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Andrés Felipe Arboleda Andrés Felipe Arboleda Hurtado (born April 13, 1987) a Colombian footballer who plays for Cortulua. He can play as defensive midfielder. He was a starter on the Colombian Sub 20 that failed to qualify for the 2007 World Cup. he has also played for América de Cali and Deportivo Pereira. External links BDFA profile Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:Colombian footballers Category:Categoría Primera A players Category:Categoría Primera B players Category:América de Cali footballers Category:Deportivo Pereira footballers Category:Cortuluá footballers Category:Atlético Bucaramanga footballers Category:Patriotas Boyacá footballers Category:Cúcuta Deportivo footballers Category:Jaguares de Córdoba footballers Category:Association football midfielders

Nick LaRocca Dominic James "Nick" LaRocca (April 11, 1889 – February 22, 1961), was an early jazz cornetist and trumpeter and the leader of the Original Dixieland Jass Band. He is the composer of one of the most recorded jazz classics of all-time, "Tiger Rag". He was part of what is generally regarded as the first recorded jazz band, a band which recorded and released the first jazz recording, "Livery Stable Blues" in 1917. Background Nick LaRocca was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the son of poor Sicilian immigrants. His father was Girolamo LaRocca of Salaparuta, Sicily and his mother was Vita De Nina of Poggioreale, Sicily. Young Nick was attracted to the music of the brass bands in New Orleans and covertly taught himself to play cornet against the wishes of his father who hoped his son would go into a more prestigious profession. LaRocca at first worked as an electrician, playing music on the side. From around 1910 through 1916 he was a regular member of Papa Jack Laine's bands. While not considered as one of the most virtuosic or creative of the Laine players, he was well regarded for playing a solid lead with a strong lip which allowed him to play long parades without let up or to play several gigs in a row on the same day. In 1916 he was chosen as a last-minute replacement for Frank Christian in Johnny Stein's band to play a job up in Chicago, Illinois. This band became the famous Original Dixieland Jazz Band, making the first commercially issued jazz recordings in New York City in 1917. These recordings were hits and made the band into celebrities. Soon other New Orleans musicians began following the O.D.J.B.'s path, arriving in New York to play jazz. LaRocca was uneasy about competition. Frank Christian recalled that LaRocca offered him $200 and a return railway ticket to go back home. After a band featuring New Orleans musicians Alcide Nunez, Tom Brown, and Ragbaby Stevens won a battle of the bands against the O.D.J.B., drummer Ragbaby found his drum heads mysteriously slashed. The band gave LaRocca the nickname "Joe Blade", and published a song called "Joe Blade, Sharp as a Tack". LaRocca led this band on tours of England and the United States into the early 1920s, when he suffered a nervous breakdown. He returned to New Orleans and retired from music, going into the construction and contracting business. His chair in the band was taken by Henry Levine, a teenage trumpeter devoted to traditional jazz stylings. Levine later led one of the house bands on NBC's radio series The Chamber Music Society of Lower Basin Street. In 1936 Nick LaRocca reunited the ODJB for a successful tour and more recordings. LaRocca proclaimed that he and his band were the inventors of the now nationally popular swing music. He and the reunited Original Dixieland Jazz Band performed "Tiger Rag" in The March of Time newsreel segment titled "Birth of Swing," released to U.S. theaters February 19, 1937. Personality conflicts broke up the band again in 1937, and LaRocca again retired from music. He died in New Orleans in 1961. Later life and controversy In the 1950s, he wrote numerous vehement letters to newspapers, radio, and television shows, stating that he was the true and sole inventor of jazz music, damaging his credibility and provoking a backlash against him and his reputation and career. He made obviously exaggerated claims that he was "The Creator of Jazz", "The Christopher Columbus of Music", and "The most lied about person in history since Jesus Christ" . When Tulane University established their Archive of New Orleans Jazz, now the Hogan Jazz Archive, in 1958, LaRocca donated his large collection of items related to the O.D.J.B. to Tulane, including several scrapbooks made by LaRocca. At the same time, he worked with writer H.O. Brunn on the book The Story of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band. In the book, LaRocca claimed that he founded the Original Dixieland Jass Band in 1908. The book was dismissive of the other members of the O.D.J.B. It was perhaps kindest to clarinetist Larry Shields. Musicologists and historians who seek to assess LaRocca's contributions to jazz are hindered by LaRocca's self-aggrandizement. A balanced assessment would have to acknowledge that Nick LaRocca was an important figure in taking jazz from a regional style to international popularity, the leader of the most influential jazz band of the period from 1917 to 1921, and a good player in a very early jazz style on records such as "Clarinet Marmalade". LaRocca's playing and recordings were an important early influence on such later jazz trumpeters as Red Nichols, Bix Beiderbecke and Phil Napoleon. Nick LaRocca's 1917 composition "Tiger Rag" was covered by Louis Armstrong in several different versions throughout his career, while Duke Ellington, Art Tatum, and The Mills Brothers also recorded important and influential cover versions of the jazz standard. Additional information about Nick LaRocca and his biographer can be found in Salvatore Mugno's Il biografo di Nick LaRocca. Come entrare nelle storie del jazz, Besa Editrice, Nardò (Lecce), Italia, 2005. Legacy Nick LaRocca's 1917 composition "Tiger Rag" is one of the most important and influential jazz standards of the twentieth century. There were 136 cover versions of LaRocca's copyrighted composition "Tiger Rag" by 1942 alone. Among the artists who have recorded "Tiger Rag" are Louis Armstrong, Charlie Parker, Benny Goodman, Frank Sinatra, Duke Ellington, Kid Ory and his Creole Jazz Orchestra, Bix Beiderbecke, Les Paul, Art Tatum, The Mills Brothers in a No. 1 pop version, and Bob Crosby. The Original Dixieland Jazz Band is now regarded as one of the seminal groups in the formation and development of jazz. The ODJB compositions have been covered by everyone from Louis Armstrong to Duke Ellington to Joe Jackson. The influence of the ODJB on the history and development of jazz is undeniable. Honors In 2006, his 1917 recording of "Darktown Strutters' Ball" with the Original Dixieland Jass Band was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. See also Italians in New Orleans References Sources The ODJB on RedHotJazz Contains .ram files of their vintage recordings. Jimmy LaRocca's Original Dixieland Jazz Band Stewart, Jack. "The Original Dixieland Jazz Band's Place in the Development of Jazz." New Orleans International Music Colloquium, 2005. Lange, Horst H. Wie der Jazz begann: 1916–1923, von der "Original Dixieland Jazz Band" bis zu King Olivers "Creole Jazz Band". Berlin: Colloquium Verlag, 1991. Brunn, H.O. The Story of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1960. Reprinted by Da Capo Press, 1977. Mugno, Salvatore. Il biografo di Nick LaRocca. Come entrare nelle storie del jazz. Lecce, Italy: Besa Editrice, Nardò, 2005. External links Red Hot Jazz bio Category:1889 births Category:1961 deaths Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans Category:Dixieland bandleaders Category:Dixieland cornetists Category:Dixieland trumpeters Category:Original Dixieland Jass Band members Category:American people of Italian descent Category:American people of Sicilian descent Category:American jazz musicians

Pendle witches The trials of the Pendle witches in 1612 are among the most famous witch trials in English history, and some of the best recorded of the 17th century. The twelve accused lived in the area surrounding Pendle Hill in Lancashire, and were charged with the murders of ten people by the use of witchcraft. All but two were tried at Lancaster Assizes on 18–19 August 1612, along with the Samlesbury witches and others, in a series of trials that have become known as the Lancashire witch trials. One was tried at York Assizes on 27 July 1612, and another died in prison. Of the eleven who went to trial – nine women and two men – ten were found guilty and executed by hanging; one was found not guilty. The official publication of the proceedings by the clerk to the court, Thomas Potts, in his The Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches in the Countie of Lancaster, and the number of witches hanged together – nine at Lancaster and one at York – make the trials unusual for England at that time. It has been estimated that all the English witch trials between the early 15th and early 18th centuries resulted in fewer than 500 executions; this series of trials accounts for more than two per cent of that total. Six of the Pendle witches came from one of two families, each at the time headed by a woman in her eighties: Elizabeth Southerns (a.k.a. Demdike), her daughter Elizabeth Device, and her grandchildren James and Alizon Device; Anne Whittle (a.k.a. Chattox), and her daughter Anne Redferne. The others accused were Jane Bulcock and her son John Bulcock, Alice Nutter, Katherine Hewitt, Alice Grey, and Jennet Preston. The outbreaks of witchcraft in and around Pendle may demonstrate the extent to which people could make a living by posing as witches. Many of the allegations resulted from accusations that members of the Demdike and Chattox families made against each other, perhaps because they were in competition, both trying to make a living from healing, begging, and extortion. Religious and political background The accused witches lived in the area around Pendle Hill in Lancashire, a county which, at the end of the 16th century, was regarded by the authorities as a wild and lawless region: an area "fabled for its theft, violence and sexual laxity, where the church was honoured without much understanding of its doctrines by the common people". The nearby Cistercian abbey at Whalley had been dissolved by Henry VIII in 1537, a move strongly resisted by the local people, over whose lives the abbey had until then exerted a powerful influence. Despite the abbey's closure, and the execution of its abbot, the people of Pendle remained largely faithful to their Roman Catholic beliefs and were quick to revert to Catholicism on Queen Mary's accession to the throne in 1553. When Mary's Protestant half-sister Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 Catholic priests once again had to go into hiding, but in remote areas such as Pendle they continued to celebrate Mass in secret. In 1562, early in her reign, Elizabeth passed a law in the form of An Act Against Conjurations, Enchantments and Witchcrafts (5 Eliz. I c. 16). This demanded the death penalty, but only where harm had been caused; lesser offences were punishable by a term of imprisonment. The Act provided that anyone who should "use, practise, or exercise any Witchcraft, Enchantment, Charm, or Sorcery, whereby any person shall happen to be killed or destroyed", was guilty of a felony without benefit of clergy, and was to be put to death. On Elizabeth's death in 1603 she was succeeded by James I. Strongly influenced by Scotland's separation from the Catholic Church during the Scottish Reformation, James was intensely interested in Protestant theology, focusing much of his curiosity on the theology of witchcraft. By the early 1590s he had become convinced that he was being plotted against by Scottish witches. After a visit to Denmark, he had attended the trial in 1590 of the North Berwick witches, who were convicted of using witchcraft to send a storm against the ship that carried James and his wife Anne back to Scotland. In 1597 he wrote a book, Daemonologie, instructing his followers that they must denounce and prosecute any supporters or practitioners of witchcraft. One year after James acceded to the English throne, a law was enacted imposing the death penalty in cases where it was proven that harm had been caused through the use of magic, or corpses had been exhumed for magical purposes. James was, however, sceptical of the evidence presented in witch trials, even to the extent of personally exposing discrepancies in the testimonies presented against some accused witches. In early 1612, the year of the trials, every justice of the peace (JP) in Lancashire was ordered to compile a list of recusants in their area, i.e. those who refused to attend the English Church and to take communion, a criminal offence at that time. Roger Nowell of Read Hall, on the edge of Pendle Forest, was the JP for Pendle. It was against this background of seeking out religious nonconformists that, in March 1612, Nowell investigated a complaint made to him by the family of John Law, a pedlar, who claimed to have been injured by witchcraft. Many of those who subsequently became implicated as the investigation progressed did indeed consider themselves to be witches, in the sense of being village healers who practised magic, probably in return for payment, but such men and women were common in 16th-century rural England, an accepted part of village life. It was perhaps difficult for the judges charged with hearing the trials – Sir James Altham and Sir Edward Bromley – to understand King James's attitude towards witchcraft. The king was head of the judiciary, and Bromley was hoping for promotion to a circuit nearer London. Altham was nearing the end of his judicial career, but he had recently been accused of a miscarriage of justice at the York Assizes, which had resulted in a woman being sentenced to death by hanging for witchcraft. The judges may have been uncertain whether the best way to gain the King's favour was by encouraging convictions, or by "sceptically testing the witnesses to destruction". Events leading up to the trials One of the accused, Demdike, had been regarded in the area as a witch for fifty years, and some of the deaths the witches were accused of had happened many years before Roger Nowell started to take an interest in 1612. The event that seems to have triggered Nowell's investigation, culminating in the Pendle witch trials, occurred on 21 March 1612. On her way to Trawden Forest, Demdike's granddaughter, Alizon Device, encountered John Law, a pedlar from Halifax, and asked him for some pins. Seventeenth-century metal pins were handmade and relatively expensive, but they were frequently needed for magical purposes, such as in healing – particularly for treating warts – divination, and for love magic, which may have been why Alizon was so keen to get hold of them and why Law was so reluctant to sell them to her. Whether she meant to buy them, as she claimed, and Law refused to undo his pack for such a small transaction, or whether she had no money and was begging for them, as Law's son Abraham claimed, is unclear. A few minutes after their encounter Alizon saw Law stumble and fall, perhaps because he suffered a stroke; he managed to regain his feet and reach a nearby inn. Initially Law made no accusations against Alizon, but she appears to have been convinced of her own powers; when Abraham Law took her to visit his father a few days after the incident, she reportedly confessed and asked for his forgiveness. Alizon Device, her mother Elizabeth, and her brother James were summoned to appear before Nowell on 30 March 1612. Alizon confessed that she had sold her soul to the Devil, and that she had told him to lame John Law after he had called her a thief. Her brother, James, stated that his sister had also confessed to bewitching a local child. Elizabeth was more reticent, admitting only that her mother, Demdike, had a mark on her body, something that many, including Nowell, would have regarded as having been left by the Devil after he had sucked her blood. When questioned about Anne Whittle (Chattox), the matriarch of the other family reputedly involved in witchcraft in and around Pendle, Alizon perhaps saw an opportunity for revenge. There may have been bad blood between the two families, possibly dating from 1601, when a member of Chattox's family broke into Malkin Tower, the home of the Devices, and stole goods worth about £1, equivalent to about £117 as of 2018. Alizon accused Chattox of murdering four men by witchcraft, and of killing her father, John Device, who had died in 1601. She claimed that her father had been so frightened of Old Chattox that he had agreed to give her of oatmeal each year in return for her promise not to hurt his family. The meal was handed over annually until the year before John's death; on his deathbed John claimed that his sickness had been caused by Chattox because they had not paid for protection. On 2 April 1612, Demdike, Chattox, and Chattox's daughter Anne Redferne, were summoned to appear before Nowell. Both Demdike and Chattox were by then blind and in their eighties, and both provided Nowell with damaging confessions. Demdike claimed that she had given her soul to the Devil 20 years previously, and Chattox that she had given her soul to "a Thing like a Christian man", on his promise that "she would not lack anything and would get any revenge she desired". Although Anne Redferne made no confession, Demdike said that she had seen her making clay figures. Margaret Crooke, another witness seen by Nowell that day, claimed that her brother had fallen sick and died after having had a disagreement with Redferne, and that he had frequently blamed her for his illness Based on the evidence and confessions he had obtained, Nowell committed Demdike, Chattox, Anne Redferne and Alizon Device to Lancaster Gaol, to be tried for maleficium – causing harm by witchcraft – at the next assizes. Meeting at Malkin Tower The committal and subsequent trial of the four women might have been the end of the matter, had it not been for a meeting organised by Elizabeth Device at Malkin Tower, the home of the Demdikes, held on Good Friday 10 April 1612. To feed the party, James Device stole a neighbour's sheep. Friends and others sympathetic to the family attended, and when word of it reached Roger Nowell, he decided to investigate. On 27 April 1612, an inquiry was held before Nowell and another magistrate, Nicholas Bannister, to determine the purpose of the meeting at Malkin Tower, who had attended, and what had happened there. As a result of the inquiry, eight more people were accused of witchcraft and committed for trial: Elizabeth Device, James Device, Alice Nutter, Katherine Hewitt, John Bulcock, Jane Bulcock, Alice Grey and Jennet Preston. Preston lived across the border in Yorkshire, so she was sent for trial at York Assizes; the others were sent to Lancaster Gaol, to join the four already imprisoned there. Malkin Tower is believed to have been near the village of Newchurch in Pendle, or possibly in Blacko on the site of present-day Malkin Tower Farm, and to have been demolished soon after the trials. Trials The Pendle witches were tried in a group that also included the Samlesbury witches, Jane Southworth, Jennet Brierley, and Ellen Brierley, the charges against whom included child murder, cannibalism; Margaret Pearson, the so-called Padiham witch, who was facing her third trial for witchcraft, this time for killing a horse; and Isobel Robey from Windle, accused of using witchcraft to cause sickness. Some of the accused Pendle witches, such as Alizon Device, seem to have genuinely believed in their guilt, but others protested their innocence to the end. Jennet Preston was the first to be tried, at York Assizes. York Assizes, 27 July 1612 Jennet Preston lived in Gisburn, which was then in Yorkshire, so she was sent to York Assizes for trial. Her judges were Sir James Altham and Sir Edward Bromley. Jennet was charged with the murder by witchcraft of a local landowner, Thomas Lister of Westby Hall, to which she pleaded not guilty. She had already appeared before Bromley in 1611, accused of murdering a child by witchcraft, but had been found not guilty. The most damning evidence given against her was that when she had been taken to see Lister's body, the corpse "bled fresh bloud presently, in the presence of all that were there present" after she touched it. According to a statement made to Nowell by James Device on 27 April, Jennet had attended the Malkin Tower meeting to seek help with Lister's murder. She was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging; her execution took place on 29 July on the Knavesmire, the present site of York Racecourse. Lancaster Assizes, 18–19 August 1612 All the other accused lived in Lancashire, so they were sent to Lancaster Assizes for trial, where the judges were once again Altham and Bromley. The prosecutor was local magistrate Roger Nowell, who had been responsible for collecting the various statements and confessions from the accused. Nine-year-old Jennet Device was a key witness for the prosecution, something that would not have been permitted in many other 17th-century criminal trials. However, King James had made a case for suspending the normal rules of evidence for witchcraft trials in his Daemonologie. As well as identifying those who had attended the Malkin Tower meeting, Jennet also gave evidence against her mother, brother, and sister. Nine of the accused – Alizon Device, Elizabeth Device, James Device, Anne Whittle, Anne Redferne, Alice Nutter, Katherine Hewitt, John Bulcock and Jane Bulcock – were found guilty during the two-day trial and hanged at Gallows Hill in Lancaster on 20 August 1612; Elizabeth Southerns died while awaiting trial. Only one of the accused, Alice Grey, was found not guilty. 18 August Anne Whittle (Chattox) was accused of the murder of Robert Nutter. She pleaded not guilty, but the confession she had made to Roger Nowell was read out in court, and evidence against her was presented by James Robinson, who had lived with the Chattox family 20 years earlier. He claimed to remember that Nutter had accused Chattox of turning his beer sour, and that she was commonly believed to be a witch. Chattox broke down and admitted her guilt, calling on God for forgiveness and the judges to be merciful to her daughter, Anne Redferne. Elizabeth Device was charged with the murders of James Robinson, John Robinson and, together with Alice Nutter and Demdike, the murder of Henry Mitton. Elizabeth Device vehemently maintained her innocence. Potts records that "this odious witch" suffered from a facial deformity resulting in her left eye being set lower than her right. The main witness against Device was her daughter, Jennet, who was about nine years old. When Jennet was brought into the courtroom and asked to stand up and give evidence against her mother, Elizabeth, confronted with her own child making accusations that would lead to her execution, began to curse and scream at her daughter, forcing the judges to have her removed from the courtroom before the evidence could be heard. Jennet was placed on a table and stated that she believed her mother had been a witch for three or four years. She also said her mother had a familiar called Ball, who appeared in the shape of a brown dog. Jennet claimed to have witnessed conversations between Ball and her mother, in which Ball had been asked to help with various murders. James Device also gave evidence against his mother, saying he had seen her making a clay figure of one of her victims, John Robinson. Elizabeth Device was found guilty. James Device pleaded not guilty to the murders by witchcraft of Anne Townley and John Duckworth. However he, like Chattox, had earlier made a confession to Nowell, which was read out in court. That, and the evidence presented against him by his sister Jennet, who said that she had seen her brother asking a black dog he had conjured up to help him kill Townley, was sufficient to persuade the jury to find him guilty. 19 August The trials of the three Samlesbury witches were heard before Anne Redferne's first appearance in court, late in the afternoon, charged with the murder of Robert Nutter. The evidence against her was considered unsatisfactory, and she was acquitted. Anne Redferne was not so fortunate the following day, when she faced her second trial, for the murder of Robert Nutter's father, Christopher, to which she pleaded not guilty. Demdike's statement to Nowell, which accused Anne of having made clay figures of the Nutter family, was read out in court. Witnesses were called to testify that Anne was a witch "more dangerous than her Mother". But she refused to admit her guilt to the end, and had given no evidence against any others of the accused. Anne Redferne was found guilty. Jane Bulcock and her son John Bulcock, both from Newchurch in Pendle, were accused and found guilty of the murder by witchcraft of Jennet Deane. Both denied that they had attended the meeting at Malkin Tower, but Jennet Device identified Jane as having been one of those present, and John as having turned the spit to roast the stolen sheep, the centrepiece of the Good Friday meeting at the Demdike's home. Alice Nutter was unusual among the accused in being comparatively wealthy, the widow of a tenant yeoman farmer. She made no statement either before or during her trial, except to enter her plea of not guilty to the charge of murdering Henry Mitton by witchcraft. The prosecution alleged that she, together with Demdike and Elizabeth Device, had caused Mitton's death after he had refused to give Demdike a penny she had begged from him. The only evidence against Alice seems to have been that James Device claimed Demdike had told him of the murder, and Jennet Device in her statement said that Alice had been present at the Malkin Tower meeting. Alice may have called in on the meeting at Malkin Tower on her way to a secret (and illegal) Good Friday Catholic service, and refused to speak for fear of incriminating her fellow Catholics. Many of the Nutter family were Catholics, and two had been executed as Jesuit priests, John Nutter in 1584 and his brother Robert in 1600. Alice Nutter was found guilty. Katherine Hewitt (a.k.a. Mould-Heeles) was charged and found guilty of the murder of Anne Foulds. She was the wife of a clothier from Colne, and had attended the meeting at Malkin Tower with Alice Grey. According to the evidence given by James Device, both Hewitt and Grey told the others at that meeting that they had killed a child from Colne, Anne Foulds. Jennet Device also picked Katherine out of a line-up, and confirmed her attendance at the Malkin Tower meeting. Alice Grey was accused with Katherine Hewitt of the murder of Anne Foulds. Potts does not provide an account of Alice Grey's trial, simply recording her as one of the Samlesbury witches – which she was not, as she was one of those identified as having been at the Malkin Tower meeting – and naming her in the list of those found not guilty. Alizon Device, whose encounter with John Law had triggered the events leading up to the trials, was charged with causing harm by witchcraft. Uniquely among the accused, Alizon was confronted in court by her alleged victim, John Law. She seems to have genuinely believed in her own guilt; when Law was brought into court Alizon fell to her knees in tears and confessed. She was found guilty. The Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches in the Countie of Lancaster Almost everything that is known about the trials comes from a report of the proceedings written by Thomas Potts, the clerk to the Lancaster Assizes. Potts was instructed to write his account by the trial judges, and had completed the work by 16 November 1612, when he submitted it for review. Bromley revised and corrected the manuscript before its publication in 1613, declaring it to be "truly reported" and "fit and worthie to be published". Although written as an apparently verbatim account, The Wonderfull Discoverie is not a report of what was actually said at the trial but is instead reflecting what happened. Nevertheless, Potts "seems to give a generally trustworthy, although not comprehensive, account of an Assize witchcraft trial, provided that the reader is constantly aware of his use of written material instead of verbatim reports". The trials took place not quite seven years after the Gunpowder Plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament in an attempt to kill King James and the Protestant aristocracy had been foiled. It was alleged that the Pendle witches had hatched their own gunpowder plot to blow up Lancaster Castle, although historian Stephen Pumfrey has suggested that the "preposterous scheme" was invented by the examining magistrates and simply agreed to by James Device in his witness statement. It may therefore be significant that Potts dedicated The Wonderfull Discoverie to Thomas Knyvet and his wife Elizabeth; Knyvet was the man credited with apprehending Guy Fawkes and thus saving the King. Modern interpretation It has been estimated that all the English witch trials between the early 15th and early 18th centuries resulted in fewer than 500 executions, so this one series of trials in July and August 1612 accounts for more than two per cent of that total. Court records show that Lancashire was unusual in the north of England for the frequency of its witch trials. Neighbouring Cheshire, for instance, also suffered from economic problems and religious activists, but there only 47 people were indicted for causing harm by witchcraft between 1589 and 1675, of whom 11 were found guilty. Pendle was part of the parish of Whalley, an area covering , too large to be effective in preaching and teaching the doctrines of the Church of England: both the survival of Catholicism and the upsurge of witchcraft in Lancashire have been attributed to its over-stretched parochial structure. Until its dissolution, the spiritual needs of the people of Pendle and surrounding districts had been served by nearby Whalley Abbey, but its closure in 1537 left a moral vacuum. Many of the allegations made in the Pendle witch trials resulted from members of the Demdike and Chattox families making accusations against each other. Historian John Swain has said that the outbreaks of witchcraft in and around Pendle demonstrate the extent to which people could make a living either by posing as a witch, or by accusing or threatening to accuse others of being a witch. Although it is implicit in much of the literature on witchcraft that the accused were victims, often mentally or physically abnormal, for some at least, it may have been a trade like any other, albeit one with significant risks. There may have been bad blood between the Demdike and Chattox families because they were in competition with each other, trying to make a living from healing, begging, and extortion. The Demdikes are believed to have lived close to Newchurch in Pendle, and the Chattox family about away, near the village of Fence. Aftermath and legacy Altham continued with his judicial career until his death in 1617, and Bromley achieved his desired promotion to the Midlands Circuit in 1616. Potts was given the keepership of Skalme Park by James in 1615, to breed and train the king's hounds. In 1618, he was given responsibility for "collecting the forfeitures on the laws concerning sewers, for twenty-one years". Having played her part in the deaths of her mother, brother, and sister, Jennet Device may eventually have found herself accused of witchcraft. A woman with that name was listed in a group of 20 tried at Lancaster Assizes on 24 March 1634, although it cannot be certain that it was the same Jennet Device. The charge against her was the murder of Isabel Nutter, William Nutter's wife. In that series of trials the chief prosecution witness was a ten-year-old boy, Edmund Robinson. All but one of the accused were found guilty, but the judges refused to pass death sentences, deciding instead to refer the case to the king, Charles I. Under cross-examination in London, Robinson admitted that he had fabricated his evidence, but even though four of the accused were eventually pardoned, they all remained incarcerated in Lancaster Gaol, where it is likely that they died. An official record dated 22 August 1636 lists Jennet Device as one of those still held in the prison. These later Lancashire witchcraft trials were the subject of a contemporary play written by Thomas Heywood and Richard Brome, The Late Lancashire Witches. In modern times the witches have become the inspiration for Pendle's tourism and heritage industries, with local shops selling a variety of witch-motif gifts. Burnley's Moorhouse's produces a beer called Pendle Witches Brew, and there is a Pendle Witch Trail running from Pendle Heritage Centre to Lancaster Castle, where the accused witches were held before their trial. The X43 bus route run by Burnley Bus Company has been branded The Witch Way, with some of the vehicles operating on it named after the witches in the trial. Pendle Hill, which dominates the landscape of the area, continues to be associated with witchcraft, and hosts a hilltop gathering every Halloween. A petition was presented to UK Home Secretary Jack Straw in 1998 asking for the witches to be pardoned, but it was decided that their convictions should stand. Ten years later another petition was organised in an attempt to obtain pardons for Chattox and Demdike. It followed the Swiss government's pardon earlier that year of Anna Göldi, beheaded in 1782, thought to be the last person in Europe to be executed as a witch. Literary adaptations and other media William Harrison Ainsworth, a Victorian novelist considered in his day the equal of Dickens, wrote a romanticised account of the Pendle witches published in 1849. The Lancashire Witches is the only one of his 40 novels never to have been out of print. The British writer Robert Neill dramatised the events of 1612 in his novel Mist over Pendle, first published in 1951. The writer and poet Blake Morrison treated the subject in his suite of poems Pendle Witches, published in 1996, and in 2011 poet Simon Armitage narrated a documentary on BBC Four, The Pendle Witch Child. 2012 anniversary Events to mark the 400th anniversary of the trials in 2012 included an exhibition, "A Wonderful Discoverie: Lancashire Witches 1612–2012", at Gawthorpe Hall staged by Lancashire County Council. The Fate of Chattox, a piece by David Lloyd-Mostyn for clarinet and piano, taking its theme from the events leading to Chattox's demise, was performed by Aquilon at the Chorlton Arts Festival. A life-size statue of Alice Nutter, by sculptor David Palmer, was unveiled in her home village, Roughlee. In August, a world record for the largest group dressed as witches was set by 482 people who walked up Pendle Hill, on which the date "1612" had been installed in 400-foot-tall numbers by artist Philippe Handford using horticultural fleece. The Bishop of Burnley, the Rt Rev John Goddard, expressed concern about marking the anniversary on the side of the hill. Publications in 2012 inspired by the trials include two novellas, The Daylight Gate by Jeanette Winterson and Malkin Child by Livi Michael. Blake Morrison published a volume of poetry, A Discoverie of Witches. See also Bideford witch trial Cunning folk References Notes Citations Bibliography (Facsimile reprint of Davies' 1929 book, containing the text of The Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches in the Countie of Lancaster by Potts, Thomas (1613)) Further reading External links (1597) (1849) (1613) Category:History of Lancashire Category:People executed for witchcraft Category:Witch trials Category:1612 in law Category:1612 in England Category:Borough of Pendle Category:Lancashire folklore Category:17th-century executions by England Category:People executed by Stuart England

Arthrocentesis Arthrocentesis is the clinical procedure of using a syringe to collect synovial fluid from a joint capsule. It is also known as joint aspiration. Arthrocentesis is used in the diagnosis of gout, arthritis, and synovial infections such as septic arthritis. See also Paracentesis Thoracocentesis References External links http://www.medicinenet.com/joint_aspiration/article.htm Category:Medical treatments

Spitz (surname) Spitz is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: Armand Spitz (1904–1971), American planetarium designer Bob Spitz, American journalist and author Carl Spitz (1894–1976), Hollywood dog trainer Chantal Spitz (born 1954), French Polynesian writer Dan Spitz (born 1963), American guitarist Dave Spitz (born 1955), American bassist Donald Spitz, American anti-abortion activist Elisa Spitz, American figure skater Fannie S. Spitz (1873–1943), American inventor Gerald J. Spitz, American politician Hanneliese Spitz (born 1941), Austrian sprint canoeist Herman H. Spitz, American psychologist Illés Spitz Jacques Spitz (1896–1963), French writer Jason Spitz (born 1982), American football player Leó Szilárd, born Leó Spitz, Hungarian scientist Lewis Spitz (born 1939), South African paediatric surgeon Malte Spitz (born 1984), German politician Marc Spitz (1969–2017), American writer and music journalist Mark Spitz (born 1950), American swimmer René Spitz (1887–1974), Austrian-American psychoanalyst Sabine Spitz (born 1971), German cross-country cyclist Sophie Spitz (1910–1956), American pathologist Tibor Spitz, American artist and Holocaust survivor Vivien Spitz, American journalist Fictional characters Adam Spitz and Sharon Spitz, two characters in the television series Braceface Category:German-language surnames Category:Jewish surnames

Light Fantastic Light Fantastic may refer to: Film and TV Light Fantastic (TV series), a BBC Four documentary television series about the history and discovery of light "The Light Fantastic", an episode of ABC Stage 67 "The Light Fantastic", an episode of Pokémon Other The Light Fantastic, a satirical fantasy novel by Terry Pratchett The Light Fantastic, a Star Trek novel Light Fantastic (album), a 1999 album by Steve Roach See also Trip the light fantastic (disambiguation)

Doug Johnson (pianist) Doug Johnson is an American jazz and classical pianist who has performed with Esperanza Spalding and Grace Kelly. He teaches at the Berklee College of Music and at Wellesley College. Education Doug Johnson received a B.M. from Michigan State University and an M.M. from the New England Conservatory, where he studied with Dave Holland and George Russell. Performances Johnson has performed extensively in the U.S. at major venues such as the Jazz Standard in New York City. In Europe, he has performed in London, Vienna, Berlin, Paris, and Copenhagen. Festivals he has played at include Montreal, Toronto, Tanglewood, Oslo, Boston, Warsaw, and Newport Jazz Festival. He has performed with Esperanza Spalding's quintet. Other musicians he has performed with include Luciana Souza, Mili Bermejo, Chiara Civello, the Grand Rapids Symphony, and the Handel and Haydn Society. Discography The March of Time, 2008 With Grace Kelly Mood Changes, 2009 Every Road I Walked, 2006 Times Too, 2005 Dreaming, 2004 References Category:Living people Category:American jazz pianists Category:American male pianists Category:Berklee College of Music faculty Category:Wellesley College faculty Category:Piano pedagogues Category:Michigan State University alumni Category:New England Conservatory alumni Category:21st-century American pianists Category:21st-century American male musicians Category:Male jazz musicians Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

Christ Church Detroit Christ Church Detroit is an Episcopal church located at 960 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It is also known as Old Christ Church, Detroit. It is the oldest Protestant church in Michigan still located on its original site. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1970 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. History Brothers Robert (Jr.) and William Stead ran a wholesale grocery business at the present site of Christ Church until the year 1844. Christ Church Detroit was founded by a group of Episcopalians in 1845, who decided that St. Paul's Church (now St. Paul's Cathedral) was too crowded. The founders built a small wooden church, designed by Lieutenant Montgomery C. Meigs, as its first place of worship. Fifteen years later, plans were laid for a new building on the same site. In 1861, a chapel was constructed near the original structure for use while a larger church was constructed. The present church, designed by Gordon W. Lloyd, was completed in 1864. Construction The church is built in an American Gothic style, using limestone and sandstone; a massive belfry with a squared-off Germanic roof dominates the front facade. The interior boasts transepts with galleries and hammerbeam trusses supporting the roof. All interior woodwork, save the roof, is made from local butternut. There are two Tiffany windows in the church, with more windows designed by other famous glass companies such as Franz Meyer and Company and J. Wippell and Co.. Current use The Christ Church building has been continuously by an Episcopalian congregation since its construction. The current Rector is the Rev. Emily Williams Guffey. The congregation describes themselves as "a contemporary, well-educated, multi-racial, multi-ethnic congregation carrying out Christ's mission in the world around us, strengthened, nurtured, and guided by the presence of the Holy Spirit." The next-door Sibley House serves as offices. Gallery References External links Christ Church Detroit website Category:Churches in Detroit Category:Episcopal church buildings in Michigan Category:Churches completed in 1863 Category:19th-century Episcopal church buildings Category:Michigan State Historic Sites in Wayne County, Michigan Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan Category:National Register of Historic Places in Detroit Category:Gothic Revival church buildings in Michigan

Dehu, Semnan Dehu (, also Romanized as Dehū) is a village in Qohab-e Rastaq Rural District, Amirabad District, Damghan County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported. References Category:Populated places in Damghan County

Umaria Umaria is a municipality city in the Umaria district of the Shahdol Division of Madhya Pradesh, India. Geography Umaria is located at and has an average elevation of 538 metres (1,765 feet). Demographics According to the latest 2011 census, Umaria has a population of 33,114 divided in 15 wards. Male population is 17,509 and that of female is 15,605. Umaria has an average literacy rate of 84.70 percent, higher than state average of 69.32 percent, male literacy is 91.10 percent, and female literacy is 77.49 percent. In Umaria, 12.34 percent of the population is under 6 years of age. Out of the total population, 10,511 out of which 8,758 are males, engaged in work or business activity. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes constitutes 12.82 percent and 18.57 percent of the total population in Umaria. References

Waco: Madman or Messiah Waco: Madman or Messiah is 2018 American documentary film directed by Christopher Spencer about David Koresh in the years leading up to and including the 51-day stand-off with the FBI that ended on Mount Carmel, Texas in the 1993 raid. The four-hour, two-part documentary special premiered on January 28, 2018. References Category:2018 television films Category:American documentary television films Category:A&E (TV channel) original programming Category:Waco siege Category:Biographical documentary films Category:2010s documentary films

Fire from the Heartland Fire From the Heartland: the Awakening of the Conservative Woman is a 2010 American documentary film written and directed by former Breitbart News LLC executive chairman Steve Bannon, and produced by David N. Bossie for Citizens United Productions. The documentary stars Michele Bachmann, Deneen Borelli, and Ann Coulter, and focuses on female participation in conservative politics. Background Bannon was inspired to create the documentary after seeing former Alaskan governor Sarah Palin run as John McCain's vice president running mate in the 2008 United States presidential election. In exploring the Tea Party movement, the film interviews only women. The sole male voice heard in the film is from a clip of an on-air rant by CNBC's Rick Santelli from a February 2009 broadcast. Synopsis The documentary looks at the idea of the conservative political female in the United States and how they have impacted and been impacted by the Tea Party movement. Bannon interviews women from different socioeconomic backgrounds and how this has had an effect on their outlook on life and in politics, as well as what they believe what the future will bring and their opinions on how conservative politics and the Tea Party is portrayed in the media. Cast Michele Bachmann Deneen Borelli Ann Coulter S. E. Cupp Dana Loesch Cynthia Lummis Jenny Beth Martin Michelle Malkin Jamie Radtke Phyllis Schlafly Jean Schmidt Janine Turner Reception Tina Nguyen, writing in Vanity Fair, referred to the film as propaganda by Bannon. References External links Category:American documentary films Category:American films Category:Citizens United Productions films Category:Documentary films about women Category:Michele Bachmann Category:Tea Party movement Category:Films directed by Steve Bannon

List of the oldest mosques The designation of the oldest mosques in the world requires careful use of definitions, and must be divided into two parts, the oldest in the sense of oldest surviving building, and the oldest in the sense of oldest mosque congregation. Even here, there is the distinction between old mosque buildings that have been in continuous use as mosques, and those that have been converted to other purposes; and between buildings that have been in continuous use as mosques and those that were shuttered for many decades. In terms of congregations, they are distinguished between early established congregations that have been in continuous existence, and early congregations that ceased to exist. Note that the major regions, such as Africa and Eurasia, are sorted alphabetically, whereas the minor regions, such as Northeast and Northwest Africa in Africa, and Arabia and South Asia in Eurasia, are sorted by the dates in which their first mosques were reportedly established, more or less, barring those that are mentioned by name in the Quran. To be listed here a site must: be the oldest mosque in a country, large city (top 50), or oldest of its type (denomination, architectural, etc.); be the oldest congregation of its type (denomination). Mentioned in the Quran The following are treated as the oldest mosques or sanctuaries mentioned in the Quran: Africa Americas Eurasia 'Eurasia' is treated here not as a continental landmass, but a combination of European and Asian countries, including island-states such as Japan and the United Kingdom. Oceania See also List of oldest minarets List of tallest minarets Holiest sites in Islam Islamic architecture Lists of mosques Jama Masjid List of largest mosques List of mosques List of the oldest buildings in the world List of oldest church buildings List of oldest synagogues Notes References External links International Architecture database Al-Masjid al-Haram and al-Masjid al-Aqsa as the First and Second Mosques on Earth Category:Historic preservation *Mosques Category:Mosque architecture Category:Religious architecture Category:Religion-related lists of superlatives Oldest

Kuwait Hockey League The Kuwait Hockey League was the national ice hockey league in Kuwait. It was held for the 2008-09 season. Four teams participated in the regular season, and the top two teams met in the final, won by Kuwait. 2008-09 season Regular season Final Kuwait - Qadsia 4:2 External links League on sfrp.cz Category:Ice hockey leagues in Asia Category:Ice hockey in Kuwait

The Great Ecstasy of Robert Carmichael The Great Ecstasy of Robert Carmichael is a British independent film directed by first-time director Thomas Clay, and released in 2006. It features Daniel Spencer in the title role, with Lesley Manville and Danny Dyer in support. Plot An introverted, socially awkward, middle-class youth, Robert Carmichael, is a talented cello player but is bored by his existence in the coastal town of Newhaven. He becomes associated with several other unsavory teenagers, and is soon tempted into the use of hard drugs like cocaine and ecstasy. Robert initially does not take part in the rape of a teenage girl in a squalid flat with the gang, but later joins in another violent attack on a middle-aged couple, with the woman involved being viciously raped. Main cast Daniel Spencer as Robert Carmichael Lesley Manville as Sarah Carmichael Danny Dyer as Larry Haydn Ryan Winsley as Joe Charles Mnene as Ben Michael Howe as Jonathan Abbott Miranda Wilson as Monica Abbott Grace Kemp as concert goer Recognition The film was shown at the Edinburgh Film Festival and also the Cannes Film Festival as part of the Critic's Week sidebar, where it was nominated for the Camera d'Or award. References External links Review in Variety "Ultra violent and nauseating, but technically dazzling." Britfilms review and information Category:2005 films Category:British films Category:British drama films Category:British crime films Category:English-language films Category:British independent films Category:Directorial debut films Category:Films about rape

Alfonso Obregón Alfonso Andrés Obregón Cancino (born May 12, 1972) is a retired Ecuadorian football player. Club career Obregón spent the majority of his professional career with LDU Quito. He has made over 300 appearances in the defensive midfield position and captained the team for a number of years before ceding the position to Patricio Urrutia. He won five Serie A titles and the 2008 Copa Libertadores with los albos. International career At the international stage, Obregón earned 58 caps for the Ecuadorian national team between 1995 and 2004. His debut came on October 25, 1995, in a friendly against Bolivia. He would go on to form part of the squad that participated in the 2002 FIFA World Cup and played at the Copa América in 2001 and 2004. His last match came in the 2004 Copa América against Uruguay. He currently serves as the sporting director for LDU Portoviejo in his hometown. Honors LDU Quito Serie A: 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005 Apertura, 2007 Copa Libertadores: 2008 References External links Obregón's FEF Player Card Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:People from Portoviejo Category:Association football midfielders Category:Ecuadorian footballers Category:C.D. ESPOLI footballers Category:L.D.U. Quito footballers Category:Delfín S.C. footballers Category:Ecuador international footballers Category:2001 Copa América players Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players Category:2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup players Category:2004 Copa América players Category:Association football players who received a testimonial

Sangoma (Abdullah Ibrahim album) Sangoma is a solo piano album by Abdullah Ibrahim. It was recorded in 1973 and released by Sackville Records. Parts of the original release were later issued on compilation albums. Recording and music The album was recorded in Toronto on 18 February 1973. Material from the recording session was released on this album and on African Portraits. "The Aloe and the Wild Rose" and "Ancient Africa" each contain three parts. The other track, "Fats, Duke and the Monk", is a six-song suite. Releases and reception Sangoma was released by Sackville Records. The AllMusic reviewer concluded that, "Ibrahim's distinctive percussive style with its emphasis on folk melodies was very much in evidence at this relatively early stage." The Penguin Guide to Jazz observed that the recording was "in dramatic close-up". Material from Sangoma and African Portraits was later compiled in the album Ancient Africa, which was released by Sackville in 1994. A 2017 CD reissue of this compilation added a previously unreleased track featuring Ibrahim on flute as well as reciting words. It was issued by Delmark Records, which had earlier acquired the Sackville catalogue. Track listing "The Aloe and the Wild Rose" – 13:30 "Fats, Duke and the Monk" – 11:25 "Ancient Africa" – 19:40 Personnel Abdullah Ibrahim – piano References Category:1973 albums Category:Abdullah Ibrahim albums Category:Solo piano jazz albums

Chester Gladiators Chester Gladiators Rugby League Football Club is a rugby league club in Chester, England. They play in the North West Division of the Rugby League Conference, North West Counties and the North West Merit League. History Previous clubs in Chester Although Chester is less than 45 minutes drive from rugby league strongholds such as Warrington, Widnes, Wigan and St Helens but rugby league has traditionally failed to capture the imagination of locals and the sport struggled to maintain a place in the city's sporting calendar. The most notable attempt at developing the game in Chester was when Chester Wolves entered the Rugby League Conference in 1998. They were crowned champions the following season, after a Grand Final victory over Crawley Jets. Unfortunately, the club were unable to build on this early success. In 2005, the Chester Wolves name returned to the Conference after Widnes based club West Bank Bears played under this name. However, this venture failed to capture local interest and the club left the Rugby League Conference for a second time at the end of the 2006 season. Chester Gladiators A new side, Chester Gladiators Rugby League Football Club, was formed in April 2008 by a group of enthusiasts who shared a belief that the sport could prosper in the area. The club operated an open age side in the RL Merit League and received significant praise for their efforts both on and off the field; playing a total of seven matches and securing two victories, a 36-28 at North Derbyshire Chargers and a 66-14 hammering of Wolverhampton Warlords. At the end of the debut season they were named RL Merit League Club of the Year and our Chairman Jim Green received the RL Merit League Pioneer of the Year award whilst two players were named in the RL Merit League Dream Team. The 2009 season saw the launch of a new junior section and a second open age team as the club continued to develop. They won the first Cheshire Challenge Cup final beating Crewe & Nantwich Steamers. Our first team enjoyed a successful season in the RL Merit League, winning ten of their twelve matches and securing a play-off berth for the first time. The newly formed A team also took part in two matches, ensuring that the club was able to provide all of its members with the chance to experience rugby league. The senior sections efforts were rewarded when Alec Read was named as the Kukri RL Merit League Young Player of the Year while the club received an award for their work with the media. At junior level a number of taster days were staged and an under-12s team played five matches, securing two victories. Chester Gladiators set up a winter side Chester ARLFC to compete in the North West Counties league for 2010-11. Club honours Midlands 9s: 2011 north west men’s league division 4 winners: 2015 North west men’s league shield winners: 2015 North West Men’s league division 4 grand final winners: 2015 Previous Players Rob Massam - North Wales Crusaders Sam Broadbent - North Wales Crusaders Harry Cartwright - South Wales Scorpions Andrew Oakden - North Wales Crusaders Billy Brickhill - swinton lions External links Official website Category:Rugby League Conference teams Category:Sport in Chester Category:BARLA teams Category:Rugby clubs established in 2008 Category:Rugby league teams in Cheshire

Fred Soper Frederick Lowe Soper (December 13, 1893 – February 9, 1977) was an American epidemiologist. Born in Hutchinson, Kansas, his first two degrees were received from the University of Kansas, an AB in 1914 and his Masters of Science in 1916. He received a doctorate from the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. Soper spent the better part of his career working for the Rockefeller Foundation. Fred Soper's best-known project was known as the Global Malaria Eradication Program. Fred Soper was featured by journalist Malcolm Gladwell in a July 2, 2001 New Yorker article titled "The Mosquito Killer." He died in Wichita, Kansas at the age of 83. Bibliography Ventures in world health: the memoirs of Fred Lowe Soper. Washington, Pan American Health Organization, Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the World Health Organization, 1977 J. Austin Kerr (ed.): Building the health bridge: selections from the work of Fred L. Soper. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1970 Fred. L. Soper, D. Bruce Wilson, Servulo Lima and Waldemar Sá Antunes: The organization of permanent nationwide anti-Aedes Aegypti measures in Brazil. New York, The Rockefeller Foundation, 1943 Fred L. Soper and D. Bruce Wilson: Anopheles gambiae in Brazil : 1930 to 1940. New York, Rockefeller Foundation, 1943 External links The Mosquito Killer Fred Lowe Soper Papers (1919-1975) - National Library of Medicine finding aid The Fred L. Soper Papers - Profiles in Science, National Library of Medicine Category:Malariologists Category:American epidemiologists Category:1893 births Category:1977 deaths Category:People from Hutchinson, Kansas

Be Not Nobody Be Not Nobody is the debut album by American singer-songwriter Vanessa Carlton, released on April 30, 2002, through A&M Records. "A Thousand Miles" was released as the lead single from the album and reached the top five on the US Billboard Hot 100, number one in Australia and the top ten in the United Kingdom. Be Not Nobody was certified gold by the RIAA in June 2002, and platinum in October 2002. "Ordinary Day" charted inside the top forty on the US Hot 100. "Pretty Baby", which was nominated for a 2003 Teen Choice Award for "Choice Love Song", did not appear on the Hot 100 or the UK top seventy-five. As of late 2004 the album had sold 1.38 million copies in the US according to Nielsen SoundScan, and Variety magazine reported in July 2003 that it had sold 2.3 million worldwide. Billboard magazine placed Carlton at number twenty-one on its year-end "Top Pop Artists" list for 2002. "Pretty Baby" was remixed and released as the album's third and final single in early 2003. After the single's release, subsequent pressings of the album contained the remixed single version of the song in place of its original album version. Track listing All songs were written by Vanessa Carlton, except where noted "Ordinary Day" – 3:58 "Unsung" – 4:20 "A Thousand Miles" – 3:57 "Pretty Baby" – 4:08 "Rinse" – 4:31 "Sway" – 3:57 "Paradise" – 4:50 "Prince" – 4:09 "Paint It Black" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards) – 3:30 "Wanted" – 3:55 "Twilight" – 4:49 UK bonus track "Wanted" (Ripe Mix) – 3:55 Japanese bonus tracks "Twilight" (Live) "Wanted" (Ripe Mix) – 3:55 Personnel Credits adapted from AllMusic Musicians Vanessa Carlton – piano, vocals Nico Abandolo – double bass Bob Adcock – cello Eun Mee Ahn – violin Alex Al – electric upright bass (8) Karen Elaine Bakunin – viola Chuck Berghofer – upright bass (7) Charlie Bisharat – violin, electric violin (6) Dmitri Boviard – viola Jacqueline Brand – violin Becky Bunnell – violin Paul Cohen – viola Luis Conte – percussion Mathew Cooker – viola Larry Corbett – cello Rose Corrigan – woodwind Franklyn D'Antonio – violin Brian Dembow – viola Joel Derouin – violin Bruce Dukov – violin Cindy Ellis – woodwind Stephen Erdody – cello Ron Fair – harmonica, organ, vibraphone Kirstin Fife – violin Marlow Fisher – viola Armen Garabedian – violin Berj Garabedian – violin John Goux – dulcimer, guitar, sitar Dan Greco — cymbalon (5) Susan Greenberg – woodwind Keith Grezen – viola Alan Grunfeld – violin Clayton Haslop – violin Tamara Hatwan – violin Trey Henry – double bass Al Hershberger – violin Dan Higgins – woodwind, recorder (5) Tiffany Yi Hu – violin Suzie Katayama – cello Armen Ksadjikian – cello Abe Laboriel Jr. – drums Timothy Landauer – cello Natalie Leggett – violin Mario de León – violin Gayle Levant – harp Phillip Levy – violin David Low – cello Rene Mandel – violin Tommy Morgan – harmonica (11) Robin Olson – violin Simon Oswell – viola Sid Page – violin Sara Parkins – violin Katia Popov – violin Barbara Porter – violin Emil Richards – vibraphone (11) Mark Robertson – violin Anatoly Rosinsky – violin David Shostac – woodwind Leland Sklar – bass guitar Sheridon Stokes – woodwind Cecilia Tsan – cello Michael Valerio – double bass Karen Van Sant – viola John Wittenberg – violin Margaret Wooten – violin Ken Yerke – violin Technical personnel Vanessa Carlton – arranger, executive producer Ron Fair – production, arranger, executive producer, orchestral arrangements and conductor (1-10) Tal Herzberg – engineer, digital editing Hugh Padgham – mixing (4) Eddy Schreyer – mastering Michael C. Ross – engineer, mixing (7, 10, 11) Bill Schnee – engineer Jack Joseph Puig – mixing (1-3, 5, 6, 8, 9) J.D. Andrew – assistant engineer Bryan Cook – assistant engineer Jim Danis – assistant engineer Drew FitzGerald – art direction, illustration Jay Goin – assistant engineer Kurt Iswarienko – photography Randy Kerber – orchestral arrangements and conductor (11) Erik Reichers – assistant engineer Jeff Rothschild – assistant engineer Alan Silfen – photography Chris Steffen – assistant engineer Brian Vibberts – assistant engineer Chris Wonzer – assistant engineer Stephanie Woolf – stylist James "Big Jim" Wright – photography Charts Certifications References Category:Vanessa Carlton albums Category:2002 debut albums Category:Albums produced by Ron Fair Category:A&M Records albums

1995 in Australia The following lists events that happened during 1995 in Australia. Incumbents Monarch – Elizabeth II Governor General – Bill Hayden Prime Minister – Paul Keating Opposition Leader – Alexander Downer (until 30 January), then John Howard Chief Justice – Sir Anthony Mason (until 20 April), then Sir Gerard Brennan State and Territory Leaders Premier of New South Wales – John Fahey (until 4 April), then Bob Carr Opposition Leader – Bob Carr (until 4 April), then Peter Collins Premier of Queensland – Wayne Goss Opposition Leader – Rob Borbidge Premier of South Australia – Dean Brown Opposition Leader – Mike Rann Premier of Tasmania – Ray Groom Opposition Leader – Michael Field Premier of Victoria – Jeff Kennett Opposition Leader – John Brumby Premier of Western Australia – Richard Court Opposition Leader – Jim McGinty Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory – Rosemary Follett (until 2 March), then Kate Carnell Opposition Leader – Kate Carnell (until 2 March), then Rosemary Follett Chief Minister of the Northern Territory – Marshall Perron (until 26 May), then Shane Stone Opposition Leader – Brian Ede Head of Government of Norfolk Island – Michael King Governors and Administrators Governor of New South Wales – Peter Sinclair Governor of Queensland – Leneen Forde Governor of South Australia – Dame Roma Mitchell Governor of Tasmania – Sir Phillip Bennett (until 2 October), then Sir Guy Green Governor of Victoria – Richard McGarvie Governor of Western Australia – Michael Jeffery Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories – Danny Gillespie Administrator of Norfolk Island – Alan Kerr Administrator of the Northern Territory – Austin Asche Events January 23 January – The Tasmanian Conservation Foundation commences court proceedings to overturn 2 of the 11 woodchip licenses issued by the Federal Government. 30 January – John Howard becomes federal Liberal Party leader and thus federal leader of the opposition after the resignation of Alexander Downer. February 2 February – Tasmanian Premier Ray Groom defies Prime Minister Paul Keating's moratorium on logging in 72 Tasmanian coupes. 3 February – A 4-day blockade of Parliament House, Canberra by 300 trucks and 2,500 timber workers and supporters ends as Prime Minister Paul Keating partially backs down on his January 27 decision to freeze logging in 509 old-growth coupes. 13 February – 2,000 rally at Sydney Airport causing disruption. 16 February – Media magnate Kerry Packer appears on Channel 9's A Current Affair to attack cross-media ownership, and speaks of John Howard as prime minister material. Federal Opposition Leader John Howard promises to woo "the battlers", traditional Labor voters hurt by Labor's policies, and "demonstrate that our policies are not antagonistic to them". 17 February – Prime Minister Paul Keating attacks John Howard as a "political blancmange" and a "political chameleon". 18 February – Elections in the Australian Capital Territory replace the minority Australian Labor Party government of Rosemary Follett and elect a minority Liberal Party government of Kate Carnell. March 10 March – Ian McLachlan resigns his shadow portfolio of Environment for having misled Parliament over the opening of secret Aboriginal women's documents relating to the proposed construction of a bridge to Hindmarsh Island, South Australia. The New South Wales Government announces 7 new parks and reserves, adding 6,000 hectares to the New South Wales National Parks estate. 18 March – The campaign to save the Tarkine wilderness achieves success a week after the arrest of Trish Caswell, Australian Conservation Foundation Executive Director, for trespass, when Australian Heritage Commission Chair, Wendy McCarthy, announces its interim listing for May. 25 March – Bob Carr leads the Labor Party to victory in the New South Wales state election, deposing the Liberal/National coalition government of John Fahey that had been in power since 1988. Labor scraped in with a 2.2% swing and 50 of the 99 seats. Liberal candidate Brendan Smyth wins the 1995 Canberra by-election with a 16% swing, a formerly safe Labor seat occupied by Ros Kelly. April 4 April – New South Wales Premier Bob Carr assumes the Arts and Ethnic Affairs portfolio and Deputy Premier Andrew Refshauge assumes Health and Aboriginal Affairs. Peter Collins replaces John Fahey as New South Wales Liberal leader. Ron Phillps beats incumbent Kerry Chikarovski as Deputy Leader by 19:10. 11 April – The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) meeting is held. The assembled Premiers and territory leaders endorse a program of reforms envisaged by Professor Fred Hilmer's National Competition Policy Review. May – The Australian Grand Prix is moved from Adelaide to Melbourne after the Premier of Victoria spends what is reported to be quite a large amount on securing the rights to the race from 1996 onwards. Protests ensue about what many saw as the turning of public parkland into a private racetrack. 28 April – Rob O'Regan retires after 3 years at the helm of the Criminal Justice Commission (CJC) in Queensland, critical of poor standards of conduct among many politicians. May 9 May – The Federal Budget is delivered. The Budget's enormous turnaround in projected revenue, from a deficit of $12.9 billion to a small surplus, is received with scepticism by many commentators. 30 May – Dorothy Davis disappeared. Believed murdered, her remains had not been located , when the man convicted of her murder died. June June–July – Qantas is privatised. 7 June – Prime Minister Paul Keating announces to Parliament that Australia would have a referendum on the republic with a head of state elected by Parliament by a majority of at least two-thirds. 8 June – The Tasmanian Labor Party and unions reach a historic agreement to overturn the Groom industrial relations regime if Labor wins office. 20 June – The Federal Labor Caucus selects Kim Beazley to replace Brian Howe who unexpectedly stepped down as deputy leader. 30 June - Democrats Leader Cheryl Kernot launches the Democrats' "Keeping the Senate Strong" campaign, attacking the "anarchical" Greens. July 1 July – Telecom Australia changes its domestic trading name to Telstra. 15 July – The 1995 Queensland state election produces a hung Parliament, with Labor holding a one-seat majority over the Liberal/National coalition, as well as suffering a 7% swing and the loss of 9 seats. 17 July – The West Australian Government's Royal Commission into former West Australian Premier Carmen Lawrence's role in the Easton affair opens in Perth, Western Australia, an inquiry earlier labelled by Prime Minister Paul Keating as a "flagrant abuse of the judicial system". 25 July – The count in Mundingburra is complete. Labor wins by 16 votes, with Labor claiming a one-seat victory (45 seats), Nationals won 29 seats, Liberals won 14 seats and 1 Independent. August 2 August – A combined Queensland Opposition Coalition frontbench is announced, with Joan Sheldon as Deputy Leader and Shadow Treasurer. 5 August – Federal Opposition Leader John Howard expels Noel Crichton-Browne from the Federal Liberal party room. 7 August – A second West Australian Federal MP leaves the Liberal Party to sit as an Independent, following the bitter power struggle in the West Australian branch. 16 August – New South Wales Premier Bob Carr concedes that his pre-election promise to lift the tolls on the M4 and M5 tollways in western Sydney would be abandoned as being impossibly expensive. 25 August – Labor's National Executive bans ALP members from associating with the right-wing League of Rights. When maverick Kalgoorlie MP, Graeme Campbell, persists in his association and espousal of anti-immigration views embarrassing to the party, his pre-selection is revoked, causing him to resign. 31 August – The cast bronze statue of the dog Larry La Trobe situated on the northern end of Melbourne's City Square is stolen. 1 to 31 August – Sydney’s official Observatory Hill weather station records its driest and only rainless month since records began in 1859. At the close of the month the city had gone 46 days without measurable rain, twelve more than the previous record from 1970 and 1975. September 8 September – Noel Crichton-Browne is expelled from the Liberal Party. 13 September – The Queensland Government abandons the controversial Eastern Tollway to link Brisbane with the Gold Coast, having lost 4 seats in the affected area. October 11 October – John Fahey is selected as Liberal candidate for the marginal seat of Macarthur. 20 October – Brenda Hodge, the last person to be sentenced to death in Australia before the full abolition of capital punishment, is paroled from prison after serving eleven years of a life sentence. 24 October – Anna Wood, a 15-year-old schoolgirl from Sydney, dies after taking ecstasy at a rave. Her death sparks a media firestorm and a national debate over the use of illicit drugs. November November – The rabbit calicivirus disease (RCD) escapes from an island testing station in South Australia & quickly spreads into Victoria. It is estimated that the feral rabbit population would be permanently reduced by 60%. 1 November – Federal Opposition Leader John Howard attempts to mend relations with the Asian community, telling Chinese business people in Melbourne how he values their commercial networks. 3 November- After a six-month trial, David Harold Eastman is convicted by a jury of the assassination of Australian Federal Police Assistant Commissioner Colin Winchester. He is sentenced to life imprisonment and can only be released by approval of the ACT parliament, Federal Parliament and the Governor-General. 7 November – The Federal Court of Australia rules against Minister Tickner's ban on the building of a bridge to Hindmarsh Island in South Australia. 14 November – Commissioner Marks delivers his final report, damning Carmen Lawrence's role in the Easton affair, the weight of her colleagues' evidence being against her version. 15 November – Legislation decriminalising owning or working in a brothel is passed by the New South Wales Legislative Council, thereby fulfilling the recommendations of the Wood police corruption inquiry. 20 November – South Australian Democrat and former leader Senator John Coulter resigns due to ill health, warning Cheryl Kernot that the party risked losing votes by becoming too mainstream. John Coulter is replaced by former student activist and party worker Natasha Stott Despoja. 26 November – The Australian Women's Party is launched in Brisbane, Queensland by a group which includes disenchanted Labor women. December 1 December – A new licence for a trial shipment of 200,000 tonnes of woodchips to Taiwan reignites plans for a "Son of Wesley Vale" pulp mill for northern Tasmania. 3 December – The Anzac Bridge in Sydney is opened to traffic. 4 December – A gas explosion at Kogarah railway station, Sydney kills two people. 7 December – A full bench of the Federal Court of Australia rejects Minister Tickner's appeal against their 7 November ruling. 8 December – In the Court of Disputed Returns, Mr. Justice Brian Ambrose orders a fresh election in Mundingburra, Queensland after finding some 22 soldiers serving in Rwanda had effectively been disenfranchised in the 1995 Queensland state election. 10 December – Tasmanian Premier Ray Groom hands back to Tasmania's indigenous people 12 sacred and cultural sites totalling 3,800 hectares in an historic ceremony at Kidson Cove. 15 December – The Queensland Labor Party replaces former member and current candidate for Mundingburra, Ken Davies, with Townsville Mayor Tony Mooney, provoking a voter backlash. 21 December – South Australian Royal Commissioner, Iris Stevens finds that Aboriginal women had "fabricated" beliefs on which they grounded opposition to the building of the Hindmarsh bridge. Film Angel Baby Babe Hotel Sorrento Television January – Today Tonight debuts on the Seven Network, Hey Hey It's Saturday returns, debuts and starts in 1995 without Ossie Ostrich as Ernie Carroll, who was Graham Kennedy's on-screenwriter from the early IMT days, retired at the end of 1994. Pay television arrives in Australia with Foxtel & Optus Vision launching in the metropolitan areas & Galaxy & Austar launching in regional areas that year. May – Kerry Stokes becomes chairman of the Seven Network after reaching 20% ownership of the company. STW-9 is purchased by Sunraysia Television after a fierce bidding war with WIN Television. July – Cheez TV begins on the Ten network. It later became a huge hit and eventually made Agro's Cartoon Connection end in 1997. Sport International rugby league representative forward Ian Roberts became the first high-profile Australian sports person and first rugby footballer in the world to come out to the public as gay. 2 March – First day of the Australian Track & Field Championships for the 1994–1995 season, which are held at the Sydney Athletic Field in Sydney. The men's 10,000 metres events were conducted in conjunction with the Zatopek Meet at Melbourne, Victoria on 15 December 1994. 31 March – The Super League war begins. Lightning raids begin across the country to sign players on vastly inflated contracts. The Kerry Packer backed ARL responds by signing 50 players onto equally inflated contracts on 2 April. 7 May – Melbourne Knights dispel their tag of chokers by upsetting defending champions Adelaide City 2-0 in the NSL Grand Final at Hindmarsh Stadium. 15 May – The Paul Vautin-coached Maroons win the opening Rugby League State of Origin match 2–0 at the Sydney Football Stadium. The win is all the more amazing as the team is made up largely of relatively unknown players, thanks to most star players having signed with Super League. 9 July – Manly-Warringah set a record of fifteen consecutive wins to open an NSWRL/ARL season. 16 July – Roderic deHighden wins the men's national marathon title, clocking 2:13:58 in Brisbane, while Julie Rose claims the women's title in 2:38:44. 2 September – The Sturt Football Club completes the longest winless season in the history of major Australian football leagues, with a record of 0-22 and a minimum losing margin of 24 points. 24 September – The Canterbury Bulldogs (playing as the Sydney Bulldogs) defeat the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 17-4 to win the 88th NSWRL/ARL premiership. 25 September – Opening arguments are heard in the ARL/SL case in the Federal Court, which will decide the future of rugby league in Australia. 30 September – The Carlton Blues (21.15.141) defeat the Geelong Football Club (11.14.80) to win the 99th VFL/AFL premiership. It is a record 16th premiership for Carlton. 12 November – After 10 years, the last Australian Grand Prix takes place on the streets of Adelaide. Damon Hill, of the Williams team, wins. The race moves to Albert Park in Melbourne from 1996 onwards. Births January 6 January – Paul Izzo, footballer 13 January – Brianna Davey, soccer player 15 January Christopher Cristaldo, footballer Liam Knight, rugby league player 16 January – Mikaela Turik, cricketer 18 January Jack Miller, motorcycle racer Dylan Murnane, footballer 21 January – Alanna Kennedy, soccer player 24 January – Callan McAuliffe, actor 26 January – Jordan Drew, footballer 31 January – Taylor Corry, swimmer February 11 February – Alex Haas, canoeist 18 February – Mitchell Oxborrow, British-born soccer player March 20 March – Jack Bird, rugby league player April 4 April – Jacob Melling, soccer player 8 April – Hagi Gligor, footballer 11 April – Sarah Mason, New Zealand-born surfer 12 April – Angela Donald, artistic gymnast 21 April – Matt Crouch, footballer 25 April – Scott Galloway, footballer 27 April – Nick Kyrgios, tennis player May 5 May James Connor, diver Anthony Spanos, actor 11 May – Erinn Walters, athlete June 4 June – Troye Sivan, singer-songwriter and actor 15 June Ben Garuccio, footballer Arthur Sissis, motorcycle racer 18 June – Olia Burtaev, swimmer 23 June – Eva Lazzaro, actress 30 June – Jai Opetaia, boxer July 3 July - Christopher Costa, public figure 5 July – Torita Isaac, athlete 6 July – Brooklee Han, American-born figure skater 13 July – Dante Exum, basketball player August September 14 September – Anton de Pasquale, motor racing driver 15 September – Awer Mabil, Kenya-born footballer 25 September – Todd Hazelwood, motor racing driver 26 September – Kyle Laybutt, rugby league player 29 September – Yolane Kukla, swimmer October 3 October – Jay Andrijic, tennis player 7 October – Tiffany Eliadis, soccer player 12 October – Stefan Mauk, footballer November 1 November – Nick D'Aloisio, entrepreneur, computer programmer and designer 7 November – Michael Dameski, actor, dancer and singer 23 November – Brittany Broben, diver 29 November – Liv Hewson, actress and playwright December 20 December – Feliks Zemdegs, speedsolver 22 December – Holly Ferling, cricketer Deaths 13 January – Max Harris, 74, poet and author 26 January – Ian Tomlinson, 58, triple and long jumper 5 March – Gregg Hansford, 42, motorcycle and touring car racer 6 March – Olive Zakharov, 75, ALP senator 11 March – Isabel Letham, 95, Australia's first surfer 29 March – Antony Hamilton, 42, actor, model and dancer 2 April – Trevor Ashmore Pyman, diplomat 24 April – Stanley Burbury, 85, 21st Governor of Tasmania 27 April – Peter Wright, 78, British MI5 officer and author of Spycatcher 12 May – Len Beadell, 72, explorer and roadbuilder 17 May – Frank Knopfelmacher, 72, philosopher 12 June – Sir Talbot Duckmanton, 73, ABC general manager (1965–82) 26 June – John Jefferson Bray, 82, SA Supreme Court judge 22 July – Harold Larwood, 90, English cricketer 2 August – Fred Daly, 82, ALP politician 8 August – Harold Stewart, 78, poet and author 17 August – Ted Whitten, 62, AFL player 18 August – Philip Hodgins, 36, poet 27 August – Dick Bentley, 88, comedian and actor 30 August – Dame Pattie Menzies, 94, wife of Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies 24 October – Anna Wood, 15, victim of water intoxication after taking ecstasy 26 October – John Sangster, 66, jazz musician 1 November – Sir James Ralph Darling, 96, headmaster of Geelong Grammar School and chairman of the ABC 10 November – Jim Willis, 85, botanist 5 December – Gwen Harwood, 75, poet 8 December – Arthur John Birch, 80, organic chemist 12 December – Andrew Olle, 48, ABC TV journalist See also 1995 in Australian television List of Australian films of 1995 References Australia Category:Years of the 20th century in Australia

Akemi Taniguchi is a Japanese cross-country skier. He competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics, the 1964 Winter Olympics and the 1968 Winter Olympics. References Category:1937 births Category:Living people Category:Japanese male cross-country skiers Category:Japanese male Nordic combined skiers Category:Olympic cross-country skiers of Japan Category:Olympic Nordic combined skiers of Japan Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1960 Winter Olympics Category:Nordic combined skiers at the 1960 Winter Olympics Category:Nordic combined skiers at the 1964 Winter Olympics Category:Nordic combined skiers at the 1968 Winter Olympics Category:Sportspeople from Hokkaido

Tommy Burns (rugby league) Tommy Burns was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. Playing career Burns is remembered as the first halfback at St. George in their first season, 1921. He went on to play 76 grade games for St George, 53 of them in first grade. Burns had an impressive record at Rugby League starting at the Moore Park (Paddington) junions in 1909 and won three premierships with the club 1909-1911. After serving with the AIF during World War One he returned to league, captaining the Eastern Suburbs President Cup team in 1919. Burns was graded at Easts for 1920 and played first grade with them during the season, then moved to the brand new St George club for their opening year in 1921. Burns retired at the end of the 1926 season after a great career. References Category:Sydney Roosters players Category:St. George Dragons players Category:Rugby league halfbacks Category:Australian rugby league players Category:Australian military personnel of World War I

Mortuary Affairs Mortuary Affairs is a service within the United States Army Quartermaster Corps tasked with the retrieval, identification, transportation, and burial of deceased American and American-allied military personnel. The Air Force has a similar facility at Dover AFB in Delaware. Until 1991, the army's mortuary affairs was known as the Graves Registration Service (GRS or GRREG). The Graves Registration Service was created several months after the United States entered World War I. The current Army Military Occupational Specialty for the career field is 92A (a general code for officers across the Quartermaster Corps) and 92M for enlisted personnel. Responsibilities Mortuary Affairs is responsible for retrieval, identification, transportation, and burial of American soldiers. Retrieval can be further subdivided into: Combat Recovery – Recovery while combat is still ongoing. Post-Combat Recovery – Recovery of the dead immediately after combat has ceased. Danger from mines and enemy snipers is still quite high. Until the 20th century, it was commonplace for combatants to call battlefield truces, in which combatants would temporarily cease fire to allow for the collection of their dead. This practice has ceased in modern warfare. Area/Theater Recovery Historical Recovery The role of the Mortuary Affairs service is legally defined in 10 USC, subtitle A, Chapter 75, Subchapter I, section 1471. Mortuary Affairs has historically been tied with investigation of war crimes. Following World War II, Graves Registration Personnel were instructed to forward all pathological evidence indicating war crimes to the War Crimes Commission. The Mortuary Affairs Creed is 'Dignity, Reverence, Respect.' History Pre-World War I In the Seminole Wars and Mexican–American War, American soldiers were buried near where they fell, with no effort made to return and little effort made to identify the dead. The American Civil War marked the first time the United States made a concerted effort to identify fallen soldiers. General Order No. 33 specified that field commanders were responsible for identification and burial efforts. However, these efforts were not well organized or executed, and were often given low priority. (Commanders were more concerned with winning battles than with the disposition of fallen soldiers). After the war, remains of Union soldiers were disinterred and reburied in National Cemeteries. During the Spanish–American War, the United States initiated a policy of returning soldiers killed on foreign soil back to next-of-kin in the United States, the first country in the world to do so. "Quartermaster General Marshall I. Ludington spoke words that became a harbinger of U.S. retrieval efforts in major world conflicts only a few years later. He said the efforts of the Quartermaster Corps in the Spanish–American War were most likely the first attempt of a nation to "disinter the remains of all its soldiers who, in defense of their country, had given up their lives on a foreign shore, and bring them... to their native land for return to their relatives and friends or their reinternment in the beautiful cemeteries which have been provided by our Government for its defenders." During the Philippine–American War, the Burial Corps and United States Army Morgue and Office of Identification had overlapping responsibilities for care of the dead. World War I The Graves registration service was created by General Order #104, issued on August 7, 1917, several months after the United States entered World War I. It consolidated the existing departments into the Graves Registration Service. At its inception, the Graves registration service consisted of the 301st, 302nd, 303rd, and 304th Grave Registration Units. They were deployed to Europe during the war. Many of the men that served in these units had been incapacitated for field service. World War II The Graves Registration Service ceased to exist during Interwar period. This led to difficulties reactivating the service at the beginning of World War II. Despite these initial difficulties, by the end of the war, the Graves Registration service consisted of more than 30 active companies and 11 separately numbered platoons. At the end of World War II, the Graves Registration service was again effectively disbanded. Korean War The sudden onset of the Korean War caused many problems for the Graves Registration Service. Only one platoon was available in the entire theater. "As the conflict grew in intensity, and deaths of United Nations personnel increased, it became necessary for each combat division to establish and operate its own cemetery, pending the arrival of graves registration companies from the zone of interior to assume this responsibility." The rugged terrain and difficult lines of communication further hampered Graves Registration Service activities. Shifts in the momentum of the war meant that it was not uncommon for whole cemeteries to be disinterred and moved elsewhere. Starting on Christmas Day in 1950, the United States made a sweeping change in its policies regarding the handling of soldiers who had been killed in action. Rather than burying them in temporary cemeteries for return at a future date after the conclusion of the war, soldiers killed in action were immediately returned to the United States. This policy, known as concurrent return, remains in effect to this day. Vietnam War Better transportation, communication, and laboratory techniques allowed a higher rate of body identification in the Vietnam War than in previous conflicts. 96% of Americans killed in action were recovered, compared to 78% for both World War II and Korea. By the end of the war, only 28 bodies remained unidentified. All but one of them were identified by 1984, when the last one was interred in the Tomb of the Unknowns. (Using mitochondrial DNA, in 1998 the last unknown was identified as Michael Blassie.) Iraq War and War in Afghanistan The 54th Quartermaster Company and 111th Quartermaster Company are the Army's only standing, permanent mortuary affairs units. Mortuary affairs training takes place at Fort Lee, Virginia, and lasts about seven weeks. These soldiers search areas for hasty or unmarked graves, unburied dead, personal effects, and identification media. They also assist in preparation, preservation, and shipment of remains. The Charles C. Carson Center for Mortuary Affairs at Dover Air Force Base is where remains of those killed in action are processed and returned home. There are currently two U.S. Army Mortuaries located in Germany and Korea. These locations have U.S. licensed funeral directors and embalmers along with 92M staffing to provide services to all Department of Defense components that are located within their respective areas. Some of those who have volunteered to work with the dead will serve at collection points in Iraq and Afghanistan; others will work in the port mortuary at Dover Air Force Base in Delaware. Another small group will work with the 246th or 311th Quartermaster Company from Puerto Rico, a Reserve Mortuary Affairs unit, in Dover Air Force Base in Delaware, at the Joint Personal Effects Depot (JPED). Here, soldiers will receive, inventory, process, clean, filter, and ship all items belonging to deceased or injured soldiers. The 92Ms have cared for the majority of the more than 4,500 military casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan. They operate under a code of conduct that's part scientific and part symbolic. Using the language of a medical examiner, they fill out forms describing and annotating every wound and marking on the remains they receive. They also "render honors" to each soldier in their care. In 2008, the Department of Defense lifted its ban on media coverage (especially photographs) of the return of the remains of fallen service members. Currently, news media may be present if the survivors of the dead give their consent. The ban had been in effect for 18 years, having been instituted in 1991, at the time of the Persian Gulf War. However, the ban was waived on a large number of occasions, to the point that its existence only became widely known in 2004. When the ban was enforced at that time, it was widely criticized as politically motivated. Health issues Studies have shown that mortuary affairs personnel have some of the highest rates of post traumatic stress disorder. "Analysis has revealed three psychological components of handling remains: "the gruesomeness," "an emotional link between the viewer and the remains," and "personal threats to the remains handler." Anecdotal evidence also suggests that those involved with the removal and disposal of war-dead often have to deal with a great amount of psychological pressure later on in their lives, as well as at the time of their duties. See also American Battle Monuments Commission Commonwealth War Graves Commission Notes References Further reading External links Joint Mortuary Affairs Center Woodrow Wilson: How Bodies of WWI Dead Are Handled Prior to Re-Burial in the U.S., Shapell Manuscript Foundation Army Quartermaster Foundation – Mortuary Affairs History Page US Air Force Mortuary Affairs Category:Undertaking Category:Quartermaster units and formations of the United States Army

International Sun-Earth Explorer International Sun-Earth Explorer may refer to: ISEE-1 (a.k.a. Explorer 56) ISEE-2 ISEE-3 (later ICE)

3rd Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron 3rd Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron was a detachment of 'Ratel IFVs' operating from Johannesburg in the 1980s. The Squadron resorted under command of Group 18 in the 1980s trading buffel drivers for Commando units during the state of emergency. References Category:South African Army Category:Armoured regiments of South Africa Category:Military units and formations established in 1980 Category:Military units and formations of South Africa in the Border War

Freestyle skiing at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics Freestyle skiing at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics took place in Leysin and Villars, Switzerland. Events Medal table Boys' events Girls' events Qualification Summary References External links Results Book – Freestyle Skiing Youth Olympics Category:2020 Winter Youth Olympics events 2020

1998 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election The Pennsylvania Gubernatorial election of 1998 was held on November 3, 1998. It was between incumbent Republican Tom Ridge, Democrat Ivan Itkin, Constitutionalist Peg Luksik and Libertarian Ken Krawchuk. Ridge, a popular moderate, won with 57% of the votes cast. Primary Elections Incumbent Governor Ridge ran unopposed for the Republican nomination. State Representative Ivan Itkin from Pittsburgh bested former Auditor General and US Representative Don Bailey from Greensburg and private detective and anti-corruption activist Bill Keisling from York. Itkin, although well not well known in the state, was a powerful figure in the legislature and had the backing of the party establishment, while the conservative Bailey drew strong union support. Major party candidates Democratic Ivan Itkin, State Representative Running mate: Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky, former US Congresswoman Republican Tom Ridge, incumbent Governor Running mate: Mark Schweiker, incumbent Lieutenant Governor Minor party candidates Constitution Peg Luksik, director of a pro-life organization Running mate: Jim Clymer, attorney Libertarian Ken Krawchuk, technology consultant Running mate: Henry Haller, attorney Campaign During this election cycle, Democrats struggled with fundraising issues and had difficulty recruiting a top tier candidate. Itkin, who had little name recognition statewide, was considered to be a sacrificial lamb. Peg Luksik, who was well known as an outspoken opponent of abortion, ran as a strong third party contender for the second consecutive election cycle; she emphasized the pro-choice stances of both candidates and drew votes in the state's rural, conservative center. However, Ridge's victory was never in doubt, as he ran on a generally positive record from his prior term and a combination of traditional Republican strategies (such as his "tough on crime" image) combined with his ability to somewhat undercut Democratic support (such as through his labor ties). Results References Sources 1998 Gubernatorial Pennsylvania

1984 German Grand Prix The 1984 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Hockenheim on 5 August 1984. It was the eleventh race of the 1984 Formula One World Championship. The 44-lap race was won by Alain Prost, driving a McLaren-TAG, who also took pole position and set the fastest lap. Teammate Niki Lauda finished second, completing McLaren's second 1-2 finish of the season, while Derek Warwick was third in a Renault, which would turn out to be the final podium finish of his career. Nigel Mansell (Lotus-Renault), Patrick Tambay (Renault) and René Arnoux (Ferrari) rounded out the top six. Classification Qualifying Race Lap leaders Elio de Angelis 7 (1–7), Nelson Piquet 14 (8–21), Alain Prost 23 (22–44) Championship standings after the race Drivers' Championship standings Constructors' Championship standings References German Grand Prix Category:German Grand Prix German Grand Prix German Grand Prix

European ratsnake The European ratsnake or leopard snake (Zamenis situla), is a species of nonvenomous colubrid snake endemic to Europe, Asia Minor, and the Caucasus. Geographic range Z. situla is found in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, North Macedonia, Malta, Serbia and Montenegro, Turkey, Ukraine, and possibly Cyprus. Description The leopard snake is gray or tan with a dorsal series of reddish or brown transverse blotches, which have black borders. On each side is a series of smaller black spots, alternating with the dorsal blotches. There is a Y-shaped dark marking on the occiput and nape, a crescent-shaped black band from eye to eye across the prefrontals, and a black band from the postoculars diagonally to the corner of the mouth. The belly is white, checkered with black, or almost entirely back. The dorsal scales are in 25 or 27 rows, and are smooth. Adults may attain in total length, with a tail of . Habitat Natural habitats of the European ratsnake are Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, pastureland, plantations, and rural gardens. References Further reading Arnold EN, Burton JA (1978). A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe. London: Collins. 272 pp. + Plates 1-40. . (Elaphe situla, pp. 197–198 + Plate 36 + Map 110 on p. 266). Linnaeus C (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, diferentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata. Stockholm: L. Salvius. 824 pp. (Coluber situla,new species, p. 223). (in Latin). Venchi A, Sindaco R (2006). "Annotated checklist of the reptiles of the Mediterranean countries, with keys to species identification. Part 2 — Snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes)". Annali del Museo di Storia Naturale "G. Doria", Genova 98: 259-364. See also List of reptiles of Italy Category:Zamenis Category:Reptiles described in 1758 Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

John Rousakis John Paul Rousakis (January 14, 1929 – December 11, 2000) was a politician from Georgia, United States and was the first Greek-American to become Mayor of Savannah. He was a Democrat. Background He was born in Savannah, Georgia on January 14, 1929 and was a member of St. Paul's Greek Orthodox Church. After graduating from Savannah High School, he earned a basketball scholarship to the University of Kentucky. After a career-ending injury, he transferred to the University of Georgia, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in 1952. While a student, he was a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. He served in the United States Army during the Korean War. In 1953, Rousakis married Irene Fotopoulos (1933-1985), and they later had four children. Prior to entering politics, he was an insurance agent. Electoral history Rousakis was elected to the Chatham County Commission in 1965 and eventually became Vice-Chairperson of that institution. He ran for Mayor of Savannah in 1970. He won the Democratic nomination and defeated one-term incumbent and Republican nominee Julius Curtis Lewis, Jr. with 55% of the vote. He won re-election in 1974, 1978, 1982 and 1986. His fifth term was extended by a year by the Georgia General Assembly, but Rousakis was defeated by Republican contestant Susan Weiner in 1991 with 46% of the vote. He attempted a political comeback in 1995, but finished third with only 23% of the vote. Achievements Under Rousakis' mayorship, River Street was revitalized, the police department and public work activities were modernized and the unpolluting of the Savannah River was undertaken. However, the situation of public housing worsened and the local crime and murder rates increased. In 1976, he played the role of a hotel clerk in a scene in the movie "Gator." Later life and death After his wife's death in 1985, Rousakis married Elizabeth Lattimore Sparks (b. 1948). Rousakis died on December 10, 2000. Footnotes External links Mayor's official site Category:1929 births Category:2000 deaths Category:American people of Greek descent Category:Mayors of Savannah, Georgia Category:20th-century American politicians

Olímpico Peruano Olímpico Peruano is a Peruvian football club, playing in the city of Santiago, Ica, Peru. Honours National Liga Departamental de Ica: 0 Runner-up (1): 2009 Liga Provincial de Ica: 0 Runner-up (1): 2009 Liga Distrital de Santiago: 1 2009 Runner-up (1): 2008 See also List of football clubs in Peru Peruvian football league system External links Official Web Category:Football clubs in Peru Category:Association football clubs established in 1945

List of Missouri Secretaries of State The people below have all served as the Secretary of State for the U.S. state of Missouri. List Gallery References Official Manual State of Missouri, 2005–2006. External links Official homepage of the Missouri Secretary of State Publications by or about the Missouri Secretary of State’s Office at Internet Archive. * Secretary of state Category:1820 establishments in Missouri Territory

Grete Dyb Grete Anita Dyb (born 23 April 1959) is a Norwegian psychiatrist and terrorism researcher. She is a research professor at the Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies and a professor in child and adolescent psychiatry at the University of Oslo Institute of Clinical Medicine. She has carried out research on psychological trauma and been involved in clinical work with children and adolescents exposed to sexual abuse, violence and disasters, and has in recent years directed a research project on the effects of the 2011 Norway attacks. She is President of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (2015–2016). References External links Category:Norwegian psychiatrists Category:Child psychiatrists Category:University of Oslo faculty Category:Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies people Category:Living people Category:1959 births Category:Women psychiatrists

Looking Glass Rock Looking Glass Rock is a pluton monolith in the Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina, United States. Description The mountain is located within Pisgah National Forest about northwest of Brevard and southwest of Asheville. Named for the way its granite face reflects the sunshine, it rises from the valley floor to an elevation of almost . Trails from Forest Service Road 475 and 475B lead to the top of the mountain. It is a moderate/strenuous trail climbing 1700 ft over 3.1 miles to its peak where panoramic views can be seen. There is a flat slab on the top, that can be used as a helipad. Looking Glass Rock is a popular rock climbing destination. Whether it is free climbing, multi-pitch or aid climbing, dozens of routes traverse the South Face, North Face, Nose Area, Sun Wall, Invisible Wall and Hidden Wall to the top of the mountain. From the top of Looking Glass Rock, panoramic views can be seen of the Blue Ridge Parkway and surrounding mountains of Transylvania County. See also List of mountains in North Carolina References External links Category:Mountains of North Carolina Category:Protected areas of Transylvania County, North Carolina Category:Pisgah National Forest Category:Mountains of Transylvania County, North Carolina

Mercy Medical Center (Baltimore, Maryland) Mercy Medical Center is a hospital located in Baltimore, Maryland. Mercy has been recognized as the #2 hospital in the State of Maryland for 2014-15 by U.S. News & World Report. Current Facility The landmark McCauley Tower building of the hospital along St. Paul Place to the west of North Calvert Street, opened in 1963 and is located at 301 St. Paul Place. Its form was quite unusual in that the upper two-thirds of the building of tan/light brown bricks spread out fifty yards out above the lower five stories. Additionally the later Mary Bunting Tower skyscraper buildings and annexes further north along the east side of St. Paul Place and North Calvert Street to East Pleasant Street, and to the next block at the elevated Orleans Street Viaduct (over Bath Street) were built in the mid-2010s with additional parking garages attached to the east along Guilford Avenue. History Founding Historically, Mercy was founded as "Baltimore City Hospital" by six Sisters of Mercy, a Roman Catholic order of nuns, on November 11, 1874, which was a merger of the Washington University School of Medicine [not the same institution with a similar name now located in St. Louis, Missouri]; (also known as a later re-incarnation of the Washington Medical College of Baltimore and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, earlier institutions from 1870, that the Sisters had been invited to assist with by local doctors. Their buildings were located at the northwest corner of North Calvert and East Saratoga Streets, among which was a former schoolhouse and consisted of a medical dispensary under the later name of "Baltimore City Hospital" ((not to be confused with an earlier Baltimore Town and later municipal "Almshouse" (founded 1773), which relocated to the eastern city limits and became known as the "Bay View Asylum", and later known by the 1930s as "The Baltimore City Hospitals" off Eastern Avenue beyond the outer city neighborhoods of Highlandtown, Canton and Greektown. It was west of the large suburban areas in Baltimore County of Essex, Middle River, and northwest of Dundalk and Sparrows Point. It was acquired from the City in 1984 by Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins University at the beginning of their joint expanded statewide medical system, and renamed "Francis Scott Key Medical Center", then later Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center)). A collection of Baltimore City Hospitals' papers can be found at the National Library of Medicine. Expansion Initially, the Mercy Hospital expanded to the north with buildings along Calvert Street towards East Pleasant Street. By the mid-1950s, the Hospital acquired the structures to the west along St. Paul Street/former Courtland Street, north of East Saratoga and south of East Pleasant Streets, which formerly housed the offices of the Baltimore City Department of Public Welfare (later known as Social Services). These buildings had served the poor and destitute of Baltimore for several decades and a newer renovated structure was now being created on Greenmount Avenue near East Oliver Streets by the Green Mount Cemetery in the early 1950s. So the old Public Welfare structures were available for Mercy to expand into temporarily and later to replace with a new landmark symbol and tower. Eventually the Mercy medical hospital and nursing school expanded to the west along East Saratoga Street to the neighboring Saint Paul Place References External links Baltimore City Hospitals Records (1952-1965)—National Library of Medicine finding aid Category:Downtown Baltimore Category:Hospitals in Baltimore Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1963

Apoplanesia Apoplanesia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the sub family Faboideae. Species Apoplanesia comprises the following species: Apoplanesia cryptopetala Pittier Apoplanesia paniculata C. Presl—Palo de Arco References External links Category:Amorpheae

Pelastoneurus vagans Pelastoneurus vagans is a species of long-legged fly in the family Dolichopodidae. References Category:Dolichopodinae Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Insects described in 1861 Category:Taxa named by Hermann Loew

List of St. George Illawarra Dragons records This article shows all records, players and match records, from the St. George Illawarra Dragons Rugby league Football Club. Team Biggest wins Biggest losses Most consecutive wins 9 - (27 March 2011 – 29 May 2011) 8 - (17 July 2005 – 10 September 2005) 7 - (17 May 2008 – 5 July 2008) Most consecutive losses 7 - (8 June 2015 - 2 August 2015) 5 - (5 September 2004 - 2 April 2005) 5 - (14 July - 13 August 2006) 5 - (23 March - 30 April 2007) 5 - (25 April - 26 May 2019) 5 - (4 July - 4 August 2007) Biggest comeback Trailed Manly 34-10 after 57 minutes to win 36-34 at WIN Jubilee Stadium (19 August 2004). Worst collapse Led Melbourne 14-0 at halftime to lose 20-18 at Stadium Australia (1999 Grand Final) Led Sydney 14-0 after 53 minutes to lose 18-14 at Aussie Stadium (16 July 2004) Led Canterbury 14-0 after 36 minutes to lose 28-24 at WIN Stadium (28 July 2007) Led South Sydney 20-0 after 15 Minutes, then 24-22 with 4 Minutes remaining to lose 34-24 (31 July 2011) Individual (updated as of 2019) Most games (as of the end of the 2019 NRL Season) Bold- Currently playing for the St George Illawarra Dragons 273 - Ben Hornby 270 - Ben Creagh 266 - Jason Nightingale 243 - Matt Cooper 210 - Dean Young 175 - Mark Gasnier 169 - Brett Morris 156 - Jason Ryles 154 - Trent Barrett 154 - Jack De Belin 151 - Dan Hunt 145 - Tyson Frizell 144 - Leeson Ah Mau 143 - Jamie Soward 132 - Trent Merrin 132 - Mitch Rein 132 - Lance Thompson 128 - Justin Poore 127 - Mitch Rein 125 - Gareth Widdop 124 - Shaun Timmins 123 - Matt Prior 119 - Luke Bailey 119 - Beau Scott 114 - Nathan Blacklock Most points 977 - Jamie Soward 912 - Gareth Widdop 517 - Mark Riddell 496 - Matt Cooper 448 - Brett Morris 440 - Jason Nightingale 428 - Nathan Blacklock 396 - Mark Gasnier 374 - Wayne Bartrim 262 - Ben Hornby In a season 228 - Jamie Soward in 24 games, 2009 205 - Gareth Widdop in 22 games, 2018 197 - Jamie Soward in 24 games, 2010 191 - Gareth Widdop in 21 games, 2017 182 - Gareth Widdop in 21 games, 2015 166 - Mark Riddell in 24 games, 2003 162 - Wayne Bartrim in 25 games, 1999 157 - Jamie Soward in 23 games, 2011 137 - Gareth Widdop in 24 games, 2014 133 - Gareth Widdop in 24 games, 2016 In a game 22 - Gareth Widdop (2 tries, 8 goals) 22 - Gareth Widdop (1 try, 9 goals) 22 - Gareth Widdop (1 try, 9 goals) 22 - Amos Roberts (1 try, 9 goals) 22 - Jamie Soward (1 try, 9 goals) 21 - Jamie Soward (2 tries, 6 goals, 1 field goal) 20 - Jamie Soward (1 try, 8 goals) 20 - Aaron Gorrell (1 try, 8 goals) 20 - Gareth Widdop (1 try, 8 goals) (*) - Player still with the club. Most tries 124 - Matt Cooper 112 - Brett Morris 110 - Jason Nightingale 100 - Nathan Blacklock 92 - Mark Gasnier 59 - Ben Hornby 54 - Ben Creagh 47 - Trent Barrett 40 - Jamie Soward 35 - Euan Aitken* 32 - Gareth Widdop In a season 27 - Nathan Blacklock in 28 games, 2001 25 - Brett Morris in 24 games, 2009 25 - Nathan Blacklock in 26 games, 2000 24 - Nathan Blacklock in 26 games, 1999 20 - Colin Best in 26 games, 2005 20 - Brett Morris in 23 games, 2010 18 - Lee Hookey in 25 games, 2002 17 - Matt Cooper in 23 games, 2004 17 - Anthony Mundine in 23 games, 1999 In a game See also List of NRL records References External links Records Category:Sydney-sport-related lists Category:National Rugby League lists Category:Rugby league records

Isomeric shift The isomeric shift (also called isomer shift) is the shift on atomic spectral lines and gamma spectral lines, which occurs as a consequence of replacement of one nuclear isomer by another. It is usually called isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines and Mössbauer isomeric shift respectively. If the spectra also have hyperfine structure the shift refers to the center of gravity of the spectra. The isomeric shift provides important information about the nuclear structure and the physical, chemical or biological environment of atoms. More recently the effect has also been proposed as a tool in the search for the time variation of fundamental constants of nature. Isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines The isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines is the energy or frequency shift in atomic spectra, which occurs when one replaces one nuclear isomer by another. The effect was predicted by Richard M. Weiner in 1956, whose calculations showed that it should be measurable by atomic (optical) spectroscopy (see also). It was observed experimentally for the first time in 1958. The theory of the atomic isomeric shift is also used in the interpretation of the Mössbauer isomeric shift. Terminology The notion of isomer also appears in other fields such as chemistry and meteorology. Therefore, in the first publications devoted to this effect the name nuclear isomeric shift on spectral lines was used. Before the discovery of the Mössbauer effect, the isomeric shift referred exclusively to atomic spectra; this explains the absence of the word atomic in the initial definition of the effect. Subsequently, the isomeric shift was also observed in gamma spectroscopy through the Mössbauer effect and was called Mössbauer isomeric shift. For further details on the history of the isomeric shift and the terminology used, see . Isotopic versus isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines Atomic spectral lines are due to transitions of electrons between different atomic energy levels E, followed by emission of photons. Atomic levels are a manifestation of the electromagnetic interaction between electrons and nuclei. The energy levels of two atoms, the nuclei of which are different isotopes of the same element, are shifted one with respect to the other, despite the fact that the electric charges Z of the two isotopes are identical. This is so because isotopes differ by the number of neutrons, and therefore the masses and volumes of two isotopes are different; these differences give rise to the isotopic shift on atomic spectral lines. In the case of two nuclear isomers, the number of protons and the number of neutrons are identical, but the quantum states and in particular the energy levels of the two nuclear isomers differ. This difference induces a difference in the electric charge distributions of two isomers and thus a difference δφ in the corresponding electrostatic nuclear potentials φ, which ultimately leads to a difference ΔE in the atomic energy levels. The isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines is then given by where ψ is the wave function of the electron involved in the transition, e its electric charge, and the integration is performed over the electron coordinates. The isotopic and the isomeric shift are similar in the sense that both are effects in which the finite size of the nucleus manifests itself and both are due to a difference in the electromagnetic interaction energy between the electrons and the nucleus of the atom. The isotopic shift had been known decades before the isomeric shift and provided useful but limited information about atomic nuclei. Unlike the isomeric shift, the isotopic shift was at first discovered in experiment and then interpreted theoretically (see also ). While in the case of the isotopic shift the determination of the interaction energy between electrons and nuclei is a relatively simple electromagnetic problem, for isomers the problem is more involved, since it is the strong interaction, which accounts for the isomeric excitation of the nucleus and thus for the difference of charge distributions of the two isomeric states. This circumstance explains in part why the nuclear isomeric shift was not discovered earlier: the appropriate nuclear theory and in particular the nuclear shell model were developed only in the late 1940s and early 1950s. As to the experimental observation of this shift, it also had to await the development of a new technique, that permitted spectroscopy with isomers, which are metastable nuclei. This too happened only in the 1950s. While the isomeric shift is sensitive to the internal structure of the nucleus, the isotopic shift is (in a good approximation) not. Therefore, the nuclear physics information that can be obtained from the investigation of the isomeric shift, is superior to what can be obtained from isotopic-shift studies. The measurements through the isomeric shift of e.g. the difference of nuclear radii of the excited and ground state constitute one of the most sensitive tests of nuclear models. Moreover, combined with the Mössbauer effect, the isomeric shift constitutes at present a unique tool in many other fields besides physics. The nuclear shell model According to the nuclear shell model, there exists a class of isomers, for which, in a first approximation, it is sufficient to consider one single nucleon, called the "optical" nucleon, to get an estimate of the difference between the charge distributions of the two isomer states, the rest of the nucleons being filtered out. This applies in particular for isomers in odd-proton–even-neutron nuclei, with nearly closed shells. Indium-115, for which the effect was calculated, is such an example. The result of the calculation was that the isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines, although rather small, turned out to be two orders of magnitude bigger than a typical natural line width, which constitutes the limit of optical measurability. The shift measured three years later in Hg-197 was quite close to that calculated for In-115, although in Hg-197, unlike in In-115, the optical nucleon is a neutron instead of a proton, and the electron–free-neutron interaction is much smaller than the electron—free-proton interaction. This is a consequence of the fact that the optical nucleons are not free, but bound particles. Thus the results could be explained within the theory by associating with the odd optical neutron an effective electric charge of Z/A. The Mössbauer isomeric shift The Mössbauer isomeric shift is the shift seen in gamma-ray spectroscopy when one compares two different nuclear isomeric states in two different physical, chemical or biological environments, and is due to the combined effect of the recoil-free Mössbauer transition between the two nuclear isomeric states and the transition between two atomic states in those two environments. The isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines depends on the electron wave function ψ and on the difference δφ of electrostatic potentials φ of the two isomeric states. For a given nuclear isomer in two different physical or chemical environments (different physical phases or different chemical combinations), the electron wave functions are also different. Therefore, on top of the isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines, which is due to the difference of the two nuclear isomer states, there will be a shift between the two environments (because of the experimental arrangement, these are called source (s) and absorber (a)). This combined shift is the Mössbauer isomeric shift, and it is described mathematically by the same formalism as the nuclear isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines, except that instead of one electron wave function, that in the source ψs, one deals with the difference between the electron wave function in the source ψs and the electron wave function in the absorber ψa: The first measurement of the isomeric shift in gamma spectroscopy with the help of the Mössbauer effect was reported in 1960, two years after its first experimental observation in atomic spectroscopy. By measuring this shift, one obtains important and extremely precise information, both about the nuclear isomer states and about the physical, chemical or biological environment of the atoms, represented by the electronic wave functions. Under its Mössbauer variant, the isomeric shift has found important applications in domains as different as atomic physics, solid-state physics, nuclear physics, chemistry, biology, metallurgy, mineralogy, geology, and lunar research. For further literature, see also . The nuclear isomeric shift has also been observed in muonic atoms, that is, atoms in which a muon is captured by the excited nucleus and makes a transition from an atomic excited state to the atomic ground state in a time shorter than the lifetime of the excited isomeric nuclear state. References Category:Spectroscopy

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud ( ; ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology and became an affiliated professor in 1902. Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. In 1938, Freud left Austria to escape the Nazis. He died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939. In founding psychoanalysis, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the clinical analysis of symptom formation and the underlying mechanisms of repression. On this basis Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id, ego and super-ego. Freud postulated the existence of libido, a sexualised energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a death drive, the source of compulsive repetition, hate, aggression and neurotic guilt. In his later works, Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture. Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, and across the humanities. It thus continues to generate extensive and highly contested debate with regard to its therapeutic efficacy, its scientific status, and whether it advances or is detrimental to the feminist cause. Nonetheless, Freud's work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture. W. H. Auden's 1940 poetic tribute to Freud describes him as having created "a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives." Biography Early life and education Freud was born to Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire (later Příbor, Czech Republic), the first of eight children. Both of his parents were from Galicia, a province straddling modern-day West Ukraine and Poland. His father, Jakob Freud (1815–1896), a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel (1833–1914) and Philipp (1836–1911), by his first marriage. Jakob's family were Hasidic Jews, and although Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition, he came to be known for his Torah study. He and Freud's mother, Amalia Nathansohn, who was 20 years younger and his third wife, were married by Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855. They were struggling financially and living in a rented room, in a locksmith's house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born. He was born with a caul, which his mother saw as a positive omen for the boy's future. In 1859, the Freud family left Freiberg. Freud's half brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the "inseparable" playmate of his early childhood, Emanuel's son, John. Jakob Freud took his wife and two children (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius born in 1857, had died in infancy) firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters and a brother were born: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). In 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. He proved to be an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors. He loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Latin and Greek. Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17. He had planned to study law, but joined the medical faculty at the university, where his studies included philosophy under Franz Brentano, physiology under Ernst Brücke, and zoology under Darwinist professor Carl Claus. In 1876, Freud spent four weeks at Claus's zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs. In 1877 Freud moved to Ernst Brücke's physiology laboratory where he spent six years comparing the brains of humans and other vertebrates with those of frogs and invertebrates such as crayfish and lampreys. His research work on the biology of nervous tissue proved seminal for the subsequent discovery of the neuron in the 1890s. Freud's research work was interrupted in 1879 by the obligation to undertake a year's compulsory military service. The lengthy downtimes enabled him to complete a commission to translate four essays from John Stuart Mill's collected works. He graduated with an MD in March 1881. Early career and marriage In 1882, Freud began his medical career at the Vienna General Hospital. His research work in cerebral anatomy led to the publication of an influential paper on the palliative effects of cocaine in 1884 and his work on aphasia would form the basis of his first book On the Aphasias: a Critical Study, published in 1891. Over a three-year period, Freud worked in various departments of the hospital. His time spent in Theodor Meynert's psychiatric clinic and as a locum in a local asylum led to an increased interest in clinical work. His substantial body of published research led to his appointment as a university lecturer or docent in neuropathology in 1885, a non-salaried post but one which entitled him to give lectures at the University of Vienna. In 1886, Freud resigned his hospital post and entered private practice specializing in "nervous disorders". The same year he married Martha Bernays, the granddaughter of Isaac Bernays, a chief rabbi in Hamburg. They had six children: Mathilde (b. 1887), Jean-Martin (b. 1889), Oliver (b. 1891), Ernst (b. 1892), Sophie (b. 1893), and Anna (b. 1895). From 1891 until they left Vienna in 1938, Freud and his family lived in an apartment at Berggasse 19, near Innere Stadt, a historical district of Vienna. In 1896, Minna Bernays, Martha Freud's sister, became a permanent member of the Freud household after the death of her fiancé. The close relationship she formed with Freud led to rumours, started by Carl Jung, of an affair. The discovery of a Swiss hotel log of 13 August 1898, signed by Freud whilst travelling with his sister-in-law, has been presented as evidence of the affair. Freud began smoking tobacco at age 24; initially a cigarette smoker, he became a cigar smoker. He believed smoking enhanced his capacity to work and that he could exercise self-control in moderating it. Despite health warnings from colleague Wilhelm Fliess, he remained a smoker, eventually suffering a buccal cancer. Freud suggested to Fliess in 1897 that addictions, including that to tobacco, were substitutes for masturbation, "the one great habit." Freud had greatly admired his philosophy tutor, Brentano, who was known for his theories of perception and introspection. Brentano discussed the possible existence of the unconscious mind in his Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874). Although Brentano denied its existence, his discussion of the unconscious probably helped introduce Freud to the concept. Freud owned and made use of Charles Darwin's major evolutionary writings, and was also influenced by Eduard von Hartmann's The Philosophy of the Unconscious (1869). Other texts of importance to Freud were by Fechner and Herbart with the latter's Psychology as Science arguably considered to be of underrated significance in this respect. Freud also drew on the work of Theodor Lipps who was one of the main contemporary theorists of the concepts of the unconscious and empathy. Though Freud was reluctant to associate his psychoanalytic insights with prior philosophical theories, attention has been drawn to analogies between his work and that of both Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, both of whom he claimed not to have read until late in life. One historian concluded, based on Freud's correspondence with his adolescent friend Eduard Silberstein, that Freud read Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy and the first two of the Untimely Meditations when he was seventeen. In 1900, the year of Nietzsche's death, Freud bought his collected works; he told his friend, Fliess, that he hoped to find in Nietzsche's works "the words for much that remains mute in me." Later, he said he had not yet opened them. Freud came to treat Nietzsche's writings "as texts to be resisted far more than to be studied." His interest in philosophy declined after he had decided on a career in neurology. Freud read William Shakespeare in English throughout his life, and it has been suggested that his understanding of human psychology may have been partially derived from Shakespeare's plays. Freud's Jewish origins and his allegiance to his secular Jewish identity were of significant influence in the formation of his intellectual and moral outlook, especially with respect to his intellectual non-conformism, as he was the first to point out in his Autobiographical Study. They would also have a substantial effect on the content of psychoanalytic ideas, particularly in respect of their common concerns with depth interpretation and "the bounding of desire by law". Development of psychoanalysis In October 1885, Freud went to Paris on a three-month fellowship to study with Jean-Martin Charcot, a renowned neurologist who was conducting scientific research into hypnosis. He was later to recall the experience of this stay as catalytic in turning him toward the practice of medical psychopathology and away from a less financially promising career in neurology research. Charcot specialized in the study of hysteria and susceptibility to hypnosis, which he frequently demonstrated with patients on stage in front of an audience. Once he had set up in private practice back in Vienna in 1886, Freud began using hypnosis in his clinical work. He adopted the approach of his friend and collaborator, Josef Breuer, in a type of hypnosis which was different from the French methods he had studied, in that it did not use suggestion. The treatment of one particular patient of Breuer's proved to be transformative for Freud's clinical practice. Described as Anna O., she was invited to talk about her symptoms while under hypnosis (she would coin the phrase "talking cure" for her treatment). In the course of talking in this way, her symptoms became reduced in severity as she retrieved memories of traumatic incidents associated with their onset. The inconsistent results of Freud's early clinical work eventually led him to abandon hypnosis, having concluded that more consistent and effective symptom relief could be achieved by encouraging patients to talk freely, without censorship or inhibition, about whatever ideas or memories occurred to them. In conjunction with this procedure, which he called "free association", Freud found that patients' dreams could be fruitfully analyzed to reveal the complex structuring of unconscious material and to demonstrate the psychic action of repression which, he had concluded, underlay symptom formation. By 1896 he was using the term "psychoanalysis" to refer to his new clinical method and the theories on which it was based. Freud's development of these new theories took place during a period in which he experienced heart irregularities, disturbing dreams and periods of depression, a "neurasthenia" which he linked to the death of his father in 1896 and which prompted a "self-analysis" of his own dreams and memories of childhood. His explorations of his feelings of hostility to his father and rivalrous jealousy over his mother's affections led him to fundamentally revise his theory of the origin of the neuroses. On the basis of his early clinical work, Freud had postulated that unconscious memories of sexual molestation in early childhood were a necessary precondition for the psychoneuroses (hysteria and obsessional neurosis), a formulation now known as Freud's seduction theory. In the light of his self-analysis, Freud abandoned the theory that every neurosis can be traced back to the effects of infantile sexual abuse, now arguing that infantile sexual scenarios still had a causative function, but it did not matter whether they were real or imagined and that in either case they became pathogenic only when acting as repressed memories. This transition from the theory of infantile sexual trauma as a general explanation of how all neuroses originate to one that presupposes an autonomous infantile sexuality provided the basis for Freud's subsequent formulation of the theory of the Oedipus complex. Freud described the evolution of his clinical method and set out his theory of the psychogenetic origins of hysteria, demonstrated in a number of case histories, in Studies on Hysteria published in 1895 (co-authored with Josef Breuer). In 1899 he published The Interpretation of Dreams in which, following a critical review of existing theory, Freud gives detailed interpretations of his own and his patients' dreams in terms of wish-fulfillments made subject to the repression and censorship of the "dream work". He then sets out the theoretical model of mental structure (the unconscious, pre-conscious and conscious) on which this account is based. An abridged version, On Dreams, was published in 1901. In works which would win him a more general readership, Freud applied his theories outside the clinical setting in The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) and Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious (1905). In Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, published in 1905, Freud elaborates his theory of infantile sexuality, describing its "polymorphous perverse" forms and the functioning of the "drives", to which it gives rise, in the formation of sexual identity. The same year he published Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, which became one of his more famous and controversial case studies. Relationship with Fliess During this formative period of his work, Freud valued and came to rely on the intellectual and emotional support of his friend Wilhelm Fliess, a Berlin-based ear, nose and throat specialist whom he had first met 1887. Both men saw themselves as isolated from the prevailing clinical and theoretical mainstream because of their ambitions to develop radical new theories of sexuality. Fliess developed highly eccentric theories of human biorhythms and a nasogenital connection which are today considered pseudoscientific. He shared Freud's views on the importance of certain aspects of sexuality — masturbation, coitus interruptus, and the use of condoms — in the etiology of what were then called the "actual neuroses," primarily neurasthenia and certain physically manifested anxiety symptoms. They maintained an extensive correspondence from which Freud drew on Fliess's speculations on infantile sexuality and bisexuality to elaborate and revise his own ideas. His first attempt at a systematic theory of the mind, his Project for a Scientific Psychology was developed as a metapsychology with Fliess as interlocutor. However, Freud's efforts to build a bridge between neurology and psychology were eventually abandoned after they had reached an impasse, as his letters to Fliess reveal, though some ideas of the Project were to be taken up again in the concluding chapter of The Interpretation of Dreams. Freud had Fliess repeatedly operate on his nose and sinuses to treat "nasal reflex neurosis", and subsequently referred his patient Emma Eckstein to him. According to Freud, her history of symptoms included severe leg pains with consequent restricted mobility, as well as stomach and menstrual pains. These pains were, according to Fliess's theories, caused by habitual masturbation which, as the tissue of the nose and genitalia were linked, was curable by removal of part of the middle turbinate. Fliess's surgery proved disastrous, resulting in profuse, recurrent nasal bleeding – he had left a half-metre of gauze in Eckstein's nasal cavity - the subsequent removal of which left her permanently disfigured. At first, though aware of Fliess's culpability – Freud fled from the remedial surgery in horror – he could only bring himself to delicately intimate in his correspondence to Fliess the nature of his disastrous role and in subsequent letters maintained a tactful silence on the matter or else returned to the face-saving topic of Eckstein's hysteria. Freud ultimately, in light of Eckstein's history of adolescent self-cutting and irregular nasal (and menstrual) bleeding, concluded that Fliess was "completely without blame", as Eckstein's post-operative haemorrhages were hysterical "wish-bleedings" linked to "an old wish to be loved in her illness" and triggered as a means of "rearousing [Freud's] affection". Eckstein nonetheless continued her analysis with Freud. She was restored to full mobility and went on to practice psychoanalysis herself. Freud, who had called Fliess "the Kepler of biology", later concluded that a combination of a homoerotic attachment and the residue of his "specifically Jewish mysticism" lay behind his loyalty to his Jewish friend and his consequent over-estimation of both his theoretical and clinical work. Their friendship came to an acrimonious end with Fliess angry at Freud's unwillingness to endorse his general theory of sexual periodicity and accusing him of collusion in the plagiarism of his work. After Fliess failed to respond to Freud's offer of collaboration over publication of his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality in 1906, their relationship came to an end. Early followers In 1902, Freud at last realised his long-standing ambition to be made a university professor. The title "professor extraordinarius" was important to Freud for the recognition and prestige it conferred, there being no salary or teaching duties attached to the post (he would be granted the enhanced status of "professor ordinarius" in 1920). Despite support from the university, his appointment had been blocked in successive years by the political authorities and it was secured only with the intervention of one of his more influential ex-patients, a Baroness Marie Ferstel, who (supposedly) had to bribe the minister of education with a valuable painting. With his prestige thus enhanced, Freud continued with the regular series of lectures on his work which, since the mid-1880s as a docent of Vienna University, he had been delivering to small audiences every Saturday evening at the lecture hall of the university's psychiatric clinic. From the autumn of 1902, a number of Viennese physicians who had expressed interest in Freud's work were invited to meet at his apartment every Wednesday afternoon to discuss issues relating to psychology and neuropathology. This group was called the Wednesday Psychological Society (Psychologische Mittwochs-Gesellschaft) and it marked the beginnings of the worldwide psychoanalytic movement. Freud founded this discussion group at the suggestion of the physician Wilhelm Stekel. Stekel had studied medicine at the University of Vienna under Richard von Krafft-Ebing. His conversion to psychoanalysis is variously attributed to his successful treatment by Freud for a sexual problem or as a result of his reading The Interpretation of Dreams, to which he subsequently gave a positive review in the Viennese daily newspaper Neues Wiener Tagblatt. The other three original members whom Freud invited to attend, Alfred Adler, Max Kahane, and Rudolf Reitler, were also physicians and all five were Jewish by birth. Both Kahane and Reitler were childhood friends of Freud. Kahane had attended the same secondary school and both he and Reitler went to university with Freud. They had kept abreast of Freud's developing ideas through their attendance at his Saturday evening lectures. In 1901, Kahane, who first introduced Stekel to Freud's work, had opened an out-patient psychotherapy institute of which he was the director in Bauernmarkt, in Vienna. In the same year, his medical textbook, Outline of Internal Medicine for Students and Practicing Physicians, was published. In it, he provided an outline of Freud's psychoanalytic method. Kahane broke with Freud and left the Wednesday Psychological Society in 1907 for unknown reasons and in 1923 committed suicide. Reitler was the director of an establishment providing thermal cures in Dorotheergasse which had been founded in 1901. He died prematurely in 1917. Adler, regarded as the most formidable intellect among the early Freud circle, was a socialist who in 1898 had written a health manual for the tailoring trade. He was particularly interested in the potential social impact of psychiatry. Max Graf, a Viennese musicologist and father of "Little Hans", who had first encountered Freud in 1900 and joined the Wednesday group soon after its initial inception, described the ritual and atmosphere of the early meetings of the society: The gatherings followed a definite ritual. First one of the members would present a paper. Then, black coffee and cakes were served; cigar and cigarettes were on the table and were consumed in great quantities. After a social quarter of an hour, the discussion would begin. The last and decisive word was always spoken by Freud himself. There was the atmosphere of the foundation of a religion in that room. Freud himself was its new prophet who made the heretofore prevailing methods of psychological investigation appear superficial. By 1906, the group had grown to sixteen members, including Otto Rank, who was employed as the group's paid secretary. In the same year, Freud began a correspondence with Carl Gustav Jung who was by then already an academically acclaimed researcher into word-association and the Galvanic Skin Response, and a lecturer at Zurich University, although still only an assistant to Eugen Bleuler at the Burghölzli Mental Hospital in Zürich. In March 1907, Jung and Ludwig Binswanger, also a Swiss psychiatrist, travelled to Vienna to visit Freud and attend the discussion group. Thereafter, they established a small psychoanalytic group in Zürich. In 1908, reflecting its growing institutional status, the Wednesday group was reconstituted as the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society with Freud as President, a position he relinquished in 1910 in favor of Adler in the hope of neutralizing his increasingly critical standpoint. The first woman member, Margarete Hilferding, joined the Society in 1910 and the following year she was joined by Tatiana Rosenthal and Sabina Spielrein who were both Russian psychiatrists and graduates of the Zürich University medical school. Prior to the completion of her studies, Spielrein had been a patient of Jung at the Burghölzli and the clinical and personal details of their relationship became the subject of an extensive correspondence between Freud and Jung. Both women would go on to make important contributions to the work of the Russian Psychoanalytic Society founded in 1910. Freud's early followers met together formally for the first time at the Hotel Bristol, Salzburg on 27 April 1908. This meeting, which was retrospectively deemed to be the first International Psychoanalytic Congress, was convened at the suggestion of Ernest Jones, then a London-based neurologist who had discovered Freud's writings and begun applying psychoanalytic methods in his clinical work. Jones had met Jung at a conference the previous year and they met up again in Zürich to organize the Congress. There were, as Jones records, "forty-two present, half of whom were or became practicing analysts." In addition to Jones and the Viennese and Zürich contingents accompanying Freud and Jung, also present and notable for their subsequent importance in the psychoanalytic movement were Karl Abraham and Max Eitingon from Berlin, Sándor Ferenczi from Budapest and the New York-based Abraham Brill. Important decisions were taken at the Congress with a view to advancing the impact of Freud's work. A journal, the Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologishe Forschungen, was launched in 1909 under the editorship of Jung. This was followed in 1910 by the monthly Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse edited by Adler and Stekel, in 1911 by Imago, a journal devoted to the application of psychoanalysis to the field of cultural and literary studies edited by Rank and in 1913 by the Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, also edited by Rank. Plans for an international association of psychoanalysts were put in place and these were implemented at the Nuremberg Congress of 1910 where Jung was elected, with Freud's support, as its first president. Freud turned to Brill and Jones to further his ambition to spread the psychoanalytic cause in the English-speaking world. Both were invited to Vienna following the Salzburg Congress and a division of labour was agreed with Brill given the translation rights for Freud's works, and Jones, who was to take up a post at the University of Toronto later in the year, tasked with establishing a platform for Freudian ideas in North American academic and medical life. Jones's advocacy prepared the way for Freud's visit to the United States, accompanied by Jung and Ferenczi, in September 1909 at the invitation of Stanley Hall, president of Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, where he gave five lectures on psychoanalysis. The event, at which Freud was awarded an Honorary Doctorate, marked the first public recognition of Freud's work and attracted widespread media interest. Freud's audience included the distinguished neurologist and psychiatrist James Jackson Putnam, Professor of Diseases of the Nervous System at Harvard, who invited Freud to his country retreat where they held extensive discussions over a period of four days. Putnam's subsequent public endorsement of Freud's work represented a significant breakthrough for the psychoanalytic cause in the United States. When Putnam and Jones organised the founding of the American Psychoanalytic Association in May 1911 they were elected president and secretary respectively. Brill founded the New York Psychoanalytic Society the same year. His English translations of Freud's work began to appear from 1909. Resignations from the IPA Some of Freud's followers subsequently withdrew from the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) and founded their own schools. From 1909, Adler's views on topics such as neurosis began to differ markedly from those held by Freud. As Adler's position appeared increasingly incompatible with Freudianism, a series of confrontations between their respective viewpoints took place at the meetings of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society in January and February 1911. In February 1911, Adler, then the president of the society, resigned his position. At this time, Stekel also resigned his position as vice president of the society. Adler finally left the Freudian group altogether in June 1911 to found his own organization with nine other members who had also resigned from the group. This new formation was initially called Society for Free Psychoanalysis but it was soon renamed the Society for Individual Psychology. In the period after World War I, Adler became increasingly associated with a psychological position he devised called individual psychology. In 1912, Jung published Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (published in English in 1916 as Psychology of the Unconscious) making it clear that his views were taking a direction quite different from those of Freud. To distinguish his system from psychoanalysis, Jung called it analytical psychology. Anticipating the final breakdown of the relationship between Freud and Jung, Ernest Jones initiated the formation of a secret Committee of loyalists charged with safeguarding the theoretical coherence and institutional legacy of the psychoanalytic movement. Formed in the autumn of 1912, the Committee comprised Freud, Jones, Abraham, Ferenczi, Rank, and Hanns Sachs. Max Eitingon joined the Committee in 1919. Each member pledged himself not to make any public departure from the fundamental tenets of psychoanalytic theory before he had discussed his views with the others. After this development, Jung recognised that his position was untenable and resigned as editor of the Jarhbuch and then as president of the IPA in April 1914. The Zürich Society withdrew from the IPA the following July. Later the same year, Freud published a paper entitled "The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement", the German original being first published in the Jahrbuch, giving his view on the birth and evolution of the psychoanalytic movement and the withdrawal of Adler and Jung from it. The final defection from Freud's inner circle occurred following the publication in 1924 of Rank's The Trauma of Birth which other members of the committee read as, in effect, abandoning the Oedipus Complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytic theory. Abraham and Jones became increasingly forceful critics of Rank and though he and Freud were reluctant to end their close and long-standing relationship the break finally came in 1926 when Rank resigned from his official posts in the IPA and left Vienna for Paris. His place on the committee was taken by Anna Freud. Rank eventually settled in the United States where his revisions of Freudian theory were to influence a new generation of therapists uncomfortable with the orthodoxies of the IPA. Early psychoanalytic movement After the founding of the IPA in 1910, an international network of psychoanalytical societies, training institutes and clinics became well established and a regular schedule of biannual Congresses commenced after the end of World War I to coordinate their activities. Abraham and Eitingon founded the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society in 1910 and then the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute and the Poliklinik in 1920. The Poliklinik's innovations of free treatment, and child analysis and the Berlin Institute's standardisation of psychoanalytic training had a major influence on the wider psychoanalytic movement. In 1927 Ernst Simmel founded the Schloss Tegel Sanatorium on the outskirts of Berlin, the first such establishment to provide psychoanalytic treatment in an institutional framework. Freud organised a fund to help finance its activities and his architect son, Ernst, was commissioned to refurbish the building. It was forced to close in 1931 for economic reasons. The 1910 Moscow Psychoanalytic Society became the Russian Psychoanalytic Society and Institute in 1922. Freud's Russian followers were the first to benefit from translations of his work, the 1904 Russian translation of The Interpretation of Dreams appearing nine years before Brill's English edition. The Russian Institute was unique in receiving state support for its activities, including publication of translations of Freud's works. Support was abruptly annulled in 1924, when Joseph Stalin came to power, after which psychoanalysis was denounced on ideological grounds. After helping found the American Psychoanalytic Association in 1911, Ernest Jones returned to Britain from Canada in 1913 and founded the London Psychoanalytic Society the same year. In 1919, he dissolved this organisation and, with its core membership purged of Jungian adherents, founded the British Psychoanalytical Society, serving as its president until 1944. The Institute of Psychoanalysis was established 1924 and the London Clinic of Psychoanalysis established in 1926, both under Jones's directorship. The Vienna Ambulatorium (Clinic) was established in 1922 and the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute was founded in 1924 under the directorship of Helene Deutsch. Ferenczi founded the Budapest Psychoanalytic Institute in 1913 and a clinic in 1929. Psychoanalytic societies and institutes were established in Switzerland (1919), France (1926), Italy (1932), the Netherlands (1933), Norway (1933) and in Palestine (Jerusalem, 1933) by Eitingon, who had fled Berlin after Adolf Hitler came to power. The New York Psychoanalytic Institute was founded in 1931. The 1922 Berlin Congress was the last Freud attended. By this time his speech had become seriously impaired by the prosthetic device he needed as a result of a series of operations on his cancerous jaw. He kept abreast of developments through a regular correspondence with his principal followers and via the circular letters and meetings of the secret Committee which he continued to attend. The Committee continued to function until 1927 by which time institutional developments within the IPA, such as the establishment of the International Training Commission, had addressed concerns about the transmission of psychoanalytic theory and practice. There remained, however, significant differences over the issue of lay analysis – i.e. the acceptance of non-medically qualified candidates for psychoanalytic training. Freud set out his case in favour in 1926 in his The Question of Lay Analysis. He was resolutely opposed by the American societies who expressed concerns over professional standards and the risk of litigation (though child analysts were made exempt). These concerns were also shared by some of his European colleagues. Eventually an agreement was reached allowing societies autonomy in setting criteria for candidature. In 1930 Freud was awarded the Goethe Prize in recognition of his contributions to psychology and to German literary culture. Patients Freud used pseudonyms in his case histories. Some patients known by pseudonyms were Cäcilie M. (Anna von Lieben); Dora (Ida Bauer, 1882–1945); Frau Emmy von N. (Fanny Moser); Fräulein Elisabeth von R. (Ilona Weiss); Fräulein Katharina (Aurelia Kronich); Fräulein Lucy R.; Little Hans (Herbert Graf, 1903–1973); Rat Man (Ernst Lanzer, 1878–1914); Enos Fingy (Joshua Wild, 1878–1920); and Wolf Man (Sergei Pankejeff, 1887–1979). Other famous patients included Prince Pedro Augusto of Brazil (1866–1934); H.D. (1886–1961); Emma Eckstein (1865–1924); Gustav Mahler (1860–1911), with whom Freud had only a single, extended consultation; Princess Marie Bonaparte; Edith Banfield Jackson (1895–1977); and Albert Hirst (1887–1974). Cancer In February 1923, Freud detected a leukoplakia, a benign growth associated with heavy smoking, on his mouth. He initially kept this secret, but in April 1923 he informed Ernest Jones, telling him that the growth had been removed. Freud consulted the dermatologist Maximilian Steiner, who advised him to quit smoking but lied about the growth's seriousness, minimizing its importance. Freud later saw Felix Deutsch, who saw that the growth was cancerous; he identified it to Freud using the euphemism "a bad leukoplakia" instead of the technical diagnosis epithelioma. Deutsch advised Freud to stop smoking and have the growth excised. Freud was treated by Marcus Hajek, a rhinologist whose competence he had previously questioned. Hajek performed an unnecessary cosmetic surgery in his clinic's outpatient department. Freud bled during and after the operation, and may narrowly have escaped death. Freud subsequently saw Deutsch again. Deutsch saw that further surgery would be required, but did not tell Freud he had cancer because he was worried that Freud might wish to commit suicide. Escape from Nazism In January 1933, the Nazi Party took control of Germany, and Freud's books were prominent among those they burned and destroyed. Freud remarked to Ernest Jones: "What progress we are making. In the Middle Ages they would have burned me. Now, they are content with burning my books." Freud continued to underestimate the growing Nazi threat and remained determined to stay in Vienna, even following the Anschluss of 13 March 1938, in which Nazi Germany annexed Austria, and the outbreaks of violent antisemitism that ensued. Jones, the then president of the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), flew into Vienna from London via Prague on 15 March determined to get Freud to change his mind and seek exile in Britain. This prospect and the shock of the arrest and interrogation of Anna Freud by the Gestapo finally convinced Freud it was time to leave Austria. Jones left for London the following week with a list provided by Freud of the party of émigrés for whom immigration permits would be required. Back in London, Jones used his personal acquaintance with the Home Secretary, Sir Samuel Hoare, to expedite the granting of permits. There were seventeen in all and work permits were provided where relevant. Jones also used his influence in scientific circles, persuading the president of the Royal Society, Sir William Bragg, to write to the Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax, requesting to good effect that diplomatic pressure be applied in Berlin and Vienna on Freud's behalf. Freud also had support from American diplomats, notably his ex-patient and American ambassador to France, William Bullitt. Bullitt alerted U.S. President Roosevelt to the increased dangers facing the Freuds, resulting in the American consul-general in Vienna, John Cooper Wiley, arranging regular monitoring of Berggasse 19. He also intervened by phone call during the Gestapo interrogation of Anna Freud. The departure from Vienna began in stages throughout April and May 1938. Freud's grandson Ernst Halberstadt and Freud's son Martin's wife and children left for Paris in April. Freud's sister-in-law, Minna Bernays, left for London on 5 May, Martin Freud the following week and Freud's daughter Mathilde and her husband, Robert Hollitscher, on 24 May. By the end of the month, arrangements for Freud's own departure for London had become stalled, mired in a legally tortuous and financially extortionate process of negotiation with the Nazi authorities. Under regulations imposed on its Jewish population by the new Nazi regime, a Kommissar was appointed to manage Freud's assets and those of the IPA whose headquarters were nearby Freud's home. Freud was allocated to Dr. Anton Sauerwald, who had studied chemistry at Vienna University under Professor Josef Herzig, an old friend of Freud's. Sauerwald read Freud's books to further learn about him and became sympathetic towards his situation. Though required to disclose details of all Freud's bank accounts to his superiors and to arrange the destruction of the historic library of books housed in the offices of the IPA, Sauerwald did neither. Instead he removed evidence of Freud's foreign bank accounts to his own safe-keeping and arranged the storage of the IPA library in the Austrian National Library where it remained until the end of the war. Though Sauerwald's intervention lessened the financial burden of the "flight" tax on Freud's declared assets, other substantial charges were levied in relation to the debts of the IPA and the valuable collection of antiquities Freud possessed. Unable to access his own accounts, Freud turned to Princess Marie Bonaparte, the most eminent and wealthy of his French followers, who had travelled to Vienna to offer her support and it was she who made the necessary funds available. This allowed Sauerwald to sign the necessary exit visas for Freud, his wife Martha and daughter Anna. They left Vienna on the Orient Express on 4 June, accompanied by their housekeeper and a doctor, arriving in Paris the following day where they stayed as guests of Marie Bonaparte before travelling overnight to London arriving at London Victoria station on 6 June. Among those soon to call on Freud to pay their respects were Salvador Dalí, Stefan Zweig, Leonard Woolf, Virginia Woolf and H. G. Wells. Representatives of the Royal Society called with the Society's Charter for Freud, who had been elected a Foreign Member in 1936, to sign himself into membership. Marie Bonaparte arrived towards the end of June to discuss the fate of Freud's four elderly sisters left behind in Vienna. Her subsequent attempts to get them exit visas failed and they would all die in Nazi concentration camps. In early 1939 Sauerwald arrived in London in mysterious circumstances where he met Freud's brother Alexander. He was tried and imprisoned in 1945 by an Austrian court for his activities as a Nazi Party official. Responding to a plea from his wife, Anna Freud wrote to confirm that Sauerwald "used his office as our appointed commissar in such a manner as to protect my father". Her intervention helped secure his release from jail in 1947. In the Freuds' new home, 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead, North London, Freud's Vienna consulting room was recreated in faithful detail. He continued to see patients there until the terminal stages of his illness. He also worked on his last books, Moses and Monotheism, published in German in 1938 and in English the following year and the uncompleted An Outline of Psychoanalysis which was published posthumously. Death By mid-September 1939, Freud's cancer of the jaw was causing him increasingly severe pain and had been declared to be inoperable. The last book he read, Balzac's La Peau de chagrin, prompted reflections on his own increasing frailty and a few days later he turned to his doctor, friend and fellow refugee, Max Schur, reminding him that they had previously discussed the terminal stages of his illness: "Schur, you remember our 'contract' not to leave me in the lurch when the time had come. Now it is nothing but torture and makes no sense." When Schur replied that he had not forgotten, Freud said, "I thank you," and then "Talk it over with Anna, and if she thinks it's right, then make an end of it." Anna Freud wanted to postpone her father's death, but Schur convinced her it was pointless to keep him alive and on 21 and 22 September administered doses of morphine that resulted in Freud's death around 3 am on 23 September 1939. However, discrepancies in the various accounts Schur gave of his role in Freud's final hours, which have in turn led to inconsistencies between Freud's main biographers, has led to further research and a revised account. This proposes that Schur was absent from Freud's deathbed when a third and final dose of morphine was administered by Dr Josephine Stross, a colleague of Anna Freud, leading to Freud's death around midnight on 23 September 1939. Three days after his death Freud's body was cremated at the Golders Green Crematorium in North London, with Harrods acting as funeral directors, on the instructions of his son, Ernst. Funeral orations were given by Ernest Jones and the Austrian author Stefan Zweig. Freud's ashes were later placed in the crematorium's Ernest George Columbarium (see "Freud Corner"). They rest on a plinth designed by his son, Ernst, in a sealed ancient Greek bell krater painted with Dionysian scenes that Freud had received as a gift from Marie Bonaparte and which he had kept in his study in Vienna for many years. After his wife, Martha, died in 1951, her ashes were also placed in the urn. Ideas Early work Freud began his study of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1873. He took almost nine years to complete his studies, due to his interest in neurophysiological research, specifically investigation of the sexual anatomy of eels and the physiology of the fish nervous system, and because of his interest in studying philosophy with Franz Brentano. He entered private practice in neurology for financial reasons, receiving his M.D. degree in 1881 at the age of 25. Amongst his principal concerns in the 1880s was the anatomy of the brain, specifically the medulla oblongata. He intervened in the important debates about aphasia with his monograph of 1891, Zur Auffassung der Aphasien, in which he coined the term agnosia and counselled against a too locationist view of the explanation of neurological deficits. Like his contemporary Eugen Bleuler, he emphasized brain function rather than brain structure. Freud was also an early researcher in the field of cerebral palsy, which was then known as "cerebral paralysis". He published several medical papers on the topic, and showed that the disease existed long before other researchers of the period began to notice and study it. He also suggested that William John Little, the man who first identified cerebral palsy, was wrong about lack of oxygen during birth being a cause. Instead, he suggested that complications in birth were only a symptom. Freud hoped that his research would provide a solid scientific basis for his therapeutic technique. The goal of Freudian therapy, or psychoanalysis, was to bring repressed thoughts and feelings into consciousness in order to free the patient from suffering repetitive distorted emotions. Classically, the bringing of unconscious thoughts and feelings to consciousness is brought about by encouraging a patient to talk about dreams and engage in free association, in which patients report their thoughts without reservation and make no attempt to concentrate while doing so. Another important element of psychoanalysis is transference, the process by which patients displace onto their analysts feelings and ideas which derive from previous figures in their lives. Transference was first seen as a regrettable phenomenon that interfered with the recovery of repressed memories and disturbed patients' objectivity, but by 1912, Freud had come to see it as an essential part of the therapeutic process. The origin of Freud's early work with psychoanalysis can be linked to Josef Breuer. Freud credited Breuer with opening the way to the discovery of the psychoanalytical method by his treatment of the case of Anna O. In November 1880, Breuer was called in to treat a highly intelligent 21-year-old woman (Bertha Pappenheim) for a persistent cough that he diagnosed as hysterical. He found that while nursing her dying father, she had developed a number of transitory symptoms, including visual disorders and paralysis and contractures of limbs, which he also diagnosed as hysterical. Breuer began to see his patient almost every day as the symptoms increased and became more persistent, and observed that she entered states of absence. He found that when, with his encouragement, she told fantasy stories in her evening states of absence her condition improved, and most of her symptoms had disappeared by April 1881. Following the death of her father in that month her condition deteriorated again. Breuer recorded that some of the symptoms eventually remitted spontaneously, and that full recovery was achieved by inducing her to recall events that had precipitated the occurrence of a specific symptom. In the years immediately following Breuer's treatment, Anna O. spent three short periods in sanatoria with the diagnosis "hysteria" with "somatic symptoms", and some authors have challenged Breuer's published account of a cure. Richard Skues rejects this interpretation, which he sees as stemming from both Freudian and anti-psychoanalytical revisionism, that regards both Breuer's narrative of the case as unreliable and his treatment of Anna O. as a failure. Psychologist Frank Sulloway contends that "Freud's case histories are rampant with censorship, distortions, highly dubious 'reconstructions,' and exaggerated claims." Seduction theory In the early 1890s, Freud used a form of treatment based on the one that Breuer had described to him, modified by what he called his "pressure technique" and his newly developed analytic technique of interpretation and reconstruction. According to Freud's later accounts of this period, as a result of his use of this procedure most of his patients in the mid-1890s reported early childhood sexual abuse. He believed these stories, which he used as the basis for his seduction theory, but then he came to believe that they were fantasies. He explained these at first as having the function of "fending off" memories of infantile masturbation, but in later years he wrote that they represented Oedipal fantasies, stemming from innate drives that are sexual and destructive in nature. Another version of events focuses on Freud's proposing that unconscious memories of infantile sexual abuse were at the root of the psychoneuroses in letters to Fliess in October 1895, before he reported that he had actually discovered such abuse among his patients. In the first half of 1896, Freud published three papers, which led to his seduction theory, stating that he had uncovered, in all of his current patients, deeply repressed memories of sexual abuse in early childhood. In these papers, Freud recorded that his patients were not consciously aware of these memories, and must therefore be present as unconscious memories if they were to result in hysterical symptoms or obsessional neurosis. The patients were subjected to considerable pressure to "reproduce" infantile sexual abuse "scenes" that Freud was convinced had been repressed into the unconscious. Patients were generally unconvinced that their experiences of Freud's clinical procedure indicated actual sexual abuse. He reported that even after a supposed "reproduction" of sexual scenes the patients assured him emphatically of their disbelief. As well as his pressure technique, Freud's clinical procedures involved analytic inference and the symbolic interpretation of symptoms to trace back to memories of infantile sexual abuse. His claim of one hundred percent confirmation of his theory only served to reinforce previously expressed reservations from his colleagues about the validity of findings obtained through his suggestive techniques. Freud subsequently showed inconsistency as to whether his seduction theory was still compatible with his later findings. In an addendum to The Aetiology of Hysteria he stated: "All this is true [the sexual abuse of children]; but it must be remembered that at the time I wrote it I had not yet freed myself from my overvaluation of reality and my low valuation of phantasy". Some years later Freud explicitly rejected the claim of his colleague Ferenczi that his patients' reports of sexual molestation were actual memories instead of fantasies, and he tried to dissuade Ferenczi from making his views public. Karin Ahbel-Rappe concludes in her study "'I no longer believe': did Freud abandon the seduction theory?": "Freud marked out and started down a trail of investigation into the nature of the experience of infantile incest and its impact on the human psyche, and then abandoned this direction for the most part." Cocaine As a medical researcher, Freud was an early user and proponent of cocaine as a stimulant as well as analgesic. He believed that cocaine was a cure for many mental and physical problems, and in his 1884 paper "On Coca" he extolled its virtues. Between 1883 and 1887 he wrote several articles recommending medical applications, including its use as an antidepressant. He narrowly missed out on obtaining scientific priority for discovering its anesthetic properties of which he was aware but had mentioned only in passing. (Karl Koller, a colleague of Freud's in Vienna, received that distinction in 1884 after reporting to a medical society the ways cocaine could be used in delicate eye surgery.) Freud also recommended cocaine as a cure for morphine addiction. He had introduced cocaine to his friend Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow, who had become addicted to morphine taken to relieve years of excruciating nerve pain resulting from an infection acquired after injuring himself while performing an autopsy. His claim that Fleischl-Marxow was cured of his addiction was premature, though he never acknowledged that he had been at fault. Fleischl-Marxow developed an acute case of "cocaine psychosis", and soon returned to using morphine, dying a few years later still suffering from intolerable pain. The application as an anesthetic turned out to be one of the few safe uses of cocaine, and as reports of addiction and overdose began to filter in from many places in the world, Freud's medical reputation became somewhat tarnished. After the "Cocaine Episode" Freud ceased to publicly recommend use of the drug, but continued to take it himself occasionally for depression, migraine and nasal inflammation during the early 1890s, before discontinuing its use in 1896. The Unconscious The concept of the unconscious was central to Freud's account of the mind. Freud believed that while poets and thinkers had long known of the existence of the unconscious, he had ensured that it received scientific recognition in the field of psychology. Freud states explicitly that his concept of the unconscious as he first formulated it was based on the theory of repression. He postulated a cycle in which ideas are repressed, but remain in the mind, removed from consciousness yet operative, then reappear in consciousness under certain circumstances. The postulate was based upon the investigation of cases of hysteria, which revealed instances of behaviour in patients that could not be explained without reference to ideas or thoughts of which they had no awareness and which analysis revealed were linked to the (real or imagined) repressed sexual scenarios of childhood. In his later re-formulations of the concept of repression in his 1915 paper 'Repression' (Standard Edition XIV) Freud introduced the distinction in the unconscious between primary repression linked to the universal taboo on incest ('innately present originally') and repression ('after expulsion') that was a product of an individual's life history ('acquired in the course of the ego's development') in which something that was at one point conscious is rejected or eliminated from consciousness. In his account of the development and modification of his theory of unconscious mental processes he sets out in his 1915 paper 'The Unconscious' (Standard Edition XIV), Freud identifies the three perspectives he employs: the dynamic, the economic and the topographical. The dynamic perspective concerns firstly the constitution of the unconscious by repression and secondly the process of "censorship" which maintains unwanted, anxiety inducing thoughts as such. Here Freud is drawing on observations from his earliest clinical work in the treatment of hysteria. In the economic perspective the focus is upon the trajectories of the repressed contents "the vicissitudes of sexual impulses" as they undergo complex transformations in the process of both symptom formation and normal unconscious thought such as dreams and slips of the tongue. These were topics Freud explored in detail in The Interpretation of Dreams and The Psychopathology of Everyday Life. Whereas both these former perspectives focus on the unconscious as it is about to enter consciousness, the topographical perspective represents a shift in which the systemic properties of the unconscious, its characteristic processes and modes of operation such as condensation and displacement, are placed in the foreground. This "first topography" presents a model of psychic structure comprising three systems: The System Ucs - the unconscious: "primary process" mentation governed by the pleasure principle characterised by "exemption from mutual contradiction,... mobility of cathexes, timelessness and replacement of external by psychical reality." ('The Unconscious' (1915) Standard Edition XIV). The System Pcs - the preconscious in which the unconscious thing-presentations of the primary process are bound by the secondary processes of language (word presentations), a prerequisite for their becoming available to consciousness. The System Cns - conscious thought governed by the reality principle. In his later work, notably in The Ego and the Id (1923), a second topography is introduced comprising id, ego and super-ego, which is superimposed on the first without replacing it. In this later formulation of the concept of the unconscious the id comprises a reservoir of instincts or drives a portion of them being hereditary or innate, a portion repressed or acquired. As such, from the economic perspective, the id is the prime source of psychical energy and from the dynamic perspective it conflicts with the ego and the super-ego which, genetically speaking, are diversifications of the id. Dreams Freud believed the function of dreams is to preserve sleep by representing as fulfilled wishes that would otherwise awaken the dreamer. In Freud's theory dreams are instigated by the daily occurrences and thoughts of everyday life. In what Freud called the "dream-work", these "secondary process" thoughts ("word presentations"), governed by the rules of language and the reality principle, become subject to the "primary process" of unconscious thought ("thing presentations") governed by the pleasure principle, wish gratification and the repressed sexual scenarios of childhood. Because of the disturbing nature of the latter and other repressed thoughts and desires which may have become linked to them, the dream-work operates a censorship function, disguising by distortion, displacement and condensation the repressed thoughts so as to preserve sleep. In the clinical setting Freud encouraged free association to the dream's manifest content, as recounted in the dream narrative, so as to facilitate interpretative work on its latent content – the repressed thoughts and fantasies – and also on the underlying mechanisms and structures operative in the dream-work. As Freud developed his theoretical work on dreams he went beyond his theory of dreams as wish-fulfillments to arrive at an emphasis on dreams as "nothing other than a particular form of thinking.... It is the dream-work that creates that form, and it alone is the essence of dreaming". Psychosexual development Freud's theory of psychosexual development proposes that, following on from the initial polymorphous perversity of infantile sexuality, the sexual "drives" pass through the distinct developmental phases of the oral, the anal, and the phallic. Though these phases then give way to a latency stage of reduced sexual interest and activity (from the age of five to puberty, approximately), they leave, to a greater or lesser extent, a "perverse" and bisexual residue which persists during the formation of adult genital sexuality. Freud argued that neurosis or perversion could be explained in terms of fixation or regression to these phases whereas adult character and cultural creativity could achieve a sublimation of their perverse residue. After Freud's later development of the theory of the Oedipus complex this normative developmental trajectory becomes formulated in terms of the child's renunciation of incestuous desires under the fantasised threat of (or phantasised fact of, in the case of the girl) castration. The "dissolution" of the Oedipus complex is then achieved when the child's rivalrous identification with the parental figure is transformed into the pacifying identifications of the Ego ideal which assume both similarity and difference and acknowledge the separateness and autonomy of the other. Freud hoped to prove that his model was universally valid and turned to ancient mythology and contemporary ethnography for comparative material arguing that totemism reflected a ritualized enactment of a tribal Oedipal conflict. Id, ego, and super-ego Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: Id, ego and super-ego. Freud discussed this model in the 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and fully elaborated upon it in The Ego and the Id (1923), in which he developed it as an alternative to his previous topographic schema (i.e., conscious, unconscious and preconscious). The id is the completely unconscious, impulsive, childlike portion of the psyche that operates on the "pleasure principle" and is the source of basic impulses and drives; it seeks immediate pleasure and gratification. Freud acknowledged that his use of the term Id (das Es, "the It") derives from the writings of Georg Groddeck. The super-ego is the moral component of the psyche, which takes into account no special circumstances in which the morally right thing may not be right for a given situation. The rational ego attempts to exact a balance between the impractical hedonism of the id and the equally impractical moralism of the super-ego; it is the part of the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a person's actions. When overburdened or threatened by its tasks, it may employ defence mechanisms including denial, repression, undoing, rationalization, and displacement. This concept is usually represented by the "Iceberg Model". This model represents the roles the id, ego, and super- ego play in relation to conscious and unconscious thought. Freud compared the relationship between the ego and the id to that between a charioteer and his horses: the horses provide the energy and drive, while the charioteer provides direction. Life and death drives Freud believed that the human psyche is subject to two conflicting drives: the life drive or libido and the death drive. The life drive was also termed "Eros" and the death drive "Thanatos", although Freud did not use the latter term; "Thanatos" was introduced in this context by Paul Federn. Freud hypothesized that libido is a form of mental energy with which processes, structures and object-representations are invested. In Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), Freud inferred the existence of a death drive. Its premise was a regulatory principle that has been described as "the principle of psychic inertia", "the Nirvana principle", and "the conservatism of instinct". Its background was Freud's earlier Project for a Scientific Psychology, where he had defined the principle governing the mental apparatus as its tendency to divest itself of quantity or to reduce tension to zero. Freud had been obliged to abandon that definition, since it proved adequate only to the most rudimentary kinds of mental functioning, and replaced the idea that the apparatus tends toward a level of zero tension with the idea that it tends toward a minimum level of tension. Freud in effect readopted the original definition in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, this time applying it to a different principle. He asserted that on certain occasions the mind acts as though it could eliminate tension entirely, or in effect to reduce itself to a state of extinction; his key evidence for this was the existence of the compulsion to repeat. Examples of such repetition included the dream life of traumatic neurotics and children's play. In the phenomenon of repetition, Freud saw a psychic trend to work over earlier impressions, to master them and derive pleasure from them, a trend was prior to the pleasure principle but not opposed to it. In addition to that trend, there was also a principle at work that was opposed to, and thus "beyond" the pleasure principle. If repetition is a necessary element in the binding of energy or adaptation, when carried to inordinate lengths it becomes a means of abandoning adaptations and reinstating earlier or less evolved psychic positions. By combining this idea with the hypothesis that all repetition is a form of discharge, Freud reached the conclusion that the compulsion to repeat is an effort to restore a state that is both historically primitive and marked by the total draining of energy: death. Melancholia In his 1917 essay "Mourning and Melancholia", Freud drew a distinction between mourning, painful but an inevitable part of life, and "melancholia", his term for pathological refusal of a mourner to "decathect" from the lost one. Freud claimed that, in normal mourning, the ego was responsible for narcissistically detaching the libido from the lost one as a means of self-preservation, but that in "melancholia", prior ambivalence towards the lost one prevents this from occurring. Suicide, Freud hypothesized, could result in extreme cases, when unconscious feelings of conflict became directed against the mourner's own ego. Femininity and female sexuality Initiating what became the first debate within psychoanalysis on femininity, Karen Horney of the Berlin Institute set out to challenge Freud's account of the development of feminine sexuality. Rejecting Freud's theories of the feminine castration complex and penis envy, Horney argued for a primary femininity and penis envy as a defensive formation rather than arising from the fact, or "injury", of biological asymmetry as Freud held. Horney had the influential support of Melanie Klein and Ernest Jones who coined the term "phallocentrism" in his critique of Freud's position. In defending Freud against this critique, feminist scholar Jacqueline Rose has argued that it presupposes a more normative account of female sexual development than that given by Freud. She notes that Freud moved from a description of the little girl stuck with her 'inferiority' or 'injury' in the face of the anatomy of the little boy to an account in his later work which explicitly describes the process of becoming 'feminine' as an 'injury' or 'catastrophe' for the complexity of her earlier psychic and sexual life. According to Freud, "Elimination of clitoral sexuality is a necessary precondition for the development of femininity, since it is immature and masculine in its nature." Freud postulated the concept of "vaginal orgasm" as separate from clitoral orgasm, achieved by external stimulation of the clitoris. In 1905, he stated that clitoral orgasms are purely an adolescent phenomenon and that, upon reaching puberty, the proper response of mature women is a change-over to vaginal orgasms, meaning orgasms without any clitoral stimulation. This theory has been criticized on the grounds that Freud provided no evidence for this basic assumption, and because it made many women feel inadequate when they could not achieve orgasm via vaginal intercourse alone. Religion Freud regarded the monotheistic God as an illusion based upon the infantile emotional need for a powerful, supernatural pater familias. He maintained that religion – once necessary to restrain man's violent nature in the early stages of civilization – in modern times, can be set aside in favor of reason and science. "Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices" (1907) notes the likeness between faith (religious belief) and neurotic obsession. Totem and Taboo (1913) proposes that society and religion begin with the patricide and eating of the powerful paternal figure, who then becomes a revered collective memory. These arguments were further developed in The Future of an Illusion (1927) in which Freud argued that religious belief serves the function of psychological consolation. Freud argues the belief of a supernatural protector serves as a buffer from man's "fear of nature" just as the belief in an afterlife serves as a buffer from man's fear of death. The core idea of the work is that all of religious belief can be explained through its function to society, not for its relation to the truth. This is why, according to Freud, religious beliefs are "illusions". In Civilization and Its Discontents (1930), he quotes his friend Romain Rolland, who described religion as an "oceanic sensation", but says he never experienced this feeling. Moses and Monotheism (1937) proposes that Moses was the tribal pater familias, killed by the Jews, who psychologically coped with the patricide with a reaction formation conducive to their establishing monotheist Judaism; analogously, he described the Roman Catholic rite of Holy Communion as cultural evidence of the killing and devouring of the sacred father. Moreover, he perceived religion, with its suppression of violence, as mediator of the societal and personal, the public and the private, conflicts between Eros and Thanatos, the forces of life and death. Later works indicate Freud's pessimism about the future of civilization, which he noted in the 1931 edition of Civilization and its Discontents. In a footnote of his 1909 work, Analysis of a Phobia in a Five year old Boy, Freud theorized that the universal fear of castration was provoked in the uncircumcised when they perceived circumcision and that this was "the deepest unconscious root of anti-Semitism". Legacy Freud's legacy, though a highly contested area of controversy, was described by Stephen Frosh as "one of the strongest influences on twentieth-century thought, its impact comparable only to that of Darwinism and Marxism." Henri Ellenberger stated that its range of influence permeated "all the fields of culture ... so far as to change our way of life and concept of man." Psychotherapy Though not the first methodology in the practice of individual verbal psychotherapy, Freud's psychoanalytic system came to dominate the field from early in the twentieth century, forming the basis for many later variants. While these systems have adopted different theories and techniques, all have followed Freud by attempting to achieve psychic and behavioral change through having patients talk about their difficulties. Psychoanalysis is not as influential as it once was in Europe and the United States, though in some parts of the world, notably Latin America, its influence in the later 20th century expanded substantially. Psychoanalysis also remains influential within many contemporary schools of psychotherapy and has led to innovative therapeutic work in schools and with families and groups. There is a substantial body of research which demonstrates the efficacy of the clinical methods of psychoanalysis and of related psychodynamic therapies in treating a wide range of psychological disorders. The neo-Freudians, a group including Alfred Adler, Otto Rank, Karen Horney, Harry Stack Sullivan and Erich Fromm, rejected Freud's theory of instinctual drive, emphasized interpersonal relations and self-assertiveness, and made modifications to therapeutic practice that reflected these theoretical shifts. Adler originated the approach, although his influence was indirect due to his inability to systematically formulate his ideas. Neo-Freudian analysis places more emphasis on the patient's relationship with the analyst and less on exploration of the unconscious. Carl Jung believed that the collective unconscious, which reflects the cosmic order and the history of the human species, is the most important part of the mind. It contains archetypes, which are manifested in symbols that appear in dreams, disturbed states of mind, and various products of culture. Jungians are less interested in infantile development and psychological conflict between wishes and the forces that frustrate them than in integration between different parts of the person. The object of Jungian therapy was to mend such splits. Jung focused in particular on problems of middle and later life. His objective was to allow people to experience the split-off aspects of themselves, such as the anima (a man's suppressed female self), the animus (a woman's suppressed male self), or the shadow (an inferior self-image), and thereby attain wisdom. Jacques Lacan approached psychoanalysis through linguistics and literature. Lacan believed Freud's essential work had been done prior to 1905 and concerned the interpretation of dreams, neurotic symptoms, and slips, which had been based on a revolutionary way of understanding language and its relation to experience and subjectivity, and that ego psychology and object relations theory were based upon misreadings of Freud's work. For Lacan, the determinative dimension of human experience is neither the self (as in ego psychology) nor relations with others (as in object relations theory), but language. Lacan saw desire as more important than need and considered it necessarily ungratifiable. Wilhelm Reich developed ideas that Freud had developed at the beginning of his psychoanalytic investigation but then superseded but never finally discarded. These were the concept of the Actualneurosis and a theory of anxiety based upon the idea of dammed-up libido. In Freud's original view, what really happened to a person (the "actual") determined the resulting neurotic disposition. Freud applied that idea both to infants and to adults. In the former case, seductions were sought as the causes of later neuroses and in the latter incomplete sexual release. Unlike Freud, Reich retained the idea that actual experience, especially sexual experience, was of key significance. By the 1920s, Reich had "taken Freud's original ideas about sexual release to the point of specifying the orgasm as the criteria of healthy function." Reich was also "developing his ideas about character into a form that would later take shape, first as "muscular armour", and eventually as a transducer of universal biological energy, the "orgone"." Fritz Perls, who helped to develop Gestalt therapy, was influenced by Reich, Jung and Freud. The key idea of gestalt therapy is that Freud overlooked the structure of awareness, "an active process that moves toward the construction of organized meaningful wholes... between an organism and its environment." These wholes, called gestalts, are "patterns involving all the layers of organismic function – thought, feeling, and activity." Neurosis is seen as splitting in the formation of gestalts, and anxiety as the organism sensing "the struggle towards its creative unification." Gestalt therapy attempts to cure patients through placing them in contact with "immediate organismic needs." Perls rejected the verbal approach of classical psychoanalysis; talking in gestalt therapy serves the purpose of self-expression rather than gaining self-knowledge. Gestalt therapy usually takes place in groups, and in concentrated "workshops" rather than being spread out over a long period of time; it has been extended into new forms of communal living. Arthur Janov's primal therapy, which has been an influential post-Freudian psychotherapy, resembles psychoanalytic therapy in its emphasis on early childhood experience, but has also differences with it. While Janov's theory is akin to Freud's early idea of Actualneurosis, he does not have a dynamic psychology but a nature psychology like that of Reich or Perls, in which need is primary while wish is derivative and dispensable when need is met. Despite its surface similarity to Freud's ideas, Janov's theory lacks a strictly psychological account of the unconscious and belief in infantile sexuality. While for Freud there was a hierarchy of danger situations, for Janov the key event in the child's life is awareness that the parents do not love it. Janov writes in The Primal Scream (1970) that primal therapy has in some ways returned to Freud's early ideas and techniques. Ellen Bass and Laura Davis, co-authors of The Courage to Heal (1988), are described as "champions of survivorship" by Frederick Crews, who considers Freud the key influence upon them, although in his view they are indebted not to classic psychoanalysis but to "the pre-psychoanalytic Freud... who supposedly took pity on his hysterical patients, found that they were all harboring memories of early abuse... and cured them by unknotting their repression." Crews sees Freud as having anticipated the recovered memory movement by emphasizing "mechanical cause-and-effect relations between symptomatology and the premature stimulation of one body zone or another", and with pioneering its "technique of thematically matching a patient's symptom with a sexually symmetrical 'memory.'" Crews believes that Freud's confidence in accurate recall of early memories anticipates the theories of recovered memory therapists such as Lenore Terr, which in his view have led to people being wrongfully imprisoned or involved in litigation. Science Research projects designed to test Freud's theories empirically have led to a vast literature on the topic. American psychologists began to attempt to study repression in the experimental laboratory around 1930. In 1934, when the psychologist Saul Rosenzweig sent Freud reprints of his attempts to study repression, Freud responded with a dismissive letter stating that "the wealth of reliable observations" on which psychoanalytic assertions were based made them "independent of experimental verification." Seymour Fisher and Roger P. Greenberg concluded in 1977 that some of Freud's concepts were supported by empirical evidence. Their analysis of research literature supported Freud's concepts of oral and anal personality constellations, his account of the role of Oedipal factors in certain aspects of male personality functioning, his formulations about the relatively greater concern about loss of love in women's as compared to men's personality economy, and his views about the instigating effects of homosexual anxieties on the formation of paranoid delusions. They also found limited and equivocal support for Freud's theories about the development of homosexuality. They found that several of Freud's other theories, including his portrayal of dreams as primarily containers of secret, unconscious wishes, as well as some of his views about the psychodynamics of women, were either not supported or contradicted by research. Reviewing the issues again in 1996, they concluded that much experimental data relevant to Freud's work exists, and supports some of his major ideas and theories. Other viewpoints include those of Hans Eysenck, who writes in Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire (1985) that Freud set back the study of psychology and psychiatry "by something like fifty years or more", and Malcolm Macmillan, who concludes in Freud Evaluated (1991) that "Freud's method is not capable of yielding objective data about mental processes". Morris Eagle states that it has been "demonstrated quite conclusively that because of the epistemologically contaminated status of clinical data derived from the clinical situation, such data have questionable probative value in the testing of psychoanalytic hypotheses". Richard Webster, in Why Freud Was Wrong (1995), described psychoanalysis as perhaps the most complex and successful pseudoscience in history. Crews believes that psychoanalysis has no scientific or therapeutic merit. I.B. Cohen regards Freud's Interpretation of Dreams as a revolutionary work of science, the last such work to be published in book form. In contrast Allan Hobson believes that Freud, by rhetorically discrediting 19th century investigators of dreams such as Alfred Maury and the Marquis de Hervey de Saint-Denis at a time when study of the physiology of the brain was only beginning, interrupted the development of scientific dream theory for half a century. The dream researcher G. William Domhoff has disputed claims of Freudian dream theory being validated. The philosopher Karl Popper, who argued that all proper scientific theories must be potentially falsifiable, claimed that Freud's psychoanalytic theories were presented in unfalsifiable form, meaning that no experiment could ever disprove them. The philosopher Adolf Grünbaum argues in The Foundations of Psychoanalysis (1984) that Popper was mistaken and that many of Freud's theories are empirically testable, a position with which others such as Eysenck agree. The philosopher Roger Scruton, writing in Sexual Desire (1986), also rejected Popper's arguments, pointing to the theory of repression as an example of a Freudian theory that does have testable consequences. Scruton nevertheless concluded that psychoanalysis is not genuinely scientific, on the grounds that it involves an unacceptable dependence on metaphor. The philosopher Donald Levy agrees with Grünbaum that Freud's theories are falsifiable but disputes Grünbaum's contention that therapeutic success is only the empirical basis on which they stand or fall, arguing that a much wider range of empirical evidence can be adduced if clinical case material is taken into consideration. In a study of psychoanalysis in the United States, Nathan Hale reported on the "decline of psychoanalysis in psychiatry" during the years 1965–1985. The continuation of this trend was noted by Alan Stone: "As academic psychology becomes more 'scientific' and psychiatry more biological, psychoanalysis is being brushed aside." Paul Stepansky, while noting that psychoanalysis remains influential in the humanities, records the "vanishingly small number of psychiatric residents who choose to pursue psychoanalytic training" and the "nonanalytic backgrounds of psychiatric chairpersons at major universities" among the evidence he cites for his conclusion that "Such historical trends attest to the marginalisation of psychoanalysis within American psychiatry." Nonetheless Freud was ranked as the third most cited psychologist of the 20th century, according to a Review of General Psychology survey of American psychologists and psychology texts, published in 2002. It is also claimed that in moving beyond the "orthodoxy of the not so distant past... new ideas and new research has led to an intense reawakening of interest in psychoanalysis from neighbouring disciplines ranging from the humanities to neuroscience and including the non-analytic therapies". Research in the emerging field of neuropsychoanalysis, founded by neuroscientist and psychoanalyst Mark Solms, has proved controversial with some psychoanalysts criticising the very concept itself. Solms and his colleagues have argued for neuro-scientific findings being "broadly consistent" with Freudian theories pointing out brain structures relating to Freudian concepts such as libido, drives, the unconscious, and repression. Neuroscientists who have endorsed Freud's work include David Eagleman who believes that Freud "transformed psychiatry" by providing " the first exploration of the way in which hidden states of the brain participate in driving thought and behavior" and Nobel laureate Eric Kandel who argues that "psychoanalysis still represents the most coherent and intellectually satisfying view of the mind." Philosophy Psychoanalysis has been interpreted as both radical and conservative. By the 1940s, it had come to be seen as conservative by the European and American intellectual community. Critics outside the psychoanalytic movement, whether on the political left or right, saw Freud as a conservative. Fromm had argued that several aspects of psychoanalytic theory served the interests of political reaction in his The Fear of Freedom (1942), an assessment confirmed by sympathetic writers on the right. In Freud: The Mind of the Moralist (1959), Philip Rieff portrayed Freud as a man who urged men to make the best of an inevitably unhappy fate, and admirable for that reason. In the 1950s, Herbert Marcuse challenged the then prevailing interpretation of Freud as a conservative in Eros and Civilization (1955), as did Lionel Trilling in Freud and the Crisis of Our Culture and Norman O. Brown in Life Against Death (1959). Eros and Civilization helped make the idea that Freud and Karl Marx were addressing similar questions from different perspectives credible to the left. Marcuse criticized neo-Freudian revisionism for discarding seemingly pessimistic theories such as the death instinct, arguing that they could be turned in a utopian direction. Freud's theories also influenced the Frankfurt School and critical theory as a whole. Freud has been compared to Marx by Reich, who saw Freud's importance for psychiatry as parallel to that of Marx for economics, and by Paul Robinson, who sees Freud as a revolutionary whose contributions to twentieth century thought are comparable in importance to Marx's contributions to nineteenth century thought. Fromm calls Freud, Marx, and Einstein the "architects of the modern age", but rejects the idea that Marx and Freud were equally significant, arguing that Marx was both far more historically important and a finer thinker. Fromm nevertheless credits Freud with permanently changing the way human nature is understood. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari write in Anti-Oedipus (1972) that psychoanalysis resembles the Russian Revolution in that it became corrupted almost from the beginning. They believe this began with Freud's development of the theory of the Oedipus complex, which they see as idealist. Jean-Paul Sartre critiques Freud's theory of the unconscious in Being and Nothingness (1943), claiming that consciousness is essentially self-conscious. Sartre also attempts to adapt some of Freud's ideas to his own account of human life, and thereby develop an "existential psychoanalysis" in which causal categories are replaced by teleological categories. Maurice Merleau-Ponty considers Freud to be one of the anticipators of phenomenology, while Theodor W. Adorno considers Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, to be Freud's philosophical opposite, writing that Husserl's polemic against psychologism could have been directed against psychoanalysis. Paul Ricœur sees Freud as one of the three "masters of suspicion", alongside Marx and Nietzsche, for their unmasking 'the lies and illusions of consciousness'. Ricœur and Jürgen Habermas have helped create a "hermeneutic version of Freud", one which "claimed him as the most significant progenitor of the shift from an objectifying, empiricist understanding of the human realm to one stressing subjectivity and interpretation." Louis Althusser drew on Freud's concept of overdetermination for his reinterpretation of Marx's Capital. Jean-François Lyotard developed a theory of the unconscious that reverses Freud's account of the dream-work: for Lyotard, the unconscious is a force whose intensity is manifest via disfiguration rather than condensation. Jacques Derrida finds Freud to be both a late figure in the history of western metaphysics and, with Nietzsche and Heidegger, a precursor of his own brand of radicalism. Several scholars see Freud as parallel to Plato, writing that they hold nearly the same theory of dreams and have similar theories of the tripartite structure of the human soul or personality, even if the hierarchy between the parts of the soul is almost reversed. Ernest Gellner argues that Freud's theories are an inversion of Plato's. Whereas Plato saw a hierarchy inherent in the nature of reality, and relied upon it to validate norms, Freud was a naturalist who could not follow such an approach. Both men's theories drew a parallel between the structure of the human mind and that of society, but while Plato wanted to strengthen the super-ego, which corresponded to the aristocracy, Freud wanted to strengthen the ego, which corresponded to the middle class. Paul Vitz compares Freudian psychoanalysis to Thomism, noting St. Thomas's belief in the existence of an "unconscious consciousness" and his "frequent use of the word and concept 'libido' – sometimes in a more specific sense than Freud, but always in a manner in agreement with the Freudian use." Vitz suggests that Freud may have been unaware his theory of the unconscious was reminiscent of Aquinas. Literature and literary criticism The poem "In Memory of Sigmund Freud" was published by British poet W. H. Auden in his 1940 collection Another Time. Auden describes Freud as having created "a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives." Literary critic Harold Bloom has been influenced by Freud. Camille Paglia has also been influenced by Freud, whom she calls "Nietzsche's heir" and one of the greatest sexual psychologists in literature, but has rejected the scientific status of his work in her Sexual Personae (1990), writing, "Freud has no rivals among his successors because they think he wrote science, when in fact he wrote art." Feminism The decline in Freud's reputation has been attributed partly to the revival of feminism. Simone de Beauvoir criticizes psychoanalysis from an existentialist standpoint in The Second Sex (1949), arguing that Freud saw an "original superiority" in the male that is in reality socially induced. Betty Friedan criticizes Freud and what she considered his Victorian view of women in The Feminine Mystique (1963). Freud's concept of penis envy was attacked by Kate Millett, who in Sexual Politics (1970) accused him of confusion and oversights. Naomi Weisstein writes that Freud and his followers erroneously thought his "years of intensive clinical experience" added up to scientific rigor. Freud is also criticized by Shulamith Firestone and Eva Figes. In The Dialectic of Sex (1970), Firestone argues that Freud was a "poet" who produced metaphors rather than literal truths; in her view, Freud, like feminists, recognized that sexuality was the crucial problem of modern life, but ignored the social context and failed to question society itself. Firestone interprets Freud's "metaphors" in terms of the facts of power within the family. Figes tries in Patriarchal Attitudes (1970) to place Freud within a "history of ideas". Juliet Mitchell defends Freud against his feminist critics in Psychoanalysis and Feminism (1974), accusing them of misreading him and misunderstanding the implications of psychoanalytic theory for feminism. Mitchell helped introduce English-speaking feminists to Lacan. Mitchell is criticized by Jane Gallop in The Daughter's Seduction (1982). Gallop compliments Mitchell for her criticism of feminist discussions of Freud, but finds her treatment of Lacanian theory lacking. Some French feminists, among them Julia Kristeva and Luce Irigaray, have been influenced by Freud as interpreted by Lacan. Irigaray has produced a theoretical challenge to Freud and Lacan, using their theories against them to put forward a "psychoanalytic explanation for theoretical bias". Irigaray, who claims that "the cultural unconscious only recognizes the male sex", describes how this affects "accounts of the psychology of women". Psychologist Carol Gilligan writes that "The penchant of developmental theorists to project a masculine image, and one that appears frightening to women, goes back at least to Freud." She sees Freud's criticism of women's sense of justice reappearing in the work of Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg. Gilligan notes that Nancy Chodorow, in contrast to Freud, attributes sexual difference not to anatomy but to the fact that male and female children have different early social environments. Chodorow, writing against the masculine bias of psychoanalysis, "replaces Freud's negative and derivative description of female psychology with a positive and direct account of her own." Toril Moi has developed a feminist perspective on psychoanalysis proposing that it is a discourse that "attempts to understand the psychic consequences of three universal traumas: the fact that there are others, the fact of sexual difference, and the fact of death". She replaces Freud's term of castration with Stanley Cavell's concept of "victimization" which is a more universal term that applies equally to both sexes. Moi regards this concept of human finitude as a suitable replacement for both castration and sexual difference as the traumatic "discovery of our separate, sexed, mortal existence" and how both men and women come to terms with it. Works Books 1891 On Aphasia 1895 Studies on Hysteria (co-authored with Josef Breuer) 1899 The Interpretation of Dreams 1901 On Dreams (abridged version of The Interpretation of Dreams) 1904 The Psychopathology of Everyday Life 1905 Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious 1905 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 1907 Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva 1910 Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 1910 Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood 1913 Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics 1915–17 Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 1920 Beyond the Pleasure Principle 1921 Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 1923 The Ego and the Id 1926 Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety 1926 The Question of Lay Analysis 1927 The Future of an Illusion 1930 Civilization and Its Discontents 1933 New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 1939 Moses and Monotheism 1940 An Outline of Psycho-Analysis 1967 Thomas Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study, with William C. Bullit Case histories 1905 Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (the Dora case history) 1909 Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy (the Little Hans case history) 1909 Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis (the Rat Man case history) 1911 Psycho-Analytic Notes on an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia (the Schreber case) 1918 From the History of an Infantile Neurosis (the Wolfman case history) 1920 The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman 1923 A Seventeenth-Century Demonological Neurosis (the Haizmann case) Papers on sexuality 1906 My Views on the Part Played by Sexuality in the Aetiology of the Neuroses 1908 "Civilized" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness 1910 A Special Type of Choice of Object made by Men 1912 Types of Onset of Neurosis 1912 The Most Prevalent Form of Degradation in Erotic Life 1913 The Disposition to Obsessional Neurosis 1915 A Case of Paranoia Running Counter to the Psycho-Analytic Theory of the Disease 1919 A Child is Being Beaten: A Contribution to the Origin of Sexual Perversions 1922 Medusa's Head 1922 Some Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy, Paranoia and Homosexuality 1923 Infantile Genital Organisation 1924 The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex 1925 Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes 1927 Fetishism 1931 Female Sexuality 1938 The Splitting of the Ego in the Process of Defence Autobiographical papers 1899 An Autobiographical Note 1914 On the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement 1925 An Autobiographical Study (1935 Revised edition with Postscript). The Standard Edition The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Translated from the German under the general editorship of James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud, assisted by Alix Strachey, Alan Tyson, and Angela Richards. 24 volumes, London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953–1974. Vol. I Pre-Psycho-Analytic Publications and Unpublished Drafts (1886–1899). Vol. II Studies in Hysteria (1893–1895). By Josef Breuer and S. Freud. Vol. III Early Psycho-Analytic Publications (1893–1899) Vol. IV The Interpretation of Dreams (I) (1900) Vol. V The Interpretation of Dreams (II) and On Dreams (1900–1901) Vol. VI The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) Vol. VII A Case of Hysteria, Three Essays on Sexuality and Other Works (1901–1905) Vol. VIII Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious (1905) Vol. IX Jensen's 'Gradiva,' and Other Works (1906–1909) Vol. X The Cases of 'Little Hans' and the Rat Man' (1909) Vol. XI Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, Leonardo and Other Works (1910) Vol. XII The Case of Schreber, Papers on Technique and Other Works (1911–1913) Vol. XIII Totem and Taboo and Other Works (1913–1914) Vol. XIV On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement, Papers on Meta-psychology and Other Works (1914–1916) Vol. XV Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (Parts I and II) (1915–1916) Vol. XVI Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (Part III) (1916–1917) Vol. XVII An Infantile Neurosis and Other Works (1917–1919) Vol. XVIII Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Group Psychology and Other Works (1920–1922) Vol. XIX The Ego and the Id and Other Works (1923–1925) Vol. XX An Autobiographical Study, Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, Lay Analysis and Other Works (1925–1926) Vol. XXI The Future of an Illusion, Civilization and its Discontents and Other Works (1927–1931) Vol. XXII New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis and Other Works (1932–1936) Vol. XXIII Moses and Monotheism, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis and Other Works (1937–1939) Vol. XXIV Indexes and Bibliographies (Compiled by Angela Richards,1974) Correspondence Selected Letters of Sigmund Freud to Martha Bernays, Ansh Mehta and Ankit Patel (eds), CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. Correspondence: Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Cambridge: Polity 2014. The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Otto Rank: Inside Psychoanalysis (eds. E.J. Lieberman and Robert Kramer). Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012. The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1904, (editor and translator Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson), 1985, The Sigmund Freud Carl Gustav Jung Letters, Publisher: Princeton University Press; Abr edition, 1994, The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham, 1907–1925, Publisher: Karnac Books, 2002, The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones, 1908–1939., Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1995, The Sigmund Freud – Ludwig Binswanger Correspondence 1908–1939, London: Other Press 2003, The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, Volume 1, 1908–1914, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1994, The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, Volume 2, 1914–1919, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1996, The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, Volume 3, 1920–1933, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 2000, The Letters of Sigmund Freud to Eduard Silberstein, 1871–1881, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, Psycho-Analysis and Faith: The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Oskar Pfister. Trans. Eric Mosbacher. Heinrich Meng and Ernst L. Freud. eds London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1963. Sigmund Freud and Lou Andreas-Salome; Letters, Publisher: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1972, The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Arnold Zweig, Publisher: New York University Press, 1987, Letters of Sigmund Freud – selected and edited by Ernst Ludwig Freud, Publisher: New York: Basic Books, 1960, See also The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud Archives Freud Museum (London) Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna) A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière Afterwardsness Freudian slip Freudo-Marxism School of Brentano Hedgehog's dilemma Hidden personality Histrionic personality disorder Psychoanalytic literary criticism Psychodynamics Saul Rosenzweig Signorelli parapraxis The Freudian Coverup The Passions of the Mind Uncanny Notes References Alexander, Sam. "In Memory of Sigmund Freud", The Modernism Lab, Yale University, retrieved 23 June 2012. Appignanesi, Lisa and Forrester, John. Freud's Women. Penguin Books, 2000. Auden, W.H. "In Memory of Sigmund Freud", 1940, poets.org, retrieved 23 June 2012. Bloom, Harold. The Western Canon. Riverhead Books, 1994. Blumenthal, Ralph. "Hotel log hints at desire that Freud didn't repress", International Herald Tribune, 24 December 2006. Cohen, David. The Escape of Sigmund Freud. JR Books, 2009. Cohen, Patricia. "Freud Is Widely Taught at Universities, Except in the Psychology Department", The New York Times, 25 November 2007. Eissler, K.R. Freud and the Seduction Theory: A Brief Love Affair. Int. Univ. Press, 2005. Eysenck, Hans. J. Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire. Pelican Books, 1986. Ford, Donald H. & Urban, Hugh B. Systems of Psychotherapy: A Comparative Study. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1965. Freud, Sigmund (1896c). The Aetiology of Hysteria. Standard Edition 3. Freud, Sigmund and Bonaparte, Marie (ed.). The Origins of Psychoanalysis. Letters to Wilhelm Fliess: Drafts and Notes 1887–1902. Kessinger Publishing, 2009. Fuller, Andrew R. Psychology and Religion: Eight Points of View, Littlefield Adams, 1994. Gay, Peter. Freud: A Life for Our Time. W. W. Norton & Company, 2006 (first published 1988). Gay, Peter (ed.) The Freud Reader. W.W. Norton & Co., 1995. Gresser, Moshe. Dual Allegiance: Freud As a Modern Jew. SUNY Press, 1994. Holt, Robert. Freud Reappraised: A Fresh Look At Psychoanalytic Theory. The Guilford Press, 1989. Hothersall, D. History of Psychology. 3rd edition, Mcgraw-Hill, 1995. Jones, E. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work Vol 1: The Young Freud 1856–1900, Hogarth Press, 1953. Jones, E. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work Vol 2: The Years of Maturity 1901–1919, Hogarth Press, 1955 Jones, E. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work Vol 3: The Final Years 1919–1939, Hogarth Press, 1957 Juergensmeyer, Mark. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. University of California Press, 2004. Juergensmeyer, Mark. "Religious Violence", in Peter B. Clarke (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Oxford University Press, 2009. Kovel, Joel. A Complete Guide to Therapy: From Psychoanalysis to Behaviour Modification. Penguin Books, 1991 (first published 1976). Leeming, D.A.; Madden, Kathryn; and Marlan, Stanton. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Springer Verlag u. Co., 2004. Mannoni, Octave. Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso, 2015 [1971]. Masson, Jeffrey M. (ed.). The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fless, 1887–1904. Harvard University Press, 1985. Meissner, William W. "Freud and the Bible" in Bruce M. Metzger and Michael David Coogan (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press, 1993. Michels, Robert. "Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: A Changing Relationship", American Mental Health Foundation, retrieved 23 June 2012. Mitchell, Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis. Penguin Books, 2000. Palmer, Michael. Freud and Jung on Religion. Routledge, 1997. Rice, Emmanuel. Freud and Moses: The Long Journey Home. SUNY Press, 1990. Roudinesco, Elisabeth. Jacques Lacan. Polity Press, 1997. Sadock, Benjamin J. and Sadock, Virginia A. Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry. 10th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007. Vitz, Paul C. Sigmund Freud's Christian Unconscious. The Guilford Press, 1988. Webster, Richard. Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. HarperCollins, 1995. Further reading Brown, Norman O.. Life Against Death: The Psychoanalytic Meaning of History. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, Second Edition 1985. Cioffi, Frank. Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience. Peru, IL: Open Court, 1999. Cole, J. Preston. The Problematic Self in Kierkegaard and Freud. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971. Crews, Frederick. The Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute. New York: The New York Review of Books, 1995. Crews, Frederick. Unauthorized Freud: Doubters Confront a Legend. New York: Penguin Books, 1998. Dufresne, Todd. Killing Freud: Twentieth-Century Culture and the Death of Psychoanalysis. New York: Continuum, 2003. Dufresne, Todd, ed. Against Freud: Critics Talk Back. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007. Ellenberger, Henri. Beyond the Unconscious: Essays of Henri F. Ellenberger in the History of Psychiatry. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Ellenberger, Henri. The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books, 1970. Esterson, Allen. Seductive Mirage: An Exploration of the Work of Sigmund Freud. Chicago: Open Court, 1993. Gay, Peter. Freud: A Life for Our Time. London: Papermac, 1988; 2nd revised hardcover edition, Little Books (1 May 2006), 864 pages, ; Reprint hardcover edition, W.W. Norton & Company (1988); trade paperback, W.W. Norton & Company (17 May 2006), 864 pages, Gellner, Ernest. The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason. London: Fontana Press, 1993. Grünbaum, Adolf. The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Grünbaum, Adolf. Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis: A Study in the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis. Madison, Connecticut: International Universities Press, 1993. Hale, Nathan G., Jr. Freud and the Americans: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis in the United States, 1876–1917. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. Hale, Nathan G., Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917–1985. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Hirschmüller, Albrecht. The Life and Work of Josef Breuer. New York University Press, 1989. Jones, Ernest. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. 3 vols. New York: Basic Books, 1953–1957 Jung, Carl Gustav. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung Volume 4: Freud and Psychoanalysis. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1961. Macmillan, Malcolm. Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1997. Marcuse, Herbert. Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud. Boston: Beacon Press, 1974 Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff. The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York: Pocket Books, 1998 Puner, Helen Walker. Freud: His Life and His Mind. New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1947 Ricœur, Paul. Freud and Philosophy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970. Rieff, Philip. Freud: The Mind of the Moralist. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1961 Roazen, Paul. Freud and His Followers. New York: Knopf, 1975, hardcover; trade paperback, Da Capo Press (22 March 1992), 600 pages, Roazen, Paul. Freud: Political and Social Thought. London: Hogarth Press, 1969. Roth, Michael, ed. Freud: Conflict and Culture. New York: Vintage, 1998. Schur, Max. Freud: Living and Dying. New York: International Universities Press, 1972. Stannard, David E. Shrinking History: On Freud and the Failure of Psychohistory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. Webster, Richard. Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. Oxford: The Orwell Press, 2005. Wollheim, Richard. Freud. Fontana, 1971. Wollheim, Richard, and James Hopkins, eds. Philosophical essays on Freud. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. External links Sigmund Freud at the Encyclopædia Britannica (founded by Freud in 1910) (15 works in English) probably by Hermine Hug-Hellmuth, prefaced with a letter from Freud dated 27 April 1915 Category:1856 births Category:1939 deaths Category:People from Příbor Category:People from the Margraviate of Moravia Category:19th-century Austrian writers Category:20th-century Austrian writers Category:19th-century Austrian physicians Category:20th-century Austrian physicians Category:Academics and writers on narcissism Category:Austrian atheists Category:Austrian emigrants to England Category:Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss Category:Austrian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent Category:Austrian psychoanalysts Category:Jewish psychoanalysts Category:Austrian male writers Category:Deaths by euthanasia Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society Category:History of psychiatry Category:Jewish atheists Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom Category:Austrian atheist writers Category:People of Galician-Jewish descent Category:Austrian neurologists Category:Golders Green Crematorium Category:Critics of religions Sigmund Category:Members of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society

Tyrannomyrmex rex Tyrannomyrmex rex is a species of ant in the family Formicidae. References Further reading Category:Myrmicinae Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Insects described in 2003

An American Moment An American Moment was a syndicated short-form television series, created by Dr. Prentice Meador, James R. Kirk and Neal Spelce, initially hosted by newsman Charles Kuralt and later by actor James Earl Jones. The show consisted of 90-second vignettes, generally intended for use as inserts during local news programs, and focused on "small town America" and overlooked news stories. It was produced by an Austin, Texas based production company headed by Spelce, a longtime local newsman, based on an earlier similar program called Breakthrough that featured Prentice Meador, a Dallas minister and professor. It was carried by more than 70 stations throughout the United States. Kuralt, the series's first host, came out of retirement to take on the series. Kuralt described the program's content as "New England stone walls, cowboy hats, the birth of a foal on a ranch, totem poles and barber poles." Kuralt died in 1997. He was replaced by James Earl Jones, who continued as host of the program until production ended in 1999. Charles Kuralt's American Moments , a compilation of vignettes from the series, was published by Simon & Schuster in 1998. Kirkus Reviews described the book as "[j]ust as hokey and sentimental as Kuralt’s broadcasts." The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin holds an archive of materials relating to the series. References External links Category:First-run syndicated television programs in the United States Category:1990s American documentary television series Category:Year of television series debut missing Category:Year of television series ending missing

Mayrtup Mayrtup (, ) is a village (selo) in Kurchaloyevsky District, Chechnya. Administrative and municipal status Municipally, Mayrtup is incorporated as Mayrtupskoye rural settlement. It is the administrative center of the municipality and the only settlement included in it. Geography Mayrtup is located on the left bank of the Gums River, at the confluence of the Isnerk River. It is on the outskirts of the town of Kurchaloy and is south-east of the city of Grozny. The nearest settlements to Mayrtup are Ilaskhan-Yurt in the north-west, Bachi-Yurt in the north-east, Dzhigurty in the south-east, Khidi-Khutor in the south, and the town of Kurchaloy in the west. History Between 1818 and 1826, Mayrtup was the center of an uprising led by a resident of the village, named Beybulat Taimiev. The village also became a social and political center where the national council, "Mekhk-Khel" occurred. On May 24, 1821, an announcement took place at the national convention in the mosque of Mayrtup. At that time, the mosque was a spiritual center of Chechnya. On May 25, 1825, the All-Chechen congress gathered in the village. An election was made at the congress by the Imam of Chechnya of Magoma Kuduklinsky. In 1834, at the next All-Chechen congress in the village of Mayrtup, Tashav-Khadzhi was elected as the leader of Chechnya, as an imam. The village suffered greatly in the Caucasian War and was often ravaged by Russian invaders. One notable incident occurred in November of 1840, when the villages of Mayrtup and Aki-Yurt were heavily raided. After the war ended, the farms around Mayrtup were liquidated and their populations were resettled to Mayrtup, under Tsarist policies. In 1877, during the "Alibek-Haji Uprising", the first major battle of the uprising occurred near the northern outskirts of Mayrtup. As a result, the village was partially destroyed. In 1944, after the genocide and deportation of the Chechen and Ingush people and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was abolished, the village of Mayrtup was renamed to Sulebkent, and settled by people from the neighbouring republic of Dagestan, particularly, by ethnic Dargins. In 1957, when the Vaynakh people returned and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was restored, the village regained its old Chechen name, Mayrtup. Population 2002 Census: 10,754 2010 Census: 11,838 2018 estimate: 13,395 According to the 2010 Census, the majority of residents of Mayrtup (11,777) were ethnic Chechens, with 61 people from other ethnic backgrounds. References Category:Rural localities in Chechnya

John Lucas (cricketer) John Herman Lucas (12 June 1922 – 18 May 2008) was a Barbados former West Indian and Canadian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler. He began his career playing for Barbados, playing twelve first-class matches. He later emigrated to Canada and played three first-class matches for the Canadian national team. He finished his career with an impressive batting average of 53.70 with a highest score of 216 not out. References Cricket Archive profile Cricinfo profile Category:1922 births Category:2008 deaths Category:Canadian cricketers Category:Barbadian cricketers Category:Barbados cricketers Category:Barbadian emigrants to Canada Category:People from Saint Michael, Barbados

Cheongwansan Cheongwansan (천관산 / 天冠山) is a mountain in Jeollanam-do, western South Korea. It has an elevation of . See also List of mountains of Korea References Category:Mountains of South Jeolla Province Category:Jangheung County Category:Mountains of South Korea

The Big Hurt (song) "The Big Hurt" is a pop song that was a hit for Toni Fisher (billed as "Miss Toni Fisher") in 1959. The song was written by Wayne Shanklin. The song went to No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 music chart in the United States. "The Big Hurt" is notable because it featured phasing effects which at that time were rare in popular music; DJ Dick Biondi on WKBW would introduce the record as "Toni Fisher's weird one." Music The 45 rpm plays in C major, even though on the sheet music (copyright 1959 by Music Productions, Hollywood, CA), the song is in the key of F major. The time signature is 4/4, and the tempo is indicated as "Moderate Beguine Tempo." The melody begins with a triplet on beats three and four, a motif that appears throughout the song in every second measure. In the other measures, however, the duple meter is reinforced by using eighth notes in the same location, presumably to prevent the tune from becoming a waltz. Although Miss Toni Fisher does use the triplet in her performance on the record, she takes liberties with it and often uses some form of duple rhythm. She also deviates here and there from the notes as written, but well within the usual range employed by singers for expressive purposes. The main harmonic idea uses the tonic chord alternating with the Neapolitan chord (the flattened supertonic major chord). (The sheet music has an error that occurs three times, but in the chord symbols only, not in actual piano notation: the A flat diminished chord should really be the E major chord with a G# bass note.) The release (contrasting middle section) is in the key of A flat. Effects American music industry veterans David S. Gold and Stan Ross, founders of the renowned Gold Star Studios in Hollywood, claim that "The Big Hurt" was the first commercial recording to feature a technique (or effect) now known as flanging. This "jet plane-like" sound effect may also be familiar to those who have listened to long-distance shortwave radio music broadcasts. (In radio, this effect was the result of multipath interference and varying propagation times.) To some, the flanging effect made this record sound like a distant shortwave broadcast. Covers The song was covered numerous times in the mid-to-late-1960s, by artists as diverse as jazz musician Bobby Hutcherson, Scott Walker and Del Shannon. Del Shannon's 1966 version reached No. 94 on the Hot 100 (his only charted single on Liberty Records). Shannon's version, produced by Snuff Garrett, also included the phasing effects. In 1984, the San Francisco-based, dance group, Bearesssense had a minor club hit with their version. References Category:1959 singles Category:1966 singles Category:Songs written by Wayne Shanklin Category:Scott Walker (singer) songs Category:1959 songs

Ocypode brevicornis Ocypode brevicornis is a species of ghost crab native to the Indian Ocean, from the Gulf of Oman to the Nicobar Islands. They are relatively large ghost crabs with a somewhat trapezoidal body. The carapace reaches a length of and a width of . They are a mottled brown to yellow in coloration. Like other ghost crabs, one of their claws is much larger than the other. Their eyestalks are large and elongated, tipped with prolongations at the tip known as styles. They are common inhabitants of open sandy beaches, living in burrows in the intertidal zone. Taxonomy Ocypode brevicornis was first described by the French zoologist Henri Milne-Edwards in 1837. However, his type specimens consisted only of two juvenile individuals from Pondicherry, India. In 1852, he again described the same species from adult specimens recovered from the same area as Ocypode platytarsis. In 1880, the American zoologist John Sterling Kingsley synonymized Ocypode brevicornis with Ocypode ceratophthalma. As a result, only Ocypode platytarsis was regarded as valid for the entirety of the 20th century. And most literature concerning the species refer to it as Ocypode platytarsis. In 2013, the Japanese carcinologist Katsushi Sakai and German carcinologist Michael Türkay discovered that the type specimens of Ocypode brevicornis and Ocypode platytarsis belonged to the same species. They restored the validity of the earlier name Ocypode brevicornis. Ocypode brevicornis has also been frequently confused with Ocypode ceratophthalma, due to the fact that both species possess elongations of their eyestalks (styles). The variety Ocypode brevicornis var. longicornuta described by the American zoologist James Dwight Dana is now known to be a synonym of Ocypode ceratophthalma. Ocypode brevicornis belongs to the genus Ocypode of the ghost crab subfamily Ocypodinae in the family Ocypodidae. Description Ocypode brevicornis are large ghost crabs with deep bodies. The carapace in adults ranges from in length, and in width. It is almost trapezoidal in shape, with the rear end distinctly narrower than the front. It is wider than it is long and covered with scattered rough bumps (tubercles). The upper margins of the eye sockets slant forwards on the inner half and backwards for the outer half. The edges of the eye sockets are rectangular. The eyestalks are large and swollen with the cornea occupying most of the bottom half. The eyestalks exhibit prolongations (styles) on the tips like some other members of the genus. The styles may be absent or much shorter in juvenile specimens, as it only starts growing when the crab is around in length. Like other ghost crabs, one of the claw appendages (chelipeds, the first pereiopod pair) of Ocypode brevicornis is much bigger than the other. The palm of the larger cheliped is long with a rough bumpy texture on the upper surface. The upper edges of the palm are covered with small bumps while the bottom edge is serrated. The inner surface of the palm of the larger claw in both sexes features stridulating (sound-producing) ridges, which is important for identifying different species within the subfamily Ocypodinae. In Ocypode brevicornis, the stridulating ridge is composed of a row of 23 to 28 tubercles. The smaller cheliped tapers towards a pointed end. The first gonopod (appendages modified into sexual organs) of the male is stem-like. Its cross-section has three sides on the base ending in a slightly curving tip. A broad and flat palp is present. The covering (operculum) of the female genital opening is oriented lengthwise with a thick straight rim slanting backwards. Adult Ocypode brevicornis are a mottled yellow to brown in coloration. Males have been observed to display brighter yellow colors, especially on their legs. Juveniles have almost perfect cryptic camouflage, making it very difficult to pick them out from their surroundings. Ecology Like other ghost crabs, Ocypode brevicornis live in deep burrows near the intertidal zone of open sandy beaches. They are generalists, scavenging carrion and debris as well as preying on small animals. They are primarily nocturnal, though they may emerge during the day. They are swift runners, darting away to their burrows at the slightest sign of danger, even when the intruder sighted is still away. However, they can be approached much more closely at night, though they may still try to escape if illuminated. Males of Ocypode brevicornis exhibit elaborate territorial displays. Like other ghost crabs, they produce sound and vibration by rapping their larger claws against the ground. They may also display "dances" on the approach of another ghost crab. Beginning with a rearing posture, the males conduct increasingly complex sideways movements ending by running around the intruder in circles until it retreats. Distribution Ocypode brevicornis are restricted to the Indian Ocean. They can be found from the Gulf of Oman to India, Sri Lanka, and the Nicobar Islands. They are one of six ghost crab species found in the Indian subcontinent, the others being Ocypode ceratophthalma, Ocypode cordimanus, Ocypode macrocera, Ocypode pallidula, and Ocypode rotundata. See also Heloecius - the semaphore crab References External links Category:Ocypodoidea Category:Crustaceans described in 1837 Category:Crustaceans of Sri Lanka Category:Crustaceans of Asia Category:Taxa named by Henri Milne-Edwards

Eucithara {{stack|float=right|{{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Eucithara | image = Eucithara vexillum 003.jpg | image_caption = Shell of Eucithara vexillum | authority = Fischer, 1883 | synonyms_ref = | synonyms = | type_species = Mangelia stromboides Reeve, 1846 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text | display_parents = 3 }} }}Eucithara is a genus of small to quite large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. This genus has been a convenient dumping ground for many Indo-Pacific species. A profound study is still lacking and polyphyly probably occurs, as shown by the radulae of the few species examined. Description Species in this genus show a rather solid turreted-fusiform shell, sculptured by bold longitudinal ribs, over-run by dense spiral threads, and decussated by an even finer radial striatum. The aperture is as long, or longer, than the spire, fortified externally by a stout varix which ascends the previous whorl, includes a semi-circular sinus, and extends a free edge over the mouth. Within the outer lip are a series of short entering ridges, and the columella bears a corresponding series of deeply entering horizontal bars. Distribution This genus has a wide distribution in the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the East China Sea; off Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania, Western Australia). Species According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), the following species with accepted names are included within the genus Eucithara Eucithara abakcheutos Kilburn, 1992 Eucithara abbreviata (Garrett, 1873) Eucithara alacris Hedley, 1922 Eucithara albivestis (Pilsbry, 1934) Eucithara amabilis (Nevill & Nevill, 1874) Eucithara angela (Adams & Angas, 1864) Eucithara angiostoma (Pease, 1868) Eucithara antillarum (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara arenivaga Hedley, 1922 Eucithara articulata (Sowerby III, 1894) Eucithara bascauda (Melvill & Standen, 1896) Eucithara bathyraphe (Smith E. A., 1882) Eucithara bicolor (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara bisacchii (Hornung & Mermod, 1929) Eucithara brocha Hedley, 1922 Eucithara caledonica (Smith E. A., 1882) Eucithara capillaris Kilburn & Dekker, 2008 Eucithara capillata (Hervier, 1897) Eucithara castanea (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara cazioti (Preston, 1905) Eucithara celebensis (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara cincta (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara cinnamomea (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara columbelloides (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara compressicosta (Boettger, 1895) Eucithara coniformis (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara conohelicoides (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara coronata (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara crystallina (Hervier, 1897) Eucithara dealbata (R.P.J. Hervier, 1897) Eucithara debilis (Pease, 1868) Eucithara decussata (Pease, 1868) Eucithara delacouriana (Crosse, 1869) Eucithara diaglypha (Hervier, 1897) Eucithara dubiosa (Nevill & Nevill, 1875) Eucithara duplaris (Melvill, 1923) Eucithara edithae (Melvill & Standen, 1901) Eucithara elegans (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara ella (Thiele, 1925) Eucithara eumerista (Melvill & Standen, 1896) Eucithara fasciata (L.A. Reeve, 1846) Eucithara funebris (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara funiculata (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara fusiformis (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara gevahi Singer, 2012 Eucithara gibbosa (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara gracilis (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara gradata (Nevill & Nevill, 1875) Eucithara grata (Smith E. A., 1884) Eucithara gruveli (Dautzenberg, 1932) Eucithara guentheri (Sowerby III, 1893) Eucithara harpellina (Hervier, 1897) Eucithara hirasei (Pilsbry, 1904) Eucithara interstriata (Smith E. A., 1876) Eucithara isophanes (R.P.J. Hervier, 1897) Eucithara isseli (Nevill & Nevill, 1875) Eucithara lamellata (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara lepidella (Hervier, 1897) Eucithara lota (Gould, 1860) Eucithara lyra (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara macteola Kilburn, 1992 Eucithara makadiensis Kilburn & Dekker, 2008 Eucithara marerosa Kilburn, 1992 Eucithara marginelloides (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara milia (R.A. Philippi, 1851) Eucithara miriamica Hedley, 1922 Eucithara monochoria Hedley, 1922 Eucithara moraria Hedley, 1922 Eucithara nana (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara nevilliana (Preston, 1904) Eucithara novaehollandiae (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara obesa (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara pagoda (May, 1911) Eucithara paucicostata (Pease, 1868) Eucithara perhumerata Kilburn & Dekker, 2008 Eucithara planilabrum (Reeve, 1843) Eucithara pulchella (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara pulchra Bozzetti, 2009 Eucithara pusilla (Pease, 1860) Eucithara ringens (Sowerby III, 1893) Eucithara rufolineata S. Higo & Y. Goto, 1993 Eucithara seychellarum (Smith E. A., 1884) Eucithara solida (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara souverbiei (Tryon, 1884) Eucithara striatella (Smith E. A., 1884) Eucithara striatissima (Sowerby III, 1907) Eucithara stromboides (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara subglobosa (Hervier, 1897) Eucithara subterranea (P.F. Röding, 1798) Eucithara tenebrosa (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara trivittata (Adams & Reeve, 1850) Eucithara turricula (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara typhonota (Melvill & Standen, 1901) Eucithara typica (Smith E. A., 1884) Eucithara ubuhle Kilburn, 1992 Eucithara unilineata (Smith E. A., 1876) Eucithara vexillum (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara villaumeae Kilburn & Dekker, 2008 Eucithara vitiensis (Smith E. A., 1884) Eucithara vittata (Hinds, 1843) Species brought into synonymy Eucithara abyssicola (Reeve, 1846) : synonym of Eucithara vittata (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara anna F.P. Jousseaume, 1883: synonym of Eucithara novaehollandiae (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara balansai J.C.H. Crosse, 1873: synonym of Eucithara angela (A. Adams & G.F. Angas, 1864) Eucithara basedowi Hedley, 1918 : synonym of Pseudanachis basedowi (Hedley, 1918) Eucithara biclathrata S.M. Souverbie in S.M. Souverbie & R.P. Montrouzier, 1872 : synonym of Eucithara vittata (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara brevis W.H. Pease, 1867: synonym of Eucithara coronata cithara (A.A. Gould, 1851) Eucithara butonensis (Schepman, 1913): synonym of Cytharopsis butonensis (Schepman, 1913) Eucithara capillacea (Reeve, 1846): synonym of Eucithara coronata (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara chionea J.C. Melvill & R. Standen, 1899: synonym of Eucithara coronata (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara citharella E.A. Smith, 1876: synonym of Eucithara lyra (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara compta (Adams & Angas, 1864)synonym of Marita compta (A. Adams & Angas, 1864) Eucithara coniformis S.M. Souverbie, 1875: synonym of Eucithara souverbiei (Tryon, 1884) Eucithara crassilabrum (Reeve, 1846): synonym of Eucithara novaehollandiae (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara cylindrica (Reeve, 1846) : synonym of Gingicithara cylindrica (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara daedalea W.H. Pease, 1867: synonym of Eucithara debilis (Pease, 1868) Eucithara deliciosa K.H. Barnard, 1959: synonym of Pseudorhaphitoma ichthys (Melvill, J.C., 1910) Eucithara effosa P.F. Röding, 1798: synonym of Eucithara subterranea (P.F. Röding, 1798) Eucithara eupoecila R.P.J. Hervier, 1897: synonym of Eucithara coronata (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara euselma (Melvill & Standen, 1896) : synonym of Gingicithara notabilis (E. A. Smith, 1888) Eucithara glariosa (A.A. Gould, 1860): synonym of Cythara glareosa Gould, A.A., 1860 Eucithara guestieri (Souverbie, 1872): synonym of Eucithara novaehollandiae (L.A. Reeve, 1846) Eucithara hornbeckii L.A. Reeve, 1846: synonym of Eucithara coronata (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara hypercalles Melvill, J.C., 1898: synonym of Eucithara fusiformis (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara iota A.A. Gould, 1860: synonym of Eucithara lota (Gould, 1860) Eucithara lyrica (Reeve, 1846 in 1843-65) : synonym of Gingicithara lyrica (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara matakuana (Smith, 1884) : synonym of Eucithara delacouriana (Crosse, 1869) Eucithara onager (S.M. Souverbie, 1875): synonym of Eucithara conohelicoides (L.A. Reeve, 1846) Eucithara optabilis G.B. III Sowerby, 1907: synonym of Eucithara coronata (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara pallida (Reeve, 1846): synonym of Eucithara coronata (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara pellucida (Reeve, 1846) : synonym of Citharomangelia pellucida (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara phyllidis Hedley, 1922 : synonym of Anacithara phyllidis (Hedley, 1922) Eucithara pura H.A. Pilsbry, 1904: synonym of Eucithara albivestis (H.A. Pilsbry, 1934) Eucithara porcellanea (Kilburn, 1992): synonym of Leiocithara Hedley, 1922 Eucithara pygmaea G.B. Sowerby, 1846: synonym of Eucithara isseli (Nevill & Nevill, 1875) Eucithara quadrilineata (G. B. Sowerby III, 1913): synonym of Citharomangelia quadrilineata (G. B. Sowerby III, 1913) Eucithara raffini R.P.J. Hervier, 1897: synonym of Eucithara unilineata (Smith E. A., 1876) Eucithara reticulata (Reeve, 1846) : synonym of Eucithara obesa (Reeve, 1846) Eucithara rubrocincta E.A. Smith, 1882: synonym of Eucithara vittata (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara semizonata (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Eucithara coronata (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara signa J.C. Melvill & R. Standen, 1896, 1897: synonym of Eucithara eumerista (Melvill & Standen, 1896) Eucithara stellatomoides (Shuto, 1883): synonym of Antiguraleus stellatomoides Shuto, 1983 Eucithara subgibbosa (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Eucithara coronata (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara triticea L.A. Reeve, 1843: synonym of Eucithara angiostoma (W.H. Pease, 1868) Eucithara unifasciata (G.P. Deshayes, 1834) : synonym of Mangelia unifasciata (Deshayes, 1835) Eucithara waterhousei (Smith E. A., 1884) : synonym of Eucithara coronata (Hinds, 1843) Eucithara zonata (Reeve, 1846): synonym of Eucithara coronata (Hinds, 1843) The Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database adds the following names in current use to the list Eucithara cinnamomea cinnamomea (Hinds, 1843-g) Eucithara cithara (Gould, 1851): synonym of Eucithara coronata cithara (A.A. Gould, 1851) Eucithara gracilis gracilis (Reeve, 1846 in 1843-65) Eucithara gracilis striolata (Bouge & Dautzenberg, 1914) References Fischer, 1883: Manuel de conchyliologie et de paléontologie conchyliologique, (6): 593 Kilburn R.N. 1992. Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 6. Subfamily Mangeliinae, section 1.'' Annals of the Natal Museum, 33: 461–575 External links Powell, Arthur William Baden. "The Australian Tertiary Mollusca of the Family Turridae." Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 3.1 (1944): p. 58: Eucithara glabra (Harris, 1897) Bouchet, P.; Kantor, Y. I.; Sysoev, A.; Puillandre, N. (2011). A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 77, 273-308 Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base: Mangeliidae *

Minnesota State Highway 64 Minnesota State Highway 64 (MN 64) is a highway in north-central Minnesota, which runs from its intersection with State Highway 210 in Motley and continues north to its northern terminus at its intersection with State Highway 200 near Laporte and Kabekona. Determined as an important alternate route to congestion-plagued Highway 371, this road has been designated a Minnesota Regional Corridor along its entire length. Route description State Highway 64 serves as a north–south route in north-central Minnesota between Motley, Akeley, and Hendrickson Township. Highway 64 passes through the following forests: Foot Hills State Forest in Cass County Badoura State Forest in southeast Hubbard County Paul Bunyan State Forest in Hubbard County This route is often used by motorists as a shortcut between Bemidji and the Twin Cities to avoid congestion on nearby Highway 371. Highway 64 parallels Highway 371. U.S. Highway 10 is four blocks from the southern terminus of Highway 64 in Motley at State Highway 210. History Highway 64 was authorized between Motley and Akeley in 1933. The part of the route from Akeley to State Highway 200 was authorized in 1949, but not constructed until the mid-1960s. Highway 64 was still a primitive road in 1940. The original section was completely paved by the late 1950s. The section of the route between Akeley and Highway 200 was built as a new road by 1965. Highway 64 was reconstructed in 1998 between its junctions with State Highway 87. A sharp 90 degree turn along this stretch was smoothed out, and the road widened through a swampy area that had steep dropoffs on either side leading to water-filled ditches. Major intersections References 064 Category:Transportation in Cass County, Minnesota Category:Transportation in Hubbard County, Minnesota

Nippon (song) "Nippon" is a song by Japanese musician Ringo Sheena. It was released as a single on June 11, 2014, two weeks after her self-cover album Gyakuyunyū: Kōwankyoku and a year after her previous solo single "Irohanihoheto" / "Kodoku no Akatsuki". The song is being used as the 2014 soccer theme song for NHK. Background and development In 2013 and 2014, Sheena had celebrated her 15th anniversary since her debut single "Kōfukuron". She began with the single "Irohanihoheto/Kodoku no Akatsuki" in May, following this up in November with two compilation albums, Ukina and Mitsugetsu-shō, and a series of lives entitled . She finished the anniversary year on the day with an album called Gyakuyunyū: Kōwankyoku, which featured new versions of songs she had given to other musicians. In previous years, NHK had selected Superfly's "Tamashii Revolution" (2010), Radwimps' "Kimi to Hitsuji to Ao" (2011–2012) and Sakanaction's "Aoi" (2013–2014) as their soccer broadcast theme song. "Tamashii Revolution" in particular was commercially successful, being certified gold twice by the RIAJ for digital downloads. Writing and production The song was written for NHK after they requested a song by Sheena for their soccer broadcasts. NHK asked Sheena to create the song in March, and she quickly produced it at the start of April. NHK requested a song that expressed the samurai and nadeshiko spirit of Japan that could also be used for broadcasts featuring other teams, and asked if the song could feature "blue" in the lyrics (i.e. the colour of the Japan national football team) Sheena wanted to use the Tokyo Jihen song "Gunjō Biyori" due to its mention of blue and its well-fitting tempo and chords, however created a new song after considering's specific requests for the song they desired. The song was inspired by her time living in Shimizu, Shizuoka, which she considers the "soccer kingdom" of Japan. It was also inspired by everything she experienced with her band Tokyo Jihen, such as their 2010 sports-themed album Sports and the song "Atarashii Bunmeimaika" (2011). Sheena felt a lot of pressure, as she does not consider herself seen as a sporty musician. The B-side "Sakasa ni Kazoete" was also given the Spanish language title "Cuenta atrás" ("count back"), her second song title in Spanish after "Paisaje" on Gyakuyunyū: Kōwankyoku. Contrasting "Nippon", a song about special occasions, Sheena wrote the song dealing with everyday things. The song featured three guitarists: Sheena, Shinichi Ubukata of the bands Ellegarden and Nothing's Carved in Stone, and studio musician Yukio Nagoshi, who had collaborated in 2009 with Sheena on her song "Yokyō". Additional members included Hitoshi Watanabe of the 1980s band Shi-Shonen on bass, Muzai Moratorium drummer Noriyasu Kawamura and programming by Nobuhiko Nakayama. Great Eida Strings performed an orchestral backing, led by conductor Neko Saito. Several of these musicians had collaborated with Sheena on Gyakuyunyū: Kōwankyoku: Ubukata and Kawamura had performed together on "Amagasa", while Nagoshi has performed on "Cappuccino". Nakayama had produced the song "Ketteiteki Sanpunkan", while Great Eida Strings had performed "Bōenkyō no Soto no Keshiki". Promotion and release NHK timed the switch over of theme songs from Sakanaction's "Aoi" to "Nippon" to coincide with the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Sheena performed "Nippon" on NHK on June 8, first airing on the NHK BS premium program Soccer World Cup Kōfun wa Oto to Tomo ni and the clip again on Music Japan. It featured 300 people performing the song, including Sheena, a traditional rock band, a string orchestra and a cheer-squad. The song was performed again at CDTV on June 14, and at Music Station on June 20, in a special 2014 FIFA World Cup-themed broadcast, including News' "One (For the Win)" and Naoto Inti Raymi's "The World Is Ours!". Sheena performed the song at the 65th Kōhaku Uta Gassen on December 31, 2014, therein titled "NIPPON -Kōhaku Borderless Edit-", again featuring a cheer squad. Sheena appeared on Seiji Kameda's radio corner Behind the Melody: FM Kameda on the J-Wave radio program Beat Corner, on June 9, 10, 11 and 12, making it the first time the pair have worked together publicly since the break-up of Tokyo Jihen in 2012. For the release of Gyakuyunyū: Kōwankyoku, Sheena performed a four date tour called . She performed "Sakasa ni Kazoete" at these lives as one of the encore songs. On June 10, 2014, a music video was released for the song. The Yuichi Kodama-directed music video featured scenes of Sheena and her bandmates performing the song in greyscale, in a studio. The B-side "Sakasa ni Kazoete" was successful enough to chart at number 91 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100. Critical reception Tomoko Imai from Rockin' On Japan praised the song, calling it "reassuringly catchy rock" with "vuvuzela-like sounds on top of a Ramones-like tough beat". She praised the addition of Ubukata and Nagoshi on guitars, and felt like the song was perfect for a soccer anthem. CDJournal reviewers described the song as "straight pitch rock 'n' roll overflowing with feelings of speed". They noted the song's overlaying of Sheena, the "elegant" large scale strings section and the "raging" band sound. Internet commentators felt that the song came across as overly nationalist and right-wing, especially after an incident in March where banners reading "Japanese Only" had been placed at a game between the Urawa Red Diamonds and Sagan Tosu. Asahi Shimbun commented that the lyric made the Japanese national soccer team colour equivalent to blood purity. Music critic Takayuki Ishiguro felt the Japan-based lyrics were a high risk for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, given that it was predicted that Japan would be knocked out early, and that it was an inappropriate song to play during matches that did not involve Japan. Journalist Yoshiaki Sei felt that the song was a misunderstanding of what soccer culture was, as he considered soccer a "symbol of mixing peoples and cultures". Music critic Akimasa Munetaka argued that the song was not political, noting that Sheena was a musician who had incorporated traditional Japanese aspects since her debut. Munetaka felt that the song was just an exaggeration of these aspects. Track listing Personnel Personnel details were sourced from "Nippon"'s liner notes booklet. To perform "Nippon", Sheena formed a band called 37564, and one called 893 for "Sakasa ni Kazoete". 893 performed with Sheena live during her Chotto Shita Recohatsu tour in May 2014. 37564 band members Noriyasu "Kāsuke" Kawamura – drums Yukio Nagoshi – guitar Nobuhiko Nakayama – programming Ringo Sheena – vocals, guitar Shinichi Ubukata – guitar Hitoshi Watanabe – bass 893 band members Masaki Hayashi – Wurlitzer electric piano Midorin from Soil & "Pimp" Sessions – drums Yoshiaki Sato – Hammond organ Ringo Sheena – vocals Keisuke Torigoe – contrabass Other musicians, technical and production Masato Abe – cello (#1) Satoshi Akai – assistant engineer Robbie Clark – English translator Great Eida – 1st violin (#1) Hirohito Furugawara – viola (#1) Ryota Gomi – assistant engineer Aiko Hosokawa – viola (#1) Uni Inoue – recording engineer, mixing engineer Akane Irie – 1st violin (#1) Ayano Kasahara – cello (#1) Nagisa Kiriyama – 1st violin (#1) Shinya Kondo – assistant engineer Ayumu Koshikawa – 1st violin (#1) Kioko Miki – 1st violin (#1) Takashi Konno – contrabass (#1) Minoru Kuwata – 2nd violin (#1) Masahiro Itadaki – 2nd violin (#1) Shuhei Ito – cello (#1) Yoshihiko Maeda – cello (#1) Erika Makioka – cello (#1) Akiko Maruyama – violin (#1) Shigeo Miyamoto – mastering engineer Fumio Miyata – musician coordinator Yukinori Murata – 1st violin (#1) Mayo Nagao – 2nd violin (#1) Tatsuo Ogura – 2nd violin (#1) Naoko Okisawa – cello (#1) Atsushi Ōta – assistant engineer Jun Saitō – contrabass (#1) Neko Saito – conductor (#1) Teruhiko Saitō – contrabass (#1) Kon Shirasu – 2nd violin (#1) Mayu Takashima – viola (#1) Kojiro Takizawa – 1st violin (#1) Kazuhiro Tanabe – contrabass (#1) Manami Tokutaka – viola (#1) Chizuko Tsunoda – 2nd violin (#1) Amiko Watabe – viola (#1) Yūji Yamada – viola (#1) Haruko Yano – 1st violin (#1) Tokomo Yokota – 2nd violin (#1) Chart rankings Sales and certifications Release history References Category:2014 songs Category:2014 singles Category:2014 FIFA World Cup Category:FIFA World Cup songs Category:Japanese-language songs Category:Ringo Sheena songs Category:Songs written by Ringo Sheena Category:Music videos directed by Yuichi Kodama Category:EMI Music Japan singles

Olivier van Deuren Olivier van Deuren or Olivier Pietersz. van Deuren; Olivier van Dueren; Olivier van Durren (December 21, 1666 – February 10, 1714) was a painter from the Northern Netherlands. Deuren was born in Rotterdam and became a pupil of Peter Lely, Frans van Mieris the Elder and Caspar Netscher. He is known for genre works and figure studies. Deuren died in Rotterdam. References External links Category:1666 births Category:1714 deaths Category:17th-century Dutch painters Category:18th-century Dutch painters Category:Artists from Rotterdam Category:Dutch male painters

Varshavyanka-class submarine REDIRECT Kilo-class submarine

Timocratica palpalis Timocratica palpalis is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in Brazil (Espirito Santo, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Bolivia and Argentina. The wingspan is 56–60 mm. The forewings and hindwings are white, beneath with broad yellow-ochreous costal bands, sometimes some grey suffusion at the apex of the forewings. The larvae feed on the bark of Acer saccharinum, Acer platanoides, Casuarina equisetifolia, Belangera tomentosa, Diospyros kaki, Castanea sativa, Quercus robus, Persea americana, Tibouchina candolleiana, Tibouchina urvilleana, Calycorectes pohlianus, Campomanesia acida, Eucalyptus alba, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus ciriodora, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eugenia brasiliensis, Eugenia uniflora, Eugenia involucrata, Hexachlamyx edulis, Marlierea tomentosa, Myrcia fenzliana, Myrciaria trunciflora, Psidium guajava, Psidium quineense, Psidium humile, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium malaccense, Platanus orientalis, Macadamia ternifolia, Punica granatum, Cydonia vulgaris, Eriobotrya japonica, Malus domestica, Malus sylvestris, Prunus amygdalus, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus domestica, Prunus persica, Pyrus communis, Pyrus sinensis, Coffea arabica, Salix viminalis, Luehea divaricata and Ulmus americana. References Category:Moths described in 1877 Category:Timocratica

Wolfgang Condrus Wolfgang Condrus (born 1941) is a German film and television actor. Selected filmography Turtledove General Delivery (1952) Mailman Mueller (1953) We'll Talk About Love Later (1953) Have Sunshine in Your Heart (1953) Emil and the Detectives (1954) My Leopold (1955) Charley's Aunt (1956) The Priest of St. Pauli (1970) Group Portrait with a Lady (1977) Mandara (1983, TV miniseries) References Bibliography Susan G. Figge & Jenifer K. Ward. Reworking the German Past: Adaptations in Film, the Arts, and Popular Culture. Camden House, 2010. External links Category:1941 births Category:Living people Category:German male film actors Category:German male television actors Category:People from Berlin

Back to Love (Jolina Magdangal album) Back to Love is the eighth studio album by Filipino singer-actress Jolina Magdangal originally released by Star Music on November 20, 2015 through digital downloading and streaming containing seven original songs. An expanded edition was released on February 2016, this time both on digital and physical forms. The album serves as Magdangal's comeback album after a seven-year hiatus in the recording industry, as well as a homecoming in Star Music. Two weeks after its release, it was certified with Gold from the Philippine Association of the Record Industry. In the 8th PMPC Star Awards for Music, Magdangal won Best Female Recording Artist of the Year and Back To Love was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Album Cover. Critical response Back to Love received positive reviews from music critics with Rito P. Asilo of the Philippine Daily Inquirer generally praising the selections and Magdangal's delivery as "love songs that are as emotively arranged as they are lovingly rendered". In particular, Asilo lauds Magdangal's technical singing in the album's carrier single "Ikaw Ba 'Yon" saying "[it] is a love-on-the-rocks ditty that allows [Magdangal] to display her gorgeous notes as she scales the tune’s ascending melody. But, the songstress’ triumph goes beyond technical singing in this particular track, she effectively delineates contrasting emotions that require her to shuttle between 'holding on' and 'letting go'. While in "Kaya Mo Pa Ba", Asilo praised Magdangal's straightforward singing. Commercial performance Back to Love received a gold record certification from the Philippine Association of the Record Industry two weeks after its release in physical form. Track listing Personnel Adapted from the Back to Love liner notes. Malou N. Santos – executive producer Roxy Laquigan – executive producer Jonathan Manalo – a&r supervision, audio content head Roque "Rox" B. Santos – over-all album producer Jayson Sarmiento – promo specialist Jholina Luspo – promo associate London Angeles – promo coordinator Marivic Benedicto – star songs inc. and new media head Regie Sandel – sales & distribution Beth Faustino – music publishing officer Eaizen Almazan – new media technical assistant Abbey Aledo – music servicing officer Andrew Castillo – creative head BJ Pascual – photography Qurator – stylist Mickey See – make-up Jay Wee – hair Merlito Pabatao – art direction & design References Category:2016 albums Category:Jolina Magdangal albums

L'Anse-au-Loup L'Anse-au-Loup is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 558 in the Canada 2016 Census, slightly up from 550 in 2011. In the Canada 2006 Census, there were 593 inhabitants. The town is located along Route 510 in Labrador, between Forteau and L'Anse-au-Diable. The town was incorporated in 1975. The first mayor was Reginald O'Brien Sr. See also List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador Wolf Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador References Category:Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador Category:Populated places in Labrador

Medicine Lodge Medicine Lodge may refer to: Medicine Lodge, Alberta, Canada Medicine Lodge, Kansas, United States Medicine lodge (sauna), a ceremonial sauna See also Medicine Lodge River, tributary of the Salt Fork of the Arkansas River in Kansas and Oklahoma, United States Medicine Lodge Township, township in Barber County, Kansas, United States Medicine Lodge Treaty, overall name for three treaties signed between the Federal government of the United States and southern Plains Indian tribes in October 1867

Jan van Swieten Johannes (Jan) van Swieten (Mainz, 28 May 1807 – The Hague, 9 September 1888) was a Dutch General and politician. History Van Swieten started his career in 1821 as an volunteer and started as a cadet in 1822, in 1824 became a second Lieutenant. Jan van Swieten played an important role as an officer in the Dutch East Indies and led expeditions in Java. Returned to the Netherlands in 1862, and was politically active for some time. In 1873 he was appointed commander of an expedition to Java. He recaptured The Kraton. In 1874 he received the Grand Cross of the Military Order of William. He served as commander of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army from 1858-1862 Career Second Lieutenant in Dutch East Indies Army, from 1827 to 1830 (participated in the Java War) First Lieutenant under Prince Frederik, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 1830 First Lieutenant in the field, from 1830 to 1834 in the Army Captain Dutch East Indies Army, battalion Rifles Guards “Van Cleerens” (in Java), from 1835 to 1842 Captain Dutch East Indies Army (Sumatra), from 1842 to 1845 Convoy commander south of Dataran Tinggi Padang Dutch, East Indies Army, from 1845 to 1846 Officer Dutch East Indies Army in Java, from 1846 to 1848 Chief of Staff Bali second expedition, from 1848 to 1849 Battalion commander Bali third expedition, 1849 Civil and military governor Sumatra's west coast, from 1849 to 1858 Commander Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, from 1858 to 1862 Retired, from 1862 to 1873 Member Council of State in extraordinary service, from February 16, 1864 to September 9, 1888 Member of the House of Representatives, of September 19, 1864 to October 1, 1866 (for the constituency Amsterdam) Government commissioner and commander to the Dutch East Indies, from 1873 to 1874 (Second Aceh Expedition) Retired as a soldier, 1874 Officers ranks Second lieutenant of infantry, from 1826 to 1829 First lieutenant of infantry from 1829 to 1835 Captain of infantry, from 1835 to 1841 Major of infantry, from 1841 to 1844 Lieutenant-colonel of infantry, from 1844 to 1849 Colonel of infantry, from 1849 to 1853 Major General of Infantry, from 1853 to 1858 Lieutenant-General of Infantry, from 1858 to September 9, 1888 (from 1862 on non-active) References http://www.biografischportaal.nl/persoon/15813411 http://www.parlementairdocumentatiecentrum.nl/id/vg09ll9w52tp Category:1807 births Category:1888 deaths Category:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army generals Category:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army personnel Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William Category:Knights Commander of the Military Order of William Category:Knights Third Class of the Military Order of William

Ham Home-cum-Hamgreen Woods Ham Home-cum-Hamgreen Woods is a 23.2 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in KIngswood near Grendon Underwood in Buckinghamshire. It is composed of two separate areas, Ham Home Wood and Hamgreen Wood, and is a small part of the formerly extensive Bernwood Forest. The site is woodland on clay, and although most of it has been coppiced at different times, it has a varied structure, and rich variety of flora and invertebrates. These factors, together with the presence of wild service trees, show that the woods are ancient. The main tree is oak, with and understorey which includes wych elm, crab apple and guelder rose. Flowers include primroses and bluebells, and in wetter areas there are ragged robin and marsh bedstraw. The woods have the largest British breeding colony of the nationally rare black hairstreak butterfly. There is access from the A41 road and Grendon Road References Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Buckinghamshire Category:Aylesbury Vale Category:Forests and woodlands of Buckinghamshire

Cycling at the 1994 Asian Games Cycling was contested at the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima, Japan from October 9 to October 15. Medalists Road Men Women Track Men Women Medal table References New Straits Times, October 9–16, 1994 Results External links Olympic Council of Asia Category:1994 Asian Games events 1994 Asian Games 1994 Asian Games Category:1994 in road cycling Category:1994 in track cycling

Ruth Janetta Temple Ruth Janetta Temple (1892–1984) was an American physician who was a leader in providing free and affordable healthcare and education to underserved communities in Los Angeles, California. She and her husband, Otis Banks, established the Temple Health Institute in East Los Angeles, which became a model for community-based health clinics across the country. Early life Ruth Janetta Temple was born in Natchez, Mississippi, in 1892 to Amy Morton and Richard Jason Temple. She was her parents' second-born child. Her siblings included Walter, Vivian, Richard, Ethel, and Lanier Temple. Two other siblings died at a young age. Temple's parents stressed the importance of education and humanism. Her father, a Baptist minister and graduate of Denison University, especially stressed the importance of looking beyond racial barriers and therefore made his home to be a place where people of all backgrounds could congregate. He even shared his personal collection of books written in Greek and Hebrew with Jewish, Catholic and Protestant theologians who needed them for research. Her father felt that, "People will come into our house. All people, all kinds of people, of all race all creeds, all colors, and all educational backgrounds. Our children will learn love before they learn hate." His perspective on race had a strong impact on Temple's life and made it easier for her to work in integrated spaces in her adult life. Temple's mother shared her husband's community spirit. She frequently invited people who were less fortunate into their home for food and clothing. Two years after her father died in 1902, Temple and her family moved to southeast Los Angeles. Originally her mother had homeschooled her children, but she had to go back to work as a nurse to provide for her family. So Ruth had to act as a mother while she was gone. When Temple was 13, her oldest brother Walter, was experimenting with gunpowder outside. He put it into a hose and lit it, causing the gunpowder to blow up in his face. Ruth ran over to her brother who was lying on the ground, grabbed his head and turned it to her. Brushed the soot and powder off his face. She realized he hadn't done much damage, except from a singed eyebrow. After this she saw the possibility of helping others and taking pain away, from then on she wanted to be a physician. In another event Ruth was even more determined to be a physician. One day the Temple's neighbors son, Ernie Fennell, fell into an oil ditch in the area and was carried away for a quarter of a mile. When he was rescued he was covered with oil and wasn't breathing. Ruth knelt down and gave Ernie CPR. After a few moments he began coughing and breathing. One day Juliette Estelle Troy an African American Seventh-day Adventist witnessed to the Temple family. The Troy family and Temple family became the founding members of the Furlong Track Church, the first African American Seventh-day Adventist church in the West, founded in 1908. Education Temple enrolled in the College of Medical Evangelists (Loma Linda University) in 1913 and became the first African American woman to graduate from this institution. Temple's family could not afford to fund her college education, but T.W. Troy, a prominent member of the Los Angeles Forum, a black men's civic organization, arranged for the group to pay Temple's tuition. Troy continued to sponsor her education until she graduated with a bachelor's degree in medicine in 1918. She then interned in 1921 at the Los Angeles City Health Department, where she specialized in obstetrics and gynecology. After over twenty years of service in the medical profession, Temple was accepted in the Public Health master's program at Yale University in 1941, and the Los Angeles City Health Department awarded her with a scholarship to support her advanced educational endeavors. Career Upon graduation from Loma Linda, Temple began working to create public health services to underserved low-income communities in Los Angeles. She opened the first medical clinic in Southeast Los Angeles, a city of 250,000 people. Funding for the clinic was scarce, so she and her husband Otis Banks turned their newly purchased five-bedroom bungalow into the Temple Health Institute. The institute was a free medical clinic that discussed common community issues such as substance abuse, immunization, nutrition and sex education. Temple found it important to educate adults and children; she wanted people to be self-sufficient, so that nothing would prevent them from getting the resources they need to maintain a healthy life. She developed, within the institute, community-based programs like the Total Health Program, the Health Study Center, and the Health Study Club. These programs were designed to educate patients and other local residents about the resources available not only in her clinic, but also in the larger community. These services were offered in schools, PTAs, YWCAs, churches, synagogues, service agencies, private medical practices, study clubs, block-to-block trainings, and local health information centers. Her program gained national attention with acronyms like ABC, which stands for "Acquiring basic health knowledge, Bringing into practice what is learned, and Communicating it to contacts". Even after her retirement in 1962 Temple continued to work in the public health service. Temple was a member of the American Medical Association, the Women's University Club, the California Medical Association, the California Congress of Parents and Teachers, and Alpha Kappa Alpha. Legacy Temple died in 1984 at age 91. A year prior to her death, the East Los Angeles Health Center was renamed the Dr. Ruth Temple Center in her honor. References Further reading Black Women Oral History Project, Interviews, 1976-1981. Ruth Janetta Temple. OH-31. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Darlene Clark Hine, Elsa Barkley Brown, Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, "Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia", vol. 2, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 1156-1157. Category:1892 births Category:1984 deaths Category:People from Los Angeles Category:African-American history in Los Angeles Category:Healthcare in Los Angeles Category:Loma Linda University alumni Category:African-American women Category:African-American physicians Category:American obstetricians Category:Physicians from California Category:American Seventh-day Adventists Category:American Protestants Category:Seventh-day Adventists in health science

Temple Beth El (Madison, Wisconsin) Temple Beth El, also known as Temple Beth-El, is a Reform synagogue in Madison, Wisconsin, in the United States. The synagogue was founded in 1939. History The synagogue's founding rabbi was Dr. Manfred Swarsensky. He was a Holocaust survivor who emigrated from Berlin, Germany, to the United States in 1939, established the synagogue, and was the rabbi of Temple Beth El for 36 years, until he retired. At the beginning, the synagogue had 12 members. In 1950, when the synagogue had 150–200 families as members, it built the present synagogue building on land it had purchased on Arbor Drive, and dedicated the new building. By the end of Swarsensky's tenure, the synagogue had 400 families as members. The synagogue after his death created in his honor an annual lectureship, known as the "Swarsensky Weekend". Rabbi Kenneth Roseman, who has a Ph.D. in Jewish history, was the rabbi of the synagogue following Swarsensky, from 1976 to 1985. He was followed by Rabbi Jan Brahms, who served for nineteen years before deciding in 2004 to take a post at a smaller congregation in The Woodlands, Texas. Brahms was known for his interfaith activities and for his many columns on religious topics for The Capital Times newspaper. During Brahms' tenure the congregation grew from 480 families to about 700. After Brahms, Daryl Crystal served as rabbi on an interim basis until the current rabbi, Jonathan Biatch, took the position in 2005. Lawrence Kohn served as Education Director for 35 years, starting in 1979. Henry James Cargas was the first Rabbi Manfred Swarsensky Scholar at the synagogue, in 1982. In 2008, the Madison Jewish Community Day School opened in rented space at Temple Beth El. Beginning in February 2014, the synagogue hosted Beth Israel Center’s after-school services while renovations were underway at Beth Israel for six months. The synagogue had to postpone a planned group trip to Israel scheduled for August 2014 due to fighting in Israel. Rabbi Biatch said: "There's a great deal of disappointment. But there is optimism that we will go eventually." National Football League player Gabe Carimi, now a guard and tackle for the Atlanta Falcons, and his family attended the synagogue as he grew up. Carimi celebrated his bar mitzvah at the synagogue, and helped in the synagogue's Hebrew school when he was in high school. In 2014, the synagogue had 650 member families. The congregation is a member of the Union for Reform Judaism. Its members reflect Madison’s demographic as the seat of state and county government, home of the University of Wisconsin, and a regional center for medical care, scientific research, and business. References External links Temple Beth El – Official website Category:Reform synagogues in Wisconsin Category:Religious buildings and structures in Madison, Wisconsin Category:Jewish organizations established in 1939 Category:1939 establishments in Wisconsin Category:Synagogues completed in 1950

John Doucette John Arthur Doucette (January 21, 1921 – August 16, 1994) was an American character actor who performed in more than 280 film and television productions between 1941 and 1987. A man of stocky build who possessed a deep, rich voice, he proved equally adept at portraying characters in Shakespearean plays as well as in Westerns and in modern crime dramas. He is perhaps best remembered, however, for his villainous roles as a movie and television "tough guy". Early years John Doucette was born in Brockton, Massachusetts, the eldest of three children of Nellie S. (née Bishop) and Arthur J. Doucette. During his childhood, his family moved frequently as his father sought work during the Great Depression. He completed grammar school in Haverhill, Massachusetts; graduated from Lincoln High School in Los Angeles, California; and later, in April 1943, he enlisted in the United States Army and served in Europe as an infantry rifleman during World War II. With regard to Doucette's early experience and training as an actor, he began to perform on stage at the age of 15 in plays at his high school. He subsequently performed at the Pasadena Playhouse before being cast in Hollywood films in the early 1940s. Film career Doucette's film debut, in an uncredited role as a reporter, in Footsteps in the Dark in 1941. He appeared uncredited in at least two other movies before his budding film career was interrupted by his military service during World War II. Following his discharge, he resumed acting in Hollywood, where he soon began to receive more substantial, credited roles in releases by smaller production companies, such as The Burning Cross and The Road to the Big House for Somerset Pictures Corporation in 1947. Doucette continued to progress in obtaining dramatic roles for larger studios, including a small part as an architect in The Fountainhead in 1949 and in the 1970 epic Patton when he portrays 3rd Infantry Division Commander Major General Lucian K. Truscott. His other notable performances include bit parts in High Noon, The Robe, Sierra, and the mega-budget Cleopatra. More familiarly, Doucette also appears in the John Wayne films The Sea Chase, The Sons of Katie Elder, True Grit, and Big Jake. Television Many baby boomers first saw Doucette as the bad guy on television in several episodes of The Lone Ranger. Performing as an outlaw proved to be a natural role for him, considering his rough looks, commanding presence, and skill with a gun. He was considered by many to be among the fastest draws in Hollywood. His roles, however, went well beyond that stereotype. He appeared on a variety of television shows, including The Time Tunnel, Racket Squad, The Range Rider, The Roy Rogers Show, The Fugitive, The Adventures of Kit Carson, The Cisco Kid, City Detective, Annie Oakley, The Joseph Cotten Show: On Trial, My Friend Flicka, Sky King, The Californians, Broken Arrow, The People's Choice, Sheriff of Cochise, Behind Closed Doors, The Texan, Lawman, The Everglades, Mackenzie's Raiders, Bonanza, The Wild Wild West, The Virginian, Have Gun - Will Travel, Kung Fu, The Rat Patrol, Hogan's Heroes, Adventures of Superman, Sea Hunt, Science Fiction Theatre, Walt Disney Presents, and Tales of Wells Fargo. Doucette portrayed police Lieutenant Tom Gregory on the television version of Big Town. Between 1959-1961, he also played police Lieutenant Weston on the series Lock-Up, the character Aaron William Andrews in the comedy The Partners, and the bounty hunter Lou Gore in the episode "Dead Aim" on the series Colt .45 Doucette was cast on television as the Apache Chief Geronimo: for the 1958 episode "Geronimo" on the Western series Tombstone Territory. He was also cast in 1961 as Captain Cardiff in The Americans, a 17-episode NBC series, starring Darryl Hickman, about how the American Civil War divided families. Personal life and death John Doucette in 1948 married opera singer Katherine Sambles, with whom he had eight children. Katherine died in 1991; and three years later, on August 16, 1994, John died at age 73 at his home in Banning, California. His mausoleum is at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Selected filmography Films Footsteps in the Dark (1941) as Reporter (uncredited) King of the Mounties (1942, Serial) as Boat Henchman (ch. 9) (uncredited) Two Tickets to London (1943) as Larsen (uncredited) The Burning Cross (1947) as Toby Mason Ride the Pink Horse (1947) as Thug (uncredited) The Foxes of Harrow (1947) as Crew Member (uncredited) Road to the Big House (1947) as Danny I Wouldn't Be in Your Shoes (1948) as Prisoner Train to Alcatraz (1948) as McHenry Canon City (1948) as George Bauer Station West (1948) as Bartender In This Corner (1948) as Dunkle (Jimmy's 'second') Rogues' Regiment (1948) as Foreign Legion recruit found to have Nazi tattoo (uncredited) The Fighting O'Flynn (1949) as Jack Criss Cross (1949) as Walt Outpost in Morocco (1949) as Card-Playing Soldier (uncredited) The Crooked Way (1949) as Sgt. Barrett Red Stallion in the Rockies (1949) as Ivan (uncredited) Batman and Robin (1949, Serial) as Henchman [Ch. 2, 3, 6, 10-12, 15] (uncredited) Lust for Gold (1949) as Man in Barber Shop (uncredited) The Fountainhead (1949) as Gus Webb (uncredited) Reign of Terror (1949) as Pierre Blanchard (uncredited) Bandits of El Dorado (1949) as Henchman Tucker (uncredited) And Baby Makes Three (1949) as Husband (uncredited) The Pilgrimage Play (1949) as Lord Zadok Singing Guns (1950) as Miner The Vicious Years (1950) as Giorgio Johnny One-Eye (1950) as Police Detective (uncredited) Customs Agent (1950) as Hank (uncredited) Return of the Frontiersman (1950) as Evans Love That Brute (1950) as Gangster in Big Ed's Cellar (uncredited) Sierra (1950) as Jed Coulter Winchester '73 (1950) as Roan Daley (uncredited) The Iroquois Trail (1950) as Sam Girty Broken Arrow (1950) as Mule Driver (uncredited) Convicted (1950) as Convict Tex (uncredited) Border Treasure (1950) as Bat The Fuller Brush Girl (1950) as Police Radio Dispatcher (uncredited) The Breaking Point (1950) as Gotch Goten (uncredited) Counterspy Meets Scotland Yard (1950) as Larry - a Thug The Flying Missile (1950) as Air Base Civilian Security Officer (uncredited) Sierra Passage (1950) as Sutter's Creek Poker Player (uncredited) Up Front (1951) as Walsh (uncredited) The Lemon Drop Kid (1951) as Muscleman (uncredited) Thunder in God's Country (1951) as Slack Breedon Only the Valiant (1951) as Sergeant (uncredited) Tales of Robin Hood (1951) as Wilfred Cavalry Scout (1951) as Varney The Texas Rangers (1951) as Butch Cassidy Mask of the Avenger (1951) as Sentry (uncredited) Strangers on a Train (1951) as Det. Hammond (uncredited) Yukon Manhunt (1951) as Charles Benson Corky of Gasoline Alley (1951) as 'Rocky' Bobbie (uncredited) The Lady Pays Off (1951) as Cab Driver Fixed Bayonets! (1951) as Colonel - 18th Infantry (uncredited) Rose of Cimarron (1952) as Drunk Phone Call from a Stranger (1952) as Arthur (uncredited) The Treasure of Lost Canyon (1952) as Gyppo Rancho Notorious (1952) as Whitey (uncredited) Bugles in the Afternoon (1952) as Bill (uncredited) Deadline - U.S.A. (1952) as Hal (uncredited) Carbine Williams (1952) as Gavrey - Prisoner at Chain-Gang Camp) (uncredited) High Noon (1952) as Trumbull (uncredited) The Pride of St. Louis (1952) as Benny (uncredited) The San Francisco Story (1952) as Slade (uncredited) Desert Pursuit (1952) as Kafan Glory Alley (1952) as Thug in Alley (uncredited) Back at the Front (1952) as Military Police Sergeant in Bar (uncredited) Toughest Man in Arizona (1952) as Sgt. Wayne (uncredited) Woman in the Dark (1952) as 'Dutch' Bender The Silver Whip (1953) as Josh - Red Rock Citizen (uncredited) Perils of the Jungle (1953) as Gorman Ambush at Tomahawk Gap (1953) as Burt - Twin Forks Bartender (uncredited) Julius Caesar (1953) - as Carpenter, Citizen of Rome Goldtown Ghost Riders (1953) as Bailey (uncredited) War Paint (1953) as Trooper Charnofsky City of Bad Men (1953) as Cinch (uncredited) The Robe (1953) as Ship's Mate (uncredited) The Big Heat (1953) as Mark Reiner (uncredited) All the Brothers Were Valiant (1953) as George (uncredited) Flight to Tangier (1953) as Tirera The Wild One (1953) as Sage Valley race steward (uncredited) Beachhead (1954) as Maj. Scott Casanova's Big Night (1954) as Mounted Guard (uncredited) Executive Suite (1954) as Detective (uncredited) River of No Return (1954) as Man in Saloon (uncredited) The Forty-Niners (1954) as Ernie Walker The Far Country (1954) as Miner Who Spills Gold Dust (uncredited) Return from the Sea (1954) as Jimmy The Last Time I Saw Paris (1954) as Campbell Cry Vengeance (1954) as Red Miller Destry (1954) as Cowhand There's No Business Like Show Business (1954) as Stage Manager (uncredited) Prince of Players (1955) as Man Who Starts Clapping (uncredited) New York Confidential (1955) as Shorty An Annapolis Story (1955) as Boxing Coach The Sea Chase (1955) as Bos'n House of Bamboo (1955) as Skipper (uncredited) Seven Cities of Gold (1955) as Juan Coronel The Bottom of the Bottle (1956) as Patrolman (uncredited) Red Sundown (1956) as Billy—Wagon Guard (uncredited) Ghost Town (1956) as Doc Clawson Quincannon, Frontier Scout (1956) as Sgt. Calvin The Maverick Queen (1956) as Loudmouth The Fastest Gun Alive (1956) as Ben Buddy Dakota Incident (1956) as Rick Largo Thunder Over Arizona (1956) as Deputy Rand The Burning Hills (1956) as Bartender (uncredited) The True Story of Jesse James (1957) as Sheriff Hillstrom Last of the Badmen (1957) as Johnson The Big Land (1957) as Hagan - Livery Stableman (uncredited) The Phantom Stagecoach (1957) as Harry Farrow The Lawless Eighties (1957) as Art 'Pig' Corbin The Lonely Man (1957) as Sundown Whipple The Crooked Circle (1957) as Larry Ellis Bombers B-52 (1957) as Nielson (uncredited) Sabu and the Magic Ring (1957) as Kimal (stable master) Kiss Them for Me (1957) as Shore Patrol Lieutenant (uncredited) Peyton Place (1957) as Army Sergeant (uncredited) Gunfire at Indian Gap (1957) as Loder Too Much, Too Soon (1958) as Crowley (uncredited) Gang War (1958) as Maxie Meadows The Hunters (1958) as Chief Master Sergeant (uncredited) A Nice Little Bank That Should Be Robbed (1958) as Grayson (uncredited) Here Come the Jets (1959) as Randall Cleopatra (1963) as Achillas 7 Faces of Dr. Lao (1964) as Lucas The Sons of Katie Elder (1965) as Hyselman (undertaker) Paradise, Hawaiian Style (1966) as Mr. Belden Nevada Smith (1966) as Uncle Ben McCanles Winchester 73 (1967, TV Movie) as Jake Starret The Fastest Guitar Alive (1967) as Max Alexander the Great (1968, TV Movie) as Kleitos Journey to Shiloh (1968) as Gen. Braxton Bragg True Grit (1969) as Sheriff Patton (1970) as Major General Lucian K. Truscott One More Train to Rob (1971) as Sheriff Monte Big Jake (1971) as Buck Duggan (Head Texas Ranger) One Little Indian (1973) as Sgt. Waller The Last of the Mohicans (1975, TV Movie) as Chingachgook (voice) Fighting Mad (1976) as Jeff Hunter Charge of the Model T's (1977) as Captain Mundy The Time Machine (1978) as Sheriff Finley Every Girl Should Have One (1978) as Policeman Off the Mark (1987) as Jenell's men (final film role) Television Racket Squad - episode - Accidentally on Purpose - Danny (1952) The Lone Ranger - episode - The Masked Rider - Dirk Nelson (1949) The Lone Ranger - episode - Gold Fever - Ox Martin (1950) The Lone Ranger - episode - Thieves' Money - Pierre Dumont (1950) The Lone Ranger - episode - Sheriff at Gunstock - Rocky Hanford (1950) The Lone Ranger - episode - The Hooded Men - Flack, Gang Leader (1951) Dick Tracy - episode - The Case of the Dangerous Dollars (1951) The Roy Rogers Show - episode - Perils From the Past (1952) Adventures of Superman - episode - The Birthday Letter - Slugger (1952) The Lone Ranger - episode - Bandits in Uniform - Andrew Gage (1953) The Lone Ranger - episode - Rendezvous at Whipsaw - Henchman Kelso (1954) The Lone Ranger - episode - The Fugitive - Blaze (1954) Adventures of Superman - episode - Lady in Black - Joe (1954) The Lone Ranger - episode - Counterfeit Redskins - Beau Slate (1955) Adventures of Superman - episode - Clark Kent, Outlaw - Foster (1955) The Lone Ranger - episode - Trapped - Deputy Sawyer (1955) The Lone Ranger - episode - The School Story - Lew Cates (1955) Cheyenne - episode - Mountain Fortress - Sgt. Cap Daniels (1955) Science Fiction Theatre - episode - Barrier of Silence - Nielsen (1955) Science Fiction Theatre - episode - Target Hurricane - Col. Stewart (1955) Treasury Men in Action - episode - The Case of the Black Sheep - Marty Hinton (1955) The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp - episode - Wichita Is Civilized - Orry Taylor (1956) Cheyenne - episode - Town of Fear - Bill Jenkins (1957) Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color - episode - The Saga of Andy Burnett: Andy's Initiation - Mountain man (uncredited) (1957) The True Story of Jesse James - Sheriff Hillstrom (1957) Broken Arrow - episode - The Broken Wire - Bobo Conway (1957) Gunsmoke - episode - Liar from Blackhawk - Al Janes (1957) Richard Diamond, Private Detective - episode - The Torch Carriers - Corky(1957) Zorro - episode - Slaves of the Eagle - Antonio Azuela (uncredited) (1958) The Rough Riders - episode - The Murderous Sutton Gang - Wes Sutton (1958) Have Gun - Will Travel - episode - The O'Hare Story - Joe Marsh (1958) The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp - episode - Little Brother - Smiley Dunlap (1958) Broken Arrow - episode - War Trail - Cagle (1958) The Thin Man - episode - Unlucky Lucky Number - Hank (1958) Official Detective "The Policeman's Bullet" - Longo Sardinia (1958) U.S. Marshal - episode - Inside Job (1959) Bat Masterson - episode - Buffalo Kill - Luke Simes (1959) Have Gun - Will Travel - episode - Lady on the Stagecoach - Ed Rance (1959) Lock Up - Lt. John Weston - 78 episodes (1959-1961) Bat Masterson - episode - A Grave Situation - Lemuel Carstairs (1960) Wagon Train - episode - The Jim Bridger Story - Gen. Jameson (1961) Wagon Train - episode - The Orly French Story - Marshal Jason Hartman (1962) Bonanza - Episode: "Knight Errant" (1962) - Walter Prescott Laramie - episode - Naked Steel - Sheriff Tate (1963) Wagon Train - episode - The Fort Pierce Story - Col. Wayne Lathrop (1963) Wagon Train - episode - The Michael McGoo Story - Michael McGoo (1963) The Lieutenant - episode - A Million Miles From Clary - GySgt Clintock (1963) Wagon Train - episode - Little Girl Lost - Boone Gilla (1964) Wagon Train - episode - The Ben Engel Story - Ben Engel (1964) Wagon Train - episode - The Isaiah Quickfox Story - Burt Enders (1965) Wagon Train - episode - The Chottsie Gubenheimer Story - Chandler Ames (1965) The Virginian - episode - The Awakening - Calder (1965) The Virginian - episode - Six Graves at Cripple Creek - Sheriff Goodbody (1965) Bonanza - Episode: "Devil on Her Shoulder" (1965) - Reverend Evan Morgan Hogan's Heroes - episode - Some of Their Planes Are Missing - Colonel Richard Leman (1967) The Virginian - episode - Requiem for a Country Doctor - Lumberfield (1967) Bonanza - Episode: "The Price of Salt" (1968) - Sid Talbott The Big Valley - episode - Devil's Masquerade (1968) Get Smart - episodes -The King Lives?, & To Sire, with Love: Parts 1 & 2 - Colonel Von Klaus (1968-1969) Here's Lucy - episode - Lucy and Mannix Are Held Hostage - Vernon (1971) The Partners - 20 episodes - Capt. Aaron William Andrews (1971-1972) Mannix - episode - Desert Run - Ward Gillis (1973) Kung Fu - episode - The Soul Is the Warrior - Ed Rankin (1973) Tenafly - episode - Man Running - Wilson (1974) Harry O - episode - Mortal Sin - Bishop Monaghan (1974) Kolchak: The Night Stalker - episode - Vampire - Officer Sample (1974) Ironside - episode - Mind for Murder - Ralph Hanson (1973) Greatest Heroes of the Bible - episode - Joshua and the Battle of Jericho - Reuben (1978) How the West Was Won'' - episode - The Slavers - Sheriff Boland (1979) References External links Category:American male film actors Category:American male television actors Category:Male actors from Massachusetts Category:People from Brockton, Massachusetts Category:People from Banning, California Category:Male actors from Los Angeles Category:1921 births Category:1994 deaths Category:Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City Category:Western (genre) television actors Category:20th-century American male actors

Barmissen Barmissen is a municipality in the district of Plön, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. References Category:Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein Category:Plön (district)

SønderjyskE Ishockey SønderjyskE (Ice hockey) is a professional ice hockey team playing in the top Danish ice hockey league Metal Ligaen. The team is part of SønderjyskE which is a sports umbrella with football, handball and ice hockey teams. The team plays home games in Vojens, a small town in the southernmost part of Jutland. SønderjyskE is the only team in Denmark which home arena has a narrow sized rink (common in North America and the NHL), whereas all other rinks in the country are standard IIHF sized rinks. Most of the club's foreign players are also originating from North America. SønderjyskE Ishockey Support is the fan club and the biggest icehockey fan club in Denmark with more than 800 members. History Vojens Ishockey Klub (VIK) was founded January 5, 1963 by Jens Peder Hansen on Fuglesøen, at that time an icy lake in Vojens. In 25 years Jens Peder Hansen ran the club as chairman. In the early years he was goalie and later coach for the elite team. In 1965 the club was promoted to the top league in Denmark - 1. Division. In 1973 the club started to play indoor in the new Vojens Skøjtehal. After winning 3 championships with key players as Egon Kahl, Steen Schou, and George Galbraith, the club began to struggle in the 1980s and was relegated in 1987. Promotion in 1989 was followed by relegation the next year, but since 1992 the club has played in the top league in Denmark. Since 2004 as part of the SønderjyskE organisation. SønderjyskE as an organisation was formed in 2004. In the 2003-04 season the hockey club was named IK Sønderjylland, from 1997 to 2003 Vojens Lions and prior to this Vojens Ishockey Klub (founded 1963). VIK still is the owner of the league license and runs the amateur teams in the club. In January 2011 the team moved to the new Syd Energi Arena (5,000 spectators, in 2018 named Frøs Arena) that is built in connection to their secondary arena Vojens Skøjtehal (2,300). The top goalscorer in the club is Egon Kahl. Kim Lykkeskov is the record holder for most games played (811 games). Former goalie Alfie Michaud has picked up several club records and in 2010 a Danish league record for time played without goals against. Alfie Michaud managed to play 360 minutes and 58 seconds without any goals against. Achievements Danish Championship Gold (9 titles): 1978-79, 1979-80, 1981-82, 2005-06, 2008-09, 2009-10, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 Silver: (1 placing) 2018-19 Bronze: (7 placings) 1968-69, 1970-71, 1977-78, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2010-11, 2011-12 Danish Cup Winners (3 titles): 2009-10, 2010–11, 2012-13 Runner-up (2 placings): 1998-99, 2014–15 Continental Cup Gold (1 title): 2019-20 Bronze (1 placing): 2010-11 Champions Hockey League Group Phase (2 placings): 2014-15, 2015-16 Players --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> |} Updated February 24, 2020. Coaches Notable players Egon Kahl George Galbraith Børge Gerber Ole Eriksen Bent Madsen Hans Lundgaard Torben Uldall Karsten Mikkelsen Steen Schou Frank Møller Bo Dietz-Larsen Søren Gerber Kim Foder Jan Jensen Søren "Tiffi" Nielsen Patrick Galbraith Kim Lykkeskov Pierre St. Onge Dusan Gregor Libor Herold James Richmond Mario Simioni Aleksandrs Semjonovs Todd Sparks Ian Hebert Dean Fedorchuk Brian Greer Chris Bartolone Magnus Lindqvist Stefan Nyman Jonas Vesterlund Brad Rooney Todd Reirden Eric Bertrand Dan Ceman Daryl Andrews Alfie Michaud Notable coaches Harald Baklund Mario Simioni References Søvsø, Michael og Per Jessen: Vojens på isen - en krønike om et ishockeyhold (2008). . Søvsø, Michael og Per Jessen: Vojens på isen - Den nye æra (2017). . Category:Ice hockey teams in Denmark Category:2004 establishments in Denmark Category:Sports clubs established in 2004

Otto von Bressensdorf Ottone Eugeno Camelio Bresselau, who claimed to be Otto von Bressensdorf, was a German-born fraudster in United States. The family name of the Austrian noble von Bressendorfs is Bresselau, Otto is a nickname for Ottone. In the 1980s, Baron Otto von Bressendorf created an investment house that he named Lyons Capital. Lyons Capital attracted entrepreneurs who were looking for capital to start a business or expand their existing business. The company required a finder's fee of $10,000 - 30,000 and claimed a 70% success rate. In fact, according to later FBI indictment, none of the customers received any financing. The company earned about $1 million a year. The Bressendorfs used the money to furnish their house. Some of the businesses went bankrupt and unsuccessfully sued Lyons Capital. In 1993, the Bressendorfs moved to Richmond, Virginia and moved their business there. They also joined the local high society. On January 21, 1998, the FBI indicted them for 209 counts of fraud, wire fraud and money laundering. At the time, even the citizenship of his wife was in doubt. In October of that same year, von Bressensdorf and his wife were sentenced to 11 years and 3 months in prison. References Identity Crime: Contemporary Conmen, Casualties and Compulsives Self-professed Baron Sentenced to 11 Years on Fraud Conviction Affirmation of conviction Category:American fraudsters Category:American money launderers Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:German fraudsters Category:German money launderers Category:German emigrants to the United States Category:American people convicted of fraud

Romany-Sebory Romany-Sebory is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzynowłoga Mała, within Przasnysz County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. During the Nazi occupation of Poland, it was part of the New Berlin military training area. References Romany-Sebory

Colegio O'Farrill Colegio O'Farrill is a private school in Col. Ampliación Miguel Hidalgo, Tlalpan, Mexico City. It serves early childhood through senior high school (preparatoria). It was established as the Colegio Irlandés O´Farrill by Martha Ventosa O'Farrill. References External links Category:High schools in Mexico City Category:Tlalpan Category:Schools in Mexico City

SS Thielbek A number of steamships have carried the name Thielbek Category:Ship names

Bacurius the Iberian Bacurius () was a Roman general and a member of the royal family of Iberia (modern Georgia) mentioned by several Greco-Roman authors of the 4th and 5th centuries. It is accepted, but not universally, that all these refer to the same person, an Iberian "king" or "prince", who joined the Roman military ranks. Scholarly opinion is divided whether Bacurius can be identified with one of the kings named Bakur (), attested in medieval Georgian annals, who might have taken refuge in territories obtained by the Eastern Roman Empire during the Roman–Persian Wars that were fought over the Caucasus. Ammianus Marcellinus, Tyrannius Rufinus, and Zosimus report that Bacurius was "king of Iberians", but Gelasius of Caesarea does not call him king, but merely scion of the kings of Iberia. Bacurius was a tribunus sagittariorum at the Battle of Adrianople with the Goths in 378 and then served as dux Palaestinae and comes domesticorum until 394, when he became magister militum and commanded a "barbarian" contingent in Emperor Theodosius I’s (r. 379–395) campaign against the Roman usurper Eugenius and met his death, according to Zosimus, at the Battle of the Frigidus. According to Socrates of Constantinople, Bacurius had also fought in Theodosius's earlier campaign against Magnus Maximus. All contemporary sources are unequivocal in praising Bacurius's military skills and courage. Rufinus, whom Bacurius visited several times on the Mount of Olives and served him as a source of Christianization of Iberia, describes the general as a pious Christian, while the rhetorician Libanius, with whom Bacurius held correspondence, evidently regards him as a pagan and praises him both as a soldier and a man of culture. The oldest Georgian Bir el Qutt inscriptions mention Bacurius. References Sources Category:Ancient history of Georgia (country) Category:Royalty of Georgia (country) Category:Byzantine generals Category:4th-century Byzantine people Category:394 deaths Category:Correspondents of Libanius Category:Magistri militum Category:Byzantine people of Georgian descent Category:Year of birth unknown Category:Chosroid dynasty

Handball at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament The men's handball competition, one of two events of handball at the 2004 Summer Olympics, in Athens, took place at the Sports Pavilion (Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex) during the preliminary round and quarter-finals (August 14–August 24), and at the Helliniko Olympic Indoor Arena during the semi-finals and medal matches (August 27–August 29). A total of 180 players, distributed among twelve national teams, participated in this tournament. Medalists Preliminary round For the preliminary round, contested between August 14 and August 22, the twelve teams were distributed into two groups of six teams. Each team played against each of its five group opponents for a total of five matches. The four best-scoring teams advanced to the quarter-finals. Group A All times are Eastern European Time (UTC+2) Group B All times are Eastern European Time (UTC+2) Knockout stage In this single-elimination stage, the first- and second-placed teams of one group played against the other group's fourth- and third-placed teams, respectively, to contest the quarter-final round, held on August 24, at the Sports Pavilion. The winners advanced to the semi-finals, disputed at the Indoor Arena on August 27, with the losing semi-finalists playing for the bronze medal match on the following day, and the final being played two days later. Quarter-finals Semi-finals Bronze medal match Gold medal match Classification playoffs 5th–8th place 9th place 11th place Rankings and statistics References 2004 Summer Olympics official report Volume 2. Men's handball O

Qeshlaq-e Khan Hoseyn Vadelan Qeshlaq-e Khan Hoseyn Vadelan () may refer to: Qeshlaq-e Khan Hoseyn Vadelan Hajj Mohammad Taqi Qeshlaq-e Khan Hoseyn Vadelan Teymur

B. H. Carroll Theological Institute B. H. Carroll Theological Institute is an accredited Christian Baptist institution in Irving, Texas with multiple sources of funding and a self-perpetuating board of governors. It is named after Benajah Harvey Carroll and teaches Baptist principles and practices. It operates in cooperation primarily with Baptist churches, and also cooperates with other Great Commission Christians. The institution offers classes in both conventional classroom settings and by innovative means. It trains students in "“teaching churches” located in multiple Texas cities, as well as through interactive lessons taught over the Internet", with 20 such "teaching churches" in operation throughout Texas as of November 2006. The school plans to focus on the use of distance education to make it easier for students to obtain theological education. As of 2006, the school's second year of operation, B. H. Carroll Theological Institute had 300 students taking courses and an additional 300 students auditing courses. Bruce Corley was Carroll's first president; Gene Wilkes is Carroll's second president. In January 2007, the Institute was certified to grant degrees by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, and was later exempted from such certification through a ruling of the Texas State Supreme Court. In late February 2012, B. H. Carroll Theological Institute received accreditation status from the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE). Carroll is listed among Institutions and Programs accredited by recognized U.S. Accrediting Organizations by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation(CHEA).. In 2017, Carroll received accreditation as a member of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada (ATS).. History The Institute's founding chancellor is Russell H. Dilday, a former president of the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary of the Southern Baptist Convention. Dilday was fired from Southwestern in March 1994 by what had become majority conservative-leaning board of trustees during the Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence. Dilday wrote of a 'lively renaissance of Baptist theological education at the edge of a new millennium' prior to the launch of the Institute. At the 2006 installation of the Institute's president and first administrators, Dilday indicated that 'the time is right for such a school as the Carroll Institute.' The four inaugural faculty members at Carroll all formerly taught at Southwestern. including Corley, who was a professor of New Testament and Greek and the Dean of the School of Theology there. Corley was awarded both a Master of Divinity (M.Div.) and Doctor of Theology (Th. D.) from Southwestern. The Institute's representatives express no competition existing between the residential-model of education exemplified by Southwestern and their own non-residential model. In a guest post for the National Association of Baptist Professors of Religion Southwest Region NABPR-SW blog, Corley suggests schools like the Institute can help 'bridge the gap between where the seminaries are and what their publics need.' Corley stepped down as President in October, 2013; Dr. Gene Wilkes of Legacy Church of Plano, Texas, was elected as Carroll's 2nd President in October 2013 and was inaugurated in February 2014. With both Baylor and Southwestern's historic links to the man, some contention developed over the adoption of the name of B.H. Carroll by the Institute, as Carroll was the founding president of Southwestern Seminary. Writing long before the controversy, Leon McBeth testifies to the importance of Benajah Harvey Carroll's legacy to Baylor University and Southern Seminary as well as to modern Baptist history, describing the man as 'the John Wayne of Texas Baptists.' After headquartering in Arlington, Texas for several years, the Institute moved to its "first permanent location" in Irving beginning in May 2015. Academics and Accreditation According to the Carroll Institute's website, "the institute is a graduate-level community of faith and learning dedicated to equipping men and women called to serve Christ in the diverse and global ministries of His church". Carroll applied for accreditation with the Association of Theological Schools (ATS) and was accredited by ATS in 2017.. Previously, Carroll applied for accreditation with the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE)in 2010, and was accredited by the Association in 2012. Prior to this step, the Institute was granted a Certificate of Authority to offer master's and doctoral degrees by state of Texas'Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) in 2007. With its THECB certification, the school began offering programs leading to a Master of Divinity degree with major in Christian Ministry, Master of Music degree with major in Christian Ministry or a Master of Arts degree with majors in Theology, Education, and Music. When THECB ceased regulating degree-granting religious institutions in 2008, Carroll was granted exemption from the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. Library The institute's library received a donation of nearly 5,000 volumes from Eddie Belle Newport, widow of John Newport, longtime academic vice president at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. An additional 500 volumes were donated by Lois Hendricks, widow of longtime theology professor William Hendricks. In addition to its print materials, the Carroll webpage discusses a 'NexLearn Online Library' consisting of electronic resources available to students via their online classroom environment. References External links Official site Carroll Institute holds exploratory meeting ATS profile of B. H. Carroll Theological Institute Category:Baptist universities and colleges in the United States Category:Universities and colleges in Texas Category:Education in Irving, Texas Category:Seminaries and theological colleges in Texas Category:Educational institutions established in 2004

Gerber format The Gerber format is an open ASCII vector format for printed circuit board (PCB) designs. It is the de facto standard used by PCB industry software to describe the printed circuit board images: copper layers, solder mask, legend, drill data, etc. The official website contains the specification, test files, notes and the Reference Gerber Viewer to support users and especially developers of Gerber software. Gerber is used in PCB fabrication data. PCBs are designed on a specialized electronic design automation (EDA) or a computer-aided design (CAD) system. The CAD systems output PCB fabrication data to allow fabrication of the board. This data typically contains a Gerber file for each image layer (copper layers, solder mask, legend or silk...). Gerber is also the standard image input format for all bare board fabrication equipment needing image data, such as photoplotters, legend printers, direct imagers or automated optical inspection (AOI) machines and for viewing reference images in different departments. For assembly the fabrication data contains the solder paste layers and the central locations of components to create the stencil and place and bond the components. There are two major generations of Gerber format: Extended Gerber, or RS-274X. This is the current Gerber format. In 2014, the graphics format was extended with the option to add meta-information to the graphics objects. Files with attributes are called X2 files; those without attributes are X1 files. Standard Gerber, or RS-274-D. This obsolete format was revoked. The standard file extension is .GBR or .gbr though other extensions are also used. PCB fabrication data PCBs are designed on a specialized electronic design automation (EDA) or a computer-aided design (CAD) system. The CAD systems then outputs PCB fabrication data to allow fabrication of the board. Fabrication data contains a Gerber file for each image layer and drill span (copper layers, solder mask, legend or silk...) though for historic reasons the Excellon format is also sometimes used for drilled hole information(though Gerber files usually contain data this format lacks). Typically, all these files are "zipped" into a single archive that is sent to the PCB bare board fabrication shop. The fabricator loads them into a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system to prepare data for each step of the PCB production process. The .FileFunction attribute is the standardized method to link each layer in the PCB with its corresponding Gerber file in the fabrication data. If attributes are not supported only informal methods are available. A simple informal method is to express the file function clearly in the file name. Sometimes the file extension is abused to indicate the file function - e.g. .BOT for the bottom layer rather than the standard extension .GBR. In industry this is considered poor practice and engineers should use the appropriate X2 attribute instead. PCB Fabrication Data must comply with a number of rules: all layers must be aligned, a profile layer must be included, etc. The CAD netlist can be embedded in the Gerber files. However, for historic reasons, netlists often are described in a separate file in IPC-D-356A, an electrical test format. The material stack up, components and finishes are typically provided in informal text files or drawings. In 2018 Ucamco has published a specification for an extension of the Gerber format to cover this fabrication documentation. Extended Gerber RS-274X, extended Gerber or X-Gerber, was originally released in September 1998. It is a human readable ASCII format. It consists of a stream of commands generating an ordered stream of graphics objects. The graphics objects can be positive or negative. Superimposed in the correct order they create the final image. A Gerber file contains the complete description of a PCB layer image without requiring any external files. It has all the imaging operators needed for a PCB image. Any aperture shape can be defined. Planes and pads can be specified without the need to paint or vector-fill as in Standard Gerber. (However some implementations still use painting, problematical for the users of those files.) Released in February 2014, Gerber X2 adds additional metadata to the image. Attributes allow to add metadata to a Gerber file. Attributes are akin to labels providing information associated with image files, or features within them. Examples of metadata conveyed by attributes are: The function of the file. Is the file the top solder mask, or the bottom copper layer, etc.? The part represented by the file. Does it represent a single PCB, an array, a coupon? The function of a pad. Is the flash an SMD pad, or a via pad, or a fiducial, etc. For more information about attributes see X2 FAQ or intro video in the external links. Fabrication documentation such as finish, overall thickness and materials is specified in a separate Gerber Job File. An example of a Gerber file: G04 Short version a file taken from the Example Job 1, created by Filip Vermeire, Ucamco* %TF.FileFunction,Copper,Bot,L4*% %TF.FilePolarity,Positive*% %TF.Part,Single*% %FSLAX36Y36*% %MOMM*% %TA.AperFunction,Conductor*% %ADD10C,0.15000*% %TA.AperFunction,ViaPad*% %ADD11C,0.75000*% %TA.AperFunction,ComponentPad*% %ADD12C,1.60000*% %ADD13C,1.70000*% G01* G75* %LPD*% D10* X76649990Y36899980D02* X83949950D01* X84399990Y37349990D01* X93699990D01* D11* X76649990Y36899985D03* X83599990Y18749980D03* X98829985Y36504980D03* D12* X460298855Y784148855D03* D13* X107299765Y20629885D03* X109839765D03* X112379765D03* M02* The format specification is published at the official website. Standard Gerber (revoked) Standard Gerber was a numerical control (NC) format designed by Gerber Systems Corp to drive their vector photo plotters for the PCB industry in the 1960s and 1970s. It was a subset of the Electronic Industries Association RS-274-D specification, a format to drive mechanical NC machines in a wide range of industries. It was widely used to drive vector plotters. Standard Gerber was revoked in 2014 by its developer, Ucamco. It is obsolete since 1998, when the Extended Gerber specification was published. It is superseded by extended Gerber X1 or X2. Standard Gerber was a simple ASCII format consisting of commands and XY coordinates. An example: D11* X1785250Y2173980D02* X1796650Y2177730D01* X1785250Y2181480D01* X1796650Y2184580D01* D12* X3421095Y1407208D03* X1785250Y2173980D03* M02* A Standard Gerber is not an image description standard but only an NC standard: essential image information such the coordinate unit and the apertures definitions are not standardized. (Apertures are the basic shapes, similar to fonts in a PDF file.) The unit and apertures are described in a free-format text file, called an aperture file or a wheel file, intended for human reading. There are no standards for wheel files. The sender and receiver of Standard Gerber files have to agree on these case-by-case. Standard Gerber supports only the simple imaging operators that a vector plotter is capable of - drawing tracks and flashing apertures. This is insufficient for efficient PCB fabrication data. Copper pours must be created by painting (aka stroking or vector-filling) them with a vast number of tracks. All but the simplest pads are also painted because of the cost of describing and creating a corresponding physical aperture. Painting creates the intended image but results in very large files that take long time to process and need error-prone manual work in CAM. Standard Gerber was intended for a manual workflow using an NC machine called a vector photoplotter: the plotter operator loads the paper tape with the Standard Gerber file on the plotter, manually sets the coordinate unit on the machine console and mounts the aperture wheel described in the accompanying wheel file. (An aperture wheel is a rotating disk on which physical apertures are mounted, and by rotating the wheel the photoplotter selects the aperture to use.) Standard Gerber is not suitable for automated data transfer between PCB designers and manufacturers. History The Gerber file format was originally developed by the Gerber Systems Corp., a division of Gerber Scientific, founded by Joseph Gerber. The Gerber file format is now owned by Ucamco through its acquisition of Barco ETS, a company that previously acquired Gerber Systems Corp. The specification can be freely downloaded. In 1980 the first edition of the Gerber Format: a subset of EIA RS-274-D; plot data format reference book was published by Gerber Systems Corporation, the pioneer of vector photoplotters. Gerber Scientific Corporation used a subset of EIA RS-274-D to drive their line of vector photoplotters. This format became known as Standard Gerber. In the 1980s, Standard Gerber was adopted by several other photoplotter vendors and also systems for PCB manufacturing. It became the de facto standard image format. In 1991 with the availability of the more capable raster photoplotters, the Gerber format was extended for polygon areas and "mass parameters". It became a superset of RS-274-D standard Gerber. These allow the user to dynamically define apertures of different shapes and sizes, as well as defining polygon area fills without the need for "painting". This created a family of input formats, each one dedicated to the capabilities of the different Gerber plotter models. The impetus to develop the Extended Mass Parameters was provided by AT&T. In September 1998 the RS-274X Format User's Guide was published by Barco – Gerber Systems Corporation. (Gerber Systems Corporation had been taken over by Barco in April 1998 and operated under the name Barco- Gerber System Corporation. Barco's PCB division is now called Ucamco). This specification unified the family of formats to a single image format, revoking a large number of model-specific constructs. The format became known as Extended Gerber or GerberX. Extended Gerber quickly superseded Standard Gerber as the de facto standard for PCB image data. It is sometimes called "the backbone of the electronics industry". A series of revisions clarifying the specification was published over the years, ending with revision H of January 2012. In the course of 2012 the format was comprehensively reviewed in the great reform. A representative library of 10,000 files from all over the world was investigated to establish current practice. Constructs that were rarely or never used were deprecated or revoked. Constructs with conflicting interpretations were clarified. The specification document was re-organized and its quality improved. This resulted in revision I1 to I4 of the specification, published from December 2012 on. The result was a simple, but powerful format, focused on the current needs of the PCB industry. This version of the Gerber format was developed by Karel Tavernier and Rik Breemeersch from Ucamco. In June 2013 Ucamco published a proposal to add three new commands to the Gerber format which allow inclusion of image attributes conveying metadata attached to the image and its components. It invited feedback from the Gerber users before committing these ideas to a firm specification. This process resulted in revision J1 on February 2014, updated with further revisions until revision 2015.07. Including metadata adds intelligence to the format. It converts a mere image description format to a full-fledged PCB data transfer format. This is called the second extension and results what is known as Gerber X2, Gerber X1 being the pure image format. Gerber X2 is fully backward compatible with X1, as the attributes do not affect the image. Gerber X2 was developed by Karel Tavernier, Ludek Brukner and Thomas Weyn. In September 2014 Ucamco revoked Standard Gerber. In August 2015 Ucamco published a draft specification adding nested step and repeat and block apertures to make panel descriptions more efficient, calling for comments from the user community. The final specification was published in November 2016 after substantial input. This revision was developed by Karel Tavernier and Rik Breemeersch. Shortly afterwards the Cuprum Gerber viewer developed the first implementation. In July 2016 Ucamco published a draft specification to include netlist information in Gerber, calling for input from the user community. After a number of revisions of the draft triggered by input from users, the draft was finalized on 2 October 2016. In March 2017 Ucamco published a draft specification to include fabrication documentation in Gerber calling for input from the user community. There was a lively discussion, the draft went through seven public revisions before being finalized early April 2018. In June 2017 a free online Reference Gerber Viewer was made available by Ucamco as a complement to the specification. It is updated with new functionality from time to time. In October 2019 Ucamco published a draft specification to include component information in Gerber data, calling for comments from the user community. The proposal re-uses existing syntax and hence is backward compatible. Although it does not introduce new syntax it extends Gerber into a new domain, and the name Gerber X3 is suggested. The draft specification was developed by Karel Tavernier. Related formats Over the years there have been several attempts to replace Gerber by formats containing more information than just the layer image, e.g. netlist or component information. None of these attempts have been widely accepted within the electronics manufacturing industry, probably because the formats are complex. Gerber remains the most widely used data transfer format. IPC-D-350 C Printed Board Description in Digital Format, 1989. This specification was standardized as IEC 61182-1 in 1992 and withdrawn in 2001. Rarely used. DXF Sometimes used. These are typically constructed as drawings, PCB objects (tracks and pads) are lost, which makes them very difficult to use in CAM. PDF Rarely used. Very impractical to work with because PCB objects (tracks and pads) are lost. DPF Format, now at v7, a CAM format from Ucamco. Sometimes used. The Electronic Design Interchange Format, EDIF. Rarely used. ODB++, a CAM format from Mentor Graphics. Sometimes used, the prevalent non-Gerber format. GenCAM: IPC-2511A Generic Requirements for Implementation of Product Manufacturing Description Data and Transfer Methodology, 2000. Rarely used. GenCAM: IPC-2511B Generic Requirements for Implementation of Product Manufacturing Description Data and Transfer XML Schema Methodology, 2002. Rarely used. Offspring: IPC-2581 Generic Requirements for Printed Board Assembly Products Manufacturing Description Data and Transfer Methodology, 2004. Rarely used, but receiving more attention recently. STEP AP210: ISO 10303-210, Electronic assembly interconnect and packaging design, first edition 2001, second edition 2008 (to be published) References External links Category:Computer file formats Category:EDA file formats Category:Electronics manufacturing Category:Vector graphics file formats Category:Open formats

Echinelops Echinelops is an extinct genus of elopiform ray-finned fish known from the Early Oligocene of Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. It was first named by Alison M. Murray and Izzet Hoşgör in 2012 and the type species is Echinelops ozcani. References Category:Elopomorpha Category:Fossil taxa described in 2012 Category:Paleogene fish of Europe

Robert Lewis Koehl Robert Lewis Koehl (6 March 1922 – 6 July 2015) was an American U.S. Army Intelligence surveyor in Nazi German-occupied Europe during World War II, author, and a Professor Emeritus of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. After the end of the war, Koehl made a name for himself for his research on national socialism, notably of studies on Heinrich Himmler as Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood, as well as a pioneering work on the Nazi German :de:Volkstumspolitik during the Occupation of Poland (1939–1945). Koehl coined the term "neofeudalism" for the characterization of the national socialist rule, and completed an account of the history of the SS in 1983. Biography Robert Lewis Koehl was born on 6 March 1922 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied in at Harvard University, where he was admitted as member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. In 1943, Koehl married Lieselotte Franziska Eisenhardt, who had emigrated from Nazi Germany in 1939, and the couple had three children. During the World War II he interrupted his studies for the war service, serving as surveyor and interpreter for the U.S. Army Intelligence in Nazi German-occupied Europe. Back in Harvard he acquired his Master of Arts in 1947 with the work A Prelude to the Third Reich. In 1950, he earned his Doctor degree on Heinrich Himmler as Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood. He subsequently taught at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston, at University of Nebraska in Lincoln and from 1964 until his retirement 1997 in the Department of Educational Policy Studies of University of Wisconsin-Madison in Madison, a department of which he was an early founder. Research Koehl's work focused on European history, especially the history of national socialism. His doctorate thesis, published in revised form in 1957, was mainly based on material of the RuSHA trial, and for a long time was one of few papers on the National Socialist Settlement and Population Policy in the German occupation of Poland. Inspired by the feudalism concept, Koehl coined the term "neofeudalism" to describe national socialism. He wanted in particular to grasp the domination conditions in the German-occupied East, where German rule was personalized and local commanders had absolute power.<ref>Hans Mommsen: 'Cumulative radicalization and progressive self-destruction as structural determinants of the Nazi dictatorship . In: Ian Kershaw & Moshe Lewin (Hg.): Stalinism and Nazism. Dictatorship in Comparison .</ref> This was an early attempt to understand the irrational aspects of national socialism. In pointing out the similarities between the charismatic elements of medieval and national socialist rule, Koehl opposed later attempts to conceive of national socialism as charismatic rule in the sense of Max Weber. However, recent research does not follow Koehl's assumption that the feudalist power relations originated from the atavistic ideology of national socialism. Koehl also referred back to the term "Concentration Camp - SS". He thus designated a group of SS members in the concentration camps, which were not seconded to battlefields of the Waffen-SS. According to :de:Karin Orth, Koehl's concept of historical reality corresponds to a national socialist functioneer elite. For Koehl, SS perpetrators were "social engineers". In 1983 he presented a complete version of the SS. Works The politics of resettlement. Univ. of Utah Press, Salt Lake City 1953. The Deutsche Volksliste in Poland, 1939-1945. In: Journal of Central European affairs. 15, Nr. 4 (1956), S. 354–366. RKFDV: German resettlement and population policy, 1939-1945;. A history of the Reich Commission for the Strengthening of Germandom. Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1957, . Toward an SS Typology: Social Engineers. In: The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 18.2 (1959): S. 113–126. Zeitgeschichte and the new German conservatism. In: Journal of Central European affairs. 20, Nr. 2 (1960), S. 131–157. Feudal Aspects of National Socialism. In: The American Political Science Review 54.4 (1960): 921–933. The Character of the Nazi SS. In: The Journal of Modern History 34.3 (1962): S. 275–283. The uses of the university. Past and present in Nigerian educational culture. Part 1. In: Comparative education review. The official organ of the Comparative Education Society.15.2 (1971), S. 116–131; Part 2, In: Comparative Education Review 15.3 (1971), S. 367–377. The comparative study of education. Prescription and practice. In: Comparative education review. The official organ of the Comparative Education Society. 21, Nr. 2/3 (1977), S. 177–194. The Black Corps. The structure and power struggles of the Nazi SS. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison Wis. u.a. 1983, . The SS. A History, 1919–45.'' Tempus, Stroud 2000, . External links Obituary Robert Lewis Koehl References Category:1922 births Category:2015 deaths Category:Writers from Chicago Category:American army personnel of World War II Category:World War II spies for the United States Category:Military personnel from Illinois Category:Historians from Illinois Category:Contemporary historians Category:Historians of Nazism Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty Category:University of Nebraska faculty Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty Category:Harvard University alumni

2017 US Open Series In tennis, the 2017 US Open Series was the fourteenth edition of the US Open Series, which comprised a group of hard court tournaments that started on July 24, 2017 in Atlanta and concluded in Connecticut for the women and in Winston-Salem for the men on August 26, 2017. This edition consisted of three separate men's tournaments and three women's tournaments, with the Western & Southern Open hosting both a men's and women's event. The series was headlined by two ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and two WTA Premier 5 events. Discontinuation of the Bonus Challenge The 2017 US Open Series is the first edition of the series not to feature the Bonus Challenge. In previous years, players had been eligible for additional prize money, based on a combination of their finish in the series and their finish in the US Open itself, with the maximum amount of money being awarded to a player who won both. Tournament schedule Week 1 ATP – BB&T Atlanta Open Nick Kyrgios was the defending champion, but chose not to participate this year. Main Draw Finals Week 2 WTA – Bank of the West Classic (Stanford) Johanna Konta was the defending champion, but chose not to participate this year. Main Draw Finals Week 3 ATP – Rogers Cup (Montreal) Novak Djokovic was the defending champion but withdrew with an elbow injury before the tournament began. He also announced that he would miss the remainder of the 2017 season, and thereby the entire US Open Series, due to the injury. Main Draw Finals WTA – Rogers Cup (Toronto) Simona Halep was the defending champion, but lost to Elina Svitolina in the semifinals. Main Draw Finals Week 4 ATP – Western & Southern Open (Cincinnati) Marin Čilić was the defending champion, but withdrew before the tournament began. Main Draw Finals WTA – Western & Southern Open (Cincinnati) Karolína Plíšková was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Garbiñe Muguruza. Main Draw Finals Week 5 ATP – Winston-Salem Open Pablo Carreño Busta was the defending champion, but lost in the second round to Julien Benneteau. Roberto Bautista Agut won the title, defeating Damir Džumhur in the final, 6–4, 6–4. Main Draw Finals WTA – Connecticut Open (New Haven) Agnieszka Radwańska was the defending champion but lost to the eventual champion Daria Gavrilova in the semi-finals. Main Draw Finals Weeks 6–7 ATP – US Open (New York) Stan Wawrinka was the defending champion but withdrew with a knee injury before the tournament began having announced he would miss the remainder of the 2017 season. Main Draw Finals WTA – US Open (New York) Angelique Kerber was the defending champion, but lost in the first round to Naomi Osaka. Main Draw Finals References External links

Siccia eberti Siccia eberti is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Lars Kühne in 2007. It is found in Zimbabwe. References Category:Moths described in 2007 Category:Nudariina

Fazileh Fazileh () may refer to: Fazileh, Fars Fazileh, Yazd

Jeyranbatan Ultrafiltration Water Treatment Plants Complex Introduction Jeyranbatan Ultrafiltration Water Treatment Plants Complex (UF) which was designed to supply of Baku and Absheron Peninsula with drinking water, was put into operation on October 28, 2015. The capacity of the UF treatment plant is 6.6 cubic meters per second (570 000 cubic meters per day). The plants complex were chosen one of the most important water projects in the world in Global Water Summit in Abu Dhabi in 2016. Companies from the US, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Turkey and the Republic of Korea, as well as up to 30 local contractor organizations were involved in the construction of the complex. Treatment technology of the UF treatment plant UF treatment plant processes water which is naturally purified in the Jeyranbatan reservoir with capacity of 186 million cubic meters. The raw water is primarily treated in the coarse screen building by using 7Nos 3000-micron automatic self-cleaning filters. Water transmitted from the raw water tank is treated at the highest level within 20 seconds passing through 200 micron filters firstly and then 0.02 micron filter modules. The treatment of the water is carried out in 5280 membrane filters. This process is performed mechanically closed environment by application of automation controls without implementing any chemical treatment and natural mineral content of the water is fully preserved. Water produced in the pants meets the standards accepted by the World Health Organization as well as other international organizations. Some quality indicators of water processed in the filters (chlorine residue, cloudiness, pH, TOC) are controlled online. More parameters of raw and treated water are studied and quality indicators are fully controlled in the laboratory of the complex. The volume, pressure of the water transmitted to the plant, each stage of process of water, storing, and transportation processes are fully automated. All technological processes are managed in the SCADA control center. Processed water is collected in the treated water tank with capacity of 10.000 cubic meters and is pumped to the Absheron reservoir which locates at 118 meters above sea level and water is distributed to the networks by gravity. Jeyranbatan-Zira transmission main with total length of 83,5km (DN1600-1000mm), and Saray, Balakhani, Ramana, Gala, Zira reservoirs with a total capacity of 90,000 cubic meters which are located along the route of Jeyranbatan-Zira transmission main were constructed in order to provide water to Baku and other residential areas. More than 1 million inhabitants of peninsula have been provided with high quality and sustainable drinking water by this infrastructure. Structure of the UF treatment plant The UF treatment plant include 5280 filter modules with capacity of 1,25 l/sec each, 13 thousand valves and equipment, 116 pumps, 6 transformers, flow meters, backwash and chemical dosing pumps, ventilation, heating and cooling systems, energy block, generator, transformer, as well as working rooms, conference hall, SCADA control room. 3Nos intake pipelines (DN1600mm) were constructed for taking water from the reservoir by applying tunnel boring machine method. A water distribution chamber was built on the shore of the reservoir in order to control volume of the supplied water and adjust raw water capacity to meet the needs of the plants. 4 pipelines with diameter of 1400 mm were laid from the water distribution chamber to the UF treatment plant. 30km of pipelines of in varied diameter range, 242 km of electrical and 13 km of fiber optic cables, 7120 tons rebar, 3000 ton steel structure, 65 thousand cubic meters concrete were used during construction of the complex. Approximately 700,000 cubic meters of earthworks was performed, 19500 square meters of area was covered with asphalt and greenery work has been carried out in the area of 28000 square meters. Gallery References See also Azersu Open Joint Stock Company Category:Filtration Category:Water treatment Category:Membrane technology

Japan national under-19 cricket team The Japan Under-19 cricket team represents Japan in Under-19 cricket players at the international level. Japan participated in the East Asia-Pacific Regional Under-19 Qualifier for the first time since 2011. In their three prior appearances - 2007, 2009 and 2011 - Japan had only won one of 11 matches, a 24-run win over Fiji. It took part in the 2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup qualification ICC East Asia-Pacific tournament as hosts, held at Sano International Cricket Ground in Sano, Japan Japan defeated Samoa by 174 runs in the first game, Vanuatu by 70 runs in the second game, and Fiji by 4 wickets in the third game to be undefeated heading into the final round-robin game against Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea was also undefeated, meaning the winner would go through to the Under-19 World Cup. Before the match, 11 PNG players were suspended by Cricket PNG for violating the code of conduct. This meant that Papua New Guinea had to forfeit the game and Japan qualified for the Under-19 Cricket World Cup for the first time in their history. They finished in 16th and last place in the tournament, losing all their matches, apart from the fixture against New Zealand which was washed out. Players The following cricketers represented Japan cricket team for 2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. Marcus Thurgate (c, wk) Neel Date (vc) Max Clements Tushar Chaturvedi Kento Dobell Ishaan Fartyal Sora Ichiki Leon Mehlig Masato Morita Shu Noguchi Yugandhar Retharekar Debashish Sahoo Reiji Suto Kazumasa Takahashi Ashley Thurgate References Category:Under-19 cricket teams Cricket, under-19 Category:Cricket in Japan

Portrait of Fra Teodoro of Urbino as Saint Dominic Portrait of Fra Teodoro of Urbino as Saint Dominic is an oil painting on canvas by Giovanni Bellini, dating to 1515. His final portrait, it is in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, from which it is on long-term loan to the National Gallery in the same city. It depicts an old prelate with the attributes of Saint Dominic, including an austere black cap and a white lily. References Bibliography Teodoro Teodoro Category:Paintings of the Victoria and Albert Museum

HM Prison Chelmsford HM Prison Chelmsford is a Category B men's prison and Young Offenders Institution, located in Chelmsford, Essex, England. The prison is operated by Her Majesty's Prison Service. History Chelmsford Prison began as a county jail in 1830 before transforming into a Category B prison, a young person's prison, and a local prison. It was expanded in 1996. In 1999 the management at Chelmsford Prison were severely criticised by the Chief Inspector of Prisons, after findings that staff were failing to respond to cell alarms five years after a prisoner was beaten to death by his cell-mate. The prison was also criticised for unacceptably bad conditions of cleanliness. A further inspection a year later confirmed these failings at the prison. In 2002, "conditions at Chelmsford...[were] condemned as 'poor and cramped' by the gaol's board of visitors." However, in 2005, Chelmsford was praised in its inspection for improving standards and procedures for inmates at the prison. This was confirmed a year later by the Independent Monitoring Board which praised the new management at the prison. On 25 December 2007, 18-year-old Abdullah Hagar Idris hanged himself in the prison after he was told that he was going to be deported. In January 2013, the Ministry of Justice announced that older parts of Chelmsford prison will close, with a reduction of 132 places at the goal. In December 2015 a riot lead to six members of staff needing hospital treatment. The prison today Chelmsford Prison accepts adult male prisoners and Young Offenders, convicted or on remand direct from courts within its local catchment area. Education at the prison is contracted to Milton Keynes College, and courses offered include literacy, numeracy, information technology, art, barbering, journalism, cookery, ESOL as well as social and life programs. The prison's gym also offers physical education with industry-related qualifications, as well as recreational gym. In addition, the prison has links to, and facilities provided by, organisations such as the Job Centre and the Samaritans. There is also a Prison Visitor Centre operated by the Ormiston Children and Families Trust. Staffing at the prison has been reduced by 25%. According to the Independent Monitoring Board bullying, violence and self-harm have increased markedly at the prison due to staff shortages. Budget cuts and the inability of the prison service to recruit and retain staff lead to fears for prison safety. The prison is becoming more dangerous and less effective. Prison health care provided by Care UK is considered poor, there were delays in getting medication and reliance on agency staff to fill vacancies. There is insufficient secure mental health accommodation outside’ the prison for the most vulnerable inmates. The Independent Monitoring Board stated that the "level of service being provided to care for prisoners’ physical and mental health needs remains inadequate" Due to staff shortages the staff were unable to provide engagement work or education for prisoners. Illegal drugs are a problem. Use of force by staff is increasing and there is insufficient monitoring if this use is appropriate. Prisoners must spend too long in their cells. Physical and mental health services for prisoners were found to be inadequate. The staff try to engage prisoners. Money is not available for needed renovation of the Victorian building. Following the death of a vulnerable inmate in January 2017 and criticism by the Prison Ombudsman, Care UK announced it would end its healthcare contract there as the level of resource the prison service made available was insufficient. Drug use is a serious problem at HMP Chelmsford according to HM Inspectorate of Prisons (42.6% of prisoners failed drug tests) and organised gangs supply prohibited items. Inspectors describe, "significant concerns about safety" and excessive levels of violence, much of the violence is due to supply and use of prohibited substances. Overcrowding and under-resourcing are blamed. Peter Clarke said the rising violence, suicides, accessibility of drugs and bad living conditions made him consider using the Urgent Notification protocol, which would make the Justice Secretary take action. In one month, prison authorities seized £15,000 worth of illegal goods. There were 17 suicides at Chelmsford during the 8 years to 2018 and 5 of them were since the inspection in 2016. For examples of suicides, see Notable former inmates. Deborah Coles of Inquest said the prison was, "incredibly unsafe [the rate of suicides] suggests that the plethora of recommendations following previous self-inflicted deaths have not been implemented. Inquests repeatedly identify the same systemic failings with dismal regularity. Recent inquests into deaths at Chelmsford prison have highlighted failures around the management of self-harm procedures, a lack of staff training in mental health awareness, inadequate risk assessments and failures in responding to bullying. The failure to implement existing guidelines on the care of those at risk indicates a lack of care, neglect and inhuman treatment from punitive and often inflexible prison regimes." Coles urged the setting up of a national group to supervise how lessons from inquests and reports are carried out, the group to be accountable to Parliament. Problems inspectors drew attention to included that 40% of prisoners who did not take part in activities were locked in their cells for up to 22 hours a day and items including mattresses and pillows were in short supply. The Howard League for Penal Reform maintain Chelmsford was designed to hold 521 men but the prison actually held 700 men when it was inspected. Notable former inmates Ian Wright, former footballer Alfred George Hinds Warren Sampson, hanged himself in Chelmsford Prison on 4 September 2015. Sampson's mother contacted the prison hours before his death because she was worried about messages he had sent her but the prison failed to safeguard Sampson. The prison ombudsman said suicide and self-harm procedures, "did not operate fully effectively" and "staff missed signs that Mr Sampson's vulnerability and risk of suicide had increased". Following a mental health review, a counsellor was worried about his anxiety and over a noose he had made, but prison staff did not, "explore this further". The charity Inquest said Chelmsford Prison, with one of the highest suicide rates in the nation, made, "the same systemic failings with dismal regularity". Dean Saunders, 25, killed himself at HMP Chelmsford in January 2016. An Inquest jury found Saunders was downgraded from continuous watch to half hour checks for financial reasons and neglect contributed to his death. Care UK, a private company running healthcare at Chelmsford, "treated financial consideration as a significant reason to reduce the level of observations" although they were warned repeatedly about Dean's mental condition. Dean's mother pleaded with staff to keep him under constant watch. The jury stated Mr Saunders "and his family were let down by serious failings by mental health services and prison system" and that assessing his mental health needs was "not adequately conducted" with "multiple failings in recording and passing on information". Dean's family stated, "Hospital, not prison, is where Dean deserved and needed to be. We as a family, together with our lawyers and Inquest, want Dean's death to mark the end of empty promises and the start of change." The Prison Ombudsman also found significant risk factors were ignored when observation of Dean Saunders was cut back. The ombudsman found those trying to care for Dean felt he should be in a mental health facility rather than prison. The ombudsman added, "I am also concerned that there appears to have been some confusion at Chelmsford about the process for transferring mentally ill prisoners to hospital, which meant that an opportunity to transfer Mr Saunders in December [of 2015] was missed. Sadly, the criminal justice system did too little to protect this very vulnerable man." Dean's father, Mark Saunders said, "There was no proper medical structure there [in prison] to help him. We were lied to and mislead all the way through. We were devastated." In 1990 former professional footballer Tony Adams spent 57 days of a four month sentence in HMP Chelmsford for drink-driving. "Fuze", an English DJ remanded into custody for armed robbery. In popular culture The 1979 film Porridge (a film version of the Porridge TV series) was filmed almost entirely on location at Chelmsford Prison. The punk rock band The Sex Pistols recorded a live album here called Live at Chelmsford Top Security Prison. Featured in TV Series Luther References External links Ministry of Justice pages on HMP & YOI Chelmsford HMP & YOI Chelmsford - HM Inspectorate of Prisons Reports Chelmsford Chelmsford Category:Prisons in Essex Category:1830 establishments in England Chelmsford Category:Buildings and structures in Chelmsford (city)

List of Seattle street fairs and parades Seattle, Washington, United States has almost twenty neighborhoods that host one or more street fairs and/or parades. Ballard 17 May Festival - Syttende Mai Ballard Seafood Fest: a Seafair-sanctioned event Sustainable Ballard Festival Capitol Hill Capitol Hill Block Party Central District Central Area Community Festival Downtown Pike Place Market Street Festival Pioneer Square Fire Festival Seattle Pride Parade and PrideFest Torchlight Parade Eastlake Lake Union's LakeFest Fremont Fremont Fair: origin of the Summer Solstice Parade and Pageant Fremont Octoberfest Georgetown Georgetown Music Festival Greenwood and Phinney Ridge Greenwood-Phinney Seafair Parade: a Seafair-sanctioned event International District Chinatown Seafair Parade: a Seafair-sanctioned event Dragon Fest Lunar New Year Celebration Night Market Lake City Lake City Pioneer Days: a Seafair-sanctioned event Magnolia Magnolia Summer Festival and Art Show: a Seafair-sanctioned event Mount Baker Mount Baker Day in the Park Queen Anne The Crown of Queen Anne Fun Run, Walk & Children's Parade: a Seafair-sanctioned event Rainier Valley Rainier Valley SummerFest and Rainier Valley Heritage Parade Roosevelt Roosevelt Bull Moose Festival: a Seafair-sanctioned event South Lake Union South Lake Union Block Party University District University District Street Fair Wallingford Wallingford Seafair Kiddie Parade & Street Fair: a Seafair sanctioned event Wallingford Wurst Fest West Seattle West Seattle Grand Parade: a Seafair-sanctioned event West Seattle Summer Fest White Center White Center Jubilee Days Parade: a Seafair-sanctioned event Notes Category:Culture of Seattle Category:Tourist attractions in Seattle Seattle Seattle and

Tony Gigot Tony Gigot (born 27 December 1990) is a French professional rugby league footballer who plays as a or for the Toronto Wolfpack as well as playing for France at international level. He previously played for the London Broncos, Toulouse Olympique, Sporting Olympique Avignon, Cronulla Sharks and the Catalans Dragons in two separate spells. Background Gigot was born in Avignon, France. His younger brother Samuel is a professional footballer. Club career Early career Gigot spent time in the youth team at London Broncos. He signed with Catalans Dragons in 2010 and made his Super League debut that year, playing a total of 15 games and kicking two goals. He also represented Catalans in the 2010 Challenge Cup where he played 2 games and scored 1 try. In 2011, Gigot played 7 games throughout the season for the Catalans Dragons, kicking 1 goal. He once again represented Catalans in the 2011 Challenge Cup, where he played 1 game. As well as playing for the Catalans Dragons, in 2011 Gigot played 9 games on loan for Toulouse Olympique in the 2011 Championship. He scored 5 tries. After being released by Catalans, Gigot signed with the Avignon Bisons to play in the 2012-2013 Elite One Championship. Cronulla Sharks Gigot was given an early release by Avignon at the start of 2013 so he could travel to Australia for a chance to play in the Australian National Rugby League (NRL) competition. Gigot spent pre-season training with St. George Illawarra Dragons before signing a one-year deal with the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks. He did not feature for the Sharks at NRL level, however. London Broncos In February 2014, Super League club London Broncos announced the signing of Tony Gigot for the 2014 season. He played two matches and kicked four goals before leaving the club to re-sign with Avignon. Return to Catalans In May 2015, the Catalans Dragons announced the resigning of Gigot. He made his second debut for the club playing as a centre in a 37-34 victory over Featherstone Rovers in the Challenge Cup. The following week he made his Super League return for the Dragons, scoring a hat-trick in a 58-14 victory over Wigan Warriors. He played in the 2018 Challenge Cup Final victory over the Warrington Wolves at Wembley Stadium. Ban On 10 February 2017 it was announced that Gigot had been banned for two years by the French rugby league authorities for an incident with an anti-doping official during a training camp in October 2016. It was reported that Gigot had not failed a drug test and that supported by his club, Gigot will appeal the ban. An appeal against the length of the ban was successful and with the ban reduced to three months, Gigot was able to play again from April 2017. However in August 2017 the full two year ban was reinstated by the French anti-doping agency for the "inappropriate exchange" with the anti-doping official. Gigot and the club launched a further appeal which was successful and on 9 February 2018 it was announced that Gigot was free to resume playing. On 5 August 2018 Gigot was named Man of the Match in Catalans' 35–16 victory over St. Helens in the semi-final of the Challenge Cup. At the end of the final on 25 August he was named as the winner of the Lance Todd Trophy, becoming the first French player to win the trophy as Catalan beat Warrington Wolves 20–14. International career Gigot made his first appearance for France in the 2010 European Cup, scoring one try. Tony played for France in the 2013 Rugby League World Cup, 2014 European Cup and 2015 European Cup, a tournament where Tony topped the try scoring charts with 4 tries in the 3 games France played. He played in the 2016 end of year test match against England in Avignon, kicking a goal in France's 6-40 loss. References External links Catalans Dragons profile SL profile Category:1990 births Category:French rugby league players Category:France national rugby league team players Category:Catalans Dragons players Category:Rugby league fullbacks Category:Rugby league five-eighths Category:Living people Category:Lance Todd Trophy winners

Gab (social network) Gab is an English-language social media website known for its far-right user base. The site has been widely described as a "safe haven" for extremists including neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and the alt-right. The site was launched in 2017 and claimed to have almost 1,000,000 registered user accounts by July 2019. It has been noted to attract far-right and alt-right users and groups who have been banned from other social networks. The platform populace is primarily "conservative, male, and Caucasian". , the site's most-followed users included high-profile, far-right figures such as Richard B. Spencer, Mike Cernovich, and Alex Jones. Gab recognizes far-right websites such as Breitbart News and InfoWars as competitors, according to a March 2018 financial filing. Gab claims to stand for free speech and individual liberty; though these claims have been criticized for being a shield of the alt-right ecosystem. Antisemitism is a prominent part of the site's content and the platform itself has engaged in antisemitic commentary. Researchers have written that Gab is "known to be hateful". The site gained extensive public scrutiny following the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting in October 2018, as Robert Gregory Bowers, the sole suspect, posted a message on Gab indicating an immediate intent to do harm before the shooting. Bowers had a history of making extreme, antisemitic postings on the site. After a backlash from hosting providers, Gab briefly went offline. In February 2019, Gab launched Dissenter, a browser extension and website that allows Gab users to make comments on content hosted on any website via an overlay visible only to those logged into Dissenter or using the extension, and thus bypass their individual moderation practices. In April 2019, Dissenter was removed from the Firefox Add-ons website and the Chrome Web Store for violation of their policies. In July 2019, Gab switched its software infrastructure to a fork of Mastodon, a free and open-source social network platform. Mastodon released a statement in protest, denouncing Gab as trying to monetize racism under claims of free speech. History Gab 2016–2018 Gab was launched on August 15, 2016, in private beta, billing itself as a "free speech" alternative to social networking sites Twitter and Facebook. Co-founder and CEO Andrew Torba has cited "the entirely left-leaning Big Social monopoly" and an alleged bias against conservative articles by Facebook as his reasons for creating the site. Gab AI, Inc. was incorporated on September 6, 2016. Torba said in November 2016 that the site's user base had expanded significantly following censorship controversies involving major social media companies, including the permanent suspensions of several prominent alt-right accounts from Twitter. In December 2016, Apple declined Gab's submission of its app to the iOS App Store, citing pornographic content as the reason. At the same time, Twitter also cut off Gab's access to the Twitter API without specifying a reason. A revised version of the app that blocked pornography by default was also rejected for violating Apple's rules on hate speech. In March 2017, Gab added Pro accounts and on May 8, 2017, Gab exited private beta testing. Also in May, Gab launched its Android app for the Google Play Store. In August 2017, GabTV, a live-streaming service, was launched for GabPro members. On August 17, Google removed Gab's app from the Google Play Store for violating its policy against hate speech, stating that the app did not "demonstrate a sufficient level of moderation, including for content that encourages violence and advocates hate against groups of people." On September 14, 2017, Gab filed an antitrust lawsuit against Google but dropped the suit on October 22, 2017 in favor of lobbying Congress to take action against "monopolized tech giants". In September 2017, Gab moved its headquarters to Pennsylvania. SEC filings, as late as March 2018, stated that Torba operated Gab out of a WeWork coworking space in Philadelphia. A WeWork spokesperson said that Torba had become a member under his own name, not Gab's, and that his time there had been brief. In late October, 2018, a Gab spokesperson told The Philadelphia Inquirer that Gab was no longer based in Philadelphia. In September 2017, Gab faced pressure from its domain registrar AsiaRegistry to take down a post by The Daily Stormer founder Andrew Anglin, giving Gab 48 hours to do so. Gab later removed the post. Danny O'Brien of the Electronic Frontier Foundation commented that this pressure was part of an increase in politically motivated domain name seizures. On August 9, 2018, Torba announced that Microsoft Azure, Gab's host, had threatened to suspend the site for "weeks/months" if they failed to remove two antisemitic posts made by Patrick Little, a U.S. Senate candidate who had been ejected from the Republican Party for his antisemitism. According to The Verge, the posts "express intense anti-Semitism and meet any reasonable definition of hate speech." Gab's Twitter account asserted that Little had self-deleted the posts, but this was contradicted by Torba who said Gab itself had deleted the posts which "unquestionably" broke their "user guidelines". On the same day, Alex Jones interviewed Torba on The Alex Jones Show during his coverage of his own permanent ban from YouTube. Little was suspended indefinitely from Gab in late November, 2018, for encouraging harassment of private individuals; Gab stressed that although Little's account had posted hate speech, it was not the cause of the ban. According to Gab's filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, around 635,000 users were registered on Gab by September 10, 2018. On September 12, 2018, Gab purchased the Gab.com domain name from Sedo for $220,000 at Flippa. In early-October 2018, Gab's Stripe account was suspended due to adult content on Gab. During the 2018 Brazilian presidential election many right-wing Brazilian political pages were banned from Facebook for breaching the site's hate speech rules. In response, many administrators of these pages began promoting Gab as an alternative platform; subsequently, Brazilians became the second-largest demographic of Gab users. Jair Bolsonaro's party, the Social Liberal Party, has an official Gab account. In December 2018, Gab sponsored Turning Point USA's "Student Action Summit" in Palm Beach, Florida. Days before the event, Turning Point USA removed Gab from the list of sponsors without explanation. Gab posted a press statement in protest. 2019 The company turned to cryptocurrency payment processing services after being rejected from PayPal and Stripe in the aftermath of the 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. In January 2019, Coinbase and Square, Inc.'s Cash App closed the accounts held by Gab and Andrew Torba. On January 22, 2019, Gab announced that it had partnered with Second Amendment Processing (SAP), a Michigan-based payment processor. Gab removed SAP's credit card payment functionalities in March 2019, only accepting payment via cryptocurrency or check. The same month the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) published an investigation that found that SAP's founder had been convicted of financial crimes in 2007. Gab has not said why it removed the payment processor. The SPLC reported on January 24, 2019, that Gab has misrepresented its services and bloated its user count in its filings and promotional materials. The GabTV service advertised on its StartEngine crowdfunding page was only active very briefly in early 2018, and also , the dedicated page for the service is blank. Unlike other social media companies, Gab did not publish the count of its active users in 2018, and only reported registered accounts. Social media intelligence company Storyful found 19,526 unique usernames had posted content during a seven-day period between January 9 and January 16, 2019, far lower than Gab's claimed 850,000 registered users. Users of the site commonly mocked Torba for the site's emptiness, with some accused him of inflating user numbers. In a December 2018 filing, the company reported that 5,000 users were paying for its subscription services. Shortly after the SPLC published its January report on Gab's misleading statements and financial struggles, the site made its Twitter account private until January 30, 2019, and switched to an invitation-only mode for new user registrations on January 30. Gab stated that switching to an invitation-only mode was an experiment to improve user experience. Gab previously had intermittent service outages for a week. Gab said that the outages were caused by bot attacks and blamed state actors along with paid "activist bloggers". Torba shared a post from another user that suggested that the "deep state" was responsible. The Daily Beast opined that this was an attempt to further obfuscate its numbers, in response to reports that it had inflated its user count. , Gab pays Sibyl Systems Ltd. $1,175 a month for webhosting. The SPLC reported on February 14, 2019 that a software engineer for Sibyl Systems rejected Gab's claim of having more than 835,000 users and estimated the count to be in the range of a few thousands to a few tens of thousands. Sibyl Systems denied the statement via Twitter, saying that the employee did not have access to the secure data and that the employee had been dismissed. On July 4, Gab switched its software infrastructure to run on a forked version of Mastodon, a free and open-source decentralized social network platform. The change attempted to circumvent the rejection of Gab's mobile app from the Google Play Store and the iOS App Store, as Gab users gained access to the social network through third-party Mastodon apps that did not subsequently block Gab. Mastodon released a statement the same day denouncing Gab as "seek[ing] to monetize and platform racist content while hiding behind the banner of free speech" and "attempt[ing] to hijack our infrastructure", and said that they had "already taken steps to isolate Gab and keep hate speech off the fediverse." Mastodon stated that most Mastodon instances had blocked Gab's domains, preventing interactions between these instances and Gab, and that Tusky and Toot!, two popular Mastodon mobile apps, had already blacklisted Gab's domains and banned Gab users from using their app. Mastodon also stated that by paywalling features that are otherwise freely accessible in other instances, Gab "offer users no incentive to choose their platform" and "puts itself at a disadvantage compared to any Mastodon instance". However, Gab does offer features which Mastodon doesn't have, such as groups. Dissenter On February 24, 2019, Gab launched a browser extension and website called Dissenter, which allows users of Gab to make comments about any webpage including news articles, YouTube videos, and individual social media posts. It is a social news aggregation and discussion service, created to allow commenting on any webpage outside of the site owner's control. Dissenter describes itself as "a free, open-source utility that allows people to dissent from orthodoxy and express what they are really thinking, without fear of reprisal". It was developed as a response to multiple social media platforms' and online news sites' moderation practices, which involve removal of individual comments or deleting or disabling comment sections altogether. Users with registered Gab accounts may submit content to Dissenter in the form of a URL to a page on which they want to comment. This creates a discussion page where users can post a comment (or "Dissent"), and the comments can be up- or down-voted by other users of the site. By using the Dissenter browser extension, users may read and post comments in an overlay while viewing page content. The Dissenter website also features a news ticker on which users can follow current events. Shortly after its launch, fans of British far-right activist Tommy Robinson began using Dissenter to comment on a BBC article about Robinson's ban from social media websites following the removal of Mohammed's Koran, by Robinson and Peter McLoughlin, from Amazon. After Rotten Tomatoes announced that it would be removing its comment section on their review page for the Captain Marvel film due to concerns that trolls had planned to flood it with negative reviews, users of Dissenter used it to comment about the movie and Rotten Tomatoes' decision to remove comments. In a 20-minute Periscope video accompanying the launch, Andrew Torba said that he expected Dissenter to be banned from extension stores, and mentioned that Gab might build its own web browser in the future that has Dissenter built in. In April 2019, Mozilla removed the Dissenter extension from the Firefox Add-ons website for violations of Mozilla's acceptable use policy that prohibits hate speech. In a statement to the Columbia Journalism Review, a Mozilla spokesperson said "Mozilla does not endorse hate speech, and we do not permit our platforms to be used to promote such content." On April 11, Google removed the Dissenter extension from the Chrome Web Store. Later in April, the Gab team forked the Brave browser in order to bundle Dissenter — a move which Brendan Eich criticized as unnecessary. Following the addon's launch, Ana Valens of The Daily Dot described it as an "extension for the alt-right", to "mobilize against journalists, critics, and progressive websites." Saqib Shah of Engadget called Dissenter "a far-right comments section on every site" and Gab's "latest attempt at attracting fringe voices". Izabella Kaminska wrote in the Financial Times, "There is a clear demand for this sort of freedom. Some argue the concept is therefore a billion dollar idea with the potential to completely disrupt conventional media's control of its comment real estate"; in a follow-up article two weeks later she added "... much horror still lurks on Dissenter – including hateful and anti-Semitic opinions that need challenging. This is precisely why it would be wrong to ignore the application. Doing so would encourage the build-up of silos that feed on their own twisted perspectives." Users and content Users The site has been noted to attract far-right or alt-right users who have been banned or suspended from other services. High-profile participants include former Breitbart writer and polemicist Milo Yiannopoulos, former British National Party leader Nick Griffin, Australian Neo-Nazis Blair Cottrell and Neil Erikson, white supremacists Richard B. Spencer, Tila Tequila, Vox Day, and Christopher Cantwell. Far-right political parties and party candidates including Britain First and UKIP candidates such as Mark Meechan and Carl Benjamin are other prominent participants. Gab CEO Andrew Torba was himself removed from the Y Combinator alumni network because of harassment concerns, starting when he used "build the wall" on Twitter alongside a screenshot of a post by a Latino founder that read "being a black, Muslim or woman in the USA is going to be very scary". Until 2016, Torba was registered as a Democrat, although he voted for Donald Trump and other Republicans. Torba has stated that Gab is "not designed specifically for conservatives" and has stated that "we welcome everyone and always will". In filings made with the SEC in March 2018, Gab stated that its target market is "conservative, libertarian, nationalists and populist internet users around the world", and listed far-right conspiracy theorist websites Breitbart News and InfoWars as its main competitors. He stated that "We want everyone to feel safe on Gab, but we're not going to police what is hate speech and what isn't". In early 2018, a cross-university group released a research study on posts made to the site. According to that study, the site hosted a high volume of racism and hate speech, and primarily "attracts alt-right users, conspiracy theorists, and other trolls". The study listed Carl Benjamin, Ann Coulter, Alex Jones, Stefan Molyneux, Lauren Southern, and Paul Joseph Watson as some of the more popular users of the site. The authors also performed an automated search using Hatebase and found "hate words" in 5.4% of Gab posts, which they stated was 2.4 times higher than their occurrence on Twitter but less than half that found on /pol/, a political discussion board on 4chan. The authors of the study stated in their conclusion that while anyone can join Gab, the site is aligned with the alt-right and its use of free speech rhetoric "merely functions as a shield for its alt-right users to hide behind." Another research study in late 2018 concluded that Gab is filled with extremist users. The study found that 35% of Gab users followed at least one extremist individual listed by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and the SPLC. It found Gab profiles for 61% of the 36 individuals in the ADL's list of "alt-right" and "alt-lite" personalities. The number of posts and followers of these extremist Gab users far exceeds that of average Gab users, indicating that they are more active in the system. Among Gab's users, a majority are "conservative, male, and Caucasian." The study showed a great variety in the domains of URLs that are shared on Gab, and found that most of these domains are not popular in other social media or other parts of the Internet. A portion of these domains are known for spreading politics-related news. This led the researchers to the conclusion that Gab "has become an echo chamber for right-leaning content dissemination." A report issued by the Anti-Defamation League and the Network Contagion Research Institute on March 12, 2019 found that when Twitter bans "extremist voices", Gab's user base grows. Former Gab users include white nationalist political candidate Paul Nehlen, who was removed from the site for doxing the man behind the "Ricky Vaughn" Twitter account, and hacker, internet troll, and former Daily Stormer writer Andrew "Weev" Auernheimer, who was banned for calling for genocide against Jews and endorsing terrorist Timothy McVeigh. Auernheimer's activity prompted threats from Gab's then webhost Asia Registry to remove the comments or they would refuse to host the site. Christopher Cantwell, a white supremacist and neo-Nazi activist who "once drove a significant amount of interaction on the small site", was banned from the site in March 2019 after using the site to advocate in the wake of the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings that future mass killers should target and murder left-wing activists, instead of "random people in mosques and synagogues", in order to effectively silence left-wing activism. Following the Christchurch mosque shootings and a lowered tolerance on other social media for hate speech, several members of United Patriots Front, an Australian far-right extremist organization, have urged their supporters to follow them on Gab after being banned from Twitter and Facebook. According to SimilarWeb, Gab's website traffic grew almost 200% between January and July 2019, and unique visitors to the site increased 180%. Antisemitism and violence Rita Katz, a researcher and analyst of terrorism and extremism, wrote on Politico that Robert Bowers' extreme antisemitic postings are "anything but an anomaly" on the website, and "[they highlight] concerns about its growing facilitation of white nationalism and other far-right movements." Gab user profiles often contain Nazi symbolism, and Stormfront users have praised the site as a place to post antisemitic content. Katz found that many Gab users were celebrating immediately after Bowers' massacre against the Tree of Life synagogue, and wrote that far-right communities' rise to popularity on Gab is "remarkably similar" to the rise of ISIS on social media. Joshua Fisher-Birch of the Counter Extremism Project has said that “Gab has always been attractive to fascist and neo-Nazi groups that advocate violence." The Jewish Chronicle in London found material on the site accusing Jews of responsibility for the September 11 attacks. After setting up a fake account on Gab, the newspaper's journalist Ben Weich was quickly "presented with a steady stream of Holocaust denial, antisemitic tropes and conspiracy theories — as well as those venerating Adolf Hitler." Posts he discovered included at least one user who used a swastika as their profile picture and stated "The parasitic Jews will fully deserve the genocide that's coming upon them," and "They do not not deserve mercy, expulsion will never fix a rat problem, extermination does." The non-profit left-wing media collective Unicorn Riot discovered that individual Gab users led by alt-right figure Brittany Pettibone organized on the video game chat and voice room platform Discord, and that some of the discussions centered on antisemitism and achieving "ethno-nationalism." The Gab platform itself has engaged in antisemitic commentary. In August 2018, in response to a post calling for the shutdown of the site, the platform's Twitter account responded with a post suggesting that it is unsurprising for a person with a Jewish last name to oppose "free speech," and followed up with a citation to a Bible verse (Revelation 3:9) that referred to Jewish nonbelievers of Jesus Christ as members of the "synagogue of Satan". On October 31, 2018, The Washington Post pointed to two messages on the Gab Twitter account and wrote that they "raise questions about whether they cross the line into impropriety." One captioned a photo of two men, one with Jewish sidelocks, with "I'm calling the cops on both and getting my shotgun ready, just saying" and another argued for opposition to immigration by saying "Let a bunch of Somalians migrate to your neighborhood and see if you change your mind." Torba initially questioned the authenticity of the posts, suggesting they might be doctored images, later saying the posts were "clearly satire/comedy . . . to get people discussing the importance of free expression for satire, comedy, political discourse, and legitimate criticism," and then later saying they were, "a few edgy tweets posted by interns." The tweets were later deleted. In addition to allowing Holocaust denial and other forms of antisemitism, Gab has been used as a recruitment tool by several neo-Nazi and alt-right groups, including Identity Evropa, Patriot Front, and the Atomwaffen Division, a terrorist organization tied to a number of murders. In 2018, threats by a Gab user against an African-American member of the Pennsylvania Democratic Committee that included pictures of weapons and racial slurs prompted a police investigation, although no charges were ultimately filed. The user's previous posts had included one that asked "Why aren’t we organizing and killing leftists in droves?" Terrorism researcher and Queen's University professor Amarnath Amarasingam has said that Gab's position as neither an extremely mainstream service nor an obscure dark web network has allowed extremists to permeate the website and access an audience they would not be able to have on a more popular service, where they would be banned. He says this has allowed domestic terrorism organizations to grow within Gab's far right user base. Amarasingam has compared the messaging by these organizations on Gab to early ISIS recruitment efforts, involving tactics like sharing violent propaganda and establishing underground communication methods with potential members. Gab has denied that terror groups flourish on the website, saying in a statement to Motherboard, "We don't want them, we strongly discourage them from joining and we ban them when they cross the line, as they often do." However, Ben Makuch of Motherboard wrote that neo-Nazi terrorist groups have "enjoyed months-long, unfettered stints posting their content on Gab to a significant audience." In addition to calls for terrorist attacks, mass killings against minorities, offline armed training recruitments and white supremacist propaganda accumulated on Gab, Makuch pointed to one Gab post, from a user who is a member of an multinational militant network on Gab connected to the Atomwaffen Division, that had explicitly called for its followers to attack electric grids. Other content posted by the network included explicit calls for sympathizers to join local neo-Nazi organizations and commit violence against Muslim and Jewish communities. In June 2019, two British men was arrested on terror offences for posting propaganda on Gab calling for their followers to assassinate Prince Harry. 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting Robert Gregory Bowers, the sole suspected shooter in the attack against a Pittsburgh synagogue in 2018, maintained an active, verified Gab account where he displayed the neo-Nazi code-phrase "1488" and a bio that said "jews are the children of satan." Just prior to the shooting, he used this account to post "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in." After Bowers was arrested, Gab suspended his profile and contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). On October 27, 2018, soon after the shooting, PayPal, GoDaddy, and Medium terminated their relationship with Gab, and PayPal released a statement that it had it done so based on its review of accounts that may engage in the "perpetuation of hate, violence or discriminatory intolerance". Later on the same day, Gab announced on Twitter that Joyent, Gab's hosting provider, would terminate their service on October 29 at 9:00 am ET. The tweet said that the site expected to be down for weeks. Stripe and Backblaze also terminated their services with Gab after the shooting. Gab had defended itself from criticism as a result of the shooting, saying that they "refuse to be defined by the media’s narratives about Gab and our community. Gab’s mission is very simple: to defend free expression and individual liberty online for all people. Social media often brings out the best and the worst of humanity." Since the shooting, Gab has received substantial media attention, having been relatively unknown by the general public prior to the attack. After the site was taken down, Gab's homepage was changed to a message saying it was down due to being "under attack" and being "systematically no-platformed", adding that Gab would be inaccessible for a "period of time". Gab returned online on November 4, 2018 after Epik agreed to register the domain. Rob Monster, the CEO of Epik, had defended Gab's neo-Nazi users, and said that neo-Nazis on Gab are actually "liberal trolls" looking to "give enemies of freedom an excuse". On Gab, Christopher Cantwell replied to Monster's claims, stating "We're not liberals, nor are the people trying to get us censored. The people trying to censor Gab are (((communists))), and the Nazis are the only ones willing to take them on...Eventually, everyone will have to pick a side." In January 2019, federal prosecutors filed 13 additional counts of hate crime charges against Robert Bowers under the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, citing multiple antisemitic posts Bowers made on Gab during the span of more than two weeks prior to the shooting. Bowers is indicted with a total count of 63 charges, facing a maximum possible penalty of life without parole, and subsequent consecutive sentence of 250 years' imprisonment. Surpassing 22 counts of superseding indictment, Bowers is eligible for death penalty. Reception Gab has been described as "Twitter for racists" by Salon, a "hate-filled echo chamber of racism and conspiracy theories" by The Guardian, an "online cesspool of anti-Semitism" by Politico, a "safe haven for banned Twitter trolls, Gamergaters, Pizzagaters and high-profile white nationalists" by Mic, and "the far-right’s favorite social network" by The Verge. Wired criticized Gab for not explicitly prohibiting hate speech. Scholars have described Gab as "hateful", and named Gab along with 4chan and 8chan as directly radicalizing men who went on to commit violent acts. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) characterized Gab as a site where its users are "radicalized aggressively". Heidi Beirich, a director of the center, stated that the site is "the number one place nowadays where white supremacists gather". The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) called Gab a "fringe online community" and "a bastion of hatred and bigotry." Harrison Kaminsky in Digital Trends questioned the site's longevity in September 2016, writing: "While the site’s initial popularity is impressive, the potential is most likely short-lived, following the life cycle of social networks like Ello or Peach, which faded over time." Maya Kosoff in Vanity Fair wrote "the point of Gab may not be to grow to be a Twitter competitor ... it’s providing a 'safe space' for people who want to express themselves without consequence". Amanda Hess, a critic at The New York Times, opined in November 2016 that the site is "a throwback to the freewheeling norms of the old internet, before Twitter started cracking down on harassment and Reddit cleaned out its darkest corners. And since its debut in August, it has emerged as a digital safe space for the far right, where white nationalists, conspiracy-theorist YouTubers, and minivan majority moms can gather without liberal interference." Michael Edison Hayden, an open source intelligence analyst and investigative reporter on extremism and disinformation, opined in a Gizmodo interview in October 2018 that "Andrew Torba, the CEO of Gab, will get angry when people ... call his site a white nationalist website or an alt-right website but anyone who spends time on it knows that it’s a haven for extremists, [...] Violent white supremacist groups like Patriot Front and Atomwaffen Division organize out in the open on Gab. Users frequently call for the murder of women, Jews and other minorities on Gab, and are rewarded with likes and reposts. [...] Dylann Roof is treated as a hero by many Gab users." Hayden noted that Gab was "rife with" content similar to that posted by Robert Bowers', with many users posing in his support using the hashtag #HeroRobertBowers. Joe Setyon reviewed the social network for Reason, writing that "in fighting the alleged left-leaning political bias of the legacy social media platforms, Gab ran into the opposite problem." He suggested that the website was only for those who "subscribe to a certain radical subset of right-wing beliefs or are interested in seeing the feeds of those who do." Nicholas Thompson of Wired questioned the sincerity of the site's claim to be a defender for "free speech" in October 2018, writing: "To many people, Torba's First Amendment absolutism is just a talking point. The site exists less to defend the ideals of Benjamin Franklin than those of Christopher Cantwell. It chose as its logo a creature that looks rather like Pepe, the alt-right attack frog. It courted people on the far right, and it became a haven for them. Free speech can be less a principle than a smokescreen." Thompson noted that Robert Bowers likely expected affirmation from his last message that indicated his intent to carry out the Pittsburgh synagogue massacre, leading Thompson to the conclusion: "if it’s a platform where someone can expect affirmation for threatening slaughter, then why should anyone help it exist?" Kelly Weill of The Daily Beast wrote in January 2019 that "Gab has always been a bad website. Nothing loads, the search function is a joke, and its member rolls are riddled with porn bots. And that's even without the neo-Nazis posting racist memes and goading each other to murder." In February 2020, Tanya Basu of MIT Technology Review characterized Gab as being frequented by "fringe far-right hate groups". Revenue Gab does not use advertising, describing itself as an "ad-free social network". The site began offering a premium subscription service for Gab named "GabPro" in mid-March 2017. The subscription allowed users to have private chats for up to 25 people; private chat with a maximum of two users was later added for all users, and the GabPro limit was increased to 50. Private messages are deleted after 24 hours. GabPro subscribers can also view a topic breakdown for other users, make lists of users to sort their home feed, livestream on GabTV (though this has since been removed), and more easily get their profile verified. Subscribers also get a "PRO" badge next to their posts. In July 2017, Gab also started an investment project which met its goal of $1.07 million on August 19, 2017. In February 2018, Gab announced that it had raised $4.8 million and was planning a $10 million Initial coin offering (ICO). Gab has lost more than $350,000 from 2016 to 2018. The company relied on the online crowdfunding broker StartEngine starting in 2017, through which it raised $2 million. In April 2019, Gab announced that StartEngine had removed them from their platform and that they intended to sue StartEngine over unreturned fees. Gab reported in a December 2018 filing that removal from PayPal and Stripe following the 2018 Pittsburgh Synagogue shooting had caused a 90% drop in its subscription revenue. It has since relied on mail and cryptocurrency for subscription payment processing; the company partnered with the "obscure" Second Amendment Processing for credit card payment processing in January 2019, but removed credit card payment options in March 2019. This removal came after an SPLC investigation published in early-March 2019 found Thomas Michael Troyer, founder of Second Amendment Processing, was convicted of financial crimes in 2007. The company's Regulation A exempt offering of $10 million has been pending approval by the SEC since 2017. Two analysts contacted by the SPLC commented that this might suggest that "the SEC has concerns about allowing the sale to go forward". Heidi Beirich noted an unusual lack of communication records with the SEC regulators in Gab's financial filings, unlike those of similar companies. In a March 2019 SEC filing, Gab "abruptly" withdrew its request for stock sales, explaining that "[the company] has decided to seek other capital raising alternatives." Torba did not respond to SPLC inquiries regarding the withdrawal. Design Gab's color theme is a minimalist combination of black text on white panels with pink hashtags and usernames. Pro users have a contrasted top bar in dark blue. The interface displays messages in a Twitter-like vertical scroll timeline with an option to upvote each post. The site also aggregates popular posts and trending topic hashtags. Users of the site with a score higher than 250 can downvote posts, but must spend points to do so. Users can sort comments and posts in a subject by time or score. Default biographies for new users display a randomly chosen quotation about the importance of free speech. Users also have the option to "mute" other users and terms. The default profile picture for new users to the site features NPC Wojak, a meme popular on far-right sites. The site offers its users an option to delete their entire posting history in a single click. When writing a gab, users can post up to 3,000 characters of plain text, with the first 300 appearing in the timeline along with an option to read the rest. In July 2017, Gab implemented a system where people who downvoted others (through spamming) would have their accounts downvoted as well and their ability to leave downvotes would be revoked. Downvotes were later removed entirely, with Gab's then-COO Utsav Sanduja explaining that they were being used to troll and to harass women, and that "there were a lot of social justice warriors and members of the far left coming into our site essentially trying to start a brouhaha." A frog named "Gabby" was Gab's logo from 2016 to 2018. The logo has been compared to Pepe the Frog, a cartoon character appropriated by the alt-right. Torba denied that the frog logo was a reference to Pepe and stated that the logo was inspired by Bible verses (Exodus 8:1–12 and Psalms 78:45) and various other traditional symbolic meanings. Sanduja said that the frog was meant to symbolize the "revenge against those who went against mainstream conservative voices on the internet." As of September 2018, the frog logo is no longer used. See also Minds Parler Voat References Informational notes Citations External links Category:Alt-right Category:Online companies of the United States Category:Internet properties established in 2016 Category:Mastodon (software) instances Category:Microblogging Category:Multilingual websites Category:Neo-Nazism in the United States Category:Proprietary cross-platform software Category:Real-time web Category:American social networking websites

Mała Lipna Mała Lipna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przewóz, within Żary County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland, close to the German border. Before 1945 the area was part of Germany (see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II). References Category:Villages in Żary County

Bill Wilkinson (baseball) William Carl Wilkinson (born August 10, 1964) is an American former baseball pitcher. A left-handed pitcher, Wilkinson played for Major League Baseball's (MLB) Seattle Mariners in 1985, and from 1987 to 1988. During his career, he had a 5–8 record, 4.56 earned run average (ERA) and 103 strikeouts in 113⅓ innings pitched. Family Born in Greybull, Wyoming, Wilkinson is the great-grandson of Jim Bluejacket, a right-handed pitcher who spent three seasons in the Federal League and National League from 1914 to 1916. Bluejacket and Wilkinson are the only great-grandfather and great-grandson duo that have both played in MLB. Wilkinson's brother, Brian, was selected in the 1987 Major League Baseball draft by the Mariners. Career In the 1983 Major League Baseball draft, Wilkinson was selected in the fourth round by the Mariners, with the 87th overall pick. On June 13, 1985, he made his MLB debut with the Mariners, and took the loss against the Kansas City Royals after allowing four earned runs in five and two-thirds innings. Five days later, Wilkinson lost in his only other appearance during the 1985 season, which was also a start; he allowed five earned runs and recorded only one out. In his two major league starts, Wilkinson was 0–2 with a 13.50 earned run average. He was the fifth-youngest player in the American League in 1985. Following his start against the Rangers, the Mariners demoted him to the minor leagues. Wilkinson did not pitch in the Major Leagues in 1986; he instead played for the Mariners' Triple-A affiliate, the Calgary Cannons of the Pacific Coast League. In 1985 and 1986, Wilkinson had a combined record of 13–9 while pitching for the Cannons. He appeared in 56 games as a reliever for Seattle in 1987, the most of any Mariners pitcher that year. He compiled a 3–4 record, with a 3.66 earned run average (ERA) and 10 saves. The following season, Wilkinson pitched in 30 games, and posted a 2–2 record with two saves and a career-low 3.48 ERA. However, he suffered an injury to his left shoulder. Before the 1989 season began, Wilkinson was sent back down to the minor leagues, where he was used as a starter. In April, the Mariners traded Wilkinson to the Pittsburgh Pirates as part of a five-player deal. Wilkinson never pitched for the Pirates, and did not return to MLB after 1988. His final minor league season was 1992, when he pitched for two teams in the Oakland Athletics organization, posting an 0–3 record and 8.21 ERA in 23 games. References External links Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:People from Greybull, Wyoming Category:Seattle Mariners players Category:Baseball players from Wyoming Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:Bellingham Mariners players Category:Wausau Timbers players Category:Calgary Cannons players Category:Salinas Spurs players Category:Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Category:Omaha Royals players Category:Tacoma Tigers players Category:Huntsville Stars players

Szadowski Młyn Szadowski Młyn () is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Kwidzyn, within Kwidzyn County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately east of Kwidzyn and south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk. Before 1945 the area was part of Germany. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. References تتاتاا زوىزىىىبروبةةتتوازظز Category:Villages in Kwidzyn County

Pulak Biswas Pulak Biswas (1941-2013) is a leading artist and children's book illustrator from India. Biography After training at the Government College of Art, Kolkata, Biswas worked for many years in the advertising industry. He was the recipient of an UNESCO fellowship for advanced studies in Graphic Design and Illustration. He also studied at Hornsey College, London, and the Rietvald Academy, Amsterdam. He has also held several solo and group exhibitions in India and Europe. Children's literature In the 80s, Pulak Biswas left advertising graphics and joined the cartoonist K. Shankar Pillai at the Children's Book Trust, New Delhi. In 1992-93, he won the National Award for Children's Literature in for Ashok's New Friend (written by Deepa Agarwal). Some of his other remarkable books are: Mahagiri and Amma Pyari Amma, A Day in the Life of Maya of Mohenjo-Daro, published by Children's Book Trust, Very busy ants (wordless classic) published by National Book Trust, Hen Sparrow Turns Purple" (winning the Grand Prix at the Biennale of Illustrations, Bratislava)and Catch that crocodile by Tara Publishers. In 1999, his Tiger on a Tree written by Anushka Ravishankar, won the Biennial of Illustration Bratislava, and in 2005 was listed in the American Library Association’s List of Notable Books. Also a well-known painter, Pulak Biswas spent last several years immersed in painting. He died on 29 August 2013. Find short interview of Pulak Biswas on http://www.papertigers.org/gallery/Pulak_Biswas/index.html The film The Man with the Magic Brush: Meeting Pulak Biswas featuring the interview with Mr. Biswas and excerpts from his work was showcased at the World Book Fair 2014 in New Delhi. The film can be viewed at http://themanwiththemagicbrush.blogspot.in/ . Further reading 1. http://themanwiththemagicbrush.blogspot.in/ References Category:Indian illustrators Category:2013 deaths Category:1941 births Category:Indian children's book illustrators Category:Government College of Art & Craft alumni Category:University of Calcutta alumni

Carlsminde Carlsminde is a Baroque-style mansion located at Søllerødvej 30 in Søllerød, Rudersdal Municipality, some 20 kilometres north of central Copenhagen, Denmark. The building was listed on the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1918. The political party Venstre has been based in the building since 1971. History Carlsminde originates in an old tenant farm. Courty physician and kancelliråd Johan Peter Homuth constructed a small country house at the land in 1751 and later expanded the estate with more land twice. The current building was built for a later owner, Peter Wasserfalls, a grocer and manufacturer, probably a few years prior to his death in 1782. Wasserfall left the estate to his son who also purchased another nearby property. Carlsminde then changed hands many times. One of the later owners was prime minister Christian Ditlev Frederik Reventlow who wanted a summer residence close to Copenhagen. The property was given the Carlsminde by Bolette Rudolphine Berg (1761–1836) in memory of her late husband Carl Berg. She also completed a 3.5 hectare park in English landscape style. Carlsminde was owned by hunting master Rasmus Petersen from 1855 to 1867. During this period Carlsminde changed status from tenant farm to ownership. A later owner, Valet de chambre G. F. Bentzen, changed the facade in 1894. Carlsminde was acquired by Isak Glückstadt in 1903. He expanded the estate from 10 to 25 hectares. The park was expanded by the landscape architect Erstad Jørgensen . It was centred on lake with pikes and tenches and was also home to two Indian elephants. In 1907 Glückstadt commissioned Carl Brummer to built a Norwegian-style cabin. It was moved to Rungsted in 1910 and to Holte in the early 1940s. Dethlef Jürgensen owned Carlsminde from 1913 to 1947. He sold off most of the land, creating the streets Carlsmindevej and Carlsmindeparken. Jürgensen was a central figure at Klampenborg Racecourses. In 1913 he constructed the side wing with stables for nine horses. A later owner, Erik Møller, a CEO, established a riding ground to the rear of the stables in the 1950s. Venstre acquired the property in 1970 and has been based there since 1971. Architecture The main building fronts a large courtyard located on the southside of Søllerødsvej. A detached side wing marks the east side of the courtyard. The main building is 11 bays long and consists of a high cellar, bel étage and a hipped Mansard roof with blue-glazed tiles. The three-bay median risalit was adapted in the 1893. The two windows that flanked the main entrance were replaced by niches with sandstone vases. The Rococo-style Cartouche above the main entrance and the Neclassical attica was also added at this point. The combination of decorative elements from different architectural styles is a characteristic feature of the Historicist style that dominated Danish architecture in the 1890s. The side wing contains two small apartments flanking a stable with room for nine horses. The northern gable of the side wing is integrated in the wall that partly surrounds the property. Today The secretariat of Venstre is based in the building. The garden is used for events on Constitution Day (5 June). Further reading Drachmann, Eva: Små erindringer fra Carlsminde (Søllerødbogen 1947) Matz´, Tom: Carlsminde i 230 år (Søllerødbogen 1981)* Matz, Tom: Fin hestekultur på Carlsminde'' (Søllerødbogen 1981) References External links Venstre Category:Listed buildings and structures in Rudersdal Municipality Category:Baroque architecture in Copenhagen

Devanthakudu Devanthakudu is a 1984 Telugu film directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar. The film stars Chiranjeevi, Vijayashanti, and Narayana Rao in important roles. The movie is a remake of director's own 1983 Kannada movie Geluvu Nannade and was also remade in Tamil as Vetri. Plot Vijay Kumar (Chiranjeevi) is a college student who is daring and dashing and has a weakness for betting and challenges. Chanti (Narayana Rao) is Vijays’s friend, who study in the same college. He challenges Vijay to kill a person and escape without being caught and without proof and this person is a professor. Vijay takes it lightly and tries to play away by acting as if he killed the professor but he is really killed by the time he reaches there and he is accused of the murder. The rest of the plot forms on how he frees himself from the blame and who killed the professor and why? Cast Chiranjeevi Vijayashanti Narayan Rao Maruthirao Gollapudi Annapurna Gummadi Venkateswara Rao Soundtrack References External links Category:1984 films Category:Indian films Category:Films scored by J. V. Raghavulu Category:1980s Telugu-language films Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films

Mayoora Nritham Mayoora Nritham is a 1996 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Vijayakrishnan. The film stars Vikram, Kumarakam Raghunath, Mohini, Madhupal and Beena Antony in the lead roles. The film has musical score by G. Devarajan. Plot Ragini's wedding is negatively affected when her boyfriend's family learns that her mother is a prostitute. Ragini is mad at her mother for disturbing her marriage; howerver, she is unaware of the truth. Cast Vikram as Rajeev Mohini as Ragini Kumarakam Raghunath as Professor Balachandran Madhupal as Jayadevan Beena Antony as Sujatha Narendra Prasad as Sankaranarayan Jagathy Sreekumar as Sarangathan Pilla Jagannathan as Gopalan Kanakalatha as Sakuntala Azeez as Avarachan Karyavattom Sasikumar as Rajendran Adoor Pankajam as Bhavaniyamma Indrans as Dr Kulkarni Thikkurussy Sukumaran Nair Poojappura Radhakrishnan Soundtrack The music was composed by G. Devarajan and the lyrics were written by P. Bhaskaran. References External links Category:1996 films Category:Indian films Category:1990s Malayalam-language films

San Simon River San Simon River may refer to: San Simon River (Arizona) San Simón River in Bolivia

MONECS MONECS (Monash University Educational Computing System) was a computer operating system with BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal interpreters, plus machine language facility. Specifically designed for computer science education in Australian secondary schools and at the university undergraduate level. Alternative designations were DEAMON (Digital Equipment Australia - Monash University) or SCUBA (local designation at Melbourne University) systems. Overview For teaching computer science students in Australian schools Monash University created subsets of the FORTRAN language, an elementary version called MINITRAN then an enhanced version called MIDITRAN. MIDITRAN versions were available for a number of different mainframe systems, i.e. Burroughs B5000/B5500 series, CDC 3000, IBM 360 and ICL 1900. Student's programs were submitted on IBM Port-a-Punch cards that can be programmed with an IBM board and stylus or even a bent paper clip. Standard 80-column punch cards were an option for students if a card punch was available. Before the minicomputer, it was impossible for a class of Australian students to have hands-on access to a computer within a one-hour school period. Mainframes were too expensive for small schools and remote job entry equipment was typically limited to major corporations, universities and research centres. A group at Monash University under the leadership of Dr Len G. Whitehouse solved the problem with a small PDP-11 minicomputer system that could be used in the classroom. Mark sense cards were used, and a class of 30 children could each get two runs in a one-hour period. The Monash University series of Student FORTRAN predated and was an independent effort not associated with DEC's PDP-8 based EDUSYSTEM series which centred on the BASIC language. MONECS was optimised for the low end hardware of the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-11 minicomputer family. Typical installation would be a PDP-11/03, /04, /05 /10 or D. D. Webster Electronics' Spectrum-IIB (repackaged DEC LSI) processor with 32k Bytes memory. MONECS systems were based on the PDP-11/05 or PDP-11/10 processors with core memory. This was identical hardware rebadged by the manufacturer DEC just to indicate an OEM version. Student systems were fitted with a custom UNIBUS interface to support the Memorex 651 flexible drive which was an early version of an 8-inch floppy disk. Next major releases were the DEAMON systems based on PDP-11/04 or PDP/11/34 processors with semiconductor memory and DEC RX01 8-inch floppy disk drive(s). Then the LSI-11 systems based systems which moved away from the UNIBUS based processors and used the PDP-11/03 and Spectrum-IIB systems. All systems were installed with a mark sense card reader PDI, Hewlett-Packard or Documation M-200, plus a 132 column lineprinter from Tally, DEC, etc. Student programs were typically submitted as a deck of mark sense cards although punched cards were an option. Due to the 32k Byte memory constraint MONECS serially processed student programs with all jobs queued in the input hopper of the cardreader. The appropriate language interpreter was loaded from the floppy disk for each job and the results printed before reading in the next student's program. The MONECS systems were supported by staff from the Monash University Computer Centre which was an entity independent from the Computer Science Department. The Computer Centre shared facilities and staff with the Victorian Hospitals Computing Service (HCS). The Computer Centre also processed mark-sense sheets on an ICL 1800 series reader for the Victorian Education Department's Secondary Students final (year 12) examinations. A MONECS system at St Peter's Lutheran College was the first computer available for student use in a Queensland school. See also Timeline of operating systems References Further reading Category:Monash University Category:1974 software

Rajmund Zieliński Rajmund Zieliński (born 9 October 1940) is a former Polish cyclist. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics. He won the Tour de Pologne in 1964. References External links Category:1940 births Category:Living people Category:Polish male cyclists Category:Olympic cyclists of Poland Category:Cyclists at the 1964 Summer Olympics Category:Cyclists at the 1968 Summer Olympics Category:Sportspeople from Toruń

Gnome Ranger Gnome Ranger is a text adventure game by Level 9 released in 1987. It was followed by a sequel titled Ingrid's Back. Plot The gnome Ingrid Bottomlow has displeased her family by her un-gnomelike behaviour, such as going off to university and getting an education. She has been teleported from her village by a faulty scroll, and must find her way back.. Gameplay The game is a standard text adventure with limited graphics on some platforms. It comes with a short novella by Peter McBride ("The Gnettlefield Journal") explaining Ingrid's predicament and setting the background to the story. Gameplay is similar to the earlier Level 9 adventure Knight Orc, which uses the same game engine (KAOS). The player must explore the settings while collecting useful items and interacting with various non-player characters to solve puzzles and problems. The game takes place in three areas, each characterized by the non-player characters Ingrid will meet. The first contains characters of an animal nature, the second of a vegetable nature, and the third of a mineral nature. Reception References External links Gnome Ranger at Lemon Amiga Gnome Ranger at Lemon 64 Category:1987 video games Category:Amiga games Category:Amstrad CPC games Category:Amstrad PCW games Category:Atari 8-bit family games Category:Atari ST games Category:BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games Category:Commodore 64 games Category:DOS games Category:Fantasy video games Category:1980s interactive fiction Category:Mac OS games Category:MSX games Category:Video games featuring female antagonists Category:Video games featuring female protagonists Category:Witchcraft in video games Category:ZX Spectrum games Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom

T. J. Eckleberg T. J. Eckleberg is a musician, producer, poet and theatre director originally from Sydney. He was the artistic director at Shopfront, an Australian contemporary arts centre between 2004 - 2010. His name comes from Dr. T. J. Eckleburg, a fictional oculist in The Great Gatsby. He has lived in London, Berlin, and Kyoto. Music Eckleberg has featured in collaborations and projects with Morganics, Deepchild, Inga Lijlestrom, and Tokyo Snow Monkeys. He was a founding member of The DeltaHorse with Dana Colley. Discography Black & Amber, 2016 - Akimbo Records This Might Feel Like Home, 2014 - Akimbo Records West & Lime, 2012 - When You Get Down To It, 2008 - Independent Release Illumineon, 2003 - Akimbo Records SUPERHYDRATED, 2000 - Akimbo Records Waiting Room (EP), 1997 - Pokey Records Leomund's Tiny Piano (unreleased) Theatre projects His projects fuse technology and multi-media across disciplines, with an immersive approach to theatre – incorporating sound design, organic approaches to lighting, design and movement. In 1999 his experiences with Welfare State International led him to create two large-scale site specific performances with boys at Birrong Boys High School – one of Sydney’s tougher schools. In his time at Shopfront he has directed CODA (2003) with residents of the Juvenile Justice system; How Sachi Lost His Leg (2004 - a site specific spectacular combining puppetry and Capoeira); Wadya Call Me? (2004 – in a back lane, incorporating a 4 x 4m rolling screen, puppetry, live radio broadcast, and 19m graffiti wall created during the performance). In 2005, he directed Angels in the Architecture – creating an aerial urban ghetto and song cycle with an integrated ensemble of performers with and without disabilities. In 2006 he directed POP UP! an interactive three-dimensional multimedia pop up book, in and around the Shopfront complex. "A City of Shadows and Ice", was one of Shopfront's largest productions, being performed in August 2007 with the set made from ice and featuring Parkour artists. References Category:Living people Category:Australian artists Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

Norm McDonald (Australian footballer) Norm McDonald (10 December 192528 November 2002), a Gunditjmara man, was an Australian rules footballer of Aboriginal heritage. Football Essendon (VFL) McDonald played in the Essendon premiership teams in 1949 and 1950 and won the Essendon Best and Fairest award in 1951. Golden Square (BFL) In 1954, McDonald was cleared from Essendon, and was appointed captain-coach of the Golden Square Football Club in the Bendigo Football League, in place of ex-North Melbourne footballer Harry Green. McDonald left the club before the end of the 1954 season, and his position was filled for the remainder of the season by the team's full-back, Vin Lapsley. Footscray's (1954) premiership half-back flanker Alan Martin took over as Golden Square's captain-coach in 1955. Athletics A noted sprinter, McDonald ran second in the (Monday, 14 April 1952) final of the 1952 Stawell Gift to his Essendon Football Club teammate, Lance Mann; and, two days later (Wednesday, 14 April 1952) he, once again, ran second to Mann — in the final of the Bendigo Easter Gift. The Easter Gift was an entirely different race from the Bendigo Thousand that had been conducted earlier that year from 8—10 March 1952: "McDonald suffered a financial setback when he backed himself heavily to win the Bendigo Thousand and was beaten by 1ft. in his semi-final in time equal to 6yds., 2ft. inside evens — his best run of the season." McDonald also ran second to Mann in the 1952 Lilydale Backmarkers Handicap on 22 March 1952. . Death He died on 28 November 2002 at the Footscray Hospital. Indigenous Team of the Century In 2005, McDonald was named on the half-back flank of the Indigenous Team of the Century. Victorian Aboriginal Honour Roll In 2008 he was inducted into the Victorian Aboriginal Honour Roll. Footnotes Sources Kerville, Ben, "Lissom-limbed Norm McDonald, who played his 100th game with Essendon today, was . . . a Gift from the Gods", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 31 May 1952), p.7. Maplestone, M., Flying Higher: History of the Essendon Football Club 1872–1996, Essendon Football Club, (Melbourne), 1996. Ross, J. (ed), 100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996. Club Champion Passes Away, essendonfc.com.au, 29 November 2002. External links Norm McDonald, Boyles Football Photos. Category:Essendon Football Club players Category:1925 births Category:2002 deaths Category:Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football Category:Crichton Medal winners Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Category:Australian male sprinters