Edwardsiella piscicida-like species is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobe that causes disease in some fish species. In this report, we present the complete and annotated genome of isolate LADL05-105, recovered from cultured tilapia reared in Louisiana, which contains a chromosome of 4,142,037 bp and no plasmids.An  Edwardsiella, first recognized in the 1960s  was designated the type strain of the recently proposed taxon, E. anguillarum sp. nov.  and Pacific Biosciences (Pac-Bio) (113× coverage). The PBcR module of wgs-8.2beta (Celera) (Genomic DNA from (Celera) , 10 was (Celera) .The circularized and completed genome was submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information Prokaryotic Genomes Annotation Pipeline (PGAP) for annotation and submission to GenBank. The genome data was also subjected to RAST , 14 annoE. piscicida-like species genome consists of one circular chromosome with 4,142,037 bp and 58.8% GC content. PGAP annotation predicted 3,686 genes encoding 3,159 proteins and 99 tRNAs. RNAmmer (http://enve-omics.ce.gatech.edu/ani). The complete genome of LADL05-105 shares an ANI of 99.84% with Edwardsiella strain 080813, which was recently proposed as the type strain for Edwardsiella anguillarum sp. nov. (GenBank accession no. CP006664) (E. piscicida-like sp. isolate EA181011 (GenBank accession no. CP011364) (E. piscicida isolate C07-087 (GenBank accession no. CP004141)  (E. tarda isolate FL95-01 (GenBank accession no. CP011359)  , 94.39% P001600) , and 84.P011359) . These AEdwardsiella piscicida-like sp. isolate LADL05-105 has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number CP011516.The complete genome sequence for


Controlling MRSA has been a challenge for Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), particularly after the introduction of ST228 SCCmecI hyperendemic clone in 1999.To describe HUG’s secular trends of MRSA, infection control measures and predominant MRSA clones using Staphylococcal chromosomic cassettes (SCCmec) genotyping.nd HHC, periodic audits and feedback (2006). The intensive care unit performed MRSA screening on admission, discharge and weekly since 2004. Surveillance included: (1) incidence rates (IR) of hospital acquired (HA)-MRSA infection or colonization; (2) HA-MRSA bloodstream infections (BSI); (3) proportion of MRSA/S. aureus BSI; (4) IR of MRSA clinical cultures (CC); (5) proportion of SCCmec in MRSA strains, assessed by routine multiplex PCR assay. Representative isolates were grouped in MLVA clusters to evaluate genomic diversity and subjected to MLST.A multifaceted MRSA prevention program initiated in 1993 included patient screening, decontamination, surveillance, contact isolation, an alert system and a hospital-wide hand hygiene campaign (HHC); subsequently strengthened by: an educational campaign (2003), routine MRSA SCCmec genotyping (2005), a 2S. aureus BSI remained around 34% (2000-2009), declining to 18% (2014). SCCmecI strains declined from 83% (2005) to 32% (2014); SCCmecII and SCCmecIV were higher in non-acute settings.At HUG, from 2000-2014, 12,543 patients were MRSA-colonized or infected . From 2000-2007, annual rates of all indicators showed an increasing trend, declining since 2008. New HA-MRSA cases per 100 admissions increased from 1.36 to 2.00 (2006), and then declined to 0.29 (2014). Trends expressed by incidence density of cases per 1000 hospital-days: HA-MRSA, from 0.92 to 1.36 (2007) to 0.21 (2014); ICU-acquired HA-MRSA from 2.3 (2002) to 10.5 (2006) to 1.31 (2014); MRSA-CC rates from 0.68 to 1.44 (2008), to 0.24 (2014); HA-BSI from 0.049 to 0.07 (2009), to 0.016 (2014). The proportion of MRSA/A multifaceted prevention program and possible changes in biologic fitness of the ST228 SCCmecI clone helped to decrease endemic MRSA rates for the last 7 years.None declared.


In sepsis, impaired function and loss of antigen-presenting cells are observed in secondary lymphoid organs , the sitTo study seven-day lymphocyte and immunoglobulin trajectory, alterations in B cell subsets and potential mechanisms in septic ICU patients.9/L, respectively.Adults with severe sepsis from community-acquired infections without documented immunosuppression were enrolled. Hypogammaglobulinaemia and absolute lymphopenia were defined as IgG < 6.1, IgM < 0.4, IgA < 0.8 g/L and lymphocytes < 1.2 × 10Flow cytometry [FACScalibur [BD Biosciences]; FlowJo software,] was used for:Identifying naïve, transitional, IgM, IgG and IgA memory and plasmablasts using anti-human CD19-PerCpCy5.5, IgG-APC H7, IgM-V450, CD24-PeCy7 [all BD Biosciences], IgA-FITC, CD38-PE, Annexin V Apoptosis detection set PE-Cy7 [all eBioscience] and live-dead stain [Invitrogen]. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA .FMO and isotype controls were used to define population gates.B cell survival ligands  were measured using ELISA.® Human Apoptosis Array; false discovery rate = 5%].Differentially expressed genes in sepsis are reported  and T [100%] lymphocyte counts. Trajectory of significantly higher increment immunoglobulins and lymphocyte counts occur earlier in survivors compared to non-survivors.In sepsis  there wasPreferential apoptotic loss of memory B cells and plasmablasts, with apoptotic cells showing higher phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases [p-ERK fluorescence], but no differences in the phosphorylated B cell receptor linked kinases  and protein kinase B.BAFF/APRIL levels were normal.Fas and bcl-2 apoptosis regulator genes were up regulated.In sepsis, activation-associated B cell apoptosis and changes in secondary lymphoid organs deplete B cell memory and contribute to long-term immunosuppression in survivors.UK NIHR, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy´s and St Thomas´ NHS Trust & King´s College London


Recent nationwide shortages of low-calcium formula (LCF) suggest this problem may be widespread. CYP24A1 mutations have been identified as a potential cause of IIH.Consultations for infantile hypercalcaemia (IIH) have increased at Sydney Children’s Hospital since guidelines for vitamin DTo determine if IIH is occurring more commonly, de-identified, first-measured serum calcium from all infants <6 months (n=5796) measured in our laboratory, were grouped by years 2005-2007 (n=1516), 2008-2010 (n=1945) and 2011-2013 (n=2335). In addition, we analysed 13 infants treated by our department for idiopathic infantile hypercalcaemia (IIH) from 2011-2013.2P<0.001). Rates of hypocalcaemia (<2.25mmol/L) fell steadily . Twelve mothers of our 13 infants with IIH received antenatal vitamin D3 supplementation. One infant also received 400 units/day Vitamin D3 post-natally. At diagnosis, median age was 13 days (range 4-50), 77% were breast-fed, 54% were symptomatic and 25% had nephrocalcinosis. Median initial calcium was 3.00mmol/L (range 2.84-4.03) and phosphate 2.04mmol/L (1.1-3.33). PTH was not elevated (median 1.0pmol/L [<0.3-3.1]), urinary calcium: creatinine ratio not suppressed , 25OHVitD low-normal (median 44nmol/L [17-218]) and 1,25(OH)2VitD elevated (median 232pmol/L [64-720]), in keeping with an abnormality in CYP24A1. In 7/10 infants with data available, treated with LCF for median 95 days (range 25-310), median PTH rose to 17.1pmol/L  with a trend to lower 25OHVit D  despite continued high-normal calcium levels (median 2.66mmol/L [2.11-2.75]).Rates of hypercalcaemia (>2.75mmol/L) increased from 2011 (1.1% vs 1.3% vs 8.7%, χ3 supplementation as an aetiological factor. IIH was associated with significant morbidity, including symptomatic hypercalcaemia and nephrocalcinosis. Treatment with LCF prevented further symptomatic hypercalcaemia, but resulted in elevated PTH. The biochemistry of our patients with IIH raises variations in Vitamin D metabolism or calcium set-point as potential associated factors.Concurrent changes in rates of hyper and hypo-calcaemia suggest antenatal vitamin D


A range of cytokines are altered during sepsis. Multiplex analysis of inflammatory mediators makes it easier to study a larger range of mediators, and combined with newer bioinformatical tools , this has the potential to bring new knowledge of the inflammatory process during sepsis.To investigate if there are differences in expression of multiple inflammatory mediators between septic patients with and without bacteraemia during the initial phase of hospitalization, in order to identify bacteraemic patients.All together 80 adult, immunocompetent patients with sepsis and confirmed bacterial infection were included prospectively at Haukeland University Hospital during the first 24 hours of hospitalization at the HDU, ICU or medical department. Luminex analysis of plasma was used to analyse 35 mediators; 16 cytokines, 6 growth factors, 4 adhesion molecules and 9 matrix metalloproteinases/ tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Mann-Whitney U-test were used analysing differences between the two groups were we examined both p-values with (< 0.0014) and without (p < 0.05) Bonferronis correction. We performed unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the five statistically most significant mediators using J-express software.In 41 patients (51%) a positive blood culture was found, while the remaining 39 (49%) had proven bacterial cause by confirmed by other tests. Among these, 37 were gramnegative, 39 were grampositive, while 4 patients had mixed infections.We found that 16 of 35 mediators showed statistical differences between bacteraemic and non-bacteraemic patients; IL1ra (p = 0.0015), IL-10 (p = 0.0009), CCL2 (p = 0.0376), CCL4 (p < 0.0001), CCL5 (p = 0.0376), CXCL8 (p = 0.0026), CXCL11 (p = 0.0468), TNFα (p < 0.0001), HGF (p = 0.0018), E-selectin (p = 0.0004), ICAM-1 (p = 0.0009), VCAM-1 (p < 0.0001), MMP-8 (p = 0.0311), TIMP-1 (p < 0.0001), TIMP-2 (p = 0.0054) and TIMP-4 (p = 0.0036).Using unsupervised hierarchical clustering (se figure), we found that the five mediators TNFα, CCL4, E-selectin, VCAM-1 and TIMP-1 gave a reasonable good discrimination of bacteraemia patients; the patients with bacteraemia were mostly clustered in two separate groups  showing higher levels of the mediators. Only 5 (12%) of the bacteraemic patients were clustered in the middle cluster, while most of the non-bacteraemia patients  were clustered in this group (Chi-square p < 0.0001).We find higher levels of inflammatory markers in sepsis patients with bacteraemia, and hierarchical clustering may aid early identification of patients with bacteraemia.Upper and lower cluster contains most bacteraemia patients (red) showing higher levels of inflammatory mediators (green). Middle cluster with lower levels of mediators (blue) contains most patients without bacteraemia. Mediators are clustered horizontally and patients vertically.


Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an increasingly common cause of chronic and recurrent esophageal symptoms with significant impact on quality of life. Allergic responses to food and aeroallergens have been implicated in the etiology of this disease.Clinical and sensitization profile characterization of an adult population with EoE diagnosis (EoEd) followed in our Immunoallergology Department.Retrospective study using our EoE database (2009-2014) of patients (pts) ≥ 18 years.Characterization of demographic, symptomatic, laboratorial , endoscopic and histological factors and sensitization profile .We included 25 patients (pts) ; median age of symptoms onset and diagnosis: 27(13-66) and 30(16-67) years respectively; average between symptoms onset and EoEd:27(1-180) months. Follow-up for 25.3±21.7(1-88) months. Reported symptoms-%pts: impaction-84,GERD-like symptoms 48, dysphagia-36, bloating-24, abdominal pain-16 and vomiting-12. Most frequent first symptom: impaction-48%pts. 60% of pts had personal history of atopy . Median peripheral Eos 388.8(40-980) and total IgE 163,8kU/L(5.6-436). The main baseline endoscopic findings (%pts): rings (43.5), furrows (26.1), hiatal hernia (21.7) and white plaques (21.7). 13% had microabcesses. After EoEd, allergic sensitization was identified in 88% pts ; food allergens ; mites (54.2); pollens (37.5). After therapeutic: all had symptomatic improved; 12.5% pts achieved Eos≤15/HPF in esophageal biopsy, all with food allergy who underwent dietary eviction.The first and the most frequent symptom was food impaction. The prevalence of allergic sensitization was high. The potential severity of the symptoms justifies the importance of recognition and management of the disease. A multidisciplinary evaluation is essential in the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic workup.


In 2012, 69.6% of adults aged ≥40 years who ever had a cardiovascular event (73.2% of men and 65.4% of women) were taking low-dose aspirin to prevent or control heart disease. Non-Hispanic white men (75.9%) were more likely to be taking low-dose aspirin compared with Hispanic (60.7%) and non-Hispanic black men (60.6%). No statistically significant differences were oberved among women by race/ethnicity.Source: National Health Interview Survey, 2012 data. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm.Reported by: Renee M. Gindi, PhD, iuz2@cdc.gov, 301-458-4502; Brian W. Ward, PhD.


Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses including MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-AChE activities.Seven new monoterpene phenyl ethers, namely micranthumnins A-G (Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s13659-013-0007-x and is accessible for authorized users. Supplementary material, approximately 4.23 MB.


There are errors in the “Oncomine data analysis” section of the Materials and Methods. It should read:Oncomine and CCLE data analysisUsmg5 copy number profiles in a large subset of cancer cell lines . In the dataset, the log2  values were analyzed. The number of DNA copies ) were calculated as advised in Oncomine instructions.We used the Oncomine Cancer Genomics Data Analysis tool [30] and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, CCLE [35] to mine Usmg5 copy number in cancers” section of the Results. It should read:There are errors in the “Usmg5 copy number in cancer cell linesUsmg5 copy number in a large panel of cell lines  of ll lines  Several There are errors in Usmg5 copy number in various cancer cell lines :R215. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-010766. Hu X, Stern HM, Ge L, O'Brien C, Haydu L, Honchell CD, Haverty PM et al. Genetic alterations and oncogenic pathways associated with breast cancer subtypes. Mol Cancer Res. 2009 Apr;7(4):511–22. doi: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-2367. Lu X, Zhang K, Van Sant C, Coon J, Semizarov D. An algorithm for classifying tumors based on genomic aberrations and selecting representative tumor models. BMC Med Genomics. 2010 Jun 22;3:23. doi: 10.1158/1541-778668.Olejniczak ET, Van Sant C, Anderson MG, Wang G, Tahir SK, Sauter G et al. Integrative genomic analysis of small-cell lung carcinoma reveals correlates of sensitivity to bcl-2 antagonists and uncovers novel chromosomal gains. Mol Cancer Res. 2007 Apr;5(4):331–9. Doi: 10.1172/JCI3712769. Sos ML, Michel K, Zander T, Weiss J, Frommolt P, Peifer M et al. Predicting drug susceptibility of non-small cell lung cancers based on genetic lesions. J Clin Invest. 2009; Jun;119(6):1727–40. doi:


Behçet's disease (BD) is an inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology, unanimously recognized as both autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease. Indeed many of its classical manifestations overlap with those of monogenic autoinflammatory disorders. Clinically disease is characterized by multiple organ involvement, in particular by the “triple symptom complex”, consisting of recurrent oral aphthosis, genital ulcers and recurrent bilateral uveitis. The abnormal activation of either innate and adaptive immunity, triggered by some microbial agents in genetically predisposed individuals, with consequent interaction of both T lymphocytes and activated neutrophils would seem to be involved in the disease onset. Therefore multiple cytokines may contribute to the pathological scenario of BD playing a pivotal role in the occurrence of the clinical manifestations.To determine serum levels of IL-8, IL-18, IFN-α2a, IL-6, IFN-γ, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL9 and serum amyloid-A (SAA) concentration in patients with BD, in comparison to healthy controls (HC), and to correlate their concentration with the status of disease activity.78 serum samples were collected from 58 BD patients . Serum cytokine levels of IL-8, IL-18, IFN-α2a, IL-6, IFN-γ, CXCL10, CXCL11 and CXCL9 were determined using a multiplex bead analysis as well as SAA was assessed by Enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay.In BD patients serum concentrations of IL-8 (p=0.0001), IL-18 (p=0.0058), IFN-α2a (p=0.0181) and IL-6 (p=0.0233) were significantly higher than in HC. When BD patients were divided into active and inactive group, IL-8 and IL-18 resulted higher in both active- (p=0.0001 and p=0.012 respectively) and inactive-BD (p=0.0001 and p=0.0128 respectively) than in HC, while IFN-α2a (p=0.0141) and IL-6 (p=0.0332) serum levels were significantly higher in active-BD than HC. Moreover, CXCL11 (p=0.0154) serum concentrations were significantly lower in inactive-BD than HC. We also compared serum cytokine profiles between BD patients with SAA serum levels ≤20 mg/L, >20 mg/L and HC. Interestingly, we observed that BD patients with SAA >20 mg/L showed higher levels of inflammatory markers than HC. Among these cytokines, IL-18, IFN-α2a and IL-6 were higher in BD group with SAA >20 mg/L than HC, whereas IL-8 and CXCL9 levels were higher than in patients with SAA ≤20 mg/L and HC.BD patients exhibit elevated levels of specific inflammatory mediators, especially during active disease periods and in those patients with SAA serum levels >20 mg/L, thus suggesting a possible role of SAA in the induction of BD inflammatory manifestations.


To determine the agreement of manual and semi-automatic (SA) diameter and volume measurements of nodules found in low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening.3) in 1,498 Dutch-Belgian NELSON trial participants were used. Extrapolated volume based on semi-automatic (SA) maximum diameter and mean of maximum transversal and perpendicular diameter were compared to SA volume measurements by Bland-Altman plots. Analyses were repeated by margin  and shape . In 100 randomly selected nodules, diameters were measured manually by two independent radiologists, and compared to the SA diameters.Baseline data of 2,240 solid intermediate-sized nodules (volume 50-500mmMedian participant age was 59-years (interquartile range:8), 14.2% were women. Compared to SA volume, volume extrapolated from SA mean or maximum diameter led to mean overestimation of 47.2% : 44.7-49.7%) and 85.1% (95%-CI:81.2-89.0%), respectively. For irregular and non-spherical nodules, mean overestimation was higher; 161.7% (95%-CI:131.7%-191.8%) and 168.9% (95%-CI:155.2%-182.5%), respectively. Manual diameter measurement overestimated SA maximum diameter by ≥10% in 44% (44/100) and underestimated by ≥10% in 18% (18/100) of the nodules. Using a 10-mm criterion for referral, SA maximum diameter measurements of indeterminate nodules would have led to direct referral in 7.9% (177/2240). Manual measurements would have led to 31% (31/100) referrals.The agreement between manual and SA diameter, as well as between volume extrapolated from SA diameter and SA volume is poor. Applying manual and SA diameter measurement in CT lung cancer screening leads to a substantial shift in nodule stratification compared to SA volume measurements.


HIV-infected patients show an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In the general population, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) appears to be an independent predictor of CVD. We aimed to study associations between Lp-PLA2 plasma levels and other risk factors for CVD in HIV patients.A cross-sectional, comparative study of two series of cases  was conducted. Eighty-seven percent HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), 72.4% with HIV-1 viral load <50 cop/mL. Inflammatory biomarkers  and internal carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured and CVD risk  was calculated. Univariate and multivariable associations between these variables were performed.HIV patients presented higher Lp-PLA2 levels [276.81 ng/mL (209.71–356.58)] than uninfected healthy controls [220.80 ng/mL (172.70–256.90)], p≤0.01. In univariate analysis of the global sample, only cigarette smoking was associated with higher Lp-PLA2 levels, p≤0.001. In HIV group, female and smoker patients showed higher Lp-PLA2 levels, p≤0.05. No significant association was found between Lp-PLA2 levels and another CVD risk factors, carotid IMT, Framingham and SCORE algorithms, ART, HIV-1 viral load neither and CD4+ T lymphocyte count. In multivariate analysis, cigarette smoking remained significantly associated with Lp-PLA2 levels .HIV-infected patients present higher Lp-PLA2 levels than healthy controls, and in this population, tobacco smoking is significantly associated with increased Lp-PLA2 levels. Smoking cessation should be a priority in CVD prevention in HIV-infected patients.


Edwardsiella tarda is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobe that has been isolated from fish, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals, including humans. This is a report of the complete and annotated genome of isolate FL95-01, recovered from channel catfish . Edwardsiella tarda is a Gram-negative intracellular facultative anaerobic bacteria infecting a wide range of avian, reptilian, fish, and mammalian hosts across the globe  and Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) (88× coverage) platforms. The longest 40× coverage PacBio reads were error-corrected with the remaining PacBio data using the PBcR module within Celera Assembler version 8.2 beta , 16. TheThe circularized and complete genome was submitted to the NCBI Prokaryotic Genomes Annotation Pipeline (PGAP) for annotation and submission to GenBank. Furthermore, the genome was submitted for RAST , 20 annoE. tarda genome consists of one circular chromosome with 3,620,701 bp and 57.3% GC content. PGAP annotation predicted 3,258 genes encoding 3,091 proteins and 101 tRNAs. RAST analysis predicted 505 subsystems with 3,318 coding sequences and 129 RNAs. RAST comparison of FL95-01 with Edwardsiella piscicida C07-087 showed 89 unique subsystems in FL95-01 related to carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall and capsule, and copper tolerance. Additionally, RNAmmer (http://enve-omics.ce.gatech.edu/ani). The complete genome of E. tarda isolate FL95-01 shares an ANI of 83.4% with E. piscicida isolate C07-087 (GenBank accession no. CP004141) (E. piscicida isolate 080813 (GenBank accession no. CP006664)   , and 83.P001600) . Edwardsiella tarda isolate FL95-01 has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number CP011359.The complete genome sequence for


Right atrial thrombus (RT) provides a rationale for anticoagulation and substrate for embolic events. CMR is well validated for thrombus detection, but has yet to be used to assess prevalence and predictors of RA thrombus among at risk cohorts.The population comprised consecutive patients with central venous catheters undergoing CMR at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center . Delayed enhancement CMR (inversion recovery GRE) was used to identify RT; defined as a right atrial (RA) mass with avascular tissue characteristics (non-enhancing) on "long TI" (600msec) DE-CMR. Cine-CMR (SSFP) was used to quantify cardiac structure and function, including RA and RV function and chamber size. Clinical indices were categorized based on medical record review. Echo (if performed within 14 days of CMR) was retrieved from image archives and independently read for RT. Clinical records were queried for documented pulmonary embolus (PE) within 60 days of CMR.2/m2, p= 0.94), RA end-systolic area , RV end-diastolic volume , and RVEF . Cancer diagnosis , catheter depth , age and gender (both p=NS) were similar between groups. Transthoracic echo, attained 4.1±3.8 days from CMR in 50% of the population, demonstrated high sensitivity (89%) but moderate specificity (75%) in relation to DE-CMR. Cine-CMR yielded similar sensitivity (82%) but improved specificity (97%) vs. the reference standard of DE-CMR (Table). 27% of patients (3/11) with RT on DE-CMR had PE; all occurred prior to DE-CMR (average of 14 days before). Conversely, no PEs occurred among patients without RT. Clinical embolic events were independent of RT size .50 cancer patients  with RA catheters were studied. CMR was performed for evaluation of a suspected RA mass (36%) or unrelated clinical indications (64%). RT was present in 22% (n=11); all had RT avascularity confirmed by dedicated "long TI" DE-CMR. Among affected patients, 63% had a solitary RT (36% multiple). Patients with RT had similar right-sided structure and function vs. those without RT based on RA end-diastolic area (10.2±3.5 vs. 10.2±2.1 cmCatheter associated RT occurs independently of right-sided structure or function, and is associated with clinical embolic events. Morphologic imaging by cine-CMR and echo provide limited diagnostic utility for RT as established by DE-CMR tissue characterization.None.


AbstractParatenetus Spinola are reviewed and a key is presented for their identification. Five species are recognized, P. gibbipennis Motschulsky, P. fuscus LeConte, P. punctatus Spinola and two sp. n., P. exutus  and P. texanus . Two syn. n. are proposed: P. cribratus Motschulsky, 1868 with P. gibbipennis Motschulsky, 1868 and P. crinitus Fall, 1907 with P. fuscus LeConte, 1850. A lectotype is selected for Paratenetus punctatus Spinola. A type species is designated for Storthephora Mäklin, 1875 .The North American (north of Mexico) species of the tenebrionid genus  Paratenetus was proposed by Spinola in Paratenetus lebasi from Colombia and Paratenetus punctatus from the United States of America. The last mentioned species was represented by three specimens originating from the collection of Baron Dejean who received them from John Eatton LeConte. Subsequently, the genus received very little attention. In North America, John Lawrence LeConte described a new species in Paratenetus in 1868 from the material he collected in Georgia. In The genus The purpose of this paper is to review the American species occurring north of Mexico and provide a key for their identification.The study is based on the examination of about 3110 specimens borrowed from the following collections: Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Reginald P. Webster.AFC American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York. Lee H. Herman.AMNH The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom. Maxwell Barclay.BMNH California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. David H. Kavanaugh.CAS Canadian Museum of Nature, Gatineau, Quebec. François Génier.CMN Canadian National Collection of Insects, Archnides and Nematodes, Ottawa, Ontario.CNC Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca, New York. James K. Liebherr.CUIC Department of Entomology, University of New Hampshire. Donald S. Chandler.DENH Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, New Mexico. Darren A. Pollock.ENMU Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida. Paul E. Skelley.FSCPageBreak Georgia Museum of Natural History, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. E. Richard Hoebeke.GMNH Gerard J. Hilchie Collection, Edmonton, Alberta.GHC Wallis-Roughley Museum of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Robert E. Roughley.JBWM Janet Ciegler Collection, West Columbia, South Carolina.JCC Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec. Stéphanie Boucher.LEMM Louisiana State Arthropod Museum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Matthew L. Gimmel.LSAM Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Philip Perkins.MCZ Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy. Luca Picciau.MRSN Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta. Greg R. Pohl.NFC Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, Alberta. Mark Steinhilber.RAM Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, British Columbia. Claudia Copley.RBCM Rolf L. Aalbu Collection, Sacramento, California.RLAC Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Regina, Saskatchewan. Ronald R. Hooper.RSM Reginald P. Webster Collection, Charters Settlement, New Brunswick.RWC Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Zachary Falin.SEMC Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Edward G. Riley.TAMU Strickland Museum, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. Danny Shpeley.UASM Spencer Entomological Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia. Karen Needham.UBC National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC. Warren E. Steiner.USNM Zoological Museum, Moscow University, Moscow, Russia. Nikolay B. Nikitsky.ZMMUThe photographs were made with a Leica Digital DC500 Imaging Workstation using Zerene Stacker software and retouched with Adobe Photoshop software.For type specimens, complete verbatim label data are given with additional information enclosed within quotation marks; individual labels are separated by a slash (/).http://www.simplemappr.net/).The distribution maps were generated using the software SimpleMappr . The idea for the name came from the peculiar shape of the palpi and particularly the flattening of the first two labial palpomeres.(based on species treated only). Body short, convex, pubescent; elytra with slanting setae in addition to erect setae. Epistoma with clypeolabral membrane exposed. Eyes present, prominent. Gena not sulcate. Antenna with last three antennomeres abruptly expanded, forming a distinct, loose club. Labial palpi short, penultimate palpomere swollen, last palpomere narrow, more or less fusiform; last maxillary palpomere large, at least twice as large apically than basally. Pronotum with sides denticulate, each denticle with one or two stiff setae; surface with relatively coarse punctures. Procoxae moderately separated. Mesepimeron not closing mesocoxal cavity. Elytra without striae, with relatively coarse punctures; epipleuron distinct and relatively wide up to apex. Abdomen with distinct membrane along posterior edge of ventrites 3 and 4. Intercoxal process of first ventrite relatively wide, more or less rounded apically. Tibia not expanded apically. Metatarsomere 1 elongate, as long as next two tarsomeres combined; penultimate tarsomere deeply lobate dorsally; last tarsomere not arising at apex of penultimate tarsomere. Tarsal claw simple, not pectinate. Tarsal formula 5–5-4. Defensive glands absent.This genus currently includes 57 species  ranging PageBreakParatenetus in his Clérites Corynétoïdes (currently Cleridae: Korynetinae). Cryptophagidae. Paratenetus back in the family Tenebrionidae, and placed it in the tribe Heterotarsini, a position that was followed by several authors including Paratenetus, Prataeus and Anaedus seem to be near the Lagriidae on account of the similarity in their larval stages” and Heterotarsini (except Heterotarsus Latreille) from the tenebrionids to the lagriids based also on the morphology of the larvae. The study of the ovipositor structures by Paratenetus within the subfamily Lagriinae rather than the subfamily Tenebrioninae. Heterotarsini (except Heterotarsus) in the lagriine subtribe Lupropina of the tribe Adeliini. Paratenetus in the lagriid subfamily Lupropinae. Paratenetus in the lagriid subfamily Goniaderinae and Goniaderini. On the other hand, Lupropini following Paratenetus but we accept, following Goniaderini of the subfamily Lagriinae within the Tenebrionidae.We did not investigate the taxonomic position of the genus Paratenetus is poorly known. Many of the specimens seen in this study were collected in leaf litter in forested areas or in nests of the tent caterpillar genus Malacosoma (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). All three winged species have been collected at black light. Paratenetus species pupate on the inner surfaces of rolled dead leaves (in which the larvae live) either hanging on fallen tree branches or on the ground.The biology of members of Paratenetus: erect and slanting. The slanting setae are characterized as subdepressed when the angle between the base of the seta and the elytra is between 10 and 40°, semierect when the angle is between 40 and 60°, and suberect when the angle is between 60 and 80°.There are two types of setae on the elytra of Motschulsky, 1868http://species-id.net/wiki/Paratenetus_gibbipennisParatenetus gibbipennis Motschulsky, 1868: 193. Type locality: «Atlanta, Géorgie américaine» .Paratenetus cribratus Motschulsky, 1868: 193. Type locality: «Géorgie américaine» . syn. n.Paratenetus gibbipennis. It bears the following labels: “[green round disc] / [small brick red square label] / type [handwritten] / Paratenetus gibbipennis Motch Am. b. Mobile [handwritten on a rectangular green label].” The specimen is intact although many of the setae on the pronotum and elytra are gone. The provenance of the specimen is doubtful. In the key to the Paratenetus in his collection, Motschulsky’s collection at ZMMU contains a single specimen, a female, under the name Paratenetus cribratus. It bears the following labels: “[green round disc] / Atlanta [handwritten] / type [handwritten] / Paratenetus cribratus Motch Am. bor. Atlanta [handwritten on a rectangular green label].” The specimen is missing the left antennomeres 3–11 and the posterior legs.Motschulsky’s collection contains a single specimen, a male, under the name Paratenetus gibbipennis and Paratenetus cribratus on the account that the first species has the lateral denticles of the pronotum very short while the second species has strong denticles. From an examination of the types, we cannot sustain Motschulsky’s affirmation; the denticles are basically of the same size on both specimens.Paratenetus fuscus differ from the other three species treated by having the metaventrite very short. Paratenetus gibbipennis differs from Paratenetus fuscus by having few short erect setae on the elytra.This species and PageBreakly transverse. Pronotum with maximum width near midlength or slightly anterior to midlength; punctures moderately dense, not subcontiguous even over lateral half. Elytra very convex; slanting setae subdepressed, erect setae very few, short. Metaventrite short, length along midline clearly shorter than length of abdominal ventrite 2 along midline. Male protibia with calcar near middle along ventral surface; male mesotibia with short, in some specimens very short, more or less perpendicular preapical protuberance. Parameres with sides more or less parallel towards apex, apex not particularly acute . Rennie (CNC). Brandon (RBCM). Telford (NFC). Winnipeg (RBCM). Ontario. “Jonction Hwy 17 & 71” (CNC). Bainsville (LEMM). Prince Edward Co. . Lancaster (LEMM). Chaffeys Locks Biol. Station (CNC). Alfred (CNC). Long Sault (CNC). 10 km W North Gower (CNC). Nepean (CNC). Belleville (CUIC). Thwartway Island, St. Lawrence Is. Nat. Park (CNC). Point Pelee (CNC). 2 km SE Spencerville (CNC). 4 km SW Kanata (CNC). Ottawa (CNC). Constance Bay (CMN). 4 km N of Westport (CNC). Campden (CNC). Rondeau Prov. Park (CNC). Arnprior (CNC). Erieau (CNC). 7 km W. Carleton Place (CNC). Blackburn (CNC). Normandale (CNC). Pelee Island (CNC). Hamilton (CNC). Flint Hill, nr Kemptville (CNC). Trenton (CNC). Toronto . Milton (CNC). Quebec. Montreal (CNC). Rigaud (CNC). Gatineau . Blind Lake, Gatineau Park (CNC). Gatineau Park (DENH). Hudson Heights (CNC). Oka (CNC). Ormstown (CNC). United States of America. Alabama.PageBreakMobile Co.: Mt. Vernon (CUIC). Monroe Co.: Haines Island Park, 3.5 mi. W Franklin (FSC). Connecticut.Fairfield Co.: Westport (AMNH). Litchfield Co.: Torrington (DENH); Canaan (TAMU); Cornwall . Georgia.Clarke Co.: 5 mi W Athens (GMNH); Whitehall Forest (GMNH). Rabun Co.: Tally Mill Crk. at Hwy 28 (CNC); Satolah (CNC). Illinois. “N. Ill.” (MCZ). “Ill.” (USNM). Maine.Cumberland Co.: Portland (CNC). Kennebec Co.: Monmouth (MCZ). Oxford Co.: Paris (MCZ). Massachusetts. “Mass.” (USNM). Bristol Co.: Swansea (MCZ); Somerset (MCZ); Dighton (MCZ); Fall River (MCZ). Hampshire Co.: Mount Tom (MCZ). Middlesex Co.: Waverly (USNM); Framingham ; Lowell (MCZ); Sherborn ; Hopkinton (CUIC); Cambridge ; Newton (MCZ). Norfolk Co.: Brookline ; Sharon (CUIC). Michigan.Marquette Co.: Marquette (USNM). Oakland Co. (CUIC). Wayne Co.: Detroit . Minnesota.Crow Wing Co.: Brainerd (CNC). Hennepin Co.: Lake Minnetonka (CUIC). Missouri.Saint Charles Co.: St. Charles (MCZ). Nebraska.Cuming Co.: West Point (USNM). New Hampshire.Grafton Co.: Franconia ; 0.5 mi S Rumney (DENH); Hanover (DENH). Rockingham Co.: Hampton ; Odiorne Point State Park (DENH). Strafford Co.: Somersworth (DENH); Durham (DENH); 3 mi. E Durham (DENH). New Jersey.Union Co.: Union ; Roselle (USNM); Elizabeth (USNM). New York. “S[taten] I[sland]” (MCZ). Dutchess Co.: Bulls Head (AMNH). Oswego Co.: North Pond (CUIC); Oswego (CUIC). Queens Co.: Flushing, L.I. (CUIC). North Carolina.Haywood Co.: Round Knob (USNM). Henderson Co.: 14 mi NW Hendersonville (SEMC). Macon Co.: 3 mi NW Highlands (DENH). Montgomery Co.: 2 mi S Eldorado (DENH). Yancey Co.: Black Mountains (AMNH). North Dakota.Richland Co.: Mirror Pool (USNM). Ohio. “Ohio” (MCZ). Pennsylvania. “Penn” (MCZ). Allegheny Co.: Allegheny (USNM). Rhode Island. “R.I.” (USNM). South Carolina.Calhoun Co.: Wannamaker NP, St. Matthews (JCC). Chester Co.: Leeds (JCC). Edgefield Co.: Sumter Nat. For. (DENH). Lexington Co.: West Columbia (JCC). Newberry Co.: Billy Dreher Island State Park (JCC). Pickens Co.: Nine Times (JCC). Union Co.: Sedalia (JCC). Tennessee. “Chilhowee Mountain” (CMN). Blount Co.: Rt. 129 just below rd. at The Narrows Overlook, GSMNP (LSAM); Ace Gap, GSMNP (LSAM). Cocke Co.: Gabes Mtn., GSMNP (LSAM). Sevier Co.: 0.5 mi W Laurel Falls Trailhead, GSMNP (LSAM); Twin Creeks, GSMNP (LSAM); Grapeyard Ridge (LSAM). Texas.Blanco Co.: Cypress Mill (USNM). Virginia.Giles Co.: Bald Knob, Mountain Lake (USNM); 9 km N Mountain Lake (USNM). Lee Co.: Pennington Gap (USNM). Wisconsin.Bayfield Co.: Bayfield (USNM). Dane Co.: Madison (TAMU). Shawano Co.: Tilleda (FSC).We have seen 660 specimens from the following localities. Canada. Females are much more abundant in collections than males. Of 183 specimens randomly selected, 8 were males (4.4%) and 175 were females (95.6%). The males came from Georgia (n=1), Alabama (n=6), and Missouri (n=1). No males were found among the 160+ randomly selected specimens from Canada and the northern states.Specimens were collected in January (n=1), February (n=1), March (n=89), April (n=64), May (n=8), June (n=61), July (n=20), August (n=95), September (n=31), October (n=38), November (n=6) and December (n=2).Labels on specimens read “in leaf litter” (6 specimens); “in leaf litter of black birch and shrubs around and on areas of exposed rock” (71); “forest litter sifting” (2); “forest litter” (3); “moist forest berlese” (1).LeConte, 1850http://species-id.net/wiki/Paratenetus_fuscusParatenetus fuscus LeConte, 1850: 223. Type locality: Lake Superior (inferred from the title of the book).Paratenetus crinitus Fall, 1907: 253. Type locality: «Trout Spring [New Mexico]» . syn. n.Paratenetus fuscus. It bears the following labels: “[pale green round disc] / Type 4684 [partially handwritten on a red square label] / P. fuscus Lec. [handwritten].” The specimen is intact.LeConte’s collection at MCZ contains a single male specimen under the name PageBreakParatenetus crinitus from one specimen now at the MCZ. It bears the following labels: “Trout sp. N.M. May [handwritten] / crinitus. Type [partially handwritten] / M.C.Z Type 24612 [red square label] / H.C. Fall Collection.” The specimen is intact.Fall described Paratenetus crinitus and mentioned that “in crinitus the metasternum is almost as short as in fuscus, which species is, however, very distinct by its subinflated elytra, more rounded sides of the prothorax and absence of erect hairs on the upper surface.” Obviously Fall did not study the syntype in LeConte’s collection since the specimen bears many erect hairs. LeConte never mentioned that character in his description and obviously Fall misidentified LeConte’s species. We have studied the type specimens of both species and find no structural differences to separate them.Paratenetus gibbipennis by the character states listed in the description.This species differs from Paratenetus gibbipennis except for the following: slanting setae on elytra less depressed, semierect, occasionally even suberect; erect setae numerous, in seven or eight rows; metaventrite slightly longer, length along midline subequal to slightly shorter than length of abdominal ventrite 2 along midline.Same character states as This species ranges from Quebec City to the Rocky Mountains in northeastern British Columbia, north to southern Northwest Territories, south to northern New Mexico, northeastern Kansas, and Maryland .Alberta. “Tp. 74, Rge. 25, W. 5 Mer.” (CNC). “Tp. 11, Rge. 1, W. 5 Mer.” (CNC). Waterton Park (CNC). Calgary . Castor (UASM). Edmonton . Stettler (CNC). Cochrane (CNC). 30 km W Cochrane (CNC). Cypress Hills (CNC). Waiparous (CNC). Jumpingpound Creek (CNC). Sundre (CNC). Elkwater (CNC). British Columbia. North Pine (UBC). Pouce Coupe (UBC). Manitoba. “Tp. 9, Rge. 16, W. 1 Mer.” (CNC). Aweme . Brandon (RBCM). Sandilands (JBWM). Birds Hill Prov. Park (ENMU). Husavik (CNC). Northwest Territories. Louise Falls, Hay River (CNC). Simpson (CAS). Ontario. Prince Edward Co. . Pelee Island (CNC). Ottawa (CNC). Constance Bay (CMN). Trenton (CNC). Arnprior (CNC). Quebec. Chelsea (CNC). Rigaud (CNC). Sainte-Croix-de-Lotbiniere (LEMM). Cap Rouge (CNC). Saskatchewan. Lac La Ronge (CNC). Morse (RSM). Rosefield (RSM). Oxbow (USNM). United States of America. Colorado.PageBreakBoulder Co.: Boulder . Custer Co. (USNM). Douglas Co.: Castle Rock (CNC). El Paso Co.: Colorado Springs (USNM). Jefferson Co.: Lookout Mountain (CUIC). Connecticut.Fairfield Co.: Westport (AMNH). District of Columbia. “DC” . Illinois. “N. Ill.” (MCZ). Champaign Co.: Urbana (USNM). Iowa. “Iowa” . Johnson Co.: Iowa City . Story Co.: Ames (USNM). Kansas. “Ks” (USNM). “Kans” (USNM). Douglas Co.: Lawrence (CNC). Shawnee Co.: Topeka (USNM). Maryland. “Md.” (CNC). Anne Arundel Co.: 6 km ESE Laurel (USNM). Massachusetts. “Mass” (USNM). Essex Co.: Lynn ; Salem (USNM). Middlesex Co.: Sherborn ; Tyngsboro (MCZ). Norfolk Co.: Brookline (MCZ). Michigan.Marquette Co.: Marquette (USNM). Montana. “Mont.” (CUIC). “Montana” (USNM). Dawson Co.: Glendive (USNM). Powder River Co.: Fort Howes (USNM). Rosebud Co.: Colstrip (USNM). Nebraska. “Neb.” (USNM). Red Willow Co.: McCook (MCZ). New Mexico. “N. Mex.” (USNM). San Miguel Co.: Trout Spring (MCZ). New York. “N.Y.” . Westchester Co.: Peekskill (CUIC). New York Co.: Central Park, L.I. (USNM). North Dakota.Richland Co.: Mirror Pool (USNM). Rhode Island. “R.I.” (USNM). South Dakota.Jackson Co.: Cottonwood (RLAC). Tennessee. “Tenn.” (MCZ). Vermont. “Vt.” (MCZ). Wisconsin. “Wis” (MCZ). Sauk Co.: Spring Green (USNM). Wyoming.Converse Co.: 11 mi N Douglas (CNC). Laramie Co.: Cheyenne (USNM).We have seen 305 specimens from the following localities. Canada. Females are a little more common in collections than males. Of 45 randomly selected specimens, 28 (62%) were females and 17 (38%) were males.Specimens were collected in February (n=1), March (n=30), April (n=58), May (n=8), June (n=40), July (n=7), August (n=19), September (n=14), October (n=5) and November (n=4).Spinola, 1844http://species-id.net/wiki/Paratenetus_punctatusLatridius pubescensnomen dubium]. Type locality: United States (inferred from title of the paper). Say, 1826: 265 ”; the second, a male “Paralectotype Paratenetus punctatus Spinola Ekis 74 [handwritten]”; and the third, a female “Lectotype Paratenetus punctatus (Spinola) Ekis 74 [handwritten]”. The first two specimens correspond neither to our concept of Paratenetus punctatus nor to any other North American species we have seen. The specimens are in poor condition, with almost all the setae gone, but they appear to be conspecific. Although Spinola indicated that all three of his specimens came from the United States and were provided by “Mr. [John Eatton] LeConte,” these two specimens may have originated from Mexico, Central America or South America. The third specimen, a small individual (3.2 mm), fits our concept of Paratenetus punctatus and is here selected as lectotype. The label “Lectotype Paratenetus punctatus Spinola des. Y. Bousquet 2012” has been attached to the specimen.Paratenetus punctatus can be separated from the other North American species of Paratenetus by their large size (3 mm or more). The vast majority of specimens of the other species are less than 3 mm long. Otherwise, the species can be separated from Paratenetus exutus in having the antennomere 8 subquadrate, the pronotum wider clearly anterior to the midlength, the punctation on the pronotum coarser, the slanting setae on the elytra slightly longer and more erect and the protibia of the male with a calcar along ventral surface. From Paratenetus texanus, this species is best separated in having the pronotum widest anterior to the midlength and the punctures on the pronotum coarser and denser, in part subcontiguous along the lateral half.Many specimens of Paratenetus gibbipennis and Paratenetus fuscus; slanting setae semierect in the vast majority of specimens, suberect in some specimens, erect setae few. Metaventrite long, length along midline longer than length of abdominal ventrite 2 along midline. Male protibia with calcar near middle along ventral surface; male mesotibia with very short, preapical spine, oriented perpendicularly or obliquely to long axis of tibia. Parameres with sides more or less parallel to very slightly convergent towards apex; apex more or less rounded . Victoria Beach (JBWM). New Brunswick. Jackson Falls, Carleton Co. (RWC). 10 km NW New River Beach, Charlotte Co. (AFC). 12 km SSE Upper Napan, Northumberland Co. (RWC). Cranberry Lake Protected Natural Area, Queens Co. (AFC). Acadia Research Forest, Sunbury Co. . Charters Settlement, York Co. (RWC). Canterbury, York Co. (RWC). 15 km W Tracy, York Co. (RWC). 14 km WSW Tracy, York Co. (AFC). Ontario. Ottawa (CNC). Constance Bay (CMN). Flint Hill, nr Kemptville (CNC). Ad & Lennox Co. . Pelee Island (CNC). Leamington (CNC). Hastings Co. (CNC). Walsingham (CNC). Prince Edward Co. . Point Pelee (CNC). Rondeau Prov. Pk. (CNC). Arnprior (CNC). Chaffeys Locks (CNC). Northumberland Co. (CNC). Sudbury (CNC). Hamilton (CNC). Gordon Island (St. Lawrence Is. Nat. Pk.) (CNC). 13 km W of Mattawa (CNC). Toronto (CUIC). 2–5 km W Mallorytown Landing (CMN). Quebec. Rouville (CNC). Fort Coulonge (CNC). Parc Provincial d’Oka (CNC). Berthierville (CNC). Parc de la Gatineau (CNC). Laniel (CNC). Ile-du-Grand-Calumet (Pontiac) (CNC). Rigaud (CNC). Montreal PageBreak(CNC). Parc de la Yamaska (CNC). United States of America. Arkansas.PageBreakPageBreakGarland Co.: 3 mi W Crystal Springs (SEMC). Connecticut.Fairfield Co.: Westport (AMNH). Litchfield Co.: Litchfield (AMNH). New Haven Co.: Middlebury (USNM); Hamden (CUIC). District of Columbia. “D.Col.” (USNM). Takoma Park (USNM). Washington (USNM). Florida. “Fla” (USNM). Alachua Co.: Gainesville (FSC); Newnans Lake (RLAC). Duval Co.: Jacksonville (USNM). Escambia Co.: Pensacola (FSC). Hillsborough Co.: Tampa (USNM). Indian River Co.: south of Vero Beach (FSC). Levy Co.: 4 mi SW Archer (FSC). Marion Co.: Juniper Springs (FSC); Rainbow Springs (FSC); Ocala National Forest . Palm Beach Co.: Lake Worth (CUIC). Polk Co.: Lake Marion Creek (GMNH). Putnam Co.: 2.5 mi NE Florahome (FSC); Crescent City (USNM); Welaka Exp. Sta. . Saint Johns Co.: St. Augustine (MCZ). Santa Rosa Co.: 4 mi N Munson (LSAM). Seminole Co.: Lake Mary (MCZ). Volusia Co.: South Daytona (CNC); Daytona (USNM). Georgia.Charlton Co.: 2.8 mi N Saint George (FSC). Johnson Co.: 1 mi E Kite (FSC); Suwanee Canal Rec. Area (FSC). Montgomery Co.: 5 mi W Uvalda (GMNH). Rabun Co. (MCZ); Clayton (MCZ). Tattnall Co. (FSC). Union Co.: “Herbert Reece Park” (GMNH). Illinois.Knox Co.: Galesburgh (MCZ). Macon Co. (FSC). Indiana.Allen Co.: “Schoaf Park” (USNM). Howard Co.: “NW Howard Co.” (LSAM). Jasper Co.: Jasper/Pulaski St. Forest (USNM). LaPorte Co.: Michigan City (USNM). Monroe Co.: Bloomington . Porter Co.: Dunes St. Pk. (RLAC). Tippecanoe Co. ; “McCormick Woods” (USNM). Iowa. “Iowa” (USNM). Johnson Co.: Iowa City (USNM). Polk Co.: “Brown WDS Psv” (CUIC); W. Saylorville Lake . Kansas. “Kans” (USNM). Cherokee Co.: 2 mi S Galena (SEMC). Crawford Co.: Pittsburg (SEMC); 2 mi W Pittsburg (SEMC). Douglas Co.: 2 mi NW of Baldwin (SEMC). Jackson Co.: 6.5 km W Mayetta (SEMC). Jefferson Co.: 1 km SW Perry State Park (SEMC). Johnson Co.: Overland Park Arboretum (SEMC). Labette Co.: Big Hill Reservoir (SEMC). Neosho Co.: 2 mi SE Erie (SEMC). Sedgwick Co.: 0.5 mi S of Derby (SEMC). Shawnee Co.: S of intersection Woodring Rd & 69th St (SEMC). Kentucky. “Ky” (USNM). Marshall Co. (FSC). Louisiana.Caddo Parish: Jacobs Nature Park (LSAM). Claiborne Parish: Corney Lake (CNC). East Feliciana Parish: Idlewild Exp. Station (LSAM). Livingston Parish: Livingston (LSAM). Natchitoches Parish: Kisatchie Nat. For. (LSAM). West Feliciana Parish: Saint Francisville (CMN); Tunica Hills, 0.5 mi W Weyanoke (LSAM). Maine.Androscoggin Co.: Wales (MCZ). Cumberland Co.: Casco (CUIC). Franklin Co.: Dead River (USNM); Farmington (USNM). Kennebec Co.: Augusta (DENH); Monmouth (MCZ). Oxford Co.: Rumford (USNM); Bethel (AMNH). Penobscot Co.: Lee (DENH); Passadumkeag (CUIC). Piscataquis Co.: Greenville (USNM). Washington Co.: Beddington (USNM). York Co.: West Lebanon (DENH). Maryland.Allegany Co.: Piclic Ridge, 5 km SE Pratt (USNM); Fifteen Mile Creek (RLAC). Anne Arundel Co.: 8 km ESE Laurel (USNM); 6 km ESE Laurel (USNM); Edgewater (USNM); 6 km S Edgewater (USNM); 3 km WSW Bristol at Jug Bay (USNM); Odenton . Baltimore Co.: 4 km SW Cockeysville (USNM); Catonsville (USNM). Calvert Co.: Plum Point (USNM). Carroll Co.: Eldersburgh (USNM). Cecil Co.: Pleasant Hill (USNM); Port Deposit (USNM). Frederick Co.: 2 mi W Thurmont (USNM). Garrett Co.: Rock Lodge, 4 km SW Bittinger (USNM); 7 mi N Oakland (USNM). Montgomery Co.: Kensington (USNM); Potomac (USNM); Rockville (USNM); Plummers Island (USNM); Great Falls (USNM); Hughes Hollow area, 5 km W Seneca (USNM). Prince Georges Co.: Cheverly (USNM); Bladensburg (USNM); Takoma Park (USNM); Laurel (USNM); Priest Bridge (USNM); Oxon Hill (USNM); Beltsville (USNM); Greenbelt (Park) (USNM); Bowie (USNM). Somerset Co.: Shelltown (USNM). Talbot Co.: 3 km SE Easton (USNM); Wittman (USNM); McDaniel (USNM). Worcester Co.: Assateague Island (USNM). Massachusetts.Barnstable Co.: Cape Cod (CNC). Bristol Co.: Dartmouth (MCZ). Essex Co.: Nahant (MCZ). Hampden Co.: Springfield (USNM). Middlesex Co.: Lincoln (MCZ); Sherborn (MCZ); Framingham (MCZ); Hopkinton (MCZ); Tyngsboro (MCZ); Natick (MCZ); Cambridge (MCZ). Norfolk Co.: Brookline (MCZ). Plymouth Co.: Marion (USNM). Suffolk Co.: Boston (MCZ); Jamaica Plain (CUIC). Michigan.Shiawassee Co.: Rose Lake Wldlf. Exp. Station (USNM). Wayne Co.: Detroit (USNM). Minnesota.Hennepin Co.: Minneapolis (CNC). Houston Co.: Winnebago Cr. Vy., 3–4 m NE Eitzen (USNM). Saint Louis Co.: Duluth (MCZ). Mississippi.George Co.: Lucedale (CUIC). Greene Co.: Leakesville (CUIC). Lauderdale Co.: Marion (MCZ). Missouri.Barry Co.: Mark Twain Nat. For. (FSC). Boone Co.: Ashland Wildlife Ar. (TAMU). Clay Co.: Cooley Lake (FSC). Greene Co.: near James River (TAMU). Jackson Co.: Raytown (FSC). Oregon Co.: Mark Twain Nat. For. (FSC). Randolph Co.: 1 mi E Moberly (TAMU). New Hampshire. “N.H.” (USNM). Coos Co.: Gorham (CNC); Mt. Washington . Grafton Co.: Mt. Moosilauke (MCZ); Bedell Bridge St. Pk. (DENH); Bath (DENH). Hillsborough Co.: Antrim (MCZ). Merrimack Co.: Concord (DENH). Strafford Co.: 1 mi SW Durham (DENH); Dover (DENH). New Jersey. “N.J.” (AMNH). Atlantic Co.: Buena (MCZ). Bergen Co.: Fort Lee (AMNH). Burlington Co.: Wharton State Forest (TAMU); Pemberton (USNM); 7 mi E Batsto (USNM). Cumberland Co.: Rutgers Exp. Sta. (USNM). Essex Co.: South Orange (MCZ); Eagle Rock (USNM); Montclair (USNM). Gloucester Co.: Malaga (USNM). Monmouth Co.: Highlands (USNM). Monroe Co.: Delaware Water Gap (USNM). Morris Co.: Boonton (USNM). Ocean Co.: Lakehurst . Orange Co.: Greenwood Lake . New York. “S.I.” (USNM). Albany Co.: Delmar (CUIC); Rensselaerville (USNM). Clinton Co.: vic. Taylor Pond Campground (GMNH). Erie Co.: Buffalo . Essex Co.: New Russia (CUIC); Whiteface Mt. (USNM). Orange Co.: Greenwood Lake (CUIC); Fort Montgomery (CUIC); West Point (USNM). Putnam Co.: Brewster (CUIC). Rockland Co.: Nyack (CUIC). Saint Lawrence Co.: Rossie (USNM). Seneca Co.: Willard (USNM). Suffolk Co.: Huntington, Long Island (DENH); Southold, L.I. (CUIC); Wyandanch, L.I. (USNM); Bellport (USNM); Yaphank (USNM). Tompkins Co.: Ithaca ; Dryden (CUIC). Yates Co.: Seneca Lake (USNM). North Carolina. “N.C.” (MCZ). “Round Knob” (USNM). Brunswick Co.: Southport (FSC). Buncombe Co.: 6 mi S Asheville (SEMC). Burke Co.: Linville Falls (CNC). Columbus Co.: Lake Waccamaw (USNM). Gates Co.: 6 km ENE Corapeake (USNM). Haywood Co.: Cove Creek (JCC); Cataloochee Divide ; 9 mi W Waynesville (SEMC). Henderson Co.: Fletcher (FSC). Jackson Co.: Balsam (USNM). Macon Co.: Nantahala Gap (CUIC); Highlands . Mitchell Co. (USNM). Moore Co.: Southern Pines (USNM). New Hanover Co.: Wilmington (USNM). Swain Co.: 2.5 mi NNE Cherokee, GSMNP (SEMC); Andrews Bald, GSMNP (LSAM); Ekaneetlee Gap, GSMNP (LSAM). Transylvania Co.: Lake Toxaway (AMNH). Watauga Co.: 3 mi NW Blowing Rock (TAMU). Yancey Co.: Black Mountains . Ohio.Ashland Co.: Mohican St. Pk. (FSC). Champaign Co.: Cedar Swamp (FSC). Ottawa Co.: Fishery Bay, S. Bass Isl. (CUIC). Union Co. (CUIC). Oklahoma.Latimer Co. ; 5 mi W Red Oak . Pennsylvania. “Pen” . Allegheny Co.: Allegheny (CUIC). Dauphin Co.: Dauphin (CUIC). Lehigh Co.: Lehigh Gap (USNM). Luzerne Co.: Hazleton (MCZ). Montgomery Co.: Abington (MCZ). Philadelphia Co.: Frankford (USNM). Pike Co.: Twin Lakes (USNM). South Carolina. “S.C.” (MCZ). “Shiloh” (JCC). Georgetown Co.: Sandy Island (JCC). Richland Co.: Pontiac (JCC). Tennessee. “Chimney Camp, Gt. Smoky Mts.” (CUIC). Blount Co.: Cades Cove, GSMNP . Cocke Co.: Davenport Gap, GSMNP (LSAM). Sevier Co.: Goshen Prong, GSMNP (LSAM); Chimney Tops Picnic Nature Trail, GSMNP (LSAM); Roaring Fork, GSMNP (LSAM); Brushy Mnt., GSMNP (LSAM). Texas.Brazos Co.: College Station (TAMU). Vermont.Bennington Co.: Manchester (MCZ). Chittenden Co.: Burlington (USNM). Orange Co.: 12 mi E Chelsea (TAMU). Virginia. “Middletown” (MCZ). “Franklin Park” (USNM). Arlington Co.: Glencarlyn (USNM). Fairfax Co.: Vienna (USNM); Black Pond (USNM); Great Falls (USNM); Great Falls N.P. near Clay Pond (USNM); Great Falls N.P. near quarry site (USNM). Giles Co.: Mountain Lake, Univ. Va. Biological Sta. (USNM). Lee Co.: Pennington Gap (MCZ). Loudoun Co.: Middleburg (USNM). Louisa Co.: Gum Spring (USNM). Montgomery Co.: Blacksburg (CUIC). Nelson Co. (USNM). Page Co.: Skyland . Rockbridge Co.: Natural Bridge (USNM). Shenandoah Co.: New Market (USNM). Warren Co.: 7 km NNE Linden, summit of Blue Mt. (USNM). Alexandria (USNM). West Virginia.Greenbrier Co.: W. Sulphur (USNM). Jefferson Co.: Harpers Ferry (USNM); Shepherdstown (USNM). Pocahontas Co.: Cranberry Glades (USNM). Preston Co.: Aurora (USNM). Wisconsin. “Wis” (MCZ). Bayfield Co.: Bayfield (USNM). Douglas Co.: Bennett (USNM). Sauk Co.: Sauk City (GMNH). Shawano Co.: Tilleda (FSC). Wood Co.: Griffith State Nursery (USNM). Wyoming.Weston Co.: Newcastle (USNM).We have seen 1215 specimens from the following localities. Canada. Paratenetus fuscus but is easily separated by the coarse, irregular punctation on the pronotum and by the longer metaventrite.This species varies in regard to the punctation and setae. The punctation on the pronotum is coarse and in most specimens free on the disc and very close, in part subcontiguous over the sides; in some specimens the punctation is denser, being subcontiguous on the disc and contiguous all over the lateral sides. The slanting setae on the elytra are usually semierect but in some specimens they are less inclined and the erect setae are difficult to distinguish. The erect setae are usually short and moderately numerous but in some specimens, they can be relatively long or much more numerous; in such case the species can be confused with PageBreakFemales are more common in collections than males. Of 220 randomly selected specimens, 169 (77%) were females and 51 (23%) were males.Specimens were collected in March (n=6), April (n=89), May (n=296), June (n=384), July (n=152), August (n=67), September (n=40), October (n=9), November (n=5), and December (n=2).Malacosoma americana on Prunus serotina at mixed forest edge, shale barren area” (7 specimens), “shaken from and reared in moldy frass in old nest of Malacosoma americana on Prunus serotina” (13), “beaten from dead leaf clusters on cut branches of Carpinus caroliniana at forest edge” (6), “beaten from dead leaf clusters on branches of fallen Populus deltoides” (7), “beaten from dead leaf clusters on fallen broken branch of Tilia americana in shade, mixed forest” (2), “beaten from dead hanging leaf clusters on fallen Ailanthus in mixed forest” (6), “shaken from dead leaves on fallen branches of Quercus rubra” (4), “in moldy leaf clusters on fallen branch of Quercus alba in shade” (6), “beaten from dead leaves of wind-blown Quercus rubra” (1), “beaten from dead leaf clusters on fallen branches of Quercus rubra in mixed forest” (14); “at black light in longleaf pine and mixed oak, sand barrens” (23), “in moldy leaves on fallen branches of Acer rubrum” (4), “at black light in oak & longleaf pine sand barren” (5); “at black light; open sandy gap in mixed forest” (1); “at black light in mixed deciduous forest” (1); “at black light in mixed hardwood and loblolly pine forest” (1); “at black light in mixed pine and hardwood forest” (3); “beaten from dead leaf clusters on branches of Castanea out ca. 2 weeks earlier” (5); “at black light near mixed forest, farmed fields and tidal creek” (4); “beach drift” (1); “from pile of moldy thatch” (1); “in moldy leaf clusters on cut branches of Prunus serotina” (4); “in moldy leaf clusters on cut branches of Morus” (2); “beaten from dead leaf clusters on cut branches of Acer rubrum at mixed forest edge” (10); “in old nest of Malacosoma on Prunus” (2); “in dead leaves on branches of fallen oak” (1); “shaken from dead leaves on cut Sassafras” (7); “beaten from dead leaf clusters on fallen branch Acer negundo at mixed forest edge” (1); “at black light in tree canopy, mixed broken forest and residential area” (43); “at black light in mixed hardwood forest near pond and river” (8); “at black light in mixed forest, bluff above river” (2); “in old tent Malacosoma americana” (5); “at black light” (2); “in old tent nest of Malacosoma americana with moldy frass, on Prunus serotina” (1); “shaken from dry leaf (Vitis sp.) nest of Sciurus carolinensis in vine tangle ca. 3 m above ground” (1); “at black light at edge of clearing in mixed forest near drying vernal pool” (2); “at black light in mixed forest near vernal pools” (8); “at black light sheet in open mature mixed forest near river” (3); “beaten from dead leaf clusters on fallen branch of Liriodendron in mixed forest” (9); “beaten ex spruce” (1); “collected in tents Malacosoma americana” (12); “in web of Malacosoma” (3); “on Pinus strobus” (2); “ex. canopy trap” (34); “intercept trap” (1); “beating dead leaves” (8); “btng oak blowdown” (2); “leaf litter” (1); “dead moldy leaves” (1); “beating veg.” (2); “beating flowers” (2).Labels on specimens read “in overwintered nest remains of PageBreakBousquet & Bouchardsp. n.http://zoobank.org/E79EDDDF-59F8-4A43-880F-2A86CF8EB2F2http://species-id.net/wiki/Paratenetus_exutusHolotype (♂) labeled “Tabusintac, N.S. 20-VI-1939 W.J. Brown / Holotype Paratenetus exutus Bousquet & Bouchard CNC No. 24035.” The specimen is deposited in the CNC.Manitoba. Ninette, 31-V-1958, J.F. McAlpine ; same locality, 30-V-1958, R.B. Madge . New Brunswick. Tabusintac, 19-VI-1939, W.J. Brown ; same data but 20-VI. 1939 or 22-VI-1939 . York Co., 14 km WSW of Tracy, S of Rt 646, 45.6741°N, 66.8161°W, 26 April-10 May 2010, R. Webster & C. MacKay coll. . York Co., 15 km W of Tracy off Rt. 645, 45.6848°N, 66.8821°W, 19–25 May 2009, R. Webster & M.-A. Giguère coll. . York Co., New Maryland Charters Settlement, 45.8430°N, 66.7275°W, 12 July 2005, R. P. Webster coll. ; same locality but 45.8340°N, 66.7450°W, 30 April 2005 . Queens Co., Cranberry Lake P.N.A., 46.1125°N, 65.6075°W, 24 April-5 May 2009, R. Webster & M.-A. Giguère coll. ; same locality but 3–13 May 2011, M. Roy & V. Webster coll. . Carleton Co., Jackson Falls, “Bell Forest”, 46.2200°N, 67.7231°W, 28.April-9 May 2009, R. Webster & M.-A. Giguère coll. . Carleton Co., Wakefield Meduxnekeag Valley Nature Preserve, 46.1890°N, 67.6766°W, 8 June 2005, M. Giguère & R. Webster coll. ; same locality but 46.1935°N, 67.6825°W, 19 April 2995 . Albert Co., Shepody N.W.A., Germantown Section, 45.7101°N, 64.7542°W, 30 July 2004, R.P. Webster coll. . Sunbury Co., Acadia Research Forest, 45.9866°N, 66.3841°W, 8–13 May 2009, 13–19 May 2009, 19–25 May 2009, 16–24 June 2009, R. Webster & M.-A. Giguère coll. . Nova Scotia. St. Peters, 25-VII-1930, M.L. Prebble . Ontario. Alfred bog, 16.VI.1981, A. Davies . Quebec. Sainte-Catherine Portneuf, 29-VIII-1971, Claude Chantal . D[ivision de] R[ecensement] Bellechasse, St-Nérée, 10.VII.1976, J.F. Landry . Cascapedia, 11.VI.1933, W.J. Brown .Paratypes from the following localities: exutus, -a, -um (deprived of) and alludes to the fact that the protibia of the male lacks the spinelike projection  found in the other American (north of Mexico) species.The specific name comes from the Latin participle Paratenetus punctatus and Paratenetus texanus in having the antennomere 8 transverse. The males are also easily recognized among the species treated here in having no calcar on the protibia and a relatively long apical spine, oriented more or less parallel to long axis of tibia, on the mesotibia.This species is best separated from PageBreaktwo abdominal ventrites in the vast majority of specimens, not or only slightly darker in a few specimens. Antennomere 8 transverse. Pronotum with maximum width at or very slightly anterior of midlength . Peace River (NFC). Manitoba. Aweme (CNC). New Brunswick. Fredericton (CNC). Nova Scotia. Kentville (CNC). Annapolis Royal (CNC). Portapique (MCZ). St. Peter’s (AFC). Cape Breton . Grand River . Woodside (AFC). White Point Beach, Queens Co. (JCC). Ontario. Ridgeway (MCZ). Trenton (CNC). Prince Edward Co. (CNC). La Rose Forest, near Bourget (CNC). Quebec. Hull [= Gatineau] (CAS). Lac Duparquet (LEMM). Lac Labyrinthe [Abitibi] (LEMM). Laniel (CNC). Valcartier (CNC). Saskatchewan. Red Earth (RSM). Somme (RSM). United States of America. Alabama.PageBreakPageBreakConecuh Co.: 19 km NE Evergreen (USNM). Arkansas.Newton Co.: 12 mi. W Jasper (SEMC). Connecticut.Litchfield Co.: Cornwall . District of Columbia. Washington (USNM). Florida. “Fla” (USNM). “Haulover” (USNM). Alachua Co.: Cross Creek (FSC); Gainesville (RLAC); nr. Paynes Prairie St. Pk. (FSC). Brevard Co.: Hatbill St. Pk. (FSC). Dade Co.: Everglades Nat. Pk. “Royal Palm Pk.” (CMN); Everglades Nat. Pk., Royal Palm Hammock (FSC). Highlands Co.: Archbold Biological Station (TAMU). Lake Co.: Camp McQuarrie (FSC). Liberty Co.: Torreya St. Pk. (FSC). Putnam Co.: 2 mi. SW Interlachen (FSC). Volusia Co.: Enterprise (USNM). Illinois.Lake Co.: Grayslake (SEMC). Indiana.Monroe Co.: Bloomington (FSC). Iowa.Buchanan Co.: Independence (USNM). Polk Co.: Walnut Woods St. Pk. . Kansas.Bourbon Co.: 9 mi SW Ft. Scott (SEMC). Crawford Co.: 3 mi NE Pittsburg (SEMC). Jefferson Co.: 1 km SW Perry State Park (SEMC); University of Kansas Field Station, Nelson Ravine Forest (SEMC); The Falin Property, 1.5 km N jct. 94th St. & Kingman Rd. (SEMC). Marshall Co.: Alcove Springs State Park (SEMC). Neosho Co.: 2 mi SE Erie (SEMC). Osage Co.: Melvern Lake Project, Outlet Park (SEMC); Pomona Lake, Outlet Park (SEMC). Pottawatomie Co.: St. George (SEMC). Wabaunsee Co.: 10 mi SW Alma (SEMC). Kentucky. “Ky” (USNM). Lousiana.East Baton Rouge Parish: LA 37 at Comite River (LSAM). East Feliciana Parish: Boy Scout Camp Avondale, E of Clinton (LSAM); 1.2 mi S Central (LSAM). Maine.Aroostook Co.: St. Francis (DENH); Crystal (USNM); Howe Brook (USNM); Portage (USNM); Clayton Lake (USNM); Ashland (USNM). Cumberland Co.: South Portland (CUIC). Franklin Co.: Oquossoc (DENH). Hancock Co.: Blue Hill (DENH); E. Orland (USNM). Kennebec Co.: Vassalboro (USNM); Augusta (USNM). Knox Co.: Friendship (USNM). Lincoln Co.: New Harbor (USNM); Bristol (USNM); Boothbay Harbour (USNM). Oxford Co.: Peru . Penobscot Co.: Lee (USNM); Springfield (USNM). Piscataquis Co.: Kokadjo (DENH); Dover-Foxcropt (DENH); Chesuncook (USNM). Somerset Co.: Caratunk ; Embden (USNM); Bingham (USNM); Brighton (DENH); Rockwood (USNM); Seboomook (DENH). Waldo Co.: Palermo (USNM). Washington Co.: Princeton ; Wesley ; Steuben (CNC). York Co.: West Lebanon (DENH). Maryland.Carroll Co.: Finksburg (USNM). Somerset Co.: Shelltown (USNM). Talbot Co.: Wittman (USNM); 3 km SE Easton (USNM). Michigan.Marquette Co.: Marquette (USNM). Wayne Co.: Detroit (USNM). Minnesota.Becker Co.: Itasca St. Pk. area (USNM). Crow Wing Co.: Lake Hubert (CNC). Sherburne Co.: Elk River (CNC). Mississippi.George Co.: Lucedale (CUIC). Greene Co.: Leakesville (CUIC). Missouri.Greene Co.: nr. James River (TAMU). Randolph Co.: 1 mi E Moberly (TAMU). New Jersey.Atlantic Co.: 5 mi. N Hammonton (RLAC). Cape May Co.: Anglesea (USNM). Ocean Co.: Lakehurst (CUIC). Salem Co.: Lake Hudson, near Deepwater (RLAC). Union Co.: Elizabeth (USNM). New York.Suffolk Co.: Yaphank, L.I. (USNM). Ulster Co.: West Park (CUIC); Slide Mt. (CUIC). North Carolina.Buncombe Co.: Oteen (USNM); 6 mi S Asheville (SEMC). Haywood Co.: 9 mi. W Waynesville (SEMC); Cataloochee, GSMNP (LSAM); Purchase Knob, GSMNP (LSAM). Henderson Co.: Fletcher (FSC). Swain Co.: Andrews Bald, GSMNP (LSAM); Clingmans Dome, GSMNP (LSAM). Yancey Co.: Black Mountains (AMNH). North Dakota.Richland Co.: Mirror Pool (USNM). Ohio.Fairfield Co.: Barnebey Center (RLAC). Franklin Co.: Worthington (RLAC). Hamilton Co.: Cincinnati (USNM). Highland Co. (FSC). Hocking Co.: Ward Township (RLAC). Pike Co.: Jackson Lake (RLAC). Preble Co.: Hueston Woods (RLAC). Ross Co.: Tar Hollow St. Pk. (FSC). Trumbull Co.: Phalanx (CUIC). Oklahoma.Latimer Co.: Red Oak . Pennsylvania.Fayette Co.: 5 mi. W. Ohiopyle (USNM). Tennessee.Cocke Co.: Albright Grove (LSAM). Sevier Co.: Ramsey Cascade Trail, GSMNP (LSAM); Goshen Prong, GSMNP (LSAM); Indian Gap, GSMNP (LSAM). Swain Co.: near Charlies Bunion, GSMNP (FSC). Texas.Colorado Co.: Columbus (USNM). Victoria Co.: Victoria (USNM). Virginia. “Ft. Monroe” (USNM). Covington (FSC). Bath Co.: 9.6 km N Clifton Forge (CNC). Lee Co.: Pennington Gap (MCZ). Loudoun Co.: 3 km SE Lovettsville (USNM). Montgomery Co.: Caldwell Fields . West Virginia.Mingo Co.: Justice (CUIC). Pocahontas Co.: Cranberry Glades (USNM). Wisconsin.Bayfield Co.: Bayfield (USNM). Wood Co.: Griffith State Nursery (USNM).We have seen 416 specimens, including the type material, from the following localities. Canada. While almost all specimens from Canada and northern United States had the metaventrite distinctly darker than the first two abdominal ventrites, this is not the case with the specimens from the southern states. There is also variation in the width of the antennomere 8. Most specimens have that antennomere distinctly transverse, some specimens from the southern states (particularly Louisiana) have the antennomere 8 only slightly transverse.Females are more common in collections than males. Of 105 randomly selected specimens, 76 (72%) were females and 29 (28%) were males.Specimens were collected in March (n=9), April (n=38), May (n=84), June (n=58), July (n=79), August (n=40), September (n=22), October (n=5), November (n=3), and December (n=2).Acer rubrum” (3); “beaten ex spruce” (35); “beaten ex fir” (10); “on Bumelia lanuginosa” (1); “ex. spruce” (1); “ex. canopy trap” (15); “ex. FIT, near upper meadow” (1); “ex. FIT, near lower meadow” (3); “ex. canopy malaise, near lower meadow” (9); “ex. canopy FIT, near lower meadow” (3); “malaise trap” (6).Labels on specimens read “at black light near mixed forest, farmed fields and tidal creek” (4 specimens); “at black light at edge of mixed forest and open turf on hill” (1); “in moldy leaf clusters on cut branches of Paratenetus inermis Bsq. and Bouch.” since it was the intended name. Unfortunately, we realized that the name was already used by Champion only after the specimens were returned to their respective collections.Most specimens of this species in collections are identified under the name “PageBreakPageBreakBousquet & Bouchardsp. n.http://zoobank.org/E4FC7175-796F-4270-966D-93B4EE8E681Ahttp://species-id.net/wiki/Paratenetus_texanusHolotype (♂) labeled “Port Isabel, Tex. 20.X.1982 Lot 2 BF&JL Carr / Holotype Paratenetus texanus Bousquet & Bouchard CNC No. 24133.” The specimen is deposited in the CNC.Texas. Port Isabel, 17.X.1982, 20.X.1982, 30.III.1987, BF&JL Carr . 18 mi. E of Hebbronville, 25.III.1987, BF&JL Carr . Cameron Co., Brownsville, 19 July 1981, W.E. Steiner . Cameron Co., Palmito Hill Hist. Site, Hwy. 4 east of Brownsville, 12-X-1993, S.M. Clark . Cameron Co., 11 mi. W Boca Chica, 28 Sept. 1976, R. Turnbow . Hidalgo Co., Mission, Bentsen State Park, 17 (or 18) July 1981, W.E. Steiner . Hidalgo Co., Anzalduas Co. Pk., 19 Oct. 1985, Wappes & Downie . Bee Co., Beeville, 19 June 1974, W.E. Steiner .Paratypes from the following localities: The specific name derives from the name of the state of Texas where the species has been commonly collected.Paratenetus punctatus and Paratenetus exutus in having the punctures on the pronotum sparser, not subcontigous even on the lateral half. They can also be distinguished from most adults of Paratenetus punctatus by their smaller size and from most adults of Paratenetus exutus by the subquadrate antennomere 8 and metaventrite of same color as the first two abdominal ventrites.Members of this species can be distinguished from those of Paratenetus gibbipennis and Paratenetus fuscus; slanting setae subdepressed, erect setae short. Metaventrite long, length along midline longer than length of abdominal ventrite 2 along midline. Male protibia with calcar near middle along ventral surface; male mesotibia with short, preapical spine, wide at base and oriented perpendicularly to long axis of tibia. Parameres with sides distinctly convergent towards apex; apex markedly acute . Louisiana.Avoyelles Parish: Mansura (USNM). Cameron Parish: Holly Beach ; nr. Oak Grove (TAMU). Texas. “60 mi SE Cotulla” (CNC). “15 mi SW Jct FR 3073 & Hwy 16” (CNC). Anderson Co.: Elkhart (TAMU). Aransas Co.: Goose Island St. Park . Atascosa Co.: Pleasanton (USNM); Campbellton (TAMU). Bastrop Co.: Bastrop St. Pk. (FSC). Bee Co.: Beeville (USNM); Pettus (CNC). Bexar Co.: San Antonio (USNM). Brooks Co.: Falfurrias (CNC); 9 mi W Falfurrias (TAMU). Cameron Co.: Boca Chica ; 6 mi W Boca Chica Beach (TAMU); 6.7 mi W Boca Chica Beach (TAMU); Brownsville ; 4 mi ESE Brownsville (TAMU); 6 mi E Brownsville (TAMU); 10 mi E Brownsville ; 12.5 mi E Brownsville (TAMU); 13.5 mi E Brownsville (TAMU); W of Harlingen (TAMU); Main Reservoir near Brownsville (RLAC); Resaca de las Palomas St. Pk. (RLAC); Resaca de La Palma St. Pk. (TAMU); Sabal Palm Grove Wildlife Sanctuary ; nr. Southmost (USNM); ca. 2 mi E Los Fresnos (TAMU); Laguna Atascosa NWR (TAMU); 9.7 mi E jct Rt 1419 on hwy 4 (TAMU). Chambers Co.: Anahuac (USNM). Duval Co.: San Diego (USNM); Freer (TAMU); Sepulveda Ranch (TAMU); 3.5 mi S Realitos (TAMU). Fort Bend Co.: Brazos Bend St. Pk. (TAMU). Galveston Co.: Virginia Point (USNM); San Luis Pass (TAMU); 3.5 mi SW Jamaica Beach (TAMU); 7 mi SW Jamaica Beach (TAMU). Goliad Co.: Goliad (USNM). Hidalgo Co.: Santa Ana Nat. Wdlf. Ref. ; Bentsen Rio Grande Valley St. Pk. ; Anzalduas Park (TAMU); Delta Lake (TAMU). Jefferson Co.: 10 mi W Sabine Pass (TAMU). Jim Wells Co.: Ben Bolt (CNC); 1 mi N Ben Bolt (TAMU); Alice (USNM); 5 km W Alice (CMN); 1 mi N Premont (TAMU); 1.4 mi S Premont (TAMU). Karnes Co.: 1 mi NE Runge (TAMU). Kendall Co.: Boerne (USNM). Kenedy Co.: Sarita (CNC); 2 mi S Sarita (TAMU); 13 mi S Sarita (TAMU); 25.3 mi S Sarita (FSC); 31.8 mi S Sarita (TAMU); Armstrong (CNC); 1 mi S Armstrong (TAMU); Norias (TAMU); 5 mi N Norias (TAMU); 6 mi S Norias (TAMU); 8 mi S Norias (CNC); Loyola Beach, Baffin Bay (CNC); Baffin Bay (TAMU). Kleberg Co.: Kingsville ; Riviera ; Riviera Beach (CMN); Velederos Creek (TAMU). Live Oak Co.: 17 mi SW George West (TAMU). Nueces Co.: Corpus Christi . Refugio Co.: 8 mi E Refugio (TAMU); 7 mi S Woodsboro (TAMU). San Patricio Co.: Sinton (USNM); nr. Sinton (CNC); 3 mi N Sinton (TAMU); 7 mi N Sinton (TAMU); Welder Wildlife Refuge ; Welder Wildlife Refuge, 17 km NE Sinton (CMN); Lake Corpus Christi St. Pk. (LSAM). Starr Co.: 1.5 m E Rio Grande City (LSAM). Tyler Co.: 4 mi E Spurger (TAMU). Willacy Co.: 8 miles SW Port Mansfield (TAMU). Mexico. Chiapas. El Aguacero, 16 km W Ocozocoautla (CMN); 5 km E Ocozocoautla (CMN); 2 km S Chicoasen (CMN); Cinco Cerros (CMN). Nayarit. 15 mi N Tepic (CNC). Tamaulipas. Mpio.San Carlos, Cerro del Diente (TAMU).We have seen 515 specimens, including the type material, from the following localities. United States of America. The two specimens from Miami in Florida externally agree perfectly with those from Texas. One is a male and its genitalia are identical to those of specimens from Texas.Males are more common in collections than females. Of 106 randomly selected specimens, 42 (40%) were females and 64 (60%) were males.Specimens were collected in January (n=1), February (n=1), March (n=65), April (n=39), May (n=89), June (n=30), July (n=53), August (n=21), September (n=36), October (n=108), November (n=2), and December (n=6).Prosopis and Celtis forest, sandy soil” (6 specimens); “on Celtis” (1); “ex dry okra pod” (1); “cotton” (1); “collected on Celtis” (2); “fallen fruit Yucca treculeana” (1); “on flower Yucca treculeana” (2); “on Acacia Berlandieri Benth.” (1).Labels on specimens read “at black light in PageBreakPageBreakParatenetus constrictus, Paratenetus corticarioides, Paratenetus nigricornis, Paratenetus punctulatus, Paratenetus tibialis, and Paratenetus villosus, and none of them are conspecific with those of Paratenetus texanus. The three species not seen are Paratenetus tropicalis Motschulsky, Paratenetus koltzei Pic, and Paratenetus mexicanus Pic.This new species occurs in Mexico and nine species have been reported from that country. We have examined the type material of the six species described by Champion and housed in BMNH, i.e.,


Protective effects of boswellic acid (BA) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in Balb/ cA mice were examined. BA, at 0.05 or 0.1%, was supplied for 4 weeks. Acute liver injury was induced by APAP treatment. Results showed that BA intake increased hepatic BA bioavailability. APAP treatment decreased glutathione (GSH) level, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) production; and lowered activity and protein expression of glutathione reductase (GR) and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in liver. BA intake at both doses alleviated subsequent APAP-induced oxidative stress by retaining GSH content, decreasing ROS and GSSG formations, reserving activity and expression of GR and HO-1 in liver, and lowering hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 activity and expression. APAP treatment enhanced hepatic levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. BA pre-intake diminished APAP-induced release of those inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. APAP upregulated hepatic protein expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)-3, TLR-4, MyD88, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p50, NF-κB p65 and JNK. BA pre-intake at both doses suppressed the expression of NF-κB p65 and p-JNK, and only at 0.1% down-regulated hepatic TLR-3, TLR-4 and MyD88 expression. APAP led to obvious foci of inflammatory cell infiltration in liver, determined by H&E stain. BA intake at both doses attenuated hepatic inflammatory infiltration. These findings support that boswellic acid is a potent hepatoprotective agent. Acetaminophen  is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug. It is metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 system, especially CYP2E1, which leads to the overproduction of reactive free radicals and n-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) , 4. In aet al. [et al. [Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors mainly responsible for immuno modulation. The activation of TLR-3 and TLR-4 has been implicated in APAP-induced hepatic damage because both TLRs could stimulate the production of adaptor proteins including MYD88 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which in turn promote the generation of oxidants and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines , 8. Furtet al.  reportedBoswellia species including Boswellia carteri, Boswellia serrata and Boswellia sacra [via its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [et al. [Boswellic acid  was synthesized and provided by Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. APAP (98%) was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. .Five- to six-week-old male Balb/cA mice were obtained from National Laboratory Animal Center . Mice were housed on a 12-h light-12-h dark schedule, and fed with water and mouse standard diet . Use of the mice was reviewed and approved by the China Medical University animal care committee (104-305).BA at 0.05 or 0.1 g was mixed with 99.95 or 99.9 g powder diet to prepare 0.05 and 0.1% BA diets. Mice were divided into five groups: normal group ; BA group (0.1% BA diet), APAP group ; BA-low- APAP group (0.05% BA diet plus APAP treatment); BA-high- APAP group (0.1% BA diet plus APAP treatment). After 4 weeks supplement, normal and BA groups were sacrificed, and the other three groups were treated by a single intraperitoneal injection of APAP (400 mg/kg body weight). APAP was dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Mice were killed with carbon dioxide after 24 h. The mortality of mice due to APAP injection was zero. After sacrificed, liver from each mouse was collected and weighted. There was no mice die before sacrificed. Blood was also collected, and serum was separated from erythrocyte immediately. Liver tissue, 0.2 g, was homogenized on ice in 2 ml phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), and the filtrate was collected. The protein concentration of serum and liver filtrate was determined by a commercial assay kit  with bovine serum albumin as standard.et al. [The HPLC method of Lozano-Mena et al.  was usedSerum activities of ALT and AST were determined by using commercial assay kits . CRP level (mg/l) was measured by an ELISA kit .Liver tissue was homogenized with cold PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 and 1 mM EDTA. After centrifuging, supernatants were used for measurements. GSH and GSSG concentrations (nmol/mg protein) in liver were determined by commercial colorimetric GSH and GSSG assay kits . ROS level was quantified by using 2’, 7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Fluorescence value was measured by using a fluorescence microplate reader at excitation and emission wavelengths of 485 and 530 nm, respectively. Relative fluorescence unit (RFU) was the difference in fluorescence values obtained at time 0 and 5 min. Results are expressed as RFU/mg protein. The activity (U/mg protein) of GPX and GR was assayed by using commercial kits purchased from EMD Biosciences Co. .Hepatic levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 were measured by using cytoscreen immunoassay kits . The sensitivity of assay with the detection limit was 5 pg/ml for IL-6, and 10 pg/ml for TNF-alpha and MCP-1.The activity of CYP2E1 in freshly prepared liver microsome was estimated by colorimetrically measuring the formation of 4-nitrocatechol, a product from p-nitrophenol hydroxylation catalyzed specifically by CYP2E1. The protein concentration of CYP2E1 was measured by ELISA, and a rabbit anti-CYP2E1 antibody  was used for detection. The formed 4-nitrocatechol was expressed as nmol/mg protein.Hepatic tissue, 40 mg, was homogenized in buffer containing protease-inhibitor cocktail purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co.  and 0.5% Triton X-100. Homogenate was then mixed with buffer , and followed by boiling for 5 min. Protein sample at 40 μg was electrophoresed on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and further transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes  for 1 h. After blocking with a protein solution containing 5% skim milk for 1 h, membranes were treated with monoclonal antibody  against heme oxygenase (HO)-1, CYP2E1 (1:1000), NF-κB p50, NF-κB p65, JNK (1:500), TLR-3, TLR-4, MyD88 (1:2000) at 4ºC overnight, and followed by incubating with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody at room temperature for 3.5 h. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a loading control, and the bands were quantified by an ATTO image analyzer .Partial liver tissue from each mouse was fixed in 10% phosphatebuffered formalin, and embedded in paraffin. Paraffin section at 5 mm thickness was cut and processed with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) stain, and followed by examining under a light microscope for histological analysis. The severity of hepatic inflammatory injury was assayed according to the Ishak scoring system . The injThe effect of each treatment was analyzed from 10 mice (n = 10) in each group. Data were reported as means ± standard deviation (SD), and subjected to analysis of variance. Differences among means were determined by the Least Significance Difference Test with significance defined at P < 0.05.P > 0.05, Table P > 0.05). The intake of BA at both doses alleviated subsequent APAP-induced elevation of ALT, AST and CRP levels in serum (P & 0.05).BA intake at 0.1% increased hepatic BA content, and did not affect body weight, feed intake, water intake and liver weight (P & 0.05); but BA pre-intake attenuated APAP-induced GSH depletion and decreased hepatic GSSG and ROS production (P & 0.05). APAP raised GPX activity and reduced GR activity in liver (P & 0.05). BA intake failed to change hepatic GPX activity (P > 0.05); but significantly maintained hepatic GR activity (P & 0.05). As shown in Figure P & 0.05). BA intake did not affect GPX protein expression (P & 0.05); but significantly retained protein expression of GR and HO-1 in liver (P & 0.05). APAP treatment enhanced CYP2E1 activity and expression ; however, BA intake significantly suppressed subsequent APAP-induced elevation of CYP2E1 activity and protein expression (P & 0.05). APAP treatment also significantly increased hepatic release of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and MCP-1 (Table P & 0.05). BA intake lowered APAP-induced hepatic production of these cytokines (P & 0.05).As shown in Table P & 0.05). BA pre-intake at both doses down-regulated the expression of NF-κB p65 and p-JNK (P & 0.05), and only at high dose suppressed hepatic TLR-3, TLR-4 and MyD88 expression (P & 0.05). BA did not alter NF-κB p50 expression (P > 0.05).APAP up-regulated hepatic protein expression of TLR-3, TLR-4, MyD88, NF-κB p50, NF-κB p65, JNK and p-JNK . BA intake at 0.05 and 0.1% decreased hepatic infiltration by inflammatory cells and lowered Ishak inflammation scores (P & 0.05), in which 0.1% BA treatment exhibited greater anti-inflammatory effects than 0.05% BA (P & 0.05).Histological data revealed that BA intake at 0.1% only (without APAP) did not cause inflammatory stress and showed similar Ishak inflammation score as normal groups Figure . APAP trBoswellia species, increased its deposit in liver and protected liver against subsequent APAP induced oxidative and inflammatory injury. Besides increasing GSH retention, we found that BA effectively decreased CYP2E1 activity and expression, lowered ROS, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 production, as well as suppressed HO-1, TLR-3, TLR-4, NF-κB p65 and p-JNK expression. In addition, our histological results indicated that BA improved diffuse ballooning degeneration and lobular inflammation caused by APAP. These findings support that BA is a potent hepatic protective agent.Our present study revealed that the pre-intake of BA, an active compound of APAP at high dose led to GSH depletion and GSSG accumulation . Our datvia its anti-oxidative activities, which definitely led to less stimulation for hepatic NF-kB activation and JNK phosphorylation. Our western blot data regarding hepatic protein expression of NFkB p65 and p-JNK agreed that BA intake at both doses limited the activation of these two signal pathways. Consequently, it is reasonable to observe lower hepatic levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 in BA treated mice. The decrease in serum levels of ALT, AST and CRP in BA treated mice also agreed that BA intake declined APAP caused liver inflammatory stress. In addition, our histological data further supported that BA pre-intake effectively improved hepatic inflammatory injury.APAP overdose activated NF-kB and JNK pathways through stimulating ROS generation , 23. Theet al. [et al. [in vivo anti-inflammatory data of BA, and extended BA’s mediating activity to TLRs and MyD88.TLRs play crucial roles in the pathological progression of inflammatory liver diseases because TLRs recognize endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns during inflammatory reactions . TLR-3 iet al.  reported [et al.  reportedBA is naturally present in many edible plants including vegetables and herbs , 30. Thevia maintaining hepatic GSH content, retaining activity and expression of GR and HO-1, decreasing inflammatory cytokines and suppressing protein expression of CYP2E1, NF-κB p65, JNK, TLR-3 and TLR-4. These findings support that boswellic acid was a potent hepatic protective agent.Boswellic acid pre-intake protected mice liver against subsequent acetaminophen-induced oxidative and inflammatory injury