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Henry Somerset, 1st Marquess of Worcester Henry Somerset, 1st Marquess of Worcester (1577 – 18 December 1646) was an English aristocrat, who was a prominent and financially important Royalist during the early years of the English Civil War. Life He was the son of Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester and Elizabeth Hastings. On 3 March 1628, he succeeded his father and became the 5th Earl of Worcester. Brought up a Protestant, he converted to Catholicism as a young man. He was considered an outstandingly wealthy peer, with an income, by the contemporary estimate of Richard Symonds, of £24,000 per annum. By good management, as well as by inheritance and marriage, he built up major holdings in property. When war came, he claimed to have expended and lent over £900,000 to the royalist cause. Charles I asked him to keep a low profile in public life. Some noted recusants, such as Gwilym Puw and his chaplain Thomas Bayly, gathered around him at Raglan Castle. His local support was increased by the fact that he was not identified as a courtier. For his financial support of King Charles I at the outset of the First English Civil War, he was created 1st Marquess of Worcester, on 2 November 1642. After the battle of Naseby, King Charles sought refuge at Raglan, in the period June to September 1645. The next year, the Marquess was forced to surrender Raglan Castle to the forces of Sir Thomas Morgan, 1st Baronet, late in 1646, marking the effective end of the Civil War in Wales. He was taken into custody by the Parliamentary forces, and died in Covent Garden, on 18 December 1646. Family On 16 June 1600 he married Anne Russell, a daughter of John Russell, Baron Russell (eldest son and heir apparent of Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford) by his wife Elizabeth Cooke. The wedding procession with Queen Elizabeth I in a litter is depicted in a painting by Robert Peake the Elder. Afterwards there was a feast and a masque, a 'strange dance newly invented' performed by eight women dressed in silver skirts and gold waistcoats led by Mary Fitton. The others masque dancers were Mistress Carey, Mistress Onslow, Mistress Southwell, Bess Russell, Mistress Darcy, and Blanche Somerset. The queen herself joined the dance. Anne's paternal grandparents were Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford and his wife Margaret St. John. Anne's maternal grandparents were Sir Anthony Cooke and his wife Anne FitzWilliam. A splendid portrait of Anne Russell painted shortly after her marriage sold for 297,000 GBP at Sotheby's London on 2 May 2018. With his wife, he had nine sons and four daughters including, Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester, his heir and successor, and Thomas Somerset, his second son, who became a Catholic priest in Rome before joining the Oratory of St Philip Neri in Perugia before Pope Clement IX sent him to England as his internuncio. Fr Thomas died in exile in Dunkirk on 30 August 1678. Another son was Sir John Somerset, of Pauntley, Gloucestershire, who married Mary Arundell, a daughter of the 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour, co. Wiltshire by his second wife. His youngest daughter, Elizabeth, married Francis Browne, 3rd Viscount Montagu. Ancestry Notes References |- Category:Lord-Lieutenants of Glamorgan Category:Lord-Lieutenants of Monmouthshire Category:Marquesses of Worcester Category:1577 births Category:1646 deaths Somerset, 5th Earl H Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism Category:English Roman Catholics Category:16th-century English nobility Category:17th-century English nobility Category:People of the Tudor period *07

Aşiyan (Istanbul Metro) Aşiyan is a planned underground station and the eastern terminus of the under construction F4 funicular line of the Istanbul Metro in Beşiktaş, Istanbul. The station will be located next to the Aşiyan Park, along Cevdet Paşa Avenue on the Bosphorus strait in Bebek. The station is expected to open, along with the F4 line, in 2019. References Category:Railway stations under construction Category:Istanbul metro stations Category:Beşiktaş Category:Railway stations under construction in Turkey

List of United States national amateur boxing bantamweight champions Below is a list of United States national Amateur Boxing Bantamweight Champions, also known as United States Amateur Champions. The weight class was contested at 115 pounds between 1889 and 1921. It was then contested at 118 pounds between 1922 and 1951, before moving to 119 pounds, where it is currently contested. The United States National Boxing Championships bestow the title of United States Amateur Champion on amateur boxers for winning the annual national amateur boxing tournament organized by USA Boxing, the national governing body for Olympic boxing and is the United States' member organization of the International Amateur Boxing Association (AIBA). It is one of four premier amateur boxing tournaments, the others being the National Golden Gloves Tournament, which crowns its own amateur bantamweight champion, the Police Athletic League Tournament, and the United States Armed Forces Tournament, all sending champions to the US Olympic Trials. 1888 - W. Rocap, Philadelphia, PA 1889 - W. Rocap, Philadelphia, PA (spring), W. Kenny, NJAC (winter 1890 - B. Weldon, New York, NY 1891 - G.F. Connolly, Boston, MA 1892 - Not held 1893 - M.J. Hallihan, Philadelphia, PA 1894 - R. McVeigh, SAC 1895 - E. Horen, Pittsburgh, PA 1896 - J.J. Gross, New York, NY 1897 - Charles Fahey, Rochester, NY 1898 - Not held 1899 - W. Wildner, NWSAC 1900 - H. Murphy, Bartholomew AC 1901 - George Young DC and AC 1902 - F. Fieg, Newark, NJ 1903 - Thomas Stone, New York, NY 1904 - Jerry Casey, NWSAC 1905 - Sam Moss, Waltham, MA 1906 - Harry Baker, Olympic Club 1907 - Henry Meyers, Chapman AC 1908 - M.J. Carroll, New York, NY 1909 - Joe Gorman, Northboro, MA 1910 - John Gallant, Boston, MA 1911 - Thomas Reagan, Boston, MA 1912 - Thomas Reagan, Boston, MA 1913 - Thomas Reagan, Boston, MA 1914 - S. Phillips, Boston, MA 1915 - Tony Vatlin, Brighton, MA 1916 - Benny Valgar, New York, NY 1917 - J. Tomasulo, New Jersey 1918 - J. Tomasulo, New Jersey 1919 - Ashton Donza, New Orleans, LA 1920 - J. Hutchinson, Philadelphia, PA 1921 - George Daly, New York, NY 1922 - Sid Terris, New York, NY 1923 - Harry Marcus, Cleveland, OH 1924 - Jack Tripoli, New York, NY 1925 - August Gotto, Los Angeles, CA 1926 - Joe Katish, Pittsburgh, PA 1927 - Tommy Paul, Buffalo, NY 1928 - John Daley, Waltham, MA 1929 - A. Holden, Providence, RI 1930 - Abie Miller, Los Angeles, CA 1931 - Joe Ferrante, Boston, MA 1932 - Jimmy Martin, New York, NY 1933 - A. Tardugno, Washington, DC 1934 - Armando Sicilia, New York, NY 1935 - Troy Bellini, Cleveland, OH 1936 - Willie Joyce, Gary, IN 1937 - Morris Parker, Newark, NJ 1938 - Bill Speary, Nanticoke, PA 1939 - Bill Speary, Philadelphia, PA 1940 - Angelo Ambrosano, Philadelphia, PA 1941 - Ray Brown, Chicago, IL 1942 - Bernard Docusen, New Orleans, LA 1943 - Earl O'Neil, Fort Still, OK 1944 - Nick Saunders, St. Louis, MO 1945 - Amos Aitson, Oklahoma City, OK 1946 - Tsaneshi Naruo, Hawaii 1947 - Corky Gonzales, Denver, CO 1948 - Bill Morgan, Newark, NJ 1949 - Jimmy Mitchell, Oakland, CA 1950 - Mickey Mars, Cleveland, OH 1951 - Ernest De Jesus, Honolulu, HI 1952 - Davey Moore, Springfield, OH 1953 - T. Nethercott, Port Chester, NY 1954 - Bill Ramos, New Bedford, MA 1955 - John Cereghin, Air Force 1956 - Don Whaley, Cincinnati, OH 1957 - Herman Marques, Stockton, CA 1958 - Charles Branch, Philadelphia, PA 1959 - Fred Griffin, Toledo, OH 1960 - O. German, Muskegon, MI 1961 - John Howard, Portland, OR 1962 - Victor Melendez, Puerto Rico 1963 - Gerry Lott, New Orleans, LA 1964 - Art Jones, San Francisco, CA 1965 - George Colon, New York, NY 1966 - Jose Marquez, Puerto Rico 1967 - Earl Large, Clovis, NM 1968 - Sammy Goss, Trenton, NJ 1969 - Terry Pullen, New Orleans, LA 1970 - Robert Mullins, Charleston, SC 1971 - Ricardo Carreras, Air Force 1972 - John David, Navy 1973 - Mike Hess, Albany, OR 1974 - Mike Ayala, Fort Worth, TX 1975 - Eiichi Jumawan, Waiawa, HI 1976 - Bernard Taylor, Charlotte, NC 1977 - Rocky Lockridge, Tacoma, WA 1978 - Jackie Beard, Jackson, TN 1979 - Jackie Beard, Jackson, TN 1980 - Jackie Beard, Jackson, TN 1981 - Richard Savage, West Monroe, LA 1982 - Floyd Favors, Capitol Heights, MD (spring), Meldrick Taylor, Philadelphia, PA (winter) 1983 - Jesse Benavides, Corpus Christi, TX 1984 - Eugene Speed, Washington, DC 1985 - Michael Collins, La Porte, TX 1986 - Michael Collins, La Porte, TX 1987 - Michael Collins, La Porte, TX 1988 - Jemal Hinton, New Carrollton, MD 1989 - Tony Gonzalez 1990 - Sergio Reyes, Marines 1991 - Sergio Reyes, Marines 1992 - Sean Fletcher, Navy 1993 - Aristead Clayton, Baker, LA 1994 - Jorge Munoz, El Paso, TX 1995 - Carlos Navarro, Los Angeles, CA 1996 - Jesus Vega, Salinas, CA 1997 - Cornelius Lock, Detroit, MI 1998 - Antonio Rodriguez, Wailuku, HI 1999 - Clarence Vinson, Washington, DC 2000 - Sergio Espinoza, San Diego, CA 2001 - David Martinez, Stockton, CA 2002 - Aaron Garcia, Vista, CA 2003 - Samson Guillermo, Waianae, HI 2004 - Roberto Benitez, New York, NY 2005 - Gary Russell, Jr., Capitol Heights, MD 2006 - Gary Russell, Jr., Capitol Heights, MD 2007 - Ronny Rios, Santa Ana, CA 2008 - Ronny Rios, Santa Ana, CA 2009 - Jessie Magdaleno 2010 - Rau'shee Warren, Cincinnati, OH 2011 - John Franklin, Fort Carson, Colo/United States Army 2012 - Charles Martin, Tulsa, OK/United States Army 2013 - Eduardo Martinez, Aurora, IL 2014 - JaRico O'Quinn, Detroit, MI References History Bantam Category:Bantamweight boxers

Phyllopezus Phyllopezus is a genus of South American geckos, lizards in the family Phyllodactylidae. The genus contains six described species. Habitat Phyllopezus species occur in a variety of open and forested habitats across South America including Caatinga, Cerrado, Chaco, seasonally dry tropical forest, and Atlantic Forest. Species and geographic ranges The following species are recognized as being valid. Phyllopezus heuteri – Heuter's gecko – Paraguay Phyllopezus lutzae – Lutz's gecko, Bogert's gecko, Lutz' marked gecko – Brazil Phyllopezus maranjonensis – Peru Phyllopezus periosus – Paraíba gecko, Peraiba gecko – Brazil Phyllopezus pollicaris – Brazilian gecko – Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil Phyllopezus przewalskii – Przewalsky's gecko – Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Nota bene: An binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Phyllopezus. References Further reading Peters W (1877). "Bemerkungen über neue oder weniger bekannte Amphibien ". Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zur Berlin 1877: 415-423. (Phyllopezus, new genus, p. 415). (in German). Category:Phyllopezus Category:Lizard genera Category:Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters

Neosciadella obliquata Neosciadella obliquata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Dillon and Dillon in 1952. References Category:Acanthocinini Category:Beetles described in 1952

Tom Jackson (American football, born 1948) Tom Jackson (born July 8, 1948) is a former American football player and coach. From Scotch Plains, New Jersey, Jackson played college football from 1967 to 1970 for Penn State. Recruited as a part of Joe Paterno's first recruiting class, Jackson earned All-East honors as a guard in 1968 and 1969. Jackson served as the head football coach at the University of Connecticut from 1983 to 1993, compiling a record of 62–57. He resigned on November 17, 1993. Prior to taking over as head coach at Connecticut in 1983, Jackson served as the offensive line coach there. Head coaching record References Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:American football offensive guards Category:UConn Huskies football coaches Category:Penn State Nittany Lions football players Category:People from Scotch Plains, New Jersey

Luciano Rabottini Luciano Rabottini (born 23 January 1958) is an Italian former cyclist. He won the 1986 Tirreno–Adriatico, and rode in 9 editions of the Giro d'Italia. Major results 1979 1st Coppa San Sabino 1981 3rd Giro del Piemonte 5th Giro di Lombardia 1982 3rd Ruota d'Oro 1983 1st GP Industria & Commercio di Prato 1985 3rd Overall Giro di Puglia 1986 1st Overall Tirreno–Adriatico 1st Stage 1 6th Milan–San Remo 9th Giro di Lombardia 1989 1st Giro di Campania 1990 8th Tre Valli Varesine 10th Trofeo Laigueglia References Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:Italian male cyclists Category:Giro d'Italia cyclists

Manfred Siebald Manfred Siebald (born 26 October 1948 at Alheim-Baumbach) is a German singer-songwriter and Lecturer in American Studies in Mainz. Siebald is best known as a Christian singer-songwriter, who writes and speaks on contemporary worship music. His songs of the genre Neues Geistliches Lied (NGL) have gained a firm place in the songbooks of many different Christian denominations and are sung in fellowships and youth groups throughout Germany. Artistic and musical career As a child Manfred Siebald learned to play several musical instruments, including the violin, the viola and the piano. Along with his studies at the University of Marburg he took instruction in harmonisation and singing. As early as 1970 he was conducting the Youth for Christ Choir and singing in the Christ Singers. He also brought out his first single - "Meinst du wirklich, es genügt?" - at that time. In 1972 he published his first solo album, entitled Da steh ich nun. Siebald gained an international following with his performances at Eurofest '75, the international youth conference and evangelistic crusade which was organized by the Billy Graham organisation in Brussels. Siebald has often been compared with the singer-songwriter Reinhard Mey for his style, and sometimes with Graham Kendrick for his influence on Christian music in his country. Over time he has become the most well-known German Christian singer songwriter, and has influenced many others. This is demonstrated, among other things, by the release of the album In deinem Haus - A Tribute to Manfred Siebald in 2003, consisting of reinterpretations of some of Siebald’s best-loved songs by other well-known Christian musicians (such as Michael Janzde from the group Beatbetriebde). The album was arranged by Florian Sitzmannde and produced by Arne Kopfermannde. Siebald also translates English songs and writes lyrics for other singers. For example, he wrote all the lyrics for Cae Gauntt'sde album Welt von 1000 Wegen. He is frequently asked to write a theme song for special meetings or conferences. This was the case when he wrote "Von deinen Worten können wir leben" (We Can Live Off Your Words) for The Year of the Bible in 1992. To date Siebald has penned about 350 songs, produced 19 albums and published seven poetry books. Manfred Siebald performs about thirty concerts annually, accompanying himself on various acoustic guitars. For this he travels all over Germany and abroad. For his concerts abroad, including the U.S., South Africa, and Sri Lanka, he has produced English versions of his songs. Academic career In 1967, Siebald graduated from secondary school in Kassel. While on tour in America with the German Youth for Christ Choir, he studied at Manchester College, North Manchester, Indiana, in 1969. He then read German and English philology at Philipps University of Marburg. He trained to be a secondary school teacher of English and German, taking his first state diploma examination in 1972. After his marriage in 1973, he paused his studies for three years, completing his teacher training by taking the second state examination in 1976. In 1977, he did a PhD in American studies at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz. His dissertation dealt with the topic Auflehnung im Werk Herman Melvilles - Rebellion in Herman Melville's Novels. In 1983, he was made Assistant Professor (tenured) for American Studies at Johannes Gutenberg University and continued his academic work after completion of his PhD. He interrupted his work at Mainz by taking sabbaticals at Wheaton College (Illinois) (Clyde S. Kilby Professor in 1992) and Guest Professor at Georgia State University in Atlanta (1996 and 1997). In the first year (1996), Siebald produced the monograph Der verlorene Sohn in der amerikanischen Literatur - The Prodigal Son in American Literature - which was published in 2003. He was made Associate Professor in American Studies in Mainz in 2002 and has remained there to the present. Other activities Manfred Siebald is Curator of the Faith and Science Institute of the Studentenmission in Deutschland (SMD), the German equivalent of the Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship (UCCF). In 1979, the nationwide television special "Whether My Songs Are Loud or Soft" was broadcast about his work. The same year, he co-founded the Christian arts group Das Rad (The Wheel) in Wetzlar, together with about 50 other Christians also working in the arts. He is married to a doctor, Christine Siebald (née Stossberg), and they have a son, Benjamin, born in 1984. In 2008, President Horst Köhler awarded him and his wife the Federal Cross of Merit for their tireless charity work both at home and abroad. Music Popular songs „Ins Wasser fällt ein Stein" - "A Stone Drops in the Pond",original text ("It only takes a spark") and music: Kurt Kaiser de(His best-known song in the current German Protestant hymnal ) „Es geht ohne Gott in die Dunkelheit" - "It's dark without God" „In Deinem Haus" - "In your house, Lord" „Jesus, zu dir kann ich so kommen wie ich bin" - "I can come to you, Jesus, just as I am"(music: Johannes Nitschde)(This was sung every evening of the ProChristde crusade.) „Gut, dass wir einander haben" - "It's good that we've got each other"(song about the advantages of Christian fellowship) „Friede sei mit dir" - "Peace be with thee" (benediction) „Du bist mein Rabe" - "You are my raven" (love song) „Über Nacht" - "Over night"(song about the fall of the Berlin Wall and German reunification 1989/90) „Mit federleichter Hand" - "With a Soft Touch" (love song) „Wenn der Mund stumm ist" - "If I hold my tongue"(song about the September 11, 2001 attacks) „Die Weihnachtsfreude" - "Christmas joy"(A well-known carol, used as the theme tune for the cartoon Die Stadt, die Weihnachten vergaß - The Town That Forgot Christmas.) „Wenn wir Gott in der Höhe ehren" - "If we glorify God in the Highest" (Christmas carol) Discography Single "Meinst du wirklich, es genügt?" (1970)Do you really mean, it's enough?" Vinyl albums Da steh ich nun (1972)Here I stand Ich gehe weiter (1974)I'll press on Das ungedüngte Feld (1976)A Field of organic foodsee: discussion Zeitpunkte (1978)Points in Time Überall hat Gott seine Leute (1983) ("Manfred Siebald and Friends")God has his people everywhereThe title comes from Manfred's translation of Andrae Crouch's song "Through it all". Kreuzschnabel (1985)Crossbill Alles auf seine Weise - Liebeslieder (1986)Everything in its own way - Love songs Compact discs Gib mir die richtigen Worte (1987) (Sampler)Words that are wise and yet simplesee: discussion Spuren (1988)Traces Von Wegen (1991)No Way Amasement(Instrumentals arranged by Tom Keene) Du bist mein Rabe - Lieder von der Liebe (1993)You are my raven - Love songs Worte wie Brot - Lieder für den Gottesdienst (1994) ("Manfred Siebald and friends")Words like bread - Worship songs Lass uns Freunde sein (Songs for children)(1996) ("Manfred Siebald and children")Let's Be Friends Nicht vergessen (1998)Not Forgotten Weltbewegende Winzigkeiten (2000)Little Things That Make the World Go Round Was die Engel uns sagen (2000) ("Manfred Siebald and friends") - Songs for ChristmasWhat the angels tell us Vielleicht kommst du mit (2001)Maybe you'll come along Morgenmantelmorgen (2004)Dressing Gown Morning Singen Sie bald mit? (2005) (Sampler) Manfred Siebald's congregational songsWill you sing along? Ich lass dich nicht fallen (2006)I won't let you fall The first four vinyl albums have been re-released on compact disc as a 4-CD pack. Publications For an extensive list of the academic publications see Poetry books Ist schon alles gesagt (1976) Poetry collection Has Everything Been Said? Worauf noch warten (1980) Poetry collection Why Wait Kreuzschnabel (1983) Poetry collection Crossbill (with woodcuts by Andreas Felgerde) Wir brauchen Mut (1992) Poetry collection We Need Courage Lehn dich zurück (1992) Poetry collection Lean Back Von den Augen abgelesen (1993) Book of poetry Read My Eyes Du bist mein Rabe (1993) Book of poetry You Are my Raven (with Christine Siebald) Other books Auflehnung im Werk Herman Melvilles — Rebellion in Herman Melville's Novels (1979) (dissertation) Eine Handvoll schöner Gedanken Collection of aphorisms - A handful of beautiful thoughts (1985) Das Leben ist eine Boulebahn - Life is a bowling alley (2003) Der verlorene Sohn in der amerikanischen Literatur - The prodigal son in American literature (2003) (Monograph) Die ganze Weite: Ein Amerika-Lesebuch. - The big picture: An American primer (2004) Gib mir den richtigen Ton. Lauter Liedergeschichten – Give me the right sound. Stories of famous songs (2006) Dorothy L. Sayers: Leben - Werk - Gedanken. - Her life, work and thoughts (2007) Pitti lächelt und andere Geschichten - Pitti smiled and other stories (2008) Articles Amerikanisierung des Dramas und Dramatisierung Amerikas - Americanisation of Drama and Dramatisation of America (1985)Marriage Studies by Hans Helmcke, contributions by Horst Immel and Manfred Siebald. "Salt of the Earth." Article in A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature. David Lyle Jeffrey, general editor. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans, 1992.. References External links Official web site in German and English Article by Radio Khwezi, South Africa in English Transcription of an interview on the Bavarian Radio Alpha Forum on 8 June 2007 in German Academic CV (Resumé) link dead - 14 September 2009 Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:People from Hersfeld-Rotenburg Category:University of Marburg alumni Category:Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz faculty Category:German academics Category:German songwriters Category:German male singers Category:German singer-songwriters Category:German performers of Christian music Category:Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Category:Wheaton College (Illinois) faculty

HMS Jason (J99) HMS Jason was a . She was named after the hero in Greek mythology and was the sixteenth Royal Navy ship to carry the name Jason. She was laid down on 12 December 1936, launched on 6 October 1937, and was completed on 9 June 1938. She survived the Second World War and was sold in 1946 to become a cargo ship. She was eventually broken up in 1950. Her pennant number was originally N99, but was changed to J99 in May 1940. Design The Halcyon class were a class of dedicated minesweepers, designed to be smaller and cheaper than the dual-purpose (minesweeping and colonial patrol vessel) minesweeping sloops that had been built since the late 1920s (i.e. the , and ), which as their design evolved, were becoming increasingly focused on escort duties and becoming too large for use as minesweepers. Sharpshooter was long overall and between perpendiculars, with a beam of and a draught of at deep load. Displacement was standard and deep load. Two Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers supplied steam to geared steam turbines driving two shafts. The machinery was rated at giving a speed of . Armament consisted of two QF 4 inch (102 mm) Mk V guns on High-Angle mounts and so capable of being used for anti-aircraft duties, with a close-in armament of one quadruple Vickers .50 machine gun mount. One of the 4-inch guns was removed during the Second World War, while the multiple machine guns were replaced by 4–8 Oerlikon 20 mm cannon. Up to 40 depth charges could be carried when used in the escort role. The ship had a crew of 80 officers and other ranks. Service Pre-war Duties Before the war, HMS Jason carried out surveys of the English and Bristol Channels. She carried out two principal surveys during 1938 and 1939. She was unarmed until the outbreak of the Second World War. World War II Home Waters Although HMS Jason had been designed as a minesweeper, in September 1939, she was converted into an antisubmarine vessel and assigned to 1st Anti-submarine striking force at Belfast. Her first minor damage sustained was on 12 October when she was grounded at Row Point. Repairs were completed by 17 October and she was deployed in home waters for convoy defence, but she put in for more repairs on 3 August 1940, this time because of problems in her boilers. After the repairs, she was again deployed to convoy defence, this time in the North West Approaches, during which she came under repeated attack from German U-boats and . Although HMS Jason was not damaged in the attacks, four merchant ships were lost and Jason picked up 18 survivors. After one month in that role, yet more repairs were needed after a collision with the rescue tug Scheldt, in which significant structural damage to her stem was sustained. This time repairs were completed at HM Dockyard, Rosyth, and she was, upon release, deployed to the Rosyth Escort Force to defend shipping to and from Clyde. As part of the Rosyth Escort Force, she was again subject to U-boat attack in October whilst escorting Convoy HX 79 (totalling 49 ships) off Rockall. This was part of the most vicious U-boat attacks of the war, with ten ships being lost from Convoy HX 79 alone. HMS Jason, however, was undamaged and picked up 78 survivors on 19 October and a further 111 survivors on 20 October. None of the eight attacking submarines were sunk. After this, Jason was primarily assigned to an anti-air role, and the number of AA guns was increased c.1941. On several occasions in early 1941, she was required to use this extra armament to fend off attacks from German aircraft. No ship was damaged in any of these attacks, sometimes as a direct result of Jasons anti-aircraft fire. She was once again put in for repair on 21 July 1941 at Leith, after which she escorted more convoys through quieter times. In mid-1942, she yet again put in for repair and re-fit which, together with trials, lasted until early 1943. Part of the re-fit was in preparation for her new assignment, which was to operate in Arctic waters with ships of the Soviet Union. Soviet Waters Her first assignment in this new rôle was to escort Arctic Convoy JW 53 to Murmansk on 15 February. Things did not start well, with several ships unable to even begin the journey. The convoy encountered terrible weather from the start, some of the worst experienced by any of the Russian convoys. HMS Jason was the lead ship and under command of Cdr. H.G.A. Lewis. Lewis did a remarkable job of keeping order in the confusion which saw several ships damaged. had the armour plating torn from one of her turrets by the heavy seas on the first day. The visibility was so poor that it was rarely clear how many ships were keeping up with the convoy, and communication was always troublesome. On the third day, the escort trawler suffered flooding and was forced to retreat to Scapa Flow, another escort, , also left the convoy to escort Lord Middleton. Also that day, the trawler Komiles suffered damage and was forced to retreat to the Faeroe Islands. An SOS signal was received from Komiles two days later as she had suffered hull damage in the storm. The next day brought yet more chaos. Heavy seas made visual communication almost impossible, and Jason was damaged by the weather and forced to carry out repairs to the ventilation trunking. By the afternoon, only 22 ships were left in the convoy, the others having retreated. Over the next few days, more destroyers and corvettes joined the escort but and left for Seydisfjord, Iceland to refuel. The weather started to clear on 23 February, but German aircraft sighted the convoy and one day later it was attacked by and . The escorts managed to defend the convoy and no ships were damaged. Air attacks from 21 Ju 88s followed over the next two days, but were again prevented by the escort from causing any damaging to the convoy. On 26 February, Soviet destroyers joined the escort and it arrived at the Kola Inlet in Murmansk the following day with only 15 ships making it to the Soviet port. Along with , HMS Jason was stationed in North Russia for the next few months as a minesweeper and patrol. Throughout this period, they were under constant air attack, but neither suffered any significant damage (two bombs hit HMS Britomart and skidded along the deck, but neither exploded). It was noted that standards of the crew had dropped significantly since operation in Soviet waters, but both ships performed so well that the Russians offered to buy them. On 1 November 1943, she joined Convoy RA 54 as an escort and returned to the United Kingdom. Normandy Landings From 22 November 1943 through to early 1944, she was going under another extensive re-fit at HMNB Portsmouth. On completion of the re-fit she was nominated to join the newly formed 1st Minesweeping Flotilla, along with HMS Britomart, Gleaner, Halcyon, Harrier, Hussar, Salamander, Seagull and Speedwell. Throughout February and March they carried out their duties in the North Sea, and were subsequently nominated for a support rôle during the Normandy Landings. Prior to the landings, Jason was assigned to sweep channel 9 in front of the landing parties, no mines were discovered, but coastal batteries fired upon her. She continued in support for the next few days, as well as providing an escort for her flagship, HMS Scylla. On 18 June, she was involved in a collision which caused significant damage and flooding, and so she was required to retire to Portsmouth for repairs. Post-invasion Minesweeping Duties She resumed her service in the 1st Minesweeping Flotilla in August after her re-fit. They were now operating out of Mulberry Harbour at Arromanches, with instructions to keep the channel between there and Portsmouth clear of mines. On 22 August they were deployed to clear a magnetic minefield off Cap d'Antifer in preparation for HMS Warspite, Erebus and Roberts to move in and bombard enemy positions at Le Havre. On 26 August, they were ordered back to their previous rôle between Arromanches and Portsmouth, but upon a specific request from Commander Crick of HMS Jason, who noted that the Cap d'Antifer area was not yet safe, they were allowed to remain in the area for another day and complete the task. Friendly Fire Incident Although this was the responsible request of a mindful commander, and although the continuation of operations off Cap d'Antifer were official, it would end in disaster the following day when a flag officer failed to advise all concerned with air operations of the approval to extend minesweeping operations in the area. Jason was leading the 1st Minesweeping Flotilla in sweeping operations when, at about noon, an RAF reconnaissance aircraft flew over low, the pilot returning the waves from the ships' companies. Yet about ninety minutes later, 16 RAF rocket-firing Typhoons, of 263 and 266 Squadrons operating from Caen, accompanied by a Polish squadron of Spitfires, swooped out of the sun and attacked HMS Britomart, they then returned for a second attack, hitting HMS Hussar and Salamander. Many of the seamen from the two ships were now in the water being shelled by German shore batteries. As a result of this friendly fire disaster, HMS Britomart and Hussar were sunk and Salamander was a useless wreck floating on the calm water. HMS Jason was damaged but not destroyed and started to rescue survivors. She also deployed a smoke screen to hinder German shore batteries and took HMS Salamander on tow. The ship was saved from sinking, but was damaged beyond repair. Soon, other ships in the area assisted in the rescue of stricken seamen. HMS Gozo and ships of the 6th Minesweeping Flotilla were in the area preparing to join up with HMS Jason and witnessed the attack. In total, 117 Royal Navy men were killed and 149 wounded, many seriously. It was the most severe attack endured by any ships during Operation Neptune and as a result, the commander of HMS Jason, Acting Commander Trevor Crick, was granted the military OBE for his "coolness, courage and devotion to duty". Four other ship commanders were made MBEs, including Lieutenant John Sulman of HMS Colsay, who was injured in the back during the incident. The RAF was exonerated, but Acting Commander D N Venables DSC, was severely reprimanded for negligence in not making sure the Flag Officer British Assault Area was informed of the change of order. HMS Jason was then put in for repair at Portsmouth. It would be a month before she returned to active duty. For the last two months of 1944, she operated out of Ostend sweeping off the Belgium coast. In January 1945, the 1st Minesweeping Flotilla was reassigned to Harwich to counter mining efforts by German E-boats and midget submarines. In February, HMS Jason was nominated for re-fit in London. In April 1945, she rejoined the 1st Minesweeping Flotilla at Harwich and continued minesweeping in the North Sea. It was one task that was not completed as soon as VE-Day dawned, and she continued in this capacity until a serious collision in the North Sea with HMS Hazard caused serious structural damage, forcing a return to Portsmouth for repairs. After repairs, she was again sent to continue clearing mines in the North Sea. Cargo Vessel She was sold to Wheelock Marden & Co. on 3 September 1946, renamed Jaslock''''' and converted into a cargo vessel. This career did not last long and she was broken up in 1950. References * HMS Jason Halcyon Class Minesweeper Specifications Halcyon Class Ships HMS Jason, minesweeper Minesweeper HMS Jason of the Halcyon class at U-boat.net "HMS Jason" comes under friendly fire after the D-Day landings by Thomas Jackson Category:Halcyon-class minesweepers Category:Ships built on the River Clyde Category:1937 ships Category:World War II minesweepers of the United Kingdom Category:Friendly fire incidents of World War II Category:Cold War minesweepers of the United Kingdom

Samuel Feijóo Samuel Feijóo (March 31, 1914 in San Juan de los Yeras, Las Villas, Cuba - July 14, 1992 in Villa Clara, Cuba) was a Cuban writer and artist specializing in painting and illustration. Career Feijóo was a self-taught artist. He was a promoter of the popular artists movement in Las Villas, Cuba in 1960 and after 1969 he was vice-president of the Unión de Escritores y Artistas de Cuba (UNEAC) in Las Villas. Feijóo was the Director of Publications and Editor at the Universidad Central de Las Villas and was founder and director at Magazine Signos at the Universidad Central de Las Villas in 1971. Exhibitions Feijóo exhibited his works in 1961 in a show called Samuel Feijóo: Dibujos, Acuarelas y Aguafuertes at Biblioteca Nacional José Martí in Havana; in 1974 he had an exhibition called Feijóo/Cuba at the Silkeborg Kunst Museum in Silkeborg, Denmark; and in 1978 Samuel Feijóo. Kokoriokos Kakafuakos was shown at Casa de la Cultura de Plaza in Havana. Feijóo presented his paintings in 1977 at the 50 Años de la Revista de Avance at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana; in 1984 at the I Bienal de La Habana, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana; in 1986 in the show Künstler aus Kuba at Galerie Junge Künstler, Berlin, Germany and in 1991 his exhibit titled Maestros de la Pintura Cubana was shown at Centro Provincial de Artes Plásticas y Diseño in Havana. Awards Feijóo won the Premio de Cuento Luis Felipe Rodríguez by the Unión de Escritores y Artistas de Cuba (UNEAC) in Havana and the Medal Alejo Carpentier in 1975, awarded by the Cuban government. His work can be found in the permanent collection of the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana. Film In 1967, a film written and directed by Julio García Espinosa was released, entitled Aventuras de Juan Quin Quin. It was based on Feijóo's 1963 novel Juan Quin Quin en pueblo Mocho. References External links - Cuban government website on the artistU Cuban government article on the artist Category:1914 births Category:1992 deaths Category:Cuban contemporary artists Category:Cuban people of Galician descent

Acraea pierrei Acraea pierrei is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (northern Kivu). References External links Images representing Acraea pierrei at Bold. Category:Butterflies described in 1981 pierrei Category:Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Category:Butterflies of Africa

Laos at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games Laos will be participating in the 2015 Southeast Asian Games in Singapore from 5 to 16 June 2015. Competitors Medal summary Medal by Sport Medal by Date Medalists Multiple Gold Medalists References External links Category:Nations at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games 2015 Southeast Asian Games Southeast Asian Games

Stoneley wave A Stoneley wave is a boundary wave (or interface wave) that typically propagates along a solid-solid interface. When found at a liquid-solid interface, this wave is also referred to as a Scholte wave. The wave is of maximum intensity at the interface and decreases exponentially away from it. It is named after the British seismologist Dr. Robert Stoneley (1894–1976), Emeritus Professor of Seismology at the University of Cambridge, who discovered it on October 1, 1924. Occurrence and use Stoneley waves are most commonly generated during borehole sonic logging and vertical seismic profiling. They propagate along the walls of a fluid-filled borehole. They make up a large part of the low-frequency component of the signal from the seismic source and their attenuation is sensitive to fractures and formation permeability. Therefore, analysis of Stoneley waves can make it possible to estimate these rock properties. The standard data processing of sonic logs to derive wave velocity and energy content is explained in and. Comparison to other waves Effects of Permeability on Stoneley Wave Propagation Permeability can influence Stoneley wave propagation in three ways. Stoneley waves can be partly reflected at sharp impedance contrasts such as fractures, lithology, or borehole diameter changes. Moreover, as formation permeability increases, Stoneley wave velocity decreases, thereby inducing dispersion. The third effect is the attenuation of Stoneley waves. References Category:Surface waves

Renfrew North Renfrew North (also known as Renfrew North—Nipissing East) was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1979. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867. The riding existed until 1972, when the name was changed to "Renfrew North—Nipissing East". The North Riding of Renfrew initially consisted of the Townships of Ross, Bromley, Westmeath, Stafford, Pembroke, Wilberforce, Alice, Petawawa, Buchanan, South Algona, North Algona, Fraser, McKay, Wylie, Rolph, Head, Maria, Clara, Haggerty, Sherwood, Burns, Richards, and any other surveyed Townships lying northwesterly of the said North Riding. In 1892, "North Renfrew" was redefined to consist of the town of Pembroke, that part of the village of Eganville north of the River Bonnechère, and the townships of Ross, Bromley, Westmeath, Stafford, Pembroke, Wilberforce, Alice, Petawawa, Buchanan, South Algona, North Algona, Fraser, McKay, Wylie and Rolph. In 1903, it was redefined to consist of the townships of Algona North, Algona South, Alice, Bromley, Buchanan, Fraser, McKay, Pembroke, Petawawa, Rolph, Ross, Stafford, Westmeath, Wilberforce and Wylie, the town of Pembroke, the village of Cobden, and the part of the village of Eganville lying within the township of Wilberforce. In 1924, "Renfrew North" was defined to consist of that part of the county of Renfrew lying north and east and including the townships of Ross, Bromley, Wilberforce, Algona (North and South), and Fraser, and including the part of the territorial district of Nipissing lying east of and including the townships of Cameron, Deacon, Anglin, Dickson, Preston, and Airy. It was redefined several times following that, but generally included most of Renfrew County and the eastern part of Nipissing. The electoral district was abolished in 1976 when it was redistributed between Nipissing, Parry Sound—Muskoka and Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke ridings. Electoral history |- |Conservative |John Rankin |align="right"| 613 |Unknown |Thomas Murray |align="right"| 527 |} |- |Liberal-Conservative |Francis Hincks |align="right"| 560 |Liberal |James Findlay |align="right"| 440 |} |- |Liberal |James Findlay |align="right"| 777 |Conservative |Peter White |align="right"| 675 |} |- |Conservative |Peter White |align="right"| 600 |Liberal |Thomas Murray |align="right"| 498 |Unknown |W. Moffatt |align="right"|328 |} |- |Liberal |William Murray |align="right"|889 |Conservative |Peter White |align="right"|841 |} |- |Conservative |Peter White |align="right"| 1,192 |Liberal |William Murray |align="right"|982 |} |- |Conservative |Peter White |align="right"| 1,273 |Unknown |James Findlay |align="right"|920 |} |- |Conservative |Peter White |align="right"| 1,111 |Unknown |Thomas Murray |align="right"|968 |} |- |Conservative |Peter White |align="right"| 1,534 |Liberal |James Findlay |align="right"|1,286 |} |- |Conservative |WHITE, Peter |align="right"| 1,497 |Liberal |BARR, Henry |align="right"|1,418 |} |- |Liberal |MACKIE, Thomas |align="right"| 1,900 |Conservative |WHITE, Peter |align="right"|1,837 |} |- |Liberal |MACKIE, Thomas |align="right"| 2,299 |Conservative |WHITE, Peter |align="right"| 2,167 |} |- |Conservative |WHITE, Peter |align="right"| 2,495 |Liberal |MACKIE, Thomas |align="right"| 2,275 |} |- |Conservative |WHITE, G.V. |align="right"| 2,167 |Unknown |MURRAY, Thomas |align="right"| 1,166 |} |- |Conservative |WHITE, Gerald Verner |align="right"| 2,493 |Liberal |BARR, Henry |align="right"|1,894 |} |- |Conservative |WHITE, Gerald Verner |align="right"| 2,573 |Liberal |MUNRO, James Francis |align="right"| 1,865 |} |- |Government |MACKIE, Herbert John |align="right"| 3,397 |Opposition |REID, Norman |align="right"| 2,873 |} |- |Liberal |MCKAY, Matthew |align="right"| 3,828 |Conservative |COTNAM, Ira Delbert |align="right"| 3,015 |} |- |Conservative |COTNAM, Ira Delbert |align="right"| 5,303 |Liberal |MCKAY, Matthew |align="right"| 4,529 |} |- |Conservative |COTNAM, Ira Delbert |align="right"| 4,947 |Liberal |MCKAY, Matthew |align="right"| 4,288 |} |- |Conservative |COTNAM, Ira Delbert |align="right"| 6,125 |Liberal |MCKAY, Matthew |align="right"| 4,897 |} |- |Liberal |MCKAY, Matthew |align="right"| 6,052 |Conservative |COTNAM, Ira Delbert |align="right"| 4,134 |} |- |Liberal |WARREN, Ralph Melville |align="right"| 5,863 |Conservative |WOOD, Edgar Troy |align="right"| 5,459 |} |- |Liberal |WARREN, Ralph Melville |align="right"| 6,199 |National Government |WOOD, Edgar Troy |align="right"| 4,536 |Co-operative Commonwealth |VONDETTE, Delmar |align="right"| 709 |} |- |Liberal |WARREN, Ralph Melville |align="right"| 6,828 |Progressive Conservative |JOHNSTON, William Francis |align="right"| 5,882 |Co-operative Commonwealth |WRIGHT, John Charles |align="right"| 1,555 |} |- |Liberal |WARREN, Ralph Melville |align="right"| 8,358 |Progressive Conservative |COTNAM, Ira Delbert |align="right"| 6,598 |Co-operative Commonwealth |WRIGHT, John Charles |align="right"| 1,530 |} |- |Liberal |FORGIE, James Moffat |align="right"| 9,360 |Progressive Conservative |COTNAM, Ira Delbert |align="right"|7,268 |} |- |Liberal |FORGIE, James Moffat |align="right"| 10,227 |Progressive Conservative |FRASER, Wallace James |align="right"| 9,132 |} |- |Liberal |FORGIE, James Moffat |align="right"| 10,425 |Progressive Conservative |HUNT, Stanley J. |align="right"|10,226 |} |- |Liberal |FORGIE, James M. |align="right"| 11,313 |Progressive Conservative |DODD, Thomas P. |align="right"| 9,348 |New Democratic Party |CHARBONNEAU, Wilfred L. |align="right"|902 |} |- |Liberal |FORGIE, James Moffat |align="right"| 11,580 |Progressive Conservative |FRASER, E. Mac |align="right"| 9,089 |New Democratic Party |CHARBONNEAU, Wilfred L. |align="right"|947 |} |- |Liberal |HOPKINS, Leonard D. |align="right"|10,882 |Progressive Conservative |CRUIKSHANK, Donald B. |align="right"| 5,846 |Independent |CAMPBELL, Angus A. |align="right"| 2,812 |New Democratic Party |CATHERWOOD, Lorne E. |align="right"| 2,021 |} |- |Liberal |HOPKINS, Leonard D. |align="right"| 13,195 |Progressive Conservative |O'BRIEN, Del |align="right"| 7,976 |New Democratic Party |WIDENMAIER, Kenneth C. |align="right"| 1,813 |} |- |Liberal |HOPKINS, Leonard D. |align="right"| 13,553 |Progressive Conservative |KINNEY, George A. |align="right"| 8,440 |New Democratic Party |PAYNE, Maurice R. |align="right"| 3,177 |} |- |Liberal |HOPKINS, Leonard |align="right"| 14,613 |Progressive Conservative |O'BRIEN, Del |align="right"| 7,561 |New Democratic Party |COX, Robert Bob |align="right"| 4,419 |} See also List of Canadian federal electoral districts Past Canadian electoral districts External links Website of the Parliament of Canada Category:Defunct Ontario federal electoral districts

Young-Holt Unlimited Young-Holt Unlimited (also known as Young-Holt Trio), were a U.S. soul and jazz instrumental musical ensemble from Chicago, Illinois, United States. Drummer Isaac "Redd" Holt and bassist Eldee Young, formerly members of Ramsey Lewis' jazz trio, formed a new outfit called the Young-Holt Trio with pianist Don Walker in 1966. They met with modest success, including the minor hit "Wack-Wack", which charted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 1968, the group renamed itself Young-Holt Unlimited, and replaced Walker with Ken Chaney. Under their new name, the group scored a number three Hot 100 hit with "Soulful Strut," the backing instrumental track from Barbara Acklin's "Am I the Same Girl." "Soulful Strut" sold a million copies with the gold record awarded by the RIAA in January 1969, less than 3 months after the track's release. Follow-up releases failed to match the commercial success of "Soulful Strut", and the group disbanded by 1974, with Young and Holt continuing to play in Chicago small bands. Young died of a heart attack on February 12, 2007, in Bangkok, Thailand, at the age of 71. Albums discography 1966: Wack Wack 1967: Feature Spot (as The Young Holt) 1967: The Beat Goes On 1967: On Stage 1968: Soulful Strut 1968: Funky But! 1968: Live at the Bohemian Caverns 1969: Just a Melody 1970: Mellow Dreamin''' 1971: Born Again1973: Oh, Girl1973: Young-Holt Unlimited Plays Super Fly'' References External links Huey, Steve. [ Young-Holt Unlimited]. Allmusic, Retrieved September 8, 2007. Category:American jazz ensembles Category:American soul musical groups Category:Musical groups from Chicago Category:Musical groups established in 1966 Category:1966 establishments in Illinois Category:Brunswick Records artists Category:Atlantic Records artists Category:Jazz musicians from Illinois

Night of Pan Within the system of Thelema, the Night of Pan, or N.O.X., is a mystical state that represents the stage of ego-death in the process of spiritual attainment. The playful and lecherous Pan is the Greek god of nature, lust, and the masculine generative power. The Greek word Pan also translates as All, and so he is “a symbol of the Universal, a personification of Nature; both Pangenetor, "all-begetter," and Panphage, "all-devourer" (Sabazius, 1995). Therefore, Pan is both the giver and the taker of life, and his Night is that time of symbolic death where the adept experiences unification with the All through the ecstatic destruction of the ego-self. In a more general sense, it is the state where one transcends all limitations and experiences oneness with the universe. The City of the Pyramids In the A∴A∴ system of attainment, after the adept has achieved the Knowledge and Conversation with their Holy Guardian Angel, they then must cross the great Abyss, where they meet Choronzon, who will tempt them to hold on to their subjective self and become trapped in their realm of illusion. To escape the Abyss, the adept gives up their deepest sense of earthly identity, in the symbolic gesture of pouring out their blood into the Cup of Babalon. The adept then becomes as a Babe in the Womb of Babalon—impregnated by Pan—and their lifeless Self becomes as a pile of dust, taking rest in the City of the Pyramids, which lies under the Night of Pan. This is why it is called Night—it represents the lightless Womb, and also the time before the dawning of the new Sun (or rather, the new Self). They then wait in this sublime state until they are ready to move on to the next stage, and become “born” again from the Great Mother of Babalon, begotten by Pan. In writings by Crowley Aleister Crowley identifies this process as one of Love. He explains in Little Essays Towards Truth: The truly magical operations of Love are therefore the Trances, more especially those of Understanding; as will readily have been appreciated by those who have made a careful Qabalistic study of the nature of Binah. For she is omniform as Love and as Death, the Great Sea whence all Life springs, and whose black womb reabsorbs all. She thus resumes in herself the duplex process of the Formula of Love under Will; for is not Pan the All-Begetter in the heart of the Groves at high noon, and is not Her "hair the trees of Eternity" the filaments of All-Devouring Godhead "under the Night of Pan?" It is also described in the mystical text Liber VII: Ascend in the flame of the pyre, O my soul! Thy God is like the cold emptiness of the utmost heaven, into which thou radiatest thy little light. When Thou shall know me, O empty God, my flame shall utterly expire in Thy great N. O. X. —Liber Liberi vel Lapdis Lazuli, I:39-40 Finally, Crowley writes of the Night of Pan in his The Book of Lies, in the chapter "Sabbath of the Goat": O! the heart of N.O.X. the Night of Pan. PAN: Duality: Energy: Death. Death: Begetting: the supporters of O! To beget is to die; to die is to beget. Cast the Seed into the Field of Night. Life and Death are two names of A. Kill thyself. Neither of these alone is enough. In his commentary on this writing, Crowley explains: It is explained that this triad lives in Night, the Night of Pan, which is mystically called N.O.X., and this O is identified with the O in this word. N is the Tarot symbol, Death; and the X or Cross is the sign of the Phallus. NOX adds to 210, which symbolizes the reduction of duality to unity, and thence to negativity, and is thus a hieroglyph of the Great Work. The word Pan is then explained, {Pi}, the letter of Mars, is a hieroglyph of two pillars, and therefore suggest duality; A, by its shape, is the pentagram, energy, and N, by its Tarot attribution, is death. NOX is then further explained, and it is shown that the ultimate Trinity, O!, is supported, or fed, by the process of death and begetting, which are the laws of the universe...It is then asserted that the ultimate letter A has two names, or phases, Life and Death. See also Ego death Thelemic mysticism Works of Aleister Crowley References Thelemapedia. (2004). Night of Pan. Retrieved April 16, 2006. Sabazius. (1995). Pan. Retrieved September 27, 2004. Crowley, Aleister. (1979). The Confessions of Aleister Crowley. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ___. (1998). The Vision & the Voice : the Equinox, IV(2). York Beach, Me.: S. Weiser. ___. (1995). The Book of Lies. York Beach: S. Weiser. Category:Thelema Category:Pan (god)

Wantok Blong Yumi Bill The Wantok Blong Yumi Bill was a bill unanimously adopted by the Parliament of Vanuatu in June 2010. It was derived from a "People’s Petition", tabled in Parliament by Independent MP Ralph Regenvanu. The bill's purpose was to express Vanuatu's recognition of West Papua's independence from Indonesia, and to commit Vanuatu to actively seek observer status for West Papua in the Melanesian Spearhead Group and the Pacific Islands Forum. The bill was supported both by Prime Minister Edward Natapei and opposition leader Maxime Carlot Korman, along with their respective parties. The government stated that the bill would "allow [it] to develop specific policies on how to support the independence struggle of West Papua". The bill's adoption was praised by the West Papua National Coalition for Liberation, which said it would "fulfill the dream of Fr Walter Lini [Vanuatu's first Prime Minister] who started this struggle in Vanuatu by saying that Vanuatu will not rest until it sees its brothers and sisters in the [sic] Melanesia get their freedom". One consequence of the bill was that Vanuatu would "request [United Nations] General Assembly support for the International Court of Justice to provide an advisory opinion on the process in which the former Netherlands New Guinea was ceded to Indonesia in the 1960s". Reviewing the bill, Islands Business described it as "perhaps the most significant development in recent times as regards regional support for the long suffering territory’s cause and for openly and officially espousing its independence from Indonesia", adding that it "captur[ed] the pan Melanesian spirit across political boundaries": "[I]f and when West Papua gets the independence and self rule it deserves, its people will have much to feel grateful to its Melanesian brethren across the Coral Sea". The New Zealand Herald described the bill as "reflecting a pan-Melanesian spirit across political boundaries". "Wantok Blong Yumi" is Bislama for "Our Wantoks". Wantok is a Bislama, Tok Pisin and Pijin word which comes from the English "one talk", and means people who speak the same language, belong to the same culture, are friends and help one another out. See also Foreign relations of Vanuatu References Category:Politics of Vanuatu Category:Vanuatuan legislation

Uruk period The Uruk period (ca. 4000 to 3100 BC) existed from the protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, following the Ubaid period and succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period. Named after the Sumerian city of Uruk, this period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia and the Sumerian civilization. The late Uruk period (34th to 32nd centuries) saw the gradual emergence of the cuneiform script and corresponds to the Early Bronze Age; it may also be called the Protoliterate period. It was during this period that pottery painting declined as copper started to become popular, along with cylinder seals. Dating and periodization The term Uruk period was coined at a conference in Baghdad in 1930, along with the preceding Ubaid period and following Jemdet Nasr period. The chronology of the Uruk period is highly debated and still very uncertain. It is known that it covered most of the 4th millennium BC. But there is no agreement on the date when it began or ended and the major breaks within the period are difficult to determine. This is due primarily to the fact that the original stratigraphy of the central quarter of Uruk is ancient and very unclear and the excavations of it were conducted in the 1930s, before many modern dating techniques existed. These problems are largely linked to the difficulty specialists have had establishing synchronisms between the different archaeological sites and a relative chronology, which would enable the development of a more reliable absolute chronology. The traditional chronology is very imprecise and is based on some key soundages in the Eanna quarter at Uruk. The most ancient levels of these soundages (XIX–XIII) belong to the end of the Ubaid period (Ubaid V, 4200–3900 or 3700 BC); pottery characteristic of the Uruk period begins to appear in levels XIV/XIII. The Uruk period is traditionally divided into many phases. The first two are "Old Uruk" (levels XII–IX), then "Middle Uruk" (VIII–VI). These first two phases are poorly known, and their chronological limits are poorly defined; many different chronological systems are found in scholarship. From the middle of the 4th millennium, it transitions to the best-known period, "Late Uruk", which continues until around 3200 or 3100 BC. It is in fact in this period that the features which are generally seen as most characteristic of the civilization of the Uruk period occur: high technological development, the development of important urban agglomerations with imposing monumental structures (the most characteristic of these is Level IV of Eanna), the appearance of state institutions, and the expansion of the Uruk civilization throughout the whole Near East. This phase of "Late Uruk" is followed by another phase (level III of Eanna) in which the Uruk civilization declined and a number of distinct local cultures developed throughout the Near East. This is generally known as the Jemdet Nasr period, after the archaeological site of that name. Its exact nature is highly debated, and it is difficult to clearly distinguish its traits from those of the Uruk culture, so some scholars refer to it as the "Final Uruk" period instead. It lasted from around 3000 to 2900 BC. In 2001, a new chronology has been proposed by the members of a colloquium at Santa Fe, based on recent excavations, especially at sites outside Mesopotamia. The consider the Uruk period to be the "Late Chalcolithic" (LC). Their LC 1 corresponds to the end of the Ubayd period and ends around 4200 BC, with the beginning of LC 2, which is the first phase of the Uruk period. They divide "Old Uruk" into two phases, with the dividing line placed around 4000 BC. Around 3800 BC, LC 3 begins, which corresponds to the "Middle Uruk" phase and continues until around 3400 BC, when it is succeeded by LC 4. It rapidly transitions to LC 5 (Late Uruk), which continues until 3000 BC. Therefore, although the chronology of the Uruk period is full of uncertainties, it is generally agreed to have a rough span of a thousand years covering the period from 4000 to 3000 BC and to be divided into several phases: an initial urbanisation and elaboration of Urukian cultural traits marks the transition from the end of the Ubayd period (Old Uruk), then a period of expansion (Middle Uruk), with a peak during which the characteristic traits of the 'Uruk civilization' are definitively established (Late Uruk), and then a retreat of Urukian influence and increase in cultural diversity in the Near East along with a decline of the 'centre'. Some researchers have attempted to explain this final stage as the arrival of new populations of Semitic origin (the future Akkadians), but there is no conclusive proof of this. In Lower Mesopotamia, this takes the form of the Jemdet Nasr period, which sees a shift to more concentrated habitation, undoubtedly accompanied by a reorganisation of power; in southwestern Iran, it is the Proto-Elamite period; Niniveh V in Upper Mesopotamia (which follows the Gawra culture); the "Scarlet Ware" culture in Diyala. In Lower Mesopotamia, the Early Dynastic Period begins around the start of the 3rd millennium BC, during which this region again exerts considerable influence over its neighbours. Lower Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia is the core of the Uruk period culture and the region seems to have been the cultural centre of the time, since this is where the principle monuments are found and the most obvious traces of an urban society with state institutions developing in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, the first system of writing, and it is the material and symbolic culture of this region which had the most influence on the rest of the Near East at this time. However, this region is not well-known archaeologically, since only the site of Uruk itself has provided traces of monumental architecture and administrative documents which justify seeing this region as the most dynamic and influential. At some other sites, construction from this period has been found, but they are usually known only as a result of soundages. In the current state of knowledge it remains impossible to determine whether the site of Uruk was actually unique in this region or if it is simply an accident of excavation that makes it seem more important than the others. This is the region of the Near East that was the most agriculturally productive, as a result of an irrigation system which developed in the 4th millennium BC and focussed on the cultivation of barley (along with the date palm and various other fruits and legumes) and the pasturing of sheep for their wool. Although it lacked mineral resources and was located in an arid area, it had undeniable geographic and environmental advantages: it consisted of a vast delta, a flat region transected by waterways, resulting in a potentially vast area of cultivatable land, over which communications by river or land were easy. It may also have become a highly populated and urbanised region in the 4th millennium BC, with a social hierarchy, artisanal activities, and long-distance commerce. It has been the focus of archaeological investigation led by Robert McCormick Adams Jr., whose work has been very important for the understanding of the emergence of urban societies in this region. A clear settlement hierarchy has been identified, dominated by a number of agglomerations which grew more and more important over the 4th millennium BC, of which Uruk seems to have been the most important by far, making this the most ancient known case of urban macrocephaly, since its hinterland seems to have reinforced Uruk itself to the detriment of its neighbours (notably the region to the north, around Adab and Nippur) in the final part of the period. The ethnic composition of this region in the Uruk period cannot be determined with certainty. It is connected to the problem of the origins of the Sumerians and the dating of their emergence (if they are considered locals of the region) or their arrival (if they are thought to have migrated) in lower Mesopotamia. There is no agreement on the archaeological evidence for a migration, or on whether the earliest form writing already reflects a specific language. Some argue that it is actually Sumerian, in which case the Sumerians would have been its inventors and would have already been present in the region in the final centuries of the 4th millennium at the latest (which seems to be the most widely accepted position). Whether other ethnic groups were also present, especially Semitic ancestors of the Akkadians or one or several 'pre-Sumerian' peoples (neither Sumerian nor Semite and predating both in the region) is also debated and cannot be resolved by excavation. Uruk Out of these urban agglomerations, it is Uruk, the period's eponymous site, which was the largest by far, according to our current knowledge, and it is the main one from which the chronological sequence of the period has been constructed. It may have covered 230–500 hectares at its peak during the Late Uruk period, more than the other contemporary large settlements, and it may have had a population of between 25,000 and 50,000 people. The architectural profile of the site consists of two monumental groups located 500 metres apart. The most remarkable constructions are located in the sector called the Eanna (after the temple which was located there in subsequent periods and possibly already at this stage). After the 'Limestone Temple' of level V, a programme of construction hitherto unparalleled was begun in level IV. Thereafter, the buildings were vastly larger than earlier, some had novel designs and new construction techniques were used for the structure and the decoration. Level IV of the Eanna is divided into two monumental groups: in the west, a complex centred on the 'Temple with mosaics' (decorated with mosaics made of painted clay cones) of level IVB, subsequently covered by another building (the 'Riemchen Building') of level IVA. To the east there is a very important group of structures—notably a 'Square Building' and the 'Riemchen Temple Building', which were subsequently replaced by other buildings with original plans, like the 'Hall with Pillars' and the 'Hall with Mosaics', a square 'Grand Court' and two very large buildings with a tripartite plan, 'Temple C' (54 x 22 m) and 'Temple D' (80 x 50 m, the largest building known from the Uruk period). The second monumental sector was attributed to the god Anu by the excavators of the site, because it was the location of a sanctuary for this god some 3000 years later. It is dominated by a series of temples built on a high terrace after the Ubayd period. The best-preserved of these is the "White Temple" of level IV, which measures 17.5 x 22.3 m and gets its name from white plates that covered its walls. At its base, a building with a labyrinthine plan, called the 'Stone building', was built. The function of these buildings, which are unparalleled in their size and the fact that they are gathered in monumental groups, is debated. The excavators of the site wanted to see them as 'temples', influenced by the fact that in the historic period, the Eanna was the area dedicated to the goddess Inanna and the other sector was dedicated to the god An. This conformed to the theory of the 'temple-city' which was in vogue during the inter-war period. It is possible that this is actually a place of power formed by a complex of buildings of different forms (palatial residences, administrative spaces, palace chapels), desired by the dominant power in the city, whose nature is still unclear. In any case, it was necessary to invest considerable effort to construct these buildings, which shows the capacities of the elites of this period. Uruk is also the site of the most important discoveries of early writing tablets, in levels IV and III, in a context where they had been disposed of, which means that the context in which they were created is not known to us. Uruk III, which corresponds to the Jemdet Nasr period, sees a complete reorganisation of the Eanna quarter, in which the buildings on the site were razed and replaced by a grand terrace, which ignores the earlier buildings. In their foundations, a deposit which is probably of a cultic nature (the Sammelfund) was found, containing some major artistic works of the period (large cultic vase, cylinder seals, etc.). Other sites in Lower Mesopotamia Outside Uruk, few sites in southern Mesopotamia have yielded levels contemporary with the Uruk period. Soundages carried out on the sites of most of the key cities of Mesopotamia in the historic period have revealed that they were occupied in this period (Kish, Girsu, Nippur, Ur, perhaps Shuruppak and Larsa, and further north in Diyala, Tell Asmar and Khafajah). The sacred quarter of Eridu, site of the main monumental structures of the Ubaid period in Lower Mesopotamia, is poorly known for the Uruk period. The only important structure from the end of the 4th millennium BC so far known from the region outside Uruk is the 'Painted Temple' on the platform of Tell Uqair, which dates to the end of the Uruk period or perhaps the Jemdet Nasr period, and consists of two terraces superimposed on one another with a building of around 18 x 22 m identified as having a cultic function. More recently, a level belonging to the Uruk period has been revealed on the tell southeast of the site of Abu Salabikh ('Uruk Mound'), covering only 10 hectares. This site was surrounded by a wall which has been only partially revealed and several buildings have been brought to light, including a platform which supported a building, only traces of which remain. As for the site of Jemdet Nasr, which has given its name to the period of transition from the Uruk period to the Early Dynastic period, it is divided into two main tells and it is on the second (Mound B) that the most important building has been brought to light, which contained a substantial cache of administrative documents—more than 200 tablets with impressions of cylinder seals. Neighbouring regions The sources relating to the Uruk period derive from a group of sites distributed over an immense area, covering all of Mesopotamia and the neighbouring regions up to central Iran and southeastern Anatolia. The Uruk culture itself is certainly characterised mainly by sites of southern Mesopotamia and others which seem to have directly resulted from migrations from this region (the 'colonies' or 'emporia'), which are clearly part of the Uruk culture. But the phenomenon which is known as the Uruk expansion is detected on sites situated across a vast zone of influence, covering the whole Near East, regions which were not all really part of the Uruk culture, which was strictly-speaking limited to Lower Mesopotamia. The relations of some areas with the Uruk culture are very unclear, such as the little-known cultures of the Persian Gulf in this period, and Egypt whose exact relations with the Uruk culture were distant and are the object of debate, as well as the Levant, where the influence of southern Mesopotamia remains barely perceptible. But in other areas the Uruk culture is more evident, such as Upper Mesopotamia, northern Syria, western Iran and southeastern Anatolia. They generally experienced an evolution similar to that of lower Mesopotamia, with the development of urban agglomerations and larger political entities and they were strongly influenced by the culture of the 'centre' in the later part of the period (c. 3400–3200), before a general strengthening of their own regional cultures took place at the turn of the 3rd millennium BC. The interpretation of the expansion of the Uruk culture into neighbouring regions poses numerous problems and many explanatory models (general and regional) have been proposed in order to explain it. Susiana and the Iranian plateau The region around Susa in the southwest of modern Iran, is located right next to lower Mesopotamia, which exercised a powerful influence on it from the 5th millennium BC, and might be considered to have been part of the Uruk culture in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, either as a result of conquest or a more gradual acculturation, but it did retain its own unique characteristics. The Uruk period levels at Susa are called Susa I (c. 4000–3700 BC) and Susa II (c. 3700–3100 BC), during which the site became an urban settlement. Susa I saw the beginning of monumental architecture on the site, with the construction of a 'High Terrace', which was increased during Susa II to measure roughly 60 x 45 metres. The most interesting aspect of this site is the objects discovered there, which are the most important evidence available to us for the art of the Uruk period and the beginning of administration and writing. The cylinder seals of Susa I and Susa II have a very rich iconography, uniquely emphasising scenes of everyday life, although there is also some kind of local potentate which P. Amiet sees as a 'proto-royal figure,' preceding the 'priest-kings' of Late Uruk. These cylinder seals, as well as bullae and clay tokens, indicate the rise of administration and of accounting techniques at Susa during the second half of the 4th millennium BC. Susa has also yielded some of the most ancient writing tablets, making it a key site for our understanding of the origins of writing. Other sites in Susiana also have archaeological levels belonging to this period, like Jaffarabad and Chogha Mish. Further north, in the Zagros, the site of Godin Tepe in the Kangavar valley is particularly important. Level V of this site belongs to the Uruk period. Remains have been uncovered of an ovoid wall, enclosing several buildings organised around a central court, with a large structure to the north which might be a public building. The material culture has some traits which are shared with that of Late Uruk and Susa II. Level V of Godin Tepe could be interpreted as an establishment of merchants from Susa and/or lower Mesopotamia, interested in the location of the site on commercial routes, especially those linked to the tin and lapis lazuli mines on the Iranian plateau and in Afghanistan. Further east, the key site of Tepe Sialk, near Kashan, shows no clear evidence of links with the Uruk culture in its Level III, but beveled rim bowls are found all the way out to Tepe Ghabristan in the Elbourz and at some sites in Kerman further to the southeast. In this region, the retreat of the Uruk culture resulted in a particular phenomenon, the Proto-Elamite civilization, which seems to have been centred on the region of Tell-e Malyan and Susiana and seems to have taken over the Uruk culture's links with the Iranian plateau. Upper Mesopotamia and northern Syria Several important sites of the Uruk period have been excavated in the Middle Euphrates region, during the salvage campaigns preceding the construction of hydroelectric dams in the area. It is largely as a result of the findings of these excavations that ideas of an "Uruk expansion" have arisen. The best known site is Habuba Kabira, a fortified port on the right bank of the river in Syria. The city covered around 22 hectares, surrounded by a defensive wall, roughly 10 percent of which has been uncovered. Study of the buildings on this site shows that it was a planned settlement, which would have required significant means. The archaeological material from the site is identical to that of Uruk, consisting of pottery, cylinder-seals, bullae, accounting calculi, and numerical tablets from the end of the period. Thus this new city has every appearance of being an Urukian colony. Around 20 residences of various sorts have been excavated. They have a tripartite plan, arranged around a reception hall with a foyer opening onto an internal courtyard, with additional rooms arranged around it. In the south of the site is a hill, Tell Qanas, which has a monumental group of several structures identified speculatively as 'temples' on an artificial terrace. The site was abandoned at the end of the 4th millennium BC, apparently without violence, during the period when the Uruk culture retreated. Habuba Kabira is similar in many ways to the nearby site of on a rocky outcrop, only 8 km further north. As at Habuba Kabira, there is an urban centre made up of residences of various kinds and a central monumental complex of two 'temples'. It is beyond doubt that this city too was built by 'Urukians'. A little further north, is a third possibly Urukian colony, Sheikh Hassan, on the middle Euphrates. It is possible that these sites were part of a state implanted in the region by people from south Mesopotamia and were developed in order to take advantage of important commercial routes. In the Khabur valley, Tell Brak was an important urban centre from the 5th millennium BC, one of the largest of the Uruk period, since it covered over 110 hectares at its height. Some residences from the period have been uncovered, along with pottery typical of Uruk, but what has received the most attention is a succession of monuments which are definitely for cultic purposes. The 'Eye Temple' (as its final stage is known) has walls decorated with terracotta cones which form a mosaic and with inlays of coloured stones and a platform which might have been an altar and is decorated with gold leaf, lapis lazuli, silver nails, and white marble in a central T-shaped room. The most remarkable find are over two hundred "eye figurines" which give the building its name. These figurines have enormous eyes and are definitely votive deposits. Tell Brak has also produced evidence of writing: a numeric tablet and two pictographic tablets showing some unique features in comparison to those of southern Mesopotamia, which indicates that there was a distinct local tradition of writing. A little to the east of Tell Brak is Hamoukar, where excavations began in 1999. This vast site has provided the normal evidence found at sites under Urukian influence in Upper Mesopotamia (pottery, seals) and evidence of the existence of an important urban centre in this region in the Uruk period, like Tell Brak. Further to the east again, the site of Tell al-Hawa also shows evidence of contacts with lower Mesopotamia. On the Tigris, the site of Nineveh (Tell Kuyunjik, level 4) was located on some major commercial routes and was also within the Urukian sphere of influence. The site covered roughly 40 hectares—the whole area of Tell Kuyunjik. The material remains of the period are very limited, but beveled rim bowls, an accounting bulla, and a numerical tablet characteristic of the Late Uruk period have been found. Nearby, Tepe Gawra, which was also important in the Ubayd period, is an important case of the changing scale of monumental architecture and of political entities between the end of the 5th millennium and the first half of the 4th millennium BC (Level XII to VIII). The excavations there have revealed some very rich tombs, different kinds of residence, workshops, and very large buildings with an official or religious function (notably the 'round structure'), which may indicate that Tepe Gawra was a regional political centre. However, it declined before the Uruk expansion into Upper Mesopotamia. Southeast Anatolia Several sites have been excavated in the Euphrates valley in the south east of Anatolia, near the region of the Urukian sites of the middle Euphrates. Hacınebi, near modern Birecik in Şanlıurfa, was excavated by G. Stein and was located at the crossroads of some important commercial routes. Beveled rim bowls appear from phase B1 (c. 3800/3700 BC) and they are also present in phase B2 (3700–3300 BC), along with other objects characteristic of Late Uruk, like mosaics of clay cones, a terracotta sickle, an accounting bulla imprinted with the pattern from a cylinder seal, an uninscribed clay tablet, etc. This material co-exists with local pottery, which remains dominant throughout. The excavator of the site thinks that there was an enclave of people from Lower Mesopotamia who lived on the site alongside a majority population of local people. Other sites have been excavated in the region of Samsat (also in the Euphrates valley). An Urukian site was revealed at Samsat during a hasty rescue excavation before the area was flooded as a result of the construction of a hydroelectric dam. Fragments of clay cones from a wall mosaic were found. A little to the south is Kurban Höyük, where clay cones and pottery characteristic of Uruk have also been found in tripartite buildings. Further to the north, the site of Arslantepe, located in the suburbs of Malatya, is the most remarkable site of the period in eastern Anatolia. It has been excavated by M. Frangipane. During the first half of the 4th millennium BC, this site was dominated by a building called 'Temple C' by the excavators, which was built on a platform. It was abandoned around 3500 BC and replaced by a monumental complex which seems to have been the regional centre of power. The culture of Late Uruk had a discernible influence, which can be seen most clearly in the numerous sealings found on the site, many of which are in a south Mesopotamian style. Around 3000 BC, the site was destroyed by a fire. The monuments were not restored and the Kura–Araxes culture centred on the southern Caucasus became the dominant material culture on the site. Further west, the site of has also revealed pottery influenced by that of Uruk. But in this region, the Urukian influence becomes increasingly ephemeral, as one gets further from Mesopotamia. The 'Uruk expansion' After the discovery in Syria of the sites at Habuba Kabira and Jebel Aruda in the 1970s, which were rapidly decided to be colonies or trading posts of the Uruk civilisation settled far from their own lands, questions arose about the relationship between Lower Mesopotamia and the neighbouring regions. The fact that the characteristics of the culture of the Uruk region are found across such a large territory (from northern Syria to the Iranian plateau), with Lower Mesopotamia as a clear centre, led the archaeologists who studied this period to see this phenomenon as an "Uruk expansion". This has been reinforced by the political situation in the modern Near East and the impossibility of excavating in Mesopotamia. Recent excavations have focused on sites outside Mesopotamia, as a 'periphery', and with an interest in how they related to the 'centre', which is paradoxically the region in this period which is least well-known—limited to the impressionistic discoveries of the monuments of Uruk. Subsequently, theories and knowledge have developed to the point of general models, drawing on parallels from other places and periods, which has posed some problems in terms of getting the models and parallels to fit the facts revealed by excavations. Guillermo Algaze adopted the World-systems theory of Immanuel Wallerstein and theories of international trade, elaborating the first model that sought to explain the Uruk civilization. In his view, which has met with some approval, but has also found many critics, the 'Urukians' created a collection of colonies outside Lower Mesopotamia, first in Upper Mesopotamia (Habuba Kabira and Jebel Aruda, as well as Nineveh, Tell Brak and Samsat to the north), then in Susiana and the Iranian plateau. For Algaze, the motivation of this activity is considered to be a form of economic imperialism: the elites of southern Mesopotamia wanted to obtain the numerous raw materials which were not available in the Tigris and Euphrates floodplains, and founded their colonies on nodal point which controlled a vast commercial network (although it remains impossible to determine what exactly was exchanged), settling them with refugees as in some models of Greek colonisation. The relations established between Lower Mesopotamia and the neighbouring regions were thus of an asymmetric kind. The inhabitants of Lower Mesopotamia had the advantage in the interactions with neighbouring regions as a result of the high productivity of their lands, which had allowed their region to "take off" (he speaks of "the Sumerian takeoff") resulting in both a comparative advantage and a competitive advantage. They had the most developed state structures, were able to develop long distance commercial links, to exercise influence over their neighbours, and perhaps even engaged in military domination. Algaze's theory, like other alternative models, has been criticised, particularly because a solid model remains difficult to demonstrate while the Uruk civilization remains poorly known in Lower Mesopotamia aside from the two monumental complexes that have been excavated at Uruk itself. We are therefore poorly placed to evaluate the impact of the development of southern Mesopotamia, since we have almost no archaeological evidence about it. Moreover, the chronology of this period is far from established, which makes it difficult to date the expansion. It has proven difficult to make the levels at different sites correspond closely enough to attribute them to a single period, making the elaboration of relative chronology very complicated. Among the theories that have been advanced to explain the Uruk expansion, the commercial explanation is frequently revived. However, although long distance trade is undoubtedly a secondary phenomenon for the south Mesopotamian states compared to local production and seems to follow the development of increased social complexity rather than causing it, this does not necessarily prove a process of colonisation. Some other theories propose a form of agrarian colonisation resulting from a shortage of land in Lower Mesopotamia or a migration of refugees after the Uruk region suffered ecological or political upheavals. These explanations are largely advanced to explain the sites of the Syro-Anatolian world, rather than as global theories. Other explanations avoid political and economic factors in order to focus on the Uruk expansion as a long term cultural phenomenon, using concepts of koine, acculturation, hybridity and cultural emulation to emphasise their differentiation according to the cultural regions and sites in question. P. Butterlin has proposed that the links tying southern Mesopotamia to its neighbours in this period should be seen as a 'world culture' rather than an economic 'world system', in which the Uruk region provided a model to its neighbours, each of which took up more adaptable elements in their own way and retained some local traits essentially unchanged. This is intended to explain the different degrees of influence or acculturation. In effect, the impact of Uruk is generally distinguished in specific sites and regions, which has led to the development of multiple typologies of material considered to be characteristic of the Uruk culture (especially the pottery and the beveled rim bowls). It has been possible to identify multiple types of site, ranging from colonies that could be actual Urukian sites through to trading posts with an Urukian enclave and sites that are mostly local with a weak or non-existent Urukian influence, as well as others where contacts are more or less strong without supplanting the local culture. The case of Susiana and the Iranian plateau, which is generally studied by different scholars from those who work on Syrian and Anatolian sites, has led to some attempted explanations based on local developments, notably the development of the proto-Elamite culture, which is sometimes seen as a product of the expansion and sometimes as an adversary. The case of the southern Levant and Egypt is different again and helps to highlight the role of local cultures as receivers of the Uruk culture. In the Levant there was no stratified society with embryonic cities and bureaucracy, and therefore no strong elite to act as local intermediaries of Urukian culture and as a result Urukian influence is especially weak. In Egypt, Urukian influence seems to be limited to a few objects which were seen as prestigious or exotic (most notably the knife of Jebel el-Arak), chosen by the elite at a moment when they needed to assert their power in a developing state. It might be added that an interpretation of the relations of this period as centre/periphery interaction, although often relevant in period, risks prejudicing researchers to see decisions in an asymmetric or diffusionist fashion, and this needs to be nuanced. Thus, it increasingly appears that the region's neighbouring Lower Mesopotamia did not wait for the Urukians in order to begin an advanced process of increasing social complexity or urbanisation, as the example of the large site of Tell Brak in Syria shows, which encourages us to imagine the phenomenon from a more 'symmetrical' angle. Egypt Egypt-Mesopotamia relations seem to have developed from the 4th millennium BCE, starting in the Uruk period for Mesopotamia and in the pre-literate Gerzean culture for Prehistoric Egypt (circa 3500-3200 BCE). Influences can be seen in the visual arts of Egypt, in imported products, and also in the possible transfer of writing from Mesopotamia to Egypt, and generated "deep-seated" parallels in the early stages of both cultures. Society and culture On the cusp of prehistory and history, the Uruk period can be considered 'revolutionary' and foundational in many ways. Many of the innovations which it produced were turning points in the history of Mesopotamia and indeed of the world. It is in this period that one sees the general appearance of the potter's wheel, writing, the city, and the state. There is new progress in the development of state-societies, such that specialists see fit to label them as 'complex' (in comparison with earlier societies which are said to be 'simple'). Scholarship is therefore interested in this period as a crucial step in the evolution of society—a long and cumulative process whose roots could be seen at the beginning of the Neolithic more than 6000 years earlier and which had picked up steam in the preceding Ubayd period in Mesopotamia. This is especially the case in English-language scholarship, in which the theoretical approaches have been largely inspired by anthropology since the 1970s, and which has studied the Uruk period from the angle of 'complexity' in analysing the appearance of early states, an expanding social hierarchy, intensification of long-distance trade, etc. In order to discern the key developments which make this period a crucial step in the history of the ancient Near East, research focusses mainly on the centre, Lower Mesopotamia, and on sites in neighbouring regions which are clearly integrated into the civilization which originated there (especially the 'colonies' of the middle Euphrates). The aspects traced here are mostly those of the Late Uruk period, which is the best known and undoubtedly the period in which the most rapid change took place—it is the moment when the characteristic traits of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization were established. Technology and economy The 4th millennium saw the appearance of new tools which had a substantial impact on the societies that used them, especially in the economic sphere. Some of them, although known in the preceding period, only came into use on a large scale at this time. The use of these inventions produced economic and social changes in combination with the emergence of political structures and administrative states. Agriculture and pastoralism In the agricultural sphere, several important innovations were made between the end of the Ubayd period and the Uruk period, which have been referred to in total as the 'Second Agricultural Revolution' (the first being the Neolithic Revolution). A first group of developments took place in the field of cereal cultivation, followed by the invention of the ard—a wooden plough pulled by an animal (ass or ox)—towards the end of the 4th millennium BC, which enabled the production of long furrows in the earth. This made the agricultural work in the sowing season much simpler than previously, when this work had to be done by hand with tools like the hoe. The harvest was made easier after the Ubayd period by the widespread adoption of terracotta sickles. Irrigation techniques also seem to have improved in the Uruk period. These different inventions allowed the progressive development of a new agricultural landscape, characteristic of ancient Lower Mesopotamia. It consisted of long rectangular fields suited for being worked in furrows, each bordered by a little irrigation channel. According to M. Liverani, these replaced the earlier basins irrigated laboriously by hand. After the end of the 5th millennium, tree crops were also developed in the whole Middle East; in Lower Mesopotamia, the date palm began to be cultivated and gardens and orchards containing them became a characteristic element of Mesopotamian architecture. This system which progressively developed over two thousand years enabled higher yields, leaving more surplus than previously for workers, whose rations mainly consisted of barley. The human, material, and technical resources were now available for agriculture based on paid labour, although family-based farming remained the base unit. All of this undoubtedly led to population increase and thus urbanisation and the development of state structures. The Uruk period also saw important developments in the realm of pastoralism. First of all, it is in this period that the wild onager was finally domesticated as the donkey. It was the first domesticated equid in the region and became the most important beast of burden in the Near East (the dromedary was only domesticated in the 3rd millennium BC, in Arabia). With its high transport capacity (about double that of a human), it enabled the further development of trade over short and long distances. Pastoralism of animals which had already been domesticated (sheep, horses, cattle) also developed further. Previously these animals had been raised mainly as sources of meat, but they now became more important for the products which they provided (wool, fur, hides, milk) and as beasts of burden. This final aspect was especially connected with the cattle, which became essential for work in the fields with the appearance of the ard, and the donkey which assumed a major role in the transportation of goods. Crafts and construction The development of woolworking, which increasingly replaced linen in the production of textiles, had important economic implications. Beyond the expansion of sheep farming, these were notably in the institutional framework, which led to changes in agricultural practice with the introduction of pasturage for these animals in the fields, as convertible husbandry, and in the hilly and mountainous zones around Mesopotamia (following a kind of transhumance). The relative decline in the cultivation of flax for linen freed land for the growth of cereals as well as sesame, which was introduced to Lower Mesopotamia at this time and was a profitable replacement for flax since it provided sesame oil. Subsequently, this resulted in the development of an important textile industry, attested by many cylinder-seal impressions. This too was largely an institutional development, since wool became an essential element in the maintenance rations provided to workers along with barley. The establishment of this 'wool cycle' alongside the 'barley cycle' (the terms used by Mario Liverani) had the same results for the processing and its redistribution, giving the ancient Mesopotamian economy its two key industries and went along with the economic development of large systems. Moreover, wool could be exported easily (unlike perishable food products), which may have meant that the Mesopotamians had something to exchange with their neighbours who had more in the way of primary materials. Pottery The production of pottery was revolutionised by the invention of the potter's wheel in the course of the 4th millennium, which was developed in two stages: first a slow wheel and then a rapid one. As a result of this it was no longer necessary to shape ceramics with the hands alone and the shaping process was more rapid. Potters' kilns were also improved. Pottery was simply coated with slip to smooth the surface and decoration became less and less complex until there was basically none. Painted pottery was then secondary and the rare examples of decoration are mainly incisions (lozenge patterns or grid lines). Archaeological sites from this period produce large quantities of pottery, showing that a new level of mass-production had been reached, for a larger population—especially in cities in contact with large administrative systems. They were mainly used for holding various kinds of agricultural production (barley, beer, dates, milk, etc.) and were thus pervasive in everyday life. This period marks the appearance of potters who specialised in the production of large quantities of pottery, which resulted in the emergence of specialised districts within communities. Although the quality was low, the diversity of shapes and sizes became more important than previously, with the diversification of the functions served by pottery. Not all the pottery of this period was produced on the potter's wheel: the most distinctive vessel of the Uruk period, the beveled rim bowls, were hand-moulded. Metallurgy Metallurgy also seems to have developed further in this period, but very few objects survive. The preceding Ubayd period marked the beginning of what is known as the chalcolithic or 'copper age', with the beginning of production of copper objects. The metal objects found in the sites of the 4th millennium BC are thus above all made with copper, and some alloys appear towards the end of the period, the most common being that of copper and arsenic (arsenical bronze), the copper-lead alloy being also found, while the tin bronze does not begin to spread until the following millennium (although the Late Uruk Period is supposed to be the beginning of the 'Bronze Age'). The development of metallurgy also implies the development of long distance trade in metals. Mesopotamia needed to import metal from Iran or Anatolia, which motivated the long-distance trade which we see developing in the 4th millennium BC and explains why Mesopotamian metalworkers preferred techniques which were very economical in their use of raw metal. Architecture In architecture, the developments of the Uruk period were also considerable. This is demonstrated by the structures created in the Eanna district of Uruk during the Late Uruk period, which show an explosion of architectural innovations in the course of a series of constructions which were unprecedented in their scale and methods. The builders perfected the use of molded mud-brick as a building material and the use of more solid terracotta bricks became widespread. They also began to waterproof the bricks with bitumen and to use gypsum as mortar. Clay was not the sole building material: some structures were built in stone, notably the limestone quarried about 50 km west of Uruk (where gypsum and sandstone were also found). New types of decoration came into use, like the use of painted pottery cones to make mosaics, which are characteristic of the Eanna in Uruk, semi-engaged columns, and fastening studs. Two standardised forms of molded mud-brick appear in these buildings from Uruk: little square bricks which were easy to handle (known as Riemchen) and the large bricks used to make terraces (Patzen). These were used in large public buildings, especially in Uruk. The creation of smaller bricks enabled the creation of decorative niches and projections which were to be a characteristic feature of Mesopotamian architecture thereafter. The layout of the buildings was also novel, since they did not continue the tripartite plan inherited from the Ubayd period: buildings on the Eanna at this time had labyrinthine plans with elongated halls of pillars within a rectangular building. The architects and artisans who worked on these sites this had the opportunity to display a high level of creativity. Means of transport A debated question in the realm of transport is whether it was in the Uruk period that the wheel was invented. Towards the end of the Uruk period, cylinder seals depict sleds, which had hitherto been the most commonly depicted form of land transport, less and less. They begin to show the first vehicles that appear to be on wheels, but it is not certain that they actually depict wheels themselves. It remains most likely that the wheel was invented in the northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) or Eastern Europe (Cucuteni-Trypillian culture), where the most ancient surviving examples have been found. In any case, the wheel spread extremely rapidly and enabled the creation of vehicles that enabled much easier transport of much larger loads. There were certainly chariots in southern Mesopotamia at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. Their wheels were solid blocks; spokes were not invented until c. 2000 BC. The domestication of the donkey was also an advance of considerable importance, because they were more useful than the wheel as a means of transport in mountainous regions and for long-distance travel, before the spoked wheel was invented. The donkey enabled the system of caravans that would dominate trade in the Near East for the following millennia, but this system is not actually attested in the Uruk period. For transport at the local and regional level in Lower Mesopotamia, boats made from reeds and wood were crucial, on account of the importance of the rivers for connecting places and because they were capable of carrying much larger loads than land transport. City-states The 4th millennium saw a new stage in the political development of Near Eastern society after the Neolithic: political power grew stronger, more organised, more centralised, and more visible in the use of space and in art, culminating in the development of a true state by the end of the period. This development came with other major changes: the appearance of the first cities and of administrative systems capable of organising diverse activities. The causes and means by which these developments occurred and their relationship to one another are the subject of extensive debate. The first states and their institutions The Uruk period provides the earliest signs of the existence of states in the Near East. The monumental architecture is more imposing than that of the preceding period; 'Temple D' of Eanna covers around 4600 m2—a substantial increase compared to the largest known temple of the Ubayd period, level VI of Eridu, which had an area of only 280 m2—and the Eanna complex's other buildings cover a further 1000 m2, while the Ubayd temple of Eridu was a stand-alone structure. The change in size reflects a step-change in the ability of central authorities to mobilise human and material resources. Tombs also show a growing differentiation of wealth and thus an increasingly powerful elite, who sought to distinguish themselves from the rest of the population by obtaining prestige goods, through trade if possible and by employing increasingly specialised artisans. The idea that the Uruk period saw the appearance of a true state, simultaneously with the appearance of the first cities (following Gordon Childe), is generally accepted in scholarship but has been criticised by some scholars, notably J.D. Forest who prefers to see the Empire of Akkad in the 24th century BC as the first true state and considers Late Uruk to have known only "city-states" (which are not complete states in his view). Regardless, the institution of state-like political structures is concomitant with several other phenomena of the Uruk period. What kind of political organisation existed in the Uruk period is debated. No evidence supports the idea that this period saw the development of a kind of 'proto-empire' centred on Uruk, as has been proposed by Algaze and others. It is probably best to understand an organisation in 'city-states' like those that existed in the 3rd millennium BC. This seems to be corroborated by the existence of 'civic seals' in the Jemdet Nasr period, which bear symbols of the Sumerian cities of Uruk, Ur, Larsa, etc. The fact that these symbols appeared together might indicate a kind of league or confederation uniting the cities of southern Mesopotamia, perhaps for religious purposes, perhaps under the authority of one of them (Uruk?). It is clear that there were major changes in the political organisation of society in this period. The nature of the powerholders is not easy to determine because they cannot be identified in the written sources and the archaeological evidence is not very informative: no palaces or other buildings for the exercise of power have been identified for sure and no monumental tomb for a ruler has been found either. Images on steles and cylinder-seals are a little more evocative. An important figure who clearly holds some kind of authority as long been noted: a bearded man with a headband who is usually depicted wearing a bell-shaped skirt or as ritually naked. He is often represented as a warrior fighting human enemies or wild animals, e.g. in the 'Stele of the Hunt' found at Uruk, in which defeats lions with his bow. He is also found in victory scenes accompanied by prisoners or structures. He also is shown leading cult activities, as on a vase from Uruk of the Jemdet Nasr period which shows him leading a procession towards a goddess, who is almost certainly Inanna. In other cases, he is shown feeding animals, which suggests the idea of the king as a shepherd, who gathers his people together, protects them and looks after their needs, ensuring the prosperity of the kingdom. These motifs match the functions of the subsequent Sumerian kings: war-leader, chief priest, and builder. Scholars have proposed that this figure should be called the 'Priest-King'. This ruler may be the person designated in Uruk III tablets by the title of en. He could represent a power of a monarchic type, like that would subsequently exist in Mesopotamia. Researchers who analyse the appearance of the state as being characterised by greater central control and stronger social hierarchy, are interested in the role of the elites who sought to reinforce and organise their power over a network of people and institutions and to augment their prestige. This development is also connected with the changes in iconography and with the emergence of an ideology of royalty intended to support the construction of a new kind of political entity. The elites played a role as religious intermediaries between the divine world and the human world, notably in sacrificial ritual and in festivals which they organised and which assured their symbolic function as the foundation of social order. This reconstruction is apparent from the friezes on the great alabaster vase of Uruk and in many administrative texts which mention the transport of goods to be used in rituals. In fact, according to the Mesopotamian ideology known in the following period, human beings had been created by the gods in order to serve them and the goodwill of the latter was necessary to insure the prosperity of society. With respect to this development of a more centralised control of resources, the tablets of Late Uruk reveal the existence of institutions that played an important role in society and economy and undoubtedly in contemporary politics. Whether these institutions were temples or palaces is debated. In any case, both institutions were dominant in the later periods of Lower Mesopotamia's history. Only two names relating to these institutions and their personnel have been deciphered: a large authority indicated by the sign NUN, at Uruk, which possessed an administrator in chief, a messenger, some workers, etc.; and another authority indicated by the signs AB NI+RU, at Jemdet Nasr, which had a high priest (SANGA), administrators, priests, etc. Their scribes produced administrative documents relating to the management of land, the distribution of rations (barley, wool, oil, beer, etc.) for workers, which include slaves, and listing of the heads of livestock. These institutions could control the production of prestige goods, redistribution, long-distance trade,and the management of public works. They were able to support increasingly specialised workers. The largest institutions contained multiple 'departments' devoted to a single activity (cultivation of fields, herds, etc.). But there is no proof that these institutions played a role in the supervision of the majority of the population in the process of centralising production. The economy rested on a group of domains (or 'houses' / 'households', É in Sumerian) of different sizes, from large institutions to modest family groups, that can be classified in modern terms as 'public' or 'private' and which were in constant interaction with one another. Some archives were probably produced in a private context in residences of Susa, Habuba Kabira, and Jebel Aruda. But these documents represent relatively rudimentary accounting, indicating a smaller scale of economic activity. One study carried out at Abu Salabikh in lower Mesopotamia indicated that the production was distributed between different households of different sizes, wealth, and power, with the large institutions at the top. Research into the causes of the emergence of these political structures has not produced any theory which is widely accepted. Research into explanations is heavily influenced by evolutionist frameworks and is in fact more interested in the period before the appearance of the state, which was the product of a long process and preceded by the appearance of 'chieftainships.' This process was not a linear progression but was marked by phases of growth and decline (like the 'collapse' of archaeological cultures). Its roots lie in the societies of the Neolithic period, and the process is characterised by the increase of social inequality over the long term, visible in particular in the creation of monumental architecture and funerary materials by groups of the elite, which reinforced itself as a collective and managed to exercise its power in a firmer and firmer manner. Among the main causes proposed by proponents of the functionalist model of the state are a collective response to practical problems (particularly following serious crises or a deadlocks), like the need to better manage the demographic growth of a community or to provide it with resources through agricultural production or trade, alternatively others suggest that it was driven by the need to soothe or direct conflicts arising from the process of securing those resources. Other explanatory models put more stress on the personal interest of individuals in their quest for power and prestige. It is likely that several of these explanations are relevant. Urbanisation The Uruk period saw some settlements achieve a new importance and population density, as well as the development of monumental civic architecture. They reached a level where they can properly be called cities. This was accompanied by a number of social changes resulting in what can fairly be called an 'urban' society as distinct from the 'rural' society which provided food for the growing portion of the population that did not feed itself, although the relationship between the two groups and the views of the people of the time about this distinction remain difficult to discern. This phenomenon was characterised by Gordon Childe at the beginning of the 1950s as an 'urban revolution', linked to the 'Neolithic revolution' and inseparable from the appearance of the first states. This model, which is based on material evidence, has been heavily debated ever since. The causes of the appearance of cities have been discussed a great deal. Some scholars explain the development of the first cities by their role as ceremonial religious centres, others by their role as hubs for long distance trade, but the most widespread theory is that developed largely by Robert McCormick Adams which considers the appearance of cities to be a result of the appearance of the state and its institutions, which attracted wealth and people to central settlements, and encouraged residents to become increasingly specialised. This theory thus leads the problem of the origin of cities back to the problem of origin of the state and of inequality. In the Late Uruk period, the urban site of Uruk far exceeded all others. Its surface area, the scale of its monuments and the importance of the administrative tools unearthed there indicate that it was a key centre of power. It is often therefore referred to as the 'first city', but it was the outcome of a process that began many centuries earlier and is largely attested outside Lower Mesopotamia (aside from the monumental aspect of Eridu). The emergence of important proto-urban centres began at the beginning of the 4th millennium BC in southwest Iran (Chogha Mish, Susa), and especially in the Jazirah (Tell Brak, Hamoukar, Tell al-Hawa, Grai Resh). Excavations in the latter region tend to contradict the idea that urbanisation began in Mesopotamia and then spread to neighbouring regions; the appearance of an urban centre at Tell Brak appears to have resulted from a local process with the progressive aggregation of village communities that had previously lived separately, and without the influence of any strong central power (unlike what seems to have been the case at Uruk). Early urbanisation should therefore be thought of as a phenomenon which took place simultaneously in several regions of the Near East in the 4th millennium BC, though further research and excavation is still required in order to make this process clearer to us. Examples of urbanism in this period are still rare, and in Lower Mesopotamia, the only residential area which has been excavated is at Abu Salabikh, a settlement of limited size. It is necessary to turn to Syria and the neighbouring sites of Habuba Kabira and Jebel Aruda for an example of urbanism that is relatively well-known. Habuba Kabira consisted of 22 hectares, surrounded by a wall and organised around some important buildings, major streets and narrow alleys, and a group of residences of similar shape organised around a courtyard. It was clearly a planned city created ex nihilo and not an agglomeration that developed passively from village to city. The planners of this period were thus capable of creating a complete urban plan and thus had an idea of what a city was, including its internal organisation and principal monuments. Urbanisation is not found everywhere in the sphere of influence of the Uruk culture; at its extreme northern edge, the site of Arslantepe had a palace of notable size but it was not surrounded by any kind of urban area. The study of houses at the sites of Habuba Kabira and Jebel Aruda has revealed the social evolution which accompanied the appearance of urban society. The former site, which is the better known, has houses of different sizes, which cover an average area of 400 m2, while the largest have a footprint of more than 1000 m2. The 'temples' of the monumental group of Tell Qanas may have been residences for the leaders of the city. These are thus very hierarchical habitats, indicating the social differentiation that existed in the urban centres of the Late Uruk period (much more than in the preceding period). Another trait of the nascent urban society is revealed by the organisation of domestic space. The houses seem to fold in on themselves, with a new floor plan developed from the tripartite plan current in the Ubayd period, but augmented by a reception area and by a central space (perhaps open to the sky), around which the other rooms were arranged. These houses thus had a private space separated from a public space where guests could be received. In an urban society with a community so much larger than village societies, the relations with people outside the household became more distant, leading to this separation of the house. Thus the old rural house was adapted to the realities of urban society. This model of a house with a central space remained very widespread in the cities of Mesopotamia in the following periods, although it must be kept in mind that the floor plans of residences were very diverse and depended on the development of urbanism in different sites. Development of "symbolic technology", accounting and bureaucracy The Uruk period, particularly in its late phase, is characterized by the explosion of "symbolic technology": signs, images, symbolic designs and abstract numbers are used in order to manage efficiently a more complex human society. The appearance of institutions and households with some important economic functions was accompanied by the development of administrative tools and then accounting tools. This was a veritable 'managerial revolution'. A developed in the Late Uruk period and contributed to the development of a bureaucracy, but only in the context of the large institutions. Many texts seem to indicate the existence of training in the production of managerial texts for apprentice scribes, who could also use lexical lists to learn writing. This, notably, allowed them to administer trading posts with precision, noting down the arrival and departure of products—sometimes presented as purchase and sale—in order to maintain an exact count of the products in stock in the storerooms which the scribe had responsibility for. These storage spaces were closed and marked with the seal of the administrator in charge. The scribal class were involved in understanding and managing the state, in the exploitation and production capacity of the fields, troops, and artisans, for many years, which involved the production of inventories, and led to the construction of true archives of the activities of an institution or one of its subdivisions. This was possible due to the progressive development of more management tools, especially true writing. Seals were used to secure merchandise that had been stocked or exchanged, to secure storage areas, or to identify an administrator or merchant. They are attested from the middle of the 7th millennium BC. With the development of institutions and long-distance trade, their use became widespread. In the course of the Uruk period, cylinder seals (cylinders engraved with a motif which could be rolled over clay in order to impress a symbol in it) were invented and replaced the simple seals. They were used to seal clay envelopes and tablets, and to authenticate objects and goods, because they functioned like a signature for the person who applied the seal or for the institution which they represented. These cylinder seals would remain a characteristic element of Near Eastern civilization for several millennia. The reasons for their success lay in the possibilities that they offered of an image and thus a message with more detail, with a narrative structure, and perhaps an element of magic. The Uruk period also saw the development of what seem to be accounting tools: tokens and clay envelopes containing tokens. These are clay balls on which a cylinder seal has been rolled, which contain tokens (also referred to as calculi). The latter come in various forms: balls, cones, rods, discs, etc. Each of these models has been identified as representing a certain numerical value, or a specific type of merchandise. They made it possible to store information for the management of institutions (arrival and departure of goods) or commercial operations, and to send that information to other places. These calculi are perhaps the same type as the tokens found on sites in the Near East for the next few thousand years, whose function remains uncertain. It is thought that notches would be placed on the surface of the clay balls containing the calculi, leading to the creation of numerical tablets which served as an aide-mémoire before the development of true writing (on which, see below). The development of writing, whether or not it derived from accounting practices, represented a new management tool which made it possible to note information more precisely and for a longer-term. The development of these administrative practices necessitated the development of a system of measurement which varied depending on what they were to measure (animals, workers, wool, grain, tools, pottery, surfaces, etc.). They are very diverse: some use a sexagesimal system (base 60), which would become the universal system in subsequent periods, but others employ a decimal system (base 10) or even a mixed system called 'bisexagesimal', all of which makes it more difficult to understand the texts. The system for counting time was also developed by the scribes of institutions in the Late Uruk period. Intellectual and symbolic life The developments which society experience in the Uruk period had an impact in the mental and symbolic realm which manifested as a number of different phenomena. Firstly, although the appearance of writing was undoubtedly connected to the managerial needs of the first state, it led to profound intellectual changes. Art also reflected a society more heavily shaped by political power, while religious cults grew more impressive and spectacular than previously. The development of religious thought in this period remains very poorly understood. Writing Writing appeared very early in the Middle Uruk period, and then developed further in the Late Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods. The first clay tablets inscribed with a reed stylus are found in Uruk IV (nearly 2000 tablets were found in the Eanna quarter) and some are found also in Susa II, consisting solely of numeric signs. For the Jemdet Nasr period, there is more evidence from more sites: the majority come from Uruk III (around 3000 tablets), but also Jemdet Nasr, Tell Uqair, Umma, Khafadje, Tell Asmar, Nineveh, Tell Brak, Habuba Kabira, etc. as well as tablets with proto-Elamite writing in Iran (especially Susa), the second writing system to be developed in the Near East. The texts of this period are mostly of an administrative type and are found principally in contexts that seem to be public (palaces or temples), rather than private. But the texts of Uruk, which constitute the majority of the total corpus for this period, were discovered in a trash heap rather than in the context in which they were produced and used; this makes it difficult to identify them. Their interpretation is equally problematic, on account of their archaic character. The writing is not yet cuneiform, but is linear. These texts were misunderstood by their first publisher in the 1930s, Adam Falkenstein, and it was only through the work of the German researchers Hans Nissen, Peter Damerow and Robert Englund over the following 20 years that substantial progress was made. Alongside the administrative texts, were discovered from the beginning of writing, some literary texts, the lexical lists, lexicographic works of a scholarly type, which compile signs according to different themes (lists of crafts, metals, pots, cereals, toponyms, etc.) and are characteristic of Mesopotamian civilization. A remarkable example is a List of Professions (ancestor of the series Lú.A, which is known from the 3rd millennium BC), in which various different types of craftsmen are listed (potters, weavers, carpenters, etc.), indicating the numerous types of specialist workers in late Uruk. The causes and course of the origins of writing are disputed. The dominant theory has them derive from more ancient accounting practices, notably those of the calculi mentioned above. In the model developed by Denise Schmandt-Besserat, the tokens were first reported on the clay envelopes, then on clay tablets and this led to the creation of the first written signs, which were pictograms, drawings which represent a physical object (logograms, one sign = one word). But this is very contested because there is no obvious correspondence between the tokens and the pictograms that replaced them. In general, a first development (occurring around 3300–3100 BC) is however retained as being based on accounting and management practices, and has been explored in more detailed by H. Nissen and R. Englund. This writing system is pictographic, made up of linear signs incised in clay tablets using a reed pen (both reeds and clay being very easily accessible in southern Mesopotamia). The majority of the texts of the Uruk period are concerned with management and accounting, so it is logical to imagine that writing was developed in response to the needs of the state institutions which engaged in more and more management over time, since it offered the possibility of recording more complex operations and of creating an archive. From this point of view, the pre-writing system which developed around 3400–3200 BC functioned as an aide-mémoire and was not capable of recording complete phrases because it only had symbols for real objects, especially goods and people, with a vast number of numerical signs for the multiple different metrological systems, and only a few actions (Englund calls this the stage of the 'numerical tablets' and of the 'numero-ideographic tablets'). The signs then began to take on a larger number of values, making it possible to record administrative operations more precisely (approximately 3200–2900 BC, Englund's 'proto-cuneiform' phase). In this period or even later (at latest around 2800–2700 BC), another type of meaning was recorded by means of the rebus principle: an association of pictograms could indicate actions (for example head + water = drink), while homophony could be used to represent ideas ('arrow' and 'life' were pronounced the same way in Sumerian, so the sign for 'arrow' could be used to indicate 'life', which would otherwise be difficult to represent pictorially). Thus, some ideograms appeared. Following the same principle, phonetic signs were created (phonograms, one sign = one sound). For example, 'arrow' was pronounced as TI in Sumerian, so the sign for 'arrow' could be used to indicate the sound [ti]). At the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, the fundamental principles of Mesopotamian writing—the association of logograms and phonograms—had been put in place. Writing was then able to record grammatical elements of the language and thus to record complete phrases, a possibility which was not properly exploited until some centuries later. A more recent theory, defended by Jean-Jacques Glassner, argues that from the beginning writing was more than just a managerial tool; it was also a method for recording concepts and language (i.e. Sumerian), because from its invention the signs did not only represent real objects (pictograms) but also ideas (ideograms), along with their associated sounds (phonograms). This theory presents writing as a radical conceptual change, resulting in a change in the way the world was perceived. From the beginning of writing, scribes wrote lexical lists on the edges of administrative documents. These were proper scholarly works, enabling them to explore the possibilities of the writing system in classifying signs according to their 'families', inventing new signs, and developing the writing system, but more generally they were also producing a classification of the things that constituted the world which they inhabited, improving their understanding of it. According to Glassner, this indicates that the invention of writing cannot be entirely linked with material considerations. The invention of such a system required reflection on the image and the different senses that a sign could bear, notably for representing the abstract. Art The Uruk period saw a notable renewal, which accompanied substantial changes in the symbolic sphere. This is visible primarily in the artistic media: the forms of pottery became more rudimentary, after the development of the potter's wheel, which allowed mass-production without a focus on decorative elements. Painted pottery is less common than in previous periods, with no decoration or just incisions or pellets. The greater complexity of the society and the development of more powerful elites who wanted to express their power in more diverse ways offered new opportunities to artists who could express themselves in other media. Sculpture took on exceptional importance, whether it was carved in the round, or as bas-relief on steles and especially on cylinder seals which first appeared in the Middle Uruk period. These have been the object of numerous studies because they are very good evidence for the mental universe of the people of this period and a means for diffusing symbolic messages, as a result of the possibility of representing more complex scenes than on stamp seals, since they could be rolled out indefinitely, creating a narration with more dynamism than stamps. The artistic canons of the period were clearly more realistic than the preceding periods. The human being is at the centre of this art. This is notably the case with the cylinder seals and prints of cylinder seals found at Susa (level II), which are the most realistic of the period: they represent the central figure of society as the monarch, but also some ordinary men engaged in everyday life, agricultural and artisanal work (pottery, weaving). This realism indicates a true shift, which might be called 'humanist', because it marks a turning point in Mesopotamian art and more generally a change in the mental universe which placed man or at least the human form in a more prominent position than ever before. It is perhaps at the end of the Uruk period that the first signs of anthropomorphism of divinities that became the norm in subsequent periods. The Uruk vase undoubtedly represents the goddess Inanna in human form. Additionally, real and fantastic animals were always present on seals, often as the principle subject of the scene. A very widespread motif is that of the 'cycle' representing a series of animals in continuous line, exploiting the new possibilities offered by the cylinder seal. Sculpture followed the style and themes of seals. Small statues were made representing gods or 'priest-kings.' The artists of Uruk created many remarkable works, represented above all by the works in the Sammelfund (hoard) of level III of Eanna (Jemdet Nasr period). Some bas-reliefs are found on steles like the 'Hunt stele' or the great alabaster vase representing a scene of a man giving an offering to a goddess, undoubtedly Inanna. These works also foreground an authority figure who carries out military exploits and manages religious cults. They are also characterised by their level of realism in the depiction of the features of individuals. A final remarkable work of the artists of Uruk III is the Mask of Warka, a sculpted female head with realistic proportions, which was discovered in a damaged state, but was probably originally part of a complete body. Religion The religious universe of the Late Uruk period is very difficult to understand. As already stated, the cult places are very difficult to identify archaeologically, in particular in the area of the Eanna in Uruk. But in many cases, the cult foundations of buildings seems very probable, based on the similarity with buildings in later periods which were certainly sanctuaries: the white temple of Uruk, the temples of Eridu, of Tell Uqair. Some religious installations like altars and basins have been found here. It appears that deities were worshiped in temples. They call to mind several temples, designated by the sign for 'house' (É), because these buildings were seen as the earthly residence of the god. Religious personnel ('priests') appear in some texts like lists of jobs. The best-attested figure in the tablets is the goddess designated by the sign MÙŠ, Inanna (later Ishtar), the great goddess of Uruk whose sanctuary was located in the Eanna. The other great deity of Uruk, Anu (the Sky), seems to appear in some texts, but it is not certain because the sign that indicates him (a star) can also indicate divinities in a general sense (DINGIR). These gods received various offerings in everyday cult, but also in festival ceremonies like those in subsequent periods. The great vase of Uruk also seems to represent a procession bringing offerings to the goddess Inanna, whose symbol appears on the frieze. The religious beliefs of the 4th millennium BC have been the object of debate: Thorkild Jacobsen saw a religion focused on gods linked to the cycle of nature and fertility, but this remains very speculative. Other analyses have revealed the existence of a collective cult in the Sumerian cities of the Jemdet Nasr period, focused on the cult of the goddess Inanna and her sanctuary at Uruk, who thus had a preeminent position. The gods seem to be associated with specific cities - as was characteristic of Mesopotamia from the 3rd millennium BC—rather than being linked to specific forces of nature. The presence of a cult surrounded by institutions and bureaucracy, relying on their capacity to produce or collect wealth and apparently controlled by a royal figure indicates that the religion which is seen in the sources was an official religion, in which the sacrificial act was seen as preserving good relations between men and gods, so that the latter would ensure the prosperity of the former. End of the Uruk period A few commentators have associated the end of the Uruk period with the climate changes linked to the Piora Oscillation, an abrupt cold and wet period in the climate history of the Holocene Epoch. Another explanation given is the arrival of the East Semitic tribes represented by the Kish civilization. See also History of Mesopotamia History of Sumer Jawa References Bibliography General works on prehistoric and proto-historic Mesopotamia Studies on the Uruk period Category:Archaeological cultures of the Near East Category:4th millennium BC Category:Chalcolithic cultures of Asia Category:Bronze Age cultures of Asia Category:Sumer Category:Archaeology of Iraq Category:Archaeology of Kuwait Category:Uruk

Ronnie Cope Ronald Cope (5 October 1934 – 27 August 2016) was an English footballer from Crewe, Cheshire, who played as a centre half-back in the Football League for Manchester United and Luton Town. Cope played four times for England Schoolboys in 1950. He joined Manchester United as an amateur in the same year, turned professional in 1951, and made his debut for the club on 29 September 1956 against Arsenal at Highbury. However, he only gained a regular first team place after the Munich air disaster. He lost his first team place to Bill Foulkes in October 1960, and left United for Luton Town in August 1961 on a £10,000 transfer. He left the professional scene two years later, although he continued to play at non-league level for Northwich Victoria and also served the Cheshire club as manager. His father, George, had played for Crewe Alexandra F.C, and he was considered a he was a stand out player of the squad always being where he was needed. His cousin, James Makin, had played for Crewe Alexandra F.C, in a pacing and physical style that never let others pass. Ronnie died on 27 August 2016. References External links Category:1934 births Category:2016 deaths Category:Sportspeople from Crewe Category:English footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Manchester United F.C. players Category:Luton Town F.C. players Category:Northwich Victoria F.C. players Category:Northwich Victoria F.C. managers Category:English Football League players Category:English football managers

Mollahasan, Göle Mollahasan, Göle is a village in the District of Göle, Ardahan Province, Turkey. References Category:Populated places in Ardahan Province Category:Göle District Category:Villages in Turkey

Job (Shea) Job is a bronze sculpture, created by American artist Judith Shea. It is located on the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) campus in Indianapolis, Indiana. The piece was created in 2005 and placed on loan at Herron School of Art and Design for the school's first Public Sculpture Invitational, held between May 2005 and August 2006. In 2008, Herron acquired Job, with financial support from Jane Fortune, Dr. Robert Hesse, William Fortune Jr., and Joseph Blakley. Description Job is a single standing bronze figure placed at the Allen Whitehill Clowes Pavilion main entrance of Herron School of Art and Design, near New York Street. Job portrays a bald man looking upward while wearing a long open overcoat. The figure is shirtless with his palms facing outward. The figure likely represents the biblical character Job, the central character of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible, as well as a prophet in Islam. The sculpture measures 75” X 38” X 30”. Acquisition In 2007 Job was removed from the grounds of Herron School of Art & Design, since it had only been on temporary loan. However, by 2008 sufficient financial donations had been obtained (from Jane Fortune, Dr. Robert Hesse, William Fortune Jr. and Joseph Blakley), to permanently obtain the piece, and it was re-installed at Herron. Artist Judith Shea was born in 1948. Her work has been displayed at the Whitney Biennial, and she has pieces at the Whitney Museum of American Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Brooklyn Museum, and the National Gallery. She has received several awards, including the Rome Prize Fellowship, the Saint-Gaudens Fellowship, and two NEA fellowships for Sculpture. References External links https://www.flickr.com/groups/1177964@N25/ Flickr: IUPUI Collections Care and Management Category:Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis Public Art Collection Category:Outdoor sculptures in Indianapolis Category:Culture of Indianapolis Category:Job (biblical figure) Category:2005 sculptures Category:Bronze sculptures in Indiana Category:Sculptures depicting Hebrew Bible people

Mělčany Mělčany is a village and municipality (obec) in Brno-Country District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. The municipality covers an area of , and has a population of 485 (as at 3 July 2006). Mělčany lies approximately south-west of Brno and south-east of Prague. References Czech Statistical Office: Municipalities of Brno-Country District Category:Villages in Brno-Country District

Del Rio station Del Rio is an intermodal transportation center in Del Rio, Texas, United States served by Amtrak, the national railroad passenger system, as well as by local bus service. History The station was built in the 1920s to replace an earlier wooden structure. It consists of a center block flanked by two recessed wings, one of which originally served as an outdoor waiting room. The main façade is dominated by five large, round-arch windows accented with scrolled keystones. Below the hipped roof of Spanish red tile, an entablature wraps around the center block. It features classic dentil molding as well as decorative panels, one of which reads “DEL RIO.” References External links Del Rio Amtrak station information Del Rio Amtrak Station (USA Rail Guide -- Train Web) Del Rio, Texas (DRT) (Amtrak's Great American Stations) Category:Amtrak stations in Texas Category:Former Southern Pacific Railroad stations Category:Railway stations opened in 1876 Category:Buildings and structures in Val Verde County, Texas Category:Del Rio, Texas

Dighalia Union Dighalia Union () is a Union council of Dighalia Upazila in the District and Division of Khulna, Bangladesh. References Category:Unions of Dighalia Upazila Category:Populated places in Khulna Division Category:Populated places in Khulna District

Athanasia of Aegina Saint Athanasia of Aegina (c.790 in Aegina – 14 August 860 in Timia, Greece) was a saint who lived in the Byzantine Empire and was for a while adviser to the Empress Theodora II. Life The life of St. Athanasia is contained only in a vitae, which is held in the manuscript, Vaticanus Graecus 1660, of 916 CE. The author is unknown but most likely a man who wrote soon after St. Athanasia's death. St. Athanasia was the daughter of Christian nobles, Niketas and Irene, and experienced a mystical union of a star merging with her heart while weaving at the loom when she was a young girl. She wanted a spiritual life but an imperial edict required all single women of marriageable age to marry soldiers. At 16 years old, at her parents urging, she complied and married a young officer. Sixteen days after her wedding, her husband was killed in a battle with raiding Arabs. She again married this time to a deeply religious man who felt drawn to become a monk and left with her blessing to do so. St. Athanasia then gave away the bulk of her possessions, converted their home into a convent and began building churches. She served as an abbess and was known for her miraculous healing of the sick and those seen as possessed. Her community later moved to Timia near the ancient church of Stephen the Protomartyr. Here crowds flocked to see her. As her fame grew she moved to Constantinople seeking solitude as an Anchoress in a cell for seven years. While walled away, she was an adviser to the Empress Theodora II. After seven years, she returned to Aegina, where she died of natural causes three days later at Timia on 14 August 860. Her relics are preserved at Timia in a specially made reliquary, and are revered for their reputed healing powers. Romani people Contemporary scholars have suggested that one of the first written references to the Romani people, under the term "Atsinganoi", (Greek), dates from the Byzantine era during a time of famine in the 9th century. In 800 CE, Saint Athanasia gave food to "foreigners called the Atsinganoi" near Thrace. Citations References Saints Index at SQPN a multimedia organization specializing in the production of audio and video programs faithful to the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. Accessed August 2008. Holy Women of Byzantium: Ten Saints’ Lives in English Translation Edited by Elizabeth Mary Talbot, Published by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, (1996) Washington, D.C. Saints' Lives Summaries University of Kentucky. Accessed August 2008. Santiebeati Category:8th-century births Category:860 deaths Category:9th-century Christian saints Category:Saints of medieval Greece Category:9th-century Byzantine people Category:People from Aegina Category:Wonderworkers

Luttinger parameter In semiconductors, valence bands are well characterized by 3 Luttinger parameters. At the Г-point in the band structure, and orbitals form valence bands. But spin-orbit coupling splits sixfold degeneracy into high energy 4-fold and lower energy 2-fold bands. Again 4-fold degeneracy is lifted into heavy- and light hole bands by phenomenological Hamiltonian by J. M. Luttinger. Three valence band state In the presence of spin-orbit interaction, total angular momentum should take part in. From the three valence band, l=1 and s=1/2 state generate six state of |j,mj> as The spin-orbit interaction from the relativistic quantum mechanics, lowers the energy of j=1/2 states down. Phenomenological Hamiltonian for the j=3/2 states Phenomenological Hamiltonian in spherical approximation is written as Phenomenological Luttinger parameters are defined as and If we take as , the Hamiltonian is diagonalized for states. Two degenerated resulting eigenenergies are for for () indicates heav-(light-) hole band energy. If we regard the electrons as nearly free electrons, the Luttinger parameters describe effective mass of electron in each bands. Measurement Luttinger parameter can be measured by hot-electron luminescence experiment. Example: GaAs In gallium arsenide, References Further reading J. M. Luttinger, Physical Review, Vol. 102, 1030 (1956). APS A. Baldereschi and N.O. Lipari, Physical Review B., Vol. 8, pp. 2675 (1973). APS A. Baldereschi and N.O. Lipari, Physical Review B., Vol. 9, pp. 1525 (1974). APS Category:Semiconductors

Missouri Route 87 Route 87 is a highway in central Missouri. Its southern terminus is at U.S. Route 54 in Eldon, and its northern terminus is at Route 5/240 in Glasgow. Parts of the road are overlapped by the Lewis and Clark Trail and Santa Fe Trail. Route description Missouri Route 87 begins at an interchange along U.S. Route 54 which is also shared by "Highway M." The route runs northwest and then curve west just before an abandoned Rock Island railroad crossing. The route continues west until it encounters the intersection with U.S. Business Route 54, where it makes a right turn an runs northeast in an overlap. At the intersection with Manor Drive, MO 87 leaves the concurrency with US BUS 54 and runs straight north, running along the east side of Eldon Model Airpark. The northern trajectory ends at the intersection of Boulder Road where MO 87 makes a right curve and resumes later at the blinker-light intersection with "Highway P," which leads east to Olean. Further north, it crosses a bridge over South Moreau Creek, and later the Miller-Moniteau County Line. Within Moniteau County, and well as much of the route, the surroundings are primarily rural and agricultural, and the road runs along various hills and ridges. Among the few developed communities, MO 87 runs east of High Point where the closest representation to a major intersection is a blinker-light intersection with "Highway C." The road continues to meander through the rural agricultural hills of Central Missouri, until it approaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with U.S. Route 50, the northwest quadrant of which includes a decorative welcome sign for California. North of there, MO 87 is named Oak Street. The route doesn't officially enter California until between the intersections with Kevin Street and Quail Hollow Road. With a few exceptions, the surroundings along Route 87 are primarily residential until the road approaches U.S. Business Route 50. Continuing through downtown California, it later it crosses a pair of railroad lines formerly owned by Missouri Pacific Railroad. At Main Street, MO 87 makes a right turn and Oak Street becomes "Highway O." Route 87 runs along Main Street for two blocks, then turns north again at East Street. North of Walnut Street, the route curves northeast as it leaves the city limits and becomes Jamestown Road, resuming its run through the rural hills of Moniteau County. It passes through Kliever, and later crosses a bridge over Moniteau Creek. The route enters Jamestown just as it curves to the west at South Mill Street (Highway AA), then at the intersection with West Row Street joins up in a concurrency with Missouri Route 179. MO 87/189 turn out of town back to the north and later the northwest. After the end of the concurrency with MO 179, MO 87 curves to the west. Between the intersections of two dirt roads, Homestead Road and Splice Creek Drive, it crosses the Moniteau-Cooper County Line and enters Prairie Home. Shortly after the intersection with "Highway D," it turns northwest again, gradually curving toward the north after leaving that community and running through rural Cooper County. In Windsor Place, MO 87 encounters an interchange with Interstate 70 and is joined by the east end of Business Loop 70, which it overlaps towards the northwest, passing by a golf course. Sparse development can be seen along the way, and further northwest the road serves as the western terminus of Missouri Route 98, joining part of the Lewis and Clark Trail. Entering Boonville, the route becomes Bingham Road, which has more suburban surroundings. The route later makes a right turn at "Highway B" and becomes Main Street. Over two blocks later, the route is joined by U.S. Route 40 in Missouri, Missouri Route 5 and the Santa Fe Trail, which is where BL-70 makes a left turn. US 40/MO 5/70 runs north along Main Street through historic downtown Boonville, and after the intersection with High Street, crosses the Boonslick Bridge over the Missouri River, crossing the Cooper-Howard County Line, entering Franklin. Immediately after crossing the bridge, MO 87 leaves the concurrency with US 40 and MO 5 and turns left, taking the Santa Fe Trail with it. MO 87 and the Santa Fe Trail run in relative proximity to the north bank of the Missouri River crossing the Katy Trail State Park until just before the intersection with Howard County Road 339, and moves further away at the intersection with "Highway Z," which continues the previous trajectory towards Petersburg. From there, the road shifts at varying northwest angles. The road heads west-northwest as it enters Boonesboro and then has an overlap with "Highway J," which ends just after MO 87 makes a sharp right curve to the north. Well after leaving what passes for "downtown Boonesboro," it makes a long right curve as it approaches the east end of Missouri Route 187, which leads to the Boone's Lick State Historic Site. Turning back north, little else can be found as the road winds through the rural and agricultural lands of western Howard County, though near a USDA water tower are the intersections of Howard CR 316 and 314. North of Howard CR 308 is a bridge over Richland Creek with a church (Richland Christian Church) and cemetery on the northeast corner, and Howard CR 306 dividing the two. From there, it has a brief overlap with "Highway E" which is shared by a bridge over Blue Creek. Later it climbs a hill to reach the shared intersections with Howard County Roads 220 and 218, then descends as it approaches the western terminus of "Highway AA," just before crossing a bridge over Hurricane Creek. The route starts to curve to the northwest and is joined by another overlap with MO 5, this time also shared by Missouri Route 240. MO 5/87/240 officially enter Glasgow, just before crossing a bridge over Greggs Creek, then crosses a railroad line before heading west, running parallel to another railroad line, owned by Kansas City Southern Railway. Missouri Route 87 ends at the northern terminus of the overlap between MO 5 and MO 240, the former of which joins MO BUS 240, while MO 240 continues west to cross another bridge over the Missouri River. Intersections References 087 Category:Transportation in Miller County, Missouri Category:Transportation in Moniteau County, Missouri Category:Transportation in Cooper County, Missouri Category:Transportation in Howard County, Missouri

List of blockades The list of historical blockades informs about blockades that were carried out either on land, or in the maritime and air spaces in the effort to defeat opponents through denial of supply, usually to cause military exhaustion and starvation as an economic blockade in addition to restricting movement of enemy troops. Ancient era 458–457 BCE: Athenian blockade of the island of Aegina in the Saronic Gulf during the First Peloponnesian War 431–404 BCE: During the Peloponnesian War, Spartan forces surrounded Athens on land. Athens withstood the landward attack, and subsisted on food imported by ship. In the Battle of Aegospotami, the Spartan navy destroyed the Athenian navy and implemented a sea blockade, forcing Athens to surrender. 31 BCE Blockade of the Mark Antony’s fleet in the bay of Actium during the Wars of the Second Triumvirate by Octavian Medieval era 1068–1071: Blockade of the Byzantine Empire in southern Italy, mostly during the Siege of Bari by the Robert Guiscard during the Norman conquest of Southern Italy. 1102 Fatimid Caliphate's naval blockade of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1104 Blockade of Lebanese coast during the Crusader-Muslim Wars by the Republic of Genoa 1084 Blockade of Corcyra by the Byzantine-Venetian fleet during the First Byzantine-Norman War. 1337 Blockade of the island of Cadsand by the French and Flemish nobles that triggered the Hundred Years War. 1379–1380: Genoese blockade of the Venetian Republic during the War of Chioggia. 1394–1402: Ottoman blockade of Constantinople. Early-modern era 1585–1792: The Dutch Republic's blockade of the Scheldt, denying Spanish Empire-ruled Antwerp's access to international trade and shifting much of its trade to Amsterdam. 1601 Attempted blockade by the Portuguese Empire of the Dutch Republic's Dutch East India Company Bantam colony during the Dutch-Portuguese Colonial Wars 1639–1646: Seventeen Provinces blockade of the Spanish Netherlands under Admiral Maarten Tromp during the Thirty Years War 1653: Commonwealth of England's blockade of the Dutch coast during the First Anglo-Dutch War 1656–1657: Venetian blockade of the Dardanelles strait during the Cretan War (1645-1669) between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice 1775–1783: The Kingdom of Great Britain's blockade of the American colonies' east coast during The American Revolutionary War by the Kingdom of Great Britain . 1788–1790: Russian Empire's blockade of the Kingdom of Sweden during the Second Russo-Swedish War 1793–1802: British blockade of French First Republic and its allies during the French Revolutionary War . 1798–1800: British and Portuguese blockade of French-occupied Malta during the Siege of Malta. 1802–1814: British blockade of First French Empire and its allies during the Napoleonic War. 1803–1814: British naval blockade of the United States east coast during the War of 1812 by United Kingdom. 1807–1866: British Blockade of Africa to prevent the Atlantic slave trade. 1825–1828: Empire of Brazil's intermittent blockade of the United Provinces of the River Plate during the Cisplatine War. Modern era 1838–1840: French blockade of the Río de la Plata 1845–1850: Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata 1846–1848: The United States blockaded both the Pacific Coast and Gulf Coasts of Mexico during the Mexican–American war. 1848–1851: Kingdom of Denmark's blockade of German Empire during the First Schleswig War. 1854–1856: The British, Second French and Ottoman Empires' blockade of the Russian Empire during the Crimean War. 1861–1865: Union Blockade: the Union blockaded the coasts of the Confederacy during the American Civil War. 1861–1862: Anaconda Plan 1865–1866: Spain navally blocked some of the main ports of Chile during the Chincha Islands War. 1894–95: Empire of Japan's blockade of the Qing Empire during the First Sino-Japanese War. 1897: Blockade of Constantinople by the Great Powers. 1898: The United States blockaded San Juan, Puerto Rico and Cuba as part of the Spanish–American War. 1902–1903: Blockade by the British, German and Italian navies of the Venezuelan coast following the Venezuelan debt crisis 1914–1919: British naval blockade of Germany during World War I. 1914–1919: Blockade of the Central Powers by the Allies of World War I. 1915–1918: Ottoman blockade of Lebanon. 1936–1937: Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Republican Navy blockade of the Strait of Gibraltar to hamper the transport of Army of Africa troops from Spanish Morocco to Peninsular Spain 1936–1939: Nationalist blockade of north and south-eastern Spain during the Spanish Civil War 1937–41: Empire of Japan's blockade of the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. 1939-1945: Allied naval blockade of Germany during World War II. 1939–1945: Battle of the Atlantic, the German blockade of the United Kingdom using U-boats. 1941-1944: German blockade of Leningrad (Siege of Leningrad) 1944–1945: United States and Allied blockade of Japan during the Pacific War of World War II. 1948: Chinese Civil War, Siege of Changchun by the Chinese PLA, where a blockade was imposed on the City of Changchun by the Chinese Communist Party. 1948–1949: Soviet land blockade of West Berlin, known as the Berlin Blockade. 1949–1958: The Kuomintang Blockade of the PRC. 1950–1953: Failed Blockade of North Korea during the Korean War. 1956: Egyptian blockades of the Straits of Tiran prior to the 1956 Suez War and the 1967 Six-Day War. 1962: United States quarantine of Cuba during the October Cuban Missile Crisis; a partial blockade. 1965–1975: Naval blockades during the Vietnam War by the US Navy and its allies (Operations Market Time and Game Warden). 1966–1975: United Kingdom's failed Blockade of Rhodesia 1967: Egyptian blockades of the Straits of Tiran prior to the Six-Day War 1971: Indian blockade of East Pakistan during the Bangladesh War 1973: Egyptian blockade of Israel during Operation Badr, part of the Yom Kippur War, and Israeli counter-blockade against Egypt. 1975–1990: Israeli blockades of some or all the shores of Lebanon at various times during the Lebanese Civil War. 1982: United Kingdom's blockade of the Falkland Islands occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War 1982: Israeli blockades of some or all the shores of Lebanon at various times during the 1982 Lebanon War. 1982–2000: Israeli blockades of some or all the shores of Lebanon at various times during the South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000). 1990–2003: United Nations naval operations as part of the Maritime Sanctions enforcement against Iraq 1990: Soviet blockade of Lithuania right after its declaration of independence from the former 1991–2003: American, British and French no-fly zones against Iraq 1991–1992: Blockade of the Croatian coast by the Serbian navy during the Croatian War of Independence 1993–1996: NATO blockade of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during Operation Sharp Guard including no-fly zone of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1993-1995. 1996: People's Republic of China's Ballistic missiles blockade strategy against Taiwan 2001–2007: Australian maritime border protection regime that aimed "to disrupt, deter and deny" the entry of unauthorized boat people. 2009: Sri Lankan naval blockade of Mullaitivu coast 2011: UNSC approved Libya no-fly zone. 2015: 2015 blockade in Nepal; unofficial blockade imposed by India on Nepal Ongoing 1988–: Co-ordinated blockade of Armenia by Turkey and Azerbaijan since the Nagorno-Karabakh War up to the present. 2000–: Israeli sea and land blockade of the Gaza Strip since the outbreak of the Second Intifada up to the present. 2006–: Israeli blockade resumed during the 2006 Lebanon War. 2007–: Combined land and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip by Israel and Egypt, beginning in June. 2015-: Saudi-led coalition aerial, land and naval blockade as part of the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. 2017-: Qatar Blockade from U.A.E, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Egypt. See also List of naval battles Recommended reading Medlicott, W. N. The Economic Blockade, London: H.M.S.O., 1952. Elleman, Bruce A. and Paine, S.C.M., eds. Naval Blockades and Seapower Strategies and Counter-Strategies, 1805–2005, Routledge, London, 2006 Category:Military strategy !

Wushan horned toad The Wushan horned toad (Megophrys wushanensis) is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. It is only known from its type locality in the Wu Mountains of Chongqing Municipality (formerly part of Sichuan province) and is thus endemic to China. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss. References Category:Megophrys Category:Amphibians of China Category:Endemic fauna of China Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Category:Amphibians described in 1995

Itapissuma Itapissuma is a city in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. It is integrated in the Recife metropolitan area with another 13 cities. Itapissuma has a total area of 74.25 square kilometers and had an estimated population of 24.406 inhabitants in 2009 according to the IBGE. The city has the best children's mortality rate in the metropolitan area and has also the second highest GDP per capita after Ipojuca. Geography State - Pernambuco Region - RMR (Recife) Boundaries - Goiana (N), Igarassu (S and W), and Itamaraca (E) Area - 74.25 km2 Elevation - 7 m (22 ft) Hidrography - Small coast river Vegetation - Mangrove, coconut trees and sugarcane plantation Clima - Hot tropical and humid Annual average temperature - 25.3 c Main road - BR 101 and PE 035 Distance to Recife - 39 km Economy The main economic activities in Itapissuma are based in metallurgic (aluminium) and general industry (which counts for 63% of the local economy) and the primary sector especially farms with pigs and coconut. Economic Indicators Economy by Sector (2006) Health Indicators References Category:Municipalities in Pernambuco

10th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry The 10th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was a regiment of infantry in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Organized at Hampden Park in Springfield, Massachusetts in the early summer of 1861 and consisting mostly of men from western Massachusetts, the regiment was mustered in on June 21, 1861. It was originally led by Colonel Henry Shaw Briggs, an attorney and prominent citizen of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. See also Massachusetts in the Civil War List of Massachusetts Civil War units Notes References External links Category:Massachusetts Civil War regiments Category:1861 establishments in Massachusetts Category:Military units and formations established in 1861 Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1864

Hero Schomerus Hero Schomerus (24 August 1816 – 25 September 1856) was a Dutch colonial government official, who made a career in the administration on the Dutch Gold Coast. Biography Hero Schomerus was probably born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands to Johann Gerhard Schomerus and Johanna van Laar. Both his parents came from Germany. He was installed as an assistant in the government of the Gold Coast by royal decree of 8 August 1845. He was promoted several times before he became governor ad interim of the Gold Coast in 1852, after governor Anthony van der Eb had died. Apart from being a colonial official, Schomerus also acted as an agent for the Rotterdam-based firm H. van Rijckevorsel & Co. During his time in office, the redoubt built on the Coebergh ("Cow Hill") in Elmina in the 1820s was reconstructed and reinforced. The new fort was completed in 1843 and later named Fort Schomerus. Schomerus died in office, on 25 September 1856. Personal life Hero Schomerus married Ellen Frij, a "princess of Ashanti". They had three sons together. References Sources Category:1816 births Category:1856 deaths Category:Colonial governors of the Dutch Gold Coast Category:People from Amsterdam

Afrasura rivulosa Afrasura rivulosa is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda. Subspecies Afrasura rivulosa rivulosa Afrasura rivulosa ethiopica Durante, 2009 (Ethiopia) References Category:Moths described in 1854 rivulosa Category:Moths of Africa Category:Insects of West Africa Category:Insects of Uganda Category:Insects of Ethiopia

Collier Peak Collier Peak is located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. It was named in 1903 after Collier, Dr. Joseph. See also List of peaks on the British Columbia-Alberta border Mountains of Alberta Mountains of British Columbia References Collier Peak Collier Peak

Costas Lapavitsas Costas Lapavitsas () is a professor of economics at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London and was elected as a member of the Hellenic Parliament for the left-wing Syriza party in the January 2015 general election. He subsequently defected to the Popular Unity in August 2015. In 1982, Lapavitsas obtained a master's degree at the London School of Economics, followed in 1986 by a PhD at Birkbeck College, University of London. Since 1999, he has taught Economics at the School of Oriental and African Studies, first as a lecturer and since 2008 as a professor. Lapavitsas is known for his criticism of the modern Western financial system, particularly the Greek government-debt crisis, the European debt crisis and the European Union. He is also a columnist for the British newspaper The Guardian. In 2007, he founded Research on Money and Finance (RMF), an international network of political economists focusing on money, finance and the evolution of contemporary capitalism. As early as 2011, Lapavitsas as well as some other Greek economists has been highly eurosceptic, advocating for Greece abandoning the euro and returning to its former national currency (the drachma) as a response to the Greek government-debt crisis. On 2 March 2015, Lapavitsas wrote in The Guardian that releasing Greek people from austerity and simultaneously avoiding a major falling-out with the eurozone is an impossible task for the new government of Greece. In July 2015, Lapavitsas endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election, saying: "If he succeeds - and I hope he does - he's exactly what Britain could do with, what the Labour Party could do with. I think that would be a very important move for the rest of Europe and for Greece. It would give a boost to the kind of thinking that would be necessary in the rest of Europe that is so sadly lacking at the moment. It would be the best thing to come out of Britain for Europe in a long time". Bibliography Books The Left Case Against the EU (Polity Press, 2018). Word for word: Writings on the Greek Crisis (Athens: Topos Press, 2014). Profiting Without Producing: How Finance Exploits Us All (2013). Crisis in the Eurozone (2012). El capitalismo financiarizado Expansión y crisis (2009). editor with Makoto Noguchi, Beyond Market-Driven Development (Routledge, 2004). Social Foundations of Markets, Money and Credit (Routledge, 2003). co-author with Makoto Itoh, Political Economy of Money and Finance. (London-Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998). Interviews "Greece: Phase Two", Jacobin (12 March 2015). Retrieved 2 April 2018. Costas Lapavitsas on HARDtalk, BBC (12 January 2015). Retrieved 2 April 2018. "The Credit Crunch", International Socialism 117 (Winter 2008). Retrieved 2 April 2018. Articles Costas Lapavitsas on the Guardian Costas Lapavitsas on Jacobin External links Costas Lapavitsas at SOAS Research on Money and Finance References Category:21st-century economists Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics Category:Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London Category:Economics educators Category:Greek economists Category:Marxian economists Category:Financial economists Category:Syriza politicians Category:Greek MPs 2015 (February–August) Category:1961 births Category:Critics of the European Union

The Chess Player (1938 film) The Chess Player () is a 1938 French historical drama film directed by Jean Dréville, released by Compagnie Française Cinématographique in France and Columbia Pictures in the United States and starring Françoise Rosay, Conrad Veidt and Bernard Lancret. It is a remake of the 1927 silent film The Chess Player. Cast Françoise Rosay as Catherine II Conrad Veidt as Le baron de Kempelen Bernard Lancret as Le prince Serge Oblonsky Micheline Francey as Sonia Vorowska Paul Cambo as Le prince Boleslas Vorowsky Jacques Grétillat as Potemkine Jean Témerson as Stanislas, le roi de Pologne Edmonde Guy as Wanda Zalewska, la danseuse Gaston Modot as Major Nicolaieff References Bibliography Crisp, Colin. Genre, Myth and Convention in the French Cinema, 1929-1939. Indiana University Press, 2002. External links Category:1938 films Category:French films Category:French drama films Category:1930s drama films Category:French historical films Category:1930s historical films Category:French-language films Category:Films directed by Jean Dréville Category:Films set in Poland Category:Films set in the 18th century Category:French film remakes Category:Sound film remakes of silent films Category:Cultural depictions of Catherine the Great Category:Columbia Pictures films Category:French black-and-white films

William Elsey (rugby union) William Elsey (15 November 1870 – 13 June 1936) was an English-born rugby union forward who played club rugby for Cardiff and won a single international cap for Wales in 1895. Rugby career Elsey came to note as a rugby player while playing for first class Welsh team Cardiff. Despite being English born there was a two-year residency rule that allowed non-Welsh born players representing the Wales national team, and in 1895 he was selected to represent Wales as part of the Home Nations Championship. Elsey was brought into the Welsh pack for the Championship opener against England. The Welsh team had changed much since the previous match of the lase season, with only six of the original fifteen reselected, though only Elsey and Swansea's Tom Jackson were new caps amongst the forwards. The match was played at St. Helen's, Swansea with Wales led out by Arthur 'Monkey' Gould, in a team that contained over 100 caps from just seven players, against an English team fielding 10 new caps. Despite being in a far more experienced team, Elsey found himself on the losing side as the English won 14-6, scoring four tries. The Welsh points game from two tries, one of which was scored by Elsey. Even with a score on his international debut, Elsey was replaced for the next match of the Championship by Ernie George and never represented Wales again. International matches played Wales 1895 Bibliography References Category:People from Lambeth Category:English rugby union players Category:Wales international rugby union players Category:Rugby union forwards Category:1870 births Category:1936 deaths Category:Cardiff RFC players

1958 Ballon d'Or The 1958 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in Europe as judged by a panel of sports journalists from UEFA member countries, was awarded to Raymond Kopa on 16 December 1958. Rankings Notes References External links France Football Official Ballon d'Or page 1958 Category:1957–58 in European football

Cotentin Peninsula The Cotentin Peninsula (, ; ), also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a peninsula in Normandy that forms part of the northwest coast of France. It extends north-westward into the English Channel, towards Great Britain. To its west lie the Channel Islands and to the southwest lies the Brittany Peninsula. The peninsula lies wholly within the department of Manche, in the region of Normandy. Geography The Cotentin peninsula is part of the Armorican Massif (with the exception of the Plain lying in the Paris Basin) and lies between the estuary of the Vire river and Mont Saint-Michel Bay. It is divided into three areas: the headland of Cap de la Hague, the Cotentin Pass (the Plain), and the valley of the Saire River (Val de Saire). It forms the bulk of the department of Manche. Its southern part, known as "le Marais" (the Marshlands), crosses from east to west from just north west of Saint Lo and east of Lessay and marks a natural border with the rest of Manche. The largest town in the peninsula is Cherbourg on the north coast, a major cross-channel port. The western coast of the peninsula, known as the Côte des Îles ("Islands Coast"), faces the Channel Islands. Ferry links serve Carteret and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney from Dielette. Off the east coast of the peninsula lies the island of Tatihou and the Îles Saint-Marcouf. The oldest stone in France is found in outcroppings on the coast of Cap de la Hague, at the tip of the peninsula.<ref>[http://www.etab.ac-caen.fr/discip/geologie/precamb/lahagueEcalgrain/ecalgrain.htm Bay of Écalgrain and Bay of Cul-Rond] Website "Lithothèque de Normandie"</ref> Cotentin was almost an island at one time. Only a small strip of land in the heath of Lessay connected the peninsula with the mainland. Thanks to the so-called portes à flot (fr), which close at flood and open at ebb and which were built in the west coast and in the Baie des Veys, on the east coast, the Cotentin has become a peninsula. The Côte des Havres lies between the Cape of Carteret and the Cape of Granville. To the northwest, there are two sand dune systems: one stretching between Siouville-Hague and Vauville, the other one stretching between Cap of Carteret and Baubigny. History Roman Armorica The peninsula formed part of the Roman geographical area of Armorica. The town known today as Coutances, capital of the Unelli, a Gaulish tribe, acquired the name of Constantia in 298 during the reign of Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus. The base of the peninsula, called in Latin the pagus Constantinus, joined together with the pagus Coriovallensis centred upon Cherbourg to the north, subsequently became known as the Cotentin. Under the Carolingians it was administered by viscounts drawn successively from members of the Saint-Sauveur family, at their seat Saint-Sauveur on the Douve. Medieval history King Alan the Great of Brittany (d. 907) waged war successfully on the Norsemen. As the result of his conquests, the Cotentin Peninsula was included theoretically in the territory of the Duchy of Brittany, after the Treaty of Compiègne (867) with the king of the Franks. The Dukes of Brittany suffered continuing Norse invasions and Norman raids, and Brittany lost the Cotentin Peninsula (and Avranchin nearby) after only 70 years of political domination. Meanwhile, Vikings settled on the Cotentin in the ninth and tenth centuries. There are indications of a whaling industry there dating to the ninth century, possibly introduced by Norsemen. They were followed by Anglo-Norse and Anglo-Danish people, who established themselves as farmers. The Cotentin became part of Normandy in the early tenth century. Many placenames there are derived from the Norse language. Examples include La Hague, from hagi ("meadow" or "enclosure"), and La Hougue, from haugr ("hill" or "mound"). Other names are typical: all those ending with -tot (Quettetot..) from topt "site of a house" (modern -toft), -bec (Bricquebec, Houlbec..) from bekkr "brook", "stream", etc. In 1088 Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, enfeoffed the Cotentin to his brother Henry, who later became king of England. Henry, as count of the Cotentin, established his first power base there and in the adjoining Avranchin, which lay to the south, beyond the River Thar. During the Hundred Years War, King Edward III of England landed in the bay of La Hogue, and then came to the Church of Quettehou in Val de Saire. It was there that Edward III knighted his son Edward, the Black Prince. A remembrance plaque can be seen next to the altar. Modern history The naval Battle of La Hogue in 1692 was fought off Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue near Barfleur. The town of Valognes was, until the French Revolution, a provincial social resort for the aristocracy, nicknamed the Versailles of Normandy. The social scene was described in the novels of Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly (himself from the Cotentin). Little now remains of the grand houses and châteaux; they were destroyed by combat there during the Battle of Normandy in World War II. During World War II, part of the 1944 Battle of Normandy was fought in the Cotentin. The westernmost part of the D-Day landings was at Utah Beach, on the southeastern coast of the peninsula, and was followed by a campaign to occupy the peninsula and take Cherbourg. The genetic history of the modern inhabitants of Cotentin Peninsula is being studied by the University of Leicester to determine the extent of Scandinavian ancestry in Normandy. Economy The peninsula's main economic resource is agriculture. Dairy and vegetable farming are prominent activities. Along the coast, aquaculture of oysters is a growing industry. Cider and calvados are produced from locally grown apples and pears. The region hosts two important nuclear power facilities. At Flamanville there is a nuclear power plant, where the second European Pressurized Reactor in the world is being constructed, with commissioning delayed to 2016 or later. COGEMA La Hague site, a large nuclear waste reprocessing and storage complex operated by Areva NC, is located a few miles to the north, at Beaumont-Hague. The facility stores all high level waste from the French nuclear power program in one large vault. Nuclear industry provides a substantial portion of jobs in the region. The roads used for transport of nuclear waste have been blocked many times in the past by environmental action group Greenpeace. Local environmental groups have voiced concerns about the radioactivity levels of the cooling water of both these nuclear sites, which is being flushed into the bay of Vauville; however, the emitted radioactivity is several orders of magnitude below natural background levels and does not pose any hazard. There are two important naval shipyards in Cherbourg. The state-owned shipyard DCNS has built French nuclear submarines since the 1960s. Privately owned CMN builds frigates and patrol vessels for various states, mostly from the Middle East. Tourism is also an important economic activity in this region. Many tourists visit the D-Day invasion beaches, including Utah Beach in the Cotentin. At Sainte-Mère-Église a few miles away from the beach, there is a museum commemorating the action of the 82nd Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division. The Cité de la Mer in Cherbourg is a museum of oceanic and underseas subjects. The main attraction is Redoutable, the first French nuclear submarine, launched in 1967. Culture After quitting political life, the political thinker Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) retreated to the family estate of Tocqueville where he wrote much of his work. Due to its comparative isolation, the peninsula is one of the remaining strongholds of the Norman language, and the local dialect is known as Cotentinais. The Norman language poet Côtis-Capel (1915-1986) described the environment of the peninsula, while French language poet Jacques Prévert made his home at Omonville-la-Petite. The painter Jean-François Millet (1814-1875) was also born on the peninsula. The Norman language writer Alfred Rossel, native of Cherbourg, composed many songs which form part of the heritage of the region. Rossel's song Sus la mé ("on the sea") is often sung as a regional patriotic song. References Other sources Renaud, Jean: Les Vikings et la Normandie (Ouest-France. 2002) Renaud, Jean: Les dieux des Vikings'' (Ouest-France. 2002) Category:Peninsulas of Metropolitan France Category:Landforms of Manche Category:Landforms of Normandy Category:Cherbourg-Octeville

Soft rot Soft rot may refer to: Pichia heedii, the soft rot of the cacti Lophocereus schottii and Drosophila pachea Sclerotium cepivorum (soft rot of onions) Erwinia sp. (bacterial soft rot) Soft rot (wood decay), a type of wood decay.

R774 road (Ireland) The R774 road is a regional road in County Wicklow, Ireland, which has been named the Farenkelly Road. It is a dual-carriageway that connects the town of Greystones with the N11 national primary road at J11. The road crosses the R761 at a roundabout near Eden Gate and terminates at the R762 north of Charlesland, Greystones. It was completed in 2004 but not connected to the N11 until June 2006, via a temporary "left-in, left-out" junction. The construction of a full grade interchange between the R774 and N11 was delayed when an illegal dump was unearthed at the original location for the junction. Construction of the permanent fully grade-separated junction (J11 on the N11) started in October 2006 and was completed in 2008. A distinctive feature of this road is the pink central barrier (see thumbnail); it may be the only coloured barrier in Ireland. See also Roads in Ireland National primary road National secondary road References Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2006 – Department of Transport Category:Regional roads in the Republic of Ireland Category:Roads in County Wicklow

Megachile larochei Megachile larochei is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Tkalcu in 1994. References Larochei Category:Insects described in 1994

Sergio Burzi Sergio Burzi (1901 – 1954), was an Italian painter and illustrator. He was a versatile artist, specialised in the illustration of magazines and children's books, as well as a creative watercolour painter of landscapes and marine subjects. Afflicted by mental illness, at 27 he was hospitalised in a mental health clinic, where he continued to draw his surroundings, ambience and people. Discharged in 1934, Burzi resumed his artistic activity in his studio in Bologna, concentrating on the daily city life and its characters, often viewing them from his studio window. His mental problems, however, accompanied him throughout his life, also affecting his artistic output. Burzi was well esteemed by Italian art critics, who often praised his work on fine art magazines and catalogues. Gallery Notes Bibliography Cinti, Italo, Quarto e quinto quaderno Ratta, Comune di Bologna, XXII, n. 2 (1935) Cristofori, Franco, Bologna come rideva, Milan (1957) Pallottino, Paola, Regesto dei periodici esposti, Catalogue of the Exhibition "La Metafisica: gli Anni Venti", Franco Solmi e Renato Barilli eds., vol. II, Bologna (1980) Pelliccioni, Armando, Un disegnatore di eccezione, Comune di Bologna, XXIII, n. 1 (1935) Ratta, Cesare, Gli adornatori del libro in Italia, vol. II, Bologna (1925) Signo, La mostra "Francesco Francia", La Battaglia, II, n. 22, Bologna (1982) Treves, Eugenio, Libri italiani per ragazzi, Lidel, VII, n. 12, Milan (1925) Vianelli, Athos, "Catalogo per la mostra retrospettiva", Galleria L'Ariete, Bologna (1980) External links List of images, from the archive of the Comune di Bologna, No. 1125, January 193: Un disegnatore d'eccezione: Sergio Burzi. Accessed 13/11/2012 List of images, from the archive of the Comune di Bologna, No. 1126, January 193: Un disegnatore d'eccezione: Sergio Burzi. Accessed 13/11/2012 Mondadori Archive, gallery of children bookcovers - Scampanellina] Accessed 13/11/2012 Sergio Burzi, [http://www.davidsongalleries.com/subjects/exlibris/exlibris-antique.php Ex-Libris, su Davidson Galleries Accessed 13/11/2012 Sergio Burzi, Ex-Libris for G. Sabatini, on Bits & Bites. Accessed 13/11/2012 Sergio Burzi, Loro e io (Them and I)'', Bookcover, for a novel by J.K. Jerome, Sonzogno, Milan 1924. Category:20th-century Italian painters Category:Italian male painters Category:Italian illustrators Category:Artists from Bologna Category:1901 births Category:1934 deaths

The Source Presents: Hip Hop Hits, Vol. 8 The Source Presents: Hip Hop Hits, Volume 8 is the eighth annual music compilation album to be contributed by The Source magazine. Released June 29, 2004, and distributed by Image Entertainment, Hip Hop Hits Volume 8 features sixteen hip hop and rap hits (one of them being the bonus track). It went to number 43 on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart and number 45 on the Billboard 200 album chart. It is also one of only two Hip Hop Hits albums to released in the same year; Volume 9 was released six months later. Three songs peaked number one on the Hot Rap Tracks chart: Damn!, Right Thurr and Tipsy. Volume 8 is the fifth album in the Hip Hop Hits series that does not feature a number one on the R&B chart; it is the sixth not to feature a number-one hit on the pop charts. Track listing Damn! - YoungBloodZ The Industry - Wyclef Jean Right Thurr - Chingy Can't Stop, Won't Stop - Young Gunz Gangsta Nation - Nate Dogg and Westside Connection Clap Back - Ja Rule Through the Wire - Kanye West Skills - Gang Starr Tipsy - J-Kwon Quarterbackin' - Clipse and E-40 Into You - Fabolous and Tamia Be Easy - T.I. Hotel - R. Kelly and Cassidy Salt Shaker - Ying Yang Twins Feat. Lil Jon & The East Side Boyz Recognize - Scarface Relationships (With Me and My Gun) - Benzino and Untouchables References Category:Hip hop compilation albums Category:2004 compilation albums Category:Image Entertainment compilation albums

Sandra Elaine Greene Sandra Elaine Greene is an historian of West Africa and professor. She is Stephen '59 and Madeline '60 Anbinder Professor of African History and Chair of the History Department at Cornell University. Early life Greene grew up in southwestern Ohio; her interest in education was encouraged by her mother, an elementary school teacher. Greene expected to study medicine, but found herself drawn to textual analysis as an undergraduate and ultimately majored in philosophy at Kalamazoo College. She also studied abroad in University of Ghana, Legon via a program that had influenced her choice to enroll at Kalamazoo, then one of the only colleges in the U.S. to offer study abroad in Africa. Her study abroad experience as well as the late Civil Rights Movement and rising Black Power movement on-going while she was an undergraduate in the late 1960s and early 1970s confirmed Greene's decision to pursue African history for her graduate work. Bibliography Books Gender, Ethnicity and Social Change on the Upper Slave Coast: A History of the Anlo-Ewe, Heinemann Books, Social History in Africa Series (1996). Honorable Mention, 1997 Herskovits Prize Committee American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) selected book for e-publication as a high quality text in the humanities that is of continuing importance for teaching and research. Sacred Sites and the Colonial Encounter: A History of Meaning and Memory in Ghana (Indiana University Press, 2002). Finalist, 2003 Herskovits Prize for best book on Africa published in the previous year in the fields of History, Political Science, Art History, Anthropology and Literature. West African Narratives of Slavery: Texts from 19th and early 20th Century Ghana (Indiana University Press, 2011) Slave Owners of West Africa: Decision-making in the Age of Abolition (Indiana University Press, 2017) Edited volumes Associate ed., New Encyclopedia of Africa, 5 volumes (Thomson-Gale, 2008). Winner, Conover-Porter Prize for the most outstanding achievement in African bibliography and reference works published during the previous two years, from the Council of Africana Librarians, African Studies Association. co-ed., The Bitter Legacy: African Slavery Past and Present (Markus Wiener Press, 2013) co-ed., African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade, Vol. 1 (Cambridge University Press, 2013) co-ed., African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade, Volume 2: Essays on Sources and Methods (Cambridge University Press, 2016) co-ed., African Slaves, African Masters: Histories, Memories, Legacies (Africa World Press, 2017) References Category:Living people Category:Cornell University faculty Category:Historians of race relations Category:20th-century historians Category:Kalamazoo College alumni Category:Historians of slavery Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Historians of Africa

Torodora manoconta Torodora manoconta is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It is found in Taiwan and the provinces of Jiangxi and Yunnan in China. The wingspan is 19–22 mm. The forewings are elongate and slightly wider towards the termen. The colour is greyish brown throughout, without a pattern. There is a faint discal spot at the end of the cell. The hindwings are grey. References Category:Moths described in 1994 Category:Torodora

Susan Linn Susan Linn is an American writer, psychologist, and ventriloquist. She is the founder of Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood and author of the book Consuming Kids. She is a research associate at Boston Children's Hospital and a lecturer at Harvard Medical School. Early life and education Linn graduated from Harvard University with a degree in Education and Counseling Psychology. Career Linn is an award-winning ventriloquist who performed in various locations including Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, later becoming a puppet therapist at Boston Children's Hospital. Linn is the founder of the Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood, a non-profit organization dedicated to protecting children from deceptive advertising. She worked for the organization from its founding in 2000 through 2015 when she left to focus on writing and teaching. Linn also appeared in The Greatest Movie Ever Sold, a 2011 documentary about marketing and advertising. References External links Consuming Kids website Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Harvard University alumni Category:American psychologists Category:Harvard Medical School people

Çıngıl, Şereflikoçhisar Çıngıl is a village in the District of Şereflikoçhisar, Ankara Province, Turkey. References Category:Populated places in Ankara Province Category:Şereflikoçhisar Category:Villages in Turkey

Monserrate & DJ Urba Monserrate and DJ Urba (also known as Los Jedys) are reggaeton producers from Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, respectively. They have been on the business for some years, but they really got a start when Daddy Yankee hired them to produce his Barrio Fino Album. Then they followed up with the Barrio Fino en Directo Album. They are aligned with Luny Tunes's Mas Flow Inc and Daddy Yankee's El Cartel Records DJ Monserrate Alex A. Monserrate Sosa, artistically known as DJ Monserrate From a young age, he showed passion for music and after overcoming various obstacles, he has now become a very well respected musical producer in the reggaeton community. Monserrate has worked with artists such as Daddy Yankee and his notorious El Cartel Records (Dale Caliente, No Me Dejes Solo, Rompe, Machete, Taladro, El Muro, ¿Qué Vas a Hacer?, El Truco, and other hits). Monserrate has also worked with other Reggaeton artist, like Wisin & Yandel, Tego Calderón, Yaviah, Alexis & Fido, and also produced for artists outside the reggaeton world doing their remixes, such as Carlos Vives, Thalía, Cabas, among others. Monserrate won his first Latin Grammy in 2005 as musical producer of Daddy Yankee's Barrio Fino, which reported sales of 2 million copies and counting. Monserrate works alongside DJ Urba, both producers are currently working in their upcoming production titled Los Jedays which is set to be released soon. Monserrate had been diagnosed with Lymphoma non-hodgking cancer disease, after getting treatment in Puerto Rico he overcame this disease. He continues to work with artist on their albums' including Tito "El Bambino"'s El Patron and Ivy Queen's Sentimiento. DJ Urba Urba continues working production on other themes on 2010 and 2011. He was previously in a relationship with fellow reggaeton artist Ivy Queen from mid-2006 to 2007, he and Monserrate produced a chunk of her studio album Sentimiento including the lead single "Que Lloren". Production credits 2004 El Sobreviviente - Wisin 04. Saoco ft. Daddy Yankee Barrio Fino - Daddy Yankee 03. Dale Caliente 04. No Me Dejes Solo ft. Wisin & Yandel 07. El Muro 2005 Barrio Fino en Directo - Daddy Yankee 11. Rompe 16. El Truco Pa'l Mundo, Deluxe Edition - Wisin & Yandel 1. Te noto tensa ft. Tony Dize 2. Toma Ft Franco el Gorila Peso Completo - John Eric 10. Tembleque 12. Bailen ft. Zion & Lennox 2006 Respect - Lisa M 02. Fuego 03. Asi Es Que Eh ft. Hurricane G, La Bruja, K-mil & Miss Waidy 04. Hazme Tuya 05. Fuete 06. Hey Ladies Los Vaqueros - Wisin & Yandel 04. Eléctrica ft. Gadiel 07. Mujerón ft. El Tío 12. Chu Chin ft. El Tío 14. Un Viaje ft. Gadiel 17. Round 3 ft. Franco "El Gorila" 18. Yo Quiero Hacerte El Amor ft. Franco "El Gorila" & El Tío 19. Calienta y Pega ft. El Tío 21. Sal del Callejón ft. Franco "El Gorila" 2007 Masterpiece: Commemorative Edition - R.K.M & Ken-Y 02. Dame Lo Que Quiero (New Version) Sentimiento - Ivy Queen 02. Que Lloren 06. Reza Por Mi 08. Yo Te Rescaté 11. Cuando No Me Tengas It's My Time - Tito "El Bambino" 02. El Tra 05. El Bum Bum 09. Solo Dime Que Sí 15. Sol, Playa & Arena Ft. Jadiel The Bad Boy: The Most Wanted Edition - Hector "El Father" Disc:2 /05. Mensaje De Voz Ft. Naldo Wisin vs. Yandel: Los Extraterrestres - Wisin & Yandel 07. Dime Quiénes Son (produced with Victor "El Nasi" and Nesty) The Black Carpet - Nicky Jam Gas Pela Ft. RKM 2008 Lo Mejor De Mi - Jadiel 07. Sol & Arena Pt.2 17. Calentamiento Ft. Franco "El Gorila" El Fenomeno - Arcangel 08. I Got Flow Ivy Queen 2008 World Tour LIVE! 01. "Dime" 02. "Que Lloren" (Live) 07. "Reza Por Mi" (Live) 18. "Dime" (Bachata Version) 2009 El Patron - Tito "El Bambino" 01. "El Amor" 02. "Suéltate" 03. "Mata" 04. "Desnudarte" 05. "Mi Cama Huele a Ti" (Feat. Zion & Lennox) 06. "Piropo" 07. "Baila Sexy" 08. "Perfumate" 09. "Te Comencé a Querer" 10. "Agárrala" (Feat. Plan B) 11. "Te Extraño" 12. "Under" 13. "Se Me Daña La Mente" 14. "Somos Iguales" Down to Earth - Alexis & Fido 08. Súbete (Official Remix) (Feat. Don Omar) (produced by Urba with Tainy, Doble A & Nales and Master Chris) Welcome to the Jungle - Franco "El Gorila" 08. Psiquiatrica Loca (produced by Monserrrate with Sosa) El Momento - Jowell & Randy 00. Amanecer (Feat. Yandel & Gadiel) (produced by Monserrrate with Tainy and Marioso) 2010 Drama Queen Deluxe Edition 15. Dime External links Category:Puerto Rican reggaeton artists Category:Reggaeton record producers

GCSS GCSS may refer to: Game Critter Super-Squad!, a comic strip GEWEX Cloud System Study, a meteorological study by the Global Energy and Water Exchanges Global Combat Support System and GCSS-Army, a framework for managing military logistics Government Comprehensive Secondary School, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria Grand Cross of the Order of St. Sylvester, a class in one of the orders of knighthood of the Holy See Gwinnett College - Sandy Springs, Lilburn, Georgia, United States See also GCCS (disambiguation) GCS (disambiguation) GSCC (disambiguation)

Kalapipal (Vidhan Sabha constituency) Kalapipal Vidhan Sabha constituency is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. It is part of Shajapur District. List of Members of the Constituency See also Kalapipal References Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh

Marlies Stegemann Marlies Stegemann (born 12 January 1951) is a German gymnast. She competed in six events at the 1968 Summer Olympics. References Category:1951 births Category:Living people Category:German female artistic gymnasts Category:Olympic gymnasts of West Germany Category:Gymnasts at the 1968 Summer Olympics Category:Sportspeople from Bochum

Deadly Towers Deadly Towers is an action role-playing video game co-developed by Lenar and Tamtex for Irem as a software title for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It was released in Japan on December 15, 1986, and in North America in September of the following year. In Japan, Deadly Towers was titled Mashō (魔鐘), literally meaning "Evil Bell". It is a pun of the word mashō (魔性), meaning "devilishness", and in keeping with this theme, the Japanese cartridge contained a red LED at the top which illuminated when turned on. Irem intended the game's English-language title to be Hell's Bells, but Nintendo of America refused to issue the game a Nintendo Seal of Quality unless Brøderbund changed the name. In North America, it was one of Irem's first titles on the NES, alongside Spelunker and Sqoon. Plot On the eve of his coronation ceremony, Prince Myer sits at a lakeside to ponder the future of his kingdom. Suddenly, a shadowy kami called Khan rises from the lake and coalesces into the form of a man. Khan doesn't identify himself, but he greets Prince Myer by name, and informs him that Rubas, the "Devil of Darkness", is preparing to overtake Willner Kingdom by using seven magic bells capable of summoning an army of monsters. To ensure peace, Khan says, Prince Myer must travel to the northern mountain to burn the seven bells in the sacred flame, burn down the seven bell towers in Rubas' magic palace and, ultimately, defeat Rubas himself. The game begins outside Rubas' palace, a labyrinth filled with monsters. The player's objective is to kill Rubas. In order to do this, Prince Myer must first defeat the boss in each of the seven bell towers, collect the seven bells, and burn the bells in the sacred flame. Burning the bell also destroys the tower. When Prince Myer burns all seven bells, a door opens that leads to the final battle with Rubas. Gameplay Rubas' palace is presented in one-point perspective. The nonlinear gameplay is comparable to that of The Legend of Zelda. In most rooms of the palace, the screen does not scroll. Outside the palace and in the room containing the sacred flame, the room scrolls sideways; in bell towers, it scrolls vertically. Prince Myer can walk in eight directions, and he attacks by throwing a sword. The player earns coins (a currency called ludder) by killing monsters; ludder can be exchanged for new equipment at various shops. The shops are in fixed locations, but their inventories can change. The main palace contains one long, horizontally scrolling room with the sacred flame and the entrances to 7 bell towers. At the top of each tower is a boss. The game's objective is to defeat the boss in each tower, collect the bell from each and destroy the bell collected (which destroys the tower as well) in the sacred flame in order to open the way to fight the final battle with Rubas. To reach the main palace from the start of the game, the player must traverse an area containing 10 hidden dungeons. The first dungeon maze has 167 screens, and the tenth has 235. The entrances to the labyrinths are invisible and it is not possible to simply walk out the way you come in - a specific exit room must be found. The dungeons also contain shops where items can be purchased. Hidden throughout the towers are invisible portals to a secret areas called the Parallel Zones which resemble the towers, but are an alternate version, as well as Secret Rooms, both of which where the player can find equipment superior to that available in the shops. Development Deadly Towers was the work of Japanese video game developers Lenar and Tamtex, the latter being owned by the same company as Irem. Lenar is credited both in the title screen and the end of the game, while Tamtex is mentioned only in the ending credits. The development team consisted of staff from both companies. On Lenar's side, the game was co-designed by a former employee from Namco (Junichi Mizutari), where he worked on the similar The Tower of Druaga. Brøderbund's relationship with Lenar was facilitated by Scott (Kenji) Tsumura, who worked for Irem and eventually worked for Brøderbund to form the Kyodai Software division. Alan Weiss, the Nintendo Producer at Brøderbund, managed all product development and worked with Lenar to translate the text of the game. Weiss kept the strange name, Prince Myer, to try to make faithful conversions and not "Americanize" it. The name, "Deadly Towers," came from Ed Bernstein of Brøderbund. In response to the difficulty level of the game, Weiss stated: "We did a lot of testing of the game and we didn't actually find it that difficult at Brøderbund, and I think we wanted something more challenging than previously published titles to round out our portfolio." Legacy and reception Deadly Towers and Rygar (whose NES release preceded Deadly Towers by a few months) were among the first Japanese action role-playing games to be published in North America. Computer Gaming World described Deadly Towers as a new kind of role-playing game that differed from both the console action-adventure games (such as Castlevania and Trojan) and American computer role-playing games (such as those in the series Wizardry, Ultima, and Might and Magic). Deadly Towers used a permanent power-up mechanic, which blurred the line between the power-ups used in action-adventure games and the experience levels used in RPGs. At the outset of the game, Prince Myer is comparatively weak: he can throw only one sword at a time, and some enemies take eight or more hits to defeat. While the game was not the subject of much press in its time and was commercially successful, it has received negative reviews in retrospective critiques. Sean Reiley, writing in 2001 for his comedy website Seanbaby.com, dismissed it as the worst Nintendo game of all time. In 2007, J. C. Fletcher of the video game blog Joystiq wrote that Deadly Towers is "the most frustrating game on the NES" and "may be the most frustrating game of all time." Even so, he also said that the game should be distributed through Nintendo's Virtual Console service. References Sources Deadly Towers Instruction Manual. Brøderbund, 1986. External links VC&G Exclusive: Secret Deadly Towers Maps Revealed! Category:1986 video games Category:Action-adventure games Category:Action role-playing video games Category:Broderbund games Category:Fantasy video games Category:Irem games Category:Nintendo Entertainment System games Category:Nintendo Entertainment System-only games Category:Single-player video games Category:Top-down video games Category:Video games developed in Japan

33d Reconnaissance Squadron 33d Reconnaissance Squadron may refer to: The 422d Bombardment Squadron, designated the 33d Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) from March 1942 to April 1942. The 33d Network Warfare Squadron, designated the 33d Reconnaissance Squadron (Night Photographic) from November 1947 to June 1949. The 33d Reconnaissance Squadron (Fighter), active with this designation from April 1943 to August 1943.

William Liath de Burgh William Liath de Burgh, magnate and deputy Justiciar of Ireland, died 1324. Background De Burgh was a son of William Og de Burgh, who was killed at the Battle of Áth-an-Chip or Athankip in 1270, and a nephew of Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (died 1271). He was nicknamed liath, Gaelic for grey, though the reasons are unknown. Career De Burgh spent much of his life fighting on behalf of his cousin, the 2nd Earl of Ulster, first coming to notice in 1290 when he was defeated in a skirmish with Mac Coughlan. He was deputy justiciar from 1 October 1308 under Piers Gaveston, relinquishing office on 15 May 1309. The Bruce Invasion of Ireland He was captured at the Battle of Connor in Ulster in 1315, when an army led by his cousin the Earl of Ulster was defeated by an Irish-Scots army led by Edward Bruce. He was sent to Scotland, his release only been obtained by the earl in summer 1316, in exchange for his son, Edmund, as hostage. Athenry Returning from Scotland he was in Connacht by July 1316 and assembled "a motley army of Anglo-Norman colonists and Irish chieftains who had remained loyal to the earl and marched against Fedlimid O'Connor, who had taken advantage of the chaos to lay waste to the province. On 10 August, after a particularly bloody battle at Athenry, William was victorious." Family He had married Finola Ni Briain, daughter of Brian Ruad or The MacJordan, by whom he had three sons: Sir Edmond Albanach de Burgh (died 1375) John Burgh, (1350–1398) Chancellor of the University of Cambridge Sir Ulick de Burgh (died 1352) * Sir Walter Liath de Burgh, died February 1332 He may also have had other children- legitimate or illegitimate: Raymond, ancestor of the Mac Raymond Burkes of Muinter Murchadha Richard, ancestor of the Clan Henry, Mac Walter of Lackagh, Mac William Duinn, Mac Tibbot and Mac Meyler Theobald, died 1336 Thomas Gylle de Burgh (fl. 1332) Mor, married Ruaidhri O Cellaigh who died 1339 Two unnamed sons, killed in Leinster in 1311 Summation Ronan Mackay summed him up as a loyal and capable lieutenant of the Earl. "From 1305 onwards he was lord of connacht in all but name, allowing Richard to concentrate on the rest of his sprawling domains. The fact that Connacht did not collapse during the Bruce invasion was primarily due to William's ability and his strong ties to many of the leading Irish families of the province. Ironically his success in building a local power base there was to lead to conflict between his heirs and the next earl of Ulster. He died in 1323 and was interred in the Dominican priory at Athenry. He is the ancestor of the Bourkes of County Mayo. Annalistic references From the Annals of the Four Masters: M1322.11. William Liath Burke, son of William More, died. M1324.3. William Burke, son of William More, died. Family tree Walter de Burgh | |____________________________________________ | | | | William de Burgh, died 1205. Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent, d. 1243. | (issue; John and Hubert) |_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Baron of Connaught Hubert de Burgh, Bishop of Limerick, d. 1250. Richard Óge de Burgh | | | ____________________________________________________________| de Burgh Earl of Ulster, | | | Burke of Castleconnell, County Limerick | | | Mac William Iochtar Bourke of County Mayo. Hubert William Richard | | | | | |_________________ Clan Mac Hubert? Richard an Fhorbhair | | | | | _______________________________________________________________| Sir David Donn Sir William Ruad | | | | d.1327. | | | Clan Mac David Ulick Burke of Annaghkeen, d. 1343. Raymond Walter Óge | | Richard Óg Burke, d. 1387. | | Burke of Clanricarde References (family tree) A New History of Ireland, volume IX, Oxford, 1984; Earls of Ulster and Lords of Connacht, 1205–1460 (De Burgh, De Lacy and Mortimer), p. 170; Mac William Burkes: Mac William Iochtar (de Burgh), Lords of Lower Connacht and Viscounts of Mayo, 1332–1649, p. 171; Burke of Clanricard: Mac William Uachtar (de Burgh), Lords of Upper Connacht and Earls of Clanricard, 1332–1722. References Bourke family tree, page 398, The History of Mayo, Hubert T. Knox Burgh, William Liath de, Ronan Makay, in Dictionary of Irish Biography from the Earliest Times to the Year 2002'', pp. 18–19, Cambridge, 2010 Category:Irish soldiers Category:Justiciars of Ireland Category:People from County Mayo Category:People from County Galway Category:Norman warriors Category:14th-century Irish people Category:1324 deaths William Liath Category:Year of birth unknown

John R. Phillips (American politician) John Phillips (September 11, 1887 – December 18, 1983) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California. John Phillips was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. He moved to St. Davids, Pennsylvania, in 1891. He graduated from Haverford College in 1910. He served in the United States Army during World War I, where he served in the Adjutant General's Office and in Ordinance 1917–1919. He moved to California in 1924 and worked as a business analyst and rancher. He was a member of the city council of Banning, California, 1930–1932. He served in the California Assembly from 1932 to 1936, and was a member of the California Senate from 1936 to 1942. He was a member of the United States delegation to the Eleventh World's Dairy Congress in Berlin in 1937. Phillips was elected as a Republican to the Seventy-eighth and to the six succeeding Congresses. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1956. He was a delegate to Republican National Conventions in 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, and 1960. He was a member of the American Battle Monuments Commission from 1952 to 1961. He was engaged as a public relations counselor and was a resident of Hemet, California, until his death in Palm Springs, California, on December 18, 1983. Interment in Desert Memorial Park, Cathedral City, California. References The Political Graveyard Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from California Category:American military personnel of World War I Category:Members of the California State Assembly Category:California state senators Category:Politicians from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania Category:People from Banning, California Category:1887 births Category:1983 deaths Category:Burials at Desert Memorial Park Category:California Republicans Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives Category:20th-century American politicians

Maserati 350S Maserati 350S were three racing cars made by Maserati of Italy, built by Giulio Alfieri, with aluminum body design by Medardo Fantuzzi, both Maserati engineers. The first chassis #3501 was developed in 1955, using the chassis of a Maserati 300S, and the 3.5-litre straight-six engine under development for the future Maserati 3500 GT (see this for engine details). It was crashed by Stirling Moss in the Mille Miglia of 1956, then scrapped. Chassis #3502 (second) was rather similar to the first, and was bought by Luigi Piotti. Engine output was at 6200 rpm. It was bought by Tony Parravano in 1957, and sold to Connecticut in 1974, where it still resides (2004). Chassis #3503 (third) came early in 1957. It first used the straight-six, but was converted to a 3.5-litre V12 engine ( at 9000 rpm). It also had a five-speed gearbox developed for the Maserati 250F. It was later entered by Luigi Piotti and Roberto Bonomi in the Buenos Aires 1000 km (1957). The car resides in Belgium (2005), although a second of same chassis #3503 is said to have existed. 350S Category:Sports racing cars sv:Maserati 300S

Flad Flad may refer to: Flad Architects, American architectural firm Egon Flad, German soccer player and sports agent Henry Flad, German civil engineer Flad (lagoon), A stage in the formation of a Gloe lake

WYAJ WYAJ (97.7 FM, "Over the Edge Radio") is a radio station licensed to serve Sudbury, Massachusetts. The station is owned by Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School and licensed to the Sudbury Valley Broadcasting Foundation. It airs a high school radio format. Greg Hill, host of the Hill-man Morning Show on WAAF in Boston, got his start in radio on WYAJ when he was hired by student station manager Richard Lyons (host of the Megarock Show and one of the first on-air personalities in 1980). Geoff Scott, former WBZ-FM traffic reporter in Boston and 20-year Northwest radio icon (Afternoons, Rock 94.5 KHTQ & Evenings, Rock106 KEZE Spokane, Washington) also got his start in broadcasting on WYAJ as host of "The Brainmelter Show" (1982-1988). Other 1980s' alumni of WYAJ include American music industry executive Gerard Cosloy; future Hüsker Dü manager David Savoy; Vermont Public Radio reporter Amy Kolb Noyes; WENY sportscaster and Emmy award-winning Fox Sports producer Mike Isenberg. Alumni from the 1990s include John Cavooto, well-known comic book writer; Jennifer Schandlemyer, fitness model; and Robert Marco Jr., Zoophilia legalization advocate. The station was assigned the WYAJ call letters by the Federal Communications Commission. The station has a very small reach due to WKAF, a much stronger signal from Brockton, Massachusetts, interfering with WYAJ even in some parts of Sudbury. Due to student disinterest in 2014 the station shut down and left the airwaves. References External links YAJ Category:High school radio stations in the United States Category:Media in Middlesex County, Massachusetts Category:Sudbury, Massachusetts Category:Lincoln, Massachusetts Category:Radio stations established in 1980 Category:1980 establishments in Massachusetts

Hoplostethus occidentalis Hoplostethus occidentalis, more commonly known as the Western roughy, is a member of the family Trachichthyidae. It has a wide distribution in the Atlantic Ocean ranging from as far south as Brazil all the way to southern Nova Scotia. It is a deepwater fish, living at depths between . It can reach lengths of up to SL. References External links occidentalis Category:Fish described in 1973 Category:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean

Alexei Kondaurov Alexei Kondaurov (born 1949) is a former KGB general, former Head Analyst at Yukos, and current member of Russia's State Duma for the Communist Party. Asked about the fact that he is both a Communist and a millionaire, Kondaurov stated "There's no contradiction. Engels was an oligarch and Lenin hardly a vagabond." References Further reading Category:Living people Category:1949 births Category:KGB officers Category:Yukos

Harriet Burton Laidlaw Harriet (Wright) Burton Laidlaw (December 16, 1873 — January 25, 1949) was an American social reformer and suffragist. She campaigned in support of the Nineteenth Amendment and the United Nations, and was the first female corporate director of Standard & Poors. Biography Early life and education Harriet Wright Burton was born in Albany, New York, on December 16, 1873, to George Davidson Burton, a bank cashier, and Alice Davenport Wright. After her father died when she was aged six, her mother took her and her two younger brothers to live with his parents. She worked as a page at the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1894, held in Albany. Burton attended Albany High School, then went on to the New York State Normal College (now the University at Albany, SUNY) where she received a bachelor's degree in pedagogy in 1895 and a master's in 1896. Burton went to Illinois and received a Ph.B from Illinois Wesleyan University in 1898 before returning to New York to attend Barnard College, where she received a B.A. in 1902. She took summer courses at Harvard in 1900, the University of Chicago in 1901, and Oxford University in 1903. While working as an English teacher in the New York public high school system, she pursued a PhD at Columbia University, but stopped both after her marriage in 1905. She was awarded an honorary LLD degree by Rollins College in 1930. Family and personal life Burton married James Lees Laidlaw, a partner in the brokerage firm Laidlaw & Company and a strong advocate of women's rights himself, on October 25, 1905. They had a daughter, Louise Burton Laidlaw, in 1906. James died of Parkinson's disease in 1932, after which Harriet was named as the only female member the board of directors of Standard & Poors. Harriet died in New York City after a brief illness on January 25, 1949. At the time of her death, she was living in Manhattan at 920 Fifth Avenue and had a vacation home in Sands Point, Long Island. Activism Laidlaw gave her first speech in support of women's suffrage to an audience of friends and relatives at the age of 20. She became the secretary of the College Equal Suffrage League in 1908 and the acting Manhattan Borough Chairperson of the Woman Suffrage Party in 1911. The party's founder, Carrie Chapman Catt, asked her to fill the latter position more permanently, and she did so from 1912 to 1916. In addition to her work in support of women's suffrage, Laidlaw was a crusader against white slavery and the forced prostitution of both white and Chinese women in New York, and was a proponent of the Mann Act of 1910. In 1912, following a violent attack on anti-prostitution activist Rose Livingston, Laidlaw and her husband helped mobilize public opinion against the perceived inaction of Mayor William Jay Gaynor in ordering increased police protection for activists in New York's Chinatown. On November 9 of that year, she served as chairman of a torchlight parade down Fifth Avenue that drew an estimated 400,000-500,000 observers, an event that solidified her position as a leader of the suffragist movement. She wrote many articles and columns, spoke at public gatherings, and traveled around the country, including a trip through the western United States in 1913 to help organize activists. Laidlaw spoke out against the notion of separate spheres for men and women in regards to public life, writing in 1912 that, "insofar as women were like men they ought to have the same rights; insofar as they were different they must represent themselves." In 1914, her most significant writing was published, a booklet entitled Organizing to Win by the Political District Plan, which gave activists step-by-step instructions on how to fundraise and engage with their local political leaders to keep up sustained pressure in support of suffrage. Laidlaw became a director of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1917, and was among a group of leading suffragettes who met with former President Theodore Roosevelt to persuade him to lend support to their cause. Later that year, an amendment to the New York Constitution granting women the vote was passed. Following the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, Laidlaw's attention turned to international relations, and she promoted the United States' entry into the League of Nations as well as the formation of the United Nations. She was a strong supporter of Prohibition and was a member of the New York State Prohibition Society. Honors Both Harriet and James Laidlaw were honored by the League of Women Voters on a plaque unveiled in 1931 and now displayed in the New York State Capitol in Albany listing those of “distinguished achievement” in the women's suffrage movement; James is the only man listed. Selected writing References Category:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery Category:Illinois Wesleyan University alumni Category:Barnard College alumni Category:American suffragists Category:University at Albany, SUNY alumni Category:College Equal Suffrage League Category:1873 births Category:1949 deaths

1935–36 Copa Mexico The Copa México 1935–36 was the 19th staging of this Mexican football cup competition that existed from 1907. The competition started on June 7, 1936 and concluded on June 28th 1936 in which Necaxa lifted the trophy for fourth time after a 2-1 victory over Asturias. Preliminary round Final Phase References Mexico - Statistics of Copa México in season 1935/1936. (RSSSF) Copa Mexico, 1935-36 Category:Copa MX Copa

East Lake (Oregon) East Lake is one of the twin lakes that occupy part of the Newberry Crater or caldera in Central Oregon, United States. It is located in the Deschutes National Forest near the city of La Pine. The caldera was formed over 500,000 years ago from volcanic eruptions. East Lake's water comes from snow melt, rain fall, and hot springs only. The average depth is , at the deepest point, and covers . East Lake is about higher in elevation and is to the east of its twin, Paulina Lake. East Lake has two main camping grounds along the lake shore as well as East Lake Resort. The resort has cabins and boats for rent as well as a general store. The lake offers fishing for brown trout and rainbow trout. The lake is stocked with sockeye salmon (Kokanee) and Atlantic salmon. See also List of lakes in Oregon References External links Category:Lakes of Oregon Category:Lakes of Deschutes County, Oregon Category:Protected areas of Deschutes County, Oregon Category:Newberry National Volcanic Monument

Sobran las palabras "Sobran las palabras (, "Words are Unnecessary") is a song composed and recorded by Spanish singer Braulio. It is best known as the Spanish entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 1976, held in The Hague. Eurovision The song was performed twelfth on the night (following Finland's Fredi & Ystävät with "Pump-Pump" and preceding Italy's Al Bano and Romina Power with "We'll Live It All Again"). At the close of voting, it had received 11 points, placing 16th in a field of 18. It was succeeded as Spanish entry at the 1977 Contest by Micky with "Enséñame a cantar". Sources and external links Official Eurovision Song Contest site, history by year, 1976. Detailed info and lyrics, The Diggiloo Thrush, "Sobran las palabras". Category:Eurovision songs of Spain Category:Eurovision songs of 1976 Category:1976 songs Category:Spanish-language songs Category:Braulio García songs

Cholmeley Lodge Cholmeley Lodge is an Art Deco / Streamline Moderne grade II listed residential building in Highgate, London, designed by architect Guy Morgan. Built in 1934 and taking its name from Sir Roger Cholmeley, who owned the land until 1565, it is a curving six-storey block of 48 flats, with an unusual three curved concave blocks spanning a 30-foot radius. It would later inspire the design of another, more famous apartment block built by Guy Morgan in London: Florin Court. Cholmeley Lodge was originally proposed and planned to be built on Bournemouth seafront, but the local council did not approve the modern design, requiring some Tudor-style timberwork to soften the elevation. Being thus refused, the project was moved to the London Borough of Haringey and built facing Highgate High street by replacing the demolished Mermaid Inn. See also Florin Court Du Cane Court Trinity Court, Gray’s Inn Road References Category:Art Deco architecture in London Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1934 Category:Residential buildings in London Category:London building and structure stubs Category:Streamline Moderne architecture Category:Streamline Moderne architecture in the United Kingdom

Cawongla Cawongla is a locality in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. The locality is in the Kyogle Council local government area, north east of the state capital, Sydney and south of Brisbane. At the 2011 census, Cawongla had a population of 221. The name "Cawongla" is a portmanteau of "Campbell"—the first European settler in the area—and "wonga" an Aboriginal word for "hill". Italian migrants once grew bananas in the area. The locality today is a mix of traditional farming and alternative lifestyle communities. Further reading References Category:Towns in New South Wales Category:Kyogle Council

1979 British Grand Prix The 1979 British Grand Prix (formally the XXXII Marlboro British Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at Silverstone on 14 July 1979. It was the ninth race of the 1979 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the 1979 International Cup for F1 Constructors. The 68-lap race was won by Clay Regazzoni, driving a Williams-Ford. It was the first Formula One victory for the Williams team. René Arnoux finished second in a Renault, with Jean-Pierre Jarier third in a Tyrrell-Ford. Report Qualifying Qualifying saw Alan Jones take his and the Williams team's first pole position by 0.6 seconds from Jean-Pierre Jabouille in the Renault; the Williams FW07 had been modified by engineers Patrick Head and Frank Dernie to correct some aerodynamic problems on the car. Nelson Piquet took third in the Brabham with the second Williams of Clay Regazzoni alongside him on the second row, while René Arnoux in the second Renault and Niki Lauda in the second Brabham made up the third row. Completing the top ten were John Watson in the McLaren, the Lotuses of Carlos Reutemann and Mario Andretti, and Jacques Laffite in the Ligier. The Ferraris disappointed, with championship leader Jody Scheckter only managing 11th and Gilles Villeneuve 13th. Race At the start of the race, Regazzoni charged into the lead, but was repassed by team-mate Jones and Jabouille before the end of the first lap. Andretti and the Ferraris also made fast starts, running close to Piquet, Lauda and Arnoux. At the end of lap 2, Piquet made a mistake at Woodcote and spun off, before Andretti dropped out with a broken wheel bearing on lap 4. Then Lauda encountered brake problems which eventually led to his retirement on lap 13, leaving Arnoux fourth with Scheckter fifth and Villeneuve dutifully following the South African. Up at the front, Jones established a commanding lead over Jabouille, who was struggling on Michelin tyres that were wearing quickly. On lap 17, the Frenchman pitted for new tyres, promoting Regazzoni to second. However, disaster struck for Jabouille when, after a long stop, part of his front wing got caught in an air hose that had not been removed from under the car and was broken off as he accelerated. He was forced to return to the pits for repairs, during which his turbo overheated. At half-distance, Jones still led comfortably, with Regazzoni still second and well clear of Arnoux, and Laffite moving ahead of the Ferraris into fourth. Then, approaching Woodcote at the end of lap 39, Jones's engine failed, a water pump problem causing it to overheat. Six laps later, Laffite also retired with engine trouble. This left only four drivers on the lead lap - Regazzoni, Arnoux, Scheckter and Villeneuve - with Jean-Pierre Jarier up to fifth in his Tyrrell and Watson sixth. The Ferraris were also struggling on Michelins, and Villeneuve pitted for new tyres on lap 50, before stopping with fuel vaporization problems five laps from the end. Scheckter, meanwhile, was lapped by Regazzoni on lap 56, before Jarier and Watson passed him in the closing laps. Regazzoni eventually took the chequered flag 24 seconds ahead of Arnoux, giving Williams their first Formula One victory. It was also Regazzoni's fifth and final win and, to date, the last win in F1 for a Swiss driver. After Jarier, Watson and Scheckter came Jacky Ickx, taking the final point in the second Ligier. This was the first Grand Prix on which James Hunt, who had retired from racing the previous month, commentated alongside Murray Walker for the BBC's Grand Prix programme. Classification Notes Lap leaders: Alan Jones 38 laps (1–38); Clay Regazzoni 30 laps (39–68). Jones's pole-position time in his ground-effect Williams FW07 was some 6.6 seconds faster than the pole time set in the previous Grand Prix at Silverstone, two years before, by James Hunt in his non-ground-effect McLaren M26. Championship standings after the race Drivers' Championship standings Constructors' Championship standings References British Grand Prix Category:British Grand Prix Grand Prix British Grand Prix

List of Rangers F.C. chairmen Rangers F.C. is a football club based in Glasgow, Scotland, that competes in the Scottish Professional Football League. Since its founding in 1872, the club has had more than ten different presidents (prior to incorporation) and nineteen chairmen. History The club has been privately owned by stakeholders, in the form of a limited liability company before becoming a publicly owned company trading on the PLUS and AIM stock exchanges respectively. The board of directors are appointed to oversee the corporate operations of the company that owns the club with the chairman being considered as the most senior and high-profile corporate figures. In Rangers history the chairman has generally been the prominent executive on the board, although this has begun to change with the appointment of CEOs which led to some chairmen being appointed in a non-executive capacity. From December 2012 to March 2015, the directors of the company that owns Rangers F.C., The Rangers Football Club Limited (TRFCL), were appointed to what was then known as the "football board". This football board was separate and distinct from the Plc board of Rangers International Football Club Plc (RIFC), which is the holding company of TRFCL. During this period, references were made to both the football board and Plc board and the situation effectively saw the club with two chairmen, however, since the departure of Sandy Easdale in 2015, the "football board" terminology has ceased leaving the Plc chair as the definitive Chairman. Between June and December 2012, before flotation on the AIM stock exchange and the subsequent formation of RIFC, the chairman of TRFCL was de jure the chairman of Rangers Football Club. List of presidents Below is the presidential history of Rangers F.C., from 1874 until incorporation sixteen years later. List of chairmen Below is the official chairmen history of Rangers F.C., from the incorporation of the club in 1899, until the present day. t/a Rangers F.C. Ltd (1899) and Rangers F.C. Plc (2000) t/a Rangers F.C. Ltd (2012) t/a Rangers International F.C. Plc (2012) List of honorary positions References Chairmen

Levie (disambiguation) Levie, a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica Levie may also refer to: People Given name Levie Jacob Fles or Louis Fles, (1872–1940), Dutch businessman, activist and author Levie Vorst (1903-1987), rabbi of Rotterdam from 1946 to 1959 and chief rabbi from 1959 to 1971 Surname Aaron Levie, American entrepreneur Alexander Levie (1865–1955), Scottish veterinary surgeon Craig Levie (born 1959), Canadian ice hockey player Howard S. Levie (1907–2009), American legal expert on the law of war and the key draftsman of the Korean Armistice Agreement Michel Levie (1851-1939), Belgian politician See also State v. Levie, a decision of United States Hennepin County District Court Levy (disambiguation)

France national under-19 basketball team The French national under-19 basketball team is the junior national basketball team representing France in international under-19 and under-18 competitions (under age 19 and under age 18) youth competitions. It is administrated by the Fédération Française de Basket-Ball (French Basketball Federation). See also France national basketball team France women's national basketball team France national under-17 basketball team France national 3x3 team References External links Official website FIBA profile EuroBasket.com – French Men National Team U18/19 Archived records of France team participations Category:National under-19 basketball teams u

Bombay potato Bombay potato (sometimes called Bombay aloo or aloo (alu) Bombay), is an Indian dry dish prepared using potatoes that are cubed, boiled and then fried, and is flavored with various spices such as cumin, curry, garlic, garam masala, turmeric, mustard seeds, chili powder salt and pepper. Onion, tomatoes and tomato sauce are sometimes used as ingredients. Bombay potato can also be served as a side dish, rather than as a main course. See also Aloo gobi List of potato dishes References Category:Potato dishes Category: Indian cuisine

2010 Oceania Track Championships The 2010 Oceania Track Championships were the 2010 edition of the annual Oceania Track Championships and were held at the Invercargill ILT Velodrome in Invercargill, New Zealand. Eight of the 10 Olympic events (sprint, team sprint, keirin, and team pursuit) were included for both men and women, however omnium was excluded because at this point it was not in the 2012 Summer Olympics programme. Non-Olympics events (time trial, individual pursuit, points race, scratch race) were also included for both men and women as well as madison for men. Under 19 events were also held for each event, however the men's madison and women's (keirin, team sprint, team pursuit, points race and scratch race were combined Under 19 and Elite events. Eligible nations Medal summary Medal summary U19 Elite medal table U19 medal table Overall medal table Olympic event medal table Category:Oceania Track Championships Category:2011 in track cycling

SS Talune Talune has been the name of three vessels. This article refers to the first SS Talune, built in 1890 and scuttled in 1925. A second SS Talune was built in 1930 for the Union Steamship company of New Zealand and sold in 1959 to Transporte de Minerales, Panama, which renamed it the Amos. A motor launch named Talune was built in Hobart, Tasmania in 1914 and destroyed by fire at her moorings at Maria Island, Tasmania on 6 July 1929. The first SS Talune The first SS Talune was a passenger and freight steamship employed in the Tasman Sea and South Seas trades in the last decade of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century. It was a typical ship of its time and type in every way. It would be unknown except that it was the ship that brought the deadly 1918 Spanish flu pandemic from New Zealand to Samoa and other Pacific islands. SS (steamship) Talune was built by Ramage & Ferguson, of Leith, Scotland, for the Tasmanian Steam Navigation Company of Hobart, Tasmania, entering service with the company in 1890. It was of 2,087 tons, about 230 feet long, coal fired, and powered by a triple-expansion steam engine. It had passenger accommodation for up to 175 people and a crew of around 56. Initially the Talune was employed on the Hobart-Sydney run for its parent company. In 1891, the ship was taken over by the Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand when it absorbed the Tasmanian company and its assets. The Talune worked thereafter between New Zealand and Australia, and later between New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. Early service No complete record of the Talune'''s many voyages has been found, but the ship appears in a number of records from the time. In November 1891, the Talune took the British poet and writer Rudyard Kipling from Wellington to Bluff, and then on to Melbourne as part of a world tour. His opinion of the ship is not recorded. New Zealand poll tax records show that in May 1896 it brought one Ah Lun, a 34-year-old Cantonese man to Wellington from Sydney. In June 1897, it carried Carl Hertz from Bluff to Hobart. Hertz was an American "Illusionist and Prestigidator" who was the most successful early exhibitor to show motion pictures in New Zealand. In 1901, the Talune was the setting for a lethal poisoning reported in the Otago Witness in April. In its early years, the Talune was involved in two recorded salvage operations. In 1898, it rendered assistance to the SS Ruapehu, stranded on Farewell Spit. In 1899 the Talune fell in with the 5,500-ton Perthshire, which had gone missing on a voyage from Sydney to Wellington. For eight weeks, the Perthshire had been drifting helplessly without power in the Tasman Sea with a broken tailshaft. The Talune towed the larger ship back to Sydney. First World War service The Talune saw service in the First World War as His Majesty's New Zealand Transport 16 (HMNZT 16) transporting at least one contingent of troops to Western Samoa. At some time after 1916, the Talune reverted to civilian service and resumed its ordinary voyages. StrandingTalune's only known stranding occurred on 12 March 1917, in the Egeria Channel, off Nukualofa. The Talune was carrying general cargo and 15 passengers, so by this time may have already reverted to civilian service after serving as a military transport. There was £400 worth of damage was done to plates and frames. The Court of Enquiry found the Talune struck an uncharted pinnacle rock, and there is no record of the Master (J. Morrison) being censured. Influenza in the Pacific On 7 November 1918, the Talune arrived at Apia in Western Samoa, on one of its regular Pacific voyages from Auckland, New Zealand, successively calling at ports in Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Nauru, and then Fiji again before returning to Auckland. At that time the Western Samoan islands were administered by New Zealand, which had seized them from Germany at the start of the First World War in 1914. The United States of America controlled the Eastern islands. At the time of the Talunes departure from Auckland, pandemic influenza was spreading rapidly in New Zealand, resulting in many fatalities. Before leaving Auckland two crewmen had reported sick and were sent ashore, but by the time Talune reached Suva in Fiji on 4 November several more crewmen had influenza. As none of the local passengers was stricken, they were allowed ashore and the cargo unloaded while the ship remained in quarantine alongside the wharf, the Port Health officer having heard reports of the severe epidemic in New Zealand. As was the custom of the time, about 90 Fijian labourers were taken on board to work the cargo as the ship proceeded on its planned voyage. By the time the Talune reached Apia in Samoa on 7 November, most of the Fijian labourers were ill (Rice 200). The ship's quarantine at Suva was apparently not mentioned on arrival in Apia (Cliff 137) and the acting Port Health officer at Apia was not aware of the epidemic in Auckland (Rice 200). After what seems to have been a somewhat cursory examination the ship was granted pratique and passengers allowed to disembark. "[The] Talune's captain told the medical officer, Doctor Atkinson, that nothing was serious, but that "'One old reverend told me he had been sick back in Auckland, but he seems fine now. Two Samoan kids, Tau and Faleolo, had headaches yesterday but are up and around again today.'" The doctor "questioned the pastor and two boys as they went by", but no one complained of being ill. Two hours later the yellow flag was lowered. The Talune had a clean bill of health." By 31 December, at least 7,542 Samoan people had died from the virulent influenza, and deaths from influenza continued into 1919. A commission of enquiry calculated a final death toll of about 8,500, about 22% of the whole population of Western Samoa (Rice 201). While the impact of the pandemic was undoubtedly amplified by the Samoan cultural response to illness, which requires the fono (family) to gather around a sick person, the New Zealand administrative response to the pandemic was certainly at least inept. Much more could have been done to reduce the impact on the population, such as prohibiting travel within and between islands. The original decision to allow the Talunes passengers to land, along with other events during New Zealand's administration of Samoa, was the subject of an apology from the New Zealand Government delivered at a state luncheon in Apia in June 2002. The impact on Western Samoa was particularly poignant in view of the success of the American authorities in preventing pandemic influenza from gaining a foothold in islands under their administration (even though these were only about from the New Zealand-administered islands. Without orders from his government (but based on what he learned from a radio news service) the governor of American Samoa, Navy Commander John M. Poyer, instituted a rigorous quarantine policy. When he heard of the outbreak on Western Samoa, he banned travel to or from the neighbouring islands. Poyer persuaded the island's natives to mount a shore patrol to prevent illegal landings. People who disembarked from ships sailing from the American mainland were kept under house arrest for a specified period or examined daily. Aspects of the quarantine continued into mid-1920, a year after Poyer departed to the sound of a 17-gun salute. There were no influenza deaths on American Samoa. The Talune went on from Apia to Tonga (calling at Neiafu, Vava'u, Ha'Apai) and to Nuku'Alofa in Tongatapu, where it arrived on 12 November 1918. Within a few days of the Talunes arrival, the disease had spread with heavy loss of life; estimates vary between 1,800 and 2,000 died, or about 8% to 10% of the Tongan population. After Tongatapu the Talune sailed for Nauru, where once again the first cases of influenza appeared ashore within a few days of her departure. Few (if any) voyages in history, whether in peace or war, have resulted in so many deaths in such a short time. The impact of the Talunes deadly island voyage is still remembered today, and has influenced influenza pandemic planning into the 21st century. Disposal Nothing is known of Talune'''s employment after its disastrous 1918 voyage until 1921, when Union Steamship Company records show it was laid up. In 1925 the ship was hulked, and in November of that year was filled with rocks and scuttled to form the foundation of a breakwater at Waikokopu, a small port in northern Hawke Bay, on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. Remains The port of Waikokopu is no longer in use, and the wharf and the breakwater have been reduced to rubble by southerly swells. The foundations of the breakwater where the last vestiges of the Talune lie can be seen on Google Earth at . External links References Cliff, A, Hagget P, Smallman-Raynor, M, ‘Island epidemics’, Oxford University Press, USA, 2000, Rice, G, ‘Black November – the 1918 influenza pandemic in New Zealand’, 2nd edition, Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand,2005, Ferry to Tasmania, A Short History by Peter Plowman, . Talune Category:Shipwrecks of New Zealand Category:Spanish flu Category:History of Samoa Category:History of the Hawke's Bay Region Category:History of Tasmania Category:Maritime history of Australia Category:Scuttled vessels Category:World War I merchant ships of New Zealand Category:Ships sunk as breakwaters

Sovereignty of God in Christianity Sovereignty of God is the Christian teaching that God is the supreme authority and all things are under His control. God is the "sovereign Lord of all by an incontestable right [as the] creator . . . owner and possessor of heaven and earth." Sovereignty is an Attribute of God based upon the premise that God as the creator of heaven and earth has absolute right and full authority to do or allow whatever He desires. The protestant position is described in the Westminster Confession of Faith, which states, "God, from all eternity, did, by the most wise and holy counsel of His own will, freely, and unchangeably ordain whatever comes to pass.". The Catholic position is similar, "And so we see the Holy Spirit, the principal author of Sacred Scripture, often attributing actions to God without mentioning any secondary causes. This is not a “primitive mode of speech”, but a profound way of recalling God’s primacy and absolute Lordship over history and the world." Easton's Bible Dictionary defines God's Sovereignty as His "absolute right to do all things according to his own good pleasure." Nave's Topical Bible lists well over 100 verses in the Christian Bible under the entry "Sovereign". Limitations Natural and self-imposed limitations to the Sovereignty of God have been a source of debate. God may have the power to act, but choose not to act. "Ultimately God is in complete control of all things, though He may choose to let certain events happen according to natural laws which He has ordained." "God has created a world in which freedom is a real possibility. His permissive will provides for human freedom and the laws of nature." "However, even though God is all powerful, He sovereignly chose to self-limit His power by delegating authority to mankind in the Garden of Eden. 'Then God said, Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion . . .'" Sovereignty and Free Will The question whether God's sovereignty is consistent with meaningful meaningful human decisions which are free from compulsion is a signficant theological question in Christianity. The debate was first clearly expressed by Augustine in the 4th century. The debate continues today. "We know that humans have a free will, but we also know that God is sovereign. How those two truths relate to each other is hard for us to understand." "The doctrine of divine sovereignty raises the problem of the relation of God’s sovereign action to human activity. If God is in complete control, how can we be truly free in the decisions we make? In other words, for free will to be meaningful, there must be some things that lie outside of God’s sovereign control—e.g., the contingency of human choice." The relationship between free will and the Sovereignty of God is relevant not only in the Calvinist-Arminian debate (see below #Implications_on_Calvinist-Arminian_Debate) but also in the philosophical Theodicy. If God is perfect and good, how could He create beings that are evil? If God did not embed free will into humanity, it is difficult to reconcile God’s omnipotence and God's omnibenevolence with a seemingly imperfect creation that includes evil. As stated by Alvin Plantinga, Theodicy is the "answer to the question of why God permits evil". Plantinga argues that human free will explains the existence of evil without threatening the existence of an omnipotent and omnibenevolent God. Plantinga's argument is consistent with Augustinian theology which teaches that “The entry of evil into the world is generally explained as punishment for sin and its continued presence due to humans' misuse of free will. God's goodness and benevolence, according to the Augustinian theodicy, remain perfect and without responsibility for evil or suffering.”Augustinian theology Plantinga relies on the free will of humanity to take ultimate responsibility for evil rather than attributing all actions of all creatures, whether, good or evil, to God. The sin of Satan, the sin of Adam and the sin of David each represent a permissible consequence of God's sovereign decision to create humanity with free will, rather than the directive of a sovereign God for which the sovereign God is sovereignly and directly responsible. (See general discussion of Theodicy). When Adam chose to disobey God, God did not excuse Adam, claiming that God was the source of the disobedience. Rather God held Adam responsible for Adam’s exercise of his will. The division stems from the question whether free will is compatible with an omniscient God who knows everything, past, present and future? If God knows the future, does that foreknowledge preclude human free will because it would be impossible to freely make a choice contrary to the future God foreknows? One position is that "Those who argue in this manner make the mistake of thinking that because God possesses knowledge about a specific matter, then he has influenced it. That does not follow at all. Just because God can foresee which choice you will make, it does not mean you couldn’t still freely choose the other option." Sovereignty and Salvation This difficulty which arises when considering a sovereign God's knowledge of future events has been most divisive when considering the source of human salvation. Did God make a decision before creation to save individuals based upon His knowledge of their future actions or decision? If God in the distant past Elected some to salvation, did He do so based upon His knowledge of their future actions or decisions? Or did He decide to Elect individuals based upon partial knowledge, ignoring His knowledge of their future actions and decisions? Matthew Henry writes in reference to 1 Peter 2:19, which states that election was made "according to the foreknowledge of God", that "[t]his sort of foreknowledge is in God, who at one commanding view sees all things that ever were, or are, or ever will be". And if God did elect persons for eternal life according to this foreknowledge, the question which arises is what foreknowledge of the future was of primary significance to God? Was it His knowledge of how a person would respond to the gospel of His son? Calvinism answers these questions with the doctrine of Unconditional election, which contends that God did not consider His knowledge of future events when He decided who would or would not be given eternal life because doing so would compromise His sovereignty. Arminianism answers these questions differently, believing it foolish to conclude that God ignored what He knew and decided whom to Elect for eternal life based upon only partial knowledge, rather than His full knowledge of past, present and future. In the manner that Jesus was ordained as the savior "before the foundation of the world" in response to God's knowledge of future sin, Arminianism contends that God Elected those for eternal life whom God knew would repent, believe and endure. Sovereignty and Via Negativa Moses ben Maimon, a Jewish philosopher of the 12th Century, demonstrates the problem of describing God with positive attributes, which would include the attribute of omnipotence or the statement that "God is sovereign." Rather, "the negative attributes of God are the true attributes". Maimonides argues that any statement of a positive attribute implies polytheism and is inadequate. But negative attributes do not create any incorrect notion or deficiency. "If Maimonides is right, there can be no plurality of faculties, moral dispositions, or essential attributes in God. Even to say that God is all-knowing, all-powerful, and all-good is to introduce plurality, if one means thereby that these qualities are separate attributes whatever in reference to God. . . [but to] say that God does not lack power or possess it in a way comparable to other things is to say that God’s power is beyond our comprehension." Relationship to Prayer If God is sovereign, and if sovereignty requires that God has determined all events, can prayer be effective and result in any change? Author A.W. Pink argued that prayer does not alter the course of events. "Prayer is not the requesting of God to alter His purpose or for Him to form a new one." In this text Pink also argues that God did not love sinners and had deliberately created "unto damnation" those who would not accept Christ. According to this view, praying for the salvation of those God actively and deliberately chose for damnation will not change their destiny. This conclusion logically flows from the premise, if it is true, that God's sovereignty necessitates that God, rather than humans, determine salvation. Indeed, Pink directly states that "He [God] ordained that they should be damned. This view is sometimes referred to as "Double Predestination", which John Calvin embraced, believing that God actively chosen some people for damnation. "Those therefore whom God passes by [does not elect] He reprobates, and that for no other cause than He is pleased to exclude them." Contrary to the view embraced by John Calvin and A.W. Pink, the more common view is that prayer includes petitions to God for favor and Supplication, expecting that God will hear and grant the petitions presented through prayer. Such prayers include petitions for salvation. As Charles Spurgeon stated: “If sinners be damned, at least let them leap to Hell over our dead bodies. And if they perish, let them perish with our arms wrapped about their knees, imploring them to stay. If Hell must be filled, let it be filled in the teeth of our exertions, and let not one go unwarned and unprayed for.” Implications in Protestant debate In the Protestant tradition, the Five Points of Calvinism, which are the focal point of the Calvinist-Arminian debate have their foundation in the Sovereignty of God and its perceived incompatibility with free will. The existence or scope of human free will has a profound impact in this debate. "Calvinists say that humans never have that ability in spiritual matters (and possibly in any matters) . . . To the Arminian [such a limited] free will is no free will at all. To the Calvinist . . . [Arminian] free will is a myth; it simply cannot exist." Calvinist View Calvinism argues that God cannot provide humanity with free will; to do so is to compromise the Sovereignty of God, at least in the exercise of faith or salvation. “We say that he [man] is free, but his freedom is within limits, and those limits are defined by the sovereignty of God.” “Only God has free will in the sense of ultimate self-determination.” The sovereignty of God was "Calvin’s most central doctrine. It means that nothing is left to chance or human free will." "The heart of Calvinism is not the doctrine of predestination, or, for that matter, any one of the other Five Points of Calvinism. The central truth proclaimed by Calvinism, Calvinism that is faithful to its heritage, is the absolute sovereignty of God." Calvin expressly taught that it is God's sovereign decision to determine whether an individual is saved or damned. He writes "By predestination we mean the eternal decree of God, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man. All are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and, accordingly, as each has been created for one or other of these ends, we say that he has been predestinated to life or to death." R.C. Sproul, an influential Calvinist, expresses God's sovereignty over salvation as follows: "If God has decided our destinies from all eternity, that strongly suggests that our free choices are but charades, empty exercises in predetermined playacting. It is as though God wrote the script for us in concrete and we are merely carrying out his scenario." Similarly, Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli concludes that God is the "author, mover and instigator" of human sin. Arminian View The term “permissive free will” is sometimes used to distinguish between the direct actions of God and the free actions of humans who are granted by a sovereign God some degree of free will. Calvinism teaches that permissive free will can extend to certain decision, but not to salvation. As explained below, Arminianism rejects this limitation or any notion that God is limited in the free will which He can offer to humanity. Arminianism teaches Prevenient Grace as grace that "enables sinful man to believe." Prevenient Grace Such God-given grace explains the ability of humans to respond to God's calls to repent and believe. As stated in 2 Peter 3:9, "The Lord is not slack concerning His promise, as some count slackness, but is longsuffering toward us, not willing that any should perish but that all should come to repentance. To Arminianism this verse and many similar verses evidence that the power to repent is within human free will as ordained by the sovereign God. Rather than accepting that "all" may repent, Calvinism teaches Limited Atonement to explain that 2 Peter 3:9 and similar salvation oriented verses, such as John 3:16, do not apply to "all" but only to those who God elected for salvation who must repent due to the Irresistibility of God's grace as directed to the elect. To Calvinists, the decision to believe and repent is a decision which must be determined by God if God is sovereign. To Arminians, the decision to believe and repent is a decision which a sovereign God granted to humanity so that “all” is not limited to a limited group (as Limited Atonement teaches). The Arminian view finds its supported by the simple interpretation of many verses including the following: Jesus promises that whosoever believes in him has everlasting life. Peter proclaims that everyone who calls upon Jesus will be saved. God calls all people everywhere to repent. , God desires all people to be saved. These verses are often cited in opposition to Calvinism in support of the Arminianism belief that the sovereign God gave humanity the free will to believe and repent. The Calvinist doctrine of Limited Atonement is a logical necessity for those that believe permissive free will excludes the power of humanity to believe in Jesus and repent. Calvinist teachings deny that this power to believe is available to all, considering it inconsistent with the sovereignty of God. Rather than believing God can provide a person with grace that "enables sinful man to believe", Calvinism concludes that only those who God has first Regenerated may believe, and such must believe because it is God's Unconditional election rested solely in God's sovereign will which causes them to believe in response to God's Irresistible Grace. Each of these Calvinist doctrines are premised upon the rejection of Prevenient Grace and the conclusion that Prevenient Grace is inconsistent with the sovereignty of God. References Sovereignty Christian

Alexis Prince Alexis Prince (born February 5, 1994) is an American professional women's basketball player with the Phoenix Mercury of the WNBA. Prince was a four-year starter at Edgewater High School in Orlando, Florida, where she won numerous awards including Miss Florida Basketball. She played college basketball at Baylor University. As a high school player at Edgewater High School, Prince was named McDonald's and Parade All-American. References Category:1994 births Category:Living people Category:American women's basketball players Category:Basketball players from Florida Category:Baylor Lady Bears basketball players Category:McDonald's High School All-Americans Category:Parade High School All-Americans (girls' basketball) Category:Phoenix Mercury players Category:Sportspeople from Jacksonville, Florida Category:Guards (basketball)

Chilean devil ray The Chilean devil ray (Mobula tarapacana), also known as the box ray, greater Guinean mobula, sicklefin devil ray or the spiny mobula, is a species of ray in the family Mobulidae. It is found worldwide in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate oceans, and mainly occurs offshore, only occasionally appearing near the coast. These fish have been discovered to feed at depths up to during deep dives, and are among the deepest-diving ocean animals. There are two distinct deep dive patterns; the first, which is usually only performed once every 24 hours, is diving to the maximum depth and resurfacing after 60 to 90 minutes; the second, which is less frequent, is dives up to 1,000 meters for a maximum of 11 hours. The latter pattern may be associated with traveling rather than feeding. It can reach a disc width of up to . References External links Chilean devil ray Category:Fish of Chile Category:Pan-tropical fish Chilean devil ray Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Standardisation of Tamil script Standardisation of Tamil script includes various attempts in the past as well as ongoing attempts to uniformalise the Tamil script. Historical background Tamil-Brahmi is considered to be the earliest script used to write the Tamil language. This was replaced by Vattezhuttu, possibly due to writing on palm-leaves. The relationship between Vattezhuttu and Tamil-Brahmi are inconclusive. Pallava dynasty revision The Pallava court of Mahendravarman I replaced Vattezhuttu with two scripts: Tamil script and Pallava grantha to write Tamil and Sanskrit respectively. Pallava grantha was also divided into early and late forms. Late Pallava grantha is the precursor to the Kawi script. Although, whether the Tamil script emerged during the Pallava dynasty or indeed from Tamil-Brahmi is contested among scholars. Vīramāmunivar revision In his Tonnūḷ Viḷakkam, he differentiated between elongated and shortened vowel sounds in the Tamil script. For instance, 'எ' used to be written for both 'e' and 'é' before Veeramamunivar who introduced 'ஏ'. He brought about எ, ஏ, ஒ and ஓ. The Tolkppayian use of the puḷḷi, which had fallen into disuse was revived by Veeramamunivar. Simplified Tamil script The government of Tamil Nadu introduced some reforms in the script in order to simplify it. References Category:Tamil script

List of libraries in Thailand This is a list of libraries in Thailand: National libraries National Library of Thailand (หอสมุดแห่งชาติ) Library networks and associations Journal Link Provincial University Library Network - Pulinet Special Libraries Group - Thai Library Association Thai Library Association Thai Library Integrated System - ThaiLIS Academic libraries Public and autonomous university libraries Burapha University Library Chiang Mai University Library Chulalongkorn University Library Kasetsart University Library Khon Kaen University Library King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Library King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok Library King Mongkut's University of Technology Library Mae Fah Luang University Library Maejo University Library Mahasarakham University Library Mahidol University Library Naresuan University Library National Institute of Development Administration Library Prince of Songkla University Library Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi Ramkhamhaeng University Library Silpakorn University Library Srinakharinwirot University Library Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University Library Suranaree University of Technology Library Thammasat University Library Ubon Ratchathani University Library Walailak University Library Private university libraries Asian Institute of Technology Library Assumption University Library Bangkok University Library Dhurakij Pundit University Library Huachiew Chalermprakiet University Library Kasem Bundit University Library Mahanakorn University of Technology Library Payap University Library Rangsit University Library Saint John's University Library Shinawatra University Library Siam University Library South East Asia University Library Sripatum University Library University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce Library Martin de Tours Assumption College Library Medical libraries Siriraj Medical Library Public libraries Rajamangalapisek Library Bangkok City Library - The 4,789 m2 city library was opened in April 2017. Its facilities extend to four floors. Research institute libraries Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS) Library Chulabhorn Research Institute Library Health Systems Research Institute Library Research Library of National Research Council of Thailand Science and Technology Knowledge Services - STKS Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR) Knowledge Centre Special libraries Maruey Knowledge & Resource Center: Library at Thailand's stock exchange next to the Queen Sirikit Center. Business and investment books. Neilson Hays Library Royal Thai Air Force Library Santi Pracha Dhamma Library Stang Mongkolsuk Library Suriyanuwat Library Thailand Creative & Design Center Thailand Knowledge Park - TKPark See also List of libraries List of national libraries List of schools in Thailand List of universities in Thailand References External links National Library of Thailand Thai Library Association ห้องสมุด Library Success Wiki Thailand

Nemetsky National District German National District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the krai. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Galbshtadt. Population: The population of Galbshtadt accounts for 9.9% of the district's total population. History The official name of that area is "Deutscher Nationaler Rajon im Altai-Gebiet" (German national rayon in the Altai District). The district was established on July 4, 1927 and abolished on November 5, 1938 by Stalin. On July 4, 1991 it was resurrected by special orders of President Boris Yeltsin. Bonn and Moscow also agreed to the foundation of another German rayon: Asowo in the district of Omsk. Halbstadt, however, had already existed as a German village between 1927 and 1938, before Stalin put an end to it. Economy After the fall of the Soviet Union, Germany actively aided the development of the economy and social services in the district. In the period between 1991 and 2006, the German government subsidized construction of 168 apartments (1-, 2-, 6- and 9-apartment houses) with a total area of . Transportation Through the district extends "Pavlodar - Tomsk" highway (including the section "Slavgorod - Kamen-na-Obi"). References Notes Sources __NOTOC__ Category:Districts of Altai Krai Category:States and territories established in 1927 Category:States and territories disestablished in 1938 Category:States and territories established in 1991 Category:German communities in Russia

Secret Life (band) Secret Life was a British R&B/house and pop band active from 1991 to 1996, particularly popular in the UK and Europe. History The first release by Secret Life was a white label recording called "Spanish Lullaby", written and produced by Andy Throup and Jim Di Salvo. This was their first release from their "No Fixed Abode" recording studio, set up in South London. The band then increased in size with the addition of Charlton Antenbring and Paul Bryant. Antenbring was a fashion student, disc jockey and reporter for The Big Issue. Jim Di Salvo contributed on guitars, cubase programming, sampling and music production. Throup was a classically trained pianist and contributed to cubase programming and music production. Bryant was the vocalist. Bryant and Throup co-wrote most of Secret Life's material. Contemporaneous to the development of Secret Life, Throup was also working with others involved with techno and house music, such as noted techno and house DJ Lenny Dee. The band toured extensively, particularly in the United Kingdom, and performed on three popular UK TV music shows: The Beat, Dance Energy and The Hitman and Her. They also released several music videos. Di Salvo left the band in 1993 to set up "Bass Boom" recording studios. Di Salvo then released numerous singles and albums under his own name, and the alias act names of "The Juggler", "Bong Brothers" and "Salvo Jets", during the 1990s. One of Secret Life's first singles "As Always", a 1992 dance arrangement of Stevie Wonder's "As", was one of the most successful records issued by their then label, Cowboy Records, associated with their manager, Charlie Chester. After house producers Masters At Work remixed Secret Life's "Borrowed Time" (1994), Chester moved the band to Pulse-8 Records, with a view to enhanced pop appeal. He was able to obtain an eight album deal from the label. The group was now a core duo of Bryant and Throup. A pop-oriented single, "Love So Strong", previously issued by Cowboy Records in 1993, was remixed and released by Pulse-8 in 1994. Three other singles were released in 1994, followed by an album, Sole Purpose, in 1995. According to one reviewer, "Production from Brothers in Rhythm, Chris Porter and Pete Gleadall give Sole Purpose an R&B and house feel, and the album is topped off with...thoughtful lyrics and smooth vocals." From 1992 to 1996, the group released eight singles and one album. Five of the singles reached Number 1 on the Coolcuts and Mixmag dance charts in the United Kingdom. Two of the singles were also Top 40 hit record on the UK Singles Chart. Pulse-8 Records subsequently went bankrupt, ending prospects of further releases through that label. Throup, now known as Andrew Grainger, moved to New York in 2000, and became a lounge pianist and recording studio owner. In 2007, Grainger relocated to Austin, Texas, to continue lounge work. After spending some time in the late 1990s contributing vocals to the work of others, Bryant left the music industry, becoming a support worker for disabled adults in South Gloucestershire, England. Discography Singles "As Always" (1992) Cowboy "Love So Strong" (1992) Cowboy "Love So Strong" (1993) Cowboy "I Want You" (1994) Pulse-8 "Love So Strong" (1994) Pulse-8 "She Holds The Key" (1994) Pulse-8 "Love Love Love" (1996) Pulse-8 "Vehicle" (1996) Pulse-8 Albums Sole Purpose (1995) Pulse-8 Compilation inclusions Sonic System (1992) Telstar; includes "As Always" Remix Culture 12/92 (1992) DMC; includes "As Always" (The Greed Remix), plus remixes of Spandau Ballet, Chic and Dina Carroll DMC CD Collection 127 (1993) DMC; includes "Love So Strong" (Play Boys Remix) Energy Rush Factor 5 (1993) Dino Entertainment; includes "Love So Strong" (Radio Edit) Energy Rush Level 3 (1993) Dino Entertainment; includes "As Always" Full-On Dance '93 (1993) Cookie Jar 2 CD compilation; includes "Love So Strong" Full-On Dance: 20 Kickin' Dance Hits (1993) Cookie Jar; includes "Love So Strong" Hey Mr. DJ...The 4th Compilation (1993) Epic; includes "Love So Strong" (Play Boys Arena Dream) The Megamix Album 128 (1993) DMC; includes "Love So Strong" Underground Selection 8/93 (1993) DMC; includes "Love So Strong" (Play Boys Fully Loaded Mix) The Voice of Dance 3 (1993) EVA Belgium 2 CD compilation, includes "As Always" (Gospel Radio Edit) Club Together: The Club Sound of 1994 (1994) React/EMI; includes "I Want You" Pulsating Rhythms 5 (1994) Pulse-8; includes "Love So Strong" (Play Boys Arena Dream) Renaissance: The Mix Collection (1994) Renaissance 3 CD compilation; includes "She Holds The Key" (H.A.L.F. I'm A Believer Mix) Club Together 2: The Club Sound of 1995 (1995) React/EMI; includes "Love So Strong" Cowboy Records - The Album Volume 1 (1995) RPM/Rodeo; includes "I Want You" (Morales Def Classic 12") Cowboy Records - The Album Volume 2 (1995) Rodeo; includes "I Want You" (Morales Def Classic 12") United DJs of America, Volume 4: David Morales & Frankie Knuckles (1995) Moonshine 2 CD compilation; includes "Love So Strong" United DJs of The World Volume 1 - David Morales & Frankie Knuckles (1995) DMC; includes "Love So Strong" United DJs of The World - Frankie Knuckles (1995) DMC; includes "Love So Strong" Club Classics '95 (1995) Recurrent; includes "Love So Strong" (Brothers in Rhythm Experience) Dance 95 (1995) Circa; includes "Love So Strong" (Brothers in Rhythm Mix) Dance Mania 95 Volume 1 (1995) Pure Music; includes "Love So Strong" (Brothers in Rhythm Mix) DJs At Work Vol. 1. A Mix by David Seaman (1995) Pimp; includes "Love So Strong" (Brothers in Rhythm Experience) Energy Rush K9 (1995) Dino Entertainment; includes "Love So Strong" (Brothers in Rhythm Mix) Hit Man 3 (1995) EMI; includes "Love So Strong" Para Para Non-Stop Vol. 4 (1995) Meldac; includes "Can I Believe" Pulsating Hits - The Best of Pulse-8 1990-1995 (1995) Quality/Indisc/Critique; includes "I Want You" Avex Dance Vol 2 (1996) Avex Trax; includes "Love So Strong" Climax 2 (1996) Edisom; includes "I Want You" (Play Boys Remix) Housemeister (1996) Club Tools 2 CD compilation; includes "Love Love Love" (Frankie Knuckles Classic Radio Mix), included in Megamix by House-Crack Sandro. National Anthems (1996) Firm Music 3 CD compilation; includes "Love So Strong" (Brothers in Rhythm Experience) as closing song to the compilation, with Megamix by Chris & James. Taneční Liga Vol. 3 (1996) Popron Music; includes "Love Love Love" (Frankie Knuckles Classic Radio Mix) The Best of Dance Party Volume 2 (1996) Quality; includes "As Always" Circuit Party Spins by DJ Julian Marsh (1997) Rhino; includes "Love Love Love" (Frankified Club Mix) Remix Culture 170 (1997) DMC; includes "She Holds The Key" (Remix by Bill Hamel, Neil Kolo & Michael Lacy) Pride 1998 by DJ Julian Marsh (1998) Centaur Music 2 CD compilation; includes "Love So Strong" 1000 Original Hits - 1992 (2001) EMI; includes "As Always" Cowboy Records - The Album (2002) Cowboy 2 CD compilation; includes "As Always" (Old School House Mix) Oldskool Ibiza (2002) Decadance 3 CD compilation; includes "As Always" (Gospel Mix) Rave Anthems 2: Old Skool Classics (2002) Decadance 3 CD compilation; includes "As Always" Best Of The 90s (2003) Disky 2 CD compilation; includes "I Want You" Renaissance: The Mix Collection (2004) Renaissance 10th anniversary reissue; includes "She Holds The Key" (H.A.L.F. I'm A Believer Mix) Back to Love 03.04 (2004) Hed Kandi 2 CD compilation; includes "As Always" (Gospel Radio edit) Renaissance: The Classics (2005) Renaissance 2 CD compilation; includes "As Always" Cowboy Records EP - Volume 1 (2005) Simply Vinyl; includes "As Always" Cowboy Records EP - Volume 2 (2005) Simply Vinyl; includes "As Always" (Gospel Mix) F.E.A. Version.Dosmilcuatro (2007) Sinnamon; includes "Self Delusion" The Ultimate 90s Album (2008) Decadance; 3 CD compilation; includes "Love Love Love" References Category:British contemporary R&B musical groups Category:British house music groups Category:British pop music groups Category:Musical groups established in 1991 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1996

Eagleville, Yuba County, California Eagleville is an unincorporated community in Yuba County, California. Eagleville is north-northeast of Strawberry Valley. The community is in a rural area near the intersection of Yuba, Butte, and Plumas County lines. There is no post office. Elevation above mean sea level was listed as . As of 2013, 73,340 people lived in the area. History Eagleville was settled about 1851 and named for the nearby Eagle Mine. Government In the California State Legislature, Yuba County's Eagleville is in , and in . In the United States House of Representatives, it is in . References Category:Unincorporated communities in California Category:Populated places established in 1851 Category:Unincorporated communities in Yuba County, California Category:1851 establishments in California

Northern University High School Northern University High School, or Price Lab, was a small private high school in Cedar Falls, Iowa, United States, run by the University of Northern Iowa. It closed in July 2012 under controversy and university budget cuts, and was mostly demolished in June 2013, save for the athletics Wing, part of which was re-purposed into the UNI Childhood Development center, previously housed in the building's east wing. Athletics The school won the 2008 IHSAA boys' Class 1A basketball championship tournament, the 2008 IHSAA boys' class 1A golf tournament, the 2010 IHSAA boys' Class 1A cross country championship, and two Iowa School of Character awards (2007 and 2008). The high school also won multiple IT-Olympics competitions in the Cyber Defense category. In 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011 the school won first place in the Cyber Defense category of the IT-Olympics held at Iowa State University. In 2009 and 2011, the school also won second place in the Cyber Defense category. Also known for their runner up, 3rd-place and 4th-place finishes in state basketball spanning 2009–11. In earlier years, the school was known for football, for 21 years under coach John Aldrich (1955–1976). Playing the single-wing offense, the team compiled a 120–49 record under Coach Aldrich, who was a member of the Iowa High School Coaches Hall of Fame. Fine arts Despite its small size, students from Northern University High School were consistently accepted into the Iowa All State Orchestra, Band and Choir. Scandal The school became a subject of controversy in July 2009 after local media agencies reported that nine families had defrauded the school in order to receive discounted tuition. One person implicated in this scandal is Iowa State Representative Kerry Burt. Notable alumni Trev Alberts, American football player Annabeth Gish, American actress Gary Kroeger, American actor Ras Smith, American politician References Category:Public high schools in Iowa Category:Buildings and structures in Cedar Falls, Iowa Category:Schools in Black Hawk County, Iowa Category:Public middle schools in Iowa Category:Educational institutions established in 1954 Category:2012 disestablishments in Iowa Category:1954 establishments in Iowa Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 2012

MV Western Belle The MV Western Belle is a twinscrew passenger vessel. She is owned by Ullswater 'Steamers', who refitted her and launched her on Ullswater in Autumn 2010. History Built in 1935 by Fellows & Co of Great Yarmouth in East Anglia for Millbrook Steamboat & Trading Co Ltd. She was used principally on excursion services from Plymouth, and also on the Plymouth - Millbrook ferry. Her excursion routes were varied, covering the whole of the River Tamar, to the River Yealm, and coastal cruises as far as Looe in Cornwall. During the Second World War she continued to run the Millbrook ferry, and was very busy carrying people from the city to the countryside each night, to avoid the Blitz. In 1955 she was briefly charter to British Railways for use on their Dartmouth - Kingswear Passenger Ferry, afterwards she resumed service from Plymouth. In 1985 The Millbrook company, by this point owned by Dart Pleasure Craft Ltd of Dartmouth, abandoned its services in Plymouth, mainly due to competition with Plymouth Boat Cruises, and the MV Western Belle was transferred to the River Dart. . She operated on all of the 'River Link' services of Dart Pleasure craft, including Dartmouth-Totnes, the Dartmouth-Kingswear Ferry and circular cruises from Dartmouth. In 2000 Dart Pleasure Craft took over G.H. Riddalls and Sons, their main competitor on River Dart services. With the increase in size of the fleet, the MV Western Belle was surplus to requirements and she was sold to Chris Cruises of Hampton Court on the River Thames, where she was used for charters. In 2008, she was sold to Ullswater 'Steamers' and laid up at Maryport in Cumbria. She was then transported to lake Ullswater in July 2010 to start service on the lake in Autumn 2010. The MV Totnes Castle was also bought by this operator. She was transported overland to Ullswater, and became the MV Lady Wakefield in 2007. References Category:Ferries of England Category:Ferries of South West England Category:Ships and vessels on the National Register of Historic Vessels Category:Transport in Cumbria Category:1935 ships

List of large sailing yachts This article lists active sailing yachts in excess of in sparred length. This list features vessels with sails which were classed as yachts when they were launched as well as any vessels which were subsequently converted to operate with sails and re-classed as yachts. Comparison of largest yachts Full list See also List of schooners List of large sailing vessels List of motor yachts by length Comparison of large sloops List of sailboat designers and manufacturers References Category:Lists of individual sailing yachts

Xavier Woods Austin Watson (born September 4, 1986) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Xavier Woods. He is currently inactive due to an achilles injury. Watson previously worked for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as Consequences Creed, and was a one-time TNA World Tag Team Champion with Jay Lethal as Lethal Consequences. He has also worked for NWA Anarchy and other independent promotions under the ring name Austin Creed. After signing with WWE in 2010, he was assigned to its developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) under the ring name Xavier Woods. FCW was later rebranded into NXT, where Woods worked until he was called up to the main roster in 2013. In 2014, Woods formed The New Day alongside Big E and Kofi Kingston, and have since become five-time SmackDown Tag Team Champions (four-times with Woods) and two-time Raw Tag Team Champions, with their second reign being the longest tag team title reign in WWE history. Early life Watson was born in Columbus, Georgia. He graduated from Sprayberry High School in 2004. Later that year, he began studying psychology and philosophy at Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina. He graduated with a master's degree in psychology and a bachelor's degree in philosophy. Professional wrestling career Early years and NWA Anarchy (2005–2007) While attending Furman University, Watson began training for a career in professional wrestling and, in 2005, began wrestling part-time with Rob Adonis' Ultimate Christian Wrestling promotion. While in the Greenville, South Carolina-based World Wrestling Council, he developed his Austin Creed gimmick, which is based heavily on the character Apollo Creed from the Rocky series. During his time in NWA Anarchy, Creed was part of a tag team called Awesome Attraction with Hayden Young. The pair had one of the longest title reigns in the promotion's history after defeating Justice Served (Jason Justice and Mike Free) in Cornelia, Georgia on April 7, 2007. In 2006, Creed won NWA's Most Popular Wrestler, voted for by the NWA fans. On July 12, 2007, Creed defeated Murder-One to become the first DSW Heavyweight Champion following the promotion's split from World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Total Nonstop Action Wrestling X Division (2007–2008) Creed appeared at Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's Bound For Glory pay-per-view event, teaming with Ron Killings as the replacement for Adam "Pacman" Jones. Creed wrestled under the name Rasheed Lucius "Consequences" Creed. His union with Ron Killings was dubbed Truth and Consequences, which was a combination of Killings' nickname "The Truth" and Creed's nickname "Consequences" as well as a play on words on the game show of a similar name. On October 21, 2007, it was reported that Creed had signed a contract with TNA. The signing was reported when Creed appeared on the radio show Trash Talking Radio on October 23 with Tommy Cairo and Sabian. His signing was also confirmed later at a NWA Anarchy show where Creed was presented with the contract by TNA Booking Director Bill Behrens. Following Bound For Glory, Creed was not seen on TNA television for months after Killings asked for and was later granted his release from the company. On February 10, 2008, Creed wrestled in a dark match before Against All Odds. He teamed with Sonjay Dutt defeating The Rock 'n Rave Infection. On the March 13 episode of Impact!, a promo video with the words "prepare to face the consequences" showed Creed training and announced that he would make his return at the Lockdown pay-per-view on April 13. The following week, the return date was changed to April 10. On the April 10 episode of Impact!, Creed made his in-ring return and defeated Jimmy Rave of The Rock 'n Rave Infection, thus qualifying for the Xscape match at Lockdown. During the match, Creed eliminated Shark Boy, but was later eliminated by Curry Man. Creed later wrestled in the first ever TerrorDome match at Sacrifice, which was won by Kaz. At Hard Justice, Creed faced Petey Williams for the X Division Championship, but lost after interference from Sheik Abdul Bashir. On the September 4, 2008 episode of Impact!, he won a number one contenders match against Bashir for the right to face Williams again at No Surrender for the X Division Title. However, the match was later changed to a triple threat after Bashir repeatedly attacked Creed and ultimately, Bashir won the match and the X Division title. At Bound for Glory IV on October 12, 2008, Creed was defeated by Bashir in another match for the X Division Championship. Lethal Consequences (2008–2010) On the October 30, 2008 episode of Impact!, Creed, along with Samoa Joe, A.J. Styles, Jay Lethal, Petey Williams, Eric Young, ODB and The Motor City Machineguns formed a faction of younger wrestlers, known as The Frontline, to oppose The Main Event Mafia. On January 8, 2009, fellow Frontline member Lethal chose Creed to cash in his Feast or Fired briefcase with, and the pair won the World Tag Team Championship from the champions Beer Money, Inc. (Robert Roode and James Storm). Creed and Lethal went on to be named Lethal Consequences, a combination of their respective names. Beer Money, Inc. regained their titles in a three-way match just three days later at Genesis. For the next few months, Creed and Lethal teamed with the Motor City Machineguns to try and unmask Suicide. At Against All Odds, Lethal Consequences lost to Beer Money, Inc., At Destination X, Creed competed in a Ultimate X match for the TNA X Division Championship which was won by Suicide. At Lockdown, Creed competed in a Xscape match for the X Division Championship which was won by Suicide. At Sacrifice, Lethal Consequences and Eric Young defeated The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin) and Sheik Abdul Bashir. At Slammiversary, Creed competed in a King of the Mountain match for the X Division Championship which was won by Suicide. At Hard Justice, Creed competed in a Steel Asylum match which was won by Daniels. On the October 1, 2009 episode of Impact!, Creed and Lethal were part of a 5-man ladder match for a future X Division Title match. During the match, Amazing Red, who ended up winning the match, performed a hurricanrana driver, which caused Creed to projectile vomit after his head hit the mat. At Bound for Glory, Lethal Consequences (Consequences Creed and Jay Lethal) lost to The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin) on the preshow. at Final Resolution, Creed competed in a Feast or Fired match but failed to win the match. Watson was released from TNA on March 29, 2010. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2010) On April 4, New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) announced Watson, under his Consequences Creed ring name, as a participant in the first Super J Tag Tournament. On May 8, Creed and his partner Kota Ibushi were eliminated from the tournament in the first round by the team of Gedo and Kushida. Creed returned to New Japan on June 28, 2010, teaming up with IWGP Heavyweight Champion Togi Makabe and Tomoaki Honma in the J Sports Crown Openweight 6 Man Tag Tournament. After defeating Tamon Honda, Kentaro Shiga and Makoto Hashi in the opening round, the trio was eliminated from the tournament in the second round by Shinsuke Nakamura, Masato Tanaka and Tomohiro Ishii. On July 10, Creed defeated Brian Milonas, U-Gene and Tommaso Ciampa to win East Coast Wrestling Association's 2010 Super 8 Tournament. World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE Developmental territories (2010–2013) On July 22, 2010, it was announced that Watson had signed a developmental contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Watson, using his real name, made his debut for WWE's developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling on July 29 in a tag team match, where he and Percy Watson were defeated by Brodus Clay and Donny Marlow. Following his debut, he was then added to FCW's official website under the name Xavier Woods. In October, Woods began to team up with Wes Brisco and they took part in a tag team turmoil match on October 14, where they defeated three other teams. On November 4, Woods and Brisco defeated Johnny Curtis and Derrick Bateman to become the Florida Tag Team Champions. On December 1, Woods and Brisco vacated the Tag Team Championship after Brisco was sidelined with an injury. With Brisco sidelined with an injury, Woods teamed up with Marcus Owens to take on Damien Sandow and Titus O'Neil for the vacant Florida Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. Following this, Woods began performing as a singles competitor throughout 2011 and 2012, though without much success. After WWE rebranded its developmental territory, FCW, into NXT, Woods made his televised debut on the October 31, 2012 episode of NXT with a loss to Leo Kruger. While picking up wins on NXT over the likes of El Local and Jake Carter, Woods began using the gimmick of a fanboy of 1990s popular culture that saw him implement his legitimate fandom of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Dragon Ball Z, and other 1990s pop culture into his matches and attire. He stopped using this gimmick once he was called up to WWE's main roster. Teaming with R-Truth (2013–2014) On the November 18, 2013 episode of Raw, Woods made his main roster debut as he teamed with fellow TNA alumnus and former tag-team partner R-Truth to defeat 3MB (Drew McIntyre and Jinder Mahal). The following week on Raw, Woods defeated Heath Slater in his singles debut match while being accompanied by R-Truth and The Funkadactyls (Naomi and Cameron). On the November 29 episode of SmackDown, Woods began a feud with Brodus Clay, after Clay took offense to Woods using his entrance music and The Funkdactyls as his valets. Later that night, Woods suffered his first loss when he and R-Truth lost to Tons of Funk (Clay and Tensai). On the December 2 episode of Raw, Woods and Truth defeated Tons of Funk in a rematch. On the December 9 episode of Raw, Woods lost to Clay. On the December 11 episode of Main Event, Woods and Truth defeated Tons of Funk to end the feud. On April 6, 2014, Woods made his WrestleMania debut at WrestleMania XXX, where he compete in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but failed to win the match. Woods and Truth then began a feud with the debuting Alexander Rusev, and were defeated by him in singles encounters. At Extreme Rules, Woods and Truth was defeated by Rusev in a handicap match. After that loss, Woods and Truth's team quietly disbanded. The New Day (2014–present) On the July 21 episode of Raw, after Big E and Kofi Kingston suffered another loss as a team in a recent string of defeats, Woods came down to address them. He went on to state that they could not "get ahead by kissing babies and shaking hands" and that now is "their time" and offered to form a stable. The duo accepted Woods' offer, and on the next day's Main Event, Woods managed Big E and Kingston to a decisive victory over Heath Slater and Titus O'Neil. On the July 29 episode of Main Event, Woods filled a commentary role while he and his group observed a match wrestled by the WWE Tag Team Champions, The Usos. New Day then temporarily separated as on the August 8 episode of SmackDown, both Big E and Kingston reverted to wrestling singles matches with no sign or mention of the other two members of the group. Woods also joined the broadcast team alongside Rich Brennan on August 28 episode of Superstars. Despite being disbanded on WWE television; Woods, Big E, and Kingston continued their alliance at house shows. On the September 26 episode of SmackDown, Woods competed in an Intercontinental Championship #1 contender battle royal, which was won by Cesaro. From the November 3 episode of Raw, WWE began airing vignettes for Woods, Big E, and Kingston, with the stable billed as The New Day, and presented as overly-positive babyface characters. The New Day made their in-ring debut on the November 28 episode of SmackDown in a winning effort against Curtis Axel, Heath Slater, and Titus O'Neil. They started a brief feud with Gold and Stardust, which Kingston and Big E defeated Gold and Stardust at the TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs pre-show on December 14. At WrestleMania 31, Woods competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, where he was eliminated by eventual winner, Big Show. On the April 6, 2015 episode of Raw, The New Day turned heel, after fans responded negatively to the group. During this time, Woods especially would trash-talk with their opponents and the crowd during matches. On the April 20 episode of Raw, The New Day defeated The Lucha Dragons via countout to become the number one contenders for the WWE Tag Team Championship, after Woods held onto Sin Cara's feet to prevent him from re-entering the ring. At Extreme Rules, Big E and Kingston defeated Tyson Kidd and Cesaro to win the WWE Tag Team Championship, after a distraction from Woods. Woods was then given a share of the title and the trio defended the titles under the Freebird Rule. Big E and Kingston retained titles against Kidd and Cesaro on SmackDown and at Payback, with Woods interfering in both matches. At Elimination Chamber, The New Day retained the title in the first ever tag team Elimination Chamber match, where all three members were allowed to compete. At Money in the Bank, Woods and Big E lost the titles to The Prime Time Players (Titus O'Neil and Darren Young), but regain the titles at SummerSlam for the second time. The next night on Raw, The New Day were attacked by returning The Dudley Boyz, which ended with Woods being put through a table with a 3D. The New Day retained the titles against The Dudley Boyz at Night of Champions and Live from Madison Square Garden events by disqualification, and at Hell in a Cell by pinfall. The New Day retained the championship at TLC in a triple threat tag team ladder match against The Lucha Dragons and The Usos. They retained their title against The Usos at Royal Rumble. At Fastlane, The New Day turned face after mocking The League of Nations (Sheamus, Alberto Del Rio, King Barrett, and Rusev), as the crowd was starting to get behind them. The New Day retained the titles at Roadblock, after defeating Sheamus and King Barrett, but lost against them at WrestleMania 32 in a six-man tag team match. The New Day then retained their championship at Extreme Rules against The Vaudevillains and at the Money in the Bank against The Vaudevillains, Enzo Amore and Big Cass and Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson in a fatal four-way tag team match. On July 19, Woods, along with his fellow The New Day teammates, was drafted to Raw brand as part of WWE draft. On July 22, The New Day became the longest reigning WWE Tag Team Champions in history, breaking the record of 331 days previously set by Paul London and Brian Kendrick. After SmackDown established the SmackDown Tag Team Championship after the brand split, the titles held by The New Day were renamed the Raw Tag Team Championship. They retained the titles against Gallows and Anderson at SummerSlam and Clash of Champions. On the October 31 episode of Raw, The New Day revealed that they were made captain of Team Raw for the Survivor Series tag team elimination match at Survivor Series. At the event, they were the first team eliminated although Team Raw still went on to win the match. On the November 21 episode of Raw, The New Day successfully retained their titles against Team Raw's sole survivors, Cesaro and Sheamus. At Roadblock: End of the Line, The New Day lost the Raw Tag Team Championship to Cesaro and Sheamus, ending their record-breaking championship reign at 483 days. The New Day then received a rematch, but failed to reclaim the championships. The New Day would then go on to host WrestleMania 33. On April 11, 2017, The New Day were moved to the SmackDown brand as part of the Superstar Shake-up. They started a feud with The Usos, facing them for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship at Money in the Bank, which they won by countout. At Battleground, Woods and Kingston defeated The Usos to win the SmackDown Tag Team Championship for the first time, but lost the titles back to The Usos at SummerSlam. On the September 12 episode of SmackDown Live, The New Day defeated The Usos to win back the championship in a Sin City Street Fight, but lost them again to The Usos at Hell in a Cell. The New Day failed to regain the titles from The Usos at Clash of Champions in a fatal four-way tag team match also involving the team of Chad Gable and Shelton Benjamin, and Aiden English and Rusev. On the December 26 episode of SmackDown Live, general manager Daniel Bryan revealed a tournament for the vacant United States Championship. In this tournament, Woods defeated Aiden English in the first round, but lost to Jinder Mahal in the semifinals. On January 28, 2018, Woods entered the Royal Rumble match at number 12, but was eliminated by Mahal. At Fastlane, The New Day faced The Usos for the Smackdown Tag Team Championship, but went to a no contest after inference from The Bludgeon Brothers. At WrestleMania 34, The New Day would face The Usos and The Bludgeon Brothers in a triple threat tag team match for the SmackDown Tag Team Championships, but failed to capture the titles. On July 21, general manager Paige scheduled a tag team title tournament, with the winning team earning the right to challenge The Bludgeon Brothers for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship at SummerSlam. The New Day defeated SAnitY in the semifinals and Cesaro and Sheamus in the finals. At SummerSlam, The New Day won the match by disqualification, meaning The Bludgeon Brothers retained their titles, but two days later on SmackDown Live, The New Day defeated The Bludgeon Brothers in a no disqualification match to capture the titles for a third time. On October 16, Woods and Big E lost the titles against The Bar on SmackDown 1000. On January 27, 2019 at Royal Rumble, Woods entered the Royal Rumble match, but was eliminated by Drew McIntyre. In the lead-up to WrestleMania 35, Woods's teammate Kofi Kingston was attempting to earn a shot at the WWE Championship and after many attempts, Mr. McMahon granted him the title shot after Woods and Big E defeated Gallows and Anderson, Rusev and Shinsuke Nakamura, The Bar, The Usos, and Daniel Bryan and Rowan in a tag team gauntlet match. Following WrestleMania, Woods and Big E later earned another SmackDown Tag Team Championship opportunity at Extreme Rules. At the event, Woods and Big E defeated Daniel Bryan and Rowan, and Heavy Machinery to win the titles. Woods and Big E lost the titles to The Revival at Clash of Champions. During a WWE live event on October 21, Woods suffered a legitimate achilles injury and it was reported that the injury would sideline him for six months to a year. Other media Watson's wrestling persona is playable in seven video games: TNA Impact!: Cross the Line as Consequences Creed, and in WWE 2K15, WWE 2K16, WWE 2K17, WWE 2K18, WWE 2K19 and WWE 2K20 as Xavier Woods. In addition, Watson appears in Super Bomberman R. Under the Xavier Woods moniker, he played Mortal Kombat's Raiden in NetherRealm Studio's mobile game, WWE Immortals. Watson's life was spotlighted, along with Adam Rose and Corey Graves, on ESPN's E:60 special on WWE titled "Behind the Curtain", which aired May 5, 2015. He made an appearance in fellow wrestler Emma's short-lived YouTube cooking channel Taste of Tenille in 2015. Watson was featured playing tambourine and trombone on the Postmodern Jukebox cover of "What is Love" music video. In 2017, Watson made his voice acting debut as the character Vincent Mensah in the PlayStation 4 video game 2064: Read Only Memories. He also published The Book of Booty: Shake It. Love It. Never Be It with fellow New Day members Big E and Kofi Kingston. In 2015, Watson, under his Austin Creed moniker, started a YouTube channel called UpUpDownDown, where he invites fellow WWE performers, gaming personalities, friends, and guests to play games. In August 2018, it won a Guinness World Record for Most Subscribed-to Celebrity Video Gaming Channel, with 1.6 million subscribers. Watson is currently a recurring cast member of Penny Arcade's live Dungeons & Dragons campaign Acquisitions Incorporated. He performs at various PAX conventions playing the role of Bobby Zimmeruski, a Goliath Barbarian with an obsession for violence and a deep love of cheese. Watson, along with Big E and Kofi Kingston, appeared in an episode of Adam Ruins Everything where they did a rendition of their catchphrase during a segment about Mount Rushmore. Personal life Watson has a PhD in educational psychology from Capella University. Watson is an avid fan of video games. He has a tattoo of the Wingcrest from The Legend of Zelda series on his left forearm. He also has a Twitch account under the username AustinCreed. He won the annual WWE 2K tournament in 2015. Watson married Jess in 2015 and their son was born in 2017. Championships and accomplishments Deep South Wrestling DSW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) East Coast Wrestling Association ECWA Super 8 Tournament Champion (2010) Florida Championship Wrestling FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Wes Brisco NWA Anarchy NWA Anarchy Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Hayden Young Most Popular Wrestler (2006) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (2015, 2016) Ranked No. 58 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2016 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling TNA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jay Lethal Wrestling Observer Newsletter Best Gimmick (2015) – The New Day WWE''' WWE (Raw) Tag Team Championship (2 times) 1 2 – with Big E and Kofi Kingston WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship (4 times) 1 – with Big E and Kofi Kingston WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship Tournament (2018) – with Big E and Kofi Kingston WWE Year-End Award for Men's Tag Team of the Year (2019) – with Big E and Kofi Kingston 1 Big E, Kingston, and Woods defended the title under the Freebird Rule. 2 When they first won the championship, it was called the WWE Tag Team Championship. During their second reign on September 5, 2016, the titles were renamed to Raw Tag Team Championship after SmackDown established the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. References External links Xavier Woods on YouTube Category:1986 births Category:African-American male professional wrestlers Category:American male professional wrestlers Category:American people of Ghanaian descent Category:American YouTubers Category:Living people Category:Professional wrestlers from Georgia (U.S. state) Category:Sportspeople from Marietta, Georgia

Gething Formation Gething Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. It is present in northeastern British Columbia and western Alberta, and includes economically important coal deposits. The formation is named for Gething Creek, a right tributary of the Peace River west of Hudson's Hope, and the nearby Gething Mountain. It was first described by F.H. McLearn in 1923 in the Peace River Canyon, an area that was partly inundated in 1968 by the Williston Lake after the construction of the W. A. C. Bennett Dam. Lithology The formation consists of alternating units of sandstone and carbonaceous shale or mudstone with some coal seams and conglomerate beds. The sandstones are fine- to coarse-grained, brown weathering, and typically platy to thin bedded, although some are massive. Mudstones are blocky to rubbly, with little lamination. Shale and carbonaceous shale units are fissile and are commonly associated with the coal seams. The sediments are mostly of non-marine origin, deposited in deltaic and coastal plain settings. Distribution The Gething Formation is present in the foothills of the Northern Rocky Mountains and adjacent areas of the plains, extending from the Peace River region in northeastern British Columbia to the Smoky River area of western Alberta. In the Peace River Country, it reaches a thickness of , while in the Smoky River area it is thick. North of the Peace River at Carbon Creek, it reaches . Relationship to other units The Gething Formation is the uppermost unit of the Bullhead Group. It conformably overlies the Cadomin Formation and is disconformably overlain by the Bluesky Formation. It is correlated with the Gladstone Formation in the southern foothills, and is equivalent in age to the McMurray Formation that contains the Athabasca Oil Sands. Paleontology Dinosaur footprints described from the formation include both carnivorous and herbivorous species. Plant material is abundant, occurring as fossil leaves, stems, logs, stumps and rootlets. Ferns, cycads, Ginkgo and conifers are represented. Coal deposits The Gething Formation contains coal seams that range from thin laminae to as much as thick. Coal rank ranges from low- to high-volatile bituminous, and the coal has good coking properties except where oxidized. It has been mined by underground methods near the Peace River west of Hudson's Hope and near the Sukunka River. References Category:Stratigraphy of Alberta Category:Stratigraphy of British Columbia Category:Ichnofossiliferous formations

White-spotted fantail The white-spotted fantail or spot-breasted fantail (Rhipidura albogularis) is a small passerine bird. It is found in forest, scrub and cultivation in southern and central India. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the white-throated fantail. Description The adult white-spotted fantail is about 19 cm long. It has a dark fan-shaped tail, edged in white, and white supercilium and throat. Birds are mainly slate grey above, with a black eye mask, and a white throat and eyebrow. It has whitish underparts, and a grey breast band that is spotted white. Behaviour The white-spotted fantail lays three eggs in a small cup nest in a tree. The white-spotted fantail is insectivorous, and often fans its tail as it moves through the undergrowth. Not normally renowned as a songster, the male uses a fixed and unmistakable pattern of musical notes in its call. The notes are loud and normally divided into two stanzas – the first with 5–6 trilling notes rising and falling, followed by 4–5 notes rising up the scale and ending in the highest note. Birds use the same song year after year, with progressively small changes, with the result that the song sounds very different after 4–5 years. The male's call is a valuable tool in detection and identification of the bird. References white-spotted fantail Category:Birds of India Category:Endemic birds of India white-spotted fantail

KDEC (AM) KDEC (1240 AM) is a commercial radio station broadcasting in Decorah, Iowa. KDEC airs an adult contemporary format branded as "The River". Known for its leadership in sports, AM 1240 KDEC also carries Decorah High School sporting events, covered by News and Sports Director Darin Svenson, winner of the Iowa High School Athletic Association News Media Award in 2006. It broadcasts on a frequency shared with local commercial station KWLC. On September 30, 2019 KDEC changed their format from oldies to a simulcast of adult contemporary-formatted KMRV 1160 AM Waukon. References External links FCC timeshare documentation DEC Category:Radio stations established in 1947 Category:1947 establishments in Iowa

Jolow Dar Jolow Dar (, also Romanized as Jolow Dār and Jelow Dar) is a village in Khobriz Rural District, in the Central District of Arsanjan County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 657, in 148 families. References Category:Populated places in Arsanjan County

Frick Fine Arts Building The Henry Clay Frick Fine Arts Building is a landmark Renaissance villa and a contributing property to the Schenley Farms-Oakland Civic Historic District on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The Frick Fine Arts Building sits on the southern edge of Schenley Plaza, opposite The Carnegie Institute, and is the home of Pitt's History of Art and Architecture Department, Studio Arts Department, and the Frick Fine Arts Library. Before its front steps is Mary Schenley Memorial Fountain. History The Frick Fine Arts Building sits on the site of the former Schenley Park Casino, Pittsburgh's first multi-purpose arena with an indoor ice skating rink, sat on the location of the building before burning down in December 1896. The building itself is a gift of Helen Clay Frick (1888–1984), daughter of the Pittsburgh industrialist and art patron Henry Clay Frick (1849–1919). She established the Fine Arts Department at the University of Pittsburgh in 1926 and continued to fund it through the 1950s, when she first made a commitment to create a separate structure to house it. Land for the project was donated to the university by the City of Pittsburgh. In early negotiations with the University of Pittsburgh, Miss Frick asked that successors to the New York architects Carrère and Hastings design the new facility after the Italian palazzo its firm had built in Manhattan for her father some fifty years earlier. Eventually, however, both parties agreed to Burton Kenneth Johnstone Associates as the architects. Its design is modeled after Pope Julius III's (1487–1555) Villa Giulia in Rome, Italy. The building is constructed of white limestone and marble with a terracotta tile roof around a central courtyard. An octagonal cupola, which caps the central rotunda, rises 45 feet above the ground. The building houses the University of Pittsburgh's Department of History of Art and Architecture, and contains classrooms, an open cloister, an art gallery, a 200-seat auditorium, as well as a research library. Construction began in 1962 and the building was opened in May 1965. By the late 1960s Miss Frick, unhappy that the university did not conform to her restrictions on management of both the department and the new building, severed her ties with the University of Pittsburgh. She responded by creating a new venture, The Frick Art Museum, on the property of her ancestral home, Clayton, a few miles east in Pittsburgh's Point Breeze neighborhood. That museum operates today as a part of the Frick Art & Historical Center complex. Building use and features The Frick Fine Arts Building consists of classrooms, a library, and art galleries around an open cloister and contains a high octagon capped by a pyramidal roof. A noted 1965 low relief portrait of Henry Clay Frick by Malvina Hoffman in limestone sits above the entrance to the building. Hoffman was 79 years old when she accepted the commission. She could not sculpt it herself because union rules prevented sculptors from working on a relief attached to a building. However, she climbed up on the scaffolding to oversee the completion of the work. Inside the main entrance, a neon work by contemporary Chinese artist Gu Wenda is installed in the lobby. The building also contains a 200-seat auditorium that is used for lectures, performances, and special events. Nicholas Lochoff Cloister The Nicholas Lochoff Cloister is a main feature of the Frick Fine Arts Building. Its large paintings of Italian masterpieces are scale reproductions that were commissioned in 1911 from Nicholas Lochoff by the Moscow Museum of Fine Arts (now the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts). Lochoff worked slowly and carefully. Only a few paintings were completed and sent back to Russia by the Russian Revolution of 1917. Lochoff, unable to return because of new communist regime, felt compelled to sell off the paintings. Buyers included Harvard University and the Frick Art Reference Library in New York. Miss Frick acquired the entire collection, however, after Lochoff's death, with the help of art critic Bernard Berenson. In 2003, the paintings were cleaned and restored by Christine Daulton. Also in the gallery are noted Carrara marble reproductions of 14th century Annunciation figures by sculptor Alceo Dossena. Frick Fine Arts Library Located in Frick Fine Arts Building, this two-story library houses a circulating research collection serving the Department of the History of Art and Architecture. The Collection contains over 90,000 volumes and subscribes to more than 350 journals in relevant fields and is ranked among the top 10 fine art libraries in the country. The library's reading room is constructed of fruit wood paneling and cabinetwork with gold leaf trim designed by Italian craftsmen. The library is further appointed by wrought iron balcony railings, terracotta tile flooring, maple tables with matching Windsor chairs, and ceiling-high windows furnishing views of Schenley Park. An inscription on the wall facing the entrance indicates the libraries dedication to Henry Clay Frick. University Arts Gallery The permanent collection contains a collection of prints and graphic works dating from the 16th through 20th centuries and regularly hosts changing exhibitions sponsored by the Department of the History of Art and Architecture and the Friends organization. Some of the more prominent pieces in the permanent collection include a large collection of Jacques Callot and Gertrude Quastler prints; 16th-18th century drawings from the Clapp and Denny families; a collection of 19th and 20th century photography; the Gimbel collection of American art; and various Japanese prints, Asian ceramics, portraits, and Pittsburgh-related paintings by Hetzel, Gorson, and Kane. Popular culture The Frick Fine Arts Building appeared in scenes set at the University of Pittsburgh on an episode of As the World Turns that aired on November 12, 2002. Gallery References Marylynne Pitz (2003). Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: Rare murals being restored in Pitt fine arts building. Retrieved May 23, 2007. External links Frick Fine Arts Building on Pitt's virtual Campus Tour Frick Fine Arts Building photos Art Gallery University Art Gallery Art Anytime virtual gallery of art in Frick Fine Arts Building Departments Department of History of Art & Architecture Department of Studio Arts Frick Fine Arts Library Panorama Frick Fine Arts Library Panoramic Video WQED OnQ: Lochoff's Replicas Category:University of Pittsburgh academic buildings Category:University and college academic libraries in the United States Category:Libraries in Pennsylvania Category:Arts in the United States Category:Museums in Pittsburgh Category:Art museums in Pennsylvania Category:University and college academic buildings in the United States Category:University museums in Pennsylvania Category:Renaissance Revival architecture in Pennsylvania Category:Tourist attractions in Pittsburgh Category:Historic district contributing properties in Pennsylvania Category:National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh

Bhagwatpur Bhagwat Pur Panchayat is a village in Saran district near to assembly constituency Taraiya in the Indian state of Bihar The village has more than 14 Blocks including Noniya tola, Rajpur tola, Yadav Tola. Category:Villages in Saran district

HIV/AIDS in Iraq Officially the AIDS-HIV pandemic came to Iraq via contaminated blood in 1986, with haemophiliacs being the primary victims. Over the decades, educational and treatment initiatives have been slowed by prevailing cultural values as well as severe economic hardships brought about by sanctions and war. 1986–2003 According to the Iraqi government, and a subsequent lawsuit, the pandemic came to Iraq via contaminated blood in 1986, with haemophiliacs being the initial victims. The Ba'athists relocated Iraqis found to be infected with AIDS-HIV to a segregated medical facility. No one was allowed to visit these facilities, patients were basically prisoners and were given secret burials. Ignorance about the disease was commonplace, even among the government itself. The former Iraqi President, Saddam Hussein, wrongly believed that the disease could be spread through casual contact and felt that infected Iraqis should be exterminated or imprisoned. When the regime fell, these segregated hospitals were looted and the surviving patients were left to wander the streets. Post-Ba'athist As early as 2004 the United Nations IRIN news service reported on the challenges involved in AIDS-HIV treatment and education in Iraq. Almost no education existed regarding AIDS-HIV during the Ba'athist regime and thus a high degree of ignorance and fear surrounds the pandemic and its victims. The Iraqi government offers free medical services and financial assistance to all Iraqi citizens living with AIDS-HIV. This includes regular checkups for the infected person, along with checkups for their partners and family members. Public service announcements and some education in the schools have begun at a slow pace. Government health officials have some reason to be concerned, as some Muslim fundamentalist and sectarian militias have been known to harass and even kill infected Iraqis on the grounds that being infected with AIDS-HIV is evidence of sin. In Baghdad several clinics specialize in AIDS-HIV, while outside of the capital, there are similar clinics in each region, although there are still shortages in medical care. In 2005 representatives from the Iraqi Health Ministry traveled to Jordan to speak with public health officials about Jordanian efforts to stop the spread of the pandemic. In 2006 the government in northern Iraq, Kurdistan, began to deport foreigners found to be HIV-positive because the government does not have the resources of facilities to offer treatment to its own citizens, let alone foreigners. Ignorance about the pandemic remains widespread and it is taboo to discuss the ways in which the virus can be spread or to encourage the usage of condoms. References Iraq Category:Health in Iraq

Charles Mintz Charles Bear Mintz (November 5, 1889 – December 30, 1939) was an American film producer and distributor, who assumed control over Margaret J. Winkler's Winkler Pictures after marrying her in 1924; the couple would have two children, Katherine and William. Between 1925 and 1939, Mintz produced over 370 cartoon shorts. Career Charles Mintz was unhappy with the production costs on Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks's Alice Comedies, and asked the two to develop a new character. The result was Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, the first animated character for Universal Pictures. In February 1928, when the character proved more successful than expected, Mintz hired away all of Disney's animators except Iwerks, who refused to leave Disney, and moved the production of the Oswald cartoons to his new Winkler Studio, along with Margaret Winkler's brother, George. After losing the Oswald contract to Walter Lantz, Mintz focused on the Krazy Kat series, which was the output of a Winkler-distributed property. The Winkler Studio became known as the Mintz Studio after he took over in 1929. Mintz would experience his biggest success in Scrappy, which would continue production after Mintz died. In 1933, Mintz studio (Winkler Pictures) became known as Screen Gems. In 1939, Mintz became indebted to Columbia, which resulted in him selling the studio to Columbia Pictures. After falling Ill, Mintz would eventually pass away on January 4, 1940. Screen Gems would remain open until 1946. The name would later be used for Columbia's television division, among other things... Walt Disney mentioned in an interview that Mintz cultivated his standards for high-quality cartoon movies, and he kept emphasizing them even after their contract ended. Mintz was nominated for two Academy Awards for Best Short Subject. His first nomination was in 1935 for Holiday Land, and he was nominated again in 1938 for The Little Match Girl. Charles Mintz was portrayed in the feature film Walt Before Mickey by Conor Dubin. References External links Category:1889 births Category:1939 deaths Category:American film producers Category:American animated film producers Category:Film distributors (people) Category:American film studio executives Category:American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent

Grégory Proment Grégory Proment (born 10 December 1978) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder who played for FC Metz, Stade Malherbe Caen, and Antalyaspor. He is currently the assistant coach of his former club Caen's reserve team. Club career Born in Cormeilles-en-Parisis, Val-d'Oise, Proment spent most of his career playing for FC Metz, making 261 appearances in six seasons, and Stade Malherbe Caen. After winning promotion from Ligue 2 with SM Caen, Proment signed a three-year deal with Antalyaspor in June 2010. However, he left the club after making only eight league appearances in January 2011. International career Proment won the 1997 UEFA European Under-18 Championship with France. References External links Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Paris Category:Association football midfielders Category:French footballers Category:France youth international footballers Category:French expatriate footballers Category:FC Metz players Category:Stade Malherbe Caen players Category:Antalyaspor footballers Category:Ligue 1 players Category:Ligue 2 players Category:Süper Lig players Category:Championnat National players Category:Expatriate footballers in Turkey

Meir Brandsdorfer Rabbi Meir Brandsdorfer (; 7 September 1934 – 13 May 2009) was a member of the Rabbinical Court of the Edah HaChareidis, the Haredi Ashkenazi community in Jerusalem, and was in charge of their Kashrut operations, especially matters of Shechita. He was an acclaimed mohel. His responsa have been published under the title Knei Bosem. Biography He was born on 7 September 1934, in Antwerp, Belgium to his parents, Shlomo and Frumit. After surviving World War II while hiding out in France, he moved to Palestine together with his family. He became the rabbinical leader of the Toldos Aharon Hasidic movement, based in the Jerusalem neighborhood of Meah Shearim. When Toldos Aharon's previous rebbe died, he joined the split-off group named Toldos Avraham Yitzchok. He was highly respected and eulogized by both groups upon his death. The position of rabbinical leader in a Hasidic dynasty is not identical to that of rebbe: the rebbe is the spiritual leader, while the rabbinical leader - rabbi - is the halachic expert, who leads the group in questions of Jewish law. While in some Hasidic groups the rebbe also fulfills the position of rabbinical leader, in other groups this position is separate. He died suddenly at his home in Jerusalem on 13 May 2009, at the age of 74 from cardiovascular disease and was buried on the Mount of Olives near the grave of the rebbe of Toldos Aharon. His maternal grandfather was R. Yissachar Shlomo Teichtal, author of Eim HaBanim Semeicha. References External links Pictures of funeral procession, attended by thousands Works Knei Bosem Volume 1 Knei Bosem Volume 2 Knei Bosem Volume 3 Knei Bosem Niddah Volume 1 Knei Bosem Niddah Volume 2 Category:1934 births Category:2009 deaths Category:Hasidic rabbis in Israel Category:Rabbis of the Edah HaChareidis Category:Belgian Orthodox rabbis Category:Hasidic rabbis in Europe Category:Belgian emigrants to Israel Category:People from Antwerp Category:Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives Category:Mohel

Ruth Meiers Hospitality House The Ruth Meiers Hospitality House, Inc. is a shelter for the homeless located in Bismarck, North Dakota. It was founded in 1987 and is named after Ruth Meiers, the first woman Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota. The first home was leased from HUD for a $1 and has grown from a 7-person to a 210 bed shelter with 110 affordable housing units. Programs The Women with Children and Single Women's Emergency Shelter The Men's Emergency Shelter New Beginnings Horizons Supplemental services The Stone Soup Kitchen Joanne’s Healthcare The Drop-In Center Educational Services The Baby Boutique The Used Furniture Barn The Food Pantry Single Point of Entry External links Ruth Meiers Hospitality House website Category:Women's shelters in the United States Category:Organizations established in 1987 Category:1987 establishments in North Dakota

Ofsted The Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills (Ofsted) is a non-ministerial department of the UK government, reporting to Parliament. Ofsted is responsible for inspecting a range of educational institutions, including state schools and some independent schools. It also inspects childcare, adoption and fostering agencies and initial teacher training, and regulates a range of early years and children’s social care services. The Chief Inspector (HMCI) is appointed by an Order in Council and thus becomes an office holder under the Crown. Amanda Spielman has been HMCI ; the Chair of Ofsted has been Julius Weinberg, following the resignation of David Hoare. History In 1833 Parliament agreed an annual grant to the National Society for Promoting Religious Education and the British and Foreign School Society, which respectively provided Church of England and non-denominational elementary schools for poor children. In 1837 two inspectors of schools, Seymour Tremenheere and the Reverend John Allen, were appointed to monitor the effectiveness of the grant. Dr James Kay-Shuttleworth, then Secretary of the Privy Council's Education Committee, ensured that the inspectors were appointed by Order in Council to guard their independence. The grant and inspection system was extended in 1847 to Roman Catholic elementary schools established by the Catholic Poor School Committee. Inspectors were organised on denominational lines, with the churches having a say in the choice of inspectors, until 1876, when the inspectorate was reorganised by area. After the Education Act 1902 inspections were expanded to state-funded secondary schools along similar lines. Over time more inspections were carried out by inspectors based in local education authorities, with His or Her Majesty's Inspectorate (HMI) focusing on reporting to the Secretary of State on education across the country. The government of John Major, concerned about variable local inspection regimes, decided to introduce a national scheme of inspections though a reconstituted HMI, which became known as the Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted). Under the Education (Schools) Act 1992, HMI would supervise the inspection of each state-funded school in the country, and would publish its reports for the benefit of schools, parents, and government instead of reporting to the Secretary of State. In September 2001 Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools in England became responsible for registration and inspection of day care and childminding in England, and the position was renamed Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills. Previously this was done by 150 local authorities, based on their implementation by 1992 of the Daycare Standards provisions of the 1989 Children Act. Schedule 11 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 changed the way in which Ofsted works without significantly changing the provision. Since 2006 the structure of Ofsted has derived elements from business models, with a Chair, an executive board, regional officers, and a formal annual report to Parliament in the light of concerns about schools, and local authority children's services. In April 2007 the former Office for Standards in Education merged with the Adult Learning Inspectorate (ALI) to provide an inspection service that includes all post-16 government funded education (but not Higher Education Institutes and Universities which are inspected by the Quality Assurance Agency). At the same time it took on responsibility for the registration and inspection of social care services for children, and the welfare inspection of independent and maintained boarding schools from the Commission for Social Care Inspection (CSCI). Current state The services Ofsted inspects or regulates include local services, childminding, child day care, children's centres, children's social care, CAFCASS, state schools, independent schools and teacher training providers, colleges, and learning and skills providers in England. It also monitors the work of the Independent Schools Inspectorate. HMI are empowered and required to provide independent advice to the United Kingdom government and parliament on matters of policy and to publish an annual report to parliament on the quality of educational provision in England. Ofsted distributes its functions amongst its offices in London, Manchester, Nottingham, Birmingham, Cambridge, York, Darlington and Bristol. Ofsted covers only England; the Education and Training Inspectorate in Northern Ireland, Education Scotland (previously Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education) in Scotland, and Estyn in Wales perform similar functions within their education systems. A new Education Inspection Framework (EIF) introduced from September 2019 sets out how Ofsted undertakes inspections under section 5 of the Education Act 2005 (as amended), section 109 of the Education and Skills Act 2008, the Education and Inspections Act 2006 and the Childcare Act 2006. Inspectors The current Chief Inspector is Amanda Spielman, who was appointed in January 2017 replacing Sir Michael Wilshaw. Ofsted directly employs Her Majesty's Inspectors (HMI), who are appointed by the Queen in Council. there were 443 HMIs, of whom 82 were engaged in management, 245 in the inspection of schools, and the rest in inspection of other areas for which Ofsted in responsible. All HMIs inspecting schools have teaching experience. Most school inspections were carried out by Additional Inspectors (AI) employed by external companies known as Regional Inspection Service Providers (RISPs). there were 1,948 AIs, of whom 1,567 inspect schools. Although Ofsted claims that most of these have teaching experience, in 2012 it was forced to admit that it had done no quality control checks on these inspectors, and that many of them – including lead inspectors – were not qualified teachers and many had no experience of working with children. A further scandal surrounded headteachers dismissed following poor OFSTED reports being hired as inspectors. In 2015, 40% of additional inspectors who wanted to continue working for OFSTED were not re-hired after a contractual change. Although OFSTED insisted that this was part of a quality control process and 'should not be seen as an admission that its inspections were substandard', serving headteacher and Times Educational Supplement columnist Geoff Barton commented 'dispensing with almost 40 per cent of inspectors on the grounds of quality is hardly an endorsement of standards.' An HMI accompanies an AI on 6–7% of inspections, including 75% of those of secondary schools. Reports produced by RISPs must be checked and signed off by HMI, sometimes with amendments, before publication. New Additional Inspectors must be monitored and signed off by HMI before working independently. The number of RISPs contracted to conduct school inspections was reduced in 2009 from five to three: CfBT Education Trust, covering the North of England Serco Education and Children's Services, covering the English Midlands Tribal Group, covering the South of England School inspections The Office carries out regular inspections of each school in England, resulting in a published evaluation of the effectiveness of the school. An adverse report may include a recommendation for further intervention in the running of the school. System of inspection before 2005 Before 2005 each school was inspected for a week every six years, with two months' notice to prepare for an inspection. This regime was criticised by teachers and school heads as greatly disruptive of the operation of the school, and by others as enabling schools to present an unrealistic picture of themselves that did not truly reflect the quality of teaching and learning in the school. System of inspection 2005–12 In September 2005 a new system of short-notice inspections came into being. Under this system the senior leadership of each school were strongly encouraged to complete a Self Evaluation Form (SEF) on a continual basis, which required them to be aware of strengths and areas for development. Inspections were generally two- or three-day visits every three years, with two days' notice. They focussed on the "central nervous system" of the school – examining how well the school was managed, and what processes were in place to ensure standards of teaching and learning improve; the school leadership and management were expected to be aware of everything in the SEF. The SEF served as the main document when planning the inspection, and was crucial in evaluating the quality of leadership and management and the school's capacity to improve. After an inspection of a school, Ofsted published a report on the school on its website. In addition to written comments on a number of areas, schools were assessed on each area and overall on a 4-point scale: 1 (Outstanding), 2 (Good), 3 (Satisfactory) and 4 (Inadequate). Schools rated Outstanding or Good might not be inspected again for five years, while schools judged less favourably were inspected more frequently, and might receive little or no notice of inspection visits. Figures published in March 2010 showed that revised inspection criteria, which were introduced in September 2009, resulted in a reduction from 19% to 9% in the number of schools judged to be Outstanding, and an increase from 4% to 10% in the number of schools judged to be Inadequate. Post 2012 system of inspection A framework for section 5 inspections of academies and maintained schools was introduced from January 2012, and replaced with another new framework in September 2012. Public consultation was undertaken, and Ofsted prepared for the new framework after piloting a series of inspections across the country. Among other changes, the new system relabelled the "Satisfactory" category as "Requires Improvement", with an expectation that schools should not remain at that level. A new Education Inspection Framework (EIF) introduced from September 2019 sets out how Ofsted undertakes inspections under section 5 of the Education Act 2005 (as amended), section 109 of the Education and Skills Act 2008, the Education and Inspections Act 2006 and the Childcare Act 2006. Special measures Sometimes a school is placed into special measures if it is judged as 'inadequate' (Grade 4) in one or more areas and if the inspectors have decided it does not have the capacity to improve without additional help. Schools placed into special measures receive intensive support from local authorities, additional funding and resourcing, and frequent reappraisal from Ofsted until the school is no longer deemed to be failing. Furthermore, the senior managers and teaching staff can be dismissed and the governing body may be replaced by an appointed Interim Executive Board (IEB). Schools which are failing but where inspectors consider there is capacity to improve are given a Notice to Improve (NtI). Home educator inspections Ofsted, as of April 2015, was issuing new guidance to inspectors which will include the following: Home-educated children are not, by definition, all in need of protection and help. Ofsted does not have a mandate to inspect the quality of home education. The statutory duty on local authorities (LAs) to identify as far as possible those children not receiving a suitable education does not extend to home-educated children. The details, and limits, of the guidance in relation to home education Child care inspections Child protection Ofsted also oversees Child Protection by English Local Authorities. In December 2008, Christine Gilbert revealed that Ofsted had been gullible: good ratings could be given, based purely on data submitted directly by local authority providers of care services, that could easily be concealing dangerously flawed practices. This was considered a factor, by The Daily Telegraph, in overlooking alleged inadequacies in Haringey Council's child care provision in the case of Baby P, a child murdered by his parents and their lodger. MPs criticised Ofsted for issuing a favourable report on Haringey Children's Services three months after the death, and for their policy of destroying all source materials on inspections of children's services after three months, which made it impossible to identify the mistakes made. According to Ofsted, three children died in England and Wales from abuse every week between April 2007 and August 2008. The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children gives a figure of 1 to 2 per week. Criticisms Ofsted has been criticised as 'not fit for purpose' by the House of Commons Education Select Committee. The committee also highlighted their concern about "the complex set of objectives and sectors that Ofsted now spans and its capacity to fulfil its core mission". Other criticism has come from the Association of Teachers and Lecturers (ATL) which said "Ofsted is over-reliant on number crunching, using test data which are fundamentally unsound" and added that the organisation was "ripe for overhaul". Over a period of several years the Select Committee have questioned the Chief Inspector over its treatment of Summerhill School and what it has learnt from the 1999 Court Case and subsequent inspections. In the Court Agreement between DfE and Summerhill School, Independent Schools Tribunal IST/59, inspections would include two advisors from the school and one from the DfE to ensure the fairness of the process. The school has campaigned for all schools to be similarly inspected, ensuring openness and accountability for the process. In August 2013, 18 of the 24 newly launched Free Schools were graded Good or Outstanding by Ofsted; however, with over 100 state schools being downgraded from an Outstanding classification this year, the consistency of Ofsted grading is once again brought into question, leading to numerous 'How to get a Good Ofsted' guides being created. A 2014 report by the think tank Policy Exchange indicated that many Ofsted inspectors lack the knowledge required to make fair judgements of lessons and that judgements are so unreliable, "you would be better off flipping a coin". A 2014 poll of teachers, carried out by Teacher Support Network, revealed that over 90% of teachers felt Ofsted inspections had a neutral or negative impact on students' results. In response to criticisms about the increased workload inspection frameworks caused, Ofsted pledged it would not change its inspection framework during the school year. Wilshaw also dismissed speculation that Ofsted itself was responsible for teachers' heavy workload (in excess of 60 hours per week) describing it as 'a red herring'. However, a 2015 poll by the NUT found that 53% of teachers were planning to leave teaching by 2017, with the extra workload from Ofsted's 'accountability agenda' a key factor in seeking a job with a better work/life balance. The Ofsted complaints procedure has also been heavily criticised for opacity and a strong bias in favour of the inspectors. Geoff Barton, after writing an article strongly critical of Ofsted's use of raw data rather than inspection reports to determine grades, noted that: "the Ofsted complaints procedure too often seems constructed around a deep and dutiful need for self-protection. Thus an inspection system that demands transparency from schools refuses to release its own inspection notes, When challenged, it dares us to resort to a Freedom of Information request and then rejects those same requests because they don’t conform to a definition of “public interest”. In 2015 an inspector revealed that inspection judgements can be arbitrarily over-ruled by senior figures, commenting on a case where a school had been downgraded: "We couldn’t understand this rationale at all. It turned out that Ofsted had made a brief visit to the school some time before the inspection and had come up with some sort of unreported provisional judgement. So all that evidence we had gathered meant nothing and essentially this team of experienced inspectors was not trusted to make a judgement.” Barton concluded his article, 'the accounts above reveal an inspection system that appears in too many cases to be doing great damage. My sense is that it’s time to stop quietly accepting that the way Ofsted is is the way Ofsted should be.' In response, Wilshaw attacked Barton for being "too quick to perpetuate a 'them against us' view of the schools inspectorate...we fall back on a 'clichéd defence-mechanism' of whingeing about inconsistency", and insisted that Ofsted was becoming "more rigorous and demanding." However, Barton argued the letter lost some of its force and all of its credibility for being published on the day 40% of inspectors were sacked for not being up to the job. If 2019 Ofsted commissioned a survey on teachers' wellbeing- and reported that "Teachers spend bulk of hours spent on marking, planning and preparing for inspections" (sic). Teachers worked a 50 to 57 hour week, and over half of that was spent outside the classroom, on meetings, data entry tasks prescribed as preparation for Ofsted inspections. Geoff Barton, the general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, said "Ofsted and the government are the source of much of the stress and anxiety on staff through an extremely high-pressure accountability system.” In popular culture Hope and Glory, a BBC television drama featuring actor/comedian Lenny Henry, gave an insight into a fictional portrayal of teachers dealing with a school in Special Measures. OFSTED! The Musical was launched in 2004 at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pit-online.co.uk/ofsted.htm |title=OFSTED! The Musical |accessdate=10 December 2008 |work= |publisher=PIT Theatre |date= }}</ref> The piece enjoyed a total sell-out run at Venue 45 and won the Writers' Guild Award for Drama 2004 and the List Magazine Award.Summerhill, a BBC TV drama, depicted the school being threatened with closure due to an inspection and winning a court case in 2000 against the DfE and its actions based on the inspection report. Her Majesty's Chief Inspector Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills (sometimes abbreviated to HMCI) is the head of Ofsted. Amanda Spielman was appointed Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills on 1 January 2017. List of SCIs and HMCIs The title of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools (HMCI) was created at the same time as The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) itself. Before Ofsted was set up in 1992, the person heading its forerunner, HM Inspectorate of Schools, was known as the Senior Chief Inspector (SCI) and was also a Deputy Secretary in the Department of Education and Science. SCI Martin Roseveare, later Sir Martin Roseveare, 1944–1957 SCI Cyril English, later Sir Cyril English, 1965–1967 SCI W. R. Elliott, 1967–1972 SCI Harry W. French, 1972–1974 SCI Sheila Browne, 1974–83 SCI Eric Bolton, 1983–91 SCI Terry Melia, 1991–92 HMCI Stewart Sutherland, later Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, 1992–94 Chris Woodhead, later Sir Chris Woodhead, 1994–2000 Mike Tomlinson, later Sir Mike Tomlinson, 2000–02 David Bell, later Sir David Bell, 2002–06Maurice Smith, January–October 2006 (Acting)Christine Gilbert, 2006–2011Miriam Rosen, July–December 2011 (Acting)'' Sir Michael Wilshaw, January 2012–December 2016 Amanda Spielman, January 2017–present See also Education in England References External links Category:Education in England Category:Educational organisations based in London Category:Non-ministerial departments of the United Kingdom Government Category:1992 establishments in England Category:School accreditors Category:Department for Education Category:Welfare in England Category:Social work organizations Category:Government agencies established in 2002 Category:Government of England Category:Education regulators Category:Regulators of England

Samphire slender bluetongue The Samphire slender bluetongue (Cyclodomorphus melanops) is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Australia. References Category:Cyclodomorphus Category:Reptiles of Australia Category:Reptiles described in 1893

2016–17 Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball team The 2016–17 Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball team represented Arizona State University during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Sun Devils were led by second-year head coach Bobby Hurley, and played their home games at Wells Fargo Arena in Tempe, Arizona as members of Pac–12 Conference. The Sun Devils finished the season 15–18, 7–11 in Pac-12 play to finish in eighth place. In the Pac-12 Tournament, they defeated Stanford in the first round before losing to Oregon in the quarterfinals Previous season The Sun Devils finished the 2015–16 season 15–17, 5–13 in Pac-12 play to finish in 11th place. They lost in the first round of the Pac-12 Tournament to Oregon State. Off-season Departures 2016 recruiting class 2017 recruiting class Roster Freshman Sam Cunliffe left team 10 games into the season and elected to transfer. Schedule and results |- !colspan=12 style=| Exhibition |- !colspan=12 style=| Non-conference regular season |- !colspan=12 style=| Pac-12 regular season |- !colspan=12 style=| Pac-12 Tournament References Category:Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball seasons Arizona State Category:2016 in sports in Arizona Category:2017 in sports in Arizona