Research on flavonoids from plant sources is showing growing evidence of the versatile health benefits of flavonoids through in vitro and in vivo studies . As the This Special Issue harvested interesting advances in flavonoids with emphasis on green production and health aspects, which provide some suggestions for researchers and for industries in developing natural health agents. Research studies and reviews dealing with biological activity and healthy effects of polyphenols were also presented.The first review of this Special Issue by Dias et al.  deals wiA review by Giovinazzo et al.  aims to Following the anti-inflammatory function of naturally occurring polyphenol molecules, the study of Zhang et al.  focused The study of Gerardi et al.  investigIn the article of Piechocka et al. , the effThe article of Saeting et al.  deals wiThe study of Kim et al.  evaluateIn the research article by Shen T. et al. , a study


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The current evidence indicates that the lateralized processing of social information is an integral part of the perception of the conspecifics  on the left rather than the right side (Karenina et al., Positional biases in aggressive interactions have been found in saiga male contests. A preference to keep the opponent to the left was found in retreating after fighting and chasing an escaping rival (Giljov et al., Another type of lateralized social behavior in saiga antelopes is male-female interactions. It has been found that males preferentially keep females on their right side when pursuing them to rejoin with the rest of the group (Giljov et al., Lateral biases in the social behavior of non-human primates have demonstrated that human social lateralizations are not unique Lindell, . HoweverThe use of forelimbs is lateralized in humans and the extent to which lateral biases in social interactions are determined by motor biases remains unclear. Even after decades of research, the question of the motor vs. emotional nature of cradling bias remains open (Ocklenburg et al., The role of motor biases in other lateralized human interactions is also far from being clear. Several studies tested the link between handedness and head-turning preference during kissing, and the results are conflicting (e.g., Barrett et al., Ungulates are a convenient model for the investigation of social lateralization since they are lacking these confounding factors. When forelimbs do not directly determine the relative positioning of interacting subjects, the interpretation of lateral preferences as manifestations of sensory lateralization becomes much more straightforward. Ungulates became popular models in laterality research partly for casual reasons such as their availability, e.g., as livestock (Leliveld, Even a brief comparison of the results of human and ungulate studies suggests some interesting conclusions and directions for future investigation. Left-sided biases in both mother's behavior toward her offspring and the young's positional choices relative to mother and age-mates in saiga antelope and several other ungulate species (Karenina and Giljov, If something in the lateralized social behavior of ungulates can be compared with human embraces, it's allogrooming in horses. In that case, human right-sided bias is not consistent with the results on ungulates (Farmer et al., In male-female interactions, the direction of lateral biases is not consistent between humans (Rodway and Schepman, Social behavior and, in particular, social coordination is assumed to be a driver for the emergence of population-level behavioral biases (Frasnelli and Vallortigara, AG and KK conceptualized and wrote initial draft. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


One Health surveillance of West Nile and Usutu viruses: a repeated cross-sectional study exploring seroprevalence and endemicity in Southern France, 2016 to 2020’ by Constant et al., published on 23 June 2022, the name of author Sylvie Lecollinet was spelled incorrectly. This was corrected on 5 July 2022 at the request of the authors.In the article ‘


They also challenge some of the conclusions we drew as regards the likelihood of fire‐mediated feedbacks causing alternate stable states (ASS) in forest–savanna transitions.In their comment on Veenendaal et al. , Laris &et al.  November is the first major month of the fire season but for the more southerly forest–savanna transition zone area this is more typically later on in December and/or January. This is illustrated in our Fig. et al. .We also note that none of the three papers cited by Laris and Jacobs as supposedly neglected by us, but purportedly providing supporting evidence for their notion that fire timing is much more important than frequency in determining woody cover effects of fire actually, shows what Laris and Jacobs claim to say they do. Specifically, the Devine et al.  study  the occurrence of ASS should be more likely. Nevertheless, Van Langevelde et al. (Laris and Jacobs take issue with that conclusion but with the only evidence they cite as ‘demonstrating’ that ASS are already a documented phenomenon, namely Keeley & Rundel  being a e White, , and fore et al.  have sug


In Response: We appreciate Minhaj et al. for their correspondence regarding our experience treating an imported case of monkeypox from an international traveler (Since our report of monkeypox in November 2021, there have been outbreaks of monkeypox throughout multiple countries (In our case report (


Although it may not seem like it, chemical biology has existed for a long time from today’s perspective. One of the earliest occurrences of the term “chemical biology” is in the book “On Fermentation” by Alonzo E. Taylor 1871–1949), published in 1907 871–1949,  to the in vitro and in vivo studies of biological systems, where the study is based on the use of small molecules designed or identified on the basis of biochemical or cellular screening. These molecules are targeted to bind to biological structures, and the biological response is monitored . Thus, cIn general, it is thus possible to define chemical biology as the study of molecular mechanisms of biological processes through targeted designed molecules.In the shadow of the above definition, however, is the contribution of Hricovini et al. . An evolThe role of enzymes was investigated by Alnoch et al. , who stucis-urocanic acid and its chelating properties were investigated by Bossak-Ahmad et al. [Seminavis robusta were proposed by Bonneur et al. [Compounds with anticancer potential were designed by Li et al. (cationic pillar[6]arene as inductors of cell apoptosis)  and by Gd et al. . Interesr et al. .The application of spectroscopic techniques for the identification of superoxide dismutases was described by Kula-Maximenko et al. . Masar eAs can be seen from the above, chemical biology as a progressive multidisciplinary interface not only enjoys great and respected attention from the world’s scientists and leading scientific teams, but is also widely supported by sponsors due to the expected significant achievements in the understanding of many diseases afflicting humanity in fast and effective solutions. Using a chemical biology platform, scientists use international research infrastructure  to make


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In a 2019 analysis of 479,809 adults from 13 nations in Latin America, Miranda and colleagues   from rural indigenous traditions is evident, but in urban and peri-urban areas, indigenous diet is transitioning to more processed foods and animal products . WHO STE 10,704)  indicateWHO STEPS data from Bolivia  also indCairo et al. provide findings clearly showing how obesity and overweight have reached the rural areas of Brazil. The emergence of processed and ultra-processed foods in diet patterns across the lifespan in Latin America is shown in pre-schoolers in Chile by Araya et al. and reviewed for the entire region by Matos et al.. Despite these strong trends, there remains a paucity of research infrastructure in Latin America for culturally tailored dietary intervention trials to reverse the nutrition transition away from cultural diets based on minimally processed whole plant foods and fewer animal products. The supplement continues the build of this emergent research infrastructure for dietary intervention. Sanchez Urbano et al. provide evidence of the feasibility and acceptability of dietary intervention advice in the Latin American context. Loureiro et al. provide insights from diet patterns in Brazilian adults, and Contreras-Guillén et al. is innovating dietary recall methods for Argentina. Figueroa et al. tackle the question of whether a plant-based Mediterranean diet can be adapted for the Latin American region. Taken together, the supplement articles herein are a stride forward in the path to reverse the nutrition transition that is creating a sizable non-communicable disease burden in Latin America.In this landmark supplement of Frontiers of Nutrition, the authors from several Latin American nations provide findings that seed a plant-based research agenda for Latin America. The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Primates live in stable social groups in which they form differentiated relationships with group members and use a range of communication including facial expressions, vocalizations and gestures. However, how these different types of communication are used to regulate social interactions, and what cognitive skills underpin this communication, is still unclear. The aim of this special issue is to examine the types of cognitive skills underpinning the flexible and complex communication that is used to maintain the bonded social relationships found in primates and humans.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates’. What are the key challenges she faces? Clearly, she faces ecological challenges involving finding patchily distributed food resources and avoiding predation for her and her offspring . She alsAnthropoid primates differ from many other mammal species in living in stable social groups where members form long-term social relationships outside the contexts of mating and rearing offspring . Group lHowever, the specific ways in which primates use different of communication to meet the demands of group living, and what cognitive skills underpin these different types of communication, is still unclear ,21–23. Wet al. [The first two papers of this issue describe the key cognitive mechanisms underpinning the processing of social information in primates and how these are related to social and ecological factors. Roberts et al.  highlighet al.  use a meet al. [The next two papers examine associations between social and communicative complexity across a range of primate species. Fichtel & Kappeler  use a phet al.  focus onet al. [et al. [Some of the strongest evidence of intentionality in communication across the whole communicative repertoire comes from studies of gestures in great apes ,29,30. Iet al.  highlighet al.  focus onet al.  examine  [et al.  show thaet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [In addition to gestural communication, primates use a range of vocalizations and facial expressions to meet the demands of group living ,24. The et al.  showed t [et al.  also exa [et al.  focus on [et al.  use thisOverall the articles in this special issue provide new insights into how communication is used to manage the demands of social life, and the cognitive processes underlying this, including flexible production of signals according to the socio-ecological context by signallers, and detecting and responding to signals by receivers. Several of the contributions also highlighted ongoing challenges in this area of research, including how to measure social, communicative and cognitive complexity within and between species and establishing the cognitive requirements of different types of communication for both signallers and receivers. We hope that this theme issue serves to provide an overview of the key findings in this area and a stimulus for future research.


Rosa canina fruit, and their use as recyclable and heterogeneous nanocatalysts for the degradation of dye pollutants in water’ by Saba Hemmati et al., RSC Adv., 2018, 8, 22763–22763.Correction for ‘Correction: Green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide, using the extract of  The affiliations in the original article were transposed; the corrected affiliations are as shown below.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


Although mental health (MH) services and psychological support are tailored to fit the MH needs of those requiring these services in the UK, underutilisation persists. Current evidence suggests that ethnic minorities underutilise MH services with culture implicated in this trend. However, there is limited evidence from systematic reviews integrating the findings of primary studies on the role of culture in MH service utilisation among ethnic minorities. This review aims to synthesise and summarise evidence on the role of culture in MH service utilisation among ethnic minorities in the UK. Two reviewers searched CINAHL, APA PsycINFO and Medline databases using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Two other reviewers screened the abstracts and full text, while three conducted data extraction and assessed study quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative studies. One's culture was repeatedly identified to play a role in MH service utilisation among the ethnic minorities in the UK. The impact of cultural factors on service utilisation was through its effects on structure/institution, beliefs, stigma and perception of service. In addition, discrimination and other racism-related negative experiences during service use were found to inform perception and use of MH services. These findings suggest that MH services should be tailored to cultural differences to optimise service utilisation. As a result, populations such as the UK continue to experience increased diversity, partly explained by international migration. In addition, the literature suggests an association between migration and mental health (MH) disorders among the UK population  prioritised MH service provisions for ethnic minority communities to ensure equality in service utilisation. Race Relations (Amendment) Act of 2000 imposes responsibilities on public sector institutions ensuring racial equality and access to public services in the UK. As a result, the UK government developed the National Service Framework for Mental Health (1999) for combating any form of discrimination against those that require MH services, including ethnic minority groups. Furthermore, the Delivery Race Equality in Mental Healthcare (DRE) action plan was developed to ensure equality and remove discrimination against Black, Asian and Minority Ethnics (BAME) in the use and provision of MH service in England  framework to develop this review question, as shown in No review exists on the role of culture in MH service utilisation among the ethnic minority groups in the UK. Due to this gap, our systematic review will be of value in policy, practice and MH intervention development. Our findings add to solid evidence and enhance the understanding of the role of culture in MH service utilisation among the ethnic minority groups in the UK.The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was adhered to in this review. In addition, we registered the protocol for this study on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (registration number: CRD42020206615).et al., A vital part of this search strategy was using index Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms , ethnic minority population in the UK. There is evidence that MH illnesses are developed in adulthood, which informed adulthood criterion  conducted on MH utilisation but not directly on the ethnic minority in the UK; (b) secondary studies on MH utilisation of immigrants such as a systematic review (c) reported views of others such as health professionals or (d) that only their abstracts were available. Two researchers independently conducted the title and abstract sifting. Three researchers independently assessed full text for eligibility.et al.  Singh, , a checket al., et al., et al., et al., After quality assessment, the reviewers excluded one study as it did not meet up to 70% on the checklist , perception and beliefs of service users (four studies), cultural barrier (four studies) and stigma (five studies). In this synthesis process, a description of studies, tabulation and thematic analysis was carried out in stage five and reported in the sixth stage.The search from four databases yielded 2508 references, as presented in a PRISMA flow chart in The themes reported to affect MH service utilisation in this review are the following.et al., et al., et al., The structural factor theme involves factors found in the society that influence the MH utilisation of the patient. Factors found were nature and awareness of MH service, language, cultural competence of service, waiting times in service delivery, the attitude of staff, professional stigma against BAME and social stress (Edge and MacKian, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al., et al., et al., et al., The perception of MH service by service users theme had subthemes of the relationship between the service provider and the user, service user attitude and behaviour, personal experiences of using MH service, self-critical voice and difficulty in conceptualising mental illness (Edge and MacKian, , et al.  reportedet al., et al., et al., et al. (et al. (et al., et al., The last theme in this review was stigma, as reported by all five studies included in the synthesis. Resistance to psychiatric labelling, cultural identity and stigma, negative experience and racism, production of stigma and internal and external stigma were subthemes reported under stigma (Edge and MacKian, , et al.  defined , et al.  expresse, et al. . The par (et al.  also rep (et al.  found ps et al., . In anotet al., et al., et al. (A cultural barrier was a theme that four of our five studies reported. It had subthemes of cultural competence, staff attitude, cultural naivety, negative experiences, cultural belief, cultural insensitivity, cultural perception of family shame due to illness and discrimination (Edge and MacKian, , et al.  that theet al., This study aims to comprehensively explore and synthesise evidence to answer the question of the role of culture in MH service utilisation among people of ethnic minority groups in the UK. We included five studies in this review, with 166 participants. The studies identified and included in this study were all qualitative. There is an increase in the volume of qualitative studies conducted in clinical and health care research and the need to synthesise the themes identified in the literature (Munro et al. (One of the cultural factors found to play a role in MH service utilisation is the structure of MH services. Structural factors reported in this review are the nature of the service, the design and mode of service delivery and how compliant the interventions are with the cultural values of the BAME. This finding is consistent with the model on MH by Corrigan et al.  that stret al., et al., et al., The majority of the studies we reviewed in this study shows that the perception of both the patients, family community members about MH affected help-seeking. Our finding is consistent with the literature that attitude and perception about MH may influence MH service use (Gaston et al., et al., et al., et al., Even though self-stigma is a stronger predictor of MH service use than public stigma, this review found public and self-stigma mitigating against MH service use among ethnic minority groups (Nam This review outcome shows that cultural factors affect MH service utilisation among ethnic minority groups. The evidence suggests that subthemes of cultural competence, staff attitude, cultural naivety, negative experiences, cultural belief, cultural insensitivity, cultural perception of family shame due to illness and discrimination affect MH service utilisation. Although this is experiential evidence, there is a need for a quantitative examination of this topic to understand if this is transferable to a larger population. There is also a need for this study to be replicated among younger adults. Finally, there is a need to investigate if there is an impact of COVID-19 on MH service utilisation among this sample.The primary strength of the approach adopted in this systematic review is using qualitative methodology articles. The qualitative study allows for an in-depth understanding of the experiences of ethnic minority groups on MH service utilisation. Alongside this strength also comes the limitations of this study. First, all studies included in this synthesis were from the UK population; the findings can only apply to the MH service of ethnic minority groups in the UK. Also, studies included in this review were those conducted from 2010 to 2020, which can be a limitation. This review targeted studies that recruited people of an ethnic minority across the UK. Still, the studies included were conducted in London and Birmingham to represent the entire UK population. There were limited studies on MH service by the ethnic minority communities in other parts of the UK except for London and Birmingham.This study will be the first systematic review of literature evidence on the role of culture in MH service utilisation among ethnic minority groups in the UK. This systematic qualitative review shows that culture plays a vital role in utilising MH services among people of ethnic minority communities. Cultural factors such as professional and structural barriers, perception of MH service, beliefs, cultural barriers and stigma could be inhibiting BAME who require MH service from using the service. The second objectives of this review were to evaluate the quality of the existing evidence and synthesise and summarise the role of culture in MH service use. This review shows the need to prioritise cultural consideration in developing and implementing MH interventions. One therapeutic model cannot serve all in a culturally diverse society such as the UK. Ethnic community members should be key actors in formulating MH interventions to ensure cultural compatibility and enhance utilisation.


A key challenge for neural systems is to extract relevant information from the environment and make appropriate behavioral responses. The larval zebrafish offers an exciting opportunity for studying these sensing processes and sensory-motor transformations. Prey hunting is an instinctual behavior of zebrafish that requires the brain to extract and combine different attributes of the sensory input and form appropriate motor outputs. Due to its small size and transparency the larval zebrafish brain allows optical recording of whole-brain activity to reveal the neural mechanisms involved in prey hunting and capture. In this review we discuss how the larval zebrafish brain processes visual information to identify and locate prey, the neural circuits governing the generation of motor commands in response to prey, how hunting behavior can be modulated by internal states and experience, and some outstanding questions for the field. Furthermore they also display a relatively rich behavioral repertoire from a very early age, including a capacity for selective attention , and involves a series of rapid movements to intercept and ingest prey which can be moving rapidly  bouts of activity followed by inactivity lasting up to 1–2 s. A typical hunting event takes about 1–3 s and consists of about 1–10 bouts; the magnitude and variability of these numbers decrease over development : RGC axons terminate in 10 retinorecipient areas termed arborization fields (AFs)   as prey  of the optic tectum respond to a range of stimulus sizes from 3° to 30°  could help keep track of both eye angle change during eye convergence  and hindbrain by a group of descending reticulospinal neurons (Gahtan et al., Two regions which might trigger these motor commands are the optic tectum and AF7, which both send descending connections carrying prey-related information to reticulospinal neurons (Semmelhack et al., Besides attempts to capture, hunting sequences can also be terminated by the fish appearing to give up and swim away, which have been termed abort events (Henriques et al., Execution of capture requires binocular integration, and the presentation of prey activates both contralateral and ipsilateral neuropil (Gebhardt et al., Behavior is modulated by internal states (Flavell et al., via alteration of visual responses in the tectum and such modulation is mediated by the HPI axis and the serotonergic system.Hunger state can also affect hunting behavior. Starvation increases the upper limit of the size of objects regarded as prey, and also increases tectal responses to small objects (Filosa et al., Hunting behavior is also affected by experience during development. During normal development measures of hunting efficiency and success increase (Avitan et al., In terms of neural changes, experience alters the functional link between different brain regions with strengthened connectivity between pretectum and optic tectum, cerebellum, and hindbrain (Oldfield et al., Drosophila have well-established circuit connectivity and have been used to study sensory-guided walking, flying and courtship behaviors (Seelig and Jayaraman, To elucidate the neural mechanisms underpinning sensory-driven behavior requires linking neural representations across interconnected circuits with well-characterized motor outputs. Multiple animal models have been used to tackle these questions, each of which has different strengths and limitations. How ecologically valid is our current understanding of larval zebrafish hunting behavior? The environments in which hunting has so far been studied in the lab are much simpler than the zebrafish's natural environment (Engeszer et al., To what extent do the conclusions drawn about neural circuits from head-fixed preparations generalize to freely moving fish? Assays have begun to be introduced which allow neural imaging in moving fish (Cong et al., How is information about prey position transmitted and transformed through the visual pathway to motor outputs? One hypothesis is that of topographic representations at each stage (Helmbrecht et al., What causes hunting events to be aborted? Could it be due to distraction by other stimuli, an updated assessment of the probability of the likelihood of success, noise in sensory representation, or perhaps some varying combination of these?Why does the initial turn toward the prey tend to undershoot the target? This has been suggested to reflect a general hunting strategy fish employ for maximizing hunting efficiency (Bolton et al., How are competing stimuli prioritized? While this has begun to be investigated for aversive stimuli (Fernandes et al., What is the purpose of the periodic oscillation between hunting and exploratory states, and how robust is this oscillation?How do neural representations vary between individuals, and how is this related to behavioral variations? A correlation has been demonstrated between hunting success and the quality of tectal representation of position (Avitan et al., What is the neural basis of evidence accumulation in natural prey hunting? While recent work has uncovered regions of the brain where evidence accumulation occurs in the context of the optomotor response (Bahl and Engert, How far in advance does neural activity predict behavior? Recent data from immobilized zebrafish has suggested that activity in the cerebellum can predict subsequent behavior many seconds in advance (Lin et al., Most work in this area has focused on larvae because of the relative ease of brain imaging at these ages. However, behavioral patterns change as the fish develops (Westphal and O'Malley, In summary, it is clear that zebrafish prey hunting still offers a rich seam of enquiry for understanding behavior, neural circuits, and most crucially the link between the two.All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.


Solubility is one of the most important physicochemical properties, both from a practical and theoretical perspective. Various fields benefit from the knowledge of this fundamental property, including pharmaceuticals, food technology, materials engineering and purification or separation techniques, including green extraction. Furthermore, solvent selection is important in sustainable technologies design, which was also addressed in the aims list of this Special Issue. Since the early 1990s, a significant increase in solubility studies can be observed, and the interest in this topic is growing every year . This SpThe first paper published in this Special Issue was the work by Ghazwani et al. . This stIn a similar work by the Ghazwani et al. research group , the solThe work by Przybyłek et al.  focused +, Cl− and ClO4− can act as effective co-solvents of phenolic acids, which is important from a practical viewpoint.Nutraceuticals are frequently studied substances, and examples of this subject can also be found in this Special Issue. Furia et al.  studied In the study by Ortiz et al. , the solThe paper by Rahimpour et al.  raised aThe aspect of green solvent screening was considered by Przybyłek et al. by formulating and validating a new screening protocol for green and effective solvent screening . The solHaq et al.  examineda, was also highlighted.Finally, the authors of this editorial  providedMolecules, as well as all the reviewers who provided constructive remarks and the staff of Molecules at MDPI for their professional assistance. We hope that the articles published in this Special Issue will be of much interest to the scientific community and will contribute to the dissemination of knowledge on this topic among researchers. We would like to thank all of the authors who contributed to the “New Insights into Thermodynamics of Solutes in Neat and Complex Solvents” Special Issue of


Anxiety disorders are common chronic mental illnesses with complex causes, a high relapse rate, and a high prevalence of depressive symptoms  (Schartner et al., The co-morbidity of anxiety and depression presents a clinical treatment and diagnostic challenge that has plagued countless patients and physicians (Choi et al., Anxiety is a non-motor symptom that is common in AD and PD. Krashia et al.  have recJZ, PS, and HL conceived the article. JZ and HL wrote the first draft and reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


Here the context is discussed of a newly reported metal-free perovskite with the H B-site’ nodes connected by ‘X-site’ linkers into a cubic network with an ‘A-site’ ion sitting at each interstice [Fig. 1a)]. It is justly celebrated among crystallographers because it combines an extremely stable topology with a rather precarious geometry  above 1635 K methylammonium ions can be inserted on the A site of halide-bridged perovskites  were first reported , 1c)]. This opens very powerful new possibilities for crystal engineering: we can change not only the size of these ions, but also their shape, chemistry  and physics .In particular, none of the et al., 1995et al., 2019et al., 2009et al., 2010et al., 2009et al., 2016Hybrid perovskites take after their inorganic counterparts in each of the ways described above. They undergo complex structural distortions, in several cases having incommensurately modulated phases . The structure of both polymorphs is clearly influenced by the varying degrees of disorder of the molecular components, both hydronium and dabco ions.Both polymorphs of the new material are intriguing in different ways. The α polymorph, with the true perovskite topology, crystallizes in the chiral space group et al., 2022et al., 2020This work will be important to at least three frontiers in materials chemistry and physics. First, the topic of metal-free perovskites is rapidly evolving into a subfield in its own right (Cui After so many years of intense research, one might think that little remains to be discovered about the perovskite structure. But, as Budzianowski, Petřiček and Katrusiak have demonstrated, with a subtle change in chemistry, it retains its power to surprise crystallographers once again.


Chemical exposure can profoundly affect our health, some being voluntary (food and drugs) and some involuntary . The metabolism of these chemicals is essential for their detoxification, elimination, and, sometimes, their activation. Of the numerous enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, this Special Issue concentrates on hydrolases. Hydrolytic proteins are part of a heterogeneous group of enzymes that catalyze bond cleavages through reactions with water, the most abundant substrate in nature. Hydrolases can add water to numerous chemical functions  in an efContrary to CYP450, which are more “slow and steady wins the race” enzymes , hydrolaIn light of these new findings, this Special Issue focuses on both the basic science and translational research of the biological roles of hydrolases in mammals, as well as their role in the metabolism of toxins and natural products. The Special Issue contains five reviews and nine research articles concerning the role of four substrate classes of hydrolases, as well as artificial amyloid hydrolases.Gautheron et Jéru [Morisseau et al. [Elbarbry et al. [Jamieson et al. [Overby et al.; Yang et al.; Davis et al. [Kesavan et al. [In this special issue, a review by  et Jéru  summarizu et al. ). This iy et al. ). This ln et al. ). Three s et al. ,10,11) hn et al. ).Rafiei et al. [Glycoside hydrolases catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds (ether bonds) in complex sugars. These enzymes are ubiquitous and well known for their role in the biomass metabolism. Here, i et al.  reviewedChrabąszczewska et al. [Roychoudhury and Hegde [Phosphatases are well known to oppose the action of kinases by removing phosphate groups from numerous substrates. The regulation of the phosphorylation of protein is used at the cellular level to regulate biological action and/or catabolism. Here, a research article by a et al.  delves dnd Hegde  brings uWang et al. [Proteasomes are cellular complexes of proteolytic enzymes (proteases) that regulate protein levels, especially misfolded proteins. Besides this constitutive role, proteasomes have roles in cell cycle regulation and cellular survival from stress. Recently, proteasomes have been the target of anticancer approaches illustrated by the approval of selective proteosome inhibitors for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Here, g et al.  review tDuran-Meza and Diaz-Espinoza [Amyloids are protein aggregates that have been associated with the onset of several diseases, such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease. Nevertheless, amyloid aggregates represent a new kind of protein fold that has recently been utilized for the design of novel enzymatic activities. In their review, Espinoza  summarizThe articles and reviews in this Special Issue highlight how the vision of hydrolases has shifted from a role in metabolism to a more complex role in cellular signaling and regulation. This is underscored by the fact that hydrolases are now the target of drugs for several disease treatments, promising more research on this great family of enzymes.


The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the importance of mathematical modelling in informing and advising policy decision-making. Effective practice of mathematical modelling has challenges. These can be around the technical modelling framework and how different techniques are combined, the appropriate use of mathematical formalisms or computational languages to accurately capture the intended mechanism or process being studied, in transparency and robustness of models and numerical code, in simulating the appropriate scenarios via explicitly identifying underlying assumptions about the process in nature and simplifying approximations to facilitate modelling, in correctly quantifying the uncertainty of the model parameters and projections, in taking into account the variable quality of data sources, and applying established software engineering practices to avoid duplication of effort and ensure reproducibility of numerical results. Via a collection of 16 technical papers, this special issue aims to address some of these challenges alongside showcasing the usefulness of modelling as applied in this pandemic.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Technical challenges of modelling real-life epidemics and examples of overcoming these’. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, in a number of countries, including the UK, mathematical and statistical modelling has been at the forefront of informing the status of the epidemic and providing evidence around possible future scenarios to decision makers. Modelling gives a flexible theoretical framework which, parameterized with and calibrated to data, allows exploration of different transmission scenarios and evaluation of different interventions. Although mathematical modelling of infectious diseases has a long history, this pandemic highlighted its applicability and importance for real-time decision-making. The pandemic has also driven the development and application of novel mathematical and computational methods, some of which are presented in this special issue. Undertaking real-time modelling is challenging as it requires a trade-off between fast and less robust modelling and delayed but more robust modelling. The former can be appropriate when data is scarce and we know very little, like at the onset of the pandemic, or when new variants of the virus occur. The latter can be appropriate when we are faced with an already developed epidemic and changes in response may be necessary; for example when faced with a fragmented epidemic where the classic measures such as national reproduction number R values may not be appropriate or when developing and rolling out a vaccination strategy.During the current pandemic, most of the modelling groups involved in advising the UK Government have been undertaking responsive and real-time modelling, often balancing the need to give quick analysis outcomes with assuring accuracy and uncertainty quantification. While undertaking and publishing timely modelling results is important to advice on the current pandemic, as part of the lessons learned from this pandemic and in preparation for the next, it is important that modellers invest in testing the rigorousness in deriving outcomes. Real-time modelling and the vast amount of models developed in the last 24 months have highlighted gaps in the existing technical frameworks that ought to be addressed in preparedness for possible future pandemics.Much of the work in this edition was supported by the Royal Society Rapid Assistance in Modelling the Pandemic  initiatiThis special issue showcases a combination of articles that address overarching technical issues identified in the course of the current epidemic that would be relevant when modelling future ones. Through a series of articles, we generate a library of tools that promote open and transparent science and would be relevant as pandemic outbreak analysis tools in future.et al. [et al. [Although each of the articles within the collections makes a fruitful singular contribution to scientific modelling, there are themes that link them. et al.  presents [et al.  on the uet al. [et al. [et al. [Agent-based models (ABMs) figure prominently in this issue with –8 all uset al.  investigs et al.  and Hinc [et al.  are focuet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [A measure that has been important for policy decision-making and public understanding of the pandemic is the basic reproduction number, d et al.  show how [et al.  use an Al et al.  use clase et al.  present et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Complementing the foregoing, which are concerned with particular models, are several papers that consider relationships between models and borrow methods from other aspects of mathematics to answer epidemiological questions. Fairbanks et al.  show how [et al.  also dem [et al.  also use [et al.  show how [et al.  borrow met al. [et al. [Finally, two papers take a high-level view and make recommendations about modelling in general. Mitchell et al.  emphasiz [et al.  tackle vIn summary, this special issue addresses a number of questions around modelling that have not been considered in the rapid responsive modelling of the ongoing epidemics. Via a collection of papers that include multiscale, cross-discipline mathematical and statistical modelling, and focus on technical aspects of modelling rather than solely applications, while being timely and relevant to the current pandemic, this special issue aims to withstand time and be relevant for possible future pandemics also.


The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis describes the effects of parental perturbations around the periconception, pregnancy, and perinatal window that may lead to changes in offspring development and an increased risk of disease . DOHaD, Excess dietary fructose is a major public health concern; in this context, the study by Smith et al.  investigGestational cannabis exposure has increased in recent times, despite limited evidence for its safety in the developing foetus. In the study by Oke et al. , prenataIn the two manuscripts from Shrestha et al., the effects of a maternal high omega 6 (linoleic acid) diet during pregnancy and in the weaning/postnatal period were investigated in the adolescent  and adulIt is well-understood that maternal obesity increases the risk of health complications in offspring. In the study of Tajaddini et al.  in this The placenta is key to organ development, and placental dysfunction can lead to foetal growth restriction, which is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality. In the study by Moore et al. , placentThis Special Issue also included three review articles that summarised the recent findings associated with maternal cannabinoid exposure , maternaIn the review by Lee and Hardy , the impIn the review by Gombert and Codoñer-Franch , the rolDiabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a progressive disorder, which is increasing globally in prevalence due to the increased incidence of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Zaky et al.  discusseThe contributions of this Special Issue will provide some insight into the mechanisms which link a poor maternal environment and offspring metabolic health.


Suicide mortality rates are a strong indicator of population mental-health and can be used to determine the efficacy of prevention measures. Monitoring suicide mortality rates in real-time provides an evidence-base to inform targeted interventions in a timely manner and accelerate suicide prevention responses. This paper outlines the importance of real-time suicide surveillance in the context of policy and practice, with a particular focus on public health and humanitarian crises. The release of the WHO ‘Live Life: an implementation guide for suicide prevention in countries’ provides a comprehensive framework to support countries in developing and implementing national suicide prevention strategies WHO, b. A coreet al., et al., et al., et al., While broad aggregate-level data is important for the implementation of national strategies, small area-level data is essential to local suicide prevention efforts, of which the use of spatial epidemiological methods can increase the reliability of such data  pandemic in many countries, resulting in the publication of recommendations and guidance for responsible media reporting of suicide in relation to the pandemic (Baran et al., et al., et al., et al., Humanitarian crises such as pandemics, climate change and armed conflict are known to impact suicide rates (Bell In the third year of this ongoing global pandemic, the sudden invasion by Russia on Ukraine has plunged the world into a renewed catastrophe. Significant armed conflict has engulfed the nation, forcing millions of civilians to immediately evacuate their native land to escape war. The mass exodus of abruptly displaced individuals resulting from this evolving crisis adds to an already record global level of internally displaced individuals, refugees, and asylum seekers that reached 82.4 million at the end of 2020 and will undoubtedly continue to dramatically increase over the coming months and years (UN High Commissioner for Refugees, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Individuals escaping conflict are at an elevated risk of experiencing a range of adverse mental health outcomes, resulting from exposure to extreme trauma (Steel et al., et al., et al., et al., The climate crisis poses an increasing environmental threat to humanity, triggering climate and eco-anxiety in the global population, particularly among children and young people (Taylor, Seasonal variation in suicide rates have been detected, hypothesised to be the result of factors such as weather-related changes or shifts in social interaction (Bando and Volpe, The concurrence of armed conflict, a pandemic and climate-related stressors, exacerbates the stressors experienced by individuals, resulting in increased anxiety and linked disorders such as anxiety disorders, in particular PTSD, which may lead to increased suicide risk. The link between disease outbreak and climate change indicates that future pandemics are unavoidable Taylor, . While eet al., et al., The recently observed rise in armed conflict in some parts of the world is a concerning trend given the threat of combat to human safety, as well as the capacity of countries to deal with a public health crisis during warfare. These concerns are further heightened by the anticipated adverse economic impact of these co-occurring crises on suicide rates, particularly given the risk of financial recession stemming from armed conflict and public health emergencies independently, together with the existing suicide risk directly associated with economic crisis (Oyesanya et al., The implementation of recommended components and practices applied by established real-time suicide surveillance systems elsewhere in the world, while adapting to regional/local circumstances and resource availability, would support the development of real-time suicide surveillance. Networking and knowledge exchange would further facilitate the development of real-time suicide surveillance systems through a learning process from peers with both experience and expertise in the innovative area of research (Baran


The Role of Antioxidant Molecules and Melatonin in Cellular Protection”, published in Antioxidants , would prefer to highlight the current knowledge and presents new contributions on oxidative stress-dependent signaling pathways in various pathophysiological conditions as well as new antioxidant strategies to prevent/treat the pathological status. This Special Issue comprises 5 research studies and 9 review articles providing important contributions to the Special Issue topic by distinguished experts.The collection of studies in this Special Issue, “The original study performed by Szeiffova Bacova et al.  explore To gain insight into the antioxidant role(s) and regulatory mechanism(s) of melatonin in yeast, Sunyer-Figueres  presenteLomovsky et al.  investigThe study of Ali et al.  identifiUsing an animal model of diabetic nephropathy, Hsiao et al.  investigExcellent review studies are also included in this Special Issue, emphasizing both the importance of oxidative stress in various chronic diseases and the impact of antioxidant molecules in fighting cellular injury.Sadanandan et al.  summarizThe review manuscript of Ikram et al.  reportedFerlazzo et al.  reviewedIn a systematic review, Sumsuzzman et al.  collecteFélix et al.  summarizJaworek et al.  systematLangston-Cox et al.  conductePardo-Hernández et al.  summarizThe review article of Favero et al. , Editor The Authors in the present Special Issue wants to emphasize that exogenous antioxidants have been recognized as one of the most promising therapeutic options toward the precautions and treatments of many oxidative stress-related diseases. In fact, over the past decade, several kinds of antioxidants have been evaluated for antioxidant therapy showing great effects. However, persist concerns regarding the inherent instability, limited free radical scavenging ability, nonspecific distribution and short cycle half-life limit or avoid their clinical application.With these limitations in mind, there are many opportunities for clinicians and researchers to conduct studies that would add a key contribution to the body of knowledge and would help the future management of several oxidative stress relevant diseases. This Special Issue will be helpful to Researchers in the development of innovative preventive or therapeutic strategies that may lead to a clinical translation soon.The Guest Editor wants to thank all the Authors and the Reviewers who contributed to the success of this Special Issue and the Antioxidants team for their valuable and constant support.


In Hejia Yuan et al.,Also, the Western band of the loading control in Figure


Afghanistan's humanitarian crisis has severely impacted the mental health of frontline workers. With the introduction of the Taliban government, ongoing civil unrest, and other forms of violent attacks, healthcare workers (HCWs) continue to provide patient care despite minimal resources. A severe contraction in the economy, poor supply of medications, political turmoil, and insufficient humanitarian aid have added to pre-existing problems. High levels of insecurity and instability as well as decades of traumatic experiences have contributed to increasing mental health challenges amongst frontline workers. Despite the scarcity of mental health services, HCWs continue to persevere with their service to the community. However, inadequate interventions may have serious implications for HCWs bearing the brunt of multiple traumas. Thus, governmental and international involvement is needed to address both the economic and psychological needs of HCWs in Afghanistan. This is seen by the ratio of nine HCWs and two physicians per 10 000 people in the region (Lucero-Prisno III et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Among this, the impact of war and consequences of the pandemic are primary negative contributors to the frontline workforce, according to a study done in 2020 (Lucero-Prisno III et al., et al., et al., The implications of ignoring this calamity include workplace detachment and lower self-efficacy which hinders provision of optimal quality patient care and decreases resilience amongst HCWs (Islam et al., et al., et al., et al., Amidst these concerns, gender inequality is prevalent in HCWs, with Afghanistan ranked as 171st among 188 countries in the Gender Inequality Index (Najafizada A major advancement took place recently when Taliban urged women HCWs to return to work, stating there will be no impediments to them while performing professional duties in attempts to re-establish basic services across the country Reuters, . In Afghet al., et al., et al., To better advance mental health care in Afghanistan, the allotment of finances and funds for mental health services, and undergraduate training are highly recommended. Devising national health policies and increased research in this area can help navigate the country through this ordeal. Furthermore, trainings to provide suitable psychological first aid and stress management workshops added to undergraduate and graduate-level curriculums could increase community well-being and support. In order to positively cope with the pandemic, several mechanisms and measures must be taken by preparing the HCWs through peer support programs and helping them recognize future challenges through supportive mentoring (Greenberg In conclusion, the political instability in Afghanistan is contributing to an impending mental health crisis for HCWs along with the incursion of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic complications, and ongoing civil unrest. As a result, reduced access to mental health has affected the workplace efficacy of HCWs in Afghanistan. Further research is warranted on understanding the impact of conflict on HCWs and help implement vital measures in devising healthcare policies, allocation of finances, and national training focused on mental health recovery.


In the recent article by David et al. , the worThe authors apologize for the error.


Obesity represents one of the most critical public health crises facing the world today. Excess weight is associated with reduced quality of life and poorer mental health outcomes, as well as increased incidence of medical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and multiple types of cancer. Taking into consideration that most individuals with obesity who attempt to lose weight by restricting their caloric intake will not be successful, greater focus has been placed on examining the neurobiological drivers of obesity , 2. In tObesity cannot be fully grasped without taking into account how an organism interacts with its food environment. Contreras-Rodriguez et al.  deliver Further support for the damaging impact of obesity on brain structure is provided in the review by Garcia-Garcia et al. . In theiKung et al.  seek to Godet et al.’s  review fTo conclude, this special issue aims to serve as a helpful resource by providing updated reports on the state of neuroscience research in obesity and offering suggestions for improved methodological approaches to further advance scientific inquiry and mechanistic understanding of obesity.


In order to be consistent with other studies , we did not include this event and the authors did not include it in their analysis either.In the study by Katz et al., recommend using naturalistic data to evaluate the effect of lithium on suicide but this is problematic for various reasons. First, people who adhere to any treatment are generally healthier and have better outcomes than those who do not (Curtis et al., et al., Bschor et al., also cite data presented by Baldessarini and Tondo's (Bschor  Tondo's , but thiet al., Finally, we draw attention again to the fact that our results, which are based on a relatively large sample derived from modern randomised trials, are consistent with those from the large, high-quality, randomised trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of lithium in preventing suicidal behaviour, which was stopped early due to lack of effect (Katz


Medicina, “Recent Advances in Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, Psychology, Management, and Reconstruction”, includes six articles that highlight new innovations with regard to breast cancer, including reconstruction and treatment options, socioeconomics and psychological issues among breast cancer patients, and an uncommonly described type of breast cancer.Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women after skin cancer . New advIt is well known that the socioeconomic status of all cancer patients contributes to the availability of care and time of diagnosis, with many of these patients less likely to have the resources for regular screening. The study provided by Jensen et al.  examinedMedicina also showcases the considerable progress and continued innovation in oncoplastic reconstruction. Numerous techniques including autologous and implant reconstructions are available and widely used. The study by Sisti et al. [This Special Issue of i et al.  offers ai et al. ). These Finally, the case report by Nanev et al.  shows thThe papers published in this Special Issue showcase the continued need to approach breast cancer in a multidisciplinary fashion. The collaborative contributions reinforce that there is much to learn about the scientific and social aspects that affect breast cancer.


Gambling is a widely accessible form of consumption across numerous jurisdictions around the world Orford, , with itvia the fresh start mindset measurement were found on outcomes including the participants' attitude to the advertisement, their likelihood to buy the sunglasses in the advertisement, and the log-transformed value of the amount they were willing to pay for the sunglasses (Price et al., The fresh start mindset is “defined as a belief that people can make a new start, get a new beginning, and chart a new course in life, regardless of past or present circumstances” (Price et al., Given the evidence discussed above, the fresh start mindset could be utilized in successful ways to counter gambling consumption harms. Specifically, when designing campaigns to promote those products or services which aim to reduce or prevent gambling consumption harms, marketers should consider when or how to potentially increase the likelihood of the fresh start mindset activation among their target customers. Dai et al.  discoverThe concept of busy mindset refers to the subjective perception of oneself as busy (Kim et al., Self-control issues are considered to be “at the heart of problem gambling” (Bergen et al., He and Cunha  argued tA preference for the default situation or the status quo seems to be present in consumers who experience negative impacts associated with gambling, with only a small percentage or a minority of pathological gamblers seeking help or treatment (Braun et al., Research on gambling consumption harms has been gaining momentum in recent years (e.g., Li et al., EL: conceptualization. EL and HT: drafting. EL, MB, and MR: critical revisions. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.HT was supported by the funding from CQUniversity's Enrich Research Employment Initiative when working on this manuscript.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


In the recent article by Andersen et al. , the worThe authors apologize for the error.


Self-poisoning using pesticides is among the major methods of suicide worldwide, and accounts for one-fifth of suicides in 2006–2010 in South Korea. We investigated long-term trends in pesticide suicide rates in South Korea and factors related to these trends.We calculated age-standardised rates of pesticide suicide in South Korea (1983–2014) using registered death data. We used graphical approach and joinpoint regression analysis to examine secular trends in pesticide suicide by sex, age and area, and a time-series analysis to investigate association of pesticide suicide rate with socioeconomic and agriculture-related factors. Age, period and cohort effects were examined using the intrinsic estimator method.Age-standardised rate of pesticide suicide fluctuated between 1983 and 2000 before it markedly increased in 2000–2003 , followed by a gradual fall  in 2003–2011. Following the paraquat ban (2011–2012), there was a marked reduction  in 2011–2014. Trend in pesticide suicide was associated with divorce rate but not with other factors studied. Declines in pesticide suicide in 2003–2011 were most noticeable in younger groups and metropolises; by contrast, elderly adults aged 70+ living in rural areas showed an upward trend until after the 2011–2012 paraquat ban, when it turned downward. In the age–period–cohort modelling, having been born between 1938 and 1947 was associated with higher pesticide suicide rates.Pesticide suicide trend changed substantially in South Korea over the last three decades. Effective prevention should include close monitoring of trends and strong regulations of toxic pesticides. In 2012, an estimated 804 000 suicide deaths occurred worldwide, representing an annual global age-standardised suicide rate of 11.4 per 100 000 population .Pesticide self-poisoning is a major contributor to the global burden of suicide . Our analyses used cause-of-death data from 1983 onwards, as this is the first year for which suicide data stratified by sex and age are available. These registered death data included information on age, sex, area of residence and date of death. The cause of death is coded using the International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision (ICD-10); suicides by pesticide poisoning were identified using code X68. The year 1991 was the earliest year for which complete individual-level mortality data were available. Aggregate mortality data were available before 1991, but they were not stratified by area. Therefore, the analyses of area-specific trends in pesticide suicides were restricted to the period from 1991 to 2014. Because some pesticide suicides may have been misclassified as deaths due to other causes, including undetermined death by pesticide poisoning (Y18); accident by pesticide poisoning (X48); and suicide (X69), undetermined death (Y19) and accident (X49) by poisoning using unspecified chemicals  were provided by Statistics Korea (http://kostat.go.kr). Estimated values for other years during the study period were based on linear interpolation. Information on paraquat regulations was included because paraquat is the most commonly involved pesticide in intentional pesticide poisoning. Information on paraquat regulations were obtained from the Korea Rural Development Administration (http://www.rda.go.kr). In South Korea, the re-registration of paraquat was cancelled from the end of November in 2011 and its sale was completely banned from the end of October in 2012. Information on potential risk factors for suicide such as unemployment rate , dependency ratio (ratio of the number of people aged 0–14 years plus the number aged 65 years and over to the number aged 15–64 years) and divorce rate (number of divorces per 1000 population) were collected from Statistics Korea. These socioeconomic factors have shown an association with overall suicide rates in South Korea  world standard population  was used to estimate the annual percent change for linear trends and the location of joinpoints as well as their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).We used graphical approaches and joinpoint regression analysis to investigate trends in overall pesticide suicide rates and rates by sex, age and area. Joinpoint regression analysis allowed the identification of possible underlying trends comprising linear segments and ‘joinpoints’,  and five times  higher in males and females, respectively, than that for all ages combined. After a decline in pesticide suicide mortality from 1983 to 1987, period effects increased over the next two decades, peaking between 2003 and 2007 , which was then followed by a marked fall from 2008 to 2014 in both sexes. The cohort effects were highest between the 1920s and 1960s, peaking in the cohorts born between 1938 and 1942 for males  and between 1943 and 1947 for females .The contributions of age, period and cohort effects on observed pesticide suicide trends, controlling simultaneously for all three parameters, are shown in Pesticide suicide rates changed markedly over the last 30 years in South Korea. The age-standardised pesticide suicide mortality rate fluctuated between 1983 and 2000 before markedly increasing from 2000 to 2003, peaking at 9.2 per 100 000 in 2004; it gradually decreased afterwards and rapidly declined following the 2011–2012 ban of paraquat. Pesticide suicide rates were higher in males than they were in females, increased with age, and were higher in rural than they were in non-rural areas. The increase in pesticide suicides before the mid-2000s was greatest in elderly adults aged 70+ years. Pesticide suicide rates decreased in most sex/age groups across all areas after the mid-2000s, but they continued increasing among elderly adults living in rural areas, among whom the 2011–2012 paraquat ban also had the largest impact on pesticide suicide trends. From the age–period–cohort analysis, there was a peak in the generation born between 1938 and 1947 and the relative risk was nearly three times the risk of all birth cohorts combined, independent of period and age effects.et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., The increase in pesticide suicides in the 2000s in South Korea is unique compared with other industrialised Asian countries such as Japan (Kim et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., The rise in pesticide suicides before the mid-2000s was most prominent among elderly adults. South Korea's increasing suicide rates since the 1990s was previously found to be most prominent in older people (Kim et al., et al., et al., The finding that the abrupt increase in pesticide suicide rates from around 2000 was moderated in the sensitivity analysis, which included data on pesticide suicide cases that were possibly misclassified, indicates that an improvement in the quality and comprehensiveness of suicide data around 2000 might have contributed to the increase in pesticide suicide rates. Certified pesticide suicides markedly increased from 2000 to 2003 in South Korea, which was a continuation of a previous upward trend from 1991 when we included possible misclassified pesticide suicides (Cha et al., et al., et al., et al., A decrease in pesticide suicide rates was observed in South Korea from 2004 to 2011, particularly among people living in metropolises and cities and in those aged below 70 years. However, this decrease was accompanied by a rise in use of hanging, particularly in females aged 20–59 years (Jee and Jo, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., The finding that the paraquat ban influenced pesticide suicide trends was consistent with findings from previous analyses using data up to 2013 (Cha et al., Males are generally more vulnerable to suicide risk than females and male suicide rates were more sensitive to socioeconomic factors than female rates Girard, . The fluet al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., The results from the age–period–cohort analysis were somewhat different from those of previous studies on overall suicides in South Korea (Lee, We have conducted in-depth analyses such as joinpoint regression analysis, Prais–Winsten regression and age–period–cohort analysis to identify underlying trends and the factors that may have affected the trends in pesticide suicides in South Korea. The limitations of the study include the ecological design, the linear trend assumption of joinpoint and Prais–Winsten regression analyses, and the unavailability of data pertaining to other potential risk factors for suicide.In conclusion, pesticide suicide trends changed substantially in South Korea over the last three decades and varied across demographic groups. In particular, the ban on paraquat appeared to be the most effective approach to reducing suicide in the male elderly population, who were at high risk of pesticide suicide. Therefore, strong regulations on toxic pesticides may help ameliorate the very high rates of suicide mortality observed in this population.


World Journal of Surgical Oncology by Liu et al. With this study, authors evaluated diagnostic accuracy of Xpert bladder cancer monitor in detecting recurrences. With this article, we highlight the strengths and limitations of the study.This article is a commentary on an article published in  Sir,I have reservations over inclusion of study by Valenberg et al. , as thisStudy authors have pooled overall data of study by Wallace et al.  that incLastly, use of different gold standard techniques by different studies is yet another limitation of this study which needs to be highlighted. Subgroup analysis according to the gold standard modality could also be performed.I read an article published by Liu et al.  in the FTo conclude, the results of this study need to interpret with caution due to abovementioned limitations and if possible needs revision for above mentioned points as they have potential to change the overall results.


Measurements of protein dense phases reveal the presence of highly ordered protein nanostructures. Such phases may be candidates for structural biology measurements on next-generation instruments for molecules that are difficult or impossible to crystallize. Acta Crystallographica Section F. This is far from an easy process, and when it succeeds there is an enormous variety in the size, shape and order found within these crystals (Svensson et al., 2019et al., 2021et al., 2015Methods to coax macromolecules into ordered lattices are bread and butter to the readers of et al., 2011et al., 2021et al., 2020The dense phases that proteins form during the crystallization process of salting-out have been largely ignored with respect to their macrostructure. The rise of the XFELs (Chapman While the number of examples is still perhaps limited, this study clearly shows that protein gels tend to contain microstructures. This can therefore be exploited to gain structural insights into systems that have proved difficult to crystallize and may shed light on the processes of crystallization itself. We look forward to seeing the first diffraction images from these fascinating protein phases.


We conducted an integrative review of the global-free maternity (FM) policies and evaluated the quality of care (QoC) and cost and cost implications to provide lessons for universal health coverage (UHC).Using integrative review methods proposed by Whittemore and Knafl , we searForty-three studies that met the criteria were all from developing countries and had implemented different approaches of FM policy. Review findings demonstrated that some of the quality issues hindering the policies were poor management of complications, worsened referral systems, overburdening of staff because of increased utilisation, lack of transport, and low supply of stock. There were some quality improvements on monitoring vital signs by nurses and some procedures met the recommended standards. Equally, mothers still bear the burden of some costs such as the purchase of drugs, transport, informal payments despite policies being ‘free’.FM policies can reduce the financial burden on the households if well implemented and sustainably funded. Besides, they may also contribute to a decline in inequity between the rich and poor though not independently. In order to achieve the SDG goal of UHC by 2030, there is a need to promote awareness of the policy to the poor and disadvantaged women in rural areas to help narrow the inequality gap on utilisation and provide a sustainable form of transport through collaboration with partners to help reduce impoverishment of households. Also, there is a need to address elements such as cultural barriers and the role of traditional birth attendants which hinder women from seeking skilled care even when they are freely available. The review complements the findings on the utilisation of services under FM policies – links with existing literature on utilisation because many prior analyses have mainly focused on comparing the changes in utilisation of services before and after the implementation of the free policies  and the cost implications about policy and practice that legislate for the free global maternity care?What lessons can we learn from the global FM policy to support the achievement of UHC?The review answers the following questions:et al., The study utilised the integrative literature review, which allows for the synthesis of several streams of literature  but not the quality or cost of the free maternal healthcare policy. First, all titles were screened for eligibility. Second, studies that met eligibility had their abstract further screened for eligibility after which full texts were screened for those studies that meet the eligibility criteria. All articles were included irrespective of the date. Figure et al., et al., In this review, we did not do meta-analysis because there was much heterogeneity in the studies. We applied a mix of validated critical quality appraisal techniques .Additional file 1. The quality appraisal of 21 studies included in the review was rated as high because they reported sufficient details about the FM policy and highlighted robust methodologies with findings according to the appraisal tools used  and LMIC countries  as an influencer or a hinder to the achievement of QoC (Chama-Chiliba and Koch, This section reports on the elements of cost of maternal care from the perspective of the managers, service providers, and users through thematic analysis.et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Twenty-three of the reviewed studies showed that households in different countries still bear the burden of OOP expenditure despite the implementation of FM policies (Nahar and Costello, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., The OOP paid by the households differed based on type and complexity of delivery (Nahar and Costello, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Five studies highlighted the element of catastrophic expenditure (Witter et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Nine studies highlighted the financial effects free policies had on the facilities (Witter et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Health facilities in Ghana reported experiencing delayed reimbursement of funds meant for the free services and were thus faced with inadequate supplies and higher OOP for patients (Dalinjong et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., The review had mixed findings on informal payments from eight studies (Khan, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Eight studies highlighted the survival tactics that families were adapting to meet the OOP (Nahar and Costello, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Eleven studies showed that despite the policies being free or were subsidised to mothers, there was a difference in the benefits received based on wealth categories (Khan, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Only four studies highlighted concepts of the overall expenditure of the policy (Witter To the best of our understanding, this is first integrative review that has been done to analyse the effects of the FM policies on the quality and cost outcomes. The study reviewed the roles of FM policies on aspects of provision and experience of QoC following into the WHO standards for improving maternal and child health (World Health Organisation, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., There is adequate evidence to show that the policies have significantly played a role in improving the elements of provision of quality care. Our findings reveal that FM policies are associated with positive outcomes of evidence-based practices such as improved screening for key diseases such as syphilis and HIV in pregnancy, measuring vital statistics at ANC, reducing perinatal complications, and improving immunisation. The outcomes are in line with the achievement of SDG goals 3.1 and 3.2 (United Nations Development Programme, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., The experience of care by the women, who are the target of the FM policies, is significant. Our findings show that the women’s positive cumulative experience, while utilising the services under the FM policies, could encourage them to either return for subsequent delivery or impel them to seek care elsewhere. Due to the ripple effect created by good word of mouth based of good experience, others could be encouraged to seek care. FM policies are likely to successfully boost the women’s experience through excellent communication between HCWs and the mothers, which would eventually translate to the perception of respect, preservation of dignity, and feeling of sufficient emotional support (Hulton et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., There are two elements: HCWs and essential resources, which are cross-cutting on provision and experience of care. Our results have shown that HCWs play a significant role; thus, their competence and motivations, although affected by several factors, allow for the provision of better routine care under the FM policies. The motivation of HCWs is multi-faceted and has been studied by several authors (Sato et al., The review revealed that TBAs still play an essential role in society, and some women prefer them to midwives in hospitals despite FM policies. TBAs have the potential to alter the intended progress envisaged by most FM policies; hence, there is a need to involve them intelligently. Some of the TBAs are retired nurses and women prefer them because they provide better personal relationships and individualised attention during birth which many hospitals lack because of the increased number of deliveries because of the free policies. Other research has shown that some pregnant mothers perceive hospital staff and services poorly hence choose to deliver through the support of TBA (Oyerinde et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Our review elucidated adequate evidence of the financial implications of the FM policies on patients, providers and managers, and facilities. While the goals of the policy are to improve access to skilled birth and protect mothers from financial catastrophe, the review has shown that the free policies have, in most cases, reduced family expenditure on healthcare; however, they have not eliminated OOP payment. OOP payments from patients worsened the equity gap and hindered access (Abel-Smith and Rawal, Several studies have used different designs to show the gaps in QoC and outcomes and changes in the cost accompanying FM policies but have not shown whether the policies are the cause. Therefore, we propose that mixed-method studies or econometrics studies with intervention and control groups could be used to fully attribute the policies to changes in quality and cost of care. Also, with the debate around UHC taking shape, more political economy studies could be conducted to evaluate potential factors and designs of FM policies that can maximise on the QoC, utilisation, and cost through effective coverage measure.There are some limitations of the evidence from the review. For instance, our analysis was descriptive in nature, and alternate methods such as meta-analysis were not possible due to policy interventions, multiple outcomes, and the heterogeneity of studies. Also, we reviewed all studies without prior limitations of dates till 2018. There is a possibility that some studies related to our subject may have been published after 2018, but we wanted to focus on the period that captures best the discourse of initiation of UHC. Equally, some FM policies may have changed in design throughout the pilot periods or implementations, and we wanted to limit the heterogeneity.There is a gap in quality care and outcomes of the FM policies that can adequately be reduced if the design of the policies actively invests in quality as significant objective rather than just enhancing utilisation. The policies can reduce the financial burden of the households if well implemented and sustainably funded. Besides, they may also contribute to the relative decline in inequity between the rich and poor though not independently. In order to achieve the SDG and UHC goals that seek to ensure that everyone who requires healthcare is able to access quality service without suffering catastrophic expenditure, our study proposes the following Table .


After more than 50 years from the original description, the modified Bentall procedure (MBP) still represents the gold-standard treatment for patients with aneurysms of the ascending aorta and with an aortic valve not amenable to repair.AORTA, Kasai et alIn the February 2020 issue ofKasai et al


Meanwhile, Alexi et al. describe an assessment of the use of synthetic (computer-generated) body stimuli in measuring body size estimation, replicating the serial dependence effect that they previously demonstrated with photos of human bodies. D'Amour and Harris present a novel method of measuring body size estimation at various viewpoint angles using a psychophysical staircase procedure. In particular, their technique purports to measure the brain's representation of the participant's own body.The articles in this Research Topic can be grouped into several overlapping themes. A number of articles are concerned with establishing effective and rigorous systems of measurement for the various aspects of behavior connected with body image disturbance. Brooks et al.). This article observes the paradox that the same terminology (body size overestimation) is often used to describe opposite patterns of results by scientists with clinical vs. perceptual psychology backgrounds . Consideration of the assumptions of these sub-disciplines and the type of representations that they believe to be distorted can explain this paradox. The adaptation paradigm, which exposes participants to extreme bodies to cause a bias in size and shape judgements for subsequently seen bodies, is applied in several papers. Ambroziak et al. present a study investigating the locus of the adaptation effect, i.e., whether it affects the perception of the experimental stimuli or the stored representation with which these are compared. Brooks et al. and Gould-Fensom et al. employ this paradigm in investigating the neural representation of body adiposity for different genders or ethnicities, respectively. Brooks et al. demonstrated that body size aftereffects do not transfer completely between male and female bodies, suggesting that the neural populations responsible for body size estimation are somewhat selective for gender. However, Gould-Fensom et al. showed complete transfer of the effect between the bodies of Australians of European descent and Malaysians of Asian descent, suggesting that these neurons are not selective for ethnicity. In addition, this paper reminds us of the importance of including non-WEIRD populations in research on body image and chimes with recent evidence that adaptation effects themselves are not culturally or racially bounded, with ethnically diverse samples in low-media contexts still showing typical aftereffects from viewing high or low weight bodies  bodies is influenced by the presence of faces when visible. This “inversion effect” is also shown by Nazareth et al., for brief (17 ms) stimuli, when asked to identify human (vs. non-human) body stimuli, and is thought to indicate holistic processing for upright, but not for inverted stimuli. Although, Axelson et al. demonstrate body inversion effects even when faces are not visible, these effects increase when faces are present, suggesting a significant influence of faces on holistic processing for bodies. Ritter et al. also investigate the perception of faces, specifically the presence of an inversion effect for those diagnosed with Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) compared with healthy controls. Although the BDD group were hypothesized to be less holistic in their processing of face stimuli, suggesting a reduced inversion effect, these participants showed no such abnormalities. Face perception is again central to Shi et al., who highlight the facial appearance dissatisfaction of those scheduled to undergo orthognathic (jaw) surgery to address a visible difference.The perception of body posture is tested further by Cass et al. use a visual search task to investigate attention as a function of observer body size, demonstrating biases toward bodies matching the observer's own in terms of BMI. Meanwhile, Kim et al.'s approach involves eye movement recording to establish the effects of observing thin-ideal images on restrained eaters' attention to pictures of food. In particular, restrained eaters who scored highly on neuroticism showed increased vigilance for food. Engel et al. use a dot probe task to investigate the possibility that attentional training may redirect participants' tendencies to focus on positive or negative parts of their own bodies. As attentional biases to positive/negative body parts were not clear at baseline, abolition of those biases was not possible. However, it remains to be seen whether an intervention such as this might be effective amongst those with more significant body image concerns .The link between attention and either the perceptual or attitudinal aspects of body image has been a topic of broad interest in recent years  women in urban and high-income populations. In that context, Sánchez-Cabrero et al. make an important step in further broadening the diversity of the literature by demonstrating the effectiveness of a body dissatisfaction intervention—the IMAGINA program—for a frequently overlooked group: older people. For all the elegance and rigor of basic science investigations, of which there are many in this collection, these translational studies are a reminder of the eventual goal of increasing our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of body image—to make people's lives better. Furthermore, that mission must include the full range of those affected by the appearance pressures to which our distorted perceptual experience gives rise.Interventions to improve the attitudinal aspects of body image are the subject of several additional articles in this Research Topic. As Cash and Smolak  commenteKB wrote the original draft. LB, JB, and IS contributed important written material, edited the manuscript, and approved the final draft. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


How do you find out whether rhythm control is the right strategy for your patient?Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a disease of advanced age and thus more common in an ageing population In this issue of the International Journal of Cardiology Heart & Vasculature, Hermans et al. This study provides some interesting insights that question the utility of ECV for symptom-rhythm correlation. In contrast to catheter ablation, ECV did not result in a significant symptom relief Hermans et al. are commended for evaluating the concept of ECV with a later outpatient follow-up In the last decades, several major rate versus rhythm control studies  came to the same conclusion: rhythm control was not superior in terms of morbidity or mortality and rate control was a legitimate primary treatment option Similar to previous studies the study by Hermans et al. confirms that SR correlates with relief, but AF recurrence after ECV is common in > 50% of the patients Hermans et al.


In the original article, there was an error. We incorrectly stated that “…in the case of parchment documents and leather objects, this method was used only by one group of researchers  were also previously detected on collagenous materials in many studies with the use of clone libraries construction, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and microscopic methods . The culture-independent molecular methods ensured detection of more fungal taxa than culture-based molecular ones, which is consistent with results of analyses carried out by Wu et al. (“There are not many new scientific reports describing microbiological analyses of historical leather objects. Most of them are related to other collagen-based materials such as parchment. Strzelczyk and Karbowska-Berent  and Strzu et al. .”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Boyle et al. discuss the development and implementation of a Virtual Objective Structured Clinical Examination due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown precluding face-to-face Objective Structured Clinical Examinations, something we too as clinical medical students studying at University College London have experienced. We commend Boyle et al. for promptly creating and delivering this assessment. However, we believe this style of assessment has the potential to exacerbate the ethnic and social inequalities that currently exist within medical education. Going forward, it is imperative that the home environment is considered in an attempt to level the playing field. Dear Editor,We read with great interest the article by Boyle et al.  regardinWe commend Boyle et al.  for theiWe understand that this format of examination was a temporary measure put in place due to the COVID-19 pandemic. If this style of assessment was to be utilised again, medical schools would have longer than Boyle et al. . Followi


This is an account of the crucial role played by a strong local Aboriginal workforce in health care delivery. We report on the personal experience of dedicated Aboriginal health professionals across Western Australia. Their understanding of what has worked in the provision of primary health care in their communities emphasises the importance of strong, local collaboration in the development of effective prevention programmes at a community level. The Strategy is focused on Aboriginal children aged 0–5 years. It recognises that for the prevention and treatment of ear disease to improve, agencies and service providers need to avoid duplication, and to adopt a consistent evidence-based approach to service provision ’ and ‘exercise regularly’ are not emphasised enough and are generally undervalued. They are often not understood by Aboriginal community members and therefore have limited impact. The final recommendations of the Working Group suggest ways to address this deficiency by stressing the importance of leadership by local Aboriginal health and education professionals in community-based prevention programmes  provided an evidence-based outline of their approach and experience of what has worked in their respective roles. The authors who are senior Aboriginal Health Workers also shared their stories and experiences of how they have been enabled, what has worked and what has not worked.et al. It was clear that the Indigenous PHC model proposed  was consistent with the ideas put forward by the group members.The first author also conducted a preliminary review of literature on PHC in Aboriginal Australia and was impressed by a 2018 scoping review conducted by Harfield et al., et al., et al., The collaborative approach taken by the Working Group is linked to the growing body of literature around opening up methods of working and learning together across the cultural divide  have been consistent in developing Aboriginal programme leadership, we have found this is not always the case for all health providers. Unfortunately, from personal experience, the majority of Aboriginal health professionals are not in senior positions within the health care system.et al. (Jongen et al., et al., et al., This experience is reiterated by Jongen et al.,As a consequence, Aboriginal team members are seldom involved in the planning of health care programmes (Fogarty et al. (et al., These messages and observations from across Western Australia are consistent with principles of the Indigenous PHC service delivery model proposed by Harfield et al.  and refl et al., . These net al., et al., et al., The impact of colonisation has had a profound influence on loss of traditional knowledge of health and wellbeing, ways of caring for country and loss of Indigenous languages Malcolm, . Other rBy integrating learnings that we have learned from our Aboriginal colleagues, we could make progress towards a collaborative service delivery approach. Such a model would integrate cultural values into its design and delivery, ultimately improving engagement with Aboriginal families.We acknowledge that the opinions of our Aboriginal informants cannot be simply generalised.Primary prevention programmes for health and wellbeing in Aboriginal communities should be given greater importance if we are to successfully reduce the impact of diseases of childhood. We argue that prevention programmes require Aboriginal leadership and greater collaboration to ensure that cultural values and practices are embedded in the delivery of PHC. Most importantly, we argue for the inclusion of culture in PHC programmes, acknowledging local diversity, and stress the importance of Aboriginal leadership, integrating their wisdom, experience, and understanding of Aboriginal families and their communities.et al. (et al. (Our findings from discussions with Aboriginal health professionals and their managers are consistent with the recommendations of Harfield et al. . We conc (et al. , that th