Due to their large surface-area-to-volume ratio and enhanced chemical reactivity, nanoparticles have attracted interest among researchers in the upstream petroleum industry for oil recovery applications. Nanoparticles have been studied as additives to waterflooding from day one of production as well as additives at later-stage waterflooding (secondary and tertiary recoveries). Many types of nanoparticles have been tested, and the aims of the nanoparticles have been either to reduce the mobility of the injected fluid relative to that of oil or to increase the ratio of viscous to interfacial forces .Nanomaterials, “Application of Nanoparticles for Oil Recovery”, includes eight research articles that demonstrate advances in the understanding of the behavior of nanoparticles during fluid flow in porous media and give more knowledge of recovery mechanisms when using nanoparticles in oil recovery. The research works presented here cover core flooding and microfluidic studies of the injection of various nanoparticle suspensions  for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), nanostabilized CO2 foam flooding, investigation of stability of nanosuspensions under various conditions, and mathematical modelling of injection processes of polymer with nanoparticles.The research on nanotechnology for oil recovery has shown potential, but the mechanisms for oil recovery are not fully understood. This Special Issue of Studies on the use of surface-functionalized particles for special reservoir rock and fluid properties and reservoir conditions might be the way forward for understanding the oil recovery mechanisms involved. An article in this Special Issue by Bila and Torsæter  investigThe stability of nanoparticles is important for a successful application of nanofluids for enhanced oil recovery. Hadia et al.  studied 2 foam is used to recover oil and in CO2 storage. The behavior of nanoparticle–surfactant foam formulations is not well understood, and the experimental work by Alcorn et al. [Previous research has shown that nanoparticles can increase the stability of surfactant-based foams. Stable foams are especially important in processes where COn et al.  presentsDavarpanah  presentsThe stability of a nanoparticle suspension at reservoir conditions is still creating uncertainty in the evaluation of nanoflooding processes. Li et al.  studied The experimental study by Rueda et al.  showed tAadland et al.  conducteRezaei et al.  investig


To study urinary pathologies using mouse models, as well as the efficacy of a given treatment or intervention, the voluntary voiding behavior of mice must be addressed. The void spot assay (VSA) is an increasingly common method used in the field that is simple, inexpensive, and noninvasive (Chen et al., The study by Ruetten et al.  seeks toOne of the most challenging aspects of the VSA when performed as an endpoint test is the analysis of overlapping urine spots and the distinction between small voluntary void spots and deposits that result from carryover associated with the tail and paws. Another limitation is the temporal resolution that leads, for example, to the inability to assess whether a small void spot constitutes a voiding event by itself or is the dribbling product after other, larger spot. Then, combining this new approach of analysis to real‐time recording of the voiding events using methods such as video monitoring (Hou et al., Overall, Ruetten et al.  describeThe author has declared that no conflict of interest exists.


The main source of arsenic exposure to humans worldwide is the diet, in particular, drinking water, rice, and seafood. Although arsenic is often considered toxic, it can exist in food as more than 300 chemical species with different toxicities. This diversity makes it difficult for food safety and health authorities to regulate arsenic levels in food, which are currently based on a few arsenic species. Of particular interest are arsenolipids, a type of arsenic species widely found in seafood. Emerging evidence indicates that there are risks associated with human exposure to arsenolipids . Still, more research is needed to fully understand the impact of arsenolipid exposure, which requires establishing interdisciplinary collaborations. The reaAlthough arsenic ranked first in the 2019 Substance Priority List , its health effects strongly depend on the dose and toxicity of the arsenic-containing molecules  of exposure.−1  only consider iAs . Their existence was first suggested in the early 20th century Sadolin, ; howeveret al., et al., Given their complex chemical structure , researcet al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., The use of pure arsenolipid standards is key for the successful characterization of these species. However, their synthesis is not trivial and, while no commercial standard exists, only synthetic routes to a few arsenolipids are available to date . The ability to then traverse the intestinal barrier and reach the bloodstream is referred to as bioavailability, which controls further access to other organs for biotransformations  or bioaccumulation. Both AsFAs and AsHCs can be released from krill oil and seaweed in the stomach (Chavez-Capilla, et al., in vitro and disregarded the potential role of gut microbiota on AsFA and AsHC bioaccessibility and bioavailability.Experiments using an intestinal barrier model found that more than 50% AsHCs and up to 13% AsFAs remain unchanged after intestinal absorption (Meyer et al., et al., et al., et al., Recent research shows that the salivary microbiota can begin transforming dietary methylated arsenic and arsenosugars in the mouth (Calatayud et al., −1 were found in their breast milk, where 2–61% accounted for AsFAs and AsHCs (Stiboller et al., et al., et al., et al., The bioavailability of AsFAs and AsHCs from food has been demonstrated after detecting them in the breast milk of Norwegian mothers (Stiboller et al., In this regard, a correlation between the maternal gut microbial diversity and the arsenic metabolites in breast milk after fish consumption has been observed and additional work is underway to understand this correlation (Lenters et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Drosophila melanogaster and tuna fish (Niehoff et al., et al., The significance of these findings is irrefutable and emphasizes the need to further investigate the role of maternal gut microbiota in protecting infants from AsFA and AsHC exposure, and the impact of these arsenic species on newborn health. For instance, emerging evidence supports an association between AsHC exposure and the development of neurodegenerative disorders (Niehoff et al., et al., et al., Toxicological studies using rat brain tissues showed that AsHCs can negatively affect the mechanism underlying learning and memory in infants (Zheng et al., Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism (Bornhorst et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., In addition, the biotransformations of AsFAs and AsHCs have only been studied using human liver cells (Chavez-Capilla, et al., et al., et al., Nonetheless, the consequences of AsFAs and AsHCs entering the citric acid cycle are not yet understood, as this could deplete cells of the energy required for essential metabolic processes (Meyer et al., While there is evidence on the potential harm of AsFA and AsHC exposure to humans, a more comprehensive risk assessment is still needed for authorities to update the current regulations on arsenic in food. To date, only a few studies estimate the potential health risk of seafood consumption based on the existing evidence on AsHCs (Amin Due to the methodological limitations hindering the proper isolation, synthesis, and analysis of most arsenolipids, current work has only focused on AsFAs and AsHCs, but all other arsenolipid species and their potential toxicity should also be researched. To conduct high-quality research on this field, scientists need pure arsenolipid standards and certified reference materials. Synthesizing new standards is essential to study additional arsenolipid species in isolation and to advance in the development of analytical methods to identify and quantify new arsenolipids in biological samples. Certified reference materials aid in validating analytical methods and ensuring reliable results.in vitro and in vivo experiments are required. Gene manipulation in cell cultures has been used before to elucidate synthetic routes for some arsenic species (Xue et al., To better understand the metabolism of arsenolipids, new Further toxicological and epidemiological studies should also include representative patterns of arsenolipid exposure in different populations and at environmentally relevant concentrations to produce data for health risk assessments. Hence, an interdisciplinary collaboration between organometallic chemists, analytical chemists, gut microbiologists, toxicologists, and epidemiologists is the way forward to successfully unravel arsenolipid transformations in humans.


Affordable, reliable and high-quality child and elderly care services are essential for employees to do teleworking in an efficient manner.


Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) are widespread symbiotic associations between 78% of vascular plant species globally (Tedersoo et al., AM development is a conserved process across extant host species with limited morphological variations in the symbiotic structures (Choi et al., The study of fungal accommodation has revealed that host cell rearrangement, calcium-mediated signals and major changes in gene expression extend to neighboring, uncolonized cells (Genre et al., Medicago truncatula on which hyphopodium formation had occurred, supporting the hypothesis that cell divisions determinants are co-opted by the plant cell in preparation of interface compartment construction. More recently, combined microscopy, flow cytometry and gene expression studies have revealed that the activation of cell division- related processes occurs since the early steps of AM development, often at a distance from the colonizing hyphae (Carotenuto et al., Daucus carota expressing a GFP fusion with TPLATE (Russo et al., Several studies had reported an increase in ploidy in mycorrhizal roots of different angiosperms (Berta et al., MtAPC/C subunit 2 (Tarayre et al., MtCCS52A (Cebolla et al., MtVAG1, and MtTOPO-VI B (Bergerat et al., MtHist-H4 (Lepetit et al., Furthermore, taking advantage of the correlation between flow cytometry data and detailed nuclear size measurements through confocal imaging, the precise localization of inner cortical cells with different levels of increased ploidy in the AM colonized areas was achieved (Carotenuto et al., In addition, uncolonized split cells often displayed lower ploidy than their neighboring undivided cells, suggesting that cell division and endoreduplication combine to generate the resulting mixed population of cells with diverse ploidy levels (Carotenuto et al., These observations outlined a previously unpredicted scenario of cell cycle reactivation in response to AM colonization. Attempting to explain the origin and role of these conserved and histologically localized responses, a few additional considerations should be discussed.Firstly, cell divisions in the inner cortex have been observed when intraradical hyphae were limited to epidermal and outer cortical layers but not in later stages; by contrast, as demonstrated by combined flow cytometry and microscopy data, recursive endoreduplication cycles appear to be active for a longer period of time, with arbusculated and neighboring cells reaching levels of 128C ploidy, corresponding to up to 5 cycles of endoreduplication (Carotenuto et al., Secondly, the observation of both cell division and ploidy increase at a distance from arbuscules or colonizing hyphae suggests the existence of a yet unidentified signaling process reactivating the cell cycle before fungal arrival.in situ studies of cell ploidy in uncolonized roots of M. truncatula (Carotenuto et al., In addition, the concentration of both ectopic cell divisions and endocycle events to the inner cortex envisages a remarkable correlation with the accommodation of arbuscules, which normally develop in the same cell layer. Cell proliferation, with its limited occurrence, appears to have a secondary role, if any, in the generation of additional space for arbuscule accommodation. By contrast, the sparse cell divisions observed in AM colonized areas might relate to the developmental fate of cortical cells. In the roots of most plants, in fact, cortical cell differentiation is determined with an endocycle that doubles their DNA content from 2C to 4C (Cebolla et al., Besides tissue differentiation, endoreduplication is also common in plant interactions with diverse microbes: replicating DNA produces multiple copies of each gene, intensifying cell responsiveness to microbial signals. Examples are numerous, from pathogens and parasites (de Almeida Engler and Gheysen, in vivo imaging of GFP-TPLATE fusions revealed a strong accumulation of TPLATE at sites of PPA assembly and at sites of cell-to-cell hyphal passage, where the perifungal membrane fuses with the plasmalemma, in striking analogy with cell plate fusion with the cell membrane at the end of mitosis (Russo et al., The requirement of a specific rearrangement in the host cell organization for arbuscule accommodation is apparent from a simple observation of the structural and functional complexity of the periarbuscular interface (Luginbuehl and Oldroyd, If the recruitment of cell division processes to assemble the extensive periarbuscular interface now appears more convincing, developmental restraints could contribute to explain why sparse cell division and diffuse endoreduplication are limited to the cortex. Dong et al.  have recBy discussing the developmental and evolutionary context where cell cycle processes interweave with AM symbiosis, a scenario emerges  where thde novo a fully functional symbiotic interface—as in modern plants—appears unrealistic. By contrast, stimulating cell divisions in differentiated organs could have been a more amenable strategy to generate both crack openings in the surface tissues (an entry route that is conserved in many extant plant-microbe interactions; Ibáñez et al., We currently have no information on how the earliest land plants acquired the ability to host a symbiotic fungus inside their cells. One can speculate that initial surface interactions provided an advantageous exchange of nutrients, pressing toward more intimate contacts, such as the penetration of fungal hyphae between the plant cells and eventually inside their lumen. In this context, creating Both authors made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Following the publication of the original article (Ajenjo et al. The changes have been highlighted and are shown in Additional file The original article (Ajenjo et al. Additional file 1.


Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been introduced as probiotics and have been consumed throughout the world. Probiotics can regulate the microecological balance of the digestive tract, inhibit the growth and adhesion of pathogenic bacteria, and ameliorate inflammation, thereby supporting a healthy digestive tract. Prebiotics are substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit and they can also defense against pathogens and modulate gut microbiota  with or without galacto-oligosaccharides fought against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 in an early weaned piglet model. Research of Wang Y. et al. showed that dietary Lactobacillus plantarum P8 supplementation improved the growth performance as well as the intestinal health of broilers infected with Eimeria. Wang T et al. and Astó et al. found probiotics had potential application to treat alcoholic liver disease induced by liquor and functional gastrointestinal disorders, respectively. Furthermore, the results from Ke et al. and Buddhasiri et al. showed the effects of probiotics in controlling pathogens infection, such as Cronobacter spp. and Salmonella. Other functions of probiotics have attracted more and more attention, such as the antifungal effect shown by Somashekaraiah et al. More and more researches showed that the marine active substances act beneficial effects on animals' health through the intestine. The modulating effect of astaxanthin on gut microbiota has been reported by Gao et al. in this Research Topic. These studies have expanded our understanding on this Research Topic; however, further studies are still needed to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms.We received 14 submissions in this Research Topic, and finally seven research articles and one review passed the strict peer review process and were accepted for publication. The studies in this Research Topic show that the function of probiotics occurs mainly in the intestine. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Multiple disorders are associated with a decrease in cerebral extracellular pH, including brain ischemia, seizures, and neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis (Vergo et al., Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience (Alijevic et al., A Swiss study from 2+-independent mechanisms (Wang et al., This new study from Kellenberger's laboratory significantly adds to the ASIC field by detailing how ASIC1a reacts to pH changes that last longer than 4 s (Alijevic et al., All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Introduction section, paragraph 3, page 2. References Calzone et al. (In the original article, there were missing citations in the e et al.  and Stace et al.  have nowFor women, sex hormones interact with the mechanisms governing body fluid balance and circulating levels of fluid regulatory hormones are altered by changes in estrogen and progesterone concentration (Stachenfeld et al., The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Dear Editor,We ponder upon the study of Ali M. et al  publisheThe study has some methodological insufficiencies and there was room for improvement assessing the agreement. The de‐attenuated correlation usually improves the energy‐adjusted agreement between the competing dietary methods (Chen et al., Authors declare no competing interests.SR and NS conceived the idea, SR wrote the first draft; NS, ABT and SI provided feedback and evaluated to finalise. All the authors read and approved the final version.


PLoS Medicine article, entitled “A critical reassessment of the role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis,” Salas et al. [In their et al.  reviewedSDHD subunit gene of mitochondrial complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) in the year 2000 [SDHB,SDHC, andSDHD subunit genes in hundreds of index cases and families with hereditary and sporadic paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas [The causal link between mitochondrial abnormalities and tumorigenesis was provided by the positional cloning of the hereditary paraganglioma gene at chromosome band 11q23 as thecytomas .Although it is clear that Salas et al. question specifically the mutations in mtDNA of tumors, they did not acknowledge the causal link between mitochondria and cancer provided by the discovery of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial gene mutations. This is especially important because, in their unfortunate title and in their conclusion, the authors seem to make a sweeping statement against the role of mitochondria in cancer. It is essential to emphasize to readers that it is the mtDNA, but not mitochondria, which has a questionable role in tumorigenesis.


I do not like it at all to 10 = I like it a lot) for old and new excerpts.Implicit emotional memory refers to unconscious retrieval of past emotional experiences  and a series of neural networks  that show age-related differences (from newborns to older adults, e.g., Perani et al., In sum, while Narme et al.'s data are some of the first to focus on implicit emotional memory in aging, it has to be acknowledged that the study of emotional memory-music interaction is complex. For example, a familiarity and fluency-based interpretation of the interaction between implicit memory and emotion cannot be ignored. In addition, controlling for explicit contamination (e.g., Fairfield et al., The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and approved it for publication.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by intrusive, negative thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).A puzzling feature of OCD is the inability of patients to utilize external information to terminate obsessional thinking. Recently, Stern et al.  suggesteIn this commentary, we expand on the study of Stern et al. , discussStern et al.  examinedGiven the authors' conclusion, the number of target detection task errors within the patient group should be greatest in the internally focused conditions; this, however, is not supported by Figure 2 , they exhibited more OCD-like behaviors than participants who were prompted to have low perceived responsibility  (Lopatka and Rachman, To investigate the physiology of attentional switching in OCD, Stern et al.  studied This finding is interesting in light of a hypothesis proposed by Gonçalves et al.  that sugsafety cue?The findings of Stern et al.  have proAll authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Here, wet al. are associated with a particular interpretation of our language. While our original paper emphasized the importance of precision of language, for reasons of brevity, we are not able to engage with all such criticisms here and do not feel it is productive to get into a prolonged debate about how we or they may have phrased things better. We will simply state that where we offered a critique of their tone or interpretation, we did so having carefully read their research, corresponded with co-workers about it, and then raised specific concerns about how it could be perceived. We remain willing to clarify our concerns in correspondence should the authors wish.Many of the issues raised by Brown et al. were concerned over our criticism of their statement that ‘burning is considered particularly detrimental to peat-forming Sphagnum species'. As they acknowledge in their comment, there was a single reference provided in their review paper with regard to Sphagnum sensitivity to managed fires [et al. [Sphagnum [Sphagnum biomass could be lost. However, during management fires, this is unlikely owing to Sphagnum's very high moisture content. Smouldering combustion might occur during severe fires in periods of drought. Although there is palaeoecological data that provides circumstantial evidence that some Sphagnum species may be sensitive to land-use intensification and burning [Sphagnum can regenerate following burning [Sphagnum in general and severe wildfire effects should not be confounded with the outcomes of prescribed burns. It remains unclear why a managed (thus low severity) fire should be particularly detrimental to Sphagnum, because it has the ability to regenerate from stems many centimetres below the capitulum [et al. will understand that our concern was that they were propagating a highly generalized supposition  which remains largely unsupported in the scientific literature.Brown ed fires . We refe [et al.  for theiSphagnum  reveals Sphagnum –10. Burn burning ,12, ther burning ,14 and t burning . There iapitulum  and fireapitulum . We hopeet al. criticize us for disagreeing with their concerns about the controllability of prescribed fires, in particular the potential for combustion of moss and litter layers. It would obviously be ludicrous to state that consumption of such layers is physically impossible. Rather, we pointed out that available experimental evidence suggests that this can be minimized by burning under appropriate fuel moisture conditions [Brown nditions . We alsonditions  for furtRegarding our critique of the release, and press coverage, of the non-peer-reviewed EMBER report , we acknet al. and Douglas et al., we clearly stated that the participants were a mixture of senior  undergraduates and graduate students studying ecosystem restoration. Undergraduate students were predominantly majors in environmental science or forestry, fisheries and wildlife. We did not collect data on the participants' gender, nor did we collect data on their race, age, marital status, sexual orientation or socio-economic background. Readers were assigned to random groups and were asked to reach a consensus which they reported for the group as a whole. This approach does not lend itself to formal statistical analysis but is a legitimate qualitative approach to a socio-scientific question [With regard to criticism of our perception study by Brown question . Our repet al. criticize us for inconsistency in our description of the seasonal distribution of wildfires in the UK. We are happy to clarify any misunderstanding. If readers examine the reference in question [Douglas question  they wilet al.'s interpretation of their MODIS data [et al. [et al. [A number of the authors here have previously outlined their concerns regarding Douglas DIS data  and why  [et al.  on this  [et al. ,24. We w [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. have at their disposal an extremely valuable dataset that could be used to interpret variation in fire regimes. We would encourage them to consider Romme [With regard to our estimation of fire rotations, criticized in Douglas et al. , we clea [et al.  to make  [et al. ) and anner Romme  and we let al. are correct that there is growing pressure being placed on the use of managed burning by water companies (for instance burn bans on the significant areas of peatland they own) owing to concern regarding dissolved organic carbon, DOC). As we outlined in our paper, there is currently no clear consensus that existing evidence suggests managed burning alone drives increased DOC concentrations or has negative consequences for C storage . Many existing studies suffer from complexities introduced by interacting disturbances, including fire, grazing and drainage. We demonstrated that assessments of habitat condition are overly simplistic and do not account for the ecological role of fire in peatlands. Douglas et al. advocate a precautionary response to these challenges; this might be appropriate in some locations where services such as drinking water are of critical importance. Given existing uncertainty there is no guarantee that such changes will provide the desired benefits. A passive Adaptive Management approach [status quo associated with grouse moor management  is appropriate everywhere either. We would point out that wildfire control and fuel reduction treatments may be important in areas where burning ceases. Although this requires further study, the results reported in Allen et al. [Our paper outlined why we believe that wholesale changes in management should be considered carefully as we currently have little evidence of what the environmental consequences of actions such as the total cessation of burning would be. Douglas approach  is theren et al.  highlighet al. suggest we have added to the partisan tone of the debate. We are content that our paper has instead rebalanced the conversation regarding peatland fire management and subjected it to a rigorous assessment from the perspective of fire ecology. Specific criticisms we have made while demonstrating our points should be kept in perspective—science proceeds by debate and the formulation of questions or hypotheses, followed by evidence gathering to address the questions and then further debate. The complex questions associated with the effects of fire in peatlands are best addressed by appreciating perspectives and expertise from a range of different disciplines. We hope Brown et al. and Douglas et al. will be willing to reflect on and appreciate ours. We retain admiration for much of their work aside from our disagreements here.In their conclusion, Brown


Over 30 authors contributed 15 articles toward this research topic. Collectively this body of work represents a bridge between music informatics and music cognition, covering a broad range of research topics.Research addressing problems or needs fundamental to one domain but borrowing methods, approaches, and/or insights from the other domain.Research addressing problems or needs common to both domains and borrowing methods and insights from either of the two domains.Research addressing problems or needs of one domain with strong implications for the other domain.We can categorize these fifteen articles into one of the following groups or a combination of them, since the groups are not mutually exclusive:Baker and Müllensiefen; Barone et al.; Casey; Foubert et al.; Kim; McAdams et al.; McFee et al.; Siedenburg and Müllensiefen; Stober; van der Weij et al.; Vempala and Russo). Two articles   explore issues that fall mainly within the space of music informatics, while the two remaining articles   explore areas with research motivations relevant to both music cognition and music informatics. This cursory analysis might suggest that only limited interactions between these domains exist. With the majority of interactions biased toward music cognition, one might argue that this fragile new bridge is at risk of collapse!Eleven articles  attempt to elucidate underlying mental processes related to music. These articles may be thought of as predominantly aligned with music cognition  use feature extraction methods hailing from music informatics. In other words, the dependence of these studies on music informatics should not be understated. Additionally, most of these eleven articles have moderate to strong implications for music informatics. Likewise, the two articles that fall predominantly within music informatics, have implications for music cognition.However, a closer examination of the articles reveals a richer and balanced network of interactions. Of the eleven articles that are predominantly aligned with music cognition, no less than six (Since all the articles present research in more than one key area within music informatics and music cognition, they may be thought of as forming dynamic clusters that may be characterized differently depending on one's vantage point. The key areas driving these clusters include but are not limited to: statistical and computational modeling, machine learning, music and emotion, musical preference and engagement, rhythm and meter perception, musical timbre and instrument identification, music similarity, music representation, structural segmentation, implied harmony, music therapy, and big data analysis.Baker and Müllensiefen, Kim, McAdams et al., van der Weij et al., Vempala and Russo, use computational modeling as a means to explain or interpret behaviors associated with music cognition. van der Weij et al. use a probabilistic model of meter expectation to explain the effects of enculturation. But their model is generative and borrows techniques from machine learning, thus bridging into music informatics. Both McAdams et al. and Vempala and Russo explore music and emotion. While McAdams et al. examine perceived emotion based on the acoustic properties of timbre, Vempala and Russo explore higher-level emotion judgments through a classic cognitive modeling framework using machine learning methods. Baker and Müllensiefen look at how similarity in compositional structure affects salience and recognition, specifically through the use of Wagner's leitmotives. Among all the computational modeling studies, Kim's gradient frequency neural network for estimating implied harmony, is the only biologically inspired low-level computational model consisting of tonotopically tuned nonlinear oscillators.Stober and Casey present findings on music representation as assessed by neural activity—a topic that intersects music cognition, music information retrieval, and cognitive neuroscience. Stober explores music imagery information retrieval through EEG recordings whereas Casey examines neural representation of music in naturalistic listening conditions through fMRI. Both studies strongly depend on machine learning and deep learning methods. Stober's work also highlights the need for sharing open datasets. Open science is a practice common to music informatics and one that is fast gaining ground in music cognition. This approach promotes collaborative research endeavors and encourages replicability of research findings.Both Siedenburg and Müllensiefen focus on music similarity judgments, Thoret et al. look at timbre and the modulation power spectrum as feature sources for musical instrument identification. Thoret et al.'s work is similar to, McAdams et al. since both inspect the role of timbre in music perception. However, given the importance of automatic source recognition in music informatics, it can be argued that Thoret et al.'s work on instrument identification is more closely aligned with music informatics than music cognition.Several studies in this topic address the importance of timbre in music. While Barone et al., Kaneshiro et al., and Janssen et al. emphasize the role of corpus analysis methods in music informatics and music cognition. Janssen et al. uses a folk music corpus to study the relationship between musical memory and melodic variation with pattern matching—research that is more traditionally aligned with music cognition but has clear implications for music informatics. Barone et al. and Kaneshiro et al. focus on the analysis of big data - an area that has become especially relevant since the advent of cloud storage and high performance computing resources. Barone et al. examine statistical regularities in music download patterns of listeners. Specifically, they look at genre and emotion preference using acoustic features. Their work serves as yet another example of research problems fundamental to music cognition using methods borrowed from music informatics.Kaneshiro et al. also explore musical behavior of listeners at scale. They study the types of musical events within a piece of music that lead to enhanced engagement of the listener. Despite addressing issues related to perception and preference in music cognition, their work adheres more to music informatics because of its application areas comprising music discovery, multimedia search, and musical engagement.McFee et al.'s work focuses on the analysis of musical structure, and its role in hierarchical music segmentation by annotators. They present ways to overcome limitations during the occurrence of inter-annotator disagreements because of ambiguous musical structure. Segmentation algorithms are an active area of music informatics while perception of musical structure is also integral to music cognition. As such, this research falls well within the scope of both music informatics and music cognition.Foubert et al.'s article stands out as the only article with application in music therapy. Their research is based on the hypothesis that abnormal timing deviations during musical improvisation can be used as predictors of interpersonal relationship instability—a characteristic of borderline personality disorder. A statistical model motivated from music cognition, with rhythm and tempo-based pattern matching features borrowed from music informatics, is used to diagnose patients with borderline personality disorder.Krumhansl's article presents the results of an extensive survey on the contexts in which people heard popular music in their lifetimes, and how they developed their preferences for music. The survey shows several interesting results about the progression of music listening across the life span of different participants. The results also provide more insights and context about different effects such as generational effects, song specific age effect, decade effect, influence of emotion on memory and preference, among others. This study has relevance for music informatics in particular, and for the music industry more generally.Given the breadth of research occurring at the intersection of music informatics and music cognition, these 15 articles represent a small sampling. Nonetheless, through their range and diversity of topics, these articles give us a sense of the nature and scope of research at this intersection. Hence, we can safely conclude that, far from risk of collapse, the bridge between music informatics and music cognition is built on solid foundations. The diversity of interactions explored in this topic suggests that this bridge is sustainable and that it will continue to support fruitful activity for decades to come.NV was responsible for writing. FR was responsible for writing.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Such a possibility may be considered a remote prospect by majority of virologists because of the prevailing perspective that positive strand RNA viruses do not need to synthesize DNA to complete their life cycle neither do they have any reverse transcriptase to generate a complementary DNA. Since there seems to be no chance of reverse transcription , it becomes easy to infer that a DNA stage (i) does not exist and (ii) is not functionally important. We argue that these inferences are not true. The current paradigm is that DNA transcribed from the RNA of these viruses does not exist in the host genome; and it requires a robust evidence of POSTRAITE to refute this generally held belief. In this paper we will demonstrate that such affirmation already exists.Scientific literature is filled with papers that don't even consider the possibility of RNA to DNA synthesis in these viruses and their host genome integration. But we propose that there is a genuine likelihood despite the absence of reverse transcriptase and integrase in their genomes. In order to give a scientific basis to this apparently radical proposition, we need to establish atleast one obligatory and one supportive postulate viz. (i) experimental evidence of a positive strand RNA viral genome (devoid of reverse transcriptase and integrase) integration into host genome (obligatory) and (ii) speculation of possible function/s such an integration may serve the virus (supportive). If, there is evidence of the virus antigens being found in the nuclei of the host cells, our proposition may imbibe further strength. The mechanism of host genome integration, in principle, can be true with many other diseases where the viral genome has sequence based similarities to certain regions of the host genome. This conceptual model is coherent and may pave way to deciphering mechanisms of many complex viral diseases (in addition to Zika virus mediated brain defects). But for such a mechanism to be true, POSTRAITE needs to be a biological verity. Establishing the likelihood of such a biological reality is the basic aim of the present paper and can be achieved by finding satisfactory answers for the above mentioned obligatory and supporting postulates.Aedes mosquito genomes) by Suzuki et al.  have not been reported to reverse transcribe into cDNA. As an example of Zika virus, an RNA polymerase on the NS5 subunit of the Zika virus polyprotein has been indicated for viral genome replication (RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase activity), without the involvement of reverse transcriptase (Godoy et al., i et al. . Their fi et al. . This inIn an interesting study, Klenerman et al.  reportedRNAs are relatively unstable molecules; for that reason the genomes of RNA viruses are susceptible to various host cell mechanisms aimed at exonucleolytic mRNA decay/destruction (Moon et al., Though the complete lifecycle of positive strand RNA viruses is thought to be exclusively cytoplasmic, their presence in the host cell nuclei have, nevertheless, been documented (Buckley and Gould, Though the supposition of positive strand RNA virus genome integration to host genome is currently considered improbable but this phenomenon is, nevertheless, a reality and has already been reported. This concept has a lot of information to offer from safety concerns of RNA based gene therapies to viral etiology of previously thought non-infectious diseases. The etiobiology of neurodegenerative disease may further be understood under this umbrella (Li et al., MF and AK: conceived the idea, wrote the manuscript, and revised the manuscript; HS, VP, and PK: wrote and revised the manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Miyagami et al.  evaluateConsidering the predictive performance of hyperuricemia on several lifestyle-related diseases is an optimistic interpretation. The internal and external validation of the prediction model must be done through bootstrapping and split-validation, respectively .We studied the article written by Miyagami et al.  that pubTherefore, according to the above explanation, it is necessary considering to this point in interpretation of results of this study for readers.


Niu et al.; Ranjbaran and Galiana; Pearson et al.; Sharif Razavian et al.; Malik et al.), elucidate control theories , shed light on systemic mechanisms , suggest testable hypothesis , and aid design of rehabilitation or therapeutic strategies . The 14 articles reflected these different aspects of computational modeling in bridging this gap between functions of neural circuits and observable behaviors. This research topic demonstrated that computational modeling is playing a more and more prominent role in sensorimotor control studies.There exists a gap from experimental data to the understanding of neural control of movements. This research topic was dedicated to promote computational modeling approach that can facilitate data interpretation . This approach has evolved from a “black-box” type of modeling to building biologically and neurophysiologically realistic, multi-scale models. The success of the latter approach hinges on the assumption that the models represent the underlying computations of neural signal processing in central sensorimotor system.Lan and He), or to propose new testable hypotheses , and investigated a viable switching strategy for the timing of nystagmus. Simulation results replicated experimental data well in all conditions. Li et al. used a corticospinal, virtual-arm model to investigate the central coordination of alpha and gamma controls to muscles and their muscle spindles for movement generation. Simulation results indicated that simple patterns of alpha and gamma drives are sufficient to control a range of movements, and that propriospinal neurons  of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) in a Parkinsonian monkey. This model predicted how different DBS stimulation parameters produced different activations of the nerve fibers surrounding the PPTg.An important motivator of computational modeling is the potential use of this body of knowledge to design new, efficacious interventions for treating movement disorders  and The Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2011CB013304). VC is supported by startup funds from The Chinese University of Hong Kong.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Research gaps in understanding flood changes at the catchment scale caused by changes in forest management, agricultural practices, artificial drainage, and terracing are identified. Potential strategies in addressing these gaps are proposed, such as complex systems approaches to link processes across time scales, long‐term experiments on physical‐chemical‐biological process interactions, and a focus on connectivity and patterns across spatial scales. It is suggested that these strategies will stimulate new research that coherently addresses the issues across hydrology, soil and agricultural sciences, forest engineering, forest ecology, and geomorphology. Land use change impacts on floods are poorly understood at the catchment scaleNumerous synergies are identified in exploring the effects of changed agricultural practices, artif. drainage, terracing, and forest coverA cross‐disciplinary systems approach aided by long‐term field studies and a focus on flow connectivity are needed to make major advances Large areas have been deforested or drained, thus either increasing or decreasing antecedent soil moisture and triggering erosion. Hillslopes were modified for agricultural production, thus changing flow paths, flow velocities, and water storage, and consequently flow connectivity and concentration times. The intensification of agricultural practices has resulted in the formation of platy dense soil horizons with preferential lateral flow which may reduce and/or retard vertical infiltration in the soils, but cause an intensification of lateral mass flow besides the reduced filter and buffer processes in deeper soil horizons. It is likely that hydrologically significant changes will continue in the next decades due to loss of agricultural land and forests [Gupta et al. [Alila et al. [Studies that examine the impact of land use changes on streamflow and floods often obtain contradictory results for the same kind of change. Although results from individual studies are legitimate, it is difficult to obtain general statements on the impacts since each study takes a rather narrow and study specific perspective. Some recent publications such as the paper of a et al.  on the ra et al.  about thHollis, In this commentary, the main research gaps concerning the impact of land use change on floods are identified, and strategies for addressing them are proposed. The focus of this paper is on the role of agricultural practices, drainage, terracing, and forest change. The impacts of land use change due to urbanization are also important, but are not further considered in this paper, because processes related to urbanization [e.g., 22.1Gaal et al., Brown et al., Zink et al., Wilson et al., Floods are the outcome of coupled processes with widely diverging time scales [Acreman and Holden, Nicolis and Nicolis, Sivapalan and Blöschl, Cerdà et al., The time scales involved in the process interactions may range from event to seasonal to centennial scales. For example, drainage of peatlands may initially result in lower water tables and an increase in water storage capacity. However, oxidation of peat triggered by lower water tables results in loss of peat thickness over time, which then reduces the storage capacity. The short‐term response to drainage may therefore be different from the long‐term response which is more strongly affected by feedbacks [2.2Dooge [O'Connell et al., Spatial scales are equally important as time scales when attempting to understand land use change impacts on floods. Below we are referring to three different spatial scales following Dooge , 1986: tBlöschl et al., Western et al., Van Dijk et al., Fraser et al., Band et al., Pfister et al., Gucinski et al., Guzman et al., Silgram et al., Band et al., Holden, While, in the past, the emphasis of upscaling has usually been on understanding random spatial variability, the spatial connectivity of flow processes is now increasingly recognized as a key determinant of land use change effects [Blöschl et al., Bathurst et al., Owing to the spatial variability of flow processes, land use change effects on floods vary with the catchment scale. The impact of land use changes usually decreases with increasing catchment area for a finite size of the disturbance [Viglione et al., Hess et al., Robinson, King et al., Brown et al., O'Connell et al., Bradshaw et al., As the catchment scale increases, it becomes more difficult to identify any land use change effects on floods from observed discharge data due to multiple controlling factors and process interactions [Against the backdrop of the issues of scale and scaling, below the most important research gaps for each of the land use change types are discussed.33.1Gaillard et al., 6 km2 of forest was lost in the years 2000–2012 and 0.8 × 106 km2 of new forest was gained [Hansen et al., Messier et al., Teuffel et al., Since the Neolithic age, forests have been lost to cropland and grassland at large scales [Brown et al., Andréassian, Brown et al., Bathurst et al., Alila et al., The effects of forest cover on the flood regime are ambiguous. Experimental studies show that forest cover, compared to grassland, may reduce average catchment discharge as a result of (i) increased rainfall interception, (ii) increased transpiration, (iii) reduced soil moisture, and (vi) increased permeability of soils [e.g., Vose et al., Bernsteinová et al., Rawlins et al., Evaristo et al., Effects of forest change that are more indirect include increased surface runoff on forest roads and increased soil erosion and the development of gullies after deforestation which both may enhance floods in steep terrain [e.g., Vieira et al., While it is clear that the soil structure responds slowly to deforestation, afforestation, and reforestation, the exact time scales related to such changes and their controls are not well understood. It is necessary to understand better how fast preferential flow pathways in the subsurface evolve, but there is currently a lack of simple methods for quantifying these flow pathways in the field. Another open question is how forest management activities, affecting the age and composition of the forest, translate into changes in soil structure and consequently soil moisture. Clearly, soil moisture affects flow paths, including the type of runoff generation mechanism (overland flow versus subsurface stormflow), but more research in experimental catchments is needed to better understand the impacts on flood generation and on the frequency and magnitude of floods. Finally, forest fires and waxy leaf litter may lead to hydrophobic soil surfaces [3.22 of agricultural land is affected by soil deformation (including compaction and shearing), mostly because of poor agricultural practices such as using heavy machinery [Batey, Dörner and Horn, Zink et al., Alaoui et al., Iversen et al., Holman et al., Deasy et al., Schwen et al., Gieska et al., Fraser et al., Zumr et al., Potter, Band et al., Alaoui and Goetz, Globally, about 680,000 kmy Batey, . Plot‐scLeitinger et al., Hartge and Horn, Peng and Horn, Kellner and Hubbart, The response of soils to varying agricultural practices is a multiscale process. While soil deformation leads to immediate changes of soil properties [e.g., 3.32 of land have been drained globally [Framji et al., Fohrer et al., Tiemeyer et al., Duncan et al., Changnon et al., Zucker and Brown, Blann et al., Rycroft and Robinson, Acreman and Holden, Rahman et al., Holden et al., Over the past century, around 2,000,000 km3.4Dotterweich, Gallart et al., Dagnew et al., Gallart et al., Agnoletti et al., Agnoletti, Dudal, Romero‐Díaz et al., Although no reliable global inventory is readily available, the construction of terraces has been widespread throughout the world for millennia to facilitate cultivation, harvesting, and irrigation, reduce soil erosion, and increase soil storage capacity [4Understanding the impacts of land use change on flood generation across different space and time scales requires a new research thrust. Even though the research questions in the land use change categories discussed here are quite diverse, common threads emerge. Systems thinking to link processes across time scales, controlled long‐term field experiments at the plot scale, a focus on connectivity and spatial patterns, and organizing a coherent research theme within and across disciplines are believed to be the pillars of progress in this area.4.1Pires and Perdigão, Perdigão and Blöschl, Harte, The seemingly overwhelming complexity of land use change effects as evidenced by the diverse and often contradictory research results published in the literature may perhaps be best addressed by adopting a broader perspective of system approaches that explicitly quantify the interactions of processes across multiple spatiotemporal scales, drawing methodological inspiration from nonlinear geophysics [4.2Holländer et al., Zacharias et al., There is a long history of plot‐scale experiments in soil and agricultural sciences, paired catchment studies in forest science, and short‐term field experiments and long‐term catchment monitoring in hydrology and geomorphology. These different strands of research need to be better integrated in order to test hypotheses on land use change effects on floods, assisted by system models. A number of factors will be central to the integration: (i) Long‐term observations of variables that are directly relevant for understanding land use change effects are needed, such as the joint mechanical and hydraulic properties of soils as a function of agricultural activities, or changes in the efficiency of drainage pipes. Tailored field experiments, such as lysimeters and measurements of surface runoff on sloping (and convergent) ground would be part of the monitoring setup. (ii) Catchment‐scale studies (including paired catchments) should not only address afforestation/deforestation but also other land use changes . (iii) Similar to system models, a focus on memory effects  is needed, facilitated by long‐term observations of, for example, change in soil structure and decay of terraces. (iv) Confounding factors may mask the land use change effects. If possible, controlled and/or known boundary conditions should therefore be established in order to enhance the comparability and repeatability of individual studies. Globally, there is a strong effort being made in a number of environmental disciplines toward multivariable long‐term observations, such as in ecology and critical zone research, and a similar trend can be observed in hydrology [4.3Spatial‐scale issues from the plot to the catchment scale have been the main barrier to progress in identifying causal relationships between land use change and floods. It is believed that major progress can come through adopting connectivity of flow paths and their spatial patterns as unifying themes in identifying causal mechanisms. While the local inputs will differ, depending on the type of land use change and hydrological context, similarities in the aggregation behavior along the flow paths may suggest similarities in the effects of soil compaction, drainage, terracing, and forest change. Connectivity should be treated as a dynamic rather than a static characteristic of catchments, implying that not only flow connectivity at the flood event scale is of interest but also how it evolves over time, e.g., due to soil physical processes, erosion and decaying drainage systems. Five steps are envisaged in the analysis: (i) Characterization of flow connectivity at different spatial scales with a focus on the dynamic response of soils and land cover to extreme precipitation events, patterns of infiltration capacity and surface runoff. High‐resolution remote sensing methods such as Lidar or ground penetrating radar, and terrestrial methods such as distributed temperature sensing, may assist in characterizing the connectivity structure and the flow paths. (ii) Developing macroscale conceptualizations of flow resistance (both on the surface and in the subsurface) that represent the effective behavior of small‐scale land use related features  not explicitly resolved at the scale of catchment models. (iii) Quantifying the effects of land use changes on connectivity, and identifying the factors controlling the importance of the location of the disturbance relative to the topography and the catchment outlet, based on modeling and field studies. This may lead to inferential relationships of how land use changes modify the spatial organization of the flow paths. (iv) Analyzing the effect of changes in connectivity on changes in floods, again based on modeling and field studies. (v) Deriving scaling relationships or parameterizations to upscale local‐scale land use change impacts to the catchment scale, as a function of flow connectivity and flow dimensionality .4.4Blöschl et al., Mutema et al., Koutsoyiannis et al., Montanari et al., As, ultimately, one would like to understand the generic principles underlying flood response to land use changes rather than those of one particular catchment, it is essential to generalize the findings obtained locally. Generalization can move along a number of complementary avenues. (i) A typology could be developed to assist in the synthesis in terms of types of land use changes , runoff generation mechanisms, and other hydrological characteristics such as soils, vegetation, topography, landscape type, and climate. A common framework for organizing the results, including criteria of similarity, will need to be implemented for such an analysis. (ii) For all land use change categories, a meta‐analysis of reported studies would be useful to synthesize the findings from the existing literature. This analysis could also be used to rank the studies by the magnitudes of their impact which would assist in identifying worst‐case scenarios of land use change impacts on flood generation, and it could form the basis for a data‐based regionalization of land use change impacts on floods as a function of scale. There are some attempts of meta‐analyses in hydrology [e.g., 5Perdigão and Blöschl, As humankind is witnessing increasing floods in many places around the world there is an urgent need to better understand one of the critical drivers of flood regime changes. Numerous synergies have been identified here in addressing research gaps of understanding the effects of changes in agricultural practices, drainage, terracing, and forest management on floods. Clearly, there is a need to fully exploit the experience gained in the past in diverse fields such as hydrology, soil and agricultural sciences, forest science, and geomorphology, and come up with a coherent research thrust. The most promising progress is expected through four avenues: (i) Complex system approaches to the coevolution of the landscape structure at varying time scales [


Various factors such as perception of social support, expectations of life, healthy behaviors and outlooks, religious conviction may affect quality of life in dialysis patients.et al., titled “factors associated with the quality of life of adults subjected to hemodialysis in a city in northeast Brazil” have been completely observed by authors.The authors declared no competing interests.No funding from any source.


Switching between two tasks impairs human performance—resulting in what is known as task-switching costs (TSCs): Human participants perform more slowly and are more error-prone in switch trials compared to repeat trials (Vandierendonck et al., Meier et al.  put forwTo address this issue, Meier et al.  conducteThere is a problem with the deductive reasoning by Meier et al. . StudiesApplying the same reasoning as Meier et al.  to the rAnother possibility is that human participants can eliminate distractions by focussing on single tasks when switching between different tasks (Stoet and Snyder, Meier et al.  made a vAll authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


The term ‘metabolome’ was introduced to the scientific literature in September 1998.To mark its 18-year-old ‘coming of age’, two of the co-authors of that paper review the genesis of metabolomics, whence it has come and where it may be going. Escherichia coli and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe) RNA molecules in a cell, tissue, or organ) had the twin advantages of being most closely related to genomics and that it could be pursued using similar techniques—either by hybridisation of complementary nucleic acid strands or cDNA sequencing. Like the other functional’omes the transcriptome is context-dependent—it changes with the changing physiological, pathological, or developmental state of the cell. For yeast cells, the relationship between the genome and transcriptome is approximately one-to-one; introns and, therefore, differential splicing of mRNAs are rare in yeast  and those of Kevin Brindle (in Cambridge) and Hans Westerhoff/Karel van Dam (in Amsterdam). The idea was that we should be able to elucidate the role of genes of unknown function by comparing the metabolomes of their deletion mutants with those of the deletion mutants of genes of known function. This concept, often called “guilt by association” Oliver , and a sHowever, the most important outcome of this study was that metabolomics was rapidly embraced across the biological research community, and especially by plant biologists Fiehn  despite In a 2004 review Kell , and itsConsequently, the space available does not permit us to be even faintly comprehensive about the development of metabolomics—the papers in this journal provide an excellent starting point—but the massive improvement in mass spectrometric and chromatographic methods is clearly a huge driver (Dettmer et al. The importance of metabolomics databases (Haug et al. 13C labelling for measuring fluxes (Zamboni et al. An important trend is the use of “It has been said that we always overestimate what we can do in two years and underestimate what we can do in twenty.”P. Ball & L. Garwin (Ball and Garwin Given the above caveat, we do not seek to be overly predictive, but some trends are obvious. The improvement in sample scale (with (Dunn et al. Another trend will be further automation of instrument tuning (Bradbury et al. At least as judged by their appearance in the literature, some enzymes in a given organism are much more greatly studied than are others, a phenomenon referred to as ‘publication asymmetry’ (César-Razquin et al. Biological studies will be much aided by the ability to manipulate genomes at will. Henrik Kacser, as a major part of his motivation for developing MCA in the first place, had long ago explained why much more sensitive analyses are possible with haploids than with diploids (Kacser and Burns The original paper (Oliver et al.


In the original article Zhu et al.  was not C. hutchinsonii chromosomal DNA with the primers 3198upF/3198upR, and 3198downF/3198downR, respectively, and ligated into the pYT313 plasmid (Zhu et al., To generate the pYT3198 plasmid, two DNA fragments corresponding to approximately 2 kb of chu_3198 up- and downstream regions were amplified from The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Moreover, convincing concentration-response relationships were obtained and metabolite patterns could be associated with specific mechanisms of toxicity, such as peroxisome proliferation and liver enzyme induction or inhibition (Ramirez et al., 2017[in vitro hepatotoxicity prediction. Limitations are that the HepG2 cells show major metabolic differences compared to human hepatocytes. Moreover, the present study did not yet include a systematic comparison of negative and positive controls at in vivo relevant concentrations, which remains a challenge for the future. Hepatotoxicity is one of the most frequent forms of systemic toxicity of drugs and a leading cause for drug withdrawal from the market. To improve the possibilities to predict hepatotoxicity, Tzutzuy Ramirez and colleagues from BASF in Ludwigshafen recently tested a metabolomics based Currently, mechanisms of hepatotoxicity represent a major focus in toxicological research (Kyriakides et al., 2016; Ghallab


E. coli lab strain (note this is only about 25% of the known E. coli TAs) and presented results that indicate that the resulting Δ10 strain was strongly affected for persistence upon treatment with ciprofloxacin or ampicillin  and polyphosphate (polyP) (Maisonneuve et al., In a recent paper published in Frontiers in Microbiology, Ramisetty et al.  questionparE toxin expression might have generated multiple genomic rearrangements and therefore lead to a fitness decrease.While Ramisetty et al. actually confirmed that the Δ10 strain is less persistent than the wild-type strain when treated with ciprofloxacin or ampicillin (Ramisetty et al., lon, ΔrelAΔspoT, and Δppk mutants were not affected (Shan et al., lon mutant (Theodore et al., lon strain was strongly affected but the decrease in persistence was solely dependent on SulA, a SOS cell division inhibitor and Lon substrate, since the double ΔlonΔsulA mutant presents similar persister frequency to that of the wild-type strain (Theodore et al., Other groups investigated the implication of the 10 TAs as well as that of Lon, ppGpp, and polyP in persistence to various classes of antibiotics. While the Δ10 strain was less persistent upon gentamycin treatment (contrary to what is reported in Ramisetty et al., yefM-yoeB TAs appears to be the only system producing mRNA cleavage (Christensen et al., ppk-ppx strain, thereby confirming that polyP is not required to activate the yefM-yoeB system (Ramisetty et al., in vitro, polyP deactivates Lon rather than activating it (Osbourne et al., This body of data from different groups casts serious doubts about the polyP-dependent TAs regulation model. Strikingly, this model implies that the Lon protease degrades the antitoxins of interest in a polyP-dependent manner and at comparable rates. While most antitoxins appear to be indeed susceptible to Lon (Christensen et al., Still regarding antitoxin degradation, surprising discrepancies between papers of Maisonneuve et al. , 2013 anAs a conclusion, the link between the stringent response, endoribonuclease encoding type II toxin-antitoxin systems and persistence appears to be weak. Type II endoribonucleases toxins and ppGpp are clearly not the only players for generating persister cells. Multiple reports indicate that other molecular mechanisms are involved in persister cell formation such as type II toxins with cell wall synthesis inhibition activity or type I toxins as well as the SOS response (Lioy et al., Knowing that TAs are very diverse and abundant in prokaryotic genomes, that they are part of the accessory genome and they move by horizontal gene transfer (Anantharaman and Aravind, All authors listed, have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Jack et al.  argue thJack et al. obtain the key result on the basis of study 8 in their paper, which uses a large sample of responses to questionnaire-based measures of empathizing, religious belief, religious practice, and socially desirable responding. Using the Crowne-Marlowe  and through the denial measure of desirability .While the additional result goes beyond the focus on religious belief that Jack et al. have, it does help to locate their study in the broader discussion of the relationship between religiosity and prosociality. In a recent review of this literature, Shariff  argues tShariff thinks that the difference between self-reported and behavioral measures is at least in part due to “a tendency for the religious to be higher in impression management and self-enhancement.” This view also receives support from Sedikides and Gebauer's  review oJack et al.'s result that socially desirable responding does not mediate in the relationship between empathizing and religious belief runs counter to those results. At least in this case, impression management and self-enhancement do not appear to play a role in connecting self-reported measures. So, the fact that the data gathered by Jack et al. shows socially desirable responding playing this role in the case of empathizing and frequency of religious practice is particularly interesting. Given that these are two considerations typically taken into account to measure religiosity and that neither Shariff nor Sedikides and Gebauer distinguish between them in their studies, it might be that Jack et al. have happened upon a methodologically important difference. In particular, if their results were to stand up to further scrutiny, it might be that problems with validity of self-reported religiosity could be lessened by asking about religious belief rather than religious practice.This interpretation, however, can only be preliminary due to a couple of problems with Jack et al.'s methodology. By using Mechanical Turk to recruit their subjects from any country, Jack et al. could not control whether those subjects live in countries where Sedikides and Gebauer would expect self-reporting religiosity to be an element of self-enhancement (see also Stavrova and Siegers, KT: co-wrote the commentary. AW: carried out the statistical analysis and co-wrote the commentary.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Seaman et al.  comparedSeaman et al.  mostly cMoving to a residential care facility is mostly perceived as a stressful, negative experience by older adults, associated to feelings of loss, and suffering (Lee et al., What are then the mechanisms that can explain this increased risk aversion? Theory and research suggest that risk aversion may reflect older people's motivation-based strategy to cope with the demanding circumstances, be it of life decisions or laboratory tasks. To explain this argument further, we turn to several studies that used the BART to investigate age differences in risk taking. Koscielniak et al.  found thResearch shows that older adults manage with their deteriorating cognitive processing through selective allocation of cognitive resources Hess, . For insTo translate this back to the context of Seaman et al.'s study , old aduAll authors listed, have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a natural class of antibiotics that are present in all domains of life .One major challenge in the development of AMPs as novel drugs is enhancing their activity against Gram-negative bacteria. A nice example is the study by 13C MAS NMR , and by Grage et al., who showed that membrane thinning, which has been proposed as part of the mode of action of AMPs . For cellular mode of action studies, te Winkel et al. provided detailed guidance on how to analyze the capacity of membrane-active compounds to dissipate the membrane potential in bacteria using voltage-sensitive dyes. The broad range of antibacterial mechanisms of AMPs and the stress response of bacteria toward these molecules has been extensively reviewed by Omardien et al. Finally, the growing evidence that AMPs are not just unselectively disrupting membrane bilayers but actually targeting specialized membrane foci is discussed by Rashid et al.The mechanism of AMPs has been investigated on the molecular level by Ciesielski et al., who provided new insight into how amphotericin B and natamycin recognize membrane sterols using In conclusion, AMPs are a structurally and mechanistically diverse group of promising antibiotic agents with great clinical potential. More and more evidence is emerging that their mechanisms involve a much wider variety of interactions with membrane components than previously assumed. This research topic has brought together different viewpoints of AMP research from molecules to systems and we hope that this collection will promote future collaborations across fields to investigate these promising compounds.All authors listed, have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.http://www.nwo.nl/en, STW-Vici 12128).LH was financially supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Critical Care by ten Hoorn et al. [With great interest we read the article in n et al. . We apprSeveral studies have been reported on tracheotomized ventilator-dependent critically ill patients who are able to speak with a speaking valve in the respiratory circuit. Speech by tracheotomized ICU patients during mechanical ventilation with a deflated cuff had already been described by Manzano :512-517). In recent years we are aware of at least three articles addressing the issue of enabling speech during weaning of tracheotomized patients off the ventilator. Egbers et al. [:512-517)Critical Care to draw their attention to this possibility, which has considerable potential to enable speech in tracheotomized patients who are (not yet) able to sustain longer periods of spontaneous breathing trials.Although it was partially beyond the scope of the literature search by ten Hoorn et al. (search closed December 2015), we would like the readers of


Evidence accumulates linking obesity and diabetes with cognitive dysfunction. At present the mechanism(s) underlying these associations and the relative contribution of diet, adiposity, and metabolic dysfunction are unknown. In this perspective key gaps in knowledge are outlined and an initial sketch of a neuropsychological profile is developed that points toward a critical role for dopamine (DA) adaptations in neurocognitive impairment secondary to diabetes and obesity. The precise mechanisms by which diet, metabolic dysfunction, and adiposity influence the DA system to impact cognition remains unclear and is an important direction for future research. T2D is associated with cognitive decline, brain dysfunction, and dementia (Biessels et al., The majority of human studies linking T2D to cognitive decline are performed in older individuals with long-standing diagnoses of diabetes (Stoeckel et al., 2max, and BMI (Khan et al., Perhaps the most important limitation of the current literature is the failure to disentangle effects of metabolic dysfunction on cognition from those of adiposity and diet. Obesity has been associated with altered brain structure and function in animal models and in metabolically and neurologically healthy adults and children (Elias et al., To date, studies have rarely taken obesity and diet into account when examining the relationship between T2D and cognition. For example, patients with T2D exhibit reduced activity in the default mode network (Musen et al., Failure to account for confounds between diet, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction also pervade the animal literature. Rats prone to develop diabetes upon HFD are often used as a model of T2D (Levin and Routh, Importantly, when more than one variable is measured interactions between adiposity, diet, and impaired glucose tolerance are revealed. In obese humans without T2D, insulin sensitivity mediates the relationship between working memory-related activation in the right parietal cortex and BMI (Gonzales et al., In summary, the relative contribution of diet, impaired glucose tolerance, and adiposity to neurocognitive impairment is largely unexplored and unknown.1c, which reflects the mean glucose concentration over a period of 8–12 weeks is the most frequently used measure. Fasting blood glucose concentrations are also frequently measured, which reflect nocturnal hepatic gluconeogenesis that is influenced by hepatic insulin sensitivity, but a recent review found that studies often fail to report whether measurements are taken at the same time of day (Geijselaers et al., 1c shows the strongest association to insulin resistance, followed by post-prandial measures. Fasting glucose, by contrast, seems to be unrelated to cognitive performance (Geijselaers et al., 1c was associated with executive dysfunction (Bruehl et al., Another factor clouding the association between T2D and cognitive impairment is the use of a variety of methods to characterize glycemia, each of which reflect different, and sometimes independent, aspects of glucose metabolism (Geijselaers et al., Insulin receptors are widely distributed in the brain, with the highest concentrations in the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus (Havrankova et al., One promising avenue for future research is in using intranasal insulin in combination with neuroimaging methodologies and neuropsychological testing to assess the role of central insulin resistance in neurocognition (Tschritter et al., Although obesity and T2D are occasionally associated with global measures of brain atrophy (Enzinger et al., There is also strong evidence from animal work that HFD produces hippocampal insulin resistance (Biessels and Reagan, This emerging neuropsychological profile provides an important insight into the pathophysiological mechanism that gives rise to neurocognitive impairment in obesity and T2D. Brain functions associated with diabetes and obesity tend to rely upon DA signaling Figure . For exaThere are consistent findings in the animal literature that HFD, and adiposity alter DA signaling at the cellular, and molecular levels (Anderzhanova et al., In summary, a consensus is emerging that obesity and diabetes are accompanied by cognitive impairments and brain dysfunction and that at least some of these effects are secondary to their onset. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to underlie these associations but at present it is unclear which mechanism, or mechanisms, are critical. Also unclear is whether diet, obesity and metabolic dysfunction have distinct and/or converging pathways to neurocognitive impairment. However, work emerges to suggest that all three factors may influence DA signaling, which is provocative since the cognitive impairments that characterize diabetes and obesity uniformly rely upon the integrity of the DA system. It is therefore proposed that adaptations in DA signaling secondary to diet, adiposity and metabolic dysfunction underlie much of the neurocognitive impairment observed in diabetes and obesity.The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and approved it for publication.This work was supported by NIH NCI R01CA180030 awarded to DMS and Ivan de Araujo.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Upon publication, it was noticed that in the original version of the article (Dong et al.


Many such devices can operate interactively and autonomously thanks to electronics, which receive feedback from the physical environment via sensors. Sensorics deals with design, manufacture and the processing of signals from sensors. It is a rapidly evolving research area owing to the abundance of physical properties it is necessary to deal with in the newly developed devices, a number on par with the phenomena and materials available to do so.Contemporary science is, on the one hand, becoming more and more specialized and deals with smaller and smaller objects. On the other hand, it studies many interesting phenomena that occur at the borders between two or more ‘traditional’ scientific fields. This is especially true in the case of materials science, which fuses different parts of physics, chemistry and biology, and whose results require This Focus Issue includes seven selected papers with subjects related to nanoprocessing and sensorics that were presented at the nanoMA 2015 conference. The meeting was devised by members of the consortium working on a Framework 7 (FP7) grant project titled ‘Photonic Applications of Nanoparticle Assemblies and Systems’ (PhANTASY) within the Marie Curie International Research Exchange Scheme (IRSES).Schopf et al.  used indKhan and Corbett  showed tx). This combination of bottom-up and top-down processes enables the connection of CMOS technologies via planar processes.Majima et al.  fabricatZhou and Azumi  reviewedCollins et al.  reviewedShrestha et al.  preparedRyan et al.  preparedThe nanoMA 2015 conference was organized jointly by the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan, and Tyndall National Institute UCC Cork, Ireland. Both institutes are national flagships that carry out fundamental research in materials science using nanotechnology and deliver innovative solutions for industrial applications.


In recent years several neuropsychological and psychiatry studies employed the psychobiological model of temperament and character  had to rely on visual cues (arrows pointing up or down) in order to actively expect the high or low salience of the following pictures . Furthermore, correlations between PPI maps and temperamental traits were ran, focusing specifically on NS (exploratory/impulsive vs. indifferent/reflective), HA (worrying/anxious vs. relaxed/confident), and RD  TCI temperaments.In a recent study, Li et al.  have proCritically, concerning FC, Li et al. found that both the right dACC and the right AI (the two areas used as PPI seed regions) showed positive FC with parts of the CEN and negative FC with posterior visual areas and parts of the default mode network (DMN) as a function of high versus low salience expectancy. Moreover, with regard to FC and personality correlation, Li et al.  found reAs argued by Li et al., the findings confirmed that the SN is important for internal salience evaluation and for the control of goal-directed behavior; more critically, they showed that SN activity, and its integration with other brain networks during salience processing, can be modulated by specific temperamental traits.The study by Li et al.  thus sheIn their study, Li et al. used only positive and neutral pictures in the salience expectancy task, and only temperament traits were put into relation with salience processing and SN function. Hence, it would be interesting to see in future studies whether using more stressful stimuli in similar expectancy tasks  discloses the mediating role of other temperaments . For example, past research has shown that HA affects behavior and brain functions when negative emotional stimuli are used in visual attention tasks, especially under conditions of uncertain expectations (Most et al., The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and approved it for publication.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


The composition and function of the mammalian gut microbiota has been the subject of much research in recent years, but the principles underlying the assembly and structure of this complex community remain incompletely understood. Processes that shape the gut microbiota are thought to be mostly niche‐driven, with environmental factors such as the composition of available nutrients largely determining whether or not an organism can establish. The concept that the nutrient landscape dictates which organisms can successfully colonize and persist in the gut was first proposed in Rolf Freter's nutrient niche theory. In a situation where nutrients are perfectly mixed and there is balanced microbial growth, Freter postulated that an organism can only survive if it is able to utilize one or a few limiting nutrients more efficiently than its competitors. Recent experimental work indicates, however, that nutrients in the gut vary in space and time. We propose that in such a scenario, Freter's nutrient niche theory must be expanded to account for the co‐existence of microorganisms utilizing the same nutrients but in distinct sites or at different times, and that metabolic flexibility and mixed‐substrate utilization are common strategies for survival in the face of ever‐present nutrient fluctuations. The gut microbiota is the community of commensal, beneficial, and pathogenic microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals. Forces that shape the composition of the gut microbiota, as well as other microbial communities, can include stochastic processes such as dispersal, genetic diversification, and ecological drift. However, deterministic interactions between species, individuals, and the environment also create defined niches and thereby influence community composition. The ecological niche was described by Charles Elton in 1927 as the ecological component of a habitat related to an organism's tolerances and requirements, with a focus on its nutrient‐foraging capacities Elton, . ImportaThe gut environment and potential niche space can be determined by the host in a variety of ways. The host immune system can act as an environmental filter to limit or expand available niches. However, niche space in the gut is thought to be largely determined by the abundance and types of nutrients derived from host diet as well as secreted into the gut by the host. This review will focus on key aspects of nutrient niches in the gut microbiota, considering the gut as a dynamic ecosystem in which spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the nutrient landscape shape the composition of the microbiota.et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Hundreds to thousands of co‐existing species of microorganisms inhabit the mammalian gut  due to its superior iron uptake capacities , and a decrease in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, who presumably rely on the presence of dietary fibres  and Streptococcus spp.  and XIVa, which may grow on fermentation products such as acetate and lactate that are secreted by abundant facultative anaerobes  as well as Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Parabacteroides distasonis (for RS type 4) (Martínez et al., et al., B. adolescentis as well as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in humans (Ramirez‐Farias et al., 13C‐labeled inulin are Bacteroides uniformis, Blautia glucerasea, Clostridium indolis and Bifidobacterium animalis (Tannock et al., Stool is often used as a proxy for the intestinal microbiota due to relative ease of sampling. However, the mammalian intestinal tract has multiple compartments with different physicochemical and nutrient conditions and, as a consequence, different microbial communities Fig. . In the 5−106 cells in the mucus compared to 1011−1012 in the lumen (De Weirdt and Van de Wiele, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidaceae and Coriobacteriaceae (Ouwerkerk et al., et al., Bacteroides spp. and lactic acid bacteria including Leuconostoc spp., Weissella spp. and Lactococcus spp. were also found to be abundant in the mucosa‐associated microbiota (Hong et al., Roseburia intestinalis and E. rectale, butyrate producers belonging to Clostridium cluster XIVa, also preferentially colonize mucins in an in vitro gut model (Van den Abbeele et al., Firmicutes, mainly Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae (Nava et al., et al., Bacteroides fragilis (Macfarlane and Gibson, et al., Different communities are observed not only along the length of the intestinal tract but also along its cross‐sectional axis Fig. . The epiet al., et al., Desulfovibrio spp. (Willis et al., B. thetaiotaomicron, which secretes a sialidase but lacks the capacity to metabolize sialic acid, supports the growth of pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and S. Typhimurium (Ng et al., E. coli was found to replicate preferentially in the mucus during re‐growth after antibiotic treatment, possibly due to the utilization of sialic acid and other mucosal monosaccharides (Wadolkowski et al., et al., Ruminococcus gnavus, for example, produces an intramolecular trans‐sialidase that acts on mucin and other glycoproteins, releasing 2,7‐anhydro‐Neu5Ac instead of sialic acid (Tailford et al., The ability to metabolize the glycans and peptide backbone of mucin glycoproteins is likely to be a key factor in determining which microorganisms physically associate with the mucus layer. Non‐mucolytic bacteria, however, are also found in the mucus layer (Li et al., et al., Clostridiales (Kashyap et al., Lachnospiraceae was also identified as indicator species in individuals lacking a functional FUT2 gene (Rausch et al., et al., Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron induces fucosylation, while Lactobacillus murinus does not (Umesaki et al., et al., et al., B. thetaiotaomicron can live in the mucus layer, in close proximity with the host epithelium. Interestingly, while B. thetaiotaomicron is able to induce fucosylation, a mutant unable to use L‐fucose as a carbon source is much less effective in inducing fucosylation (Bry et al., Interestingly, genetically‐dictated changes in the host mucus carbohydrate landscape can impact the gut microbiota. The FUT2 gene encodes an α‐1,2‐fucosyltransferase responsible for the fucosylation of secreted mucin glycans and lack of a functional copy of this gene alters the composition of the gut microbiota (Rausch et al., E. coli could persist if they were the first colonizers of germ‐free mice and then a complex conventional microbiota was introduced, but E. coli could not establish in mice that had already been colonized by a conventional microbiota. While Freter's interpretation of this phenomenon was that there was competition for free adhesion sites on the intestinal wall (Freter et al., Clostridium difficile protects against a subsequent challenge with epidemic C. difficile, most likely due to the occupation of the vacant nutrient niche by the non‐epidemic strain (Nagaro et al., E. coli that have improved growth on mucosal sugars, but that the non‐motile population does not completely outcompete motile E. coli in vivo (Leatham et al., et al., et al., et al., envZ mutant prevents expansion of non‐motile E. coli in di‐associated mice, suggesting that the mutation confers higher affinity for certain adhesion sites and that E. coli can reside in the mucus layer in mixed biofilms scavenging simple sugars released locally by other organisms (Leatham‐Jensen et al., et al., et al., et al., Freter postulated that in addition to competition for nutrients, competition for adhesion sites may also play an important role in survival in the intestines (Freter et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., The Restaurant hypothesis suggests that fine‐scale spatial structuring would be important to overall ecosystem diversity Fig. C. Analyset al., R. bromii leads to increased starch utilization by a number of other gut species (Ze et al., R. bromii is thought to be a keystone species. Co‐culture of Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucus degrader, enhances growth of Bacteroides vulgatus in mucin as the sole carbon source, thus functioning as a keystone species in the utilization of mucosal compounds (Png et al., et al., et al., Functional redundancy, or the co‐existence of functionally‐similar organisms, is often considered to be an important feature of the gut ecosystem that contributes to robustness and resilience (Moya and Ferrer, Bacteroides are able to use a wide range of polysaccharides and a number of closely‐related species can co‐exist in the gut by cross‐feeding, resulting in complete polysaccharide utilization. For instance, Bacteroides ovatus releases glycoside hydrolases to break down inulin, but can utilize inulin without extracellular degradation (Rakoff‐Nahoum et al., B. ovatus, however, allows B. vulgatus to use cleaved inulin products which would have been unavailable to it (Rakoff‐Nahoum et al., et al., B. vulgatus, in turn, increases B. ovatus fitness, presumably through detoxification of inhibitory substances or production of growth‐promoting factors. These secreted glycoside hydrolases can be viewed as public goods, yielding polysaccharide breakdown products that allow the growth of other organisms otherwise unable to grow on it. Production of public goods results in a complex polysaccharide utilization network that contributes to the creation of organized ecological units within the gut microbiota (Rakoff‐Nahoum et al., et al., Bacteroidales, but also Firmicutes and other less abundant members of this ecosystem (Walker et al., et al., Members of the Assembly of the gut microbiota is largely deterministic and driven by the nutrient landscape created by diet and host secretions. The realized metabolic niche of members of the microbiota is shaped both by nutrient availability as well as the presence of other competing or cooperating species and resulting niche partitioning Figs  and 2. Fin situ metabolic niche of individual members of the microbiota is needed in order to better comprehend the relative importance of the above‐mentioned processes. As metabolic strategies that define the realized niche are highly dependent on ecological context, this is best explored by direct analysis of the complex microbiota. To dissect these niches, specialized tools that allow for study of the activity of complex microbial communities should be applied. These include metatranscriptomics (Franzosa et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., A deeper understanding of the