Labour market marginalisation (LMM), i.e. severe problems in finding and keeping a job, is common among young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to disentangle the extent of LMM as well as the heterogeneity in patterns of LMM among young adults with ADHD and what characterises those belonging to these distinct trajectories of LMM.This population-based register study investigated all 6287 young adults, aged 22–29 years, who had their first primary or secondary diagnosis of ADHD in Sweden between 2006 and 2011. Group-based trajectory (GBT) models were used to estimate trajectories of LMM, conceptualised as both unemployment and work disability, 3 years before and 5 years after the year of an incident diagnosis of ADHD. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between individual characteristics and the trajectory groups of LMM were estimated by multinomial logistic regression.Six distinct trajectories of LMM were found: ‘increasing high’ (21% belonged to this trajectory group) with high levels of LMM throughout the study period, ‘rapidly increasing’ (19%), ‘moderately increasing’ (21%), ‘constant low’ (12%) with low levels of LMM throughout the study period, ‘moderately decreasing’ (14%) and finally ‘fluctuating’ (13%), following a reversed u-shaped curve. Individuals with the following characteristics had an increased probability of belonging to trajectory groups of increasing LMM: low educational level , single parents , those born outside the European Union/the Nordic countries , persons living in small cities/villages  and those with comorbid mental disorders, most pronounced regarding schizophrenia/psychoses , autism spectrum disorders , anxiety/stress-related disorders  and depression/bipolar disorder .About 61% of young adults were characterised by increasing LMM after a diagnosis of ADHD. To avoid marginalisation, attention should especially be given to young adults diagnosed with ADHD with a low educational level, that are single parents and who are living outside big cities. Also, young adults with comorbid mental disorders should be monitored for LMM early in working life. Databases 3−5 are hosted by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare.n = 2133). The final study population consisted of 6287 individuals.The study base consisted of 8420 young adults between 22 and 29 years of age who had their incident main or secondary diagnosis of ADHD from either inpatient or specialised outpatient healthcare between 2006 and 2011. The lower age limit was motivated as all the participants were eligible for all ingoing benefits of the measure LMM at least three years before their first diagnosis of ADHD in adult age. A diagnosis of ADHD was defined by the code F90 in the International Classification of Diseases, Version 10 (ICD-10). Those with a record of medication for ADHD  codes: N06BA01-13 and C02AC01-02) before the year of diagnosis were excluded .(I) Sociodemographic factors: sex, age, educational level, region of birth, family composition and type of living area measured on 31st of December in the year preceding CED  models were used to calculate trajectory groups of LMM from 3 years before to 5 years after the year of the incident diagnosis of ADHD. According to the founders/developers of the GBT model, the least complicated model based on existing knowledge, regarding both the number of trajectory groups and polynomial orders , is to be chosen (Jones More men (57%) than women were diagnosed with ADHD during the study period . A higheCompared to men, women had higher odds of following the ‘increasing high’ trajectory group of LMM  compared to the ‘constant low’ trajectory group of LMM . The oddEspecially high odds of belonging to the trajectory groups of ‘increasing high’ and/or ‘rapidly increasing’ LMM compared to those belonging to the trajectory groups of ‘constant low’ LMM were seen among those with comorbid schizophrenia/psychoses , autism spectrum disorders  and mental retardation  of belonging to the ‘increasing high’ trajectory of LMM compared to the ‘constant low’ trajectory of LMM. Those diagnosed by ADD had higher risk of belonging to ‘rapidly increasing’ trajectory of LMM compared to the ‘constant low’ trajectory of LMM.The results revealed that a majority (61%) of young adults diagnosed with ADHD in adult age had a poor prognosis regarding subsequent LMM following trajectory groups of increasing LMM on different levels during the study period. Young adults with comorbid mental disorders, most pronounced regarding schizophrenia/psychoses, autism spectrum disorders, depression/bipolar disorders, and anxiety/stress-related disorders had a high probability of following trajectory groups of increasing LMM during the study period. Also, those with a low educational level, persons with children living at home, single parents, and individuals living outside big cities had an increased probability of belonging to trajectory groups of increasing LMM.et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Nearly two thirds of all young adults diagnosed with ADHD were found to have a poor prognosis regarding future LMM. Previous Swedish studies reported that the risk of having disability pension was high, about 10−15 times higher among individuals diagnosed with ADHD than among controls without ADHD (Virtanen et al., Studies have shown sex differences with regard to symptoms of ADHD (Gershon and Gershon, et al., et al., et al., The group of young adults over 24 years seemed to have a higher probability of following the trajectory of ‘fluctuating’ LMM compared to the younger group. Also, those over 24 years followed, to a greater extent, the ‘increasing high’ trajectory group of LMM. These findings are in line with other studies which conclude that the risk of LMM increases with age (Karlsson et al., et al., et al., et al., Single parents, diagnosed with ADHD, had an increased probability for belonging to the trajectory groups of ‘moderately increasing’ and ‘rapidly increasing’ LMM. Mothers diagnosed with ADHD are reported to struggle more regarding parenting compared to mothers without ADHD (Murray and Johnston, et al., et al., The risk of LMM was higher among those diagnosed with ADHD, who are born outside the European Union/the Nordic countries. The general risk of high LMM among non-European migrants with mental disorders has been reported by other studies (Helgesson et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Young adults diagnosed with ADHD who had mental comorbidities as depression/bipolar disorders, anxiety/stress-related disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and schizophrenia/psychoses had a high probability of belonging to trajectory groups of increasing LMM. The lifetime prevalence of comorbid mental disorders was also found to be very high, also confirmed by other studies (Jacob et al., et al., et al., Comorbid disorders are to some extent a consequence of the problems which persons with ADHD encounter in everyday life. High severity of ADHD symptoms seems to correlate with higher rates of both anxiety and depression (Michielsen et al., In this study, we found an indication that a record of ADHD-medication during the year after the diagnosis of ADHD decreased the risk of permanent high LMM. Also, other studies have reported slight improvements regarding the possibility to work when taking medication (Geffen and Forster, et al., The main strengths of this study were the use of register data with high quality, including individual information on a vast number of sociodemographic and health-related covariates (Ludvigsson Limitations worth mentioning are that ADHD as well as all comorbid disorders were measured from visits to specialised healthcare. Hence, information on conditions treated in primary care has not been covered. Still, the number of young adults with ADHD might not have been severely affected, as those patients are mainly diagnosed and treated within specialised healthcare. Finally, data on sickness absence only includes information of spells longer than 14 days as the first two weeks are covered by the employers and information on unemployed individuals who are not registered by The Swedish Employment Agency is not covered by this study. This might slightly underestimate the risk of LMM among individuals with ADHD.Nearly two thirds of young adults diagnosed with ADHD in adult age are characterised by patterns of increasing LMM during the follow-up period. To avoid marginalisation, young adults with comorbid mental disorders must be monitored for LMM early in working life. Also, special attention must be given to young adults with low educational level, singles with children and those living in medium cities or villages.


The established contribution of genetic variation to drug response has the potential to improve drug efficacy and reduce drug toxicity . The uptVKORC1, CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and TPMT. Lee et al. [CYP3A5 has on chronic kidney disease progression. This example demonstrates that PGx variation may impact disease treatment through drug response as well as through physiological effects in kidney that may exacerbate kidney disease. Scheinfeldt et al. [Four of the special issue articles, Han et al. , Lee et e et al.  focused Two of the special issue articles, Silva et al.  and SchmSeveral of the studies included in this special issue focus more directly on the incorporation of PGx into clinical care. Gill et al.  focused Taken together, this body of work builds upon the extensive information already known about contributions of genetic variation to drug response and describes important gaps in this knowledge as well as challenges to the clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics that remain to be addressed. Several examples of clinical PGx implementation in a variety of settings highlight areas of ongoing improvement and momentum toward more broad integration of PGx testing.


Particularly in Brazil, little has been produced regarding the possibility of babies leading the process of the introduction of new foods. Meanwhile, more and more families are looking for this option.We have had access to the text published in December 2019 by Gomez et al.,Let us start with the excerpt in which it is stated that: “Wright et al.Wright et al.Now, let us comment on the following excerpt: “Cameron et al.The study cited, by Cameron et al.,The authors use the text by Fangupo et al.The study mentioned in the previous paragraph, conducted by BrownThus, we address the editors of Revista Paulista de Pediatria expecting that the observations brought up here can be made accessible to the joournal’s audience, to prevent the training and updating of students, professionals and researchers from taking place on the basis of mistaken information.At your disposal.


The long-term goal of basic material research is to develop theoretical and experimental methodologies to advance the ability to produce materials with the desired compositions and properties that can be used in various applications. There is a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological methods to synthesize and process materials, in which plasmas undoubtedly have been playing a pivotal role since Irving Langmuir first introduced its concept . MoreoveThis Special Issue consists of five research papers and one review paper in which fundamental properties of APP have been explored to advance our understanding of plasma complex interactions ,3,4 in wThe review paper by Banerjee et al. provides a detailed description of APP deposition techniques for titanium dioxide films . They coIn their paper, Tsyganov et al.  describeIn another study of plasma-material modification, Czylkowski et al.  developeLapenna et al.  reportedThe work of Cejas et al. presents a numerical model that they developed to describe and simulate discharges in APPs . A peculAnother study also developed numerical methodologies that were used in three-dimensional models of fluid fields and their effects on plasma generation and fouling elimination . Bai et This Special Issue is a collection of papers that demonstrates the importance and necessity of addressing the challenge of understanding APP processes with materials better through different theoretical and experimental methodologies. These works presented original and novel solutions with which studies performed in lab-based settings can contribute greatly to industrial technologies to synthesize and manufacture important materials.


In the discussion and analysis of thermal properties  the Debye approximation is typically used to describe the collective behavior of lattice vibrations (phonons) in solid materials. Because the Debye model has been successful in explaining many properties of materials, particularly in contrast to the non-dispersive model considered by Einstein, the Debye model is often the starting point of introductory textbooks in solid state physics. Yet the more we learn about the full spectrum of lattice vibrations, and now can calculate detailed phonon dispersion relations for almost any crystalline solid, the more surprising it is that the linear dispersion Debye model works as well as it has for so long. A real density of vibrational states, for example, appears qualitatively different from the Debye model for all of the many optical branches and even half of the acoustic phonons Fig. .NSR by Chen et al., ‘Rationalizing phonon dispersion for lattice thermal conductivity of solids’ [In a recent work published in  solids’ , the effet al. [et al. [The analytic model developed by Chen et al.  can be cet al.  overestiet al.  treats tr et al. , refers diffuson model [The ‘BvK–Pei’ model  expands on model  to accouon model , which wOne possible takeaway from all of this is that maybe Einstein was not as wrong as we make it seem in introductory textbooks. That is, high-frequency optical vibrations in real materials at and above room temperature have a small, but non-negligible, contribution to thermal conductivity. These optical vibrations might actually be better described as more spatially localized (diffuson-like) vibrations  than ful


Zhu et al.; Zheng et al.; Zhang et al.), dedicated image forms or even sophisticated waves using advanced methodologies . A variety of new aspects is studied in modern sciences to better understand how the brain works.Modern technological advances in portable technologies have made it possible to study the brain in its entirety, to promote convalescence after an accident and to help in the treatment of various brain diseases and disorders, to develop a greater perception of the world around us, etc. All of this is possible because the results of modern technologies allow us to better understand how the brain works. Readings and images from different sensors can be processed as digital values  signal from electrodes placed on the scalp. Experiment has shown how to approach potential disorders of the auditory function within the brain by using proposed Random Stimulation Rate (RSR) method which integrates a random interval between two adjacent stimuli. As a result an early diagnoses of auditory pathway abnormities was proposed.In Flynn et al. was presented a model of automatic emotion recognition by using neural network approach. In the research Authors analyzed combination of methodology underpinned by psychology and latest technology like iMotions biometric research platform to formulate model of relations between automatically and interactively captured responses of participants in a form of International Affective Picture System (IAPS) standard.In Zhu et al. was proposed Hierarchical Attentive Decoding (HAD) model where by exploring knowledge associations in sequence-to-sequence classification framework Authors proposed a model of adaptive assignment of multiple species from input texts.In Zhang et al. was presented a new idea for automatic diagnosis of patients with alcoholism by analyzing neural activity from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals in a two-dimensional perspective. Model works in a form of Transfer Learning with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Authors tested various configurations to find the best architecture.In Zheng et al. was presented a model to estimate mental fatigue by proposed Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP) from six stimulus paradigms: reverse vertical sinusoidal gratings, reverse horizontal sinusoidal gratings, reverse vertical square-wave gratings, brief-onset vertical sinusoidal gratings, reversal checkerboards, and oscillating expansion–contraction concentric rings.In Ptito et al. was presented a discussion on new trends and possibilities sourced in research on technology and neuroscience to help blind people by using sensory substitution or cross-modal plasticity for brain to support vision sense.In Zhang et al. was presented a novel non-contact sensing technique to detect sensory ataxia and cerebellar ataxia, which reveal in poor body coordination and balance disorder. Authors present Romberg's test and gait analysis model which collect information for machine learning based classifiers. Results have shown high potential for further research and development.In All presented articles show important ideas for solving medical problems in brain sensing and activity by applied models of Artificial Intelligence. Editors are happy to present this collection to the scientific community, and hope that it will start a new trend on neuroscience development.All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Gut microbiome research has bloomed over the past 15 years. We have learnt a lot about the complex microbial communities that colonize our intestine. Promising avenues of research and microbiome‐based applications are being implemented, with the goal of sustaining host health and applying personalized disease management strategies. Despite this exciting outlook, many fundamental questions about enteric microbial ecosystems remain to be answered. Organizational measures will also need to be taken to optimize the outcome of discoveries happening at an extremely rapid pace. This article highlights our own view of the field and perspectives for the next 15 years. Gut microbiome research has bloomed over the past 15 years. However, many fundamental questions about enteric microbial ecosystems remain to be answered. This article highlights our own view of the field and perspectives for the next 15 years. This should be accompanied by the use of quantitative and imaging methods as opposed to the widespread concept of relative abundance determination via sequencing approaches.The analysis of faecal samples has dominated the field. The intestine has a very specific microbial molecules and mechanisms regulating host pathophysiology will be an important endeavour for the next few years.There are so many reports on disturbances of the human gut microbiomes in disease conditions. The causal role of gut microbes in disease onset and progression has been demonstrated several times. In contrast, there are far less examples of molecular mechanisms identified to be important for microbe‐host interactions. Identifying more of the specific community and infrastructural measures are needed, e.g. new educational programmes for young scientists, efficient data processing and management strategies, easy access to materials (e.g. isolates) and published work. An endeavour that must include many stakeholders and should not increase the administrative burden on scientists further.As with all blooming fields of research, the strikingly rapid pace of reported findings in microbiome research has generated very heterogeneous results quality. To optimize and boost further progress, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Cultivation‐free approaches have refashioned microbiome research and became first available to many researchers worldwide when high‐throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing started to be affordable in 2007–2010 . In short, we can cultivate more than a minority (30–60% of sequence‐based diversity)  refer to the global coverage of sequence‐based diversity by any bacteria isolated so far. Despite earlier work on the establishment of individual strain collections  are also important ecosystem members, the diversity of which is still incomplete  will be important , fuelling the hopes of patients and physicians for novel treatment approaches with a significant clinical impact. The field needs to multiply efforts to reach practices that are up to the promises of microbiome‐based diagnostics and interventional strategies using or targeting the microbes themselves.et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Disturbances in gut microbial structure and functions have been associated with multiple diseases in the context of numerous studies, which have often been underpowered and not comparable, as exemplified by the association between microbiome changes and obesity  was a great success  for the treatment of recurrent et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Besides intervention strategies based on the direct use of microbes and communities thereof, targeted modification of the gut microbiota by external factors is on the rise again. The original concept of prebiotics was coined nearly 30 years ago .Part of the endeavour to promote high‐quality microbiome science will be the management of an amazingly growing amount of data, especially sequencing data. This is a community effort that must be implemented at multiple levels: funding agencies (this is a costly enterprise), scientists , universities  and scientific journals (for policies that encourage proper handling of data). The real challenge is that these different layers are intricately connected: it will harm the field if journals implement very strict policies that further increase the burden on researchers and prevent them from publishing their findings if the other layers have not been addressed. Archiving systems for sequencing data already existing, but the quality of metadata is usually low, and the data are not re‐usable, or in a very limited manner. Initiatives such as the National Research Data Infrastructure financed by the German Research Foundation (DFG) will help  after birth and during the first years of life is a crucial process with life‐long consequences for the host. A lot remains to be elucidated to obtain a comprehensive picture of what happens during this very important window of opportunities. How does colonization occur? Where do the microbes originate from, what determine their establishment within the ecosystem, and how quickly do they evolve and adapt to their new environment? What are the main ecological forces driving community dynamics and attractor states of infant gut microbial communities? How can we best intervene to modulate them for long‐term beneficial effects on the host? Research on the innovative and integrative bioinformatic approaches to handle such data will continue being very important. At the same time, high‐end molecular work is accompanied by the renaissance of microbiome studies based on cultivation, which brings taxonomic and functional studies of isolates again in the forefront. In 15 years from now, we will want to know as many ecosystem members as possible and have them available. The infrastructural needs that will be required to accommodate massive amounts of data and to maintain reliable and well‐curated biological resources (e.g. biobanks) will be correspondingly high, but worth the investment.The near future will also see the rise of microbiome studies being performed at unprecedented scales. The development of Microbiome editing will be a main topic to address in coming years. At the community level, this requires understanding major ecological factors driving community assembly and microbial interactions and being able to intervene by replenishing the ecosystem with important missing microbes (and their functions). At the strain level, there is a dire need for targeted genetic engineering of commensal microbes in vitro and in vivo. Progress in this area will generate breakthroughs in the field.Translational studies are needed. Expectations for clinical and population‐wide applications of microbiome‐based discoveries are high due to the popularity of our field. There are multiple possible tracks ahead, and it is hard to predict which ones will lead to successful outcome. As mentioned above, enhancing the power of diagnostic approaches via the gut microbiome will happen soon. It will take a little longer to implement treatments using the microbes themselves  due to regulatory hurdles and our yet‐incomplete understanding of microbial diversity and interactions. Nonetheless, multiple FMT trials in the context of C. difficile infection, inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer drug efficacy are ongoing. Concepts for personalized nutrition and precision medicine using stool microbiome profiles are there, but their validation and proof of efficacy will require large‐scale, multi‐centre, randomized trials. In the next 15 years, a lot will come from research on the gut‐brain axis and interactions between gut microbes and the nervous system. Hopefully, work on microbiome‐based applications to help fighting malnutrition will also have a large positive impact by then.TC has ongoing scientific collaborations with Cytena GmbH and HiPP GmbH and is member of the scientific advisory board of Savanna Ingredients GmbH. MJGTV received research grants from 3M, Astellas Pharma, Biontech, DaVolterra, Evonik, Gilead Sciences, Glycom, Immunic, MaaT Pharma, Merck/MSD, Organobalance, Seres Therapeutics, Takeda Pharmaceutical. She also received speaker and/or consulting fees from Alb Fils Kliniken GmbH, Arderypharm, Astellas Pharma, Basilea, Bio‐Mérieux, DaVolterra, Farmak International Holding GmbH, Ferring, Gilead Sciences, Immunic AG, MaaT Pharma, Merck/MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Organobalance, SocraTec R&D GmbH. NS reports consultancy contracts with Zoe, Roche, Ysopia and Freya and is co‐founder of PreBiomics.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft : Project no. 403224013 – SFB1382 and Project no.460129525 – NFDI4MicrobiotaTC coordinated the project. All authors wrote the manuscript and agreed with its final content.


Dear Editor,According to the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), surgical site infections (SSIs) are the infections that occur after the surgery, either involving the skin or involving the deep tissues . SSIs aThe World Health Organization  recommeThe appropriate antibiotic and its dose are chosen depending on the microbial flora, its complications, and patient risk factors. Kannan et al. (2021) had donRecently we read with great interest the article by de Jonge et al.  had donTherefore, the results of de Jonge et al. (2021[The authors declare no conflict of interest.


Schaefer et al. in Cross-Kingdom RNAi of Pathogen Effectors Leads to Quantitative Adult Plant Resistance in Wheat.In this Research Topic, the focus is on recent research and developments in the use of RNAi techniques to protect plants. Cross kingdom effects of RNA expressed in plants primarily for pathogen control are discussed by Plant miRNA Cross-Kingdom Transfer Targeting Parasitic and Mutualistic Organisms as a Tool to Advance Modern Agriculture by Gualtieri et al..Pest as well as pathogen control is considered in Bachman et al. consider aspects of their research on dsRNA expressed in maize/corn for root worm beetle control in Sequence–Activity Relationships for the Snf7 Insecticidal dsRNA in Chrysomelidae.Comparative Analysis of Chitin SynthaseA dsRNA Mediated RNA Interference for Management of Crop Pests of Different Families of Lepidoptera by Rana et al..The efficiency and efficacy of a system for lepidopteran control is discussed in The Use of Engineered Plant Viruses in a Trans-Kingdom Silencing Strategy Against Their Insect Vectors by Kolliopoulou et al..The potential for plants to express RNA viruses which can infect both plants and insects but which are pathogenic in their insect vectors is considered as a strategy for vector insect control in Biosafety of GM Crop Plants Expressing dsRNA: Data Requirements and EU Regulatory Considerations by Arpaia et al..The biosafety assessments of these and other host induced gene silencing (HIGS) systems are discuss in Barriers to Efficient Foliar Uptake of dsRNA and Molecular Barriers to dsRNA Activity in Plant Cells, these are discussed by Bennett et al..Exogenous application of dsRNA (SIGS) for pest and pathogen control is an attractive alternative but is confronted with several problems related to application, uptake, persistence, and efficacy. In Uslu et al. describe studies of high pressure spraying to improve efficacy in High-Pressure-Sprayed Double Stranded RNA Does Not Induce RNA Interference of a Reporter Gene.Tabein et al. discuss The Induction of an Effective dsRNA-Mediated Resistance Against Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus by Exogenous Application of Double-Stranded RNA Largely Depends on the Selection of the Viral RNA Target Region.In relation to virus control, Validating the Potential of Double-Stranded RNA Targeting Colorado Potato Beetle Mesh Gene in Laboratory and Field Trials by Petek et al..Research on control of a major insect pest is reviewed in https://iplanta.univpm.it/.These papers give an insight into the many areas of research on the potential applications for RNAi for crop protection. Some applications are being commercialized while others are at earlier stages of research (Taning et al., All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


We would like to thank Erren et al. for their interest in and comments on our recent paper “Time-Restricted Feeding in Mice Prevents the Disruption of the Peripheral Circadian Clocks and Its Metabolic Impact during Chronic Jetlag” .Erren et al. have commented that we provided a literature reference for the definition of chronodisruptors, but not for the definition of chronodisruption itself . We agre


A recent study by Olejniczak  IUCrJ, Olejniczak et al. (2022b]pyridazine (C4H2N5Cl or CTP) to establish its structural and phase behaviour at pressure and temperature. The material is an example of a high-nitrogen-content organic compound and these systems have a comparatively high density but, conversely, are not observed to have the expected relatively short intermolecular contacts within their crystal structures. In their study, Olejniczak et al. examine these apparently anomalous structural characteristics and establish, via high-pressure crystallization, the phase behaviour and the effects of partial hydration.In this issue of  al. 2022 describeTo gain a more complete understanding of the properties of a crystalline system it is crucial that the effects of perturbing it from its equilibrium state, under the influence of some external stimulus, is investigated. The stimulus could be delivered by a variety of different forms, such as photo excitation or an applied electric field, but it is the thermodynamic parameters of temperature and pressure that are arguably the most fundamental and provide the most powerful means of driving significant structural change. The application of temperature and pressure are the principal drivers for chemical reaction and molecular synthesis, which form the foundations of chemistry and the chemical sciences. In the Earth and planetary sciences, high-pressure and variable-temperature studies provide a means of uncovering phenomena that are otherwise not directly observable but are, nevertheless, of crucial importance for an understanding of geological processes at extreme depths. Indeed, with most directly observable mineralogy only possible at the surface, or penetrating to very shallow depths, it is research in the Earth and planetary sciences that has initiated and progressed many of the innovations in high-pressure crystal chemistry.in-situ measurements from these hydraulic press devices, such as the Paris–Edinburgh cell, which can be used for diffraction studies using either X-rays or neutrons, it was not until the advent of the gasketed diamond-anvil cell during the late 1960s that in situ measurement of samples held at high-pressure became accessible to less specialist laboratories. In the intervening decades the diamond-anvil cell has become the standard tool for the generation of high pressures and has been applied to a range of experimental techniques, such as Brillouin scattering (Whitfield et al., 1976et al., 1987et al., 1969et al., 2020The development of apparatus to maintain materials at high hydrostatic pressure has been an active area of research for many years with some of the earliest pioneering work conducted by Bridgman (Bridgman, 1941et al., 2005et al., 2003For high-pressure structural chemistry, such extremes of pressure and temperature are generally not required, as they can lead to molecular dissociation, and most studies are confined to fairly modest pressure and temperature regimes where the accurate variation in key bond lengths can be followed or structural phase relationships can be mapped. For studies using X-ray single-crystal diffraction methods, miniature Merrill–Bassett style diamond-anvil cells can be used (Merrill & Bassett, 1974et al. reported in this issue comes in a remarkable and comprehensive span of work from this group who have been at the forefront of not only fundamental high-pressure structural chemistry but have also been providing a lead in technique development (Boldyreva, 2019The exemplary study of Olejniczak


Following publication of the original article (Ding et al. The author group has been updated above and the original article (Ding et al.


In the original article, there was a mistake in the legend for References: “aLinseisen et al., 2000; bWanten and Calder 2007; cDriscoll et al., 2009; dVanek et al., 2012; eXu et al., 2012.”® detailed fatty acids composition was referred from Linseisen et al., 2000 and this reference was missed out in the original In the original article, there was a mistake in


Micronuclei is a cytogenetic term describing small nuclei composed of one to a few chromosomes or chromosomal fragments, which often result from abnormal cell divisions  . These sInterestingly, the cellular stress response machinery controls both the switching of genome stability and the dynamics leading to a spectrum of numerical and structural karyotypic variants  , and mediates genomic instability caused by p53 dysfunction (Xu et al., Genotoxic stress-induced micronuclei formation is associated with the activation of ER stress response or UPR that modulates DNA damage repair programs and sustains cell survival (Dufey et al., As of late, an increasing number of reports belonging to the second category that links ER stress to micronuclei clusters and polyploidy are being produced. Micronuclei clusters have been frequently observed in cancer, but many images of them were left unpublished due to their supposed lack of scientific worth (Hatch et al., ER stress response has been linked to drug-induced-chromosome fragmentation, a type of mitotic cell death, and micronuclei clusters (Stevens et al., The ER stress response represents a major regulating mechanism for cellular function under stress. Since both ER stress and micronuclei clusters can be linked to numerical molecular pathways, and the micronuclei are linked to genome chaos (Zhang et al., Depending on the context, the ER stress response can play paradoxical roles. Under normal circumstances, it maintains system stability by repairing and eliminating unrepairable cellular elements or cells; under crisis, it might promote changes by incomplete cell death, and genome chaos Heng, , 2019. IDuring tumorigenesis, high proliferation rates of cancer cells demand increased activities of ER protein folding and transport, a condition that triggers ER stress. As tumors grow, cancer cells experience nutrient starvation and hypoxia, which can induce the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER and activation of the ER stress response (Hetz et al., EH, KZ, and HH drafted the manuscript. AM and GL participated in the initial observations and discussion. AM was a Summer Undergraduate Research Student of Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University. EH was a summer student. All authors involved in literature search and editing of the manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


The use of Alzheimer disease medication for the treatment of dementia symptoms has shown significant benefits with regards to functional and cognitive outcomes as well as nursing home placement (NHP) and mortality. Hospitalisations in these patient groups are characterised by extended length of stays (LOS), frequent readmissions, frequent NHP and high-mortality rates. The impact of Alzheimer disease medication on the aforementioned outcomes remains still unknown. This study assessed the association of Alzheimer disease medication with outcomes of hospitalisation among patients with Alzheimer disease and other forms of dementia.A dynamic retrospective cohort study from 2004 to 2015 was conducted which claims data from a German health insurance company. People with dementia (PWD) were identified using ICD-10 codes and diagnostic measures. The main predictor of interest was the use of Alzheimer disease medication. Hospitalisation outcomes included LOS, readmissions, NHP and mortality during and after hospitalisation across four hospitalisations. Confounding was addressed using a propensity score throughout all analyses.A total of 1380 users of Alzheimer disease medication and 6730 non-users were identified. The use of Alzheimer disease medication was associated with significantly shorter LOS during the first hospitalisations with estimates for the second, third and fourth showed a tendency towards shorter hospital stays. In addition, current users of Alzheimer disease medication had a lower risk of hospital readmission after the first two hospitalisations. These associations were not significant for the third and fourth hospitalisations. Post-hospitalisation NHP and mortality rates also tended to be lower among current users than among non-users but differences did not reach statistical significance.Our results indicate that Alzheimer disease medication might contribute to a reduction of the LOS and the number of readmissions in PWD. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA) antagonist memantine, which were both shown to improve functional and cognitive outcomes in a significant percentage of Alzheimer disease patients  and et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Hospitalisations among people with any type of dementia are associated with severe adverse outcomes  Hessen’) /define daily dose (DDD) system. Participants were grouped into current users or non-users for each hospitalisation. Current users were defined as having a dispensation of Alzheimer disease medication which was dated before the hospitalisation and lasted at least until outcomes occurred or the outcome assessment ended  to ensure their exposure status throughout the outcome assessment. This was done by adding the package size in form of the DDD to the date of dispensation from the pharmacy (e.g. 100 DDDs last for 100 days). Hospitalised patients are provided with the necessary medication from the hospital and do not have to use the medications provided by the outpatient pharmacy. To account for this, the LOS of the hospitalisation was added to the date of dispensation and DDDs (e.g. package size of 100 days + LOS of 15 days lasts for 115 days). Alzheimer disease medication used in this study included ChEIs  and memantine.et al., et al., et al., et al., To accurately assess the effects of Alzheimer disease medication on the outcomes by minimising bias due to confounding high-dimensional propensity scores were constructed  Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests for continuous variables, and Kruskal–Wallis tests for median values with a level of statistical significance of p < 0.05. The association of Alzheimer disease medication with LOS was examined using multivariate linear regression for comparability to other studies analysing LOS  but after readmission or NHP were excluded to compare the risk of readmission and NHP of current users and non-users, because deceased participants might have a higher risk to be readmitted to the hospital or were transferred to a nursing home before their death. Furthermore competing risk analyses were conducted for NHP and readmission using Cox regression.v. 78.13 years). Furthermore, the proportions of patients with vascular dementia and other/unknown dementia types were higher among non-users than among users. At cohort entry, non-users more often had cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, as well as diabetes than users. In contrast, prevalent depression and bone/joint diseases were more common among users.Summary statistics comparing Alzheimer disease medication users and non-users are shown in Propensity score adjusted outcomes of LOS and in-hospital mortality are reported in The propensity score adjusted outcomes within various time windows for readmission, NHP and mortality after hospitalisation are presented in Stratified estimates for LOS by patient subgroups are shown in Sensitivity analyses for the LOS, risk of readmission and NHP are shown in online Supplementary Tables S3 and S4, respectively. Excluding participants who deceased during hospitalisation did not alter the previous reported results significantly as the first hospitalisation still showed a significant reduction for current users compared to non-users  and the second and third hospitalisations tended to show a reduced LOS. Furthermore, rate ratios for the first, second and third hospitalisations still showed a significantly reduced LOS of 24 to 5% of current users.When excluding participants who deceased within 30, 60 and 90 days after discharge from the hospital but after readmission or NHP, the estimates for the risk of readmission remained similar, showing a significantly reduced risk of readmission for current users compared to non-users after the first two hospitalisations. Estimates for the third and fourth hospitalisations tended to show a risk reduction for current users. In addition, the estimates for NHP remained fairly similar as well with a significant risk reduction after the third hospitalisation. The estimates for competing risk analyses were nearly identical for readmission and NHP as compared to the analyses excluding deceased patients.In this comprehensive study with a large sample size, the association between Alzheimer disease medication and outcomes of hospitalisation among PWD was analysed. The current use of Alzheimer disease medication was associated with a temporal and significant reduction of LOS and the risk of readmission. This pattern was particularly pronounced for younger patients and within the first 3 months after diagnosis.et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Only one other study conducted in Taiwan and partially comparable to the current study addressed the relationship between LOS and Alzheimer disease medication and found less inpatient days among long-term Alzheimer disease medication users compared to short-term users  as well as the ranges within each group  were comparable. Furthermore, information on nutritional status, education, clinical parameters and family support was not available. Immortal time bias is not an issue in our study as we neither included a fixed endpoint for exposure assessment after cohort entry nor was cohort entry based on the prescription of Alzheimer disease medication. Rather, we assessed the first four hospitalisations after cohort entry and then grouped participants into current users and non-users for each hospitalisation based on the provided definitions to ensure their exposure status during outcome assessment. Furthermore, the exposure time was included in the analyses. Hence, previously unexposed time was counted as such and not as exposed time.Our study has several limitations. The analysed data originate from a single German region, which limits the generalisability of our results. Additionally, the analysis relied on ICD-10-GM codes for billing purposes in the SHI-System, which should ensure a high degree of validity but was not externally validated. However, we tried to ensure a valid diagnosis of dementia, as well as the underlying aetiology by using diagnostic measurements as part of our case definition and all diagnoses made in the first year after cohort entry. In accordance with drug registration and indication, Alzheimer disease medication users had a higher percentage of Alzheimer disease diagnoses, while non-users had more diagnoses of vascular dementia. Whether this fully reflects off-label use of Alzheimer disease medication in vascular dementia or misdiagnosis cannot be determined. At any rate, this may have led to an underestimation of the actual impact of Alzheimer disease medication on outcomes, even if many cases of dementia possess shared Alzheimer and vascular pathology (Attems and Jellinger, Among the strengths of our study is the novel assessment of the relationship between Alzheimer disease medication and hospital outcomes. This includes the findings of a temporarily reduced LOS and risk of readmission among current Alzheimer disease medication users. Further strengths of our study include a large sample size, the differentiation between multiple hospitalisations and the inclusion of patients independently of their living situation, health status or nationality. Moreover, using the comprehensive propensity score methodology enabled a more reliable conclusion on the treatment effects of Alzheimer disease medication on outcomes of hospitalisation. Finally, based on the nature of the data, recall or interviewer bias was avoided.Alzheimer disease medication may contribute to a temporary reduction of LOS and readmissions in PWD, especially in those at a younger age when diagnosed with Alzheimer disease and also shortly after the primary diagnosis of dementia. Potential long-term effects on LOS and readmissions as well as benefits regarding NHP and mortality after hospitalisation could not be established with certainty and should be investigated in the future, ideally in much larger studies.


Following the publication of the original article , we wereTherefore, reference 131 was added to cite the original work of Budgell et al.The original article has been corrected.


One of the most dynamic fields in contemporary chemistry and engineering is catalysis, which is essential for multiple industries and the world’s economy. The field of catalysis started to develop in Latin America 40 years ago in relation to the needs of emerging oil industries and technological infrastructures. Since then, numerous scientific collaborations have been established between different countries giving birth to the Iberoamerican Catalytic Society represented currently by the Iberoamerican Federation of Catalysis Societies . FISOCAT is a not-for-profit organization, integrated by 11 member countries , whose oThe scientific relationship between member countries is also reflected in the organization of a biannual scientific meeting “Congreso Iberoamericano de Catalisis” that started in 1968 in Spain with 51 participants. The meeting has since grown in relevance and in participation to gather more than 400 participants in the last two meetings celebrated in Portugal in 2018 and Mexico in 2020 . The for2 and biomass valorization, fine chemistry, and photocatalysis.This research topic gives proof not only of the vast scientific exchange between different catalysis groups, but also that Iberoamerican researchers are at the forefront of catalysis research. Contributions addressing major fundamental and industrial challenges have been included, showing the great expertise and enthusiasm of Iberoamerican researchers working in modern fields such as biogas conversion, CO2 capture and conversion, methane to methanol transformation, H2 storage, and biomass and polymeric waste upgrading.This research topic contains an excellent review by Sánchez-López et al.  presenti2 and CH4/CO2 conversion are the main subjects of three more contributions presented by Gandara-Loe et al. (2-involved reactions for syngas production. Nickel can be used either as a monometallic substance or alongside La, Zr, K, or Ru, and these metals are charged to increase active phase stability and overall catalyst durability.COe et al. , Alvareze et al. , and Le e et al. . While tIn this research topic, biomass conversion is studied by Martin Kessler and Roberto Rinaldi  via mechThe isomerization of allyl alcohol over Ru-based catalysts is studied by Enciso et al. . In this2 sheets for photocatalytic pollutant degradation. The hybrid materials, designed to increase the photocatalytic efficiency under visible light, showed that the addition of carbon dots extended the light absorption and diminished the rate of recombination by promoting charge transfer. In another contribution by Soares et al. (The implementation of carbon-based catalysis is also reflected in this research topic. Shen et al.  studied s et al. , an actiAs has been mentioned in this editorial, the spirit of the research topic is to highlight the relevance of the work done by the Iberoamerican scientific community in the field of catalysis. The eight manuscripts included offer great representation of the quality and relevance of the contributions of Iberoamerican scientists and research groups to address the greatest challenges society and industry are facing as well as to contribute toward the development of the catalysis field. The topic editors expect that this research topic will serve as a representation of the work and collaborations in the area of catalysis developed in Iberoamerica, and to promote its growth and impact worldwide.


Dall’Acqua et al., Ahmad et al., and Li et al. These authors report new extraction procedures and chemical profiles able to justify specific biological activities with the phytocomplex. From an industrial point of view, the availability of procedures and knowledge  is essential to obtain the scale-up and adequate quality control, particularly to the innovative instrument configurations able to improve not only the analytical performances  but also to reduce solvents consumption, time-per-analysis, and ruggedness, following the GAC  guidelines. Specifically, this research topic focuses on the biological activities of a specific plant-derived material and the discovery of innovative activities and new biological targets. In this field, more interesting are the papers from Zhang et al., Jin et al., Blažević et al., Chang et al., Schreck and Melzig. Furthermore, in Pharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, this collection focuses on specific effects ideally on identifiable targets. Specifically, some papers report interesting approaches/applications of natural products on health protection, such as Wang et al., Ye et al., Jiang et al., and Yong et al. This research topic also includes works on food supplements (Chen and Tsim) and an interesting paper related to a very recent problem related to the naturally derived products that are not fully identified and regulated by current legislation, especially concerning heavy metals . Other essential elements in this topic collection are two review papers, the first on the trends of adulterated and illegal food supplements in the EU based on the warnings of the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed  and the second on the potential of edible and herbal plants for the prevention and management of COVID-19 .Nowadays, several natural products are used as food additives even if knowledge on their properties is not complete. Often, several techniques can be employed to improve extractions, workup, and isolation/purification of bioactive materials from natural sources. These findings are reported well and exposed in


Social anxiety disorder (SoAD) in youth is often treated with a generic form of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Some studies have suggested that primary SoAD is associated with lower recovery rates following generic CBT compared with other anxiety disorders.versus other primary anxiety disorders.This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated recovery rates following generic CBT for youth with primary SoAD Five databases  were searched for randomised controlled trials of generic CBT for child and/or adolescent anxiety.Ten trials met criteria for inclusion in the systematic review, six of which presented sufficient data for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Sixty-seven did not report data on recovery rates relative to primary diagnosis. While most individual studies included in the systematic review were not sufficiently powered to detect a difference in recovery rates between diagnoses, there was a pattern of lower recovery rates for youth with primary SoAD. Across the trials included in the meta-analysis, the post-CBT recovery rate from primary SoAD (35%) was significantly lower than the recovery rate from other primary anxiety disorders (54%).Recovery from primary SoAD is significantly less likely than recovery from any other primary anxiety disorder following generic CBT in youth. This suggests a need for research to enhance the efficacy of CBT for youth SoAD. It is common, with a lifetime prevalence of 12% , separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and specific phobia (SP) has recently been considered in a systematic review conducted by Oldham-Cooper and Loades . This reIt is clear from the discussed literature that SoAD is a common difficulty in young people with disabling implications. The suggestion from several trials that young people with SoAD experience poorer outcomes from CBT, coupled with the lack of overall clarity from reviews of the topic, necessitate further investigation. Better understanding of this issue is crucial, as this can inform the development and implementation of better psychological therapies for this common disorder in young people. The present review therefore set out to investigate diagnostic outcomes following generic CBT for young people with primary SoAD in comparison with those with other primary anxiety disorders. Specifically, we set out to investigate remission from primary anxiety diagnosis , at post-treatment, in children and/or adolescents with an average age of 7–18 years. In contrast to the Oldham-Cooper and Loades  review, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk (ID: CRD42019122593). The review followed PRISMA (2009) guidelines . The inclusion criteria were: (i) participants aged 7–18 years, or mean age of 8–17 years, (ii) RCTs of any type of CBT for anxiety disorders , (iii) includes validated diagnostic assessment at pre- and post-intervention  were searched for articles within the date range of 1990–2019. Hand forward and back searching was conducted by reviewing the reference lists of existing relevant reviews , language (English) and source . Although studies focusing on people with ASD or intellectual disabilities were excluded from the current review, the research team opted to manually remove these studies rather than state these in the search terms. This approach was used to minimise the risk of the electronic search erroneously excluding papers which met the inclusion criteria. For an example full electronic search, see Appendix Studies were initially screened based on title, and studies that clearly did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. This process was completed cautiously, and any studies which may have met inclusion criteria were reviewed further based on abstract at the next stage. Examples of papers that could clearly be excluded at title stage were those focused on anxiety in people with diagnosed ASD, those evaluating psychological therapies for anxiety disorders in adults only, and single case studies or other clearly non-RCT designs. Abstracts of remaining studies were then reviewed against the inclusion criteria. Again, if it was unclear from the abstract whether the study met inclusion criteria, it was carried forward to the full text review stage. The final stage was to review the full texts of all studies included based on abstract. The screening and selection process was completed by one researcher (R.E.) and in cases of ambiguity regarding whether studies met inclusion criteria, this was discussed and agreed with a second researcher (E.L.). Studies were included in the meta-analytic synthesis if they provided data on the number of participants who recovered from primary social anxiety and from other primary anxiety diagnoses.n = 8), authors were contacted to request this information. The required data for inclusion in meta-analysis was provided by four of these eight authors.Data were extracted from each of the papers by two independent researchers (R.E. and M.T.). Prior to data extraction, the research team agreed on which data would be sought for extraction. A spreadsheet was developed by the research team to enable the standardised collection of all relevant data from each paper where available. For trials in which the manuscript did not provide sufficient data for inclusion in meta-analytic synthesis , intervention characteristics  and diagnostic outcomes following CBT . All diagnostic outcome data were collected at the first assessment following completion of CBT only.et al., Risk of bias in individual studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (Higgins I2 = 0%). Recovery outcomes (number recovered from primary SoAD versus other primary anxiety disorders) were compared using odds ratio.Analyses for quantitative synthesis were conducted using RevMan software (version 5.3). The data included in this analysis were the number of participants who recovered from primary SoAD, the total number with primary SoAD, and equivalent numbers for all other primary anxiety disorders pooled. In the six trials included in the meta-analysis, the single most severe and impairing diagnosis based on youth or parent report was assigned as the primary diagnosis in accordance with ADIS-IV-C/P guidelines. Recovery from primary diagnosis is defined as being below ADIS-IV-C/P clinical severity thresholds for primary diagnosis based on both youth and parent report at post-treatment. A fixed effects model was used, as heterogeneity was acceptable (Risk of bias across studies (publication bias) was examined using a funnel plot.n = 2) or in response to requests made to the author (n = 4). These stages, and reasons for exclusion, are outlined in Fig. After 956 titles were removed based on title, this left 479 to review based on abstract. At the full text stage, 130 texts were reviewed. Ten texts met criteria for inclusion in the review. Six papers provided sufficient data for inclusion in the meta-analytic synthesis, either in the original paper  across the seven studies which reported this information. Children and adolescents receiving CBT ranged in age from 5 to 17 years of age . Further details of the trials are shown in Table Ten published articles were included in the review. These RCTs evaluated a range of formats of CBT, including three of individual CBT , it is not possible to prevent participants from knowing which condition they are in. Indeed, it has been suggested in a previous review that this criterion should not be assessed for psychotherapy trials, due to the nature of their design . Two trials  with this primary diagnosis. Furthermore, all results from individual studies regarding the proportion of young people who recovered must be interpreted with caution as the individual studies did not have sufficient statistical power to test the significance of this difference.The trials used a range of formats and statistical approaches to present results related to recovery following CBT for young people with different primary anxiety diagnoses. As shown in Table et al., et al., et al., et al., Eight trials reported additional analyses of the association between primary diagnosis and recovery post-CBT. Of these, four , a fixed-effects model was used. The meta-analysis revealed that the likelihood of recovery from primary diagnosis was significantly lower for participants with primary SoAD than those with other primary anxiety disorders, OR = .52 , z = 3.41, p<.001. These results are shown in Fig. In order to further examine the association between primary diagnosis and recovery following CBT, a meta-analysis was conducted on the number of young people who recovered from primary SoAD 95% CI: .6, .76, zC in Supplementary material).A funnel plot was examined of the six studies included in the meta-analysis. This did not indicate evidence of publication bias (see Appendix et al., et al., et al., et al., This review investigated the question of whether young people with primary SoAD were less likely to recover following generic CBT compared with those with other primary anxiety disorders. In the systematic review, the proportion of young people who recovered from primary SoAD was lower than the proportion who recovered from any other primary anxiety disorders in seven of the eight trials which presented these data. However, these trials did not individually have sufficient statistical power to test for the significance of these differences. In terms of the trial authors’ own analysis of the relationship between primary diagnosis and recovery, four trials (Barrett et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al. et al., The results from the quantitative synthesis were clearer. When combining the results of six trials which presented sufficient data for inclusion (Arendt et al. (This review also builds on the conclusion of the 2014 review by Knight and colleagues (et al., et al., et al., et al. (These results have clear clinical and research implications. The finding that only 35% of young people with primary social anxiety recovered following generic CBT suggests that treating primary SoAD with current generic models of CBT is unlikely to enable recovery in the majority of cases. However, there is a lack of evidence to suggest what approach may improve CBT outcomes for this population. There is evidence of the effectiveness of social skills interventions for SoAD in pre-adolescent children (Beidel , et al.  are furtet al., et al., et al., et al., et al., It is unclear why young people with SoAD experienced poorer outcomes following generic CBT compared with those with other anxiety disorders. One explanation might be that there are specific processes that maintain SoAD, meaning recovery is less likely if these are not specifically addressed in therapy. For example, adult models of SoAD highlight the role of self-focused attention and negative observer-perspective images as key maintaining factors (Hackmann et al., et al., et al., versus generic CBT for SoAD will be observed in children compared with adolescents. Future reviews would therefore benefit from comparing outcomes not just between primary diagnoses but also between children and adolescents. Such a review would benefit from also considering outcomes of alternative psychological treatments which have an evidence base for the treatment of SoAD in children, such as social skills interventions (Beidel et al., et al., It was beyond the scope of this review to consider other predictors of outcome, or the interaction between primary diagnosis and other predictors. This is an important question, especially given findings in one of the included trials (Arendt et al., This review has a number of strengths. It included trials of CBT across a range of formats, increasing the generalisability of results. All outcomes were based on validated diagnostic tools, and from RCTs published in peer-reviewed journals. Whilst these criteria led to the exclusion of at least one trial which reported outcomes consistent with the conclusions of this review from a non-RCT design (Crawley et al. (This review also has several limitations. The included papers represent a minority of trials of CBT for anxiety in children and adolescents, as 67 were excluded from the current review as they did not present sufficient data on recovery rates relative to primary diagnosis. It is possible that this led to bias in our findings, for example it could be possible that trials finding evidence of a difference in recovery rates between diagnoses were more likely to report these data. However, the symmetrical funnel plot provides evidence to suggest that results were not affected by such publication bias. A further limitation is that study screening and selection was primarily completed by only one researcher. Although this process was completed cautiously and followed clearly specified inclusion and exclusion criteria, and ambiguities were discussed and agreed within the research team, a more rigorous approach would have been for double coding of studies by a second researcher. The present review also only focused on recovery outcomes at post-treatment, and therefore does not reflect different recovery outcomes which may have been observed at longer-term follow up. For example, Thirlwall et al. , 2017 hiThese limitations notwithstanding, this review has produced important findings with clear research and clinical implications. It has shown, from a small number of recent trials, that young people with primary SoAD are significantly less likely to be in remission from this diagnosis following generic CBT at post-treatment compared with young people with other primary anxiety disorders. This demonstrates the importance of reporting recovery rates relative to primary diagnosis in all trials of CBT for youth anxiety, and the urgent need for further research to enhance understanding of SoAD in young people in order to improve the efficacy of treatment for children and adolescents with this diagnosis.


When the Interagency Standing Committee (IASC) adopted the composite term mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) and published its guidelines for MHPSS in emergency settings in 2007, it aimed to build consensus and strengthen coordination among relevant humanitarian actors. The term MHPSS offered an inclusive tent by welcoming the different terminologies, explanatory models and intervention methods of diverse actors across several humanitarian sectors . Since its introduction, the term has become well-established within the global humanitarian system. However, it has also been critiqued for papering over substantive differences in the intervention priorities and conceptual frameworks that inform the wide range of interventions described as MHPSS. Our aims are to clarify those conceptual frameworks, to argue for their essential complementarity and to illustrate the perils of failing to adequately consider the causal models and theories of change that underlie our interventions.clinical and social-environmental. Using the examples of intimate partner violence and compromised parenting in humanitarian settings, we illustrate the complementarity of these two frameworks, as well as the challenges that can arise when either framework is inappropriately applied.We describe the historical backdrop against which the term MHPSS and the IASC guidelines were developed, as well as their impact on improving relations and coordination among different aid sectors. We consider the conceptual fuzziness in the field of MHPSS and the lack of clear articulation of the different conceptual frameworks that guide interventions. We describe the explanatory models and intervention approaches of two primary frameworks within MHPSS, which we label Clinical interventions prioritise the role of intrapersonal variables, biological and/or psychological, as mediators of change in the treatment of distress. Social-environmental interventions emphasise the role of social determinants of distress and target factors in the social and material environments in order to lower distress and increase resilience in the face of adversity. Both approaches play a critical role in humanitarian settings; however, the rationale for adopting one or the other approach is commonly insufficiently articulated and should be based on a thorough assessment of causal processes at multiple levels of the social ecology.Greater attention to the ‘why’ of our intervention choices and more explicit articulation of the causal models and theories of change that underlie those decisions , may strengthen intervention effects and minimise the risk of applying the inappropriate framework and actions to a particular problem. When the Interagency Standing Committee (IASC) adopted the term mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) in 2007, it aimed to bridge a contentious divide between advocates of substantively different frameworks for addressing mental health and psychosocial needs in humanitarian settings   and at multiple levels of the social ecology.not to rekindle or exacerbate the debate over which conceptual framework holds a greater claim to truth; on the contrary, we argue for multilevel interventions that integrate diverse perspectives that are grounded in an analysis of causal factors both historical and current, and at multiple ecological levels. Our hope is to draw attention to the importance of achieving greater clarity regarding the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of our intervention choices and to encourage more explicit articulation of the theories of change that underlie those decisions.Our purpose is biomedical, biological, psychological, trauma-focused, public health, holistic and psychosocial are among the more commonly used labels  two very different understandings of the term psychosocial within the MHPSS community. In the health sector, the term psychosocial usually refers to all non-pharmacological interventions aimed at alleviating distress and disorder and improving functioning , despite their different explanatory models, intervention methods and prioritised outcomes. Outside of the health sector, in contrast, the term psychosocial is often roughly analogous to what we are calling social-environmental. Thus, psychosocial approaches emphasise the role of setting-level variables, such as safety and support within the family and community, lack of access to income generation and educational opportunities and the adequacy of housing and other material resources, as these affect mental health and psychosocial wellbeing.It may be noted that we have not included a social-environmental helps side-step this confusion and reflects clearly the setting-level focus of this explanatory and intervention framework.We have no interest in advocating for one or the other definition of psychosocial, perhaps an important discussion but one which lies beyond the scope of this paper. We do note with concern, however, the confusion that may arise when such a widely used term is employed differently by different actors all working to strengthen the mental health of conflict-affected populations. We hope the term et al., et al., et al., Nearly 50 years ago, Caplan and Nelson observed that how we explain a problem generally determines how we go about trying to solve it , clinical interventions may be employed simultaneously with protective interventions. And if trauma symptoms persist after safety has been established, psychological treatment may then be indicated in order to restore emotional wellbeing. These multi-pronged approaches illustrate the sort of complementarity envisioned in the IASC guidelines.Finally, trauma symptoms may be multiply determined, with etiological roots in previous events as well as ongoing circumstances. A survivor of sexual assault may well be traumatised by her terrifying experience, but her distress may also reflect a realistic fear of social rejection by her family and community Kelly, . Similaret al., It is a truism that specifying the theoretical and causal mechanisms for any mental health intervention is an important step to achieving and demonstrating impact. Doing so forces us to articulate our understanding of those factors that we believe underlie or contribute meaningfully to the problems we wish to address. The specification of these variables allows us to develop a theory of change that explains and justifies our intervention methodology or treatment plan  is the norm. Miller  has illuet al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., As noted, one of the central challenges in developing theories of change for interventions in conflict-affected communities is the diversity of ongoing stressors to which people are exposed, combined with their history of exposure to violence and loss. Moreover, as we illustrated in the previous example, the striking nature of the violence from which people have escaped (or through which they may still be living in settings of ongoing conflict), can easily overshadow less obvious yet equally powerful and more immediate sources of distress. Recent research has built on a small number of earlier studies  and social-environmental frameworks may facilitate the development of sound theories of change by drawing our attention to both intrapersonal and environmental factors and processes, past and present, that affect mental health and wellbeing in humanitarian settings. This specification may in turn help ensure that our interventions reflect an appropriately multilevel analysis of causal factors and putative mediators of change. In this way, we can decrease the risk of overlooking key social determinants that might be contributing to distress, or conversely, of failing to consider the impact of prior trauma on mental health in settings where current stressors are especially salient. Stated differently, we believe that greater conceptual clarity can help researchers and practitioners better articulate the underlying mechanisms of the interventions they employ and the rationale for their intervention strategies.et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., This paper is also a call for multilevel interventions, and indeed, the available evidence on factors affecting mental health in humanitarian settings points in precisely this direction. However, despite repeated calls for interventions that target mediators of change at multiple levels of the social ecology, to date, few such ecological interventions are found in the literature. Numerous reviews reflect the same persistent reality: clinical and social-environmental interventions are seldom integrated into multilevel, integrated systems of support (Barenbaum et al., et al., social justice framework advocated by Tol (et al., In this paper, we have focused on what we regard as the two primary conceptual frameworks, clinical and social-environmental, that guide the development and selection of interventions in conflict-affected communities. However, we recognise that other conceptual frameworks inform the way mental health and psychosocial wellbeing are addressed in humanitarian settings. For example, spiritual beliefs and practices often play a powerful role in supporting healing and strengthening resilience in the wake of violence, displacement and natural disaster (Galappatti, d by Tol , whose r et al.,  and Cent et al., . Such fret al., et al., Conceptual frameworks are always rough approximations of real-world phenomena (Korzybski, Nonetheless, the frameworks we have described do correspond reasonably well to prevailing approaches to understanding and addressing the mental health and psychosocial needs of conflict-affected communities. More importantly, these frameworks are heuristically useful because they encourage us to be explicit about the causal models and theories of change that guide our interventions, drawing our attention to putative causal factors and potential targets of change at different ecological levels.It is certainly possible to maintain a distinction between conceptual frameworks and to better articulate causal models and theories of change while continuing to embrace the umbrella term MHPSS. Indeed, we are not suggesting that the term should be abandoned; on the contrary, it has served an important unifying function among individuals and organisations working from diverse perspectives to strengthen mental health in conflict-affected populations (Ventevogel,


Echinococcus multilocularis in North America as a model. The aim was to propose an ecological framework for investigating the invasion of parasites that are trophically transmitted through predator–prey interactions, showing how despite the complexity of the cycles and the interactions among multiple hosts, such parasites can overcome multiple barriers and become invasive. Identifying the key ecological processes affecting the success of parasite invasions is an important step for risk assessment and development of management strategies, particularly for parasites with the potential to infect people (i.e. zoonotic).In a fast-changing and globalized world, parasites are moved across continents at an increasing pace. Co-invasion of parasites and their hosts is leading to the emergence of infectious diseases at a global scale, underlining the need for integration of biological invasions and disease ecology research. In this review, the ecological and evolutionary factors influencing the invasion process of parasites with complex life cycles were analysed, using the invasion of the European strain of  Humans can get infected and develop AE by accidental ingestion of eggs , intensity and extent of the impact, and dynamics of invasion. Usually, an invasive alien species is defined as one that has been transported beyond the limits of its native range and has established a population in an area where it was not known to occur previously, resulting in negative impacts in the new environment  at a global level is associated with increased human travel, international trade and wildlife and/or domestic animal introductions (among other anthropogenic changes) which have allowed the spread of the parasite beyond historical endemic regions  as definitive hosts and freshwater snails as intermediate ones, was accidentally introduced to Europe. The parasite successfully found new intermediate and definitive hosts in native European species of snails , and ungulates (e.g. Dama dama), representing an example of multiple ecological fitting –parasite associations. Still, the effectiveness of spillover to new hosts will depend on the ability of the parasite to use new resources. Mostly, parasites are considered resource specialists with restricted host ranges, which has led to the idea that when parasites become specialized, it is at the expense of their ability to perform in alternative hosts (Agosta Anguillicola crassus), a parasite of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), was introduced into the United Kingdom, where successfully infected native European eels (Anguilla anguilla), causing infections with higher worm intensities and pathogenic effects than in Japanese eels  between the bivalve host Mytilus edulis and the invasive parasitic copepod Mytilicola intestinalis were observed in two different fronts of invasions in the North Sea, which was possibly related to local environmental differences , introduced in the European Wadden Sea, can be infected by the native trematode Renicola roscovita; still, it is not consumed by native birds (definitive hosts). Thus, the Pacific oyster acts as a dead-end intermediate host, reducing the transmission of the parasite . Through these interactions, the parasite can directly or indirectly affect host survival (population density-mediated effect) or host behaviour and life history (trait-mediated effect) , altering their ability to compete and ultimately affecting the outcome of invasion  in the UK, mediated through the transmission of a Parapoxvirus that was introduced with the arrival of the North American grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)  transmitted through snails, facilitated the range expansion of North American white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), leading to dramatic decreases of moose  and caribou (R. tarandus) populations in the north-eastern United States in the mid-1900s , increasing its susceptibility to predation and thereby the probability of the parasite reaching the definitive host Moore, . Althouget al., et al., et al. , may prevent or increase tolerance to genetic depletion and inbreeding depression during the invasion process , immune response (apparent competition), or direct interference , using strains with different levels of virulence. The experiment showed a strong mutual competitive suppression of co-infecting strains in early stages of infection, resulting in decreasing effects of infection in the host  of Alaska and the Canadian Arctic. Only after the 1960s, the parasite was reported in the Northern Central region (NCR), which include 13 contiguous states of the USA and the southern area of three Canadian provinces   imported for sport hunting from France during the last century , as evidenced by the satellite tracking of natal dispersal by a young female between continents, from Svalbard Archipelago (Norway) to Ellesmere Island, Nunavut (Canada), in 76 days  is likely another important definitive host in that area, due to its larger home range, dispersal distances and increasing presence in urban environments  and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), but also newly described hosts such as the southern red-backed vole (Myodes gapperi)  were recently confirmed as regular definitive host of E. multilocularis  and dispersal distances (50–800 km) , since no suitable intermediate host was previously present  out of the eight parasites included in the IUCN list of worst invasive alien species has an indirect cycle (Hatcher et al., et al., et al., Many alien parasites are co-introduced with an alien host species, and the successful establishment of parasites with CLC is not unusual. A review by Lymbery et al.  found thet al. (Em in North America, we propose a framework (et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., via the eco-evolutionary experience in previous environments, allowing individuals to survive as an infective propagule, find and infect new intermediate and definitive hosts, and to reproduce, completing their life cycle with the establishment of a self-sustaining population in the long-term (Agosta and Klemens, et al., et al., et al., et al., via direct or indirect effects on host behaviour and survival, thus, potentially promoting competition and predation and enhancing the transmission of the parasite (Hudson and Greenman, et al., et al., In the previous sections of this review, we identified ecological and evolutionary factors that could influence the invasion process of parasites with CLC. Based on the conceptual invasion frameworks developed by Colautti and MacIsaac  and Blacet al. , and theramework  to summaet al., et al., et al., The local or regional dispersal, and dominance of the parasite over other species/strains, would depend on the within-host intra- and interspecific interactions and the ability to exploit the shared resource, as well as the dispersal patterns and distribution of the host populations (Mideo, et al., Biological invasions are multifactorial, complex phenomena that involve largely idiosyncratic ecological characteristics. Despite the vast body of knowledge about underlying processes influencing invasion dynamics, there is an incomplete understanding of the interaction between macro and micro-evolutionary processes and what drives the potential for invasion. Additionally, the research on parasitism in the context of biological invasions has advanced very slowly, compared to the study of biological invasions by animals or plants (Ogden et al., et al., et al., E. multilocularis in North America is particularly important to our understanding of the specific factors influencing the invasion process of those parasites that are trophically transmitted in predator–prey systems. Understanding the historical origins and complex components of these new host–parasite mosaics is essential in formulating predictions about future invasions, and elucidate the effects of climate change and ecological disturbance on the potential for invasion. Moreover, since most parasites are introduced with their original hosts, there is a need for integration between the study of biological invasions and disease ecology, which would allow the design of comprehensive predictive frameworks assessing the risk of invasion and lead to possible management strategies. This mandates for multidisciplinary studies on mechanisms, effects, and the control of parasite invasions, focusing not only on host–parasite interactions, but also on the broader impacts of these invasions at the ecosystem level.Although parasites with CLC may have to overcome more ecological and physiological barriers to invade new environments successfully, there are examples of colonization in heterogeneous environments, including parasites with high impact on animal and human health (Henttonen


During the last few decades, biomimetics has attracted increasing attention in both basic and applied research and in various fields of industry and building construction. Biomimetics has a high innovation potential and opens up possibilities for the development of innovative technical products and production chains. The specific structures and functions that the vast number of organisms have evolved in adaptation to differing environments represent the basis for all biomimetic R&D projects. Novel sophisticated methods for quantitative analyses and simulations of the form–structure–function relationship at various hierarchical levels provide intriguing insights into multiscale mechanics and other functions of biological materials and surfaces. For the first time, it is possible to transfer biological structures and thus their properties into innovative biomimetic products by means of newly developed production methods and at reasonable cost.Animals, with their fascinating behaviour and movement processes, have long attracted interest, with plants only more recently having also been recognised as valuable concept generators for biomimetic research ,2. In geThe articles published in this Special Issue, “Bridging the Gap: From Biomechanics and Functional Morphology of Plants to Biomimetic Developments”, cover theoretical considerations concerning the challenges of the biomimetic approach and potential pitfalls and include the entire development chain from basic research in the field of biomechanics and functional morphology of plants to simulations and the development of physical models for a better understanding of functional principles, finally leading to biomimetic products on the laboratory scale or demonstrator level. The size scale includes all hierarchical levels from microstructure to the entire plants.Niklas and Walker  detail tIn the second contribution, Wunnenberg et al.  describeMasselter et al.  present Klang and Nickel  describePoppinga et al.  show thaMühlich et al.  have anaKrüger et al.  have devThe articles published in this Special Issue, “Bridging the Gap: From Biomechanics and Functional Morphology of Plants to Biomimetic Developments”, thus, give an up-to-date overview of current research topics in plant-inspired biomimetic research.


After a rigorous peer review process, twelve papers were accepted and published. These papers cover a wide range of topics including shoulder arthroscopy, arthroplasty and related neuropathies.This Special Issue focuses on “New trends in shoulder surgery from Biomechanics to the operating room”, and aims to cover recent advancements as well as future trends in the field of shoulder surgical treatments. Lee et al.  evaluateThree papers published by the group of Romano et al. ,3,4 are The first one  proves tThe second paper  analyzesOur interest in this new prosthesis design has increased over the last decade too, showing better clinical outcomes while using an onlay curved lateralized cementless stem ,6.The third paper  emphasizTherefore, we are also proud to present the results of our study on the efficacy of the lateral acromioplasty . This teLädermann et al.  comparedTherefore, Lädermann et al.  have pubThe study presented by Riedl et al.  showed tThe proper treatment for the long head of the biceps is a topic still debated. Treatments available range from tenotomy to tenodesis, which has been described using different systems and in different positions along the humerus. Our group has recently published a paper comparing high and subpectoral tenodesis during rotator cuff repair .Pascarella et al.  tested aThree review papers complete this Special Issue.Bozzi et al. , with thYon CJ et al. demonstrate that arthroscopic revision Bankart repair might lead to an improvement in clinical outcomes and reasonable satisfaction with proper patient selection .Giovannetti de Sanctis et al.  compare Given these different contributions, it is evident that shoulder surgery still has fundamental questions that remain unanswered.We would like to thank the Editor in Chief for his support throughout the preparation of this Special Issue. We are grateful to all the anonymous reviewers who devoted their precious time reviewing the papers submitted to this Special Issue. Their reviews helped us select the best papers to be included in this Special Issue. We would like also to thank all authors who contributed to this Special Issue.Hopefully you will enjoy reading this selection of articles, as we did, and you will find them informative and helpful in keeping yourself up to date in the field of shoulder surgery.


Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria or fungi develop the ability to defeat drugs designed to kill them. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever‐increasing range of severe infections caused by microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and other parasites. AMR poses a serious security threat to global health. About 700 000 people die each year worldwide due to drug‐resistant diseases according to the World Health Organization. In addition, antimicrobial resistance can affect people at any stage of their lives and has important repercussions in health care and the in veterinary and agriculture industries, making it one of the world’s most urgent public health problems.The increasing prevalence and the global spread of antimicrobial resistance is becoming alarming and fighting this threat is a public health priority. This challenge a collaborative global approach across sectors to detect, prevent and respond to this menace. Every country should consider the following actions to prevent resistant infections and their spread: data implementation and tracking systems to monitor resistance. In addition to these important actions, it is also critical to join the global effort to develop new drugs, diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics to treat infections.et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., As one of the top journals in the field of microbiology, Microbial Biotechnology is attracting an increasing number of key publications from research institutes and universities worldwide. In this special issue on ‘New Advances into antimicrobial research’ scientists explore a wide range of topics including the evolution, spread, and blocking of antimicrobial resistance (Zheng None declared.


The development of innovative and sustainable materials for use in asphalt pavement applications has received increasing attention over the past 20 years, also thanks to the growing interest in the circular economy approach, which is replacing the linear one ,4,5,6. HMaterials aimed at collecting research focused on the development of innovative and sustainable asphalt materials, as well as on mixture and structural design. With the aim of seeking the right material to solve market-driven challenges, the following aspects were investigated:Performance evaluation of innovative materials, such as renewable materials and graphite nanoplatelets;Investigation of the possible employment of wastes  in asphalt pavement applications.Accordingly, this Special Issue of The research performed by numerous universities and scientific centres from Europe, Asia and North America demonstrated that innovative/high-performance materials can be employed in asphalt pavement applications only if their behaviour is comparable to that of the conventional asphalt materials, for which the design approaches were originally conceived and validated.Materials. The issues covered can be divided into five main topics:Characterization of recycled materials in asphalt concrete mixtures, such as waste of sanitary ceramics , crumb rInvestigation of natural  or bio-bStudy of rheological and fatigue behaviour of bituminous materials with  and withEvaluation of lubricant characteristics of graphite nanoplatelets ;Fatigue life prediction model for materials employed on long-span steel bridge decks .Twenty universities and scientific centres contributed with their original research papers to this Special Issue of Andrzejuk et al.  evaluateZhang et al.  investigThe study presented by Gawdzik et al.  was aimeThe aim of the research presented by Li et al.  concerneIn the paper presented by Ferrotti et al.  a trial The research performed by Slabonski et al.  concerneNciri  et al. sThe research presented by Gaudenzi et al.  involvedThe aim of the research presented by Al-Mohammedawi et al.  concerneThe objective of the study performed by Yan et al.  was to eIn the paper presented by Xu et al. , a fatigMaterials demonstrates the interest attracted by the exploration of innovative materials for use in asphalt concrete pavements. The issues covered proved that the international scientific community is not only looking for innovative, but also sustainable materials, which meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Recycled materials such as crumb rubber, renewable bio-materials and reclaimed asphalt, as well as graphite nanoplatelets and natural materials used as rejuvenators, tend toward the circular economy model, which aims at enhancing the resource efficiency by exploiting wastes that can be used as raw materials in different processes.The number of papers published in this Special Issue of


To the Editoret al. [I read with interest the article ‘Capsular thinning on magnetic resonance arthrography is associated with intra-operative hip joint laxity in women’ by Packer et al.  in the Jet al. [On page 300 of the article at Fig. 1, the authors describe thickness of the hip joint capsule at the left image and the width of the anterior hip joint recess at the right image. When we compare this study with similar study by Magerkurth et al.  which thNone declared.


Hamstring strain injury (HSI) is the most common non-contact injury representing 37% of all muscle traumas in professional sport  long head reaches ~110% of its length (Schache et al., It has also been reported that force production capabilities of the muscle and the velocity at which this occurs are influenced by muscle architecture such as pennation angle, muscle thickness and fascicle length (Alonso-Fernandez et al., Nonetheless, despite the positive effects of different prevention and rehabilitation programs, the percentage of HSI and its recurrence rate is still very high. This suggests, that they are not fully effective. A probable reason for this is that they are based on different methodological approaches while none of them take all the biomechanical aspects of this problem into account. There are many theories describing the causes of hamstring injuries, but some point is probably missing. It should be underlined that we live in a three-dimensional world, where all movements are performed on three planes.The potential relationship between pelvis position and HSI was suggested by some authors. Higashihara et al. , MendiguAnother important issue is that hamstring muscles work differently depending on gait cycle phase. It has been reported that the BF operates as a hip extensor and adductor as well as a knee flexor, abductor and external-rotator (Schache et al., In our previous study (Oleksy et al., ŁO and AM: study concept and design, data analyses and interpretation, literature search, writing and editing the manuscript. JP and OM: data collection. AS and RK: study concept and design, data interpretation, editing the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.