Large benthic Foraminifera (LBF) are major carbonate producers on coral reefs, and are hosts to a diverse symbiotic microbial community. During warm episodes in the geological past, these reef‐building organisms expanded their geographical ranges as subtropical and tropical belts moved into higher latitudes. During these range‐expansion periods, LBF were the most prolific carbonate producers on reefs, dominating shallow carbonate platforms over reef‐building corals. Even though the fossil and modern distributions of groups of species that harbour different types of symbionts are known, the nature, mechanisms, and factors that influence their occurrence remain elusive. Furthermore, the presence of a diverse and persistent bacterial community has only recently gained attention. We examined recent advances in molecular identification of prokaryotic (i.e. bacteria) and eukaryotic  associates, and palaeoecology, and place the partnership with bacteria and algae in the context of climate change. In critically reviewing the available fossil and modern data on symbiosis, we reveal a crucial role of microalgae in the response of LBF to ocean warming, and their capacity to colonise a variety of habitats, across both latitudes and broad depth ranges. Symbiont identity is a key factor enabling LBF to expand their geographic ranges when the sea‐surface temperature increases. Our analyses showed that over the past 66 million years (My), diatom‐bearing species were dominant in reef environments. The modern record shows that these species display a stable, persistent eukaryotic assemblage across their geographic distribution range, and are less dependent on symbiotic photosynthesis for survival. By contrast, dinoflagellate and chlorophytic species, which show a provincial distribution, tend to have a more flexible eukaryotic community throughout their range. This group is more dependent on their symbionts, and flexibility in their symbiosis is likely to be the driving force behind their evolutionary history, as they form a monophyletic group originating from a rhodophyte‐bearing ancestor. The study of bacterial assemblages, while still in its infancy, is a promising field of study. Bacterial communities are likely to be shaped by the local environment, although a core bacterial microbiome is found in species with global distributions. Cryptic speciation is also an important factor that must be taken into consideration. As global warming intensifies, genetic divergence in hosts in addition to the range of flexibility/specificity within host–symbiont associations will be important elements in the continued evolutionary success of LBF species in a wide range of environments. Based on fossil and modern data, we conclude that the microbiome, which includes both algal and bacterial partners, is a key factor influencing the evolution of LBF. As a result, the microbiome assists LBF in colonising a wide range of habitats, and allowed them to become the most important calcifiers on shallow platforms worldwide during periods of ocean warming in the geologic past. Since LBF are crucial ecosystem engineers and prolific carbonate producers, the microbiome is a critical component that will play a central role in the responses of LBF to a changing ocean, and ultimately in shaping the future of coral reefs. I.et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,Across the globe, coral reefs are experiencing rapid declines due to deteriorating environmental conditions mainly driven by ocean warming  overlooked unicellular eukaryotic large benthic Foraminifera (LBF). Symbiosis with eukaryotic taxa  is essential for the health of reef ecosystems, and LBF are responsible for a significant proportion of the carbonate sediment across reef environments worldwide Langer, . From a et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,It is becoming increasingly apparent that other microorganisms such as bacteria and Archaea (henceforth referred to as prokaryotic associates), fungi, and viruses, play a significant and complex role in maintaining the host's health  by persistent eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbial associations across the distribution of LBF species, which have been reported to be highly species‐specific and to determine ecological niches in LBF; (ii) the presence of a variable microbiome responsive to environmental gradients; (iii) the presence of a stable, persistent algal symbiont community coupled with flexible bacterial associations; and (iv) adaptable algal symbiosis with a persistent bacterial community, which could assist species in crossing biogeographical barriers and adapting to changing environmental conditions. The composition of the microbiome benefits the host in different ways, and different species are likely to utilise different strategies to maintain the holobiont system. Therefore, it is crucial to understand and disentangle how the host and symbiont compartments are likely to interact with, and respond to environmental change.We discuss how the microbiome could benefit and drive LBF evolution across species distribution ranges:  the acquisition of energy through photosynthesis, which is particularly favourable in oligotrophic environments  enhanced calcification rates, because the energy acquired through photosynthesis is orders of magnitude higher than in heterotrophy alone  agamonts, which are diploid, multinucleate, and microspheric ; (ii) schizonts that are diploid, multinucleate, and megalospheric ; and (iii) gamonts, which are haploid, mononucleate and megalospheric et al.,et al.,Four independently evolved families of LBF  host endosymbiotic diatoms Hallock, . It is wet al.,et al.,Nitzschia, Nanofrustulum, Amphora, and Navicula were the most commonly observed diatom symbionts in Amphistegina spp., whereas Achnanthes is a diatom genus commonly associated with Heterostegina  their ability to host multiple species and strains of diatom symbionts  their remarkable morphological plasticity Parasorites, which hosts chlorophytes  in marginal habitats characterised by high seasonal fluctuations in environmental parameters Parasorites. Most of these species are endemic to the Western Atlantic. A few species, including Parasorites orbitolitoides and Laevipeneroplis malayensis, have been reported from the Indo‐Pacific Peneroplis, Dendritina, Spirolina, and Monalysidium et al.,et al.,2 concentrations were at least twice present levels, and sea‐surface carbonate saturation was significantly lower  and Belgium (51°N) , the Middle Eocene climatic optimum (MECO), and the Middle Miocene climatic optimum (MMCO) et al.,i) in south‐west Europe during the Paleocene–Middle Eocene, (ii) in the Middle East from the Late Eocene to Early Miocene, and (iii) the present‐day Indo West‐Pacific biodiversity hotspot (a)et al.,Amphistegina gibbosa (an Atlantic species) is continuous across its geographic range, but significantly different from the symbionts of the two Pacific species in the same genus, A. lessonii and A. lobifera, from Oahu, Hawaii, which also differ from each other  host eukaryotic symbiont communities similar to the Hawaiian population et al.,et al.,In contrast to globally distributed LBF hosts, species with a more restricted distribution tend to show a more diverse and variable eukaryotic community across their distribution range , and Caribbean/Atlantic regions et al.,et al.,et al.,It is predicted that conserved algal symbiont communities are particularly advantageous to LBF species living at the edge of species' geographical distribution, whereas variability in environmental conditions is accommodated by variable bacterial associations. For example, LBF and reef‐building corals living in tropical–subtropical transition zones exhibit low diversity, and a dominant symbiont type  by maintaining consistent, beneficial algal symbionts, and (ii) by acquiring local bacterial taxa, stabilising host–symbiont associations, and providing further capacity for local acclimation/adaptation et al.,et al.,et al.,Symbiodinium community et al.,In addition to selective pressures acting through bacterial and algal associates, the genetic diversity of the host can also provide mechanisms for responding to changes in environmental conditions. Genetic diversity within populations of LBF and their symbionts is poorly known, making it impossible to assess how genetic lineages within species (i.e. cryptic diversity) is distributed in space, and to test whether it is associated with different microbial associates. Speciation is not always accompanied by morphological change  by depending on the presence of a pre‐adaptive microbiome; or (ii) by re‐shaping the symbiont community. Given the relationship between LBF and their microbial associates, and the role that eukaryotic symbionts are known to play in LBF evolution  re‐assessment of eukaryotic symbiont diversity using molecular techniques in addition to morphology, specifically in the context of environmental gradients. Even though the identities of major algal groups hosted by LBF families are relatively well known, there are few studies on the intra‐ and interspecific distribution of eukaryotic symbionts, biogeographical breaks, and biotic and abiotic factors that influence the flexibility/specificity and diversity of these associations. (ii) Assessment of the diversity of bacterial communities associated with LBF, utilising next‐generation sequencing, across gradients of depth, latitude, and longitude. Quantifying functional shifts in bacterial communities, and how bacteria contribute to the energy budget and other physiological pathways will also represent important advances in LBF biology. The scarcity of data on the role of prokaryotes in LBF is a significant knowledge gap, and should be a high priority for future research. (iii) Identification of bacteria using imaging techniques such as fluorescent in situ hybridisation and electron scanning microscopy, which should help decipher the potential roles of bacteria in LBF intracellular space. (iv) Further research on neglected eukaryotic symbiont groups such as rhodophytes, chlorophytes, and chrysophytes. Rhodophyte‐bearing LBF are a particularly tantalising model, as not only do they show a peculiar relationship with their symbionts, but most species that host red algae are cosmopolitan and occupies a wide range of environments. (v) Study the presence of cryptic diversity and phylogeography of species that have been previously described based on morphological characteristics. Genetic differences are not necessarily accompanied by the development of morphologically divergent traits  Geological and modern records of LBF distributions show that diatom‐bearing taxa are the most common, abundant, and dominant taxa across wide environmental gradients, whereas dinoflagellate and chlorophytic species tend to be more restricted in their distribution, and less tolerant to nutrients and terrestrial influences.(2) Modern, cosmopolitan diatom‐bearing species depend less on their eukaryotic microbes for meeting their energetic requirements and show stable diatom symbiont communities in the core of their distribution. By contrast, dinoflagellate‐bearing taxa, are more reliant on their symbiont for survival, and tend to have a flexible association responsive to environmental conditions across their range of occurrence.(3) The occurrence of cryptic speciation in many LBF species can hide host–symbiont specialisation and adaptation capacity of the host to different environments. The capacity of species to adapt to their new environment is a critical component for understanding the role of evolutionary processes in the assembly and dynamics of natural communities.(4) Abiotic factors , and eukaryotic symbionts had an important synergistic contribution to the expansion and contraction of LBF distribution during warming–cooling cycles during the Cenozoic.(5) Interactions between the host, the eukaryotic symbionts, and the prokaryotic endobionts is key to understanding the plasticity, adaptive potential, and resilience of LBF to environmental change. Additionally, the physiological state of both the host and the associates is likely to influence the identity and diversity of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic community.(6) In recent years, we have seen major advances in describing and understanding the role of microbial assemblages in reef fauna, including reef‐building corals, sponges, and benthic Foraminifera, and the role that bacteria and other microorganisms play in maintaining the health of the reefs. LBF are essential ecosystem engineers and prolific carbonate producers, and the study of their microbiome should provide important information on their ability to respond to climate change.(7) Identifying host–prokaryote–eukaryote associations and genetic structure within LBF host populations is crucial to a better understanding of the capacities of LBF species to adapt to their new environment or to shift their distribution range. These are critical components for understanding the role of evolutionary processes in shaping the assembly and dynamics of natural communities.


The purpose of this study was to provide appropriate preoperative supportive conditions to improve anxiety and vital signs for patients undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting -CABG- surgery. n=30), intervention1 (n=30), and intervention2 (n=30). The control group received only the routine preoperative counseling of ward and admitted to the operating room as usual; the intervention1 and intervention2 groups in addition received another two counseling sessions, then the intervention1 group was admitted in the operating room as usual, but the intervention2 group was admitted by the counselor in the operating room. Data were collected using a three-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics, vital signs chart, and the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.  This clinical trial study was performed on 90 patients undergoing CABG surgery in Farshchian Hospital of Hamadan, Iran in 2019. Sample was selected by convenience and were randomly divided into three groups: control  and also there was a significant difference between the mean systolic blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate of the three groups (p<0.001) but the mean of the variables of temperature and diastolic blood pressure in the three groups were not significantly different .  The results showed that there was a significant difference in the mean anxiety of the three groups after admission in the operating room (intervention2 was lower than intervention1 and control groups,  Our results revealed preoperative consultation and admission in the operating room by the consultant can reduce the level of anxiety and stability of vital signs of patients undergoing CABG. Cardiovascular disease has become a major worldwide problem and is a serious health threat that causes numerous biological, psychological and social problems and is one of the leading causes of death and disability. These diActually Cardiac surgery is often associated with anxiety and fear in patients undergoing it. Anxiety Given that the receptionist in the operating room is one of the last people the patient will be in contact with the patient before surgery, The researcher speculates that if this is a relationship with the patient who was already in touch with the patient, a positive interaction and Having a friendship between them will affect the patient's anxiety and vital signs. According to the researcher, no study has been conducted in this area, so the present study will be conducted to determine the interactive effect of preoperative consultation and patient admission in the operating room by counselor on the level of anxiety and vital signs in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).The present study was a clinical trial study performed at Farshchian Hospital of Hamadan, Iran in April 2019. Using convenience sampling, 90 patients were selected for CABG surgery and were randomly divided into three groups  using random sampling and weekly block method. The inclusion criteria were include the at least 18 years of age; fully conscious and knowledgeable regarding the time, place, and person; having the ability to communicate, not having a history of heart surgery, lacking physical and cognitive disorders; lacking medical education or what was related to it; not having a drug addiction; no prior medical diagnosis of anxiety and depression and not taking tranquilizer, anti-depressants, or anti-anxiety drugs at one month before surgery. The exclusion criteria were the unwillingness of patients to continue the participation in the study and their condition worsening during the study period.et al.  and most of the subjects were illiterate (55.6%) and the results of Chi-square test showed no significant difference between the three groups in terms of gender and education .p-values in the pre-test of the variables of heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure and positional anxiety showed no significant difference between the three groups. But for the variables of temperature and diastolic blood pressure were significant at the 0.05 level . There was also a significant difference in the level of anxiety between intervention group 1 and intervention 2 (p<0.001). accordingly, the mean of anxiety in intervention 2 was lower than the control group and intervention 1 and the mean of anxiety in intervention 1 group was lower than control group (p=0.004), between the mean of heart rate in the control group with intervention 2 (p=0.001) and between the mean of heart rate in the intervention 1 group with intervention 2 (p=0.002) there was a significant difference that mean of heart rate in intervention 2 was lower than the control group and intervention 1 and the mean of heart rate in intervention 1 group was lower than control group  and also between the mean of respiratory rate in the intervention group 1 and intervention 2 group (p<0.001) there was a significant difference. It’s that the mean of respiratory rate in intervention 2 was lower than the control group and intervention 1. The mean of respiratory rate in intervention 1 group was lower than control group (p=0.018), between the mean of systolic blood pressure in the control group with intervention 2 (p<0.001) and between the mean of systolic blood pressure in the intervention 1 group with intervention 2 (p=0.008) there was a significant difference that the mean of systolic blood pressure in intervention 2 was lower than the control group and intervention 1 and the mean of systolic blood pressure in intervention 1 group was lower than control group ( Between the mean of respiratory rate in the control group with intervention 1 and 2 groups (ol group . Betweenol group .et al.(et al.(et al.,(et al.(et al.(et al.,(et al.(et al.(The results of this study show that there is no significant difference between the pre-test anxiety scores of the three groups, which is in agreement with the results of studies such as Fazlollahpour et al., Amiri etet al. and Abbal.(et al. It has a.(et al., Abbasi e.,(et al. and Hemml.(et al. However,l.(et al.,26 The r.(et al., Rosiek e.,(et al. and TimuThe results also show that there is a significant difference between the post-test scores of the two groups of intervention 1 and intervention 2, which indicates the effectiveness of consultant admission in the operating room which no relevant article has been found in relation to this finding to compare the results that this indicating the novelty and importance of this study.et al.,(et al.,(et al.,(et al.(et al.(et al.,(et al. (This study showed that there is a significant difference between the three variables of heart rate, respiration and systolic blood pressure in the control group with the intervention group 1 and intervention group 2, which indicates the effectiveness of preoperative counseling on these variables. This is consistent with the findings of the study by Amiri et al., Hasan Ge,(et al., Degirmen,(et al., but is i.,(et al. The resul.(et al. and is i.(et al., and Degi,(et al.  studies.Based on the findings, it can be concluded that preoperative consultation and admission in operating room by counselor can reduce the level of anxiety and stability of vital signs in patients. According to the data it can be decided that the admission in operating room by counselor will increase the effectiveness of the surgical consultation, reduce the level of anxiety and stabilize the vital signs of the patients. This approach can be considered as a strength and superiority of the present study than previous studies which suggest that cardiac surgery centers should adopt these results in order to reduce the anxiety and stability of the vital symptoms of patients.


We thank Hassing et al. for their interest in our publication (Majeed et al., Second, Hassing et al. pointed out a lack of adjustment for liver cirrhosis in our association of bilirubin with QT interval. We agree that liver cirrhosis has been associated with a prolonged QT interval (Tsiompanidis et al., In their letter to the editor, Hassing et al. also report results of association of bilirubin with Fridericia's heart rate corrected QT interval in a sample of healthy participants aged 18–30 years. They observed a negative association of bilirubin with QT interval as opposed to the results of our study. Perhaps the authors should read the AHA/ACC/HRS recommendations for QT correction (Rautaharju et al.,


Biological control is widely successful at controlling pests, but effective biocontrol agents are now more difficult to import from countries of origin due to more restrictive international trade laws (the Nagoya Protocol). Coupled with increasing demand, the efficacy of existing and new biocontrol agents needs to be improved with genetic and genomic approaches. Although they have been underutilised in the past, application of genetic and genomic techniques is becoming more feasible from both technological and economic perspectives. We review current methods and provide a framework for using them. First, it is necessary to identify which biocontrol trait to select and in what direction. Next, the genes or markers linked to these traits need be determined, including how to implement this information into a selective breeding program. Choosing a trait can be assisted by modelling to account for the proper agro‐ecological context, and by knowing which traits have sufficiently high heritability values. We provide guidelines for designing genomic strategies in biocontrol programs, which depend on the organism, budget, and desired objective. Genomic approaches start with genome sequencing and assembly. We provide a guide for deciding the most successful sequencing strategy for biocontrol agents. Gene discovery involves quantitative trait loci analyses, transcriptomic and proteomic studies, and gene editing. Improving biocontrol practices includes marker‐assisted selection, genomic selection and microbiome manipulation of biocontrol agents, and monitoring for genetic variation during rearing and post‐release. We conclude by identifying the most promising applications of genetic and genomic methods to improve biological control efficacy. I.Biological control , is arguably the best solution for phasing out large‐scale pesticide use . Next, we present the current state and future prospects of using genetic and genomic methods towards that aim. We consider these methods from evolutionary and ecological contexts, that is how these methods can realistically operate in long‐term breeding programs and in the field Fig. . BecauseII.et al. , which allows a trait to be improved by  selection. The amount of standing genetic variation depends on the type of trait and its genetic architecture, which can be defined as the number and location of the loci involved, and their interactions . Traits closely associated with fitness that are important for biocontrol, such as life‐history and behavioural traits et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Assembling a genome for a biocontrol agent of interest vastly expands the possibilities for generating new knowledge on the genetic architecture of biocontrol traits. A reference genome facilitates studies that focus on gene expression analyses, targeted gene editing, and marker‐informed selection. Although producing a high‐quality genome  is often portrayed as an essential goal Bentley, , a high‐et al., et al., 2010; Geib et al., 2017; Ferguson et al., 2020) but can be more challenging for species that are difficult to inbreed et al., et al., et al., Nasonia parasitoid wasp sex ratio  [e.g. maize height , and antennal perception of different olfactory cues, i.e. male mate‐searching versus female host‐searching in the parasitoids Cotesia vestalis   were identified by analysing RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data versus a complete ban in the EU et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Currently, there is much interest in the role of the microbiome in organismal functioning. In a biocontrol context, it is known that microbes can generate chemical signals that attract parasitoids to their host, and that bacteria can have a defensive role against parasitoids, such as in aphids et al., Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot   For complex traits with highly polygenic bases or genes with complicated epigenetic effects, direct and linkage equilibrium MAS may not be possible. In such cases, it is possible to use markers that are linked to a total breeding value instead of any specific phenotype The availability of genetic markers allows for population genetic analyses, either at a coarse scale such as in the case of microsatellite panels, or at a fine scale such as dense SNP panels based on assembled genomes. A powerful application of population genetics in biocontrol is monitoring of agents released into the field Fig. , allowinet al.  for ongoing monitoring of a biocontrol programme in southern France via a breeding regime or by genetic manipulation  was fed bacterial supplements , as can feeding on factitious hosts or prey with a specific microbiome indirectly.Microbiomes may constitute an important target for modifying biocontrol agent performance. The composition of the microbial community of an organism can be altered through rearing conditions (e.g. a probiotic diet), et al., et al., It is also possible for host specimens to transmit their microbes to released biocontrol agents and influence their physiology and ecology  in numerous insect species, such as the Drosophila parasitoids Asobara and Leptopilina  are already being implemented Fig. . Others Novel methodology to uncover the genetic architecture of life‐history traits, in combination with increasing investment in research and development by biocontrol companies, will rapidly expand the knowledge base of the biocontrol field. Gene‐editing techniques are a useful research tool for delineating this genetic architecture, but as the current biocontrol market depends on a reputation of using more traditional genetics methods, now is not the time to use gene‐edited organisms in the field.et al., et al., et al., Knowledge about genetic variation can be used to design artificial selection programs, either by traditional selective breeding (White versus unpredicted host shifts in the field; Follett et al., A caveat is that these approaches do have their limitations; for example, a founding population may lack sufficient genetic variation to select upon (Mackauer, The aim of this review is to stimulate the application of genetic and genomic methodology in next‐generation biological control. We hope that it will lead to an increasing awareness of the potential of biocontrol agent breeding among scientists, the biocontrol industry, growers, and the general public.


Back in the mid-2000s, when Facebook was new and smartphones had still not become a major part of our everyday lives, researchers started to explore the use of Machine Learning in biomechanics. The road ahead appeared uncertain and people asked whether it was a new dawn or false hope?  data with less expert knowledge and without expensive equipment. As they state, motion capture systems are going to “increase the availability of motion analysis to a wider range of people.” In other words, access to such systems enables a move toward pervasive healthcare systems  and Gaussian Mixture Model or Linear Discriminant Analysis. Another contribution by Remedios et al. describes an alternative way to objectively identify movement phenotypes without the need to a-priori prescribe movement features. Ross et al. discriminate élite from novice athletes, devising inertial features that capture motion details related to competition level. The recognition of movement patterns was also a key focus in the study by Suda et al., which used ground reaction forces to recognize foot-ankle movement strategies in long-distance runners.The automatic classification of athletic tasks based on motion data gathered in real-world conditions with inertial sensors is another expanding area of investigation, as evidenced in papers by Guerra et al. propose an interesting application of automatic pose recognition  and classification to trigger an alarm in frail individuals. The study by Gregori et al. focused on rehabilitation by developing a deep-learning method to automatically evaluate grasping actions in people with upper limb prostheses. Background segmentation and shape classification allowed Monezi et al. to automatically detect the three-dimensional location of multiple players in a basketball court.Computer Vision represents a parallel trend, involving a combination of deep neural networks and simpler classification algorithms. Rethwilm et al. gained insights on trunk lean control in patients with Cerebral Palsy, combining PCA to binary logistic regression. In their technical paper, Burdack et al. explained how data filtering and unsupervised data reduction impacted gait classification based on ground reaction force data. Principal Component analysis is also the framework of analysis explored by Promsri and Federolf, who crafted a methodological paper explaining how to gain information about the coordinative structure of complex whole-body movements during balancing. In addition, De Roeck et al. focus on lower limb kinematics during deep squatting and in the forward lunge, devising a statistical model that predicts lower limb kinetics therein.Gait analysis is undoubtedly a collector of the data revolution. Instrumented gait assessment is routinely used to evaluate an individual's quality of life, morbidity, and/or mortality. Here, data science is a powerful complement to traditional approaches when handling large, heterogeneous, and sometimes noisy data sets  neural networks. LSTM was also combined with convolutional neural networks by Yu et al. to predict pre-impact fall for older people. Notably, this approach was also implemented in a microcontroller unit featuring a working device. The practical translation of these techniques constitutes a crucial step that has not yet been undertaken that requires further exploration in future studies.Cerveri et al.. de Araújo et al. showed how hand resting tremors could be used in the diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. For patients in a similar condition, Lebel et al. worked on the prediction of motor performance based on visible symptomatology. A crucial issue is discussed in the work by Chia et al., which developed a decision support system based on gait kinematics, anthropometric characteristics, and physical examination and trained a system to learn the recommendations formulated by clinicians.Many papers in the Research Topic propose research-grade applications, and the effective combination of technology and data science will be topical in the near future. The seed of this trend is already visible. For instance, statistical shape modeling supported by logistic regression has clinical applications in automating the identification of surgically-relevant landmarks, as demonstrated by Côté-Allard et al.). Furthermore, as anticipated by many experts  “idolatry of data,” we believe that the road is paved for rapid and inevitable (re)volutions. Assisting human decisions is among the most impactful advancements that data science and human movement science together can provide to medicine in the next decade (Jones et al., The constant growth of computational power and wearable sensor miniaturization will also open pathways to pervasive real-time applications, exploiting the wealth of data available “out in the wild,” from marker-less motion capture to exercise monitoring and training assistance. To date, artificial intelligence does not simply provide new tools to study human motion. Rather, the way we study human motion is evolving thanks to artificial intelligence. By “following the data” (Halevy et al., MZ, AK, and PF contributed equally to the writing of this editorial. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


In this study, the authors designed a visual stimulus with two overlapping random dot patterns, differing in their color (red vs. green) and motion direction (upward vs. downward) and with their left and right panels combining the color and motion inversely compared to the central panel  of the There are a multitude of mechanistic roles that are associated with alpha oscillations and low frequencies (<20 Hz) in general. These oscillatory activities have been proposed to act as a metronome for processing audio-visual stimuli . Whether these two findings could be attributed to attention levels should be studied in the future by examining the potential inter-individual correlation between alpha frequency and power and whether subjects with a weaker alpha power allocate higher levels of attention.Furthermore, changing levels of attention are associated with changes in the power of high frequency oscillations  (Fries et al., In summary, Zhang et al. documented a novel association between alpha frequencies and perceptual feature binding. We propose a more central role of attention as a causal factor for changes in alpha power and frequency of alternations between binding states. Zhang et al. showed in a previous study with controlled levels of attention that physical and active binding may happen at equal attention levels (Zhang et al., MC, PY, ST, and ME conceived the ideas. MC and ME wrote the manuscript. ST critically revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Person-centred care is at the core of a value-based health system. Its transformative potential is to enable and support key policy, planning and service developments across the system even when these go against the self-interest of individual major players. It offers a potent test for decision makers at all levels. It demands responses that are multi-level, empirically grounded, expert-informed and data-driven that must converge on the singularity of individuals in the places that they live. This requires different approaches that recognise, respect and reconcile two necessary but constitutionally disparate perspectives: the bureaucratic, overtly decontextualised, top-down, policy and planning objectives of central governments and the formally complex, dynamic and contextualised experience of individuals in the system. Conflating the latter with the former can lead unwittingly to a pervasive and reductive form of quasi-Taylorism that nearly always creates waste at the expense of value. This has parallel application in the treatment domain where outcomes are non-randomly clustered and partitioned by socioeconomic status, amplifying unwarranted variation by place that is striking in its magnitude and heterogeneity. In this paper, we propose that a combination of (1) relevant, local and sophisticated data planning, collection and analysis systems, (2) more detailed person-centred service planning and delivery and (3) system accountability through co-design and transparent public reporting of health system performance in a manner that is understandable, relevant, and locally applicable are all essential in ensuring planned and provided care is most appropriate to more than merely the ‘average’ person for whom the current system is built. We argue that only through a greater appreciation of healthcare as a complex adaptive (eco)system, where context is everything, and then utilising planning, analysis and management methodologies that reflect this reality is the way to achieve genuine person-centred care. A consistent recommendation arising from countless reviews into the mental health system both within Australia , et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., While not exactly a new concept  and downplay or dismiss empiricism and tacit knowledge (clinicians and patients). They are applied top-down in the manner of Soviet-style central planning without consideration of scale or context, with the result they are given lip-service by those responsible for planning, commissioning and managing regional and sub-regional services. The fundamental problem is not ‘should be’ models themselves: there are manifest advantages to be had in the use of such frameworks to estimate and plan resource allocations at the population-level, for example , Recognising also that a significant proportion of the population do not have access to the personal resources required to enable them to engage with care effectively is essential. Knowing this, it is the responsibility of system managers, not by-default the individual, to build facilitators into the structure of the intervention set itself if we are to develop truly responsive systems of care, not just for some notional average person with average personal resources. The current planning, implementation and service delivery models for mental health treatment in Australia objectively do not adequately meet the breath of needs of individuals or communities.et al., et al., et al., et al., Access to psychological therapies offers a case in point. Medicare in Australia provides for universal subsidised access to focused psychological therapy via GP referral , In addressing  these issues, we do not suggest that what we offer is a panacea. Instead, we frame a set of priority issues that we face, and in doing so offer tentative recommendations for improvement towards a person-centred mental health service system.et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., in situ  individuals to a marked greater extent  that increase their risk of poor health outcomes for themselves, and create a toxic legacy for future generations, amplifying rather than attenuating enduring disadvantage (Wilkinson and Pickett, It is not good enough to design service systems or provide interventions without due consideration to the context in which these services are to be delivered (Robert and Fulop, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Individuals have a valuable role to play in service planning and healthcare policy-making through meaningful and supported engagement and co-design in all levels and at all points of decision-making Groves, . Accountet al., This extends to the use of personal data. Measuring what is valued by patients and whether it is achieved, and reincorporating this into service development decisions is essential. Non-disclosive data on the planning and performance of health services funded through the public purse should be available for open scrutiny, reported at consistently meaningful aggregations – regional and sub-regional – and presented in a manner that is easily understood and relatable to the real-world, avoiding the use of obscurant metrics, or the bureaucratic tendency, well-meaning and benevolent as it may be, to confuse and conflate privacy and secrecy. As a result of this extractive rather than inclusive mentality to the use of personal data, most people have little if any idea whether their local health services are performing as they would wish or how they compare it to other localities in terms of value and cost Chen, . There aThe relative impotence of planning when unsupported by clear change processes underpinned by implementation science means demand will continue to outpace supply as provision is constrained within an artificially constructed organic healthcare economy. This inhibits innovation under the guise of protection and governance and places a premium and priority on the providers return on investment and in doing so demotes value from the user's perspective to a secondary benefit. Unless altered, we will continue to invest in the wrong things, believing them to the right things, often plausible, but nearly always they create waste, not value. We apply the evidence-based dictum partially, choosing not to apply the same test to service planning and implementation that we do to treatments. Governance processes formalise the latter as a therapeutic good, and rightly so. Perhaps it is time to consider the application of a similarly constituted standard to the former that enables us to co-design, test and implement promising new models using local data, taking a person-centred and whole-of-community contextual approach, understanding healthcare is formally complex and ultimately recognise that it is the people who determine the value of services, not the funders. Without this, we will continue to build in demand failure and suffer the consequences.


Litton et al. noted that many of the risk factors for iron deficiency are also risk factors for developing a critical illness, and consequently, iron deficiency is likely to be over-represented in critically ill patients . Hepcidi


Femoral neck anteversion (FNA) is the angle between the femoral neck and femoral shaft, indicating the degree of torsion of the femur. Differences in FNA affect the biomechanics of the hip, through alterations in factors such as moment arm lengths and joint loading. Altered gait associated with differences in FNA may also contribute to the development of a wide range of skeletal disorders including osteoarthritis. FNA varies by up to 30° within apparently healthy adults. FNA increases substantially during gestation and thereafter decreases steadily until maturity. There is some evidence of a further decrease at a much lower rate during adulthood into old age, but the mechanisms behind it have never been studied. Development of FNA appears to be strongly influenced by mechanical forces experienced during everyday movements. This is evidenced by large differences in FNA in groups where movement is impaired, such as children born breech or individuals with neuromuscular conditions such as cerebral palsy. Several methods can be used to assess FNA, which may yield different values by up to 20° in the same participant. While MRI and CT are used clinically, limitations such as their cost, scanning time and exposure to ionising radiation limit their applicability in longitudinal and population studies, particularly in children. More broadly, applicable measures such as ultrasound and functional tests exist, but they are limited by poor reliability and validity. These issues highlight the need for a valid and reliable universally accepted method. Treatment for clinically problematic FNA is usually de‐rotational osteotomy; passive, non‐operative methods do not have any effect. Despite observational evidence for the effects of physical activity on FNA development, the efficacy of targeted physical activity remains unexplored. The aim of this review is to describe the biomechanical and clinical consequences of FNA, factors influencing FNA and the strengths and weaknesses of different methods used to assess FNA. Femoral neck anteversion (FNA) is the angle between the femoral neck and femoral shaft, which affects the biomechanics of the hip. FNA changes substantially throughout growth, which may relate to motor development, and varies by up to 30° within adults. Several methods can be used to assess FNA, which may yield different values by up to 20° in the same participant. Treatment for clinically problematic FNA is usually de‐rotational osteotomy; passive, non‐operative methods do not have any effect.  Even within each imaging method, there are variations in how anatomical landmarks are identified. Differences in cost, time, availability, repeatability and radiation exposure mean that certain methods are not applicable, e.g. for clinical studies or those involving children.The aim of this review is to discuss the implications of altered FNA, in terms of both its effects on movement and its clinical consequences. In addition, we describe normal variation and factors affecting FNA in healthy and clinical populations of different ages. Finally, we will outline the different methods and landmarks used to assess FNA and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses with regard to a defined study setting.2et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al., et al., A change in FNA affects the position of the trochanter and therefore the line of action of the muscles surrounding that region. Regional torsional changes along the femur also result in a change of lever arms .The distal femoral axis Figure  has been77.1et al.,Computed tomography can be used to acquire images of single cross‐sections or volumes of bone. Because the X‐ray attenuation is very different between bone and soft tissue, CT provides a sharp contrast between bone and soft tissue and is therefore good in depicting mature, well‐ossified bones. CT scanning times per slice are lower than 2 s and for 3D‐rendering of hip structures, which requires multiple slices, this can go up to 40 s . CT is considered cheap compared with MRI due to shorter scanning time. CT results in ionising radiation exposure of 0.3–0.5 mSv for six slices in adults  bones. On the other hand, the imaging of whole cross‐sections is possible in neonates and young infants where the bone is not yet mineralised and remains permeable by sound waves. US is free of ionising radiation, cheap compared with other imaging techniques, and fast in terms of image acquisition, with the whole protocol lasting up to 10 min , biplanar radiography allowing two different projections  of the hip joint in the axial plane. FNA can be assessed using the ratio of internal rotation over external rotation, with greater internal rotation associated with greater FNA  with differences in mean values between methods of up to 10°   with other imaging techniques  (Dunlap et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,We can find a total average difference for biplanar radiography compared with dried femoral measurements of 2.6°–3.6° with good correlation (et al. (et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,Davids et al.  have sho8Abnormal FNA changes the biomechanics of the hip, altering muscular lever arms, hip contact forces and femoral neck shear forces, which may contribute to development of a wide range of skeletal disorders, such as osteoarthritis and alter the kinematics of the lower limbs. FNA grows in line with the growth plate, which seems to adjust according to mechanical forces acting on the proximal femur during movement, increasing the FNA during gestation to more than 30° and thereafter decreasing steadily until completion of growth. This decrease is less pronounced or absent in individuals with conditions causing neuromuscular and movement impairment such as cerebral palsy. Interestingly, FNA in older adults is consistently lower than in younger adults, raising the question of mechanisms behind the modelling of the femur at a mature age following growth plate closure. Treatment for altered FNA is usually de‐rotational osteotomy, suggested only in the case of disabling conditions; passive, non‐operative methods such as braces or wearable cables do not have any effect. Despite observational evidence for the effects of muscular activity on FNA development during growth, the efficacy of targeted physical activity remains unexplored. Large variations between methods evaluating the FNA limit the ability to synthesise the large number of studies on the topic, as normative values must be set, relative to the method. It is not possible to draw conclusions on the choice of which femoral axis to utilise, and further studies are needed to determine the relevant forces shaping it. However, the authors endorse identification of landmarks which consider the femoral head and trochanter part of the femoral neck axis. Further studies are needed to explore the distal axis and whether the usual posterior condylar axis is the most relevant one. As for the imaging technique, it is situation‐driven, with MRI and CT giving the best images and measurement precision; MRI is superior to CT in terms of radiation hazard and CT is quicker and cheaper. The biplanar radiography EOS system seems to be a quick, low‐radiation option but it is not as reliable as the aforementioned approaches. However, both within clinical and basic science research, limitations of these methods prevent their broader application in healthy children and population studies. New US techniques already permit a 3D depiction of the femur with systems of probe localisation. Further improvements in US imaging and data analysis could provide a cheap, quick, non‐invasive and more broadly applicable alternative to MRI and CT.Matteo Scorcelletti, Neil Reeves, Jörn Rittweger and Alex Ireland declare that they have no conflict of interest.Conception or design of the work: Matteo Scorcelletti and Alex Ireland. Drafting the article: Matteo Scorcelletti. Critical revision of the article: all authors. Final approval of the version to be published: all authors.


This editorial of the Special Issue “ECG Monitoring System” provides a short overview of the 13 contributed articles published in this issue.In the first paper, Bae and collaborators  propose In the second paper, Lackner and colleagues  provide In the third paper, Holmes and colleagues  explore In another manuscript, Satti et al.  introducTang and colleagues  discuss Klum and collaborators  employedAnother manuscript from Wang et al.  exploresBaty and colleagues  developeWang and collaborators  propose Nie and co-workers  discuss The review of Serhani and colleagues  presentsOhmuta et al.  developeFinally, Al-Karadi and collaborators  discuss


However, the impact of the virus on these sexual and gender minority populations was masked for decades by the perception of HIV as a “generalized” epidemic in the African context . While tIncreasingly, MSM outreach, engagement and research participation have been recognized as vital to HIV prevention and control efforts in sub‐Saharan Africa. This has been evidenced by a proliferation of observational and interventional studies engaging African MSM as one of several key populations affected by the HIV pandemic . The suc2Sibanye Methods for Prevention Packages Project in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Sullivan et al. [Two manuscripts in this supplement focus on MSM and TGW who enrolled in a one‐year prospective cohort study called the n et al.  describeet al. [Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and syphilis among South African MSM and TGW. While acceptance of screening for syphilis and urethral NG/CT was near universal, only about two‐thirds of participants accepted clinician‐assisted screening for rectal NG/CT. This discrepancy may reflect participant unfamiliarity with the possibility of anorectal sexually transmitted infections (STIs) [In their accompanying paper, Jones et al.  describes (STIs) , concerns (STIs)  and psycs (STIs) . Consists (STIs) , 36, 37,3et al. [et al. [et al. [Four manuscripts in this supplement focus on retention of MSM and TGW who enrolled in cohort studies. Wahome et al.  report l [et al.  also rep [et al.  also repTogether, these three studies highlight tremendous challenges in the retention of MSM and TGW in HIV‐related observational studies. Common themes include the need for early intervention with strategies to encourage continued research participation, as loss to follow‐up disproportionately occurred early in studies and among participants who had newly arrived in their communities. These studies also suggest the importance of identifying and addressing direct medical needs as a motivator of continued research engagement, such as treatment for alcohol dependence or STIs. For MSM and TGW who are otherwise healthy and without urgent medical needs – such as those who would be recruited for many HIV prevention studies – there may be limited incentives to risk the discrimination or human rights violations that can accompany disclosure of same‐sex sexual practices in order to participate in a research study, so researchers must work especially closely with community stakeholders to identify strategies to recruit and retain these participants.et al. [In contrast to the other retention‐focused studies included in this supplement, Sandfort et al.  report r4et al. [Two manuscripts in this supplement focus on identifying opportunities for improving MSM and TGW engagement in the HIV prevention and care cascade. Ramadhani et al.  describeet al. [Rwema et al.  also des5et al. [Two manuscripts in this supplement focus on strategies for improving engagement in the HIV prevention and care cascade. Fearon et al.  also fouet al. [Deficiencies in HIV testing uptake and frequency MSM in sub‐Saharan Africa mean that HIV is often diagnosed late in the disease course. Palmer et al.  conducteet al. . Given t6et al. [In their commentary, Makofane et al.  call foret al. [Lastly, van der Elst et al.  present 7The manuscripts included in this supplement illustrate that, as for other populations, we need to tailor care delivery to individual needs of African MSM and TGW. Young people, in particular, require differentiated services that facilitate continued engagement in care, such as access to a variety of dosing regimens to fit their diverse lifestyles, maintenance of contact through novel platforms such as social media, and creation of friendly and sensitive clinical care spaces. Given very high HIV incidence rates in MSM and TGW, participants should be targeted for acute and early HIV evaluation using NAAT‐based HIV‐testing algorithms – preferably point‐of‐care testing – and onwards linkage to prevention and care . In addiDevelopment of effective biomedical prevention strategies such as PrEP has changed the landscape of HIV prevention, but PrEP is only effective if people at risk are able and willing to adhere to it. Differentiated models are needed for delivering daily PrEP and future generations of biomedical prevention interventions to MSM in ways that yield the necessary uptake and adherence. Further engagement of end users of these interventions is needed in order to understand the factors that motivate uptake and adherence in order to tailor prevention interventions to the unique needs of African MSM and other key populations.Well‐laid out multi‐country and multicentre cohort studies similar to MACS, although costly, will bring tremendous progress to understanding HIV prevention and care uptake among MSM and TGW in sub‐Saharan Africa. Such efforts should be planned in collaboration with MSM and TGW stakeholders via community organizations, key opinion leaders and community advisory boards. Cross‐learning between countries may be useful to establish best practices for participant engagement and promotion of African investigators as leaders of research in their own communities. Future research must also move on from past conflation of MSM with other sexual and gender minorities through the design of service delivery and research studies that acknowledge and address the unique needs of transgender and non‐binary individuals. Tremendous progress has been made over the last 15 years in engaging African MSM in HIV research. However, much more must be done.The authors report no competing interests.TAC, PEF, LGB and EJS were involved in conceptualization and writing of the manuscript.


Among which, biofilm engineering refers to harnessing the beneficial uses of microbial communities by understanding the fundamentals of biofilm developmental process. This definition is more specific and narrows the focus of biofilm engineering down to the beneficial uses of biofilms.Bacteria in natural and engineered habitats often live as multicellular aggregates embedded in a self‐produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), known as biofilms ‐cyclic‐dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c‐di‐GMP) is also part of the regulatory networks orchestrating biofilm development. A decreased concentration of c‐di‐GMP reduces biofilm formation and a high level of c‐di‐GMP promotes the formation of biofilm Hengge, . Becauseet al.  engineere et al.  engineeret al., et al.  also play an important role in biofilm formation , regulates metabolism and biofilm formation in several bacteria by activating cAMP receptor protein (CRP) (Ritzert , et al.  overexpret al. (E. coli (Botyanszki et al., The hallmark of a biofilm is the self‐produced EPS matrix, which imparts numerous beneficial attributes to biofilms that are lacking in their planktonic counterparts (Flemming and Wingender, et al.  decorateet al., et al., et al., Chromobacterium violaceum, facilitated the biorecovery of gold from electronic waste (Liow et al., One of the major limitations that hampers the application of biofilm‐mediated bioprocesses lies in the uncontrollable dynamics of biofilm development, resulting in unpredictable and/or diminished performance (Hu Synthetic gene circuits impart programmable functionalities in microorganisms that can be implemented in various biotechnological applications. However, an important factor influencing the performance of synthetic gene circuits is the interference from the host’s endogenous regulatory network. Therefore, it is desirable that the host itself should possess a low level of native signalling messengers/molecules to achieve an enhanced performance of the introduced gene circuit. Development of bacterial chassis by downregulating the gene expression of native signalling pathways, such as reduction of background c‐di‐GMP levels and QS signals, would improve the performance of gene circuits controlling biofilm development through mediating c‐di‐GMP and QS. CRISPR‐mediated gene silencing approach may offer an effective platform for systematically exploring the functions of genes involved in signalling pathways and facilitate genome‐scale manipulation to enhance the synthetic gene circuit activity for biofilm control.et al., et al., et al., Synthetic biology tools are widely used to design and control microbial communities by manipulating regulatory networks, regulating gene expression and engineering cell to cell interactions. By programming cellular behaviour of biofilms, synthetic biology approaches may enable broad applications ranging from understanding biofilm biology to engineering controllable biofilms for biocatalysis, energy generation and bioremediation. To achieve complex synthetic systems with high programmability and controllability, programmed gene circuits could be fine‐tuned by altering various input signals to generate desirable output/performance. Chemical inducers are often used to control the expression of programmed gene circuits; however, the potential toxicity, irreversibility and lack of spatial control limit their applications (Liu et al., Another approach to engineering biofilms is to alter the activities of key regulatory proteins and/or enzymes that control biofilm development. In a previous study, an evolved variant of SdiA protein was generated through random mutagenesis and the variant led to higher biofilm formation in the presence of QS signals (Lee et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Biofilms in natural and engineered environments are generally composed of highly diverse microbial communities (Tan et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Division of labour across different individuals in a consortium enhances a specialized function by reducing the metabolic burden of each population (Tsoi


In this commentary, we reply to their comments attempting to critically discuss the evidence base needed to obtain regulatory approval.Maju  Even when an underpowered study detects a true effect, the estimate of the effect magnitude may be exaggerated   or to a detrimental potential of esketamine discontinuation. As a matter of fact, it cannot be excluded that withdrawal symptoms biased the outcome assessment (Turner, Another point raised in our commentary, as well as in other similar comments (Cristea and Naudet,  Turner, . In part Turner, .et al. commented that the safety profile of esketamine is well known from phase 1 and 2 studies and that the drug is safe (Maju et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Maju et al. claimed that the SUSTAIN-1 trial (Daly et al., et al., Maju In conclusion, considering the notable uncertainty on tolerability and efficacy, both in the short- and in long-term, we argue that regulatory authorities should have to be more cautious in evaluating the approval of this drug (Cristea and Naudet,


We read with interest the article titled “The Implications of an Ab Interno Versus Ab Externo Surgical Approach on Outflow Resistance of a Subconjunctival Drainage Device for Intraocular Pressure Control” by Lee et al.,Allergan R&D would like to correct the assertion in the response from the authors that the origin of the pressure drop variability between the findings of Sheybani et al. and Lee et al. are due to manufacturing variability of the internal diameter of the XEN implant, as stated by Lee et al.XEN products are designed to provide safe, effective pressure drop to treat glaucoma. The manufacturing process yields far tighter control over pressure drop than the assertion implies. Furthermore, the XEN numerical product designation is not meant to be a product specification nor indication of manufacturing tolerance. Therefore, calculating expected pressure drop from the product name will not result in a meaningful value.Additionally, we would greatly appreciate it if you could ensure that this explanation travel with the manuscript as is customary.


Psychological Medicine published two articles that criticise these services and suggest that they should be dismantled or restructured. One paper also provides recommendations on how ARMS services should be operate.In the 1990s criteria were developed to detect individuals at high and imminent risk of developing a psychotic disorder. These are known as the at risk mental state, ultra high risk or clinical high risk criteria. Individuals meeting these criteria are symptomatic and help-seeking. Services for such individuals are now found worldwide. Recently In this paper we draw on the existing literature in the field and present the perspective of some ARMS clinicians and researchers.et al. paper are already occurring.Many of the critics' arguments are refuted. Most of the recommendations included in the Moritz ARMS services provide management of current problems, treatment to reduce risk of onset of psychotic disorder and monitoring of mental state, including attenuated psychotic symptoms. These symptoms are associated with a range of poor outcomes. It is important to assess them and track their trajectory over time. A new approach to detection of ARMS individuals can be considered that harnesses broad youth mental health services, such as headspace in Australia, Jigsaw in Ireland and ACCESS Open Minds in Canada. Attention should also be paid to the physical health of ARMS individuals. Far from needing to be dismantled we feel that the ARMS approach has much to offer to improve the health of young people. Instead services should provide needs-based care.Moritz et al.  provide et al. ((5)Individuals accessing these services are not representative of all the people at risk of psychotic disorder.(6)Sub-threshold psychotic symptoms, the hallmark of the ARMS criteria, are found in disorders such as anxiety and depression. Therefore the presence of these sub-threshold psychotic symptoms should not indicate that a person is at risk of psychotic disorder.(7)People meeting ARMS criteria have already started the process of developing psychotic disorder and therefore intervention at this stage is too late.(8)A public health approach to prevent psychosis would be more effective than ARMS services.In addition to argument 3 above, Ajnakina et al.  also staet al. present little evidence to support this contention. They cite Corcoran et al. , clinicians convey that ‘risk’ is not ‘disorder’, that symptoms can improve, and that recovery is possible   Clinic, was established in a generic adolescent health service and later moved into a shopping mall  will meet ARMS criteria. Such individuals may develop a psychotic disorder, persistent or recurrent mood or anxiety disorder, impaired psychosocial functioning, persistent attenuated psychotic experiences or a combination of these. They may also not develop any disorder and symptoms and functioning might resolve over time . This position is contrary to decades of research that ARMS criteria do predict onset of psychotic disorder and research that shows that anxiety and depression are frequently present in the prodromal phase before a first psychotic episode , is at odds with numerous intervention trials and meta-analyses, and the data from the South London service in relation to ethnic minorities (see above). These statements indicate that both critic groups believe that the ARMS criteria are indicative of impending psychotic disorder. This belief is also reflected in both group's use of the term ‘prodromal’, which suggests inevitable progression to psychotic disorder .et al. who believe that the time for ARMS clinics has ‘gone’, Moritz et al. believe that they should be renamed, that they should provide only needs-based care, that antipsychotics should not be prescribed, that a categorical view of mental illness be avoided and a staged approach be used. They call for a ‘hope-oriented’ service, which is ironic given they believe that no treatment can justify hope. In response to their recommendations:In contrast to Ajnakina et al., et al.'s  opinion that ARMS services are stigmatising despite empirical evidence to the contrary when ARMS individuals themselves are asked (see above).We agree that calling such services ‘Prodromal Clinics’ and using the term ‘prodromal’ should be avoided, for reasons described above. However a recent study found that the terms ARMS, UHR or ‘Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms’ were not thought to be stigmatising by ARMS individuals and only a minority thought these names should be changed  possibility of schizophrenia’ (p. 3) and that patients are told that ‘schizophrenia is looming over them’ (p. 1). Ajnakina et al. state that the ARMS criteria are ‘schizophrenia-light’. First episode psychosis is not the same as schizophrenia and not all individuals with a first episode of psychosis will develop the functional difficulties associated with this clinical syndrome, especially if early detection and comprehensive care is provided (Correll et al., et al., incorrectly cite papers about Early Intervention for Psychosis services (Birchwood and Macmillan, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Both Moritz et al., et al., et al., et al., First, the assessment of attenuated psychotic symptoms is important. These symptoms are often distressing, can lead to maladaptive behaviours and their presence indicates risk for psychotic disorder and other poor outcomes. Cognitive behaviour therapy approaches have been developed specifically for such symptoms and have been found to be effective and non-stigmatising (Morrison


Traditionally investigated in philosophy, body ownership and agency—two main components of the minimal self—have recently gained attention from other disciplines, such as brain, cognitive and behavioral sciences, and even robotics and artificial intelligence. In robotics, intuitive human interaction in natural and dynamic environments becomes more and more important, and requires skills such as self-other distinction and an understanding of agency effects. In a previous review article, we investigated studies on mechanisms for the development of motor and cognitive skills in robots (Schillaci et al.,  As has been shown in various experiments, for example in the rubber hand illusion  and ego-noise representation and imitation (AP).PL was employed by SoftBank Robotics. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


For thousands of years, human beings have used natural products for the treatment of various types of pathologies. Even today, in many developing countries where modern medicines are still not available, many diseases are treated following the indications of traditional local medicine, using plant and algae extracts. Traditional remedies have the advantage of being well tolerated by people but have often shown little effectiveness, mainly because the natural extracts contain a limited dose of the required active molecule, or contain compounds acting as antagonists to it. Therefore, despite the evidence that traditional medicine represents an important resource for the treatment of human diseases, the availability of new potent, targeted and safe drugs represents one of the most important objectives in combating both acute and chronic diseases.In recent decades, technological progress and the development of artificial intelligence have led many researchers to believe in the possibility of generating new drugs using only an in silico approach. However, this strategy proved to be unsuccessful in most cases. One of the main reasons for this failure is the limited human ability to imagine new scaffold molecules in comparison to the natural ones that world can offer. Plants, algae and microorganisms synthesize thousands of structurally different molecules, most of which are often not reproducible in modern organic chemistry laboratories. This evidence suggests that in the coming years, despite strong technological progress, drug discovery will still be highly dependent on the identification of new natural bioactive molecules that exhibit drug-like activity.The purpose of this Special Issue is to confirm the enormous potential of the natural world in providing new molecules that exhibit different types of pharmacological activity. Thanks to the precious support of numerous researchers, this Special Issue has been enriched with fourteen original studies and two reviews.The study of Phi Hung Nguyen et al.  aimed toThe article by Ali S. Alqahtani et al.  exploredNajeeb Ur Rehman et al.  demonstrAuriane Dudoit et al.  and collWith their study, Poonam Kalhotra et al.  exploredThe results of a study conducted by F. Balestri et al.  showed tThe aim of the study conducted by Nabeelah Bibi Sadeer et al.  was to dThe study conducted by Umar M. Badeggi et al.  aimed toThe study conducted by Victor Marin et al.  demonstrThe scope of the study performed by Ericsson Coy-Barrera  was to iThe study of Thanh-Diep Ly et al.  aimed toGabriel Zazeri et al.  presenteBehzad Shahin-Kaleybar et al.  focused The purpose of the study conducted by Xi Chen et al.  was to iAndrea Baier and Ryszard Szyszka  focused The study presented by Renata Tisi et al.  offers aIn conclusion, taken together the studies reported in this Special Issue confirmed that the natural world still represents an irreplaceable source of inspiration for all researchers that aim to identify new scaffold molecules for the synthesis of a new generation of drugs.


Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in 2019. Eighty‐four pink salmon were reported from 22 locations across Greenland. This comprised 76 specimens from 2019 and 8 specimens from 2013 to 2018. Of these, 12 were caught in fresh water, and a single pink salmon was from the bottom of the Nuuk Fjord near the Kapisillit River – the only known river in Greenland where the Atlantic salmon  spawn. It is unknown if pink salmon have reproduced in Greenland waters.Using social media, the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources collected data on the occurrence of pink salmon ( No accurate length measurements were obtained from the survey, but from fishermen's estimates as well as available photographs, it is estimated that all specimens measured approximately 50–60 cm in total length. At least two females were reported to have ripe eggs and three males to have freely flowing sperm  received five reports of five pink salmon in the coastal waters of Greenland , Denmark, Ireland and Scotland (ICES, et al. (et al., et al., The establishment of pink salmon in Atlantic rivers is associated with the possibility of negative effects on local salmonids because of potential competition, infectious diseases and parasites, as presented in Hindar et al. . In Greeet al. . Higher  et al., . Therefo et al., , and theJ.N. coordinated this work and prepared the manuscript. All authors equally conceived the idea; contributed to scientific discussions; and revised, reviewed and finally approved the work.


This review focuses on these supercomplexes of vascular plants, which at the moment cannot be ‘seen’ but that represent functional units in vivo.Photosystems I and II are the central components of the solar energy conversion machinery in oxygenic photosynthesis. They are large functional units embedded in the photosynthetic membranes, where they harvest light and use its energy to drive electrons from water to NADPH. Their composition and organization change in response to different environmental conditions, making these complexes dynamic units. Some of the interactions between subunits survive purification, resulting in the well‐defined structures that were recently resolved by cryo‐electron microscopy. Other interactions instead are weak, preventing the possibility of isolating and thus studying these complexes  I.et al., Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII) are large assemblies of many pigment–protein complexes and can be divided into two functional parts: the core and the antenna. The cores are highly conserved in all organisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis and contain the reaction center (RC), where photochemistry occurs. The role of the antenna is to collect light and transfer the excitation energy to the RC. The antenna varies in composition and organization between organisms, and in plants it is composed of members of the light‐harvesting complex (LHC) multigenic family complexes, suggesting that the antenna size of the photosystems is larger II.et al., et al., 2S2 supercomplex; Wei et al., 2S2M2; Su et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in a 1 : 1 stoichiometry. This complex is very stable and its structure was resolved in 2003 by X‐ray crystallography , might give the impression that LHCII moves to PSI only in particular conditions, while usually it is associated with PSII, to which it ‘moves back’ during the state‐2‐to‐state‐1 transition. However, it was shown that part of the mobile LHCII pool is associated with PSI in most light conditions (Wientjes et al., et al., et al., et al., in vivo. Knowing that PSI‐LHCI contains 158 Chls and one trimer of LHCII 42 (Pan et al., State transitions are a short‐term response to changes in light color, while the long‐term response to the same effects is an adjustment of the PSI : PSII ratio (Chow et al., et al., et al., in vivo? Benson et al. concluded that in addition to the LHCII associated with PSI on the K side of the core, LHCII trimers in state 2 dock to PSI via the Lhca (Benson et al., et al., et al., in vivo varies between 72 ps in tobacco and 147 ps in maize, but it is always longer than that of the PSI‐LHCI complexes purified from the same plant (Chukhutsina et al., in vivo were also observed for spinach (Farooq et al., in vivo.Recent results show that more than one LHCII trimer can be associated with PSI. Patches of membranes with up to five LHCII trimers were purified from spinach using styrene–maleic acid copolymer (Bell IV.et al., et al., et al., et al., The crowdedness of the membrane also favors the interactions between photosystems (Haferkamp in vivo? From the seminal work of Jan Anderson, it is well established that PSI and PSII are located in two distinct regions of the thylakoid membranes, the stroma lamellae and the grana, respectively (Andersson & Anderson, et al., et al., et al., et al., in vivo and represent functional units. Electron tomography data on cells of the alga C. reinhardtii revealed a random organization of the photosystems and a clear separation between appressed membranes, hosting PSII, and nonappressed membranes, hosting PSI (Wietrzynski et al., in vivo in physiologically relevant conditions.Do PSI and PSII interact V.in vivo in the thylakoid membrane in their functional state are larger than the purified forms in vitro. Whereas this was expected for PSII, it was somewhat surprising for PSI, the composition of which has been considered well defined for a long time. Now that this has been established, it would be very interesting to ‘see’ the photosystems in vivo and to relate their change in function in different environmental conditions to changes in their composition and organization. It is expected that, thanks to recent advances, a detailed description of the membrane can be obtained by integrating cryo‐electron tomography data with the high‐resolution structures of the photosystems. The structural information combined with spectroscopic data and modeling should then provide a comprehensive picture of the thylakoid membrane in action.Photosystems I and II, when present


Muscle atrophy is an unfortunate effect of aging and many diseases and can compromise physical function and impair vital metabolic processes  as the first defining characteristic  appears to be a potential adjunct to prevent muscle atrophy and loss of muscle strength  similar to what is reported in young men (D'Souza et al., per se is of primary importance when it comes to improving muscle mass and strength, as well as functional capacity, as a substantial part of the older population does benefit from a resistance-type exercise training intervention (Churchward-Venne et al., In addition, the supplementation of essential amino acids and vitamin D can further augment protein anabolism and has been shown to improve muscle composition in mobility-limited older adults (Englund et al., Although testosterone supplementation in older men has been shown to improve body composition, yet the effects on muscular strength or physical function are still conflicting (Endo et al., It is essential to maintain good muscular fitness over the long-term to improve health outcomes. In this regard, it is important to incorporate physical performance assessment and promotion into healthcare in a manner that engages both clinicians and patients (Brannan et al., The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Both low intelligence and low emotional control have previously been linked to a higher risk of suicide, but it is unknown whether the associations apply consistently over the life course.The study was based on data on intelligence and emotional control, collected from 48 738 Swedish men conscripted in 1969–1970, at ages 18–20 years. The data were linked to national registers giving information on subsequent suicidal behavior (completed and attempted suicide) up to the age of 59 years. The associations were investigated using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression models, with adjustment for childhood socioeconomic status.Intelligence and emotional control assessed in late adolescence both showed robust inverse associations with suicidal behavior over the 38-year follow-up. However, while the association between lower intelligence and higher rate of suicidal behavior remained the same throughout , the association between lower emotional control and suicidal behavior was substantially stronger in early adulthood (~100% increased hazard per unit) than in late middle age (~30% increased hazard per unit).The study adds to previous research by showing that the association between poor emotional control and subsequent suicide risk in men becomes weaker over the life course, while the association between low intelligence and suicide risk seems to be constant. The particularly high suicide risk of young men with poor emotional control may motivate targeted prevention efforts. About 97–98% of all Swedish men were conscripted at that time; the remaining 2–3% were in most cases exempted due to severe disability or congenital disorders. The cohort consisted of 49 321 men born 1949–1951 (aged 18–20). Approximately 2% of all the men who were conscripted during those years were born prior to 1949, and were excluded from the data set in order to obtain as homogeneous a cohort as possible. All information was anonymized before it was made available for research to protect the integrity of the individuals. The research has been approved by the ethical committee at Karolinska Institutet (numbers 2004/5:9–639/5 and 2010/604:32).n = 75) and/or emotional control (n = 396), and/or death or emigration prior to the start of follow-up (n = 175), which left 48 738 men (98.8%) for analysis.From the original cohort, 583 men were excluded due to missing data on intelligence  distribution on a nine-level scale. The test battery was designed to measure general intelligence, and used primarily to find a position with appropriate learning demands and predict the conscript's ability to profit from education within the military Ross, . A detaiet al., Assessment of emotional control was made through a semi-structured interview administered by a trained psychologist. The interview took about 20–30 min, and a summary of the interview process is provided elsewhere  codes for suicide and suicide attempt , and for events of undetermined intent . The latter was included since previous research has shown that most deaths from events of undetermined intent are likely to be suicides  unskilled workers, (2) skilled workers, (3) assistant non-manual employees, (4) non-manual employees at intermediate or higher level, (5) farmers, and (6) others or those with no occupation reported.The associations between intelligence and emotional control at conscription and subsequent suicidal behavior were first estimated for the full follow-up period using Cox proportional hazard models, yielding hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The conscripts were followed until emigration, death, or the first event of suicidal behavior, or until the end of 2008, whichever came first.The follow-up period was then divided into four approximate decades . Thereafter, logistic regressions yielding odds ratios (ORs) were used to investigate the associations of intelligence and emotional control with suicidal behavior for each decade separately in the men who were alive and had not emigrated at the start of each period. Tests of interaction with time were performed to test formally whether the associations remained stable over time. The independent variables, intelligence and emotional control, were modeled as continuous variables, with HRs and ORs given for each step decrease on the scales of intelligence and emotional control, and also as categorical variables to obtain HRs and ORs for each level, with the highest levels as the reference categories. All analyses were adjusted for childhood SES. We then repeated the analyses with mutual adjustment for intelligence and emotional control to separate their associations with suicidal behavior from each other.Additionally, we performed sensitivity analyses by excluding completed suicide from the dependent variable, and also by excluding events with undetermined intent. These analyses were performed to check whether the results were robust to any differences between attempted and completed suicide and between undetermined and certain suicidal intent. All analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 .During the total follow-up period (1973–2008), 1725 of the men (3.5%) had a suicidal-behavior event (493 completed and 1232 attempted suicides as their first event). The numbers of men with a suicidal-behavior event across the levels of intelligence and emotional control are shown in The associations of intelligence and emotional control with suicidal behavior followed dose-response patterns, as shown in When modeling intelligence and emotional control as continuous variables (parts b and d in p < 0.0001 for interaction with time). In the models with mutual adjustments for intelligence and emotional control, the associations were weakly to moderately attenuated but the difference between them over the total follow-up period remained, see When analyzed over the separate follow-up periods, the association between intelligence and suicidal behavior remained fairly stable over the life course, whereas the association between emotional control and suicidal behavior gradually weakened, see In sum, our analyses showed that the association between low intelligence and suicidal behavior was fairly constant over the follow-up period to age 59 in this cohort of Swedish men, whereas the association between low emotional control and suicidal behavior weakened with increasing age. Mutual adjustment for intelligence and emotional control attenuated the associations somewhat but did not attenuate the difference between them. Adjustment for socioeconomic status during childhood had only marginal effects on the results.et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Suicidal behavior has been linked to lower intelligence and higher neuroticism  in some previous studies (Brezo et al., et al., We are not aware of any previous studies focusing on changes in these associations over the life course, but a previous study using the same cohort showed that lower intelligence and a higher risk of hospitalization for major depression had a weakening association over the 38-year follow-up (Lager et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Although the associations of both intelligence and emotional control with suicidal behavior remained after adjustment, it is not necessarily the case that low intelligence and low emotional control are immediate causes of suicidal behavior. To some extent, these psychological differences between individuals may also predict suicidal behavior along indirect pathways. Several potential mechanisms underlying the associations of intelligence and neuroticism with suicidal behavior have been presented in previous research. For example, Gottfredson and Deary  stress tOne of the main findings of this study was that the association between intelligence and suicidal behavior remained constant over the entire follow-up period, while the association between emotional control and suicidal behavior was particularly strong in young adulthood and then weakened across the four periods. Largely, the two characteristics were associated with suicidal behavior independently of each other, as shown in the mutually adjusted models. Each, however, accounted for some of the other characteristic's association with suicidal behavior: for emotional control to a greater extent in the first follow-up periods, and for intelligence to an increasing extent in the later periods. Thus, mutual adjustment did not reduce the difference in time trends between intelligence and emotional control.et al., et al., et al., et al., The gradual weakening of the association between emotional control and suicidal behavior may have some different potential explanations. One is that emotional control is more variable than intelligence from a life-course perspective. This idea is supported by previous research showing that there is a decrease in the population mean of neuroticism during late adolescence while intelligence seems to be more stable (Roberts et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Our results highlight the possibility that low intelligence and – less surprisingly – poor emotional control influence the risk of suicide. The importance of this for suicide-preventive work may be worth investigating further. Other studies have discussed how low intelligence and poor emotional control also increase the likelihood of ending up in difficult circumstances, e.g. with low education or problematic social relations (Roberts et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., On the other hand, one possible reason for the long-term association between intelligence and suicidal behavior is that intelligence is robustly associated with attained education and socioeconomic position in adulthood (Plomin and Deary, There are several strengths to this study. The study population is strongly representative of the Swedish population of men who were born in 1950 and 1951, since nearly all men participated in compulsory conscription at that time. The exposure variables were measured using standardized test batteries and semi-structured interviews following manuals, and the outcome variables are based on national records with high reliability (Lilieblad and Ståhlberg, et al., et al., et al., et al., There are, however, two aspects of this study that limits its generalizability. First, we cannot generalize the results to women since only men were obliged to participate in conscription. Second, the results cannot be directly extrapolated to other settings partly because suicidal behavior differs between cultures (Nock In line with previous research, this study confirms that low intelligence and low emotional control are both associated with a higher risk of suicidal behavior among men. Further, this study adds to previous research by showing that the association between intelligence and suicidal behavior seems constant over the life course, whereas the association between emotional control and suicidal behavior may become considerably weaker over time. The particularly high suicide risk of young men with poor emotional control may motivate targeted prevention efforts.


To the Editor,Journal of Medical Virology, Chen et al report clinical features and outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID‐19 in the Maternal and Child Hospital of Hubei Province, China.The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a major public health concern and increasing cases of infection are being reported during pregnancy. In the Although none of the patients in the study by Chen et alIn Chen's et alWhilst the neonates in Chen's et alDespite acknowledging its possibility, Chen et alOverall, we thank Chen et alThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.


Dear editor,We read with great interest the article by Nakamura et al.  discussiFor these reasons, rehabilitation appears as a key component of these patients’ care. More specifically, international experts highlighted that early rehabilitation (with active involvement by a physiotherapist) can drastically improve activities of daily living, exercise function, length of hospital stay, and mechanical ventilation  and woulAlthough the method presented by Nakamura et al.  is interTherefore, although we truly think that the method described by Nakamura et al.  might be


The best way to quantify antimicrobial use (AMU) in animals is still an elusive question, it probably does not have a unique answer. This collection of 15 articles describes different metrics, methodologies, data sources, animal scenarios, study designs, and levels of study about AMU quantification in animals. The diversity of approaches highlights a strong need for international collaboration, sharing of experiences, and more discussion about methods to improve uptake of harmonized standards (where harmonization might be suitable).The less controversial aspect of this topic is that there was consensus among these articles that a relative measure is needed, dividing amounts of antimicrobials (numerator) by a denominator summarizing the animal population at risk of being treated. However, both the numerator and denominator have their specific challenges. In addition, a period of time for data collection must be fixed or considered. In the human arena, a standardized population approach based on established defined daily doses (DDDs) and census data is utilized around the world, delivering information on the number of DDDs per population and year (or days) . NeverthGóchez et al.). However, Brault et al. demonstrated that dose-based metrics were more accurate than weight-based metrics when there was variation in the type  of antimicrobials used by the populations being compared. The studies by Agunos et al., Brault et al., and Van Cuong et al., where weight-based and dose-based metrics were applied to the same AMU data, all demonstrated a significant impact of those metrics on the study results, that could even lead to different conclusions . Agunos et al. stressed the added value of using multiple AMU indicators for monitoring the impact of stewardship activities and interventions. Nonetheless, weight-based and dose-based metrics are not mutually exclusive, and it is possible to convert one into another .The use of weight-based  vs. dose-based  metrics in the numerator was discussed in several papers of this collection. A main advantage of weight-based metrics is their higher availability , that make them a more accessible option for worldwide AMU monitoring  and poultry , as a tool for the calculation of the number of DDDs per animal population and year (a proxy of the number of treatments-day), at the country or region-level. This indicator is also discussed and used in the article of Brault et al. In addition, national vet defined course doses (DCDs) for pigs have been proposed in Switzerland in the article of Echtermann et al. to calculate the number of DCDs per population and year . A similar exercise for calculation of the number of treated animals in pigs and calves in Switzerland is presented in the article of Stebler et al. National DDDs lists proposed by Bosman et al. and DDDs and DCDs lists proposed by Echtermann et al. differed from those proposed by the European Medicines Agency for certain antimicrobial classes  DDDs for pigs , Brault et al. (beef feedlot), and Waret-Szkuta et al. (pigs). All three papers highlighted that the choice of DDD vs. UDD had an impact on the results. Interestingly, Kasabova et al. recommended using UDD-based calculations to run monitoring systems with a benchmark mission. Should DDD be preferred to compare AMU between populations, additional considerations should be made to adjust for discrepancies between DDD and UDD.Both the number of DDDs and the number of DCDs are indicators based on standardized measurements that do not necessarily reflect the real or actual AMU. For a more real AMU estimation in a given population with detailed data available, the used daily dose (UDD) may be a better choice to reflect what is happening in that specific population in terms of selection pressure. This is explored in the articles of Brault et al. addressed this question in beef cattle, where the use of estimated vs. actual weights notably influenced the results obtained. Similar observations were made in pigs by Waret-Szkuta et al. Equally, the use of weight at treatment vs. the weight at slaughter  or the weight sold  had a strong impact on calculations, especially for larger livestock species like cattle and pig.The third parameter having a huge effect on AMU indicators is the animal weight. The article of Góchez et al.; Stebler et al.). Nevertheless, prescriptions because they have more detailed information closer to the end-users, may be a more accurate source of possible selection pressure; prescriptions were used in the articles of Hommerich et al. and Hopman et al. to calculate AMU in German cattle and Dutch companion animals, respectively.Sales of veterinary medical products containing antimicrobials are a classical source of raw data for AMU consumption calculations , all of them using the above mentioned DDD approach. Data on AMU from pets were presented in three articles , using different approaches. Hopman et al. used DDD per clinic and year, whereas Singleton et al. and Gómez-Poveda and Moreno focused on the percentages of prescriptions. Specific scenarios regarding indications for AMU, such as bovine respiratory disease  and canine acute diarrhea  were also presented in this collection, as well as an article exploring drivers for AMU in the pig sector presented by Coyne et al..Although most of the literature on AMU in this collection focused on pigs and cattle , four articles considered AMU in poultry  were the ideal data for calculating and reporting AMU. Nevertheless, all these data are rarely available simultaneously, hence standard values are the pragmatic alternate choice for calculations. Consequently, transparency about the methods and data used to calculate AMU indicators is needed . This waMM produced the first draft of the editorial. All authors edited and approved the editorial.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer JD declared a past co-authorship with one of the author LC to the handling editor.


Dear Editor,I was searching for new modalities to prevent propofol injection pain (PIP) and I encountered and read with interest an article written by Akbari et al. in your journal . First o