd Roush gets 146 votes, but 202 are necessary for election. Sam Rice (143) and Eppa Rixey (142) are next in line. February 15 – In Caribbean Series action, the Elefantes de Cienfuegos completes a 6-0 sweep to give the Cuban team the Series championship for the fifth straight year. Camilo Pascual, who went 2-0 with 15 strikeouts including a one-hit shutout in the clincher, is named Most Valuable Player. February 18 – Walter O'Malley, owner of the Los Angeles Dodgers, completes the purchase of the Chavez Ravine area in Los Angeles by paying $494,000 for property valued at $92,000. February 20 – Branch Rickey meets with officials of the proposed Western Carolinas League about pooling talent for Continental League clubs. February 23 – Demolition of Ebbets Field begins. Lucy Monroe sings the National Anthem, and Roy Campanella is given an urn of dirt from behind home plate. March–April March 12 - The Cincinnati Red Sing Tony Perez as an undrafted amateur free agent. Perez would go on to be a seven time all-star and key member of the Big Red Machine of the 1970s and was later elected to the hall of fame. March 13 – The Chicago White Sox unveil new road uniforms with the players' names above the number on the back, another innovation by Sox owner Bill Veeck. March 24 – Commissioner Ford Frick says he will not allow the Continental League to pool players in the Western Carolinas League as it would violate existing major-minor league agreements. March 26 – A Baltimore Orioles–Cincinnati Reds series scheduled for Havana, Cuba, is moved to Miami, Florida by Baltimore chief Lee MacPhail. The Reds, with a farm club in Cuba, want the trip, but the Orioles fear increased political unrest in the area. March 31 – By a vote of 8–1, the Professional Baseball Rules Committee turns down a PCL proposal to use a designated hitter for the pitcher. April 1 - The Los Angeles Dodgers sent minor league prospect Clyde Parris to Toronto of the International League in exchange for Joe Altobelli. April 4 – The Chicago White Sox send catcher Earl Battey and first baseman Don Mincher plus cash to the Washington Senators for first baseman Roy Sievers. April 5 – The San Francisco Giants purchase first baseman Dale Long from the Chicago Cubs. April 12: With 42,269 fans in attendance, the San Francisco Giants edge the St. Louis Cardinals, 3–1, in the first game at San Francisco's Candlestick Park. Sam Jones pitches a three-hitter, and Cardinals outfielder Leon Wagner hits the first home run in the $15 million stadium. Chuck Essegian bats an 11th-inning pinch-hit home run as the Los Angeles Dodgers beat the Chicago Cubs, 3–2, before a record Opening Day crowd (67,550) at Los Angeles. The home run is Essegian's third straight as a pinch hitter, including two in the 1959 World Series. Don Drysdale pitches all the way, striking out 14, for the win over Don Elston. In a deal that will haunt the Cleveland Indians, GM Frank Lane sends Norm Cash to the Detroit Tigers for third baseman Steve Demeter. Cash will be Detroit's regular first baseman for the next 14 years and will hit 373 home runs for them. Demeter will play four games for Cleveland. April 17: On Easter Sunday, GM Frank Lane brings AL batting champ Harvey Kuenn to the Cleveland Indians and sends co-home run champ Rocky Colavito to the Detroit Tigers. Colavito, an unparalleled fan favorite in Cleveland, will hit 173 home runs before returning to Cleveland in 1965. Kuenn will report to Cleveland, pull a muscle, and never be the same hitter. He'll be traded after one season. Eddie Mathews of the Milwaukee Braves hits his 300th home run, off Robin Roberts, plus a double and a triple, as Milwaukee beats the Philadelphia Phillies, 8–4. To date, only Jimmie Foxx hit his 300th at a younger age. April 18: In the American League opener at Washington, D.C., a week later than the National League start, President Dwight D. Eisenhower throws out the first ball, then watches the Senators' Camilo Pascual strike out 15 Boston Red Sox batters to tie Walter Johnson's team record. Boston's only run in a 10–1 loss is a Ted Williams home run, which makes Williams the first player to hit a home run in four different decades. Trader Frank Lane continues to swap, sending Cleveland favorite Herb Score to the Chicago White Sox for Barry Latman. Score and Rocky Colavito, traded three days before, were the last two players to pre-date Lane's arrival in Cleveland. April 19: Before a home crowd of 41,661, Minnie Miñoso celebrates his return to the Chicago White Sox with a fourth-inning grand slam against the Kansas City Athletics. Leading off the bottom of the 9th with the score tied 9–9, Miñoso hits a solo homer for his sixth RBI. On Patriot's Day at Fenway Park, Roger Maris makes his debut with the New York Yankees as he goes 4-for-5, including two home runs with four RBI. The Yankees spoil the Boston Red Sox opener with an 8–4 win. The Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Indians play the longest season opener in major-league history, a 15-inning affair won by the Tigers 4-2 at Cleveland Stadium. April 29 – At home, the St. Louis Cardinals crush the Chicago Cubs, 16–6. Stan Musial plays his 1,000th game at first base, becoming the first major league player ever with that many at two positions (1,513 games in the outfield). A bright spot for the Cubs is Ernie Banks hitting two home runs to break Gabby Hartnett's club record of 231 homers. May May 1 – Skinny Brown of the Baltimore Orioles pitches a 4–1 win over the Yankees. Brown allows just one hit, a first-inning home run by Mickey Mantle. Rookie Ron Hansen matches Mantle to up his RBI total to an American League high 32. May 4: The Chicago Cubs make a trade with WGN (AM) plucking Lou Boudreau out of the broadcast booth to replace Charlie Grimm (6-11) as Cubs manager. "Jolly Cholly" replaces Boudreau behind the mike. The Cubs win, 5–1, over the Pirates as pitcher Dick Ellsworth gains his first ML victory. Baltimore Orioles catcher Gus Triandos sets a pair of American League records with three passed balls in one inning (6th) and four in one game, but knuckleballer Hoyt Wilhelm, making a rare start, goes seven innings and gets credit for a 6–4 Baltimore win over the Chicago White Sox. Early Wynn records his 2,000th strikeout in a no-decision effort for Chicago. Triandos' PB mark for an inning will be tied by reserve backstop Myron Ginsberg in six days, and Tom Egan will collect five PBs in 1970 to erase Triandos' name from the top of the list. May 6 – The Dodgers send veteran outfielder Sandy Amorós to Detroit for first baseman Gail Harris. May 7: Pitcher Larry Sherry and catcher Norm Sherry of the Dodgers become the 10th sibling battery in ML history. Norman belts an 11th-inning home run to give his reliever brother Larry a 3–2 win against the Phillies. Boston Red Sox pitcher Bill Monbouquette allows just one hit in beating the visiting Detroit Tigers, 5–0. Neil Chrisley's double is the only Tigers hit. Takehiko Bessho becomes the winningest pitcher in Nippon Professional Baseball as his Tokyo Giants beat the Hanshin Tigers 6–3. Bessho has 302 wins in the league, one more than Victor Starfin. May 10: Catcher Joe Ginsberg of the Orioles loses a struggle with Hoyt Wilhelm's knuckleball facing the Athletics, and ties the record set six days earlier by teammate Gus Triandos with three passed balls in one inning. Grand slams by Boston Red Sox teammates Vic Wertz and Rip Repulski at Fenway Park give Boston a 9–7 win over the Chicago White Sox. A former National League veteran, Repulski's eighth-inning shot off Don Ferrarese comes on his first American League at bat. May 11: Sam Jones pitches a two-hitter and draws a bases-loaded walk for the only run, as the Giants edge the visiting Phillies, 1–0. Jim Owens is the loser. The Phillies announce a trade of first baseman Ed Bouchee and pitcher Don Cardwell to the Chicago Cubs for second baseman Tony Taylor and catcher Cal Neeman. May 12 – Duplicating Sam Jones' effort of yesterday, the Giants' Jack Sanford pitches a two-hit, 1–0 win over the Phillies. Sanford matches Jones by striking out 11 and walking three. May 13: Mike McCormick's shutout of the Los Angeles Dodgers is the third straight by San Francisco Giants pitchers, following two-hitters against the Philadelphia Phillies by Sam Jones and Jack Sanford. The first-place Giants have seven straight wins. Dick Groat of the Pittsburgh Pirates becomes the first National League player since Connie Ryan in 1953 to hit 6-for-6 as Pittsburgh beats the Milwaukee Braves, 8–2. The Philadelphia Phillies suffer their third straight 1–0 shutout, losing to the hosting Cincinnati Reds. The Phillies, losers of back-to-back 1–0 games in San Francisco, tie the major-league record for straight 1–0 losses. Jim O'Toole's win is Cincinnati's ninth straight. Two days after being traded from the Phillies to the Cubs, Don Cardwell pitches a no-hitter against the St. Louis Cardinals. A brilliant, leaping catch of Carl Sawatski's line drive by George Altman in the eighth inning saves Cardwell's gem. Ernie Banks' home run paces the 4–0 win, the first no-hitter against the Cards since May 11, 1919. May 17 - Carl Furillo is released by the Los Angeles Dodgers. Forillo had been with the Dodgers since the team was in Brooklyn and the two time all-star was one of the last players who played with Jackie Robinson during Robinson's rookie season still on the roster. May 19 – The New York Yankees send shortstop Andy Carey to the Kansas City Athletics for slugger Bob Cerv. Cerv had been with the Yankees for five years before going to KC where he hit 38 home runs in 1958 and was chosen as the American League left fielder in the All-Star game over Ted Williams. Cerv will be claimed in the 1960 expansion draft and the Yankees will again reacquire him. May 25 – George Crowe of the St. Louis Cardinals set a major league record with his 11th pinch-hit home run, off Don McMahon, as the Cardinals win, 5–3, over the Braves. Crowe began the season tied with Smoky Burgess and Gus Zernial in most career pinch home runs. May 27: Since there is no rule limiting the size or shape of the catcher's mitt, Baltimore manager Paul Richards combats the team passed-ball problem while catching Hoyt Wilhelm (38 in 1959; 11 so far this year) by devising an oversized mitt to gather in Wilhelm's fluttering knuckleball. It is half again as large as the standard glove and 40 ounces heavier. Wilhelm goes the distance in beating New York, 3–2, at Yankee Stadium. Catcher Clint Courtney has no passed balls behind the plate. Camilo Pascual strikes out 13 but the Washington Senators lose to the Boston Red Sox, 4–3, his third loss to Boston this year. May 28 – Manager Casey Stengel is hospitalized with a virus and high fever and will miss 13 games. The Yankees go 7-6 under interim manager Ralph Houk. June June 12 – In a record-tying three-hour-and-52-minute, 9-inning game, Willie McCovey's pinch-hit grand slam, the first slam of his career, and Orlando Cepeda's three-run double pace the Giants to a 16–7 rout of the Braves. June 15 – Mexico City and Poza Rica combine to hit 12 home runs in one game, a Mexican League record. June 19 – In a brilliant pair of pitching performances, Orioles pitchers Hoyt Wilhelm and Milt Pappas threw shutouts to beat the host Detroit Tigers. Wilhelm allowed two hits in winning the opener, 2–0, over Jim Bunning, and Pappas allows three hits in winning the nightcap, 1–0, over Don Mossi. Jim Gentile and Ron Hansen collected home runs as catcher Clint Courtney, using the big glove designed by manager Paul Richards, is twice charged with batter interference, the first loading the bases in the 4th inning. June 24 – Willie Mays belted two home runs and made 10 putouts to lead the Giants in a 5–3 win at Cincinnati. Mays added three RBI, three runs scored, a single and stole home. June 26 – Hoping to speed up the election process, the Hall of Fame changes its voting procedures. The new rules allow the Special Veterans Committee to vote annually, rather than every other year, and to induct up to two players a year. The BBWAA is authorized to hold a runoff election of the top 30 vote getters if no one is elected in the first ballot. June 29 – The Cleveland Indians buy pitcher Don Newcombe from the Reds. June 30 – Dick Stuart blasts three consecutive home runs, as the Pirates split with the Giants. Stuart drives in seven runs and joins Ralph Kiner as the second Pirates player to hit three home runs in a game at Forbes Field. July July 1 - Bobby Thomson, who hit the infamous 'shot heard around the world' while playing for the New York Giants, is released by the Boston Red Sox. He is signed three days later by the Baltimore Orioles where he finishes his career. July 4 – Mickey Mantle's three-run first-inning home run off Hal Woodeshick is the 300th of his career. Mantle becomes the 18th major leaguer to join the 300-HR club, but the Yankees drop a 9–8 decision to the Senators. July 8 – The Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro brought an end to Havana's International League team. The Sugar Kings relocate in Jersey City, marking that city's return to the International League after a 10-year absence. Poor attendance at Roosevelt Stadium prompts the parent Cincinnati Reds to cease the minor league operation there following the 1961 season. The Cincinnati Reds sign Pete Rose as an undrafted amateur free agent. Rose would go on to be baseball's time hits leader. July 9 – Jim Coates suffers his first loss after nine straight wins, and 14 straight over two seasons, as the Boston Red Sox beat the Yankees, 6–5. The Sox are led by Vic Wertz, who hit a home run, double and single to drive in four runs. Coates' major-league career-record is 17–2. The Los Angeles Dodgers release minor league pitcher Tommy Lasorda. July 11 – At KC Municipal Stadium, one-hit three-innings shutout pitching by Bob Friend and home runs by Ernie Banks and Del Crandall paced the National League to a 5–4 win over the American League in the first of two All-Star Games. Friend, of the Pittsburgh Pirates, has notched two of the NL's last three All-Star wins. July 13 – At Yankee Stadium, Vern Law became the second Pirates pitcher to win a 1960 All-Star Game, working two scoreless innings. Stan Musial came off the National League bench and hit his record sixth and last All-Star Game home run. Willie Mays, Ken Boyer and Eddie Mathews also homered in the 6–0 NL win, the third shutout in All-Star Game history. Law (1st, 2nd) combined the eight-hit shutout along with Johnny Podres (3rd), Stan Williams (5th, 6th), Larry Jackson (7th), Bill Henry (8th) and Lindy McDaniel (9th). Whitey Ford was the loser. July 18 – The National League votes to expand to 10 clubs if the Continental League does not join organized baseball. The new NL clubs would invade CL territories. July 19: In a spectacular ML debut, Juan Marichal of the San Francisco Giants pitches no-hit ball until Clay Dalrymple pinch-hit singles with two out in the 7th inning. Marichal winds up with 12 strikeouts and a one-hit 2–0 win against the Phillies, becoming the first National League pitcher since 1900 to debut with a one-hitter. Roy Sievers' 21-game hitting streak, the longest for any player in the season, ends, but Chicago White Sox teammate Luis Aparicio's inside-the-park home run and Billy Pierce's shutout beat Boston, 6–0. Senators ace Pedro Ramos pitches a one-hitter 5–0 shutout over Detroit. Rocky Colavito's leadoff single in the eighth inning, a grounder that eludes shortstop José Valdivielso, is the lone safety. July 20 – At Cleveland Municipal Stadium, Mickey Mantle golfs a Gary Bell pitch over the auxiliary scoreboard into the distant upper deck in right field, matching Luke Easter as the only major league players to reach that spot. Cleveland holds on for an 8–6 win over the Yankees. July 21 – Robin Roberts pitches his third career one-hitter, and the 3rd one-hitter of the season in new Candlestick Park. Felipe Alou spoils Roberts' no-hit bid in the fifth inning of a 3–0 Phillies victory; third baseman Joe Morgan fields the batted ball, but falls down and cannot make a throw. July 22 – At Fenway Park, the Boston Red Sox down the Cleveland Indians, 6–4. Vic Wertz has a three-run home run and four RBI. Ted Williams also homers, and in the 7th inning, steals second base. Williams sets a major league record as the only player to steal bases in four consecutive decades. He'll be matched by Rickey Henderson in 2000. The Indians' Jimmy Piersall homers twice, both off winner Ike Delock. July 23 – Kansas City outfielder Whitey Herzog hits into the only All-Cuban Triple Play in ML history. The action goes from Washington Senators starting pitcher Pedro Ramos, to first baseman Julio Bécquer, to shortstop José Valdivielso. The victory, however, goes to reliever Chuck Stobbs (7-2) as the Senators take an 8–3 decision. Harmon Killebrew has a two-run home run. July 27 – William Shea, chairman of Mayor Robert Wagner's New York baseball committee, announces the formation of the Continental League. The five founding cities are New York City, Houston, Toronto, Denver and Minneapolis/St. Paul. July 30 – Just as he predicts, Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Art Mahaffey picks off the first batter to get a hit against him. Then with the next batter to get a hit, he does it again. Curt Flood and Bill White of the St. Louis Cardinals are the base runner victims, but St. Louis still wins, 6–3. In his next game, the first batter to get a hit off Mahaffey will be Jim Marshall, and Mahaffey will pick him off as well. August August 2 – In an agreement with the major leagues, the Continental League abandons plans to join the American League and National League. Walter O'Malley, chairman of the NL Expansion Committee, says, "We immediately will recommend expansion and that we would like to do it in 1961." Milwaukee Braves owner Lou Perini proposes a compromise that four of the CL territories be admitted to the current majors in orderly expansion. Branch Rickey's group quickly accepts. The Continental League ends without playing a game. August 3 – In an unusual move, Cleveland Indians GM Frank Lane trades managers with Detroit Tigers GM Bill DeWitt. The Indians' Joe Gordon (49-46) is dealt to the Tigers for Jimmy Dykes (44-52). For one game, until the pair can change places, Jo-Jo White pilots the Indians and Billy Hitchcock guides the Tigers. August 7 – The Chicago White Sox win a pair from the Washington Senators, with reliever Gerry Staley picking up two victories. Staley will be 13–8, all in relief, with both wins and losses topping the American League relievers. August 8 – A day crowd of 48,323, the largest day crowd ever at Comiskey Park, cheers White Sox pitcher Billy Pierce's four-hit victory over the Yankees, 9–1. Pierce faces just 31 batters. August 9 – With fine relief pitching of Lindy McDaniel in the opener and a five-hitter by Curt Simmons in the nightcap, the St. Louis Cardinals sweep the Philadelphia Phillies, 5–4 and 6–0. Phillies Tony Taylor ties a major league record for a second baseman by going the entire doubleheader (18 innings) without a putout – the first to achieve the feat since Connie Ryan, of the Phillies, on June 14, 1953. August 10 – Ted Williams blasts a pair of home runs and a double to pace the Red Sox to a 6–1 win over the Cleveland Indians. Williams has 21 homers for the season. The first of the two today, #512, moves him past Mel Ott into fourth place on the all-time list. After the game, Williams announces that he will retire at the end of the season. August 18 – At County Stadium, Lew Burdette of the Milwaukee Braves no-hits the Philadelphia Phillies 1-0. He faces the minimum 27 batters, a fifth-inning hit-by-pitch to Tony González being the only Phillies base runner; González is retired on Lee Walls' double play ground ball one batter later. Burdette also helps his own cause by scoring the only run of the game; after doubling to lead off the eighth, he scores on Bill Bruton's double one batter later. August 20 – Ted Williams draws the 2,000th walk of his career in the Red Sox' split of a twi-night doubleheader with the Orioles. Williams joins Babe Ruth as the only major leaguers to collect 2,000 walks. Rickey Henderson in 2000, and Barry Bonds in 2003, will join the select 2,000 walks group. August 23 – Following up his no-hitter, Lew Burdette fires his third shutout in a row, pitching the Milwaukee Braves to a 7–0 win over the Los Angeles Dodgers. August 27 – After pitching 32 shutout innings, Braves pitcher Lew Burdette gives up a Felipe Alou home run as San Francisco defeats the Braves 3–1. August 30 – Boston Red Sox second baseman Pete Runnels goes 6-for-7, as Boston edges the Tigers in the 15-inning opener of a twin bill. Runnels’ 15th-inning double brings Frank Malzone home with the winning run to win, 5–4. Runnels has three more hits in the nightcap victory, 3–2 in 10 innings. His six hits are the most in an American League game since July 8, 1955. With 9-for-11 in the doubleheader, Runnels ties the major league record. September September 2 – Boston's Ted Williams hits a home run off Don Lee of the Senators. Williams had homered against Lee's father, Thornton, 20 years earlier. September 3: A battle of left-handed pitchers features Sandy Koufax of the LA Dodgers against Mike McCormick of the SF Giants. Felipe Alou's home run gives McCormick a 1–0 win, his second 1–0 win against Los Angeles in 1960. In the International League, Al Cicotte of the Toronto Maple Leafs pitches an 11-inning no-hitter against Montreal. September 6 – In his final game at Yankee Stadium, Ted Williams hits his 518th career home run in a Red Sox 7–1 win. September 10 – In Detroit, the Yankees' Mickey Mantle hits a home run in the 6th inning, the ball clearing the right field roof and landing in the Brooks Lumber Yard across Trumbull Avenue. In June 1985, Mantle's blow was retroactively measured at 643 feet, and will be listed in the Guinness Book of World Records at that distance. September 13 – 18-year-old outfielder Danny Murphy becomes the youngest Chicago Cubs player to hit a home run when he clouts a three-run homer off Bob Purkey of the Cincinnati Reds, as the Reds win 8–6 at home. Murphy will play just 49 games for the Cubs from 1960 to 1962. He will come back as a pitcher for the Chicago White Sox in 1969-70. September 15 – Willie Mays ties the modern major league record with three triples in a game against the Phillies. The last National League player to hit three triples in a game was Roberto Clemente, in 1958. September 16: At the age of 39, Warren Spahn notches his 11th 20-win season with a 4–0 no-hitter against the Phillies. Spahn also sets a Milwaukee club record with 15 strikeouts in handing the last-place Phils their 90th loss of the year. The Baltimore Orioles (83-58) and New York Yankees (82-57) open a crucial four games series with the Orioles just .002 in back of New York. Three days later, during a doubleheader, the Yankees will sweep Baltimore. The faltering Birds, now four back, will end up in second place, eight games back. September 18 – At Wrigley Field, Ernie Banks sets a record by drawing his 27th intentional walk of the season. September 19 – The Chicago White Sox pennant hopes are damaged with a nightcap 7–6 loss to the Detroit Tigers, after they win the opener, 8–4. Pinch hitter Norm Cash scores the decisive run in game two. Cash thus ends the season by grounding into no double plays, becoming the first American League player since league records on this were started in 1940. Teammates Dick McAuliffe and Roger Repoz will duplicate this in 1968. September 20 – Boston Red Sox outfielder Carroll Hardy pinch-hits for Ted Williams, who is forced to leave the game after fouling a ball off his ankle, and grounds into a double play. On May 31, 1961, Hardy will pinch hit for rookie Carl Yastrzemski, making him the only player to go in for both future Hall of Famers. Hardy also hit his first major league home run pinch-hitting for Roger Maris when both were at Cleveland (May 18, 1958). September 25: For the first time since 1927, the Pittsburgh Pirates are headed for the World Series. Ralph Terry clinches the New York Yankees 25th pennant with a 4–3 win over the Boston Red Sox. Luis Arroyo saves the win. It is Casey Stengel's 10th pennant in 12 years at New York. September 28 – In his last major league at bat, Ted Williams picks out a 1-1 pitch by Baltimore's Jack Fisher and drives it 450 feet into the right-center field seats behind the Boston bullpen. It is Williams' 521st and last career home run, putting him third on the all-time list. Williams stays in the dugout, ignoring the thunderous ovation at Fenway Park, and refused to tip his hat to the hometown fans. However, the would make up for that 39 years later. October October 2 – The Baltimore Orioles defeat the Washington Senators 2-1 at Griffith Stadium in the Senators' final game before their move to the Minneapolis–St. Paul area. Milt Pappas wins the pitchers' duel against Pedro Ramos, who gives up a home run to Jackie Brandt for the deciding run. October 3 – The New York Yankees head into the World Series with a 15-game winning streak, the 8th longest streak in the American League this century, after Dale Long's two-run 9th-inning home run gives them an 8–7 win over the Boston Red Sox. The 193 home runs are an AL season record, three better than the 1956 Yankees. RBI leader Roger Maris drives in three runs, but falls one home run short of Mickey Mantle's league-high 40. October 5 – In a portent of things to come, Bill Mazeroski's two-run 5th-inning home run off Jim Coates is the difference as Pittsburgh beats the Yankees 6–4 in its first World Series win since 1925. Roy Face survives a two-run 9th-inning Elston Howard home run to preserve Vern Law's victory. October 6 – Mickey Mantle hits two home runs in a Yankees 16–3 victory at Forbes Field, evening the World Series. A seven-run 6th inning overwhelms Pittsburgh. October 8 – At Yankee Stadium, Bobby Richardson collects six RBI, including a grand slam off reliever Clem Labine in a six-run first inning, and Whitey Ford pitches a four-hitter 10–0 shutout to give the Yankees a 2-1 World Series lead, spoiling Pittsburgh manager Danny Murtaugh's 43rd birthday. October 9 – Vern Law wins again, thanks to his own RBI single and Bill Virdon's two-run hit. Roy Face retires the final eight batters in order. The Pittsburgh Pirates 3–2 win evens the 1960 World Series. October 10 – Bill Mazeroski stars again. His two-run double stakes Harvey Haddix to a 3–0 lead. Roy Face is called on once more for another hitless effort to preserve a 5–2 win over the Yankees and 3-2 World Series lead for the surprising Pirates. October 12 – In Game Six of the World Series, Whitey Ford preserves the Yankees hopes with a seven-hit shutout at Forbes Field. Bob Friend is bombed again as the Yankees coasts 12–0. Bobby Richardson's two run-scoring triples give him a WS record of 12 RBI. October 13 – The Pittsburgh Pirates defeat the New York Yankees, 10-9, in Game 7 of the World Series, to win their third World Championship, and first since 1925, four games to three. In a 9–9 tie, Bill Mazeroski leads off the last of the ninth inning and hits what is arguably the most dramatic home run in WS history, off Yankees P Ralph Terry. The drama of Mazeroski's home run was heightened by the excitement that preceded the home run: A combined total of seven runs were scored by both teams in a wild and whacky bottom of the eighth and top of the ninth. An oddity in this game – it is the only World Series game this century with no strikeouts recorded. Another oddity, this one to the 1960 World Series itself – Mazeroski's home run makes this 1960 World Series the only World Series in Major League history won by a home run in the bottom of the ninth inning of the seventh and deciding game. Despite Mazeroski's heroics, however, Yankees 2B Bobby Richardson is named the Series MVP, as the Yankees outscore Pittsburgh, 55 to 27. October 17 – The National League votes to admit Houston and New York City teams to the league in 1962, the first structural change since 1900, and to go to a 10-team league. October 18 – Instituting a mandatory retirement age of 65, New York Yankees co-owners Dan Topping and Del Webb relieve Casey Stengel as the team manager. Stengel says "I wasn't retired—they fired me." The veteran skipper has a 1,149-696 career record. October 20 – Coach Ralph Houk, at age 41, is named to succeed Casey Stengel as the Yankees manager. Houk briefly led the Yankees in 1960 when Stengel was hospitalized. October 26 – Trying to jump ahead of the National League, the American League admits Los Angeles and Minneapolis teams to the league with plans to have the new clubs begin competition in 1961 in the new 10-team league. Calvin Griffith is given permission to move the existing Washington Senators franchise to Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota. (An expansion team, also called the Senators, will be placed in Washington.) American League president Joe Cronin says the league will play a 162-game schedule, with 18 games against each opponent. The National League will balk, saying the two expansions are not analogous and that the American League was not invited to move into LA. October 31- The San Francisco Giants acquire Alvin Dark from the Milwaukee Braves in exchange for infielder Andre Rodgers. However, Dark is not acquired as a player, but instead is acquired so he can become the teams manager. November–December November 2 – Hank Greenberg asks for American League dates at the Los Angeles Coliseum, home of the National League Dodgers. Greenberg and Bill Veeck are expected to run the new Los Angeles club in the AL. On November 17, Greenberg will drop out of the bidding to run the new franchise. November 21 – Bob Scheffing signs to manage the Detroit Tigers after the job is turned down by Casey Stengel. November 22 – The American League proposes that both leagues expand to nine teams in 1961 and begin interleague play. It will delay entering the Los Angeles market if the National League agrees. (There will be expansion to 10 teams in the American League in 1961, followed by the National League doing so in 1962, but interleague play does not arrive until .) November 23 – Los Angeles Dodgers outfielder Frank Howard is selected National League Rookie of the Year with 12 of 24 votes. The six-foot, nine-inch Howard belted 23 home runs during the regular season. November 26 – The relocated American League team in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis – Saint Paul chooses the appropriate nickname Twins to represent its franchise. The team recently moved from Washington, D.C., where they were known as the Senators. December 3 - The Milwaukee Brewers purchase the contract of Billy Martin from the Cincinnati Reds. December 5 – American League president Joe Cronin suggests that if the National League starts its new New York City franchise in 1961, the AL will stay out of Los Angeles until 1962. The NL turned down the suggested compromise of November 22 because Houston will not be ready in 1961. December 6 – A group headed by movie star Gene Autry and former football star Bob Reynolds is awarded the new American League Los Angeles Angels. Charlie Finley withdraws his bid for Los Angeles and offers to purchase control of the Kansas City Athletics. On December 20, Finley will buy 52 percent of the A's from Arnold Johnson's estate. December 21 – Chicago Cubs owner Philip K. Wrigley says his team will have no manager, but will use a college of coaches. Births January January 3 – Randy Hunt January 4 – Paul Gibson January 8 – Randy Ready January 8 – Julio Solano January 10 – Bob Brower January 10 – Kelvin Torve January 12 – Tim Hulett January 12 – Mike Marshall January 12 – Mike Trujillo January 14 – Ross Jones January 15 – Curt Brown January 17 – Chili Davis January 18 – Gibson Alba January 21 – Andy Hawkins January 21 – Darryl Motley January 23 – Reggie Ritter January 28 – Stu Pederson January 29 – Steve Sax February February 1 – Cecilio Guante February 2 – Buddy Biancalana February 4 – Tim Pyznarski February 16 – Eric Bullock February 16 – Bill Pecota February 18 – Bob Fallon February 24 – Nick Esasky February 29 – Bill Long March March 2 – Mike Woodard March 3 – Chuck Cary March 3 – Neal Heaton March 4 – Jeff Dedmon March 6 – Rick Behenna March 7 – Joe Carter March 8 – Kevin Hagen March 14 – Kirby Puckett March 14 – Jerry Willard March 15 – Mike Pagliarulo March 18 – Matt Winters March 20 – Mike Young March 22 – Scott Bradley March 22 – Matt Sinatro March 24 – Dwight Taylor April April 2 – Tom Barrett April 3 – Tim Conroy April 4 – John Lickert April 5 – Jim Scranton April 12 – Bill Lindsey April 14 – Paul Hodgson April 15 – Mike Diaz April 16 – Curt Young April 19 – Frank Viola April 20 – Randy Kutcher April 21 – Greg Legg April 26 – Steve Lombardozzi April 27 – Jim Eppard April 27 – Brian Giles April 28 – Tom Browning April 28 – John Cerutti April 28 – Mark Ryal May May 1 – Charlie O'Brien May 4 – Tim Tschida May 9 – Tony Gwynn May 13 – Lenny Faedo May 21 – Kent Hrbek May 26 – Rob Murphy May 31 – Jeff Schaefer June June 2 – Lemmie Miller June 3 – Barry Lyons June 3 – Steve Lyons June 7 – Jim Paciorek June 14 – Mike Laga June 14 – Pat Larkin June 20 – Doug Gwosdz June 20 – Larry See June 22 – Greg Booker June 23 – Jim Deshaies June 23 – John Rabb June 26 – Pete Dalena June 27 – Jackie Gutiérrez June 30 – Al Newman July July 3 – Jack Daugherty July 6 – Germán Rivera July 8 – Mike Ramsey July 13 – Mike Fitzgerald July 16 – Terry Pendleton July 20 – Mike Witt July 24 – Jeff Kaiser July 28 – Carmelo Martínez July 29 – Daryl Smith July 30 – Steve Ellsworth August August 1 – Dave Anderson August 3 – Sid Bream August 4 – Steve Davis August 9 – Stan Clarke August 11 – Al Pedrique August 14 – Edwin Rodríguez August 16 – Bill Mooneyham August 18 – Mike LaValliere August 19 – Ron Darling August 19 – Sap Randall August 20 – Tom Brunansky August 20 – Mark Langston August 20 – Ed Wojna August 23 – Ed Hearn August 23 – Randy St. Claire August 24 – Cal Ripken Jr. August 25 – Bobby Meacham August 29 – Bill Latham August 29 – Rusty Tillman August 29 – Reggie Williams August 30 – Randy O'Neal August 30 – Rick Seilheimer August 31 – Morris Madden September September 2 – Rex Hudler September 3 – Rene Gonzales September 5 – Tim Birtsas September 5 – John Christensen September 5 – Chris Green September 5 – Candy Maldonado September 6 – Al Lachowicz September 6 – Greg Olson September 7 – Wade Rowdon September 9 – Alvin Davis September 12 – Trench Davis September 15 – Todd Fischer September 16 – Mel Hall September 16 – Dan Jennings September 16 – Mickey Tettleton September 17 – John Franco September 18 – Scott Earl September 19 – Phil Stephenson September 20 – Dave Gallagher September 20 – Randy Kramer September 21 – Rick Rodriguez September 22 – Mark Hirschbeck September 25 – Dave Walsh September 29 – Rob Deer September 29 – Howard Johnson October October 2 – Ernest Riles October 4 – Joe Boever October 4 – Billy Hatcher October 5 – Randy Bockus October 6 – Jay Baller October 6 – Bruce Fields October 6 – Bill Johnson October 6 – Jeff Zaske October 10 – Bill Moore October 11 – Curt Ford October 14 – Bill Bathe October 17 – Ken Dixon October 18 – Terry Clark October 18 – Steve Kiefer October 19 – Mark Davis October 21 – Franklin Stubbs October 25 – Kelly Downs October 27 – Tom Nieto October 27 – Ron Shepherd October 28 – Mark Knudson October 30 – José Escobar October 30 – Gerald Perry October 30 – Lee Tunnell October 30 – Dave Valle October 31 – Mike Gallego November November 1 – Fernando Valenzuela November 6 – Ron Romanick November 11 – Gary Jones November 11 – Jeff Ransom November 12 – Donnie Hill November 15 – Rick Luecken November 16 – Curt Wardle November 21 – Mark Eichhorn November 22 – Gene Walter November 22 – Colin Ward November 26 – Harold Reynolds November 28 – Ken Howell November 29 – Howard Johnson November 30 – Bob Tewksbury December December 3 – Gene Nelson December 4 – David Green December 8 – John Mizerock December 9 – Juan Samuel December 10 – Paul Assenmacher December 10 – Jeff Bettendorf December 13 – Jeff Robinson December 14 – Mike Rizzo December 20 – José DeLeón December 21 – Roger McDowell December 21 – Andy Van Slyke December 24 – John Costello December 25 – Ty Gainey December 25 – Tom O'Malley December 26 – Jeff Stone December 28 – Zane Smith December 28 – Carl Willis December 29 – Jim Wilson Deaths January–July January 12 – Jimmy Lavender, 75, pitcher for the Chicago Cubs from 1912 to 1916, and for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1917. February 11 – Fritz Clausen, 90, a 19th-century pitcher for the Louisville Colonels and Chicago Colts February 16 – Stuffy McInnis, 69, excellent fielding first baseman who batted .307 career, most prominently with the Philadelphia Athletics' "$100,000 infield" March 2 – Howie Camnitz, 78, pitcher who had three 20-win campaigns for the Pirates March 3 – Toussaint Allen, 63, outfielder in the Negro Leagues from 1914 to 1928 March 18 – Dixie Howell, 40, relief pitcher for the Cleveland Indians, Cincinnati Reds and Chicago White Sox between 1940 and 1958, who threw a no-hitter game in the American Association, and also was a POW during World War II March 22 – Gordon Rhodes, 52, pitcher who played from 1929 to 1936 for the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox and Philadelphia Athletics March 30 – Joe Connolly, 76, outfielder for the New York Giants, Cleveland Indians and Boston Red Sox in the 1920s May 6 – Vern Bickford, 39, pitcher who won 66 games for the Braves, including a no-hitter in 1950 May 12 - Gus Felix, 64, outfielder for the Boston Braves and Brooklyn Robins. Finished 3rd in the National League in putouts by a centerfielder in 1925. May 21 – George Cochran, 71, a third baseman for the 1918 Boston Red Sox May 30 – George Hildebrand, 81, American League umpire from 1913 to 1934 who worked in four World Series; outfielder for Brooklyn in 1902, also credited with developing the spitball while in the minor leagues June 25 – Tommy Corcoran, 91, longtime shortstop, and captain of the Cincinnati Reds for 10 years July 14 – Al Kellett, 58, pitcher for the Boston Red Sox and Philadelphia Athletics in the 1920s July 14 – Walter Thornton, 85, pitcher/outfielder for the early Chicago teams, 1895–1898. He later became a street preacher. July 17 – Pat Duncan, 66, Cincinnati Reds outfielder who was the first player to homer over Crosley Field's left-field fence July 18 – Terry Turner, 79, shortstop for the Cleveland Naps and Indians, who led American League shortstops in fielding percentage four times, ranks among the top 10 Cleveland all-timers in seven different offensive categories, and set team-records with 1,619 games played and 4,603 putouts that still stand July 28 – Ken Landenberger, 31, minor league slugger and briefly a first baseman for the 1952 White Sox; manager of the Class D Selma Cloverleafs until mid-July 1960 when, stricken with acute leukemia, he stepped aside. He died by month's end. July 28 – Marty Kavanagh, 69, Second baseman for the Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Indians and St. Louis Cardinals in the 1910s August–December August 12 – Leo Murphy, 71, catcher for the 1915 Pittsburgh Pirates and manager of the AAGPBL Racine Belles August 14 – Fred Clarke, 87, Hall of Fame left fielder and manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates who batted .312 in his career, and became one of the first dozen players to make 2500 hits and the first manager to win 1500 games August 21 – John Kelleher, 66, backup infielder for the St. Louis Cardinals, Brooklyn Robins, Chicago Cubs and Boston Braves from 1912 to 1924 September 23 – Paul Hinson, 56, utility for the 1928 Boston Red Sox October 16 – Arch McDonald, 59, broadcaster for the Washington Senators from 1934 to 1956 October 22 – Charlie Hartman, 72, pitcher for the 1908 Boston Red Sox November 2 – Everett Scott, 67, shortstop who played in 1,307 consecutive games from 1916 to 1925, a record later broken by Lou Gehrig November 3 – Bobby Wallace, 86, Hall of Fame shortstop for the St. Louis Browns who set several fielding records, later a scout for the Cincinnati Reds for 33 years November 12 – Merle Keagle, 37, All-Star female outfielder who set several single-season records in the AAGPBL November 16 – Weldon Henley, 80, pitcher for the Athletics and Superbas from 1903 to 1907, pitched no-hitter on July 22, 1905 December 10 – Ernie Quigley, 80, National League umpire from 1913 to 1937 who worked in six World Series, was later a league supervisor December 18 – Art Nehf, 68, pitcher who won 184 games for four National League teams December 22 – Jack Onslow, 72, manager of the White Sox in 1949-50, formerly a catcher, coach and scout