Lactobacillus reuteri used prior to or concurrently with Staphylococcus aureus infection can increase epidermal keratinocyte survival, p < 0.01. Phenolics may not have been extensively studied for atopic dermatitis or skin burns. However, phenolics do have a role in photoprotection. The phenolic rutin increases ultraviolet B radiation filter reactive oxygen species scavenging at 75%, p < 0.002, and peak wavelength absorption, p < 0.001. While oral and topical probiotics have untapped potential for atopic dermatitis amelioration and skin infection prevention, phenolics will be increasingly used for photoprotection. With optimized bioavailability, dosage, and formulation, nutraceuticals will become crucial for healthy skin maintenance.Nutraceuticals are important for healthy skin maintenance. Probiotics, phenolics, and vitamins are just a few of the nutraceuticals meant to potentially prevent and assist medical management of dermatologic conditions. Among these, probiotics, vitamin E, and green tea catechins may offer the broadest array of skin protective mechanisms with probiotics having the greatest clinical range. Probiotics’ amelioration of atopic dermatitis and opportunistic infections of skin burns has been targeted in recent research efforts. This includes the improvement of Scoring Atopic Dermatitis index scores,  Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), which are comprised primarily of basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), are one of the most common human cancers with an 18-fold to 20-fold higher incidence than melanoma . MeanwhiUltraviolet A radiation (UVA), which has a 320 nm to 400 nm spectrum range, is the deepest penetrating UVR at 1000 μm into the epidermis and dermis and comprises 90% to 95% of UVR . UVA actKeratinocytes are the major cells of the epidermis, which is the outermost skin layer . The mosStaphylococcus aureus in 42% of AD patients [Bifidiobacterium (Acintobacteria)-based intestinal microbiome [Increased outer horny skin layer thickness is associated with atopic dermatitis  . About 1patients . Consistpatients ,13. In ccrobiome ,13.Although Hippocrates publicized foods’ medicinal value, nutraceutical is a twentieth century term . Based oPropionibacterium and Corynebacterium, Firmicutes Staphylococcus, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes is achieved in childhood [S. aureus colonization with less than 106 cfu/cm2 of skin occurs in 20% of people and intermittent carriage occurs in 60% of people [S. aureus at greater than or equal to 106 cfu/cm2 of skin is considered an infection [S. aureus causes dose dependently severe opportunistic infections from 105 cfu/mL or greater [S. aureus infections with any skin barrier disruption, which occurs with burns, AD, and acne vulgaris [Long-term skin commensal microbiome stability dominated by the Actinobacteria hildhood . Skin cohildhood . Skin cohildhood . Stable f people ,18. NormLactobacillus plantarum have shown nonspecific immune system boosting and regulation [Probiotics are live, active, microbial cultures that are generally regarded as safe (GRAS) when consumed in quantities that achieve health benefits to the host ,9. Heat-gulation ,20. LactLactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium longum reuter reportedly decreased leg dryness and facial roughness in 33 adult females over an eight-week trial [B. longum reuter lysate (disrupted bacteria) topically applied to reactive skin twice daily for two months achieved increased skin barrier resistance measured by reduced trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and reduced skin sensitivity and dryness in response to thermal and chemical physical changes [Historically, with oral formulations, probiotics had to survive gastric transport, adhere to, and colonize the gastrointestinal tract . These cek trial . Subsequ changes .2 = 61%, Absolute Risk Reduction 44 cases per 1000 children; 95% CI 20 to 64 [Lactobacillus rhamnosus Goldin and Gorbach (LGG), when not heat inactivated, significantly improves the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis index (SCORAD) scores in comparison to heat inactivated LGG or the placebo, p = 0.02 [p = 0.036 [9 cfu, oral Lactobacillus fermentum VRI-033 PCC, twice daily for 8-weeks achieved SCORAD improvements with sustained T-helper 1 IFN-γ responses, p = 0.046 for 2-months post-treatment, which were directly proportional to the SCORAD score improvement [L. fermentum VRI-003 use was not associated with reduced topical corticosteroid use [Based on a meta-analysis of 19 trials totaling 4076 intervention and 3700 control events, respectively, maternal probiotic consumption in late pregnancy and, during lactation, could reduce AD incidence in children younger than five years old, Risk Ratio 0.78, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.68 to 0.90, I20 to 64 . A systeLactobacillus salivarius synbiotic (probiotic with prebiotics to increase probiotic delivery) was trialed against prebiotic only in sixty 2- to 14-year-old children with moderate to severe AD [L. salivarius synbiotic recipients had significantly lower SCORAD scores (27.4 ± 12.7) than prebiotic recipients  [L. salivarius LS01 has been shown to preserve Th1 cytokine production and Th1:Th2 ratios when compared to maltodextrin controls after four months of treatment [L. salivarius’ reduction of AD severity via normalization of T-cell function is consistent with the hygiene hypothesis [A evere AD . At eigh= 0.022) ,24. In areatment . L. salipothesis .Bifidobacterium longum infantis and B. breve combination in fermented infant formula achieved greater IgA responses to the poliovirus vaccine challenge than standard formula [L. salivarius and B. breve BR03 combination led to improved SCORAD indices in adult AD patients [B. breve Bb99 synbiotic with three additional probiotics given to 459 women during the last two to four weeks of pregnancy and given to their newborns for six months after delivery reduced AD in comparison to 463 controls (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55–0.98, p = 0.04) [L. rhamnosus LCS-742 and B. longum infantis M63 synbiotic administered to 39 term newborns for six months reduced AD in comparison with 45 formula-fed control newborns  [p = 0.03, based on a SCORAD-weighted mean difference improvement of 7.32 for 80 treated participants from three studies [B. breve M-16V synbiotic versus placebo control in 90 infants less than seven months of age did not find differences in cytokine production or circulating regulator T-cell proportions [L. rhamnosus LC705, B. breve Bb99, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii spp. Shermanii JS, with 1223 subjects found that in cesarean delivered infants, IgE-associated allergic diseases at five years of age were significantly reduced  [A  formula . A L. sapatients . B. brev = 0.04) . Similar < 0.05) . Overall studies . Consistportions . However= 0.035) . It has L. plantarum K8 (KCTC 10887BP) lysates. The 2.1% L. plantarum K8 lysates increased forearm skin hydration by the fourth week (p = 0.03), but not after eight weeks of use (p = 0.068) [p = 0.00) and eight weeks (p = 0.007) of use [L. plantarum K8 lysates were associated with significantly decreased horny layer thickness of the forearm and face at four weeks and eight weeks with p = 0.002 and p = 0.000 for the face and p = 0.007 and p = 0.000 for the forearm [L. plantarum K8 lysates use was associated with statistically significant decreased TEWL of the forearm and face at eight weeks with p = 0.002 and p = 0.008, respectively [L. plantarum K8 lysates may be regarded as orally consumed skin moisturizers that reduce the need for topical corticosteroids and emollients for AD treatment [Lysates offer cost-savings over the use of selected single components. Lysates can be included in prepared foods. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 41 dry, dark-skinned 25- to 60-year-old patients tested orally consumed 2.1% Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known for opportunistic infections in burn patients through the use of a toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) associated lipopolysaccharide receptor complex to induce an inflammatory and adaptive immune response [L. plantarum, 105 cfu/mL injected into infected areas on days three, four, five, seven, and nine post infection inhibited P. aeruginosa PA100 colonization of an in vivo burned-murine model, which was measured by the lack of viable P. aeruginosa PA 100 cells, p < 0.001 [L. plantarum was tried against silver sulphadiazine in 80 patients with delayed, infected second-degree and third-degree burns, or early, non-infected third-degree burns [L. plantarum achieved a 2.72% lower bacterial load in second-degree burns and 1.07% less infection in early third-degree burns, but had 16.90% more infection in delayed, infected third-degree burns [response . L. plan < 0.001 . L. planee burns . Within ee burns . These ree burns . Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 at 105 to 108 cfu/mL and L. rhamnosus AC413 coinfections increase normal primary human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) survival in the presence of concurrent S. aureus infection from 8.8% in the absence of probiotics to 53.1% (p = 0.0012) and 42.7% (p < 0.0001), respectively [L. reuteri ATCC 55730 lysate also protects NHEK from S. aureus, p = 0.01. Heat-killed L. reuteri ATCC 55730 is ineffective against S. aureus infection [L. reuteri ATCC 55730 exposure after S. aureus infection is ineffective. L. reuteri ATCC 55730 introduction before or concurrently with S. aureus allows L. reuteri ATCC 55730 to competitively exclude S. aureus from NHEK binding sites, p = 0.026 and p = 0.0078, respectively [L. reuteri ATCC 55730, L. reuteri ATCC 55730 lysates are less effective staphylococcal adhesion inhibitors, p = 0.0002 versus p = 0.032 [L. salivarius UCC118 cannot be substituted for L. reuteri ATCC 55730 since L. salivarius UCC118 adheres less effectively to NHEK than does L. reuteri ATCC 55730, 5.6 ± 0.1 log cfu versus 6.7 ± 0.1 log cfu respectively, p = 0.005 [ectively . L. reutnfection . L. reutectively . Compare = 0.032 . L. saliS. aureus exposure with p = 0.006 and p = 0.01 after a 24-h incubation [S. aureus infection, p = 0.005 and p = 0.01, respectively [S. aureus from receptors [S. aureus from keratinocytes’ receptors [S. aureus growth. However, spent culture did not inhibit S. aureus growth [In vitro studies show that LGG lysates and spent culture fluid can protect human keratinocytes from subsequent cubation . LGG andectively . Live LGeceptors . Live LGeceptors . Live LGs growth .Camellia sinensis derived tea is 20% green tea and is the second most common drink [Pigmented polyphenols absorb UVR primarily in the UVB spectrum with some UVA and UVC absorption, which facilitates sunscreen function . Globallon drink ,31. Topion drink . In murion drink .2) preceding UVR exposure also reduced photodamage [p = 0.02 [Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, polyphenolic green tea catechins (GTC) inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 and lipoxygenases . Conjugatodamage . A 34-dap = 0.02 .2 to 28 mJ/cm2 in both intervention and placebo groups [+ T-lymphocyte counts were similar in each group, p = 0.85 and p = 0.62, respectively [Oral GTC metabolites are incorporated into the skin . Oral GTo groups . Post-UVectively .p < 0.05 versus 20.4 ± 2.7%) [p < 0.05 [Topical green tea EGCG effects IL-12-dependent DNA repair . However ± 2.7%) . α-Lipoi ± 2.7%) . Interesp < 0.05 .p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively. Ferulic acid is least active with IC30 > 30 against melanin production and tyrosinase activity [p < 0.002) and peak wavelength absorption is increased (p < 0.001) [p ≤ 0.05) [p ≤ 0.05) [Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) tea. Caffeic acid and ferulic acid are constituents of Polypodium leucotomas, a tropical fern [P. leucotomas extract is commercially available in several products [P. leucotomas extract significantly reduced tumorigenesis and immunosuppression associated cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers formed by UVB action on DNA, p < 0.001 [P. leucotomas [Dietary phenolic acids are primarily UVA absorbing antioxidants with indirect regulatory effect on the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2-antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2-ARE) pathway . In primactivity . Nonetheactivity . Althoug< 0.001) . Rutin i ≤ 0.05) . UVA pho ≤ 0.05) . Of notecal fern . P. leucproducts . In a sm < 0.001 . This fiucotomas .Photoprotection and anti-photocarcinogenesis murine trials of resveratrol abound . In vivoSilymarin is up to 80% silibinin is GRAS . In addiVitamins C and E are normal skin components . UVR-indElaies guineensis , which was transported globally by the Portuguese in the 15th Century and the Dutch in the 19th Century [Elaeis oleifera  has more oleic and linoleic acid and less palmitic and saturated acids than E. guineensis [E. guineensis tocotrienols are unusual since rice bran oil is the only other tocotrienol containing vegetable oil [p < 0.03, when compared to control cells [Vitamin E comprised 30% of mixed tocopherols and 70% of mixed tocotrienols and a water-soluble phenolic-flavonoid-rich antioxidant complex are minor components of  Century . Elaeis ineensis . E. guinable oil . Palm oiable oil . Howeverable oil . Tocotriable oil . Consistable oil ,45. Nanoable oil . In vitrable oil . Cell viol cells .RRR-α-tocopherol daily for 12-weeks reduced dorsal skin erythema (p < 0.01) by week nine in comparison to 25 mg total carotenoids daily [Lactobacillus johnsonii 5.10 × 108 cfu was the intervention in a 12-week randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial with 60 patients who had polymorphic light eruptions [L. johnsonii 5.10 × 108 cfu was able to reduce the effect of a single exposure to longwave UV radiation (UVA1), p < 0.001, but that of multiple exposures [p < 0.001, and p = 0.022 in the placebo group [p = 0.03), increased procollagen deposition (p = 0.05), reduced UVR-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (p = 0.04), and reduced mitochondrial DNA 3895-base pair deletion after 3× minimal erythema dose UV exposure (p = 0.01) [Based on 20 healthy adults, an oral combination of 25 mg total carotenoids and 335 mg  ds daily . Combinads daily . This isds daily . A commeruptions . The comxposures . UVA1-inxposures ,49. Intr = 0.01) . Based o = 0.01) . The dos = 0.01) .2 ± 0.04, 50 mg coenzyme Q10 MED was 0.72 J/cm2 ± 0.06 and 150 mg coenzyme Q10 MED was 0.70 J/cm2 ± 0.06, p = 0.49 [The antioxidant, coenzyme Q10 is essential for mitochondrial energy metabolism . In contp = 0.49 .2, p < 0.01, and reduced p53 UV-induced skin expression by 50%, p < 0.01 [A 3-month, 42-person, double-blind randomized trial of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids 4 g daily, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or monounsaturated oleic acid found that EPA was the most promising for photo-protection . EPA incp < 0.01 . This waL. salivarius symbiotic should be considered for AD treatment given reduced AD severity measured by SCORAD, p = 0.022 [B. breve may need additional trials as a combination probiotic in fermented foods before significant effects on AD was seen [L. rhamnosus LC705, B. breve Bb99, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii spp. Shermanii JS, reduced IgE-associated allergic diseases in cesarean-delivered infants (p = 0.035), but B. breve as a single administered probiotic did not affect cytokine production or circulating regulator T-cell proportion [The preceding sections and the synopsis of selected references in  = 0.022 . Probiotwas seen . The comoportion ,27. Succoportion ,27.L. plantarum K8 lysates are skin moisturizers, which increase facial skin hydration through eight weeks of use (p = 0.007), decrease the horny layer thickness of the forearm and face through eight weeks of use (p = 0.000 for the face and forearm), and decrease TEWL of the forearm and face at eight weeks  [L. plantarum K8 lysates should reduce the need for topical corticosteroids and emollients for AD treatment [L. plantarum is a candidate for further larger scale in vivo study as a topical burn treatment [Orally consumed 2.1% ctively) . Thereforeatment . Decreasreatment ,8. Givenreatment ,29. Ideareatment .L. reuteri ATCC 55730 for S. aureus opportunistic infection ensures the effectiveness of the non-denatured probiotic [Live or lysate probiotic preparations are biologically plausibly efficacious where heat-killed preparations are ineffective ,18. Liverobiotic ,18. Therrobiotic .Oral and topical polyphenols hold the photoprotection and anti-photocarginogenesis promise. Additional human trials on GTC and EGCG are needed. Formulations with improved GTC and EGCG bioavailability such as combinations with α-lipoic acid may allow anti-inflammatory photo protective effectiveness at doses equivalent to less than 10 cups of green tea daily ,30,32. H


Escherichia coli (UPEC) are one of the main bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The rates of UPEC with high resistance towards antibiotics and multidrug-resistant bacteria have increased dramatically in recent years and could difficult the treatment.Uropathogenic E. coli isolated from community (79 isolates) and hospital-acquired (31 isolates) urinary tract infections. The plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes presence was also investigated. A subset of 18 isolates with a quinolone-resistance phenotype was examined for common virulence genes encoded in diarrheagenic and extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli by a specific E. coli microarray.The aim of the study was to determine multidrug-resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance profile, virulence traits, and genetic background of 110 kpsMTII gene. Overall, fimH (71.8%) and fyuA (68.2%), had the highest prevalence as virulence genes among isolates. However, the profile of virulence genes displayed a great diversity, which included the presence of genes related to diarrheagenic E. coli. Out of 110 isolates, 25 isolates (22.7%) were positive to qnrA, 23 (20.9%) to qnrB, 7 (6.4%) to qnrS1, 7 (6.4%) to aac(6′)lb-cr, 5 (4.5%) to qnrD, and 1 (0.9%) to qnrC genes. A total of 12.7% of the isolates harbored blaCTX-M genes, with blaCTX-M-15 being the most prevalent.Female children were the group most affected by UTIs, which were mainly community-acquired. Resistance to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and ampicillin–sulbactam was most prevalent. A frequent occurrence of resistance toward ciprofloxacin (47.3%), levofloxacin (43.6%) and cephalosporins (27.6%) was observed. In addition, 63% of the strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Almost all the fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant strains showed MDR-phenotype. Isolates from male patients were associated to FQ-resistant and MDR-phenotype. Moreover, hospital-acquired infections were correlated to third generation cephalosporin and nitrofurantoin resistance and the presence of E. coli may be difficult to treat empirically due to high resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Continuous surveillance of multidrug resistant organisms and patterns of drug resistance are needed in order to prevent treatment failure and reduce selective pressure. These findings may help choosing more suitable treatments of UTI patients in this region of Mexico.Urinary tract infection due to  Escherichia coli is an important cause of extra-intestinal infections, enteric disease, and systemic infections in humans and animals. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), one of the members of the extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) is a predominant pathogen causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) . Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole and cephalosporins [cefotaxime (p = 0.0232) and ceftazidime (p = 0.0001)] also showed a co-resistance.Co-resistance phenotype between cephalosporins and beta-lactams towards fluoroquinolones was frequently observed [(amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (p = 0.0306), ceftriaxone (p = 0.0305), and nitrofurantoin (p = 0.0002) resistance phenotype (Table p = 0.02329). MDR-phenotype (69.6%) as well as the FQ-resistant phenotype  was also prevalent among older adults (> 60 years old).Overall, hospital-acquired isolates were slightly more resistant than community-acquired isolates . Both hospital and community-acquired isolates showed higher resistance towards ampicillin (77.4% vs 68.4%) and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (77.4% vs 70.9%). UPEC isolates from hospital-acquired infections were associated to ceftazidime (E. coli isolates. The phylo-groups D (23.6%) and A (19.1%) were the most commonly found, followed by B1 (15.5%), C (13.6%), B2 (11.8%), F (10%), cryptic clades (5.5%) and phylo-group E (0.9%). The different phylo-groups and cryptic clades were distributed in both hospital and community settings, except the phylo-group E which was only distributed in the hospital-acquired infections. MDR strains were distributed into all phylogenetic-groups: 26% (16/70) to A, 17.1% (12/70) to D, 15.7% (11/70) to B1, 12.9% (9/70) to C, 11.4% (8/70) to B2 and F, and 6.7% (5/70) to cryptic clades. Phylo-group D was significantly associated to MDR-phenotype (p = 0.0339) as well as FQ-resistant phenotype . Phylo-groups B2 and D were more common among community-acquired isolates  than hospital-acquired isolates , as well as in females  than in males  but not significantly associations were found.All seven phylogenetic lineages  and cryptic clades were found on the 110 urinary fimH (71.8%), fyuA (68.2%), and agn43 (54.5%) were the virulence genes with the highest distributions among isolates, while afa/dra (8.2%) and cnf1 (2.7%) had the lowest. Others virulence genes tested had the following distribution: chuA, 49.1%; papC, 42.7%; kpsMTII, 37.3%; vat, 20%; yfcV, 20%; sfaS 10%, and hlyA, 9.1% (Table fyuA (71.0% vs 67.1%), papC (48.4% vs 40.5%), yfcV (25.8% vs 55.7%), hlyA (12.9% vs 7.6%), cnf1 (3.2% vs 2.5%), kpsMTII (58.1% vs 29.1%) and chuA (51.6% vs 48.1%) were higher among UPEC isolated from hospital-acquired than community-acquired infections. However, only the kpsMTII was significantly associated with hospital-acquired isolates . The presence of the chuA gene was associated to UPEC isolated from children (p = 0.0483). Furthermore, the presence of vat was associated to UPEC isolates from adults (p = 0.0153).Overall, nd agn43 4.5% werefimH (72.9%), fyuA (65.7%), agn43 (55.7%) and chuA , fyuA (67.3%) and chuA (57.7%) were highly distributed among FQ-resistant bacteria.Virulence genes ), fyuA 6.7%, agn4E. coli isolates belonging to the phylo-groups B2, D and F. Overall, 145 virulence and 40 antimicrobial resistance genes among the 315 and 82 genes and variants investigated were detected at least once in one or more of the isolates. The total number of virulence genes per isolate ranged from 18 to 63 genes. The median number of the virulence genes per isolate was 35. Microarray hybridizations demonstrated that all the E. coli isolates tested possessed virulence genes related to a pathotype including ExPEC and diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC). The total number of antimicrobial resistance genes per isolate ranged from 0 to 21 genes with a median number of 6.5 genes. Since the microarray carries a large set of virulence factors, numerous incomplete ExPEC that would normally be missed in a PCR-based assay were found. Thus, various unusual gene combinations were discovered, such as ExPEC pathogenic profiles with assorted EPEC genes coding for the type III secretion system 2 proteins ErpJ and SpaS . Moreover, detection of virulence (mean 39.0 ± 16.9) and antimicrobial resistance (mean 9.0 ± 1.9) genes were higher on hospital-acquired UTIs isolates compared to community-acquired infections , 20.9% (23 isolates) to qnrB, 6.4% (7 isolates) to qnrS1, 0.9% (1 isolates) to qnrC, 4.5% (5 isolates) to qnrD, and 6.4% (7 isolates) to aac(6′)-Ib-cr , levofloxacin (LEV), and norfloxacin (NOR). The double mutations in Ser-83 → Leu and Asp-87 → Tyr or Asp-87 → Asn substitution in gyrA were present in 92% of the strain tested. Ser-80 → Ile substitution in parC were found in 92% of the isolates tested, which also were resistant to both ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. The substitution Thr-66 → Ser , Thr-66 → Asn , and Thr-66 → Tyr  were also found in parC. Other substitutions in parC as Glu-84 → Val  and Glu-84 → Ala were also detected. Interestingly, one strain (isolated UEc 76) which was resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and norfloxacin, belonging to B2 phylo-group and blaCTX-M-containing, also carried the double mutations in Ser-83 → Leu and Asp-87 → Asn substitution in gyrA and the triple mutation in parC Ser-80 → Ile, Thr-66 → Tyr and Glu-84 → Val.Overall, 22% of the isolates were positive for rB, 6.4%  isolatesblaCTX-M (12.7%/14 isolates), blaTEM , blaPSE , and blaOXA (9.1%/10 isolates). Sequencing of the blaCTX-M amplicons identified the presence of blaCTX-M-15 in 7.2% of the strains (8 isolates), blaCTX-M-12 in 4.5% (5 isolates), blaCTX-M-3 in 1.8% (2 isolates), and blaCTX-M-14 in 1.8% (2 isolates). Furthermore, blaROB-1,blaSHV-37, and blaCMY-2 genes, were identified in one isolate (0.9%) through the microarray assay.ESBL genes were investigated through microarray and PCR assay. A total of 27 isolates (24.5%) suspected as cephalosporinase producers showed positive PCRs for blaCTX-M genes and PMQR genes as well as mutation in QRDR were found in both community- and hospital-acquired infections as well as in male and female genders. The PMQR qnrA (21.4%), and qnrB (18.6%), were highly distributed on MDR-phenotype (Table aac(6′)-Ib-cr gene compare to female isolates . Quinolone-resistance isolates also presented higher prevalence to blaCTX-M compared to quinolone-sensitive phenotype isolates .Overall pe Table . IsolateIn accordance with global trends, our results reveal higher prevalence of urinary tract infections in female patients than in males , 34–36. Multidrug-resistant strain prevalence (63.3%) was higher in this work than in other study from Mexico, which reported only 16.4% of MDR strains . While wE. coli isolates from hospital-acquired UTIs are correlated to the presence of kpsMTII gene that has been associated to pyelonephritis, a more severe infection of the upper urinary tract [fyuA-encoding yersiniabactin receptor and, fimH encoding type 1 fimbrial adhesion.As detected by Ochoa et al. , phylo-gry tract . In agrery tract , 41, ourE. coli (EAEC and DAEC), including capU , deoK (deoxyribokinase), shf , virK  and astA gene (EAEC heat-stable enterotoxin 1). This was also reported in previous works [E. coli reported in ExPEC strains. The deoK operon is frequently associated with strains isolated from infected urine and blood and is part of a large genetic island carrying genes contributing to the strain intrinsic virulence and/or adaptive properties [Detailed analysis of a strains subset using microarrays, revealed that some of them from both, hospital- and community-acquired infections carried virulence related genes of enteroaggregative and diffusely adherent us works –45, whicoperties . These soperties .E. coli (EPEC) related genes on five UPEC isolates. These genes included the eae , as well as virulence related genes such as espG , eprJ (E. coli type III secretion system 2 protein ErpJ), epaS (E. coli type III secretion system 2 protein EpaS), and eivG (E. coli type III secretion system 2 protein EivG) [Another finding was the presence of enteropathogenic in EivG) , 46. T3Sin EivG) , 48. Thein EivG) , 49, 50.qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qnrC and qnrD as well as aac(6′)-Ib-cr were detected. The most common PMQR-genes identified were qnrA and qnrB, which is in contrast to previous studies were aac(6′)-Ib-cr gene detection was more frequent on ExPEC isolates [qnrA and qnrB were frequently found as a part of MDR-phenotype. qnrD gene was found in 4.5% of the isolates. Previous papers reported qnrD in bacteria isolated from rooks [Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky, serovar Bovismorbificans, Proteus mirabilis and Morganella morganii [E. coli from dogs [qepA was not identified. Although PMQR genes provide a low level of FQ-resistance, they have been reported to favor the selection of additional chromosome-encoded resistance mechanism [gyrA and parC were prevalent in community-acquired infections (89% vs 11%). Overall, mutations in QRDR were equally present among isolates from males and females patients.In this study, UPEC strains carrying PMQR genes associated to quinolones resistance including isolates , 51. Morom rooks  and humamorganii , 53, as rom dogs . In accorom dogs , 55, 56,echanism . In our blaCTX-M , blaTEM, blaPSE, and blaOXA were detected. For the isolates carrying resistance genes, ESBL genes such as TEM, SHV and CTX-M, are the most widespread and frequently detected in E. coli [In our study, ESBL genes  E. coli . In addi E. coli , 59.E. coli UTI isolates from hospital and community in Mexico. Diverse genotypes and phenotypes including multidrug-resistance, fluoroquinolone resistance and carriage of virulence genes related to several enteropathogenic E. coli were found among UPEC isolates. Thus, continuous surveillance for antimicrobial resistance of UPEC is needed in order to prevent treatment failure and to improve the strategies to mitigate the occurrence of antibiotic resistance organisms and ensure the best treatment to UTI patients. This study highlights the importance of antimicrobial resistance of virulent E. coli from urinary tract infection in Mexico.Our study describes significant antimicrobial resistance in


The impact of STAR-VA on psychotropic drug use among residents with behavioral symptoms of dementia was evaluated through a difference-in-differences framework. STAR-VA residents enrolled 2013-2017 were evaluated longitudinally pre-post intervention. The primary outcome was the number of as needed administrations with an indication of ‘anxiety’ or ‘agitation’. The analytical cohort included 214 training cases and 1,870 controls from untrained sites meeting eligibility criteria. STAR-VA cases were less white (48% vs. 54%), less black (11% vs. 14%), and had significantly longer median length of stay (830 vs. 261 days), respectively. STAR-VA cases had on average 3.5 as needed doses/month of psychotropic medication before the intervention and 1.7 after, controls averaged 1.8 doses/month. After adjustment for person-time-fixed effects, enrollment was associated with 55%  reduction or an average 0.8 as needed psychotropic doses/month. Findings demonstrate effectiveness in decreasing as-needed psychotropic drug use among CLC residents, supporting continued implementation of STAR-VA.


Nature Communications 10.1038/s41467-017-02626-6; published online 15 Jan 2018Addendum to: Nat. Commun. 7, 11369 (2016) and Phys. Rev. Mat. 1, 035604 (2017)), which report the spontaneous helix formation in a polar smectic liquid crystal phase made of achiral bent-core mesogens.We would like to make our readers aware of the related publications by S.P. Sreenilayam et al. (


Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-019-46738-z, published online 12 August 2019Correction to: This Article contains an error in the Acknowledgements section.“This study also partly supported by Incheon National University (INU) Research Grant (2016) to H.W.K. and the INU Postdoctoral Fellowships to U.Y. and R.I.”should read:“This study also partly supported by Incheon National University (INU) Research Grant (2016) to H.W.K.”


Correction to: J ImmunoTher Cancer (2019) 7:288https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-019-0778-7Following publication of the original article , the aut3)” should change to black font;A: Red font “MHC-I c reduces macrophage frequency and activates macrophages, cDC, B and NK cells. Figure S3. Poly(I:C)c triggers transcriptional reprogramming of MDSC. Figure S4. Significantly regulated genes in PMN- and M-MDSC upon poly(I:C)c therapy.


Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-017-10484-x, published online 31 August 2017Correction to: The Acknowledgements section in this Article is incomplete.“We thank D.M. Buss for his comments.”should read:“We thank D.M. Buss for his comments. Study was funded by National Science Centre-PL-2014/13/B/HS6/02644”


AbstractKSU). Included in this material, three species of Labiobaetis Novikova & Kluge, 1987 are recorded, two of them being new to science. Labiobaetispotamoticus Gattolliat & Al Dhafer, sp. n. is described from both larvae and adults, whereas Labiobaetisalahmadii Gattolliat & Al Dhafer, sp. n. is only known from the larval stage. The two species are compared morphologically with Palearctic and Afrotropical species of Labiobaetis. A third species, Labiobaetisglaucus  is reported for the first time from the Arabian Peninsula. The species was originally described from South Africa and subsequently reported from the east and northeast of Africa. A molecular reconstruction including 18 Afrotropical and Palearctic species of Labiobaetis was performed using 658 bp of the mitochondrial gene CO1. The reconstruction highly supported the validity of the two new species and confirmed the occurrence of L.glaucus in KSU.Mayfly larvae and imagos were collected at approximately 50 localities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ( Labiobaetis Novikova & Kluge, 1987 is a species-rich genus with an almost worldwide distribution ; it is mainly diversified in Afrotropical (28 species) and Oriental realms (23 species)  . The staspecies) . Moleculphyletic . Larvae KSU) and Yemen despite potential suitable habitats present in Oman, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates  were mentioned from KSU ; other paratypes are housed in the Museum of Zoology, Lausanne, Switzerland (MZL). Each GBIFCH code refers to a tube with group of specimens in or a slide with a single specimen (sequenced or not).The majority of the material was collected in November 2012 during a scientific expedition organised by King Saud University Museum of Arthropods, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, Department of Plant Protection, CO1) gene. Specimens belonging to the different “morphospecies” and collected in the same localities were selected for genetic analysis. The CO1 gene was sequenced using LCO1490 and HCO2198 primers ) as the maximal value for intraspecific divergence : Saudi Arabia (AR44); Wadi Shahadan; 17°28'36"/ 42°42'50"; Alt. 190m; 13.XI.2012; Coll. J-L Gattolliat.Paratypes: 4 larvae (GBIFCH00235716 + GBIFCH00235735 (Genetics)), 1 male imago (GBIFCH00235732 (Genetics)) + 3 larvae (KSU: GBIFCH00526192); same data as holotype.19°55'32"/ 41°26'17"; Alt. 752m; 13.X.2010; Coll. B. Kondratieff.42 larvae : Saudi Arabia (AR01); Al Jiwah, Thee Aine; 18°47'29"/ 41°56'19"; Alt. 490m; 13.III.2012; Coll. Al Dhafer, H. & Kondratieff, B.14 larvae (GBIFCH00235721): Saudi Arabia (AR20); Wadi Baqrah; 19°55'46"/ 41°26'34"; Alt. 760m; 3.VI.2012; Coll. Al Dhafer, H. & Kondratieff, B.5 larvae (GBIFCH00235722): Saudi Arabia (AR28); Thee Ain, Al-Baha; 19°55'46"/ 41°26'34"; Alt. 760m; 8.XI.2012; Coll. J-L Gattolliat.2 larvae (GBIFCH00235714): Saudi Arabia (AR31); Thee Ain, Al-Baha; KSU: GBIFCH00526173): Saudi Arabia (AR32); Wadi Elarj, near Adam; 20°27'11"/ 40°48'56"; Alt. 440m; 9.XI.2012; Coll. J-L Gattolliat.58 larvae , GBIFCH00517521 (Genetics)) + 11 larvae (KSU: GBIFCH00526224): Saudi Arabia (AR43a); Wadi Shahadan; 17°28'36"/ 42°51'25"; Alt. 460m; 12.XI.2012; Coll. J-L Gattolliat.23 larvae , GBIFCH00465155 (Genetics)) + 4 larvae (KSU: GBIFCH00526237): Saudi Arabia (AR43b); Wadi Shahadan; 17°28'17"/ 42°51'14"; Alt. 455m; 12.XI.2012; Coll. J-L Gattolliat.3 larvae .1 larva (on slide), Saudi Arabia, Wadi Buwah, 1340m, Larva: Tergites I-X medium brown with peculiar pattern formed of six ecru dots Fig. . Scape oLarva.Length: fully grown female: Body 5.1–7.7 mm, cerci 3.6–4.0 mm, terminal filament 2.5–2.6 mm. Fully grown male: Body 5.0–5.3 mm, cerci 3.4–3.6 mm, terminal filament 2.5 mm.Colouration : Saudi Arabia (AR43a); Wadi Shahadan; 17°28'36"/ 42°51'25"; Alt. 460m; 12.XI.2012; Coll. J-L Gattolliat.Paratypes: 151 larvae , GBIFCH00235737) + 8 larvae (KSU: GBIFCH00526208): same data as holotype.KSU: GBIFCH00526227): Saudi Arabia (AR43b); Wadi Shahadan; 17°28'17"/ 42°51'14"; Alt. 455m; 12.XI.2012; Coll. J-L Gattolliat.47 larvae (GBIFCH00235710) + 10 larvae (KSU: GBIFCH00526223): Saudi Arabia (AR39); Wadi Damad; 17°12'21"/ 43°01'35"; Alt. 260m; 11.XI.2012; Coll. J-L Gattolliat.29 larvae (GBIFCH00235727) + 6 larvae (KSU: GBIFCH00526179): Saudi Arabia (AR44); Wadi Shahadan; 17°28'36"/ 42°42'50"; Alt. 190m; 13.XI.2012; Coll. J-L Gattolliat.15 larvae , GBIFCH00465155 (Genetics) + GBIFCH00517526 (Genetics), GBIFCH00517527 (Genetics)) + 4 larvae Baetisglaucus Agnew, 1961: 14.Pseudocloeonglaucum , Labiobaetisglaucus , 19°55'32"/ 41°26'17"; Alt. 752m; 13.X.2010; Coll. B. Kondratieff.18 larvae (GBIFCH00235711 + 4 slides GBIFCH00235741 (Genetics), GBIFCH00235746, GBIFCH00235750 (Genetics), GBIFCH00235756: Saudi Arabia (AR01); Al Jiwah, Thee Aine; 19°05'22"/ 41°58'16"; Alt. 490m; 13.III.2012; Coll. Al Dhafer, H.3 larvae (GBIFCH00235708): Saudi Arabia (AR19); Wadi Khat; 19°55'43"/ 41°26'34"; Alt. 760m; 3.VI.2012; Coll. Al Dhafer, H. & Kondratieff, B.1 larva (GBIFCH00235712): Saudi Arabia (AR28); Thee Ain, Al-Baha; 19°55'43"/ 41°26'34"; Alt. 760m; 8.XI.2012; Coll. J-L Gattolliat.3 larvae (GBIFCH00235713): Saudi Arabia (AR31); Thee Ain, Al-Baha; 17°28'36"/ 42°51'25"; Alt. 460m; 12.XI.2012; Coll. J-L Gattolliat.1 larva (GBIFCH00235707): Saudi Arabia (AR43a); Wadi Shahadan; 17°28'17"/ 42°51'14"; Alt. 440m; 12.XI.2012; Coll. J-L Gattolliat.2 larvae GBIFCH00465151 (Genetics): Saudi Arabia (AR43b); Wadi Shahadan; 17°28'36"/ 42°42'50"; Alt. 190m; 13.XI.2012; Coll. J-L Gattolliat.7 larvae (GBIFCH00235723 + 1 slide GBIFCH00235738), 3 male imagos (GBIFCH00235724 + 1 slide GBIFCH00235731 (Genetics)): Saudi Arabia (AR44); Wadi Shahadan; Larva: abdominal pattern  with moderate current. The substrate was a mix of sand, cobbles and rocks Figs , 52. ThiL.potamoticus and L.alahmadii as monophyletic clades (BS (Bootstrap support) of 83% and 100% respectively), with intraspecific K2P distances below 1% , with the three populations  supported as monophyletic sister-clades . The sister group of Labiobaetispotamoticus is an undescribed species from South Africa; the distance between the two taxa is slightly higher than intraspecific distance (between 4.2 and 5.1%). Labiobaetispotamoticus possesses high distances to all the other species included in the study (16.2 to 25.5%). The relationships of L.alahmadii and L.glaucus with other species of Afrotropical and Palaearctic origins also are unclear and have no molecular support  and L.balcanicus and the Afrotropical species L.boussoulius . The shape of the distolateral process of the second segment of the labial palp is of taxonomic importance to separate the different species: more elongated and curved in L.potamoticus , the shape of the apex of the segment II of the maxillary palp , distal margin of tergites , tarsal claw less curved and less stout in L.glaucus  and the setation of the ventral margin of femora . Labiobaetispotamoticus and L.piscis show a peculiar pattern on the abdominal tergites . Labiobaetispotamoticus was initially identified as L.balcanicus  and the shape of the distomedial projection of the segment II of the labial palp .Labiobaetis are generally similar. The presence or absence of the hindwings and the shape of the genital plates are the main characters to separate the species (Labiobaetispotamoticus cannot be separated from most other species of Labiobaetis with hindwings and broad, apically flat genital plates. Labiobaetisglaucus and L.boussoulius differ from most other species of the genus by the presence of a well-marked triangular expansion on the inner margin of the gonopods (Fig. L.tricolor Tshernova, 1928 (fig. 111a in The imagos of the different species of  species . The malods Fig. . A similL.glaucus in KSU is rather unexpected despite that this species is widely distributed in Afrotropical Region (South Africa, Angola, Kenya, Lesotho, Namibia, and Zimbabwe (KSU. We found no clear morphological differences between them and they fully correspond to the original description and subsequent redescriptions (KSU form a highly supported monophyletic clade. Genetic distances between the three populations are clearly of intraspecific range especially if we consider that intermediate populations from East and North-East Africa are not included in the analysis.The discovery of Zimbabwe ; Comorosriptions . As alreriptions , segment


Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a Gram-negative pathogen and a primary cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide. Here, we present the complete 47,393-bp genome sequence of the siphophage Skate, which was isolated against S. Typhimurium strain LT2. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a Gram-negative pathogen and a primary cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide. Here, we present the complete 47,393-bp genome sequence of the siphophage Skate, which was isolated against S. Typhimurium strain LT2. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a Gram-negative pathogen and a primary cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide  was used for quality control of the reads. The reads were trimmed with FASTX-Toolkit 0.0.14 (http://hannonlab.cshl.edu/fastx_toolkit/download.html) before being assembled into a single contig at 160.9-fold coverage using SPAdes 3.5.0 (http://transterm.cbcb.umd.edu/). Sequence similarity searches by BLASTp 2.2.28 (https://cpt.tamu.edu/).The phage Skate was isolated from soil in the cattle holding pen of a cattle harvesting facility in Michigan in August 2016 using rain LT2 . The pharain LT2 . Phage grain LT2 . Pooled es 3.5.0 . Contig es 3.5.0  and Metaes 3.5.0  were usees 3.5.0 . Rho-indp 2.2.28  were usep 2.2.28  interfacSalmonella phages, like phage IME207 (GenBank accession number KX523699) and E1 (GenBank accession number AM491472)  , 19, shaMH321493. The associated BioProject, SRA, and BioSample accession numbers are PRJNA222858, SRR8787571, and SAMN11259649, respectively.The genome sequence of phage Skate was submitted to GenBank as accession number


The generated UHPLC-MS data were analysed and dereplicated using the scientific databases Dictionary of Natural Products and SciFinder Scholar in order to potentially identify new dihydro-β-agarofurans from local Celastraceae plants. These investigations led to the large-scale extraction and isolation work on a prioritised fruit sample that belonged to the rainforest plant Denhamia celastroides. Chemical investigations resulted in the purification of four new natural products, denhaminols O–R (1–4), along with the related and known compound, denhaminol G (5). The structures of all the new compounds were determined via detailed analysis of NMR and MS data.An analytical method using UHPLC-MS was developed and applied to 16 crude CH To confirm the presence of the new compounds and to unambiguously identify the structures, we conducted a large-scale extraction of the plant material and MS-directed purification to isolate the targeted compounds with the distinct molecular weights before NMR experiments were conducted.The scientific databases search  indicateD. celastroides (10 g) were sequentially extracted with CH2Cl2. Subsequent purifications using silica gel column chromatography and RP-HPLC afforded five dihydro-β-agarofurans , respectively. During the isolation of the three targeted compounds, another new dihydro-β-agarofuran  and a known congener, denhaminol G (5) +; (+)-HRESIMS m/z 637.2595 [M + Na]+ .Colourless gum; c 0.075, MeOH); ECD λext (MeOH) 217 (−4.79), 268 (−3.81) nm; UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 282 (4.38) nm; IR (UATR) νmax 2952, 1739, 1705, 1373, 1197, 1162, 1076, 975, 769 cm−1; 1H-NMR  see 13C-NMR  see m/z 657 [M + H]+; (+)-HRESIMS m/z 679.2693 [M + Na]+ .Colourless gum; c 0.510, MeOH); ECD λext (MeOH) 216 (−4.60), 253 (−2.01), 301 (0.29) nm; UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 630 (4.441) nm; IR (UATR) νmax 3419, 2971, 1747, 1710, 1391, 1278, 1120, 1163, 1078, 974, 713 cm−1; 1H-NMR  see 13C-NMR  see m/z 631 [M + H]+, 653 [M + Na]+; (+)-HRESIMS m/z 653.2531 [M + Na]+ .Colourless gum; c 0.110, MeOH); ECD λext (MeOH) 216 (−5.37), 235 (0.92), 279 (−1.31) nm; UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 224 (4.42), 281 (4.39) nm; IR (UATR) νmax 3414, 2981, 1746, 1709, 1635, 1277, 1199, 1163, 1077, 973, 712 cm−1; 1H-NMR  see 13C-NMR  see m/z 653 [M + H]+; (+)-HRESIMS m/z 675.2400 [M + Na]+ .Colourless gum; 1–4) along with a known compound denhaminol G (5) were successfully isolated and characterised from one prioritised plant sample, namely the fruits of D. celastroides. Other Celastraceae samples that were prioritised for large-scale extraction and isolation studies will be investigated in the future. The pure compounds reported in this paper will be added to the Davis Open-Access Compound Library which is housed at Compounds Australia, Griffith University [A UHPLC-MS method and dereplication process was developed for the rapid identification of new dihydro-β-agarofurans from Celastraceae plants. This study further exemplifies how UHPLC-MS data and database mining can be used to extract molecular features related to characteristic secondary metabolites of a plant family and thus expedite new discoveries in natural products research. This approach was successfully applied to 16 Australian Celastraceae plant extracts. Consequently, four previously undescribed dihydro-β-agarofurans (denhaminols O–R, iversity ,23,24,25


Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-018-21753-8, published online 23 February 2018Correction to: In the original version of this Article, Jakub Wlodarczyk was incorrectly affiliated with “Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c Street, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland”. The correct affiliation is listed below.Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland.Additionally, the Acknowledgements section was incomplete.“This work was supported by the National Science Centre Grant - UMO-2015/17/B/NZ3/00557  and by an EMMA-West grant from the EU (S. B.). SB was also supported by a FASTTRACK grant (SR/FTP/ETA-04/2012) from DST and a UGC Research Award (F.30-31/2016 SA-II) from the Government of India. D.P. and S.B. were supported by the Polish National Science Centre (2014/15/B/ST6/05082) and D.P. by COST BM1405 and BM1408 EU actions.”now reads:“This work was supported by the National Science Centre Grant - UMO-2015/17/B/NZ3/00557  and by an EMMA-West grant from the EU (S.B.). S.B. was also supported by a FASTTRACK grant (SR/FTP/ETA-04/2012) from DST and a UGC Research Award (F.30-31/2016 SA-II) from the Government of India. M.M was also supported by the National Science Center Grant 2016/21/N/NZ3/03273. N.D. was supported by the PURSE-II project . D.P. and S.B. were supported by the Polish National Science Centre (2014/15/B/ST6/05082), and by Foundation for Polish Science (TEAM to D.P.). D.P. was also supported by grant 1U54DK107967-01 ‘Nucleome Positioning System for Spatiotemporal Genome Organization and Regulation’ within 4DNucleome NIH program (TEAM grant to D.P.) and COST BM1405 and BM1408 EU actions.”These errors have now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg phage Matapan. A myophage with a 157,408-kb genome, Matapan is most closely related to Vi01-like phages.Here, we describe the  Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg phage Matapan. A myophage with a 157,408-kb genome, Matapan is most closely related to Vi01-like phages.Here, we describe the  Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg is a member of Enterobacteriaceae and a zoonotic pathogen  at 37°C with aeration, and phage isolation and propagation were done using the soft agar overlay method (http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/) and trimmed with the FASTX-Toolkit 0.0.14 (http://hannonlab.cshl.edu/fastx_toolkit/). The genome was assembled to 26.9-fold coverage with SPAdes v3.5.0, with default parameters, and closed by PCR  and Sanger sequencing  (–14–Matapan was collected from filtered (0.2-μm pore size) municipal wastewater in College Station, TX, via enrichment on y method . Phage my method . The geny method . Librarixy-pub/) , 9. Genexy-pub/) –12. The y-pub/) –. Predictub/) –14–. Whole-gub/) –14–.Salmonella phage Vi01 (GenBank accession number FQ312032), Escherichia phage ECML-4 (GenBank accession number JX128257), Salmonella phage STML-13-1 (GenBank accession number JX181828), and Salmonella phage Marshall (GenBank accession number KF669653), respectively, and 196 similar proteins with phage Vi01. Similar to other Vi01-like phages, Matapan is predicted to use headful or pac-type packaging using PhageTerm (rIIA-like gene.Matapan is a Vi01-like myophage with a 157,408-kb genome with a G+C content of 44.9%, a 93.0% coding density, 214 protein-coding genes, and 3 tRNAs. As determined by progressiveMauve, Matapan shares nucleotide similarities of 91.3%, 89.5%, 88.2%, and 87.9% with MN066127, BioProject accession number PRJNA222858, SRA accession number SRR8869240, and BioSample accession number SAMN11360418.The genome sequence and associated data for phage Matapan were deposited under GenBank accession number


T was isolated from the gut microbiota of a 28-year-old woman and exhibits a 2.23-Mb  draft genome sequence containing 1,902 protein-coding genes, 49 tRNAs, and 3 rRNAs. The 16S rRNA sequencing and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization indicated that strain Marseille-P9525T represents a new species to be described.Strain Marseille-P9525 T was isolated from the gut microbiota of a 28-year-old woman and exhibits a 2.23-Mb  draft genome sequence containing 1,902 protein-coding genes, 49 tRNAs, and 3 rRNAs. The 16S rRNA sequencing and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization indicated that strain Marseille-P9525T represents a new species to be described.Strain Marseille-P9525 Enorma massiliensis was the first species of the genus Enorma recently described within the family Coriobacteriaceae . Here, we report the genome sequence of strain Marseille-P9525T and describe its genomic content.eriaceae . The genmosphere –3. A culosphere – of the sT was subcultured on Colombia agar incorporating 5% sheep blood  at 37°C under anaerobic conditions . DNA was extracted in 50 μl using the EZ1 BioRobot and EZ1 DNA tissue kit  and was quantified using a Qubit assay with a high-sensitivity kit  to 0.2 ng/liter. DNA was then sequenced using MiSeq technology  with paired-end applications. The DNA was fragmented and amplified by limited PCR (12 cycles), introducing dual-index barcodes and sequencing adapters. After purification on AMPure XP beads , libraries were normalized and pooled for MiSeq paired-end sequencing. An automated cluster generation of 12 runs with dual-indexed 2 × 251-bp reads was performed for 40 hours. A total of 7,810,996 paired-end reads with a 35 to 251-bp sequence length were quality checked using FastQC, trimmed using Trimmomatic version 0.36.6 , 96.76% identity with E. timonensis (NR_144707), 95.30% with E. massiliensis (NR_125606), 94.03% with Collinsella tanakaei (NR_112899), and 93.96% with Collinsella ihuae (LN881598).Strain Marseille-P9525T is smaller than those of E. phocaeensis, E. massiliensis, E. timonensis, C. tanakaei, and C. ihuae . Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence proximity, genomes were selected and incorporated into an in silico genomic comparison. Genomic similarities estimated using OrthoANI version 0.93.1 (https://www.ezbiocloud.net/tools/orthoani) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (http://ggdc.dsmz.de/ggdc.php#) estimated using the GGDC version 2.0 online tool yielded 84.20% and 28.4% sequence similarity with E. phocaeensis, 80.77% and 25.3% with E. timonensis, 78.68% and 24.9% with E. massiliensis, 77.35% and 23.7% with C. ihuae, and 74.57% and 22.2% with C. tanakaei, respectively.The 2.23-Mb draft genome sequence of strain Marseille-P9525CABFVT000000000 and ERR3427549, respectively.The genome sequence reported here and the raw reads have been deposited at EMBL/GenBank under the accession numbers


Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the lead causative agent for seafood-borne human gastroenteritis. While its occurrence has traditionally been uncommon in Europe and the United Kingdom, rising sea surface temperatures have resulted in an increased prevalence. Here, we present the complete genome sequences of four novel V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated in the United Kingdom. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the lead causative agent for seafood-borne human gastroenteritis. While its occurrence has traditionally been uncommon in Europe and the United Kingdom, rising sea surface temperatures have resulted in an increased prevalence. Here, we present the complete genome sequences of four novel V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated in the United Kingdom. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a ubiquitous marine bacterium and an important causative agent for human gastroenteritis  EXE V18/004 from Ostrea edulis at Chichester Harbor (2018), (ii) V12/024 from Crassostrea gigas at Weymouth (2012), (iii) V05/313 from Eriocheir sinensis in the River Thames (2005), and (iv) V05/027 from an unknown shellfish source in Southampton (2005). Strains EXE V18/004 and EXE V13/004 were isolated at the University of Exeter, while strains V12/024 and V05/027 were isolated at Cefas Weymouth Laboratories. All four of these strains were isolated directly from shellfish following previously described methods V. parahaemolyticus was initially identified based on colony morphology on selective agar (marine agar and thiosulphate citrate bile sucrose agar) and by PCR targeting the toxR region (9 cells · ml−1) was added directly to a Qiagen DNeasy PowerWater kit (Germany) for DNA extraction, followed by library preparation for short-read  and long-read  sequencing. For short-read libraries, DNA was quantified in triplicate with the Quant-iT double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) high-sensitivity (HS) assay in an Ependorff AF2200 plate reader. Genomic DNA libraries were prepared using a Nextera XT library prep kit (Illumina) following the manufacturer’s protocol with the following modifications: 2 ng of DNA instead of 1 ng was used as the input, and PCR elongation time was increased from 30 s to 1 min. DNA quantification and library preparation were carried out on a Hamilton Microlab Star automated liquid handling system. Pooled libraries were quantified using the Kapa Biosystems library quantification kit for Illumina on a Roche LightCycler 96 quantitative PCR (qPCR) machine. Libraries were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq instrument. Long-read sequencing was performed in-house using a multiplexed SQK-LSK108 library preparation and sequenced on a FLO-MIN106 flow cell, following Oxford Nanopore Technologies protocol (https://github.com/rrwick/Porechop) with the following settings: -require_two_barcodes -discard_unassigned -discard_middle. Hybrid genome assembly was performed using Unicycler v0.4.7 (https://sourceforge.net/projects/bbmap/) with the following settings: idfilter=0.95 covstats=covstats.txt. Long-read coverage was calculated by first using minimap2 v.2.17 (https://github.com/lh3/minimap2) and SAMtools v.1.9 (http://samtools.sourceforge.net/) to create a bam file (minimap2 -t 16 -ax map-ont <assembly> <long_reads> | samtools view -F 4 -buS | samtools sort -o long.sorted.bam) and then using BBMap’s pileup.sh to calculate coverage (pileup.sh in=long.sorted.bam ref=ref.fa out=long.covstats.txt). Default parameters for all software were used unless otherwise noted.R region . IsolateR region  at 37°C protocol . Short rprotocol  with a sr v0.4.7 , and eacr v0.4.7 , developEach strain was found to have two chromosomes , one withttps://img.jgi.doe.gov/) using the following taxon identifiers (IDs): 2816332655 (V. parahaemolyticus EXE V18/004), 2816332656 (V. parahaemolyticus V12/024), 2816332657 (V. parahaemolyticus V05/313), and 2816332658 (V. parahaemolyticus V05/027). Read data are available from the European Nucleotide Archive under the following strain names and accession numbers: V. parahaemolyticus EXE V18/004, ERS3342146; V. parahaemolyticus V12/024, ERS3342147; V. parahaemolyticus V05/313, ERS3342148; and V. parahaemolyticus V05/027, ERS3342149.Assembled and annotated genomes are publicly available from JGI IMG/M (


In sub-Saharan Africa, individuals infected with HIV who are severely immunocompromised have high mortality (about 10%) shortly after starting antiretroviral therapy (ART). This group also has the greatest risk of morbidity and mortality associated with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), a paradoxical response to successful ART. Integrase inhibitors lead to significantly more rapid declines in HIV viral load (VL) than all other ART classes. We hypothesised that intensifying standard triple-drug ART with the integrase inhibitor, raltegravir, would reduce HIV VL faster and hence reduce early mortality, although this strategy could also risk more IRIS events.3, from eight urban/peri-urban HIV clinics at regional hospitals in Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, and Zimbabwe were randomised 1:1 to initiate standard triple-drug ART, with or without 12-week raltegravir intensification, and followed for 48 weeks. The primary outcome was 24-week mortality, analysed by intention to treat. Of 2,356 individuals screened for eligibility, 1,805 were randomised between 18 June 2013 and 10 April 2015. Of the 1,805 participants, 961 (53.2%) were male, 72 (4.0%) were children/adolescents, median age was 36 years, CD4 count was 37 cells/mm3, and plasma viraemia was 249,770 copies/mL. Fifty-six participants (3.1%) were lost to follow-up at 48 weeks. By 24 weeks, 97/902 (10.9%) raltegravir-intensified ART versus 91/903 (10.2%) standard ART participants had died , with no evidence of interaction with other randomisations (pheterogeneity > 0.7) and despite significantly greater VL suppression with raltegravir-intensified ART at 4 weeks  and 12 weeks . Through 48 weeks, there was no evidence of differences in mortality ; in serious , grade-4 , or ART-modifying  adverse events ; in events judged compatible with IRIS  or in hospitalisations . At 12 weeks, one and two raltegravir-intensified participants had predicted intermediate-level and high-level raltegravir resistance, respectively. At 48 weeks, the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) mutation K219E/Q (p = 0.004) and the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations K101E/P (p = 0.03) and P225H (p = 0.007) were less common in virus from participants with raltegravir-intensified ART, with weak evidence of less intermediate- or high-level resistance to tenofovir (p = 0.06), abacavir (p = 0.08), and rilpivirine (p = 0.07). Limitations of the study include limited clinical, radiological, and/or microbiological information for some participants, reflecting available services at the centres, and lack of baseline genotypes.In a 2×2×2 factorial open-label parallel-group trial, treatment-naive adults, adolescents, and children >5 years old infected with HIV, with cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) <100 cells/mmAlthough 12 weeks of raltegravir intensification was well tolerated and reduced HIV viraemia significantly faster than standard triple-drug ART during the time of greatest risk for early death, this strategy did not reduce mortality or clinical events in this group and is not warranted. There was no excess of IRIS-compatible events, suggesting that integrase inhibitors can be used safely as part of standard triple-drug first-line therapy in severely immunocompromised individuals.NCT01825031.ClinicalTrials.gov ISRCTN 43622374.International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number  In the factorial randomised REALITY trial, Sarah Walker and colleagues document outcomes of intensified initial antiretroviral treatment for people with advanced HIV disease. 3) have high risks of dying shortly after starting treatment.Individuals in Africa who are HIV positive and initiating treatment with severe immunosuppression  to standard triple-drug antiretroviral therapy for 12 weeks would reduce HIV viral load faster: we wanted to find out whether this would reduce high early mortality.We randomly allocated 1,805 adults, adolescents, and older children to receive standard antiretroviral therapy with or without 12 weeks of adjunctive raltegravir.We found that the group receiving 12 weeks of adjunctive raltegravir had significantly faster declines in HIV viral load.However, we found no significant difference in deaths within 24 weeks of starting treatment between those receiving adjunctive raltegravir (97/902 [10.9%]) or not (91/903 [10.2%]); nor were there differences in clinical disease progression, immune reconstitution, inflammatory syndrome, or adverse events.In this study, we found that intensifying the potency of initial antiretroviral therapy did not reduce early mortality on treatment, providing no support for its widespread use in individuals initiating treatment with severe immunosuppression.However, it also did not increase the rates of clinically important immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, suggesting that integrase inhibitors could replace other components of standard first-line antiretroviral therapy safely. Absolute 24-week mortality difference was +0.6% . By 48 weeks, 110 (12.4%) versus 115 (13.0%) participants, respectively, had died  with no evidence of differences by cause (Table 2). There was no difference in longer-term (after week 48) mortality . Estimated mortality rates decreased sharply from day 19 through week 12 , with 71 (31.6%) of the 225 deaths occurring by 4 weeks, and 147 (65.3%) by 12 weeks. There was no evidence of early differences in mortality rates  and no evidence of heterogeneity in the impact of raltegravir intensification over time on ART . Of nine preplanned and five exploratory subgroup analyses . Specifically, there was no evidence that mortality differences depended on pre-ART VL or pre-ART CD4 . No subgroup analyses suggested heterogeneity in the impact of raltegravir intensification on suppression <50 copies/mL at week 4 (pheterogeneity > 0.05) .By 24 weeks (primary endpoint), 97 (10.9%) raltegravir-intensified ART versus 91 (10.2%) standard ART participants died .There was no evidence of an impact of raltegravir intensification on any disease progression clinical outcome (S2 Text). One participant had predicted intermediate-level (mutations T97A+R263K) and two predicted high-level  raltegravir resistance mutations . No patient had predicted intermediate- or high-level dolutegravir resistance.Integrase genotypes were obtained in 33 raltegravir-intensified ART participants with VL >1,000  copies/mL at 12 weeks (see p = 0.004) and the NNRTI mutations K101E/P (p = 0.03) and P225H (p = 0.007) were less common in raltegravir-intensified ART, with no evidence of differences for other mutations . There was marginal evidence suggesting less intermediate- or high-level resistance with raltegravir-intensified ART to tenofovir , abacavir , and rilpivirine    copies/mL at 48 weeks. The NRTI mutation K219E/Q ; however, there was marginal evidence of a small difference at 48 weeks . There was similar weak evidence of slightly (2%–5%) greater percentages with CD4 ≥ 200 cells/mm3 at later time points . Changes in weight were also similar through week 24 , with small but significant differences appearing from 36–48 weeks. Similar late differences were observed for BMI in adolescents/adults (data not shown), fat mass , and muscle mass . There was no evidence of heterogeneity in these differences by age . Absolute CD8 count increases were similar in both groups through 48 weeks .Absolute CD4 count increases were similar in both groups through 24 weeks , grade-4 AEs (log-rank p = 0.29), grade-3/4 AEs (log-rank p = 0.72), grade-4 AEs definitely/probably/possibly related to ART (log-rank p = 0.52), grade-4 AEs definitely/probably related to ART (log-rank p = 0.07), AEs leading to ART modification (log-rank p = 0.51) or new hospitalisations (log-rank p = 0.59) (Table 2). Raltegravir was modified for AEs in 19 (2.1%) participants (S2 Table), including renal (n = 6) events, hepatic (n = 6) events, hypersensitivity reactions , and Stevens-Johnson syndrome in one participant . Only one participant experienced a grade-4 AE adjudicated as definitely/probably related to raltegravir (Table 2). There was no evidence of any difference in total hospitalisation-days  or total hospitalisations .There was no evidence for differences in time to first SAEs (log-rank p = 0.79) (Table 2); 36 (4.0%) versus 31 (3.4%), respectively, experienced fatal IRIS events (p = 0.54). Tuberculosis IRIS events occurred in 53 (5.9%) participants with raltegravir-intensified ART versus 54 (6.0%) with standard ART (exact p = 1.00) and cryptococcal IRIS events in 15 (1.7%) versus 16 (1.8%) participants, respectively (exact p = 1.00) (S3 Table). IRIS events occurred a median 3.4 (IQR 2.0–6.3) weeks from randomisation, with rates declining from the third week on ART . IRIS was more common in participants initiating ART at older ages (p = 0.005), with lower CD4 counts (p < 0.001) or with pre-existing TB (p = 0.007); IRIS was less common in those initiating ART with enhanced prophylaxis against opportunistic infections (p = 0.001) (S4 Table). There was no evidence that raltegravir intensification was associated with IRIS after adjusting for these factors (p = 0.63).Fatal or nonfatal events judged compatible with IRIS occurred in 89 (9.9%) raltegravir-intensified ART versus 86 (9.5%) standard ART participants . However, the differential suppression occurred between weeks 4 and 12, with overall only 15.8% less time spent with VL <50 c/mL in the standard ART group through week 24 . Therefore, benefits at a population level would likely be modest at best. However, such a strategy might have particular value in swiftly reducing VL in women identified as HIV-infected during pregnancy to reduce mother-to-child transmission .S2B Fig). Association with twice-daily dosing, rather than pill burden, is supported by the lack of difference in self-reported ART adherence between participants randomised in this trial to enhanced-prophylaxis versus standard-of-care co-trimoxazole  .The full trial protocol can be accessed at (PDF)Click here for additional data file.S1 Text(DOC)Click here for additional data file.S2 Text(DOC)Click here for additional data file.S1 TableSAE, serious adverse event.(DOC)Click here for additional data file.S2 TableAE, adverse event.(DOC)Click here for additional data file.S3 TableIRIS, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.(DOC)Click here for additional data file.S4 TableIRIS, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.(DOC)Click here for additional data file.S5 TableCD4, cluster of differentiation 4.(DOC)Click here for additional data file.S1 Fig(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S2 FigSelf-reported percentage reporting missing doses of any ART in the last 4 weeks (a) overall and (b) by backbone NRTI and NNRTI frequency. ART, antiretroviral therapy; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S3 FigVL suppression (a) <400 copies/mL and (b) <1,000 copies/mL. VL, viral load.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S4 Fig(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S5 FigART, antiretroviral therapy.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S6 Fig(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S7 FigVL, viral load.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S8 FigNNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; VL, viral load.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S9 FigVL, viral load.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S10 FigCD4, cluster of differentiation 4.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S11 FigChanges in body composition, (a) fat mass and (b) muscle mass.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S12 FigChanges in (a) CD4 cell count and (b) weight in children/adolescents (5–17 years) versus adults (18 years or older) at ART initiation. ART, antiretroviral therapy; CD4, cluster of differentiation 4.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S13 FigCD8, cluster of differentiation 8.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S14 FigIRIS, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.


Diet plays a crucial role in sculpting microbial communities. Similar diets appear to drive convergence of gut microbial communities between host species. Captivity usually provides an identical diet and environment to different animal species that normally have similar diets. Whether different species’ microbial gut communities can be homogenized by a uniform diet in captivity remains unclear.Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Vespertilio sinensis, and Hipposideros armiger) in captivity and in the wild using 16S rDNA sequencing. In captivity, R. ferrumequinum and V. sinensis were fed yellow mealworms, while H. armiger was fed giant mealworms to rule out the impact of an identical environment on the species’ gut microbial communities.In this study, we compared gut microbial communities of three insectivorous bat species (R. ferrumequinum and V. sinensis in captivity clustered together. All microbial functions found in captive V. sinensis were shared by R. ferrumequinum. Moreover, the relative abundances of all metabolism related KEGG pathways did not significantly differ between captive R. ferrumequinum and V. sinensis; however, the relative abundance of “Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism” differed significantly between wild R. ferrumequinum and V. sinensis.We found that the microbial communities of the bat species we studied clustered by species in the wild, while the microbial communities of Our results suggest that consuming identical diets while in captivity tends to homogenize the gut microbial communities among bat species. This study further highlights the importance of diet in shaping animal gut microbiotas. Trillions of microorganisms reside in animal guts, and these microorganisms constitute the animal’s gut microbiota, which is important for animal health . Ley et Wild animals in captivity are usually housed under uniform conditions that include identical diets and environments . This reRhinolophus ferrumequinum), the Asian parti-colored bat (Vespertilio sinensis) and the great Himalayan leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros armiger) in the wild and in captivity. We then compared the bacterial communities in both the wild and captive samples between these three species. We captured bats in the wild, brought them back to the laboratory and housed them in identical environments but provided different food. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and V. sinensis were fed the same food , while H. armiger were provided giant mealworms, thus forming a comparison to eliminate the impact of environment on the gut microbiome. Given that diet strongly influences microbiome composition and similar diets appear to drive convergence of gut microbial communities between host species  are the second largest mammalian group . Most ba species , we predosystems . Microbiosystems . Thus, mRhinolophus ferrumequinum feeds preferentially on lepidopterans, particularly the noctuid species, which constitute approximately 41% of the bat’s diet (V. sinensis mainly comprises Lepidoptera (mean relative percentage: 32.8%), Diptera (27.5%) and Coleoptera (22.6%), but the proportion of each order varies seasonally , while the great leaf-nosed bats were fed giant mealworms (Zophobas morio) for comparison. We kept the bats for 4–6 months, and collected their fecal pellets less than 15 min after defecationin the laboratory. Each bat’s sex, age, weight, forearm length, and reproductive condition was recorded  and the Forestry Bureau of Jilin Province, China  approved all study protocols.®Stool DNA Kit  per the manufacturer’s instructions and stored at −20 °C for further analysis. Extracted DNA was measured using a NanoDrop NC2000 spectrophotometer  and agarose gel electrophoresis to estimate DNA quantity and quality, respectively.Fifty-three fecal samples were used, including 23 from the wild bats and 30 from the captive bats. DNA was extracted from all fecal samples using the E.Z.N.A.2O. The PCR conditions consisted of initial denaturation at 98 °C for 2 min, followed by 25 denaturation cycles at 98 °C for 15 s, annealing at 55  °C for 30 s, extension at 72 °C for 30 s, and a final extension at 72 °C for 5 min. PCR products were purified with Agencourt AMPure Beads  and quantified using the PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit . The individual PCR products were then pooled in equal amount, and sequenced using the paired-end 2 ×300 bp method on the Illumina MiSeq platform with MiSeq Reagent Kit v3 at Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Co., Ltd. . All raw sequences were deposited into the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under accession numbers SRR8238420–SRR8238472.The V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified via PCR using the forward primer, 338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA-3′), and the reverse primer, 806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′) . Sample-Sequencing data were processed using the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology  . Brieflyt-test and the Monte Carlo permutation test with 1,000 permutations, then visualized using box-and-whiskers plots. For UniFrac distance-based pairwise comparisons among groups, we used a very conservative Bonferroni post-hoc correction method to perform the multiple corrections and evaluate the significance of the comparison. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA)   and analRMANOVA)  were conRMANOVA)  to assesRMANOVA)  based onRMANOVA) . MicrobiRMANOVA)  in the KRMANOVA)  based onRMANOVA) . ResultsA total of 768,990 and 1,466,150 16S rDNA sequences were obtained from the microbiomes of the 23 wild and 30 captive bats, respectively, and the average sequence numbers per sample were 33,434 and 48,872, respectively. Rarefaction analysis demonstrated that the sequencing depth was sufficient for each sample . A totalV. sinensis and R. ferrumequinum were shared, but only 18% were shared by these two species in the wild. The proportions of OTUs shared by V. sinensis and H. armiger were approximately 39% and 12% in captivity and the wild, respectively. Minimal difference was noted between the proportions of shared OTUs in the captive and wild R. ferrumequinum and H. armiger, of which, the proportions were nearly 36% and 29%, respectively.Venn diagrams were plotted to visualize the shared and unique OTUs  among three species of wild and captive bats. The captive bats we sampled shared more OTUs than did the wild bats . A totalV. sinensis and R. ferrumequinum fed yellow mealworms) clustered together, while the gut microbial communities of H. armiger, fed giant mealworms, clustered alone. A PCoA based on unweighted UniFrac distances also demonstrated similar clustering results using NMDS based on unweighted UniFrac distances. In the wild bats, PC1, PC2 and PC3 accounted for nearly 42% of the variation, and samples were separated roughly by bat species   , Table 2 samples , Table 2H. armiger were shared by the other two species, and all microbial functions in captive V. sinensis were shared by R. ferrumequinum. Thus, in terms of presence/absence, the microbial functions appeared converged in the captive bats.Finally, we predicted the microbial functions of wild and captive bats using PICRUSt, which yielded 5,971 and 4,771 KEGG pathways, respectively. Venn diagrams showed that in total 5,495 KEGG pathways were shared among the wild bat samples, and 3,964 were shared among the captive bat samples . Unlike R. ferrumequinum and V. sinensis, while the relative abundance of “Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism” differed significantly between the wild R. ferrumequinum and V. sinensis  fed the same food converged markedly, while they differed from those of H. armiger fed different food. This result highlighted the importance of diet on gut microbial communities. Diet shapes the gut microbiota by providing substrates that differentially support or enhance specific microbial growth  than were R. ferrumequinum and V. sinensis, and the gut microbial communities of captive H. armiger did not converge with the other two bat species. This result eliminated the impact of environment on the gut microbial communities because the three bat species were housed in identical environments in the laboratory. Further, this suggested that identical diets contribute to microbial community convergence in various bat species. However, fecal samples usually include bacteria that are ingested with the food , and distinguishing these bacteria from the host-derived bacteria in the fecal microbiome is difficult. Thus, the gut microbiota in this study did not specifically refer to the host-derived bacteria. The microbial community compositions between species fed uniform diets may have converged due to changes in the compositions of the host-associated gut microbiome or a much larger shared component of the fecal microbiome based on a completely shared diet comprising mealworms and their commensal bacteria or both. Our results highlight the need for future studies to address this issue, for example, incorporating dietary classifications via metabarcoding and classifying the microbiomes of the invertebrate prey. In addition, our results differed from those obtained by Comparing the microbial communities in fecal samples from three captive bats species showed that the microbial compositions of two bat species  Wild bats (B) Captive bats. Points are means ± SE, with the numbers of bats per group shown in Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-2Figure S2Wild (A) and captive (B) bats’ fecal bacterial communities clustered using principal coordinates analysis. Each point corresponds to a fecal sample colored according to bat species with different symbols corresponding to host family .Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-3Figure S3X-axis, pairwise comparisons among groups. Y-axis, UniFrac distances. Box borders represent upper and lower interquartile ranges. Red lines, whiskers, and “+” represent the median values, 1.5 times the interquartile range beyond upper and lower quartiles, and outliers respectively. Significant differences in the UniFrac distances for pairwise comparisons among groups are shown in Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-4Figure S4V. sinensis, R. ferrumequinum and H. armiger collected from the wild respectively.WFVs, WFRf and WFHa represent fecal samples from Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-5Figure S4V. sinensis, R. ferrumequinum and H. armiger respectively.FVs, FRf and FHa represent fecal samples from captive Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-6Data S1Sex, age, weight, forearm length, and sample site information of each bat.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-7Data S2raw data of FHa1.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-8Data S3raw data of FHa1.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-9Data S4raw data of FHa2.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-10Data S5raw data of FHa2.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-11Data S6raw data of FHa3.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-12Data S7raw data of FHa3.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-13Data S8raw data of FHa4.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-14Data S9raw data of FHa4.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-15Data S10raw data of FHa5.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-16Data S11raw data of FHa5.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-17Data S12raw data of FHa6.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-18Data S13raw data of FHa6.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-19Data S14raw data of FHa7.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-20Data S15raw data of FHa7.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-21Data S16raw data of FHa8.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-22Data S17raw data of FHa8.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-23Data 18raw data of FHa9.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-24Data S19raw data of FHa9.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-25Data S20Raw data of FHa10.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-26Data S21Raw data of FHa10.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-27Data S22Raw data of FRf1.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-28Data S23Raw data of FRf1.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-29Data S24Raw data of FRf2.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-30Data S25Raw data of FRf2.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-31Data S26Raw data of FRf3.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-32Data S27Raw data of FRf3.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-33Data S28Raw data of FRf4.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-34Data S29Raw data of FRf4.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-35Data S30Raw data of FRf5.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-36Data S31Raw data of FRf5.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-37Data S32Raw data of FRf6.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-38Data S33Raw data of FRf6.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-39Data S34Raw data of FRf7.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-40Data S35Raw data of FRf7.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-41Data S36Raw data of FRf8.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-42Data S37Raw data of FRf8.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-43Data S38Raw data of FRf9.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-44Data S39Raw data of FRf9.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-45Data S40Raw data of FRf10.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-46Data S41Raw data of FRf10.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-47Data S42Raw data of FVs1.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-48Data S43Raw data of FVs1.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-49Data S44Raw data of FVs2.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-50Data S45Raw data of FVs2.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-51Data S46Raw data of FVs3.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-52Data S47Raw data of FVs3.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-53Data S48Raw data of FVs4.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-54Data S49Raw data of FVs4.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-55Data S50Raw data of FVs5.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-56Data S51Raw data of FVs5.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-57Data S52Raw data of FVs6.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-58Data S53Raw data of FVs6.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-59Data S54Raw data of FVs7.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-60Data S55Raw data of FVs7.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-61Data S56Raw data of FVs8.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-62Data S57Raw data of FVs8.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-63Data S58Raw data of FVs9.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-64Data S59Raw data of FVs9.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-65Data S60Raw data of FVs10.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-66Data S61Raw data of FVs10.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-67Data S62Raw data of WFHa1.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-68Data S63Raw data of WFHa1.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-69Data S64Raw data of WFHa2.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-70Data S65Raw data of WFHa2.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-71Data S66Raw data of WFHa3.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-72Data S67Raw data of WFHa3.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-73Data S68Raw data of WFHa4.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-74Data S69Raw data of WFHa4.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-75Data S70Raw data of WFHa7.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-76Data S71Raw data of WFHa7.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-77Data S72Raw data of WFHa8.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-78Data S73Raw data of WFHa8.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-79Data S74Raw data of WFHa9.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-80Data S75Raw data of WFHa9.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-81Data S76Raw data of WFHa10.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-82Data S77Raw data of WFHa10.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-83Data S78Raw data of WFRf1.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-84Data S79Raw data of WFRf1.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-85Data S80Raw data of WFRf14.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-86Data S81Raw data of WFRf14.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-87Data S82Raw data of WFRf24.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-88Data S83Raw data of WFRf24.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-89Data S84Raw data of WFRf25.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-90Data S85Raw data of WFRf25.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-91Data S86Raw data of WFRf26.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-92Data S87Raw data of WFRf26.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-93Data S88Raw data of WFRf27.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-94Data S89Raw data of WFRf27.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-95Data S90Raw data of WFRf28.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-96Data S91Raw data of WFRf28.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-97Data S92Raw data of WFRf29.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-98Data S93Raw data of WFRf29.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-99Data S94Raw data of WFVs1.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-100Data S95Raw data of WFVs1.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.6844/supp-101Data S96Raw data of WFVs3.Click here for additional data 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Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2291110.1038/srep22911; published online: 03182016; updated: 08092018This Article contains typographical errors in Table 2 in the Multivariate logistic regression analysis section. The OR values for Platelet count, Glucose level, WBC count and C-reactive protein level are duplicated from their partial regression coefficients (β).The correct values should read 2.85, 1.14, 1.13, and 1.23 respectively.


Correction to: Arthritis Res Therhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-018-1790-xFollowing publication of the original article , the autn = 25) and/or MRA .The sentence should read: Angiography was performed in all c-TA patients, including conventional angiography, CTA, and/or magnet resonance angiography (MRA) as the initial diagnostic modality in 36 (35.6%), 57 (56.4%), and 9 (8.9%), respectively, while 28 (27.7%) patients experienced additional catheter-based angiography for interventional therapy after TA diagnosis by CTA (24.7%,


N-arylation of azole compounds utilizing selective aryl-transfer TMP-iodonium (III) reagents . For the title compound, phenyliodonium(III) acetate (Ph(TMP)IOAc), the single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurement together with NMR analysis, like also the method of synthesis and crystallization are presented. The X-ray structure analysis has revealed that the two types of geometries regarding the acetate anion attached to phenyl (TMP)iodonium (III) cation are found in the crystal states.The data in this article are related to research article ‘‘Efficient  The str22.1The solvents, starting materials, and reagents were purchased from Nacalai tesque and Tokyo Chemical Industry CO. Ltd.2.2Ph(TMP)IOAc was prepared according to our reported procedure 2.31H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on an ECS 400 NMR spectrometer  at 400 MHz and 100 MHz, respectively, using CDCl3 as the solvent. The chemical shifts (δ) are expressed in ppm relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard. Coupling constants (J) are expressed in Hz. Signal multiplicities are represented as singlet (s), doublet (d), and triplet (t). Assignments of the proton and carbon positions in the compound were performed by PFG-HMQC and PFG-HMBC analyses.The 2.43, TMS standard. Concentration: 13 mg in 0.75 mL : δ 1.95 , 3.83 , 6.12 , 7.29 , 7.41 , 7.92 . 13C NMR : δ 24.6 (CH3COO), 55.7 (p-OMe), 56.5 (o-OMe), 90.9 (m-TMP), 91.0 (ipso-TMP), 119.4 (ipso-Ph), 130.3 (p-Ph), 130.8 (m-Ph), 133.8 (o-Ph), 160.6 (o-TMP), 165.7 (p-TMP), 178.8 (CH3COO).JEOL ECS 400 NMR spectrometer, solvent CDCl 0.75 mL , Fig. 4.2.5The crystals were obtained at room temperature from chloroform/hexane mixture under a shading condition. Ph(TMP)IOAc was dissolved in chloroform and the insoluble material was removed by filtration. Hexane was added to the filtrate in sample bottle to reach the chloroform/hexane ratio 2/5. After standing for 1 day, the several crystals suitable for the X-ray structural analysis were obtained.2.6The single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment was performed on the HPC diffractometer (Rigaku XtaLAB P200)). The two types of geometries for Ph(TMP)IOAc in a crystal state are shown in