Thermus oshimai JL-2 and Thermus thermophilus JL-18 each have a circular chromosome, 2.07 Mb and 1.9 Mb in size, respectively, and each has two plasmids ranging from 0.27 Mb to 57.2 kb. The megaplasmid of each strain contains a gene cluster for the reduction of nitrate to nitrous oxide, consistent with their incomplete denitrification phenotypes.The strains  Thermus comprises >15 species of thermophilic bacteria, including the biotechnologically exalted Thermus aquaticus and the genetically tractable Thermus thermophilus. We reported previously the isolation of a large number of Thermus strains from the Great Boiling Spring system in the U.S. Great Basin, typified by Thermus oshimai JL-2 and Thermus thermophilus JL-18, and described their roles in incomplete denitrification in situ (The genus T. oshimai JL-2 and T. thermophilus JL-18 were sequenced using 454-GS-FLX Titanium and Illumina GA II (2 × 75 bp) methodologies, were assembled using Newbler version 2.3 (prerelease), and were annotated using Prodigal version 1.4, Gene Prediction Improvement Pipeline (GenePRIMP) at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI) in Walnut Creek, CA. The data are available at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI) Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) website ; and a smaller circular plasmid, pTHEOS02 . T. thermophilus JL-18 has a 1.9-Mb circular chromosome carrying 2,057 predicted genes; a circular megaplasmid, pTTJL1801 ; and a smaller circular plasmid, pTTJL1802 .The genomes of T. thermophilus JL-18 was similar to those of T. thermophilus HB8 and T. thermophilus HB27, apart from a few chromosomal rearrangements . T. oshimai JL-2 possesses two nitrate/nitrite transporters (narK1 and narK2), which is similar to T. thermophilus HB8 (T. thermophilus JL-18 possesses a single copy of narK. Genes encoding nitrite reductase (nirS and nirK in T. oshimai JL-2 and nirS in T. thermophilus JL-18) and nitric oxide reductase (norB and norC) were also identified in close proximity to the narGHIJK operon in the megaplasmids of both T. thermophilus JL-18 and T. oshimai JL-2. However, nitrous oxide reductase (nos) genes, which are needed for the conversion of nitrous oxide to dinitrogen, are absent, concurrent with the incomplete denitrification phenotype of these strains and the high flux of nitrous oxide reported at Great Boiling Spring (T. thermophilus HB8 and HB27 (sox gene cluster that includes a sulfite dehydrogenase gene (soxCD) essential for the chemotrophic growth of Paracoccus pantotrophus , CP003250.1 (T. oshimai JL-2 megaplasmid pTHEOS01), CP003251.1 (T. oshimai JL-2 plasmid pTHEOS02), CP003252.1 (T. thermophilus JL-18 chromosome), CP003253.1 (T. thermophilus JL-18 plasmid pTTJL1801), and CP003254.1 (T. thermophilus JL-18 plasmid pTTJL1802).The genome sequences from this study are available from GenBank under the following accession no:


However, its efficacy and indication are still controversial issues. Recently, randomized controlled studies are ongoing in other countries. Our hypothesis is that PMX-DHP therapy may improve the hemodynamic status in septic patients.Since 1994, Polymyxin B-direct hemoperfusion (PMX-DHP)  in our ICU were included in this retrospective observational study. Patients' clinical, microbiological and PAC data were collected from medical archives. PAC variables were compared between immediately before and immediately after PMX-DHP therapy. Values were expressed as mean ± SD. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, chi-square test and Fisher's exact probability test. 2), and oxygen delivery and consumption  significantly improved after PMX-DHP therapy . The systemic venous resistance index (SVRI) (dyn second m2/cm5) and mixed venous oxygen saturation  were not statistically different before and after PMX-DHP therapy . The inotropic score and P/F ratio improved after the therapy .Sixty-three patients ) were studied. The mortality rate was 30.2% at 28 days after PMX-DHP. The APACHE II score and SOFA score on the day of PMX-DHP therapy were 20.2 ± 14.8 and 7.3 ± 3.8, respectively. Mean arterial pressure , cardiac index (CI; l/minute/m2, VO2, inotropic score and P/F ratio improved after PMX-DHP therapy, while SVRI and SVO2 did not change. PMX-DHP could contribute to oxygen delivery due to improve hemodynamic status, while decreasing inotropic agents in septic patients.MAP, CI, DO


The effects of adrenomedullin in circulatory shock states are controversially discussed: while its exogenous supplementation improved organ function and survival  in expern = 11) or the adrenomedullin antibody HAM1101 . Fifteen hours later animals were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated and instrumented for a consecutive 6-hour observation period. Colloid fluid resuscitation and continuous i.v. noradrenaline were titrated to maintain normotensive (mean blood pressure >60 mmHg) and hyperdynamic hemodynamics. Creatinine blood levels and clearance were assessed as surrogate for glomerular filtration [Immediately after cecal ligation and puncture to induce peritonitis, mice randomly received vehicle (ltration . All datP < 0.001), increased total diuresis  vs. 0.6  ml, P = 0.028) resulting in improved fluid balance  vs. 0.26 , P = 0.011) and kidney function  vs. 2.0  μg/ml, P = 0.006; creatinine clearance: 400  vs. 197  μl/minute, P = 0.006).Adrenomedullin antagonism decreased the noradrenaline requirements needed to achieve target hemodynamics  vs. 0.02  μg/g/hour, In resuscitated murine septic shock, early modulation of excess adrenomedullin activity via antibody HAM1101 improves cardiovascular catecholamine responsiveness, ultimately associated with attenuation of acute kidney injury.


To the Editor, 9/L; ANC: 4.6 x 109/L; Hct: 6.9%; RBC count: 1.19 x 1012/L; RDW: 20.5; MCV: 58 fL; Plt count: 485 x 109/L; absolute reticulocyte count: 45.5 x 109/L . Peripheral blood smear showed hypochromic microcytic red cells, polychromasia, and nucleated red cells. Serum iron was 5 μg/dL, total iron binding capacity was 450 μg/dL, and ferritin was <1 ng/mL. A 3-year-old female toddler was referred to our pediatric emergency unit with a 2-week history of fatigue, anorexia, progressive pallor, and vomiting. Medical history showed that iron deficiency anemia was diagnosed one year before and oral iron-sulfate was given. She also had a one year history of intermittent vomiting. Her diet seemed adequate in iron-rich foods. Chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasonographic examination performed in a medical center were normal. Complete blood count findings were as follows: Hb: 1.7 g/dL; WBC count: 8.0 x 10She was hospitalized and given packed red cell transfusion. The following day she suddenly developed respiratory distress after breakfast. Chest X-ray showed a radiolucent lesion in the right paracardiac area . Congeni12/L; MCV: 70.5 fL; MCH: 21.9; MCHC: 31; RDW: 24; WBC count: 9.8 x 109/L; ANC: 4.3 x 109/L, Plt count: 453 x 109/L; absolute reticulocyte count: 11 x 109/L) [normal 50-150 x 109/L]). Peripheral blood smear showed hypochromic microcytic red cells. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and esophageal biopsy showed erosions, gastroesophageal reflux, chronic inflammation, and hyperplasia of the epithelium. A proton pump inhibitor, domperidone, and anti-acid medications were started. Iron sucrose was administered twice weekly for 3 weeks and the Hb increased . Blood smear showed normal red cells. At the 2-year follow-up the patient had no gastrointestinal symptoms or anemia. At 6 weeks post surgery the patient had no gastrointestinal symptoms, but her Hb dropped to 7.9 g/dL and fecal occult blood test findings were positive (Hct: 25.6%; RBC count: 3.63 x 10The coexistence of Morgagni and Bochdalek defects is rarely reported . About 5CDH must be included in the differential diagnosis of severe iron deficiency anemia in the absence of such obvious causes as nutritional deficiency, melena, hematochezia, and malabsorption. Physicians must be aware that a history of intermittent vomiting and/or sudden onset respiratory distress in young children are indications for imaging of the upper gastrointestinal tract and thorax.


Head and Neck Oncology and is not related to the content of BMC Medicine in any way.This comment relates to articles published in archived content of the journal  Head and Neck Oncology and is not related to the content of BMC Medicine in any way.This comment relates to articles published in archived content of the journal Head & Neck Oncology. In order to maintain the integrity of the BioMed Central portfolio of journals, we decided to cease publication of the journal with effect from 9th August 2012.While conducting an internal audit of publications between January and June 2012, BioMed Central discovered a number of apparent major irregularities in the content and editorial handling of the journal University College London (UCL) and University College London Hospital (UCLH) subsequently conducted a joint investigation of our concerns. This focused primarily on the actions of Editor-in-Chief Mr Colin Hopper, because neither of the other active Editors-in-Chief, Waseem Jerjes and Tahwinder Upile, were employees of UCL during the time covered by our audit, so an investigation of their actions would have been beyond the scope of UCL’s investigation.Following their investigation UCL were satisfied that there was no evidence of research misconduct arising from any employee, honorary researcher or student in relation to the articles they were asked to investigate. They were also satisfied that there was no evidence of editorial or author misconduct on the part of Colin Hopper.In the absence of definitive conclusions about all of the concerns raised by its audit, BioMed Central has provided details of its findings in the form of a Publishers Note on relevant articles which will be updated if further information becomes available. If you are an author of a published article in this journal and have further questions, please contact info@biomedcentral.com.The affected articles are listed below:A review of the epidemiology of oral and pharyngeal carcinoma: updateDaniel M SamanHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:1http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/1Randomized clinical trial of LigaSure versus conventional suture ligation in thyroid surgeryAnandi H.W. Schiphorst, Bas A. Twigt, Sjoerd G. Elias and Thijs van DalenHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:2http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/2A decision support system for quality of life in head and neck oncology patientsJoaquim J Goncalves and Alvaro RochaHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:3http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/3Etiology analysis and computed tomography imaging of a tonsillar inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: report of an immunocompetent patient and brief reviewYun-Zhen Luo, Li-Bo Dai, Shui-Hong Zhou, Xing-Mei Luo, Jun Fan and Ling-Xiang RuanHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:4http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/4cTNM vs. pTNM: the effect of not applying ultrasonography in the identification of cervical nodal diseaseWaseem Jerjes, Tahwinder Upile, Hani Radhi, Aviva Petrie, Jesuloba Abiola, Aidan Adams, Jacqueline Callear, Panagiotis Kafas, Syedda Abbas, Kartic Rajaram, Colin HopperHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:5http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/5The effect of tobacco and alcohol and their reduction/cessation on mortality in oral cancer patients: short communicationWaseem Jerjes, Tahwinder Upile, Hani Radhi, Aviva Petrie, Jesuloba Abiola, Aidan Adams, Panagiotis Kafas, Jacqueline Callear, Ramin Carbiner, Kartic Rajaram, Colin HopperHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:6http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/6Nimesulide inhibited the growth of hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells via suppressing Survivin expressionJia-Jun Tian, Su-Mei Lu, Liang Yu, Ju-Ke Ma, Ya-Kui Mu, Hai-Bo Wang and Wei XuHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:7http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/7Primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid: a case report and review of literatureMutahar A Tunio, Mushabbab Al Asiri, Mosa Fagih and Rashad AkashaHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:8http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/8The prognostic significance of p63 and Ki-67 expression in myoepithelial carcinomaYou-Hu Jiang, Bo Cheng, Ming-Hua Ge and Gu ZhangHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:9http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/9Parapharyngeal space hemangiopericytoma treated with surgery and postoperative radiation- a case reportMuhammad Mohsin Fareed, Abdullah Suleiman Mazaed Al Amro, Rashad Akasha, Mansour A Assiry, Mushabbab Al Asiri, Mutahar Tonio and Yasir BayoumiHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:10http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/10Knockdown of aberrantly expressed nuclear localized decorin attenuates tumour angiogenesis related mediators in oral cancer progression model in vitroNyla Dil and Abhijit G BanerjeeHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:11http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/11A retrospective, deformable registration analysis of the impact of PET-CT planning on patterns of failure in stereotactic body radiation therapy for recurrent head and neck cancerKyle Wang, Dwight E Heron, John C Flickinger, Jean-Claude M Rwigema, Robert L Ferris, Gregory J Kubicek, James P Ohr, Annette E Quinn, Cihat Ozhasoglu and Barton F BranstetterHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:12http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/12Clear cell chondrosarcoma of the head and neckSepideh Mokhtari and Abbas MirafshariehHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:13http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/13Delay in pathological tissue processing time vs. mortality in oral cancer: Short communicationWaseem Jerjes, Tahwinder Upile, Hani Radhi, Aviva Petrie, Aidan Adams, Jacqueline Callear, Panagiotis Kafas, Colin HopperHead & Neck Oncology 4:14http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/14The cost burden of oral, oral pharyngeal, and salivary gland cancers in three groups: commercial insurance, medicare, and medicaidJed J Jacobson, Joel B Epstein, Frederick C Eichmiller, Teresa B Gibson, Ginger S Carls, Emily Vogtmann, Shaohung Wang and Barbara MurphyHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:15http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/15Photodynamic therapy in the management of potentially malignant and malignant oral disordersWaseem Jerjes, Zaid Hamdoon, Colin HopperHead & Neck Oncology 4:16http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/16CO2 lasers in the management of potentially malignant and malignant oral disordersWaseem Jerjes, Zaid Hamdoon, Colin HopperHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:17http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/17Expression of Glut-1, HIF-1alpha, PI3K and p-Akt in a case of ceruminous adenomaWan-Qin Shen, Ke-Jia Cheng, Yang-Yang Bao, Shui-Hong Zhou and Hong-Tian YaoHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:18http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/18Systemic therapy in the management of metastatic or advanced salivary gland cancersAymen Lagha, Nesrine Chraiet, Mouna Ayadi, Sarra Krimi, Bassem Allani, Hela Rifi, Henda Raies and Amel MezliniHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:19http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/19Tongue cancer in young patients: Case report of a 26-year-old patient.Aleksandra Crede, Michael Locher and Marius BredellHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:20http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/20Reconstruction of scalp defects with the radial forearm free flapLarissa Sweeny, Brendan T Eby, J. Scott Magnuson, William R Carroll and Eben L RosenthalHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:21http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/21The use of specific anti-growth factor antibodies to abrogate the oncological consequences of transfusion in head & neck squamous cell carcinoma: an in vitro studyTahwinder Upile, Waseem Jerjes, Sandeep Singh, Mohammed Al-Khawalde, Zaid Hamdoon, Hani Radhi, Colin HopperHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:22http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/22Definitive radiotherapy for early stage glottic cancer by 6 MV photonsChi-Chung TONG, Kwok-Hung AU, Roger Kai-Cheong NGAN, Sin-Ming CHOW, Foon-Yiu CHEUNG, Yiu-Tung FU, Joseph Siu-Kei AU and Stephen Chun-Key LAWHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:23http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/23Branchial cysts within the parotid salivary glandTahwinder Upile, Waseem Jerjes, Mohammed Al-Khawalde, Panagiotis Kafas, Steve Frampton, Angela Gray, Bruce Addis, Ann Sandison, Nimesh Patel, Holger Sudhoff, Hani RadhiHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:24http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/24A patient with ulcerated calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe in the pinna: case reportTahwinder Upile, Waseem Jerjes, Fabian Sipaul, Ann Sandison, Panagiotis Kafas, Mohammed Al-Khawalde, Hani RadhiHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:25http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/25Computed tomography and pathological findings of five nasal neurilemmomasJing Hu, Yang-Yang Bao, Ke-Jia Cheng, Shui-Hong Zhou, Ling-Xiang Ruan and Zhou-Jun ZhengHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:26http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/26Metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma of the thyroid gland, a case reportMohamed T Hafez, Mohamed A Hegazy, Khaled Abd Elwahab, Mohammad Arafa, Islam Abdou and Basel RefkyHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:27http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/27Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and the oropharynx in patients less than 40 years of age: a 20-year analysisSamuel E Udeabor, Majeed Rana, Gerd Wegener, Nils-Claudius Gellrich and André M EckardtHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:28http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/28Structural validation of oral mucosal tissue using optical coherence tomographyZaid Hamdoon, Waseem Jerjes, Raed Al-Delayme, Gordon McKenzie, Amrita Jay, Colin HopperHead & Neck Oncology 2012 4:29http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/29Solitary giant neurofibroma of the neck subjected to photodynamic therapy: case studyZaid Hamdoon, Waseem Jerjes, Raed Al-Delayme, Colin HopperHead & Neck Oncology 2012 4:30http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/30Oral sex, cancer and death: sexually transmitted cancersTahwinder Upile, Waseem Jerjes, Mohammed Al-Khawalde, Hani Radhi and Holger SudhoffHead & Neck Oncology 2012 4:31http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/31Enhanced patient reported outcome measurement suitable for head and neck cancer follow-up clinicsNaseem Ghazali, Derek Lowe and Simon N RogersHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:32http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/32A patient with primary Burkitt's lymphoma of the postnasal space: case reportTahwinder Upile, Waseem Jerjes, Jesuloba Abiola, Panagiotis Kafas, Ann Sandison, Zaid Hamdoon, Mohammed Al-Khawalde and Hani RadhiHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:33http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/33Positron emission tomography in the detection of occult primary head and neck carcinoma: a retrospective studyGabriel G Pereira, Joaquim C Silva and Eurico F MonteiroHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:34http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/34Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-producing squamous cell carcinoma of the lower gingiva: a case reportJun-ichi Kobayashi Dr., Akihiro Miyazaki Dr., Takashi Yamamoto Dr., Kenji Nakamori Dr., Rina Suzuki Dr., Takeshi Kaneko Dr., Naohiro Suzuki Dr. and Hiroyoshi Hiratsuka Prof.Head & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:35http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/35Spinal metastasis in head and neck cancerGregory M Trilling, Hyongyu Cho, Mohamed A Ugas, Samerah Saeed, Asia Katunda, Waseem Jerjes and Peter V GiannoudisHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:36http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/36Analysis of the compatibility of dental implant systems in fibula free flap reconstructionRamin Carbiner, Waseem Jerjes, Kaveh Shakib, Peter V Giannoudis and Colin HopperHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:37http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/37p16 overexpression in malignant and premalignant lesions of the oral and esophageal mucosa following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantationYasumasa Kakei, Masaya Akashi, Hideki Komatsubara, Tsutomu Minamikawa and Takahide KomoriHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:38http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/38Spinal metastasis in thyroid cancerSami Ramadan, Mohamed A Ugas, Richard J Berwick, Manisha Notay, Hyongyu Cho, Waseem Jerjes, Peter V GiannoudisHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:39http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/39Feasibility of recruitment to an oral dysplasia trial in the United KingdomPaul C Nankivell, Janet A Dunn, Michael J.S. Langman and Hisham MehannaHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:40http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/40Effect of human beta-defensin-3 on head and neck cancer cell migration using micro-fabricated cell islandsKevin Wang, Joanne H Wang, Harihara Baskaran, Russell Wang and Rick JurevicHead & Neck Oncology 2012, 4:41http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/41


Cardiac MRI (CMR) is used to follow patients after TOF repair to assess pulmonary regurgitation (PR), pulmonary stenosis (PS) and right ventricular (RV) function. 4D flow-sensitive MRI techniques enable visualization of complex flow patterns ,2]. Wit. Wit2]. Analyze flow patterns in superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), and main, right and left pulmonary arteries  using 3D radially-undersampled, 4D flow-sensitive MRI.3 volume, 1.0-1.25mm3 acquired isotropic spatial resolution, and VENC of 50-200cm/s. Scan time was approximately 8-12min using an adaptive respiratory bellows reading and 50% efficiency. Retrospective ECG-triggered cardiac gating was used with datasets reconstructed into 20 time frames. Flow visualization and analysis  on 1.5T and 3.0T clinical systems  after IRB-approval and obtaining consent. 4D flow-sensitive MRI data were acquired with a radially undersampled phase contrast (PC) sequence, PC VIPR . The. The4].


With newly available 32-channel cardiac coil, 3 tesla MRI system provides increased signal-to-noise radio (SNR), reduced imaging time and improved spatial resolution. This study sought to determine the diagnostic performance of 3T stress MRMPI with 32-channel cardiac coil in detecting clinical relevant coronary artery stenosis in comparison with invasive coronary angiography (ICA).Forty four patients  who were scheduled for ICA underwent stress MRMPI with 3T MRI  with a 32-channel cardiac receiver coil . The total amount of contrast medium  was 0.15mmole/kg with injection rate at 4ml/s. The MR protocol included gadolinium-enhanced stress first-pass perfusion , rest perfusion, and delayed enhancement (DE). Ischemia was defined as (1) a territory with perfusion defect at stress study but no DE, (2) territory with DE but additional peri-infarcted perfusion defect at stress study. Diagnostic performance was determined on a per-patient basis. Quantitative CA served as the reference standard.Coronary angiography depicted significant stenosis  in 22 of 44 patients (50%). No complications were observed during Stress perfusion 3.0 tesla MRI and dipyridamole infusion. For detection of significant coronary stenosis, 3T stress MRMPI provided sensitivity: 0.91(0.75-1.00), specificity: 0.86(0.72-1.00), positive predictive value: 0.87(0.74-1.00) and negative predictive value: 0.91(0.748-1.00). The overall diagnostic accuracy was: 0.88.Our study showed that 3T stress MRMPI using 32-channel cardiac coil demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for detection of significant stenosis, having QCA as the reference standard. Further investigation is needed to assess if advances in technology and improvement in diagnostic accuracy for CAD detection will translate in better patient care and outcomes.


Follow-up studies used flyback EPI to reduce image artifacts. More recently a spiral k-space trajectory was utilized for improved SNR.The original implementation of 2D cine DENSE (displacement encoding with stimulated echoes) employed a conventional EPI To evaluate and compare SNR efficiencies and strain results of these three techniques for 2D cine DENSE imaging.k-space trajectories, namely conventional bottom-up interleaved EPI, flyback bottom-up interleaved EPI, and interleaved spiral. They were compared in volunteers using a two-breath-hold protocol on a 1.5T Siemens Avanto system with a four-channel chest coil. In accordance with protocols approved by the local institutional review board, 5 healthy volunteers were imaged. Identical parameters included pixel size = 3.8 × 3.8 mm2, slice thickness = 8 mm, flip angle = 20°, cardiac phases = 15, displacement encoding frequency = 0.08 cycles/mm, two-point phase cycling, and through-plane dephasing frequency = 0.08 cycles/mm to suppress artifacts. Other parameters for conventional/flyback EPI included image matrix = 72 × 96, TE = 8.57/10.57 ms, TR = 17.69/21.19 ms, ETL = 8, segments = 16, sampling time per image = 99.8 ms, heartbeats per breath-hold = 21/20, and fat suppression by water excitation. For spiral, other parameters included image matrix = 96 × 96, TE = 1.08 ms, TR = 17 ms, interleaves = 6, interleaves per heartbeat = 2, sampling time per image = 66.8 ms, heartbeats per breath-hold = 14, and fat suppression by chemically-selective saturation pulses applied prior to displacement-encoding pulses. Based on the magnitude-reconstructed images, SNR efficiencies were calculated. Strain maps were also calculated.Cine DENSE pulse sequences were developed that employed different As shown in Figure Conventional EPI, flyback EPI and spiral cine DENSE produce similar strain results. Spiral cine DENSE provides improved SNR efficiency compared to the other two techniques.


Liver fibrosis (LF) progression is fated to become one of the major long-term complications in HIV patients, even in those without HCV or HBV co-infections (HIV-mono-infected). The aim of this study was to assess LF progression in HIV-mono-infected patients and associated risk factors.Observational retrospective study. All HIV naive patients who started HAART from 1996 to 2006 were included. Concordance between FIB-4 and APRI scores was assessed using the weighted kappa coefficient. Rates of transition from lower classes to higher classes were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox regression models were applied to assess possible predictors both at baseline and during the follow-up.1,112 naive patients were selected. A moderate concordance between FIB-4 and APRI was demonstrated (K=0.573). For FIB-4, the incidence of transition to higher classes was 0.064 PYFU , while for APRI the incidence of transition was 0.099 PYFU . Viro-immunological control during HIV infection appeared to reduce the risk of both FIB-4 and APRI transitions. HIV-RNA <500 copies/ml  and higher CD4 T-cell counts only for FIB-4 (HR 0.881 p=0.0004 for 100 cells higher) during the follow-up were statistically protective. Among baseline variables, for FIB-4 transition, age ≥ 40 years (HR 1.037 p<0.0001) and higher FIB-4 values (HR 1.526 p=0.0038) were associated with increased risk of LF progression, while sexual risk factor for HIV acquisition resulted to be protective (HR 0.524 p=0.0314). For APRI, male gender (HR 1.390 p=0.017), higher GGT values (HR 1.015 p=0.014) and higher APRI values (HR 1.748 p=0.007) were independently associated with APRI transition. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that DDX drugs as time-dependent covariates were associated with a significant risk of transition with FIB-4 (HR 1.662 p=0.0007) or APRI (HR 1.661 p=0.0001)Our data suggest that a better viro-immunological control of HIV infection may slow down fibrosis progression provided that DDX are avoided. Moreover our analysis provided a comprehensive feature of the risk factors that should be controlled in clinical practice


There is an error in the title. "gp120" was incorrectly labeled as "gsp120."The correct title is: Synergistic Cooperation between Methamphetamine and HIV-1 gp120 through the P13K/Akt Pathway Induces IL-6 but not IL-8 Expression in AstrocytesThe correct citation is: Shah A, Silverstein PS, Kumar S, Singh DP, Kumar A (2012) Synergistic Cooperation between Methamphetamine and HIV-1 gp120 through the P13K/Akt Pathway Induces IL-6 but not IL-8 Expression in Astrocytes. PLoS ONE 7(12): e52060. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052060


We have previously shown that the tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) critically impairs host defense against secondary bacterial pneumonia . Since iin vitro data, transgenic mice that conditionally express IDO in the airway epithelium upon doxycycline (dox) treatment and control mice were challenged with LPS (1 μg) or Klebsiella pneumoniae (104 colony-forming units) intranasally and sacrificed after 24 hours to count neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid . Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t test or Mann-Whitney U test where appropriate. P < 0.05 was considered significant.Freshly isolated neutrophils were cultured in the presence or absence of tryptophan, kynurenine and 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid. Apoptosis was identified by annexin V/propidium iodine staining . To confirm our P < 0.05), which was reversed by adding tryptophan. Conditional transgenic mice, which showed marked expression of IDO in the pulmonary compartment, had reduced neutrophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after challenge with K. pneumoniae  and LPS , which was associated with active caspase-3 staining in dox-treated mice, but not in control mice.Both kynurenine and 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid enhanced apoptosis in freshly isolated neutrophils (60.3 ± 8.7% and 45.5 ± 1.7% respectively vs. 33.5 ± 8.1% under control conditions, both in vivo and may impair host defense against secondary bacterial infections.Neutrophils undergo apoptosis in presence of kynurenine or 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid and the absence of tryptophan. Pulmonary IDO expression, as occurs during influenza infection, enhances neutrophil apoptosis


In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue (ST) angiogenesis can be observed already in the earliest phase of disease. The chemokine CXCL12, which is induced via the non-canonical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) pathway, plays an important role in angiogenesis, lymphocyte transendothelial migration, and the homing of endothelial progenitor cells. Therefore, the non-canonical pathway, with its key mediator NF-kB inducing kinase (NIK), may play an important role in pathological angiogenesis and the perpetuation of synovial inflammation in RA.To study the role of non-canonical NF-kB signaling in pathological angiogenesis in RA.-/- mice in the aortic ring assay. Physiological  angiogenesis was evaluated by isolectin B4 staining of the retina followed by confocal microscopy. The contribution of NIK to synovial angiogenesis was studied in vivo in antigen-induced arthritis (AIA).Expression of NIK and CXCL12 in RA ST was evaluated using immunofluorescence microscopy (IF). Angiogenesis was studied in endothelial cells (EC) in vitro using the tube formation assay and ex vivo by comparing WT and NIK-/- mice showed normal TNF- and VEGF-induced microvessel outgrowth. In contrast, whereas non-canonical NF-kB stimuli induced microvessel outgrowth in WT mice (unstim 29.94 ± 6.08 vs. LT 159.1 ± 50.24 vs. LIGHT 110.3 ± 17.68 (mm^2) p<0.05), no microvessel outgrowth was observed in aortic rings from NIK-/- mice (unstim 28.74 ± 15.89 vs. LT 45.9 ± 16.71 vs. LIGHT 43.41 ± 15.73 (mm^2)). In line with this, NIK-/- mice exhibited normal developmental angiogenesis in the retina, but a 50% reduction in pathological angiogenesis in synovial inflammation .NIK, p52 and CXCL12 were highly expressed in EC in RA ST, mainly in small (newly formed) blood vessels. Stimuli that induce non-canonical NF-kB signaling (lymphotoxin (LT), LIGHT, and CD40L) significantly enhanced in vitro tube formation 2,5-fold (p<0.05), which could be completely blocked by siRNA targeting NIK or IKKα. Aortic rings from WT and NIK-/- mice exhibited normal developmental and VEGF-induced angiogenesis, but reduced pathological angiogenesis in AIA. These findings point towards an important role of the non-canonical NF-kB pathway in pathological angiogenesis associated with chronic  inflammation. This could be exploited for the development of future new therapies for RA.NIK is preferentially expressed in EC in RA ST and non-canonical NF-kB signaling in EC results in enhanced angiogenesis in vitro. NIK


There were errors in the article title.The correct version of the title is: The Long Coiled-Coil Protein NECC2 Is Associated to Caveolae and Modulates NGF/TrkA Signaling in PC12 CellsThe correct version of the citation is: Díaz-Ruiz A, Rabanal-Ruiz Y, Trávez A, Gracia-Navarro F, Cruz-García D, et al. (2013) The Long Coiled-Coil Protein NECC2 Is Associated to Caveolae and Modulates NGF/TrkA Signaling in PC12 Cells. PLoS ONE 8(9): e73668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073668


To assess the feasibility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and angiography (MRA) at 3.0T in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and to compare the technical and diagnostic performance with an age-matched and clinically comparable control group imaged at 1.5T.Forty-six patients  with suspected or known CHD were evaluated (9/2008-5/2011). SSFP cine imaging, time-resolved MRA (TR-MRA), and high resolution contrast-enhanced MRA (HR-MRA) were performed. Two independent observers analyzed the MRI data for image quality, thoraco-abdominal vessel definition, and artifacts.At 3.0T, 91% of SSFP cine images (k=0.55) and 97% (374 of 387) of vascular segments (k=0.49) were rated as good or excellent image quality with 72% of SSFP cine images having mild and 27% having moderate artifacts. At 1.5T, 92% of SSFP cine images (k=0.52) and 96% (344 of 356) of vascular segments (k=0.18) were rated as good or excellent image quality with 86% of SSFP cine images having mild and 14% having moderate artifacts. The SNR and CNR of SSFP images and HR-MRA were higher at 3.0T (p<0.001) with off-resonance artifacts being more prevalent at 3.0T (45% of images at 3.0T vs 27%). However, they rarely rendered the images non-diagnostic.Cardiac MRI & MRA at 3.0T are feasible in children with CHD. Both field strengths can be used successfully for cardiac and vascular imaging; deciding which to use depends on local availability and the importance of vascular (extra-cardiac) vs. intra-cardiac imaging.Siemens Research Grant


The word "Splice" is misspelled in the article title. The correct title is: Broad Expression Analysis of Human ANTXR1/TEM8 Transcripts Reveals Differential Expression and Novel Splice Variants.The correct citation is: Vargas M, Karamsetty R, Leppla SH, Chaudry GJ (2012) Broad Expression Analysis of Human ANTXR1/TEM8 Transcripts Reveals Differential Expression and Novel Splice Variants. PLoS ONE 7(8): e43174. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043174


AbstractPerkinsyllis augeneri  and Prosphaerosyllis chauseyensis Olivier et al., 2011 are new records for the Mediterranean Sea. Detailed information is given on the morphology, ecology and distribution of the species recorded for the first time in the studied areas. In addition, an update on the distribution of the genus Prosphaerosyllis San Martín, 1984 in the Mediterranean is given and an identification key to the Mediterranean species is provided.The syllid fauna of three locations in Crete and Israel (eastern Mediterranean Sea) was studied, yielding 82 syllid species, many of which were found for the first time in the respective areas: Seventeen species were recorded for the first time on the Israeli coasts and 20 in Greek waters.  Syllidae are a highly diverse family of polychaetes with currently around 900 valid species belonging to over 80 genera (pers. obs.) and have recently received considerable taxonomic and phylogenetic research effort, including a high number of new taxon descriptions (e.g. The ons e.g. . Syllidsons e.g. .http://www.nagisa.coml.org), a field project of the Census of Marine Life ; b) soft-sediment samples from the Israeli coast have been obtained in the framework of a project focusing on the soft bottom benthos of Haifa Bay. In all samples, Syllidae were highly abundant and yielded many species recorded for the first time in the respective area, as well as a species new to science  32×35cm, volume 20 l, penetration 20 cm. The sediment was preserved in buffered formalin 10% for 3–7 days, then sieved through a 250 µm mesh sieve and subsequently stored in 70% ethanol. In this study, only a subset of the collected material is presented.Specimens from Israel were collected on 31 May 2009 and 11 Oct 2009 in Haifa Bay,  from soft sediments of mixed grain sizes in shallow waters . SedimenSpecimens from Crete were collected in September 2007 and June 2008 from two sites in northern Crete characterized by a continuous hard bottom habitat with dense algal coverage and a moderate wave exposure . At eachSyllidae .This manuscript was prepared in a Virtual Research Environment (Scratchpads) allowing for rapid and simultaneous publication of the results in print as well as electronically in a semantically enhanced form . This puhttp://ipt.pensoft.net/ipt/resource.do?r=easternmedsyllids). The data are furthermore available in Darwin Core Archive format, a simple and extensible schema for sharing biodiversity data which has been developed by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility  to allow easy and rapid mobilisation of species occurrence data through the internet. Darwin Core Archives are essentially a set of text files stored together with an XML descriptor file which describes the structure of the data files. Data are described through the Darwin Core schema, allowing for their usage within the semantic web. This new type of data publishing allows data to be indexed and discoverable through global biodiversity infrastructures such as GBIF or other data repositories, allows data to be integrated and compared with other datasets and ensures proper accreditation of the data provider (http://www.datadryad.org) and can be accessed at doi: 10.5061/dryad.4b7k408g.The underlying dataset of this study has been published under a Creative Commons license according to the Pensoft Data Publishing Policies and Guidelines for Biodiversity Data  and are provider . AdditioSyllinae and Exogoninae, whereas the samples from Israel did not contain any specimens of Anoplosyllinae or Autolytinae, and 73% of the examined species belong to the small-sized Exogoninae , CELA-5d-08 (2 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008]; CELB-10c-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 27.9.2007].Galápagos Islands (Pacific Ocean).Galápagos Islands, north-east Pacific, Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea: WB, AS. New record for the Greek coast.Zostera beds, in vermetid reefs.Shallow subtidal depths, in sandy and muddy sediments, among photophilic algae and Imajima, 1966http://species-id.net/wiki/Syllides_japonicusSyllides japonicus Imajima, 1966: 112, figs 36a–h; Syllidesjaponicus: cf. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELA-15a-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 26.9.2007]; CELA-5d-08 (1 ind.), CELB-15d-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Japan (Pacific Ocean).Japan, Australia , MediterPosidonia oceanica rhizomes.Shallow subtidal depths, in sandy and muddy sediments, on rocks with algal cover, among GenusMilne Edwards, 1845Myrianida fasciata Milne Edwards, 1845http://species-id.net/wiki/Myrianida_inermisAutolytus inermis Saint-Joseph, 1887: 237, pl. 12, fig. 117; Autolytus (Autolytides) inermis : Myrianida inermis : Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELB-1e-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 29.9.2007].Dinard, France (north-east Atlantic Ocean).North-east Atlantic, north-west Atlantic , north-eUntil 100m depth, on rocks among algae and hydrozooans, in coralligenous substrates .http://species-id.net/wiki/Myrianida_quindecimdentataAutolytus quindecimdentatus Langerhans, 1884: 249, pl. 15, figs 3a–b; Autolytus lugens Saint-Joseph, 1887: 234, pl. 12, fig. 116; Fauvel, 1923: 318, fig. 122g; Odontosyllis longicornis Hartmann-Schröder, 1960: 98, figs 101–104.Myrianida quindecimdentata : Alykes, Crete, Greece: CALA-10c-08 (4 ind.) [coll. 17.6.2008]; CALA-1b-08 (1 ind.), CALB-1c-08 (1 ind.), CALB-1d-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 18.6.2008]. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELB-5e-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 27.9.2007]; CELB-1a-07 (2 ind.), CELA-1d-07 (2 ind.), CELB-1e-07 (5 ind.) [coll. 29.9.2007]; CELA-10b-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 11.6.2008]; CELB-1a-08 (1 ind.), CELB-1b-08 (1 ind.), CELA-5d-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Madeira (Atlantic Ocean).PageBreakEast and west Atlantic , north-east Pacific, Red Sea . MediterPosidonia oceanica rhizomes, endobiontic in sponges http://species-id.net/wiki/Perkinsyllis_augeneriPionosyllis augeneri Hartmann-Schröder, 1979: 98, figs 119–125; 1980a: 52; 1981: 32, fig. 52 Non : 35; SanPerkinsyllis augeneri : Haifa Bay, Israel: ALA-IL-7 (7 ind.) [coll. 11.10.2009].Boone, west Australia.Australia, New Zealand. Mediterranean Sea: LB. New record for the Mediterranean Sea.Intertidal and shallow subtidal depths, in coarse coralline sand, in muddy sand and seagrass beds .Prostomium pentagonal with 4 eyes in trapezoidal arrangement, posterior pair closer together than anterior one. Palps longer than prostomium, basally fused. Antennae cylindrical, smooth, longer than prostomium and palps. Tentacular cirri similar to antennae but slightly longer. Dorsal cirri of some anterior segments slender, longer than body width, some shorter, in midbody alternating short and long cirri, posteriorly all shorter than body width. Parapodia with 9–10 falcigers per fascicle anteriorly, 6–7 posteriorly. Shafts smooth or slightly serrated. Blades with marked dorso-ventral gradation , coarsely serrated, with small subdistal tooth. After proventriculum, dorsal blades unidentate, elongated, spiniger-like, twice as long as anteriorly, ventral blades stout, with strong serration, especially basally. Dorsal simple chaeta first appearing on midbody, blunt, subdistally serrated. Ventral simple chaetae posteriorly, bidentate, equally sized teeth forming a right angle, some long spines subdistally. Paired aciculae anteriorly, single ones posteriorly, with rounded, slightly enlarged tip. Pharynx through 4 chaetigers, pharyngeal tooth located anteriorly. Proventricle through 5 chaetigers with ca. 20–22 muscle cell rows.Perkinsyllis augeneri has not yet been fully resolved. In recent molecular phylogenies the species groups either within Exogoninae or as a sister group, and forms a sister clade of Eusyllinae in all analyses , recorded for the first time in 2003 in Cyprus .GenusFauvel, 1923Pionosyllis gestans Pierantoni, 1903http://species-id.net/wiki/Parapionosyllis_elegansPionosyllis elegans Pierantoni, 1903: 236, pl. X, fig. 2: pl. XI, fig. 27.Parapionosyllis elegans : Haifa Bay, Israel: ALA-IL-7 (11 ind.), ALA-IL-10 (45 ind.) [coll. 11.10.2009].Gulf of Naples (western Mediterranean Sea).North-east Atlantic (Iberian Peninsula). Mediterranean Sea: WB, CB, AD, AS, LB. New record for the Israeli coast.PageBreakUntil 30 m depth , in mediGenusSan Martín, 1984Sphaerosyllis xarifae Hartmann-Schröder, 1960San Martín, 1984http://species-id.net/wiki/Prosphaerosyllis_adelaeSphaerosyllis (Prosphaerosyllis) adelae San Martín, 1984a: 376, figs 1–4.Prosphaerosyllis adelae : San Martín: 2003: 220, fig. 116.Haifa Bay, Israel: ALA-IL-7 (11 ind.) [coll. 31.5.2009]; ALA-IL-7 (6 ind.), ALA-IL-10 (2 ind.) [coll. 11.10.2009].Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean Sea).Mediterranean Sea: WB, LB. New record for the eastern Mediterranean Sea.Posidonia oceanica rhizomes.Until 13 m depth, in coarse sands, among http://species-id.net/wiki/Prosphaerosyllis_campoyiSphaerosyllis campoyi San Martín Acero, Contonente and Gomez, 1982: 175, fig. 2; Sphaerosyllis (Prosphaerosyllis) campoyi : Prosphaerosyllis campoyi : San Martín, 2003: 222, figs 117–118.Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELA-10a-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 27.9.2009]; CELA-10b-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 11.6.2008].Andalusia, Spain (western Mediterranean Sea).North-east Atlantic , Mediterranean Sea: WB, AS, LB. New record for the Greek coast.Until 70 m depth , on rockThe specimens agree well with the description of Olivier, Grant, San Martín, Archambault & McKindsey, 2011http://species-id.net/wiki/Prosphaerosyllis_chauseyensisProsphaerosyllis chauseyensis Olivier et al., 2011, figs 1–3a, b.Haifa Bay, Israel: ALA-IL-8 (12 ind.) [coll. 31.5.2009]; ALA-IL-1 (23 ind.), ALA-IL-2 (4 ind.), ALA-IL-5 (1 ind.), ALA-IL-7 (73 ind.), ALA-IL-8 (24 ind.), ALA-IL-9 (68 ind.), ALA-IL-10 (99 ind.) [coll. 11.10.2009].Sphaerosyllis brevicirra Hartmann-Schröder, 1960  (Typ), 29.3.56, coll. Remane/Schulz]); Prosphaerosyllis chauseyensis , C1AM et C3AV]).Chausey Islands, Normandy (north-east Atlantic).North-east Atlantic (Normandy), Mediterranean Sea: LB. New record for the Mediterranean Sea.Until 13 m depth, in medium to very coarse sand.Three specimens collected at Station ALA-IL-8 on 31 May 2009 with egg capsules attached near dorsal cirri on midbody chaetigers.The specimens from Israel agree well with the specimens from Normandy, however, the Mediterranean specimens differ from the Holotype in: a) Papillation pattern: each segment with one papilla between dorsal cirri and four papillae, situated dorso-laterally and ventro-laterally on each side of parapodium, most developed in posterior chaetigers, from mid-body additional papillae arranged in two very irregular lines along middle of dorsum, increasing in length towards posterior end (ca. 20 µm posteriorly). Ventrally 2 smaller  papillae in middle of ventrum at posterior end of each segment. Specimens from Normandy have an irregular papillation pattern, but papillation is more distinct laterally, as in specimens from Israel; b) Length of anal cirri: about 125 µm, ca. 2.5–3 times length of posterior dorsal cirri  the ana.Sphaerosyllis tetralix Eliason, 1920, from the Gulf of Elat and the Mediterranean Sea might in fact belong to Prosphaerosyllis chauseyensis. The description and illustrations agree with many characteristics of Prosphaerosyllis chauseyensis, including the characteristic papilla on the dorsal cirri. However, Ben-Eliahu reports the species to have palps widely separated anteriorly (fused in Prosphaerosyllis chauseyensis), doPageBreakrsum with four longitudinal rows of papillae (irregular rows in Prosphaerosyllis chauseyensis) and the proventriculum stretching through 4 chaetigers (5 in Prosphaerosyllis chauseyensis). The material of the species described by Ben-Eliahu could not be examined during this study, therefore it can only tentatively be assigned to Prosphaerosyllis chauseyensis.Individuals identified by http://species-id.net/wiki/Prosphaerosyllis_longipapillataSphaerosyllis longipapillata Hartmann-Schröder, 1979: 106, figs 148–150; 1982: 71; 1984: 23; 1985: 71; 1986: 43; 1991: 40;Prosphaerosyllis longipapillata : Haifa Bay, Israel: ALA-IL-7 (2 ind.) [coll. 11.10.2009].ComparativeProsphaerosyllis longipapillata .Broome, north-west Australia.Australia, Mediterranean Sea: LB. New record for the Israeli coast.Sargassum vulgare  description by having alternating rows of long and short papillae on the dorsum  from California. To determine the identity of the Mediterranean material and whether Prosphaerosyllis bilineata and Prosphaerosyllis longipapillata are different species or not, careful examination of all type material is needed.The specimens from Israel agree well with the material and description of Çinar et al., 2003). However, both the material from Cyprus and Israel, as well as the description and illustrations of e dorsum , fig. 5.Çinar, Dagli & Açik, 2011http://species-id.net/wiki/Prosphaerosyllis_marmaraeProsphaerosyllis marmaraeHaifa Bay, Israel: ALA-IL-2 (3 ind.), ALA-IL-8 (12 ind.) [coll. 31.5.2009]; ALA-IL-7 (4 ind.) [coll. 11.10.2009].Prosphaerosyllis marmarae . Prosphaerosyllis laubieri .PageBreakErdek, Marmara Sea (eastern Mediterranean).Mediterranean Sea: LB, Marmara Sea. New record for the Israeli coast.Until 17 m depth, in muddy sand , in coarProsphaerosyllis laubieriProsphaerosyllis marmarae. Both species have eyespots, strongly papillated palps, short, retractile antennae and dorsal cirri, pharynx and proventriculum each through 4 segments and short (8–10 µm) blades of falcigers. These two species differ however in the following characteristics: a) Prosphaerosyllis laubieri has small, scattered papillae all over the dorsum, in Prosphaerosyllis marmarae they are restricted to the lateral margins, near the dorsal cirri; b) cirrostyles of antennae and dorsal cirri of Prosphaerosyllis marmarae are much shorter  than those of Prosphaerosyllis laubieri  and appear as small, retracted caps; c) dorsal cirri of Prosphaerosyllis laubieri possess a small papilla at distal end of cirrophore . Prosphaerosyllis riseri Perkins, 1981 from Florida shares with Prosphaerosyllis marmarae the shape of the dorsal cirri and antennae (short and strongly retracted), however, its palps are less densely papillated. Prosphaerosyllis sp. A , but might in fact belong to Prosphaerosyllis marmarae. The morphological characteristics of her specimens agree very well wth those of Prosphaerosyllis marmarae , retractile cirri, falcigerous blades short (7.8 µm), proventriculum longer than proboscis (through 4 segments), no discernible dorsal papillation). Differences can be found in the cutting edge of the falcigerous blades which are smooth in the Red Sea specimens, whereas those of Prosphaerosyllis marmarae are serrated. However, due to the size of the blades (8 µm) this is a feature difficult to observe under an optical microscope and might have been overlooked. The material of the species described by Ben-Eliahu was not examined during this study, therefore it can only tentatively proposed to be assigned to Prosphaerosyllis marmarae.Specimens from the Red Sea described by http://species-id.net/wiki/Prosphaerosyllis_xarifaeSphaerosyllis xarifae Hartmann-Schröder, 1960: 103, figs 121–124; 1979: 103, figs 139–140; 1980b: 56; 1981: 37; 1984: 25; PageBreakSphaerosyllis sp.: Sphaerosyllis cf. xarifae :Sphaerosyllis (Prosphaerosyllis) xarifae :Prosphaerosyllis xarifae : Haifa Bay, Israel: ALA-IL-10 (5 ind.) [coll. 11.10.2009]. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELA-10b-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 11.6.2008]; CELA-5c-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Sarso, Red Sea.Circumtropical, Mediterranean Sea: WB, CB, AS, LB. New record for both the Israeli and Greek coasts.Until 40 m depth, euryoceous, among photophilic algae, in sand, mud, seagrasses, calcareous substrates .Specimens from Israel agree well with the description of GenusMcIntosh, 1885Salvatoria kerguelensis McIntosh, 1885http://species-id.net/wiki/Salvatoria_alvaradoiPseudobrania alvaradoiSalvatoria alvaradoi : Alykes, Crete, Greece: CALB-10b-08 (5 ind.), CALB-10d-08 (2 ind.) [coll. 17.6.2008]; CALB-5a-08 (2 ind.) [coll 18.6.2008]. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELA-15a-07 (3 ind.), CELB-20e-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 26.9.2007], CELA-10a-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 27.9.2007]; CELB-1a-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 29.9.2007]; CELB-10a-08 (1 ind.), CELA-10b-08 (4 ind.), CELB-10b-08 (3 ind.), CELB-10c-08 (1 ind.), CELA-20a-08 (1 ind.), CELA-20d-08 (3 ind.) [coll. 11.6.2008]; CELA-5a-08 (8 ind.), CELA-5c-08 (18 ind.), CELA-5d-08 (1 ind.), CELB-15a-08 (1 ind.), CELB-15c-08 (9 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean Sea).Mediterranean Sea: WB, CB, AS, Sea of Marmara . New recPosidonia oceanica rhizomes, in sediments with much organic material.PageBreakUntil 20 m depth, among algae with much sediment, among Sardá, 1984http://species-id.net/wiki/Salvatoria_euritmicaPseudobrania euritmica Sardá, 1984: 10, fig. 1.Grubeosyllis euritmica : Salvatoria euritmica : Pionosyllis yambaensis Hartmann-Schröder, 1990: 52, figs 18–22.Alykes, Crete, Greece: CALB-20b-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 17.6.2008]; CALB-1d-08 (4 ind.) [coll. 18.6.2008]. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELA-15c-07 (2 ind.) [coll. 27.9.2007]; CELB-1b-07 (4 ind.), CELA-1d-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 29.9.2007]; CELA-10b-08 (1 ind.), CELA-20c-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 11.6.2008]; CELB-15d-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Strait of Gibraltar (western Mediterranean Sea).Caribbean Sea, Australia, north-east Atlantic , Mediterranean Sea: WB, AS, LB. New record for the Greek coast.Until 20 m depth, on hard substrates between algae, in seagrass beds, on coralligenous substrates.Pionosyllis yambaensis was synonymized with Salvatoria euritmica by http://species-id.net/wiki/Salvatoria_neapolitanaPionosyllis neapolitana Goodrich, 1930: 651, figs 1–12.Pseudobrania neapolitanaGrubeosyllis neapolitana : Salvatoria neapolitana : Pionosyllis subterranea Hartmann-Schröder, 1956: 89 figs 6–9.Brania subterranea : Grubeosyllis subterranea : Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELA-15a-07 (2 ind.), CELB-20c-07 (2 ind.) [coll. 26.9.2007]; CELB-15a-08: (5 ind.), CELB-15c-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 11.6.2008]; CELB-1d-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Bay of Naples, Italy (western Mediterranean Sea).Circumtropical, Mediterranean Sea: WB, AS . New recUntil 20 m depth, in coarse sand, among photophilic algae.Pionosyllis subterranea was synonymized with Pionosyllis neapolitana and transferred to Grubeosyllis by Grubeosyllis with Salvatoria, which has priority over the former.http://species-id.net/wiki/Salvatoria_vieiteziPseudobrania vieitezi San Martín, 1984b: 160, figs 31–32.Grubeosyllis vieitezi : San Martin 1991a: 718, fig. 2e–f; Salvatoria vieitezi : Alykes, Crete, Greece: CALA-10d-08 (1 ind.), CALA-15c-08 (1 ind.), CALA-20c-08 , CALB-20c-08 (1 ind.), CALB-20b-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 17.6.2008]; CALA-1b-08 (2 ind.), CALB-1b-08 (1 ind.), CALB-5a-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 18.6.2008]; CALB-20e-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 18.9.2007]; CALA-5c-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 19.9.2007]. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELA-20d-07 (3 ind.) [coll. 26.9.2007]; CELA-10b-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 27.9.2007]; CELA-20c-08 (1 ind.), CELA-20d-08 (7 ind.) [coll. 11.6.2008]; CELA-5d-08 (1 ind.), CELB-15a-08 (1 ind.), CELB-1b-08 (5 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean Sea).North-east Atlantic , Caribbean, Mediterranean Sea: WB, CB, AS. New record for the Greek coast.Posidonia oceanica rhizomes.Until 30m depth, on rocky substrates among photophilic algae, as endobiont of sponges, among http://species-id.net/wiki/Salvatoria_yraidaePseudobrania yraidae San Martín, 1984b: 156, fig. 30.Grubeosyllis yraidae : Salvatoria yraidae : Alykes, Crete, Greece: CALB-10b-08 (1 ind.), CALB-15a-08 (1 ind.), CALB-20b-08 (3 ind.), CALB-20d-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 17.6.2008]. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELA-15b-07 (1 ind.), CELA-15e-07 (2 ind.) [coll. 26.9.2007]; CELA-5c-07 (4 ind.) [coll. 27.9.2007]; CELA-10b-08 (3 ind.), CELB-10b-08 (8 ind.), CELB-10c-08 (1 ind.), CELA-20a-08 (1 ind.), CELA-20b-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 11.6.2008]; CELB-15a-08 (6 ind.), CELB-15c-08 (4 ind.), CELA-15d-08 (5 ind.), CELB-15d-08 (5 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].PageBreakBalearic Islands (western Mediterranean Sea).Mediterranean Sea: WB, CB, AD, AS. New record for the Greek coast.Until 20 m depth, in sandy substrates, on rocks among algae.GenusClaparède, 1863Sphaerosyllis hystrix Claparède, 1863Southern, 1914http://species-id.net/wiki/Sphaerosyllis_bulbosaSphaerosyllis bulbosa Southern, 1914: 20, plates I–II, figs 2a–g; Fauvel, 1923: 304, figs. 116h–r; Sphaerosyllis (Sphaerosyllis) bulbosa : Haifa Bay, Israel: ALA-IL-7 (4 ind.), ALA-IL-10 (51 ind.) [coll. 11.10.2009].Ireland (Atlantic Ocean).North-east Atlantic, Arctic Sea , New CalUntil 70 m depth, in sandy or muddy sediments, on calcareous substrates.The examined material differs from the description of Perkins, 1981http://species-id.net/wiki/Sphaerosyllis_glandulataSphaerosyllis glandulata Perkins, 1981: 1123, figs 18–19; Sphaerosyllisglandulata:  cf. Haifa Bay, Israel: ALA-IL-7 (1 ind.) [coll. 31.5.2009]; ALA-IL-7 (47 ind.), ALA-IL-10 (19 ind.) [coll. 11.10.2009]. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELA-15d-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Florida, Hutchinson Island.West Atlantic , China  MediterrUntil 120 m depth, in calcareous habitats and fine to coarse sands, among photophilic algae.Sphaerosyllis glandulata.The specimens from Israel differ from San Martín’s (2003) description in having papillated palps and a longer proventriculum . Other characteristics, especially chaetal ones, agree well with former descriptions of Somaschini & San Martín, 1994http://species-id.net/wiki/Sphaerosyllis_gravinaeSphaerosyllis gravinae Somaschini and San Martín, 1994: 358, figs 1–2; Haifa Bay, Israel: ALA-IL-8 (4 ind.) [coll. 31.5.2009].Zannone Island, Italy (western Mediterranean Sea).Mediterranean Sea: WB, AD, LB. New record for the eastern Mediterranean Sea.Shallow subtidal depths, in medium to coarse sands, among algae.Perkins, 1981http://species-id.net/wiki/Sphaerosyllis_tayloriSphaerosyllis taylori Perkins, 1981: 1140, fig. 26; Haifa Bay, Israel: ALA-IL-1 (1 ind.); ALA-IL-2 (33 ind.) [coll. 31.5.2009]; ALA-IL-7 (103 ind.), ALA-IL-10 (14 ind.) [coll. 11.10.2009].Florida, Hutchinson Island.North-east and north-west Atlantic , Pacific Ocean  (Liñero-Arana and Díaz-Díaz 2011), Arctic Sea , MediterPosidonia oceanica rhizomes.PageBreakShallow subtidal depths, in muddy to coarse sands with organic material, on rocks among photophilic or calcareous algae, among San Martín 1984http://species-id.net/wiki/Sphaerosyllis_thomasiSphaerosyllis thomasi San Martín, 1984b: 250, fig. 59; 2003: 199, figs 103–104; Haifa Bay, Israel: ALA-IL-7 (2 ind.) [coll. 11.10.2009].Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean Sea).Mediterranean Sea: WB, CB, AD, AS, LB. New record for the Israeli coast.Posidonia oceanica rhizomes.Shallow subtidal depths, in muddy to coarse sands, among The examined specimens agree well with the description of GenusLangerhans, 1879Opisthosyllis brunnea Langerhans, 1879Langerhans, 1879http://species-id.net/wiki/Opisthosyllis_brunneaOpisthosyllis brunnea Langerhans, 1879: 541, fig. 7; Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELA-1d-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 29.9.2007], CELA-5d-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Madeira (Atlantic Ocean).Circumtropical. Mediterranean Sea: WB, CB, AS, LB. New record for the Greek coast.Intertidal to shallow subtidal, on hard substrates , endobiont of sponges.GenusLamarck, 1818Syllis monilaris Lamarck, 1818Moore, 1908http://species-id.net/wiki/Syllis_alternataSyllis alternata Moore, 1908: 323; 1909: 321; Typosyllis alternata : Alykes, Crete, Greece: CALB-15c-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 18.9.2007]; CALB-1a-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 19.9.2007]; CALA-10d-08 (2 ind.), CALA-15d-08 (1 ind.), CALB-20b-08 (1 ind.), CALA-20b-08 (2 ind.), CALA-20c-08 (5 ind.), CALB-20d-08 (6 ind.) [coll. 17.6.2008]. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELB-20c-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 26.9.2007]; CELB-1a-07 (4 ind.) [coll. 29.9.2007]; CELA-10b-08 (1 ind.), CELB-10b-08 (1 ind.), CELA-10c-08 (1 ind.), CELB-10c-08 (1 ind.), CELA-10d-08 (2 ind.), [coll. 11.6.2008]; CELB-1a-08 (1 ind.), CELA-5b-08 (1 ind.), CELA-5d-08 (2 ind.), CELB-15c-08 (5 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Alaska (Pacific Ocean).East Pacific (Alaska to Panama), west Atlantic (North Carolina to Cuba) , Japan , IndonesPosidonia oceanica rhizomes, calcareous algae, corals and photophilic algae  compacta Gravier, 1900: 165, pl. 9, fig. 11, text-figs 35–38.Syllis compacta : Syllis golfonovensisSyllis golfonovensis Hartmann-Schröder, 1962. : PageBreak CELA-10a-07 (1 ind.), CELA-10d-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 27.9.2007]; CELA-5c-07 (1 ind.), CELB-5d-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 29.9.2007]; CELA-5b-08 (1 ind.), CELA-5d-08 (2 ind.), CELB-15d-08 (3 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Alykes, Crete, Greece: CALB-1e-07 (1 ind.), CALA-5e-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 19.9.2007]; CALA-15c-08 (1 ind.), CALA-20b-08 (1 ind.), CALB-20b-08 (1 ind.), CALA-20c-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 17.6.2008]. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELA-15b-07 (1 ind.), CELA-15e-07 (3 ind.), CELB-20a-07 (2 ind.) [coll. 26.9.2007];Red Sea.Red Sea. Mediterranean Sea: WB, CB, AD, AS. New record for the Greek coast.Posidonia oceanica rhizomes.Shallow subtidal depths, on biogenic calcareous substrates, among photophilic algae and Syllis variegata Grube, 1860. Recent works  [coll. 17.6.2008]. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELB-10a-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 11.6.2008].Canary Islands (Atlantic Ocean).North-east Atlantic (Canary Islands), Mediterranean Sea: WB, CB, AD, AS, LB. New record for the Aegean Sea.Until 115 m depth, on coralligenous substrates, among photophilic algae, endobiont of sponges.http://species-id.net/wiki/Syllis_gerundensisTyposyllis gerundensis Alós and Campoy, 1981: 21, figs 1–3; Syllis gerundensis : Alykes, Crete, Greece: CALA-20b-08 (1 ind.), CALB-20b-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 17.6.2008]; CALA-5d-08 (2 ind.) [[coll. 18.6.2008]. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELB-1e-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 29.9.2007]; CELB-1d-08 (1 ind.), CELA-5d-08 (3 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Columbretes Islands, Spain (western Mediterranean Sea).Mediterranean Sea: WB, CB, AD, AS, LB.New record for the Aegean Sea.Posidonia oceanica rhizomes and photophilic algae, endobiont of sponges.Shallow subtidal depths, on calcareous grounds, sandy bottoms, among San Martín & López, 2000http://species-id.net/wiki/Syllis_jorgeiSyllis jorgei San Martín and López, 2000: 430, figs 4–6; Typosyllis lutea : Syllis luteaSyllis lutea Hartmann-Schröder, 1960). : Haifa Bay, Israel: ALA-IL-7 (3 ind.) [coll. 11.10.2009]. Alykes, Crete, Greece: CALA-20c-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 18.9.2007], CALB-1a-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 18.6.2008]. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELB-1a-08 (1 ind.), CELA-1c-08 (1 ind.), CELB-5d-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Columbretes Islands, Spain (western Mediterranean Sea).East Atlantic (Canary Islands), Mediterranean Sea: WB, CB, AD, AS, LB. New record for the Israeli coast.Posidonia oceanica rhizomes and photophilic algae.Until 145 m depth , on bioghttp://species-id.net/wiki/Syllis_pulvinataTyposyllis pulvinata Langerhans, 1881: 97, 104; Syllis pulvinata : Syllis (Typosyllis) truncata mediterranea Ben-Eliahu, 1977a: 10, fig. 2.Syllis mediterranea : San Martín, 1984b; 209, fig. 8.Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELA-1b-08 (1 ind.), CELA-5c-08 (2 ind.), CELB-15d-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 12.6.2008].Canary Islands (Atlantic Ocean).North-east Atlantic (Cantabrian Sea to Canary Islands), Red Sea, Mediterranean: WB, CB, AD, AS, LB. New record for the Aegean Sea.PageBreakShallow subtidal depths, on calcareous substrates (vermetid reefs), among photophilic algae, endobiont of sponges.http://species-id.net/wiki/Syllis_tyrrhenaTyposyllis tyrrhena Licher and Kuper, 1998: 228, figs 1–4; Syllis tyrrhena : Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELB-10b-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 11.6.2008].Island of Elba, Italy (western Mediterranean Sea).Brazil , MediterUntil 13 m depth, in sandy substrates of mixed grain sizes , on rockSan Martín, 1984http://species-id.net/wiki/Syllis_westheideiSyllis westheidei San Martín, 1984b: 403, figs 108–109; 2003: 436, figs 240–241; Typosyllis westheidei : Typosyllis variegataSyllis variegata Grube, 1860). : Alykes, Crete, Greece: CALB-15d-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 17.6.2008].Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean Sea).Pacific Ocean , Red Sea, Mediterranean: WB, CB, AD, AS. New record for the Greek coast.Posidonia oceanica rhizomes and vermetid reefs.Shallow subtidal depths, on hard substrates, among photophilic algae, in GenusClaparède 1864Syllis zebra Grube, 1860Claparède, 1868http://species-id.net/wiki/Trypanosyllis_coeliacaTrypanosyllis coeliacaPseudosyllis brevipennis Grube, 1863: 44, pl. 4, fig. 5.Haifa Bay, Israel, eastern Mediterranean Sea, Station ALA-IL-7 (1 ind.) [coll. 11.10.2009]. Alykes, Crete, Greece: CALA-10b-08 (1 ind.), CALB-10c-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 17.6.2008]; CALA-5a-08 (1 ind.), CALB-1d-08 (2 ind.), CALB-5a-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 18.6.2008]. Elounda, Crete, Greece: CELA-15b-07 (1 ind.), CELA-15c-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 26.9.2007]; CELB-5c-07 (1 ind.), CELA-10a-07 (1 ind.), CELB-10c-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 27.9.2007]; CELB-1a-07 (2 ind.), CELB-1e-07 (1 ind.) [coll. 29.9.2007]; CELB-10b-08 (1 ind.), CELA-15a-08 (1 ind.) [coll. 17.6.2008]; CELB-1b-08 (1 ind.), CELA-5b-08 (1 ind.), CELA-5c-08 (1 ind.), CELB-5c-08 (1 ind.), CELA-5d-08 (2 ind.) [coll. 18.6.2008].Gulf of Naples (western Mediterranean Sea).Circumtropical. Mediterranean Sea: WB, CB, AD, AS, LB. New record for the Israeli coast.Posidonia oceanica rhizomes, in vermetid reefs, in coarse sand.From infralitoral depths to 760 m, on hard substrates, among algae, corals, hydrozoans, sponges and Trypanosyllis coeliaca have in the past been identified as Pseudosyllis brevipennis Grube, 1863, but according to Pseudosyllis brevipennis is regarded as a synonym of Trypanosyllis coeliaca.Specimens from Greece have a faint or no visible trepan. Individuals without trepan but otherwise identical to Exogoninae  in the Mediterranean belongs to these doubtful records. Records of Sphaerosyllis brevicirra from the western MediterraneanPageBreak Sea by Prosphaerosyllis species  description but in fact absent  likewise do probably not belong to Prosphaerosyllis brevicirra: Ben-Eliahu’s (1977a) redescription of the species based on material from the Gulf of Elat (Red Sea) differs in several aspects from Hartmann-Schröder’s (1960) descripPageBreaktion and from the type material. In particular, Ben-Eliahu does not mention or illustrate the papilla on the dorsal cirrus, her specimens have four eyes and one anterior pair of eyespots  and the proventriculum occupies 4 chaetigers (3 in Prosphaerosyllis brevicirra). According to the description and illustrations, the species might in fact belong to Prosphaerosyllis marmarae (see remarks for this species above). The record of Sphaerosyllis brevicirra from the Spanish Atlantic coast . The species Prosphaerosyllis brandhorsti  has been recorded in Italy by Prosphaerosyllis ranunculus . The presence of Prosphaerosyllis brandhorsti in the Mediterranean Sea has thus to be considered as doubtful. An identification key to the currently valid Mediterranean species of Prosphaerosyllis can be found below.The present study yielded a number of species reported for the first time in the respective areas, and a high number of the new additions belong to the subfamily ogoninae . This coall e.g. . The Exo species . These dt absent ), the ab species , are absic coast , though


Thrombosis, mainly venous, is a rare and well-recognized extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We describe a 25-year-old Caucasian man affected by ulcerative colitis and sclerosing cholangitis with an episode of right middle cerebral arterial thrombosis resolved by intraarterial thrombolysis. We perform a brief review of the International Literature. Thrombosis, mainlyh venous, is a rare and well-recognized extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Arterial Thromboembolic (TE) complications, and in particular strokes, occur less frequently . They usA 25-year-old Caucasian man was observed in the emergency room for a sudden left-sided hemiparesis characterized by sensitive impairment, confusion and bladder incontinence. NIH stroke scale score (NIHSS) impairment was 8. A diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC) and sclerosing cholangitis (SC) had been made 8 years before. He also referred an episode of acute pancreatitis 7 years before as a complication of mesalazine therapy. He had no familial history of cerebral vascular disease (CVD). At clinical examination the patient was normotensive and without fever. Blood tests showed iron deficiency anemia , raised white cell counts (WBC 12.470/mmc-n.v. 4000–11000/mmc), erythrocytes sedimentation (ERS) 56 (n.v. < 10), reactive C protein 7.6 mg/L, (n.v.—until 5 mg/dL), gamma Glutamil trans-peptidase (297 U/L-n.v. 11–49), gamma globulin 2.55 g/dL, (n.v. until 1.8 g/dL) antinuclear antibodies 1 : 640 (v.n. negative). An emergency brain angio-computed tomography (A-CT) evidenced thrombosis of the M2 tract of the right middle cerebral artery, without any (apparent) other brain lesions . After aThe association of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and thrombosis was, for the first time, described in 1936 by Bargen and Baker . Patters


The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of fosamprenavir/ritonavir (FPV/r) versus efavirenz (EFV), both in combination with abacavir/lamivudine (ABC/3TC), in a population that is often underrepresented in U.S. clinical trials.In this ongoing 96-week, open-label, prospective, randomized, multicenter study, we compared once-daily ABC/3TC 600 mg/300 mg with FPV 1400 mg/r 100 mg or EFV 600 mg in ARV-naïve, HIV-1-infected subjects with entry viral load (VL) >5,000 c/mL, were HLA-B*5701 negative, and did not have major resistance mutations to study drugs. The primary endpoint was time to switch of third drug or time to development of any treatment-related Grade 3 or 4 adverse events (AEs). Results from the planned 48-week analysis are reported.3 in each group. Rate of treatment-related grade 2-4 AEs was lower in the FPV/r-arm  vs. the EFV-arm  primarily due to EFV-related rash and dizziness (8% each). Rates of treatment-related serious AEs and grade 3-4 lab abnormalities were similar between FPV/r vs. EFV. A total of 8 virologic failures occurred through W48. At failure, HIV PRO or RT treatment-emergent mutations were present in 4 of 5 EFV patients and 1 of 3 FPV/r patients selected an RT mutation. Median change from BL in total/HDL cholesterol ratio was unchanged in both groups but the FPV/r arm had larger changes in triglycerides (32 vs. 7 mg/dL) and in LDL cholesterol (22 vs. 11 mg/dL).SUPPORT enrolled 32% (32/101) women and 79% (80/101) non-Caucasians. Baseline and demographic characteristics were generally similar between groups. A total of 84 subjects (83%) completed study through W48. Eight patients met the primary endpoint: 3 (6%) and 5 (10%) on FPV/r and EFV, respectively. At W48, by ITT-Exposed missing-equals-failure analysis, 76% (39/51) and 82% (41/50) of subjects achieved VL <50 c/mL on FPV/r vs. EFV, respectively. Median change from baseline to W48 in CD4 cell count was 178 cells/mmThrough 48 weeks, in a diverse population, virologic/immunologic responses were not demonstrably different between FPV/r and EFV when given with ABC/3TC, but the EFV regimen had slightly more patients meeting the tolerability endpoint, treatment-related grade 2-4 AEs, virologic failures, and treatment-emergent mutations at failure.


KRAS wild-type and mutant metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC) patients (pts) treated with bevacizumab (BEV)-containing chemotherapy is not significantly different. Since specific KRAS mutations confer different aggressive behaviors, the prognostic role of prevalent KRAS mutations was retrospectively evaluated in MCRC pts treated with first line FIr-B/FOx, associating BEV to triplet chemotherapy.Prognosis of KRAS codon 12, 13 and BRAF V600E mutations by SNaPshot and/or direct sequencing. MCRC pts <75-years-old were consecutively treated with FIr-B/FOx: weekly 12 hour-timed-flat-infusion/5-fluorouracil , irinotecan plus BEV ; and oxaliplatin . Pts were classified as liver-limited (L-L) and other/multiple metastatic (O/MM). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared using the log-rank test.Tumor samples were screened for KRAS mutant pts: c.35 G > A, 15 (25.4%); c.35 G > T, 7 (11.8%); c.38 G > A, 3 (5%); other, 3 (5%). KRAS wild-type, 31 pts (52.7%). The objective response rate (ORR), PFS and OS were, respectively: c.35 G > A mutant, 71%, 9 months, 14 months; other than c.35 G > A mutants, 61%, 12 months, 39 months. OS was significantly worse in c.35 G > A pts compared to KRAS wild-type (P = 0.002), KRAS/BRAF wild-type (P = 0.03), other MCRC patients (P = 0.002), other than c.35 G > A (P = 0.05), other codon 12 (P = 0.03) mutant pts. OS was not significantly different compared to c.35 G > T KRAS mutant (P = 0.142).Fifty-nine pts were evaluated at a median follow-up of 21.5 months. KRAS c.35 G > A mutant status may be significantly associated with a worse prognosis of MCRC pts treated with first line FIr-B/FOx intensive regimen compared to KRAS/BRAF wild type and other than c.35 G > A mutant pts. KRAS genotype, wild-type or mutant, addresses the medical treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC) patients (pts), consisting of triplet regimens combining chemotherapeutic drugs, or doublets plus targeted agents [KRAS mutant patients [KRAS wild-type and mutant pts [d agents . The addpatients ,3; anti-tant pts ,5. In litant pts -13.KRAS genotype can be assessed by evaluation of clinical outcome , overall survival (OS)) in wild-type and mutant pts, depending on differential tumor biological aggressiveness and predictive effectiveness of treatment strategies. The median OS of KRAS wild-type and mutant MCRC pts treated with irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (IFL) plus bevacizumab (BEV) was 27.7 and 19.9 months, respectively [KRAS and BRAF wild-type pts were compared with pts harboring mutations in one gene. In KRAS wild-type pts and in BRAF wild-type pts compared to mutant, HR was 0.64 and 0.38, respectively, but did not reach statistical significance [et al. [KRAS wild-type and mutant genotypes [KRAS wild-type and mutant pts , but not significantly [KRAS wild-type pts with L-L disease may achieve a significantly greater benefit from integration with liver metastasectomies, with respect to KRAS mutant patients [The prognostic relevance of the ectively ,5. The henotypes . Median ficantly . L-L ptspatients ,13.KRAS wild-type genotype predicts favorable clinical outcomes when anti-EGFR or anti-VEGF molecules are added to doublet chemotherapy [KRAS mutant genotype significantly predicts prolonged PFS up to 9.3 months, while there was no increase in OS and activity [The otherapy ,5. The Kactivity ,5, in ptKRAS mutations occur in 35% to 45% of colorectal cancer (CRC), mostly in codon 12 (80%), c.35 G > A (G12D) and c.35 G > T (G12V) transversions, representing 32.5% [in vitro model proposed by Guerrero et al. [ng 32.5% ,15 and 2ng 32.5% ,16, respng 32.5% . These mng 32.5% . In the o et al. , codon 1o et al. . Codon 1o et al. .KRAS mutant tumors seems to confer worse clinical behavior. A multivariate analysis suggested that the presence of KRAS mutation significantly increased the risk of recurrence and death; the codon 12 c.35 G > T (G12V) mutation retained an independent increased risk of recurrence and death [KRAS mutations was not confirmed in other studies [The biological aggressiveness of codon 12 nd death , and signd death . The poo studies ,23.KRAS mutation in MCRC pts enrolled in a previously reported phase II study [We report a retrospective exploratory analysis evaluating the prognostic value of the prevalent codon 12 c.35 G > A (G12D) II study  and in aMCRC pts were enrolled in a previously reported phase II study  and in tFIr-B/FOx association consisted of 5-fluorouracil associated with alternating irinotecan/BEV or oxaliplatin, according to a previously reported weekly schedule .KRAS and BRAF analyses were performed on paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from the primary tumor and/or metastatic site. Genotype status was analyzed for KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutations and BRAF c.1799 T > A (V600E) mutation by SNaPshot® multiplex [KRAS mutations and KRAS/BRAF mutations in 36 and 32 samples, respectively; direct sequencing of the KRAS gene was performed in 23 samples. After treatment with xylene thiocyanate and selection of tumor cell clusters, DNA was isolated using the RecoverAll™ Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit for FFPE Tissues  according to the manufacturer's instructions.ultiplex , for KRA® multiplex assay was performed as previously reported [KRAS exon 2 and BRAF exon 15 were simultaneously PCR-amplified and analyzed for the presence of mutations at KRAS nucleotides c.34G, c.35G, c.37G, c.38G and BRAF mutation at nucleotide c.1799T using the ABI PRISM SNaPshot® Multiplex kit  [xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Data were analyzed using the GeneMapper Analysis Software version 4.0 (Applied Biosystems).SNaPshotreported ,25. KRASCA, USA) ,25. LabeKRAS exon 2 sequence reaction was performed from PCR-amplified tumor DNA, using the Big Dye V3.1 Terminator Kit (Applied Biosystems), and run on an automated sequencer .KRAS mutant genotype on the clinical outcome of MCRC pts treated with first line FIr-B/FOx. Pts were classified as L-L and O/MM [A retrospective analysis has been planned to evaluate the prognostic relevance of the prevalent codon 12 c.35 G > A (G12D) and O/MM . Clinicaand O/MM ; patholoand O/MM . PFS andand O/MM . The logand O/MM . PFS wasand O/MM . The resThe KRAS/BRAF genotype was evaluated in 59 pts, among 64 consecutive, unselected MCRC pts recruited in the phase II study and expanded clinical enrollment of the FIr-B/FOx regimen as the first line treatment of MCRC [KRAS wild-type and 28 (47%) as KRAS mutant [KRAS mutations was: codon 12, 24 pts (40.6%), specifically c.35 G > A (G12D), 15 pts (25.4%), c.35 G > T (G12V), 7 pts (11.8%), c.34 G > A (G12S) and c.35 G > C (G12A), 1 patient each; codon 13, 4 pts (6.7%), c.38 G > A (G13D), 3 pts (5%) and c.37_39 dupl, 1 patient , 8 (61.5%) and 19 pts (61%), respectively.Table KRAS mutant, other KRAS mutant, and KRAS wild-type pts was, respectively: L-L 6 pts (40%), 7 pts (54%), and 12 pts (39%); O/MM 9 pts (60%), 6 pts (46%), 19 pts (61%).Pts' distribution according to extension of metastatic disease in c.35 G > A KRAS wild-type and mutant pts at a median follow-up of 21.5 months were previously reported [KRAS mutant pts . We observed 8 partial responses (61%), 2 stable diseases (15%), and 3 progressive diseases (23%). Median PFS was 12 months (3-37 months): 12 events occurred and 1 patient (8%) was progression-free >12 months. Median OS was 39 months (8-59+ months): 8 events occurred and 5 pts (38%) were alive. Liver metastasectomies were performed in 5 pts out of 13 (38%) and out of 7 (71%) with L-L metastases; 4 R0 liver resections (57%). Two pathologic CRs were obtained (15%) in pts with multiple L-L metastases, harboring codon 12 mutations, c.35 G > T and c.34 G > A: 1 patient progressed at 17 months, 1 patient was progression-free at 35 months. Clinical outcome according to extension of metastatic disease, L-L and O/MM [Among 13 other than c.35 G > A and O/MM ,13, was:KRAS wild-type pts was previously reported [KRAS/BRAF wild-type pts [Activity and efficacy among 30 evaluable reported : ORR wastype pts , ORR wasKRAS mutant plus KRAS wild-type pts, ORR was 81% , median PFS was 13 months (1+-69+ months) and median OS was 34 months (1+-69+ months) , median PFS was 12 months (1+-60+ months) and median OS was 20 months (1+-60+ months). Among 7 c.35 G > T KRAS mutant pts, ORR was 57% , median PFS was 12 months (3-5 months) and median OS was 21 months (11-46+ months). Among 4 codon 13 KRAS mutant pts, ORR was 75% , median PFS was 12 months (7-37 months) and median OS was 44 months (8-59+ months). Among 3 c.38 G > A KRAS mutant pts, ORR was 67% , median PFS was 12 months (7-37 months) and median OS was not reached (8-59+ months).Among 44 evaluable other than c.35 G > A KRAS mutant pts compared to KRAS wild-type pts was not significantly different while OS was significantly worse (P = 0.002). In addition, c.35 G > A KRAS mutant pts compared to other than c.35 G > A KRAS mutant pts showed significantly worse OS (P = 0.05); other than c.35 G > A KRAS mutant pts compared to KRAS wild-type pts did not have different OS ; KRAS/BRAF wild-type pts (P = 0.03); and other codon 12 mutant pts (P = 0.03)   [The prognostic relevance of tant pts ,5,8,13. tant pts . BEV addKRAS mutation characterizes 10.3% of CRC and represents up to 30% of KRAS mutations [KRAS mutation and exhibited a high activity of the FIr-B/FOx intensive regimen (ORR 71%). Liver metastasectomies were performed in 13% of pts (33% of L-L disease), median PFS and OS were 9 and 14 months, respectively. In pts with the KRAS c.35 G > A mutation, activity and PFS were not significantly different, while OS was significantly worse compared to KRAS wild-type, KRAS/BRAF wild-type, and other codon 12 and 13 mutant pts. Median OS was not significantly different in other KRAS mutant compared to wild-type pts. This is the first report of a worse prognosis in KRAS c.35 G > A (G12D) mutant MCRC pts, treated with intensive triplet chemotherapy plus BEV.The prevalent c.35 G > A (G12D) utations . In the KRAS mutations may increase aggressiveness by the differential regulation of KRAS downstream pathways associated with higher AKT/protein kinase B activation, bcl-2, E-catherin, β-catenin, and focal adhesion kinase overexpression, and RhoA underexpression, whereas codon 13 KRAS mutant cells show increased sensitivity associated with increased activation of the c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase I pathway [KRAS codon 12 with codon 13 mutations in CRC. RASCAL (Kirsten Ras in CRC) studies showed that the presence of the KRAS mutation significantly increased the risk of death by 26% [KRAS codon 12 mutations  were associated with inferior survival in patients with KRAS-wild-type/BRAF-wild-type cancers [Codon 12  pathway . Severalh by 26% ,21; the h by 26% , and up h by 26% . KRAS co cancers .BRAF and KRAS mutations can confer different biological aggressiveness and effectiveness of treatment strategies; the balance between aggressiveness and effectiveness can differentiate prognosis, that is, median OS. Comparison of median OS in pts with different genotypes can discriminate this net prognostic effect. Thus, specific mutations and treatment strategies  could be major parameters determining different prognoses in MCRC. The prevalent BRAF c.1799 T > A (V600E) mutation, characterizing 4.7% to 8.7% of CRC, demonstrated a negative prognostic effect compared to BRAF wild-type pts in MCRC pts treated with doublet chemotherapy alone or added to cetuximab, BEV and cetuximab plus BEV, with a median PFS of 5.6 to 8 months and median OS of 10.3 to 15.9 months [BRAF mutant MCRC pts [KRAS c.35 G > T mutation and other mutations were associated with a worse outcome when receiving chemotherapy plus cetuximab, compared with chemotherapy alone [In MCRC pts, specific 9 months ,31. The MCRC pts . Patientpy alone .KRAS c.38 G > A mutation (G13D) confers a significantly worse prognosis [KRAS mutations [KRAS wild-type pts [KRAS mutation in first line cetuximab-containing chemotherapy [KRAS c.38 G > A (G13D) mutant pts demonstrated a significantly favorable predictive effect of cetuximab-containing associations compared to other KRAS mutant MCRC, and significantly lower ORR, with no significantly different PFS and OS compared to KRAS wild-type pts [KRAS mutations and patient outcome. Opposite findings were reported when panitumumab was combined with first line oxaliplatin, whereas similar data were reported when it was combined with second-line FOLFIRI [In MCRC pts pre-treated with chemotherapy alone, the rognosis . Cetuximutations , and no type pts . Recentlotherapy : signifitype pts ,36. In p FOLFIRI .KRAS/BRAF mutations, specifically KRAS c.35 G > A (G12D), c.35 G > T (G12V), c.38 G > A (G13D) mutations and BRAF c.1799 T > A (V600E).Prospective studies should be developed to confirm the differential prognosis and predictive effect of chemotherapeutics and/or targeted agents in MCRC pts harboring KRAS c.35 G > A (G12D) mutant genotype has a significantly worse effect on the OS of MCRC pts treated with the first line FIr-B/FOx intensive regimen compared to wild-type pts or to pts harboring different other KRAS mutations, due to heterogeneous biological aggressiveness and the effectiveness of treatment strategies. The present findings should be verified in prospective trials of multidisciplinary strategies comparing clinical outcome in MCRC pts harboring specific mutations that differentially activate the downstream RAS-MAPK or PI3K pathways.The prevalent Anti-EGFR: anti-epidermal growth factor receptor; anti-VEGF: anti-vascular endothelial growth factor; BEV: bevacizumab; cCR: clinical complete responses; CR: complete response; CRC: colorectal cancer; CT: computed tomography; HR: hazard ratio; IFL: irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin; L-L: liver-limited; MCRC: metastatic colorectal cancer; O/MM: other/multiple metastatic; ORR: objective response rate; OS: overall survival; PET: positron emission tomography; PFS: progression-free survival; pts: patients; RECIST: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.GB contributed to the conception and design of the study, in the provision of study materials of patients, in data analysis and interpretation and in the manuscript writing. ER contributed to the conception and design of the study, in data analysis and interpretation and in the manuscript writing. KC, TF, MT, EA participated in data analysis and interpretation. GB, KC, CF and ER provided clinical management and data on patients. DDG, AL, JCS provided molecular genetic analysis. All authors participated in the collection and/or assembly of data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/59/prepub


Previous studies suggest yoga is effective for mild to moderate chronic low back pain (CLBP) in mostly white higher socioeconomic status (SES) populations. However, little is known regarding yoga’s optimal dose or its effectiveness for more severe CLBP in diverse lower SES populations.From September-December 2011, we conducted a 12-week RCT comparing once vs. twice-weekly standardized 75-minute hatha yoga classes for 95 adults with nonspecific CLBP. Recruitment and classes occurred in a large safety-net hospital and five affiliated community health centers in Boston, Massachusetts. Primary outcomes were mean low back pain intensity in the previous week (0-10) and back-related function . We used two-sample t-tests to compare once/week vs. twice/week mean change scores (baseline-12 weeks) for pain and MRMD. Analyses used the intention-to-treat principle.<$30,000, and 35% with high school education or less. Baseline pain intensity  and MRMD  were consistent with moderate-severe CLBP. Baseline characteristics of the once/week (n=49) and twice/week (n=46) groups were similar. Overall class attendance was 73% and 62% for the once/week and twice/week participants, respectively. Both groups practiced yoga at home on average 3-4 days/week. Each group experienced statistically significant (p<.0001) and clinically meaningful improvements in pain and function: Mean pain change scores for the once/week and twice/week groups were -2.1 (SD 2.7) and -2.4 (SD 2.2), respectively. Mean MRMD change scores for the once/week and twice/week groups were -5.2 (SD 6.5) and -4.9 (SD 4.4), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups for pain or MRMD.Participants were on average 48 years old, 76% female, 82% non-white, 63% with annual household incomes Twelve weeks of either once or twice-weekly hatha yoga classes augmented by home practice were similarly effective for moderate to severe CLBP in a diverse predominantly lower SES population.


In recent years a large amount of literature data emphasizes the interrelationship between pathogenic mechanisms of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and lipid and glucid metabolism. In this study we aimed to characterize lipid and glucidic metabolic patterns in chronically HCV-infected patients and to evaluate the role of HCV on cardiovascular risk (CVR).1c), liver enzymes, and viral load (VL). Liver histology was assessed by Fibromax (Biopredictive).We conducted a cross-sectional analysis on chronic HCV-infected adult patients, monitored at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Balş”. Patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic alcohol consumption, other chronic liver diseases, HBV or HIV co-infections were excluded. We recorded demographic data, HCV infection history, personal and family history of CVR factors. We measured height and weight for body mass index, waist to hip ratio, blood pressure and we assessed the 10 years CVR using Framingham score. Blood samples were tested for lipid profile, serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c levels (p=0.022).Seventy-six patients with a median age of 51years (IQR 44.25-58.0) were included. Sex ratio was F:M=1.53. Median VL was 118500 IU/mL (IQR 0-600951). Twenty-five percent (19/76) of the patients had no fibrosis (F0), 51.3% (39/76) had hepatitis (F1-2), 6.5% (5/76) had a fibrosis score equivalent to transition to cirrhosis (F3), and 17.1% (13/76) had cirrhosis (F4). Mean serum cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides were 187 mg/dL (IQR 166-220), 119 mg/dL (IQR 93-147) and respectively 94 mg/dL (IQR 69.25-132.0). Patients with no fibrosis were more frequently younger and females , had higher cholesterol (p=0.014) and LDL levels (p=0.009) and lower VL (p=0.017) and CVR according to Framingham score (p=0.000). Patients with cirrhosis were more frequently males (p=0.033), and had higher viral load (p=0.011) and serum glucose (p=0.027). Fibrosis score correlated to age (p=0.000), VL (p=0.001), higher CVR (p=0.001), low LDL (p=0.034), high glucose (p=0.031). The VL correlated to HDL (p=0.023) and with lower HbAIn patients with chronic HCV infection although high fibrosis correlates to better lipid profiles, it also correlates to higher cardiovascular risk.


The correct title is An error was introduced in the preparation of this article for publication. The word "At2 Receptor Antibodies Are Nonspecific". "Commercially Available Angiotensin II ATThe correct citation is: 2 Receptor Antibodies Are Nonspecific. PLoS ONE 8(7): e69234. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069234Hafko R, Villapol S, Nostramo R, Symes A, Sabban EL, et al. (2013) Commercially Available Angiotensin II AT


This crystalline monohydrate addition product, formed by reaction of d-glucose and sodium hydrogen sulfite in water, forms a three-dimensional network through complex cation coordination and extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Each of the independent molecules has an open-chain structure with the carbon chains adopting a sickle-like conformation, similar to that found in the potassium salt , but there are significant differences in the patterns of complexation.The title salt, Na al. 2001. Carbohy DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812007210/su2377Isup2.cdxSupplementary material file. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812007210/su2377Isup3.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812007210/su2377Isup4.cmlSupplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


Several studies have described a high prevalence of 25[OH]D deficiency in HIV-infected patients, as well as its role in predicting disease progression.We performed a descriptive, cross-sectional study on a group of 68 HIV-infected patients monitored in the Regional HIV/AIDS Centre Mureş, during December 2012-February 2013. We determined plasma levels of 25[OH]D. We estimated the proportion of patients with 25[OH]D deficiency/insufficiency and correlated 25[OH]D levels to HIV-RNA plasma viral load, CD4+ T-cells count and associated pathology. Data were compared to those obtained from a group of healthy, HIV-negative volunteers. Statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPad program.We studied 68 C-stage HIV-infected patients, 40 male: 28 female, with an average age of 26 and a median of 23. The average plasma 25[OH]D level was 30.94 ng/mL, median 30 ng/mL in HIV-positive patients compared to an average of 44.72 ng/mL and median 39.82 ng/mL in HIV-negative subjects (p=0.0109). 25[OH]D deficiency <20 ng/mL was found in 23.52% HIV-infected patients, while 26.47% HIV-positive subjects had medium levels of 25[OH]D insufficiency, between 20-30 ng/mL. Only 2 patients had severe 25[OH]D deficiency, below 10 ng/mL. We did not find any statistically significant correlations of 25[OH]D levels with CD4+ T-cells level, HIV-RNA plasma viral load or protease inhibitor therapy. Patients with HIV-tuberculosis co-infection had significantly lower levels of 25[OH]D (p=0.0454) than HIV-positive subjects without tuberculosis.25[OH]D plasma levels are lower in HIV-infected patients compared to the general population. Low 25[OH]D levels are reported in patients with HIV-tuberculosis co-infection. Low 25[OH]D levels may indicate unfavorable outcome in HIV-infected patients.


There are various errors contained in the references 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 25, 28, 29, 39, 40 and 43. A summary of issues is as follows:* References 6 - 10 contain incorrect information and numbering. They should read as follows:6. (1998) Control and surveillance of African trypanosomiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 881: I-VI, 1-114.7. Chappuis F, Udayraj N, Stietenroth K, Meussen A, Bovier PA (2005) Eflornithine is safer than melarsoprol for the treatment of second-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. Clin Infect Dis 41: 748-751.8. Kennedy PG (2008) The continuing problem of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). Ann Neurol 64: 116-126.9. Pepin J, Milord F (1994) The treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Adv Parasitol 33: 1-47.10. Schmid C, Richer M, Bilenge CM, Josenando T, Chappuis F, et al. (2005) Effectiveness of a 10-day melarsoprol schedule for the treatment of late-stage human African trypanosomiasis: confirmation from a multinational study (IMPAMEL II). J Infect Dis 191: 1922-1931.* Reference 25, 28 and 29 should be removed.* Reference 39 is incorrect and should read as follows:Lipinski CA (2004) Lead- and drug-like compounds: the rule-of-five revolution. Drug Discov Today: Technologies 4: 337-341.* Reference 40 is incorrect and should read as follows:Wager T, Verhoest P, Villalobos A (2010) Moving beyond Rules: The Development of a Central Nervous System Multiparameter Optimization (CNS MPO) Approach To Enable Alignment of Druglike Properties. ACS Chem Neurosci 1.* Reference 43 is incorrect and should read as follows:Sykes ML, Avery VM (2009) A luciferase based viability assay for ATP detection in 384-well format for high throughput whole cell screening of Trypanosoma brucei brucei bloodstream form strain 427. Parasit Vectors 2: 54.