Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1687), and yeast-like fungi Candida tropicalis. p-Toluidine on treatment with ammonium thiocynate formed 2-benzothiazolamines (II), which on reaction with hydrazine hydrate formed a hydrazino derivative (III). Compounds GG4 to GG8 were synthesized by reacting the hydrazine derivative with different acetophenones. All the synthesized compounds were identified by IR and 1H-NMR, and antimicrobial activity was performed on the synthesized compounds. Presence of NO2, Br, OCH3, and Cl groups to the substituted benzothiazole enhanced the antibacterial and antifungal activities.In the present study, five new derivatives (GG4 to GG8) of benzothiazoles were synthesized and evaluated against  Since then, significant research has been carried out taking benzothiazole as the basic moiety. From the literature survey, it has been found that extensive work has been reported on 2-substituted benzothiazole derivatives in the past and evaluated for different activities, such as, antibacterial, antiprol1 NMR spectra on Bruker AC 30 of the NMR spectrometer 400 MHz.All the chemicals and solvents used during the experimental studies were of analytical grade and were procured from CDH, New Delhi and Sigma Chemicals, Mumbai. Melting points of all synthesized compounds were determined by using an open capillary tube and were uncorrected. Infrared (IR) data were recorded in KBr disks, on a Perkin Elmer R-IX FTIR spectrophotometer, and the Hp-Toluidine (5.35 g) was dissolved in a mixture of concentrated HCl (4.3 ml) and water (11.6 ml) by heating in a water bath. The contents were cooled and solid ammonium thiocyanate (3.5 g) was added. The mixture was heated on water bath for about 22 hours. The precipitated product was cooled and filtered, washed with water three to four times, and dried. It was recrystallized with aqueous methanol to get cream colored crystals. Yield: 88% (m.p: 130°C). IR: 3435 (N-Hstr), 2999 (Aliphatic C-Hstr), 1612 (N-Hben), 1462 (Aromatic C=Cstr), 1310 (Aromatic C-Hben) 1H-NMR: 3.35 , 7.24-7.11 , 2.30 .2SO4 was added to p-tolylthiourea (8.3 g) and the temperature of the mixture was raised to 80°C on a water bath. Next, 48% HBr (0.5 g) acid was added slowly and the reaction mixture was stirred for two hours and set at 80°C. It was then cooled to room temperature and the reaction mixture was slowly introduced to cold water and then adjusted to pH 9 or 10 by adding ammonia water. The whole mixture was stirred for one hour by heating at 70°C and then cooled to room temperature. The mixture was extracted twice with dichloromethane and the combined extract was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated, to obtain the title compound. Yield: 80% (m.p: 145°C). IR: 3395 (N-Hstr), 3261 (N-Hstr), 1462 (Aromatic C=Cstr), 1326 (Aromatic C-Nstr), 1253 (C-Sstr). 1H-NMR: 3.45 , 7.32-7.26 , 2.34 Fifteen milliliters of concentrated Hstr), 3162 (Aromatic C-Hstr), 3000 (Aliphatic C-Hstr), 1611.9 (N-Hben). 1H-NMR: 9.59 , 7.34-7.11 , 3.37 , 2.26 .2-Amino-6-methybenzothiazole (20 g) [0.82 mmol] and hydrazine hydrate (85%) [0.11 mmol] in 50 ml of ethylene glycol were refluxed by stirring for four hours (60°C). The color of the reaction changed to green and a homogeneous solution appeared. A white solid was precipitated at the end of the reflux period. The mixture was cooled and the product was filtered and then washed with water several times. It was air dried and recrystallized by using ethanol. Yield: 43% (m.p: 192°C). IR: 3434 (NHNHthin layer chromatography (TLC). On cooling, the solid was separated. It was filtered and washed with little water and recrystallized with absolute ethanol. Yield: 48% (m.p: 181°C). IR: 3428 (N-Hstr), 3087.8 (Aromatic C-Hstr), 1613.9 (C=Nstr), 823 (Aromatic C-Nstr). 1H-NMR: 8.77 , 7.36-7.06 , 2.38 , 2.69 .2-Hydrazino-5-methylbenzothiazole (1.5 mmol), 3-nitroacetophenone (2.2 mmol), and glacial acetic acid (2–3 drops) were taken in absolute ethanol (20 ml) and refluxed on a water bath for eight hours, till different spots appeared, on str), 3164 (Aromatic CHstr), 1612 (C=Nstr), 1581 (NHben), 699 (C-Brstr). 1H-NMR: 9.58 , 7.26-7.12 , 2.50 , 2.27 .2-Hydrazino -5-methylbenzothiazole (1.5 mmol), 4-bromoacetophenone (2.2 mmol), and glacial acetic acid (2–3 drops) were taken in absolute ethanol (20 ml) and refluxed on a water bath for eight hours till different spots appeared, on TLC. On cooling, the solid was separated. It was filtered and washed with little water and recrystallized with absolute ethanol. Yield: 52% (m.p: 189°C). IR: 3434 (NHstr), 3165 (Aromatic C-Hstr), 1612 (C=Nstr), 1581 (N-Hben), 1285 (Aromatic C-Nstr). 1H-NMR: 9.59 , 7.25-7.11 , 6.72 , 2.97 , 2.33 .2-Hydrazino-6-methylbenzothiazole (1.5 mmol), 4-Methoxyacetophenone (2.2 mmol), and glacial acetic acid (2–3 drops) were taken in absolute ethanol (20 ml) and refluxed on a water bath for eight hours till different spots appeared, on TLC. On cooling, the solid was separated. It was filtered and washed with little water and recrystallized with absolute ethanol. Yield: 41% (m.p: 169°C). IR: 3435 (N-Hstr), 3164 (Aromatic C-Hstr), 1612 (C=Nstr), 1582 (N-Hben), 800 (Aromatic C-Clstr). 1H-NMR: 9.59 , 7.25-7.11 , 3.40 , 2.26 .2-Hydrazino-6-methylbenzothiazole (1.5 mmol), 2,4-Dichloroacetophenone (2.2 mmol), and glacial acetic acid (2–3 drops) were taken in absolute ethanol (20 ml) and refluxed on a water bath for eight hours till different spots appeared, on TLC. On cooling, the solid was separated, and was filtered and washed with little water and recrystallized with absolute ethanol. Yield: 54% (m.p: 177°C). IR: 3434 (N-Hstr), 3163 (Aromatic C-Hstr), 1610 (C=Nstr), 1415 (Aromatic C=Cstr). 1H-NMR: 9.58 , 7.38-7.11 , 3.38  2.26 .2-Hydrazino-6-methylbenzothiazole (1.5 mmol), 2,4-Dimethoxyacetophenone (2.2 mmol), and glacial acetic acid (2–3 drops) were taken in absolute ethanol (20 ml) and refluxed on a water bath for eight hours, till different spots appeared, on TLC. On cooling, the solid was separated, and was filtered and washed with little water and recrystallized with absolute ethanol. Yield: 58% (m.p: 185°C). IR: 3433 (O-H and N-Hp-Toluidine on reacting with ammonium thiocyanate formed p-Tolylthiourea (I), which on reaction with hydrobromic acid yielded 2-benzothiazolamines (II). This on reaction with hydrazine hydrate formed hydrazino derivatives (III). The compounds (GG4 to GG8) were synthesized by reacting with hydrazine derivatives, with different acetophenones .The efficient synthetic route for the synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives is shown below . p-ToluiGram positive bacteria —  Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737), Gram negative bacteria — Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1687), and yeast-like fungi Candida tropicalis. The concentration of the test compound used was 50 mg/ml. Ampicillin and Clotrimazole were taken as the standard drugs [Tables S. aureus [P. aeruginosa, E. coli [C. tropicalis [In the present study, the efficacy of five new compounds was detected against oli MTCC 687, and sa MTCC 44, Escher. aureus , P. aeru E. coli , C. tropopicalis , and witopicalis , respectS. aureus, E. coli, and C. tropicalis when tested at 50 mg/ml concentration taking ampicillin and clotrimazole as the standard. From the SAR studies, the presence of the electron withdrawing group  in compound GG4 was assumed to be responsible for the observed activity. From the above-mentioned results, it may be concluded that the derivatives of benzothiazoles possess moderate-to-potent antimicrobial activity[Compound GG4 showed significant activity against  activity5 when co


MRI is a common method for detecting breast cancer in women at high risk ,2 These BRCA, 65 family history) were managed at the Royal Marsden Hospital from 1994 to 2013. Following ethical approval, data were collected retrospectively for each presentation of breast cancer: method of presentation/diagnosis , age at diagnosis, cancer type, grade, size, presence of DCIS, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), nodal status and tumour subtype. Chi-squared and ANOVA analyses determined any association between the parameters, P < 0.05 was significant.A total of 125 high-risk patients with 134 breast cancers (69 P = 0.008); mean size 17, 29, and 34 mm (P = 0.076) respectively).The majority of cancers were high-grade (68%) invasive ductal carcinomas (78%) without LVI (76%). MRI-detected cancers were triple negative in 60% (P = 0.03), node negative in 100% (P = 0.005) with DCIS in 70% (P = 0.007). Mammography-detected cancers were luminal in 77% (P = 0.03), node negative in 77% (P = 0.005), with DCIS in 81% (P = 0.007). Symptomatic cancers were luminal in 54%, triple negative in 41%, node negative in 56% and DCIS positive in 51%.Ten breast cancers were MRI detected, 43 mammography detected and 81 symptomatic (mean age 41, 51, and 45 years (In this high-risk cohort, MRI detects small, triple-negative, node-negative cancers in younger women, while mammography detects larger, luminal, cancers in older women that may be node positive.


AbstractZyginella menghaiensissp. n. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae: Zyginellini), is described from Chinaand a key to species of Zyginella from China is provided.A new species,  Zyginella was established by Löw in 1885. The genus belongs in the tribe Zyginellini of Typhlocybinae and consists of twenty-two species distributed in the Oriental, Palaearctic and Afrotropical Regions. Members of the genus can be distinguished by the distinct dark spot on the 3rd apical cell of the forewing .Recent taxonomic work on the genus includes Löwhttp://species-id.net/wiki/ZyginellaZyginellaZyginella pulchra Löw, 1885. Löw, 1885: 346; PyramidotettixConometopius citri Matsumura, 1907. Synonymized by  Matsumura, 1932: 59; RemmiaRemmia orbigera Vilbaste, 1968. Synonymized by  Vilbaste, 1968: 91;  Forewing  with dis1 markedly distad of point of fusion of Cu1 with M3+4.Head  acutely Male pygofer  with sho Oriental region, Palaearctic region, Afrotropical region.Song & Lisp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:090D3B2C-B357-4E11-9F81-AC71C63C6743http://species-id.net/wiki/Zyginella_menghaiensis Head and thorax yellowish brown; vertex with lateral margins with soft red tinge; eyes brownish grey; pronotum brownish with two longitudinal darker stripes; scutellum with basal triangles testaceous. Forewing  reddish Coronal suture  extendinAbdominal apodemes  slender,Pygofer lobe  broad, w Body length males 2.9~3.1 mm.Holotype, male, China: Yunnan Province, Menghai County, 23 July 2008, coll. YUE-HUA SONG. Paratypes: two males, same date as holotype.Zyginella tsauri Chiang, Hsu & Knight (1989), but the forewing has a large dark costal patch ( The new species is similar to al patch  and the al patch . The new species is named for its type locality: Menghai.


Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) enables 3D evaluation of whole heart microstructure. DT invariants evaluate microstructural remodeling by quantifying trace (increases with decreasing cellularity), fractional anisotropy , and tissue mode (decreases with increasing fiber disarray) . We have2, 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.75 mm resolution). Trace, FA, and mode were segmented into epicardial, midwall, and endocardial regions. Bootstrapped histograms with 95% confidence intervals (95%-CIs) of the de-correlated (via decimation by the auto-correlation length) and segmented invariant data were defined to make statistical comparisons of non-Gaussian datasets tractable. Two-group comparisons of median invariant data of each heart were used to test for significant differences (p < 0.05) between HF and CNTL in each transmural region.HF was induced in 10-12 month old New Zealand White female rabbits (N=8) with an epicardial pacing lead placed in the lateral LV wall and tachycardia pacing at 250 beats per minute (bpm) for 3 days, 300 bpm for 3 days, and 350 bpm for 3-4 weeks. Normal weight matched rabbits (N=5) served as controls (CNTL). Hearts were excised, formalin fixed, and DT-MRI was performed on a 7T scanner  (24 diffusion gradient directions, 6 nulls, TE/TR=30/500 ms, b-value=1000 s/mmFigure DT invariant data indentify statistically significant microstructural remodeling in the pacing induced HF model within epicardial, midwall, and endocardial regions.Kung - AHA Grant 12PRE9160024, Chen - NIH Grants P01HL78931, R01HL78932, a Medtronic-Zipes Endowment and the Indiana University-Indiana School of Medicine Strategic Research Initiative.


Bifidobacteria, Lactococcus and Streptococcus, have been described. However, information for the prophage of Mycobacterium remains poorly defined.Prophages, integral components of many bacterial genomes, play significant roles in cognate host bacteria, such as virulence, toxin biosynthesis and secretion, fitness cost, genomic variations, and evolution. Many prophages and prophage-like elements present in sequenced bacterial genomes, such as In this study, based on the search of the complete genome database from GenBank, the Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) databases, and some published literatures, thirty-three prophages were described in detail. Eleven of them were full-length prophages, and others were prophage-like elements. Eleven prophages were firstly revealed. They were phiMAV_1, phiMAV_2, phiMmcs_1, phiMmcs_2, phiMkms_1, phiMkms_2, phiBN42_1, phiBN44_1, phiMCAN_1, phiMycsm_1, and phiW7S_1. Their genomes and gene contents were firstly analyzed. Furthermore, comparative genomics analyses among mycobacterioprophages showed that full-length prophage phi172_2 belonged to mycobacteriophage Cluster A and the phiMmcs_1, phiMkms_1, phiBN44_1, and phiMCAN_1 shared high homology and could be classified into one group.Mycobacterium.To our knowledge, this is the first systematic characterization of mycobacterioprophages, their genomic organization and phylogeny. This information will afford more understanding of the biology of The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-243) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Mycobacterium prophages.Phages can be divided into virulent or temperate based on their relationship with the host. Temperate phage inserts and integrates into its host genome upon infection, and can reside as quiescent prophage. Prophage does not infect its host and maintains the dormant state . Whole-gMycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv genome [M. ulcerans Agy99 genome [M. marinum M and two of them, phiMmar02 and phiMmar08, are full-length prophages [M. abscessus ATCC 19977 chromosome contains a full-length prophage and three prophage-like elements [M. abscessus subsp. bolletii BD genome [M. abscessus Strain 47J26 [M. abscessus M93 is described [M. massiliense Strain M172 contains putative mycobacteriophage [M. canettii STB-I [M. simiae strain DSM 44165 [Mycobacterium prophages remain to be characterized. Knowledge regarding their genomic composition, distribution can facilitate the elucidation of the biology of Mycobacterium.There is huge gap between the number of mycobacteriophages isolated and cognate prophages found within mycobacteria. To date, there are 3427 mycobacteriophages isolated and 448 of them with genome sequenced. They can be assembled into 20 clusters (A-T) and seven of them are singletons , 7. In crophages ; the M. elements ; prophagD genome ; two proin 47J26 ; a potenescribed ; M. massriophage ; a 55-kbii STB-I ; a 40-kbMycobacterium complete genomes sequences from GenBank, shotgun assembly sequences from Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) databases, and searched for mycobacterioprophages in published literatures. Together, 33 prophages were described in detail, and 11 of them were previously undocumented prophages among Mycobacterium genomes. The genomes, gene contents, comparative genomics studies and the relationships among them were characterized.In this study, we screened all available Mycobacterium genomes. Secondly, the presence or absence of the integrase genes was tested to exclude negative results. Finally, mycobacterioprophage sequences were identified based on the homology between prophage ORFs (open reading frames) and known phage genes. Thirty mycobacterial complete genomes , 11 prophages can be considered as full-length prophage. The remaining 22 prophages were prophage-like elements. The result showed that small prophage-like elements were more prevalent than putative full-length prophages. The small prophage-like elements might be more stable due to mutational decay and loss of some genes somehow involved in genome excision. Small prophage-like elements were more stable and can be more easily detected than the full-length prophages. Through the tRNA search tool, 19 prophages were integrated into tRNA genes  to MAV_0841 (excisionase DNA binding protein), contains sixty-three ORFs  strain [Mycobacterium unique protein. This implies that MAV_0835 and MAV_0790 play a role in the physiology and pathogenicity of M.avium 104.In addition to ORFs similar to other phage genes, two ORFs show unexpected similarity to bacterial key proteins. MAV_0835 encodes type VI secretion protein IcmF (Intracellular Multiplication F), a core component of type VI secretion system in bacteria –32. Baserequency , and hasM.avium 104, extends from MAV_1484 (integrase gene) to MAV_1504 (Phage terminase) and contains 21 ORFs , response regulator receiver protein (MAV_1485), DNA primase/polymerase (MAV_1486), Y4cG protein (MAV_1493), transposase (MAV_1498) and phage terminase (MAV_1504). Other phiMAV_2 prophage ORFs similar to known bacterial functional proteins are also identified  to Mmcs_2908 (transglycosylase-like protein) and contains sixteen ORFs , whose predicted protein products are HNH endonuclease and DNA repair protein RadA, respectively. The lysogeny module consists of Mmcs_2921 (putative phage excisionase) and Mmcs_2923 (phage integrase).There are two prophage-like elements in attL and attR sites. Based on Blast-p, only 8 ORFs have sequence similarity to other phage genes at the amino acid sequence level and 4 can be assigned function, namely Mmcs_3802 (HNH endonuclease), Mmcs_3805 (phage major capsid protein), Mmcs_3814 (HNH endonuclease domain-containing protein), and Mmcs_3816 (phiRv1 integrase).The phiMmcs_2 prophage remnant inserts between Mmcs_3803 and Mmcs_3817. The prophage sequence contains 15 ORFs  to BN42_21185  and contains only eight ORFs , BN42_21178 (excisionase), BN42_21179 (DNA primase), BN42_21182 (phage prohead protease), and BN42_21183 (phage major capsid protein).PhiBN42_1, phiBN44_1, and phiMCAN_1 are found in M.canettii CIPT 140060008, flanked by a 22-bp repeat , MCAN_10521 (DNA-binding protein), MCAN_10541 (DNA primase), MCAN_10551 (HNH endonuclease), MCAN_10561 (phage terminase), MCAN_10571 , and MCAN_10601 (phage major capsid protein).Prophage phiMCAN_1 Figure , which iM.smegmatis JS623, contains 13 ORFs , Mycsm_04296 (DNA-binding protein), Mycsm_04298 (DNA primase), Mycsm_04299 (HNH endonuclease), Mycsm_04302 (phage terminase), and Mycsm_04303 . Additionally, Mycsm_04293, whose protein product is similar to glycerate kinase, is also present in phiBN44_1.Prophage phiMycsm_1 Figure , inserteM.sp. MOTT36Y, extends from W7S_04825 (integrase gene) to W7S_04880  and contains 12 ORFs , W7S_04845 (pantothenate kinase), and W7S_04855 (transposase).Prophage phiW7S_1 Figure  integrathttp://phagesdb.org/blast/) and dot plot matrix of the genomes of full-length mycobacterioprophages and mycobacteriophage clusters (A-T and singletons) revealed that phi172_2 shared sequence similarity to cluster A  were firstly used for analyzing bacterial genome to find candidate prophages [DNA sequences of bacteria for analysis were downloaded from multiple databases, such as NCBI . PHAST (rophages . An interophages –20. Finarophages .http://lowelab.ucsc.edu/tRNAscan-SE/) [http://mbio-serv2.mbioekol.lu.se/ARAGORN/) [http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) and the phagesdb.org site (http://phagesdb.org/blast/). Some data about mycobacteriophage genomes was downloaded from the phagesdb.org site (http://phagesdb.org/). DNAman was used to searching the flank of prophage to find attL and attR sites. Sequences were submitted entries to the GenBank sequence database by Sequin (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/Sequin/index.html). Comparative genomic analyses of prophage could be carried out by Blast-N for the global comparison of phiMmcs_1 (or phiMkms_1), phiBN44_1, and phiMCAN_1 and Geneious software for the dotplot of all the mycobacterioprophage-like sequences [http://embnet.vital-it.ch/software/ClustalW.html) or MEGA4 [Prophage sequence was annotated using a variety of programs including Glimmer . tRNA ancan-SE/)  and ARAGRAGORN/) . BLAST aequences . Multiplor MEGA4 .Additional file 1: Table S1: Mycobacterial genomes retrieved in this study. (DOC 56 KB)Additional file 2: Table S2: Database matches for phiMAV_1. (DOC 85 KB)Additional file 3: Table S3: Database matches for phiMAV_2. (DOC 44 KB)Additional file 4: Table S4: Database matches for phiMmcs_1. (DOC 40 KB)Additional file 5: Table S5: Database matches for phiMmcs_2. (DOC 38 KB)Additional file 6: Table S6: Database matches for phiMkms_1. (DOC 40 KB)Additional file 7: Table S7: Database matches for phiMkms_2. (DOC 39 KB)Additional file 8: Table S8: Database matches for phiBN42_1. (DOC 30 KB)Additional file 9: Table S9: Database matches for phiBN44_1. (DOC 34 KB)Additional file 10: Table S10: Database matches for phiMCAN_1. (DOC 33 KB)Additional file 11: Table S11: Ddatabase matches for phiMycsm_1. (DOC 34 KB)Additional file 12: Table S12: Database matches for phiW7S_1. (DOC 34 KB)Additional file 13: Figure S1-S11: Comparative genomic analyses of phi172_2 and cluster A (subcluster A1-A11) mycobacteriophage. (DOC 5 MB)Additional file 14: Figure S12: Comparative genomic analyses of phiMAB_1 and subcluster F1 mycobacteriophage. (DOC 549 KB)Additional file 15: Figure S13-S14: Comparative genomic analyses of phiMAB47J26_1, subcluster F1 and cluster N mycobacteriophage. (DOC 1 MB)Additional file 16: Figure S15-S17: Comparative genomic analyses of phiMAB47J26_2, cluster P, subcluster F1 and cluster N mycobacteriophage. (DOC 2 MB)Additional file 17: Figure S18-S19: Comparative genomic analyses of phi172_1, subcluster F1 and cluster N mycobacteriophage. (DOC 1 MB)


Shock-related hyperglycemia impairs mitochondrial function and integrity , ultimatn = 9) or imeglimin . Fifteen hours later animals were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated and instrumented for a consecutive 6-hour observation period. After a second imeglimin bolus, colloid fluid resuscitation and continuous i.v. noradrenaline were titrated to maintain normotensive and hyperdynamic hemodynamics. Then 2 mg/g/hour glucose was infused to induce hyperglycemia. Glucose oxidation and gluconeogenesis were derived from blood 13C6-glucose and mixed expiratory 13CO2/12CO2 isotope enrichment during continuous isotope infusion. Liver mitochondrial activity was assessed using high-resolution respirometry [Immediately after cecal ligation and puncture, mice randomly received s.c. vehicle  by increasing whole body glucose oxidation  vs. 51 % of infused isotope, P = 0.085), which coincided with partial restoration of gluconeogenesis  vs. 0.31  mg/g/hour, P = 0.032), liver mitochondrial activity  vs. 116  pmol O2/second/mg tissue, P = 0.003); maximal oxidative capacity  vs. 147  pmol O2/second/mg tissue, P = 0.064). Imeglimin increased liver HO-1, reduced liver Bax expression and attenuated NF-κB activation .Imeglimin decreased blood glucose levels  vs. 192  mg/dl, Imeglimin improved whole body glucose utilization and gluconeogenesis, a well-established marker of liver metabolic capacity ,5, and a


Early diagnosis of sepsis and its differentiation from non-infective SIRS is very important. The links between inflammation and coagulation play an important role in the SIRS/sepsis process. We investigated hematological and biochemical parameters (including thromboelastography (TEG)) in patients after surgical resection of esophagus. The aim of our project was to find out whether there are any changes in these parameters that could help in differentiation between SIRS and sepsis.In our study we enrolled 38 patients (aged 41 to 74) undergoing esophagectomy. Blood samples were obtained in the morning before the operation and then every 24 hours for the next 6 postoperative days (POD). Blood samples were analysed for the following parameters: procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate, white blood count (WBC), D-dimers, antithrombin (AT), international normalised ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and parameters of TEG.P < 0.002) only; POD 2: AST (P < 0.003), lactate (P < 0.006), D-dimers (P < 0.02), PCT (P = 0.03), IL-6 (P < 0.03), WBC (P < 0.03); POD 3: AST (P < 0.03), PCT (P < 0.02), IL-6 (P = 0.006), CRP (P < 0.04), WBC (P < 0.05); POD 4: AST (P = 0.006), PCT (P = 0.007), IL-6 (P < 0.02), CRP (P = 0.03), D-dimers (P < 0.05), INR (P = 0.03); POD 5: PCT (P < 0.003), IL-6 (P < 0.04), CRP (P < 0.04), AT (P = 0.03); and POD 6: PCT (P = 0.0001), CRP (P < 0.013), WBC (P = 0.03), TEG-LY30 (P < 0.04).Nine patients developed sepsis within 6 postoperative days. Five of them had pneumonia and in four patients the cause of sepsis was dehiscention of gastroesophageal anasthosmosis. Significant differences between patients with SIRS and patients with sepsis were found in the following parameters: 0-day (before operation): no significant differences; POD 1: differences in AST (Sequential measurement of biochemical and hemato-logical parameters, mainly AST, PCT, IL-6, WBC, CRP and D-dimers, can help in early diagnosis of sepsis in patients after extensive operation such as esophagectomy. On the contrary, TEG does not seem to be helpful in differentiation of SIRS/sepsis during the early postoperative period. However, it seems to be useful after the fifth postoperative day.


There was an error in the title. The correct title is: The RNA Polymerase PB2 Subunit of Influenza A/HongKong/156/1997 (H5N1) Restricts the Replication of Reassortant Ribonucleoprotein Complexes. The correct citation is: Nakazono Y, Hara K, Kashiwagi T, Hamada N, Watanabe H (2012) The RNA Polymerase PB2 Subunit of Influenza A/HongKong/156/1997 (H5N1) Restricts the Replication of Reassortant Ribonucleoprotein Complexes. PLoS ONE 7(2): e32634. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032634


Pituitary adenoma in children is rarely reported. Acromegaly is one of clinical manifestation in GH releasing-pituitary adenoma. Recurrence of clinical manifestation after resection must be evaluated for possibility of pituitary adenoma relapse.Relapse of pituitary adenoma in children must be considered in the recurrence of clinical manifestations.N,male,15-yo, came to pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic with the main complain of acromegaly and decreased of visual field which was getting worse since two weeks before. He was consulted to ophthalmology and neurosurgery outpatient clinic. MRI with contrast revealed pituitary adenoma. Laboratories results showed TSHS:0.9773(0.35-4.94)uIU/ml, prolactin:0.51(4.04-15.2)ng/ml, testosterone less than 2.50(boys:13-17:28-1110)ng/ml, growth hormone was more than 40,00(>10.0)ng/ml. He was performed transsphenoidal removal cystic tumor. Pathological result showed macroscopic: yellowish cystous mass;0.6x0.4x0.2cm whether microscopic: appropiate to pituitary adenoma, non chromophobe. After surgery, patient was given DDAVP nasal spray 10 microgram/day, L-thyroxin 100 microgram once daily. One year after surgery, patient complaint of acromegaly, decreased visual field, especially in right and left temporal side, cephalgia. On physical examination, body weight was 91.5kg, height was184.5 cm. There was hemianopsia bitemporal. Tanner stage was A2P4G4. MRI with contrast showed pituritary adenoma relapse. Bone age was normal with height percentage based on it is about 96.8%. Tanner Whitehouse showed adult height 186.4cm. Thorax X ray showed heart and lungs were normal. Laboratories results revealed IGF1:1359(237-996)microgram/L, FT4:1(0.89-1.76)ng/dl; TSHS:0.3(0.5-4.94)microIU/ml(12-18yo), testosterone:435.1(28-1110) ng/dl. Working diagnosis was pituitary adenoma relapse post tumor resection, panhypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus. Testosterone 150mg once per month was added.


Herb combination has been very popular in traditional medical prescriptionssuch as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Persistent efforts and attempts have beenmade to dissect the action mode of TCM in recent years, which has provided certain evidencefor inter-herbal interactions. However, the interactions among different componentsin a single herb have been largely neglected.Curcuma WenyujinY.H.Chenet C Ling onMDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation alone or in combination with afixed-dose-combination was investigated.In this experimental study, the interactions among different componentsof a single herb were explored. The effect of three main sesquiterpenes  isolated from Δψm) changes showed similar results. However, theydemonstrated complicated interactions on the expression of apoptotic-related proteinsand key signal transduction proteins.Furanodiene significantly inhibited cancer cell proliferation while germacrone andcurdione showed no effect. Germacrone enhanced furanodiene’s anti-proliferative effect.Curdione showed no effect on furanodiene’s anti-proliferative effect but partly reversed theanti-proliferative effect of germacrone and furanodiene combined. The morphological andmitochondrial membrane potential (Curcuma WenyujinY.H.Chenet C Ling may exist. The intra-herb interactions should be taken intoconsideration when attempts are made to interpret the art of TCM formulation or other similarrecipes.Unpredictable and complex interactions among different components in  Accumulated data have demonstrated that complementaryand alternative medicine (CAM)shows beneficial effect in the treatment of severalkinds of cancers -3. Tradisalvia miltiorrhiza. Results showed that the combinationyields synergy in the treatment of APL  model by investigatingthe interaction of three pure compoundsnamely tetraarsenictetrasulfide, indirubin, and tanshinoneIIA which were selected to represent threeherbs respectively: realgar, indigo naturalis, andt of APL .Furthert of APL -11. HoweCurcuma WenyujinY.H.Chenet C Ling Ling is a commonlyprescribed Chinese herb with anti-cancer potentials..Curcuma In this experimental study, germacrone, curdione,and furanodiene used in this experimentalstudy were purchased from the National Instisutesfor Food and Drug Control .The RPMI-1640 culture medium was obtainedfrom Gibco (USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS),phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), penicillinstreptomycin(PS), and 0.25% (w/v) trypsin/1mMEDTA were purchased from Invitrogen (USA).3--2,5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide (MTT), 5, 5', 6, 6'- tetrachloro-1,1', 3, 3'-tetraethyl-benzimidazolylcarbocyanineiodide (JC-1), phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride(PMSF) andprotease inhibitor cocktail were purchasedfrom Molecular Probes (USA). RIPA lysisbuffer was obtained from Santa Cruz (USA).Primary antibodies against Bcl-2, p-Bcl-2, Bclxl,Bax, Bad, Bok, Bim, caspase-9, cleaved caspase-9, PARP, NF-κB, p38MAPK, p42/44MAPK,β-actin, and secondary antibodies were obtainedfrom Cell Signaling (USA). In this paper, A standsfor germacrone (14.3 μM), B stands for curdione(42.9 μM), C stands for furanodiene (42.9 μM),AB stands for A (14.3 μM) and B (42.9 μM) combined while ABC is A (14.3 μM), B (42.9 μM)and C (42.9 μM) combined together and the restfollows the same pattern.2.Human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 andMDA-MB-231 were obtained from ATCC (USA).Cells were cultured in medium containing RPMI-1640, antibiotics , and 10 % (v/v) heat-inactivated FBSat 37˚C under 5 % CO4) cells in100 μL medium were seeded in 96-well plates andtreated with A (14.3 μM), B (42.9 μM) and C (42.9μM) alone or in a combination for 24 hours. Thecellular morphology was observed with AxioCamHRC CCD camera (Carl Zeiss).Exponentially growing MCF-7  was monitored by JC-1 staining as previouslydescribed  using SPSS 11.5 software.Statistical differences were considered significantat p<0.05.Firstly, the effect of A, B and C alone on MDAMB-231 and MCF-7 cell proliferation was determined.As shown in figure 2, neither A nor B showedcytotoxic effect on both cell lines at 50 μM while Cdramatically inhibited both cell line proliferation.No obvious morphologic changes were observed aftertreating with A and B alone or in combination whileC significantly changed the cell morphology and decreasedthe cell number. AC, BC, and ABC inducedobvious morphologic changes . The celΔψm is shown in figure3 (below), which is quite similar to those of MTTresults. Compared with the control group, no obviouschanges in the red fluorescence were observedin A, B and AB treated group. However, C, AC, BC,and ABC treated groups exhibited increased greenfluorescence. Furthermore, more green fluorescencewas observed in AC group than that of ABCgroup. These results showed that Δψm decreased inC, AC, BC, and ABC groups.The effect of A, B and C alone or in a combinationon MDA-MB-231 cell Both A and B showed no effect on Bcl-xl, Bcl-2and Bim expression, increased Bax andp-Bcl-2, anddecreased Bok expression. B decreased Bad expressionwhile A had no effect. C increased Bcl-2, Baxand Bim expression and decreased Bcl-xl, Bok andBad without affecting p-Bcl-2. AB decreased Bcl-xl,Bok and Bad expression, while increasing Bcl-2, p-Bcl-2, Bax, and Bim expression. AC decreased Bclxl,Bok and Bax expression, increased Bcl-2 andBim without affecting p-Bcl-2 and Bad expression.BC decreased Bok expression, increased Bax and-Bim expression while showing no effect on Bcl-xl,Bcl-2, p-Bcl-2 and Bad expression. ABC decreasedBcl-xl, increased Bax and Bim without affectingBcl-2, p-Bcl-2, Bok, and Bad expression .AC and BC decreased caspase-9 expression while Cand AC increased cleaved caspase-9 expression. It isinteresting to note that B, C, AB, AC, BC ABC couldsignificantly increase PARP expression, especially inAC, BC and ABC groups .A, B and C alone or in a combination showedno effect on NF-κB expression. It is interesting tonote that A, B, C alone increased p42/44 MAPKexpression while in a combination showed no effect.A, C, AB, AC, BC, ABC showed no effecton p38 MAPK expression while B decreasedp38MAPK expression .AIDS), malaria and tuberculosis.Mixtures of compounds produced by plants mayprovide important combination therapies and provideclinical efficacy beyond the reach of single compoundbaseddrugs -negative cell line, while the latter is an ER positivecell line. MDA-MB-231 cells also demonstrateddrug resistant characteristics. Present results suggestthat although both cell lines respond equally to thesecompounds, the underlying mechanisms maybe quitedifferent, which needs further study to elucidate.Drug combination therapy, in which two or moreagents interact with multiple targets simultaneously, isconsidered a rational and efficient form of pharmacotherapydesigned to control complex diseases such ascancer . The fixeddrugs . The appeddrugs . Furthereddrugs , 5.Howeeddrugs -27. Littwenyujin. The MTTΔψm, an early marker for apoptosis. A and B alone or ina combination did not affect Δψm while C significantlydecreased Δψm suggesting that C might induce apoptosis.This was consistent with previous observationsin HL-60 cells (Δψm (Δψm and proliferation.Actually, our study showed that less than 50 μM Aexhibit no significant cytotoxic effect on breast cancercells (Morphological observations demonstrated similarresults. JC-1 staining is a common method to study the60 cells . Our reclls (Δψm , 18. Theercells . Althougercells , 29, no To further confirm the interactions among A, Band C at the molecular level, some apoptotic-relatedproteins and several key signaling molecularwere determined. Results demonstrated that A, Band C alone showed complex effects on the expressionof Bcl-2 family proteins. For example, Cincreased the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and thepro-apoptotic protein Bax, Bim at the same time.Also, it decreased Bok but increased the Bim protein,two other pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins ,31. TheCurcuma WenyujinY.H. ChenetC Ling namely germacrone, curdione, and furanodiene.Therefore, intra-herb drug interactions should betaken into consideration when attempts are made tointerpret the art of traditional medicines.Taken together, the present study provides evidencethat there are complicated interactions among thethree components of


Due to an error introduced during the production process, the word "Growth" was misspelled in the article title. The correct title is: Exogenous Amino Acids Are Essential for Interleukin-7 Induced CD8 T Cell Growth. The correct citation is: Pearson C, Silva A, Seddon B (2012) Exogenous Amino Acids Are Essential for Interleukin-7 Induced CD8 T Cell Growth. PLoS ONE 7(4): e33998. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033998


Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strains belonging to sequence types ST-208 and ST-218 are reported in this study. They were isolated from tracheobronchial aspirate of mechanically ventilated adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a Spanish tertiary hospital during 2010 to 2011.The draft genome sequences of seven multidrug-resistant  Acinetobacter baumannii is among the leading etiologies of hospital-acquired infections, particularly in critically ill patients  isolated from tracheobronchial aspirates. Whole-genome sequencing was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform with 300 bp paired-end reads, resulting in mean genome coverage of 25.2 ± 5.5-fold (mean ± SD of the 7 strains). Reads were preprocessed with Trimmomatic v0.32 (http://www.usadellab.org/cms/?page=trimmomatic) (de novo assembled with ABySS assembler v1.5.2 (http://www.bcgsc.ca/platform/bioinfo/software/abyss)  and RAST server v1.0 (http://rast.nmpdr.org) (https://cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/MLST/) (https://cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/ResFinder/) (aac(6′)-II, strB, and strA, were detected in pulsotype 1 strains, while pulsotype 2 strains carry aac(3)-Ia, aadA1, strB, and strA genes, and pulsotype 3 strains carry aac(6′)-II, aac(3)-IIa, strB, and strA genes. Resistance genes blaOXA-58, blaOXA-66, and blaADC-25, which confer β-lactam resistance, were found in strains from pulsotypes 1 and 2; nevertheless, pulsotype 3 strains carry blaOXA-109 and blaADC-25 genes. Referring to sulfonamide resistance, all the strains have sul1 gene, and strains from pulsotypes 1 and 2 also possess sul2 gene. The gene tet(B), related with tetracycline resistance, was found in all the strains. Furthermore, point mutations in genes associated with quinolone resistance were found in all the strains using BLAST  (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)  , resultis/MLST/) , 7. MostLIWE00000000 (AbMDR-GLH1), LIZZ00000000 (AbMDR-GLH2), LJAA00000000 (AbMDR-GLH3), LJAB00000000 (AbMDR-GLH4), LJAC00000000 (AbMDR-GLH5), LJAD00000000 (AbMDR-GLH6), and LJAF00000000 (AbMDR-GLH8). The versions described in this report are the first versions, LIWE01000000, LIZZ01000000, LJAA01000000, LJAB01000000, LJAC01000000, LJAD01000000, and LJAF01000000.These whole-genome shotgun (WGS) projects have been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession numbers


AbstractVigna subg. Ceratotropis (Piper) Verdc. represents a homogenous and distinct group of species with highly specialized complex floral characters. It is most diverse in Asia. India, with 24 species, represents a secondary center of species diversity of the subgenus.Vignapandeyana RD Gore, SP Gaikwad & SD Randive, is described from hill slopes of the northern Western Ghats of India. It resembles Vignayadavii Gaikwad et al. and Vignadalzelliana (Kuntze) Verdc. but differs from the latter in its dimorphic shoots  and densely hairy pods, from the former by its curved style, flattened style beak, foveolate seed coat and absence of standard protuberance and horn-like keel pocket in cleistogamous flowers.A new species,  Vigna Savi of the tribe Phaseoleae comprises about 90 species distributed in six subgenera (Vignasubg.Ceratotropis (Piper) Verdc. has its center of species diversity in Asia and is popularly known as Asian Vigna  Verdc.  Verdc. . MoreoveVigna on the hill slopes near Chalkewadi in Satara district of the Maharashtra State of India which has unusual dimorphic shoots and cleistogamous flowers. It was recollected in the subsequent two years for further studies of its vegetative and floral characters. Initially, the new species was confused with Vignayadavii Gaikwad et al., as both hold cleistogamous flowers. However, a critical study of floral structures, seeds, seed coat and type of seed germination have revealed that it represents an undescribed species of Vigna subg. Ceratotropis. This has been confirmed by the perusal of relevant literature .Type status:Other material. Location: continent: Asia; country: India; countryCode: IND; stateProvince: Maharashtra; municipality: Nasik District; locality: Kasara-Ghat near Igatpuri; verbatimElevation: 365 m; verbatimLatitude: 19°41'02.1"N; verbatimLongitude: 73°29'58.3"E; Event: eventDate: 10-11-2012; fieldNumber: RD Gore 1042a; fieldNotes: Twining herbs; leaves stipulate; stipules submedifixed; chasmogamous flowers yellow & Cleistogamous flowers white; pods falcate to straight; seeds well developed; Record Level: language: English; institutionID: Botanical Survey of India, Pune (BSI).Type status:Other material. Location: continent: Asia; country: India; countryCode: IND; stateProvince: Maharashtra; municipality: Nasik District; locality: Kasara-Ghat near Igatpuri; Identification: identifiedBy: SP Gaikwad & RD Gore; Event: eventDate: 10-11-2012; fieldNumber: SD Randive 322; fieldNotes: Twining herbs; flowers yellow; pods slightly hairy; Record Level: institutionID: Herbarium of Walchand College of Arts & Science, Solapur (WCAS).Type status:Other material. Location: continent: Asia; country: India; countryCode: IND; stateProvince: Maharashtra; municipality: Nasik District; locality: Saptshrungi hills ; Identification: identifiedBy: SP Gaikwad & RD Gore; Event: eventDate: 9-11-2012; fieldNumber: RD Gore 1040; fieldNotes: Twining herbs; flowers both chasmogamous (yellow) and cleistogamous ; Record Level: institutionID: Herbarium of Walchand College of Arts & Science, Solapur (WCAS).Type status:Other material. Location: continent: Asia; country: India; countryCode: IND; stateProvince: Maharashtra; municipality: Satara District; locality: Pasarnighat; Identification: identifiedBy: MM Aitawade; Event: eventDate: 21-10-2011; fieldNumber: SP Sutar 156; fieldNotes: Vignasilvestris but differs in pod & seed number; seeds rectangularClosely resembles with ; Record Level: institutionID: Kew herbarium (K); collectionCode: K000978011; source: http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000978011Type status:Other material. Location: continent: Asia; country: India; countryCode: IND; stateProvince: Maharashtra; municipality: Satara District; locality: Pasarnighat; Event: eventDate: 21-10-2011; fieldNumber: SP Sutar 156; fieldNotes: Vignasilvestris but differs in pod & seed number; seeds rectangularClosely resembles with ; Record Level: institutionID: Herbarium of Shivaji University, Kolhapur (SUK).Type status:Other material. Location: continent: Asia; country: India; countryCode: IND; stateProvince: Maharashtra; municipality: Sangli; locality: Dandoba hills; Event: eventDate: 28-09-1989; fieldNumber: AN Londhe 170037; Record Level: institutionID: Botanical Survey of India, Pune (BSI).Chasmogamous flowers: yellow, 2-4 in axillary and terminal pseudo-racemes; peduncle 5-7.5 cm long, densely hairy with whitish-brown, 1-1.5 mm long, retrosely spreading hairs; pedicels 2-2.5 mm long, densely hairy as peduncle; bracts lanceolate, 2.5-3 x 0.8-1 mm, herbaceous, acute at apex, densely hairy; bracteoles 2, linear, 4-4.5 mm long, densely hairy. Calyx campanulate, ca 2 mm long; teeth triangular, 0.2-1.2 x 0.7-1 mm, sparsely hairy along margins. Standard petal yellow, asymmetrical, broadly ovate, 6-6.5 x 7.5-8.5 mm, emarginate at apex, central protuberance present inside (up to 0.9 mm long); claw ca 1 mm long. Right wing concealing the upper portion of the keel petals; claws 0.7-1 mm long; lamina obliquely obovate, 3.5-6.5 x 2.7-3.5 mm, notched at apex. Left wing claws 1-1.2 mm long; lamina obliquely obovate, 4-6.2 x 1.2-4 mm. Keel petals spirally incurved to left, 6-6.5 x 2.5-3.5 mm; horn-like pocket present (1.5-1.7 mm long) on the left side of keel petal. Stamens 9+1, included; staminal tube 4.5-5 mm long; free filament 8-9 mm long; anthers dorsifixed, 0.2-0.3 mm long. Pistil 1.5-1.8 cm long; ovary linear, 2.2-2.4 mm long, densely covered with long whitish hairs; style filiform, 1.2-1.3 cm long, ‘S’ shaped before stigma, beaked beyond stigma; beak 0.8-1 mm long, upwardly curved at apex. Pods ascending linear, cylindrical, 2-5 x 0.3-0.5 cm, straight or slightly curved, densely covered with brownish, 2-3 mm long spreading hairs, acute at apex. Seeds 4-10 per pod, broadly rectangular, 3-3.1 x 2-2.1 mm, brown, mottled with faint black patches, rounded or rectangular at both ends; seed coat porous with mesh-like reticulation; hilum well developed, rim-aril protruded, elliptic, 1.8-2 x 0.7-0.9 mm, whitish-brown. Germination epigeal; ecophylls petioles, simple and minutely pulvinous. Cleistogamous flowers: 2-5, whitish-yellow on leafless sub-aerial branches which produce on lower nodes of stem; pedicels 1-2 mm long; bracts lanceolate, 5-6 mm long, acute at apex, densely hairy; bracteoles 2, linear, 7-9 mm long, densely covered with 1-3 mm long bulbous based hairs. Calyx as in chasmogamous flowers. Standard petal symmetrical, broadly ovate, 4.5-5 x 5.5-6 mm, emarginate at apex, inside central protuberance absent; claws 0.3-0.5 mm long. Right wing petal slightly concealing the upper portion of the keel petal; claws 0.3-0.5 mm long; lamina obliquely ovate, 4.5-5 x 2-3 mm; auricle 0.1-0.2 mm long. Left wing petal spreading; claws 0.5-0.7 mm long; lamina ovate-elliptic, 4.9-5 x 2-2.7 mm, base oblique; auricle 0.3-0.5 mm long. Keel petals slightly curved, 4.8-5 x 1.5-2.5 mm. Stamens 9+1, dimorphic, out of 9 stamens in a bundle 4 short and 5 long; short stamens sterile with ca 1 mm long filaments, whereas long stamens fertile with ca 2 mm long filaments; staminal tube ca 1.5 mm long; free stamen sterile with ca 2 mm long filament; anthers dorsifixed 0.2-0.6 mm long. Pistil filiform, up to 6.5 mm long; ovary linear, 1.7-2 mm long, glabrescent or sparsely hairy; style filiform, 3-3.5 mm long, curved (not ‘S’ shaped), densely hairy before stigma with 0.4-0.6 mm long hairs, beaked beyond stigma; beak short, 0.3-0.5 mm long, straight, pointed at apex. Pods linear, cylindrical, straight, 2.5-4 x 0.3-0.4 cm, narrowed at both ends, sparsely hairy with short hairs (0.5 mm long), white hairs. Seeds 8-9 per pod, obliquely rounded, 3.5-4 x 3-3.5 mm, dark brown; seed coat foveolatewith mesh-like reticulation; hilum well developed, protruded, broadly elliptic, 2-2.2 x 0.4-0.7 mm, whitish. Germination epigeal; ecophylls petioles, simple and minutely pulvinous.  cm long, densely covered with retrorse or spreading bulbous based hairs; stipules elliptically lanceolate, medifixed, 7-9 mm long, 5-7 nerved, rounded at base, acute at apex, hairy on dorsal surface; stipels 2, linear-lanceolate, 2-3 mm long, acute or acuminate at apex, glabrous. Leaflets membranous, entire; lateral ones obliquely ovate or rhomboid to lanceolate, 2.2-5.5 x 1.5-2.3 cm, obliquely rounded at base, acute or shortly acuminate at apex, sparsely hairy; terminal leaflet ovate or rhomboid-lanceolate, 3-6.4 x 1.2-4 cm, base rounded , apex acute or shortly acuminate, sparsely hairy, margins entire or sometimes wavy; rachis 2-10 mm long, densely covered with whitish hairs. Flowers are of two kinds; the chasmogamous flowers present on leafy aerial shoots while cleistogamous flowers present on leafless subterranean shoots, which are close to soil surface.  cm long,August-October.Vignayadavii similis, ramis dimorphis, floribus cleistogamis vexillo sine processo carina sine marsupio corniformi, styli rostro applanato, seminum testa foveolata, hilo bene evoluto differt.The specific epithet honors Prof AK Pandey, Department of Botany, Delhi University, New Delhi (India), in recognition of his valuable contribution to the taxonomy of flowering plants of India.India, Maharashtra, Satara district, near Chalkewadi in Patan tahsil.Carviacallosa (Nees) Bremek., Crotalarianana Burm. f., Crotalariavestita Baker, Cajanuslineatus (Wight & Arn.) Maesen, Eragrostis spp., Pseudarthria spp., Nogradalzellii (Baker) Merr. and Themeda spp.It is a twining annual herb, grows on lateritic gravelly soil on hill slopes amonggrasses and herbs at about 1200 m altitude above mean sea level in Satara district of Maharashtra, India. The species has adapted to the monsoon seasonality. It thrives in humid climate with heavy rainfall during growth season. The seed germination takes place with onset of monsoon rain in the first week of June and the plant completes its life cycle with formation of seeds when rains ceasein mid October. The common associates of the species are Vigna sect. Ceratotropis while cleistogamous floral parts correspond to the species of V. sect. Aconitifoliae of the same subgenus. Thus, it shows a combination of characters of species of both sections. The new species shows morphological similarities with Vignayadavii Gaikwad et al. and Vignadalzelliana (Kuntze) Verdc. but differs in its dimorphic branches, foveolate seed coat and absence of standard protuberance and horn-like keel pocket in cleistogamous flowers. A comparative account between above mentioned three species is given in Table Interestingly, two types of shoots are observed in the species, one a normal aerial leafy shoot and the other subterranean (close to soil surface) leafless shoot producedatthe lower nodes of the stem. The later shoots produce cleistogamous flowers, which remain closed. They show differences in the structure of their floral parts as compared to chasmogamous flowers such as standard petal without central protuberance inside, keel petals without horn-like pocket, curved style and short style beak 0.3-0.5 mm long). Figs , 5, 6.  mm long.


The publisher apologizes for the error. The correct citation is: Martínez de Paz A, Sanchez-Mut JV, Samitier-Martí M, Petazzi P, Sáez M, Szczesna K, et al. (2015) Circadian Cycle-Dependent MeCP2 and Brain Chromatin Changes. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0123693. doi:Please download this article again to view the correct version. The originally published, uncorrected article and the republished, corrected article are provided here for reference.S1 File(PDF)Click here for additional data file.S2 File(PDF)Click here for additional data file.


Previous meta-analyses regarding the performance of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) for tuberculosis diagnosis in children yielded contrasting results, probably due to different inclusion/exclusion criteria.vs. high income countries); including only microbiological confirmed TB cases; including only studies performing a simultaneous three-way comparison of the three tests, and including immunocompromised children.We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases and calculated pooled estimates of sensitivities and specificities of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In Tube (QFT-G-IT), T-SPOT.TB, and tuberculin skin test (TST). Several sub-analysis were performed: stratification by background (low income vs. 92%) but not in low income countries (85-93% vs. 90%).Overall, 31 studies (6183 children) for QFT-G-IT, 14 studies (2518 children) for T-SPOT.TB and 34 studies (6439 children) for TST were included in the analyses. In high income countries QFT-G-IT sensitivity was 0.79 (95%IC: 0.75-0.82) considering all the studies, 0.78 (95%CI:0.70-0.84) including only studies performing a simultaneous three-way comparison and 0.86 (95%IC 0.81-0.90) considering only microbiologically confirmed studies. In the same analyses T-SPOT.TB sensitivity was 0.67 (95%IC 0.62-0.73); 0.76 (95%CI: 0.68 to 0.83); and 0.79 (95%IC 0.69-0.87), respectively. In low income countries QFT-G-IT pooled sensitivity was significantly lower: 0.57 (95%IC:0.52-0.61), considering all the studies, and 0.66 (95%IC 0.55-0.76) considering only microbiologically confirmed cases; while T-SPOT.TB sensitivity was 0.61 (95%IC 0.57-0.65) overall, but reached 0.80 (95%IC 0.73-0.86) in microbiologically confirmed cases. In microbiologically confirmed cases TST sensitivity was similar: 0.86 (95%IC 0.79-0.91) in high income countries, and 0.74 (95%IC 0.68-0.80) in low income countries. Higher IGRAs specificity with respect to TST was observed in high income countries (97-98% Both IGRAs showed no better performance than TST in low income countries. Diagnosis of paediatric tuberculosis infection remains a challenging issue. Tuberculin skin test (TST) has several limitations: sensitivity may be influenced by the child’s age and immunologic status, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination or non-tuberculosis mycobacterium-infections; in case of repeated tests a booster effect can occur and a double access to a health care facility is needed. Nevertheless, infiltrate measurement may be operator-dependent -4. InterMycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, which are absent in BCG and many non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, and displayed similar sensitivity and higher specificity than TST in adults  and summarized the results in forest plots. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed using MetaDiSc®, Meta-analysis of Diagnostic and Screening tests, Version 1.4 . StudiesFor the analysis of sensitivity, 31 studies (20 conducted in high income countries and 11 in low income countries) for QFT-G-IT, including 6183 children -44, 14 sThe specificity analysis included 17 studies, overall including 3844 children (11 conducted in high income countries and 6 in low income countries) using QFT-G-IT ,34,37,43Considering the whole study population, significantly higher sensitivities of QFT-G-IT and TST in high- than in low-income countries were observed, with no difference between them, while T-SPOT.TB sensitivity was particularly low in both settings   in high income countries, and 0.57 (95%IC 0.52-0.61) in low income countries, and TST pooled sensitivity was 0.78 (95%IC 0.74-0.82) in high income countries, and 0.67 (95%IC 0.64-0.70) in low income countries.Specificity of the three test was similar in low income countries while both QFT-G-IT and T-SPOT.TB displayed higher specificity than TST in high income countries. In particular, QFT-G-IT specificity was 0.97 (95%IC 0.96-0.98) in high income countries, and 0.85 (95%IC 0.82-0.88) in low income countries. T-SPOT.TB pooled specificity was 0.98 (95%IC 0.96-0.99) in high income countries, and 0.93 (95%IC 0.87-0.96) in low income countries. TST specificity was 0.92 (95%IC 0.89-0.93) in high income countries, and 0.90 (95%IC 0.87-0.92) in low income countries.Data regarding microbiologically confirmed cases were available in 16 studies (11 studies conducted in high income countries and 5 studies conducted in low income countries), overall including 3689 children for QFT-G-T ,37,40,44.In this analysis sensitivity of the three test was similar (0.81 (95%CI: 0.76-0.85) for QFT-G-IT, 0.80 (95%CI: 0.74-0.84) for T-SPOT.TB, and 0.79 (95%CI: 0.75-0.83) for TSTA sub-analysis in studies conducted in high income and low income countries was performed. In high income countries sensitivity of the three test was confirmed to be similar but IGRAs performance in low income countries was suboptimal. QFT-G-IT pooled sensitivity was 0.86 (95%IC: 0.81-0.90) in high income countries but only 0.66 (95%IC: 0.55-0.76) in low income countries. Even when excluding studies including HIV-infected children, QFT-G-IT pooled sensitivity in low income countries reached only 0.68 (95%IC: 0.55-0.76).T-SPOT.TB pooled sensitivity was 0.79 (95%IC: 0.69-0.87) in high income countries, and 0.80 (95%IC 0.73-0.86) in low income countries. TST sensitivity was 0.86 (95%IC 0.79-0.91) in high income countries, and 0.74 (95%IC 0.68-0.80) in low income countries table .Six of the available studies, including 618 children, evaluated all three tests simultaneously in the same children ,23,37,39Overall, 11 studies have assessed utility of IGRAs in paediatric populations including HIV infected children ,50,52-58Complete data for a specific subgroup-analysis were available in four studies ,34,43,50The meta-analytic estimate for sensitivity was very low and similar for QFT-G-IT and T.SPOT.TB: 0.47 (95%CI: 0.38-0.55) for QFT-G-IT and 0.54 (95%CI:0.49-0.59) for TST. The meta-analytic estimate for specificity was not performed since only data from 2 studies were available ,43. MetaSix studies, including 1733 children, included exclusively children aged ≤ 5 years ,42,59,60Debord and colleagues evaluated QFT-G-IT performance restrospectively in 19 French immunocompetent children (median age: 1.52 years) with active tuberculosis . The ratet al. ‘s study [Although, in general, results in young children were encouraging, a specific meta-analysis for this subjects, could not be performed as complete data were not available in most studies, except for Detjen ‘s study .vs. 70%). Other authors [vs. microbiologically confirmed TB cases  [Data on IGRAs’ performance in children are accumulating. In previous meta-analyses, similarly to data reported in adults, higher IGRA specificity with respect to TST has been reported. However, the reported IGRA sensitivity ranged between 62% and 89% for T-SPOT.TB and 66% and 83% for QFT-G-IT ,5,9-11.  authors  performefor TST) .Our study is the first paediatric meta-analysis evaluating both QFT-G-IT and T-SPOT.TB performance by setting. Moreover, we were first to present a sub-analysis of studies performing a simultaneous three way comparison using all the tests in the same child, allowing to reduce potential bias due to individual differences.vs. 75%), where T-SPOT.TB seems to have lower sensitivity than the two other tests (67%). However this result was not confirmed including only ascertained cases, with a microbiological confirmation. In this sub-analysis T-SPOT.TB sensitivity reached 80% (95%CI: 59-90) while QFT-G-IT sensitivity decreased, but not significantly, to 66% (95%CI:55-76). This finding suggests caution when interpreting results from studies including probable and ascertained TB cases in children, for possible misdiagnoses.At a first glance, our meta-analytic results showed a higher sensitivity of QFT-G-IT than TST in high income countries (79% vs. 84%).In a further sub-analysis including only studies performing simultaneously the 3 tests, all performed in high income countries, overall including 618 children, no different sensitivity of both IGRAs and TST was observed, while a higher IGRAs specifity was confirmed  in children.Click here for file


This is a report of the complete genome sequences of plaque-selected isolates of each of the four virus strains included in a South African commercial tetravalent African horse sickness attenuated live virus vaccine. Orbivirus, family Reoviridae). The AHSV genome consists of 10 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) collectively encoding seven structural proteins and four nonstructural proteins (African horse sickness (AHS) is an arthropod-borne equine disease caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV)  and serotype 6 (HS02/75) viruses, which are precursors of the respective AHS-ALV virus strains, are available from GenBank . The pairwise nucleotide sequence identity of AHSV-2/Labstr/ZAF/1998/OBP-252.1 and HS82/61 was 99.536%, while that of AHSV-6/Labstr/ZAF/1998/OBP-252.1 and HS02/75 was 99.350%.P = 7.56 × 10-156) composed of eight segments likely derived from AHSV7-tVP2 , and the other segments likely derived from HS39/63 (accession numbers KF860011 and KF860013).The genome sequences of the AHSV serotype 7 strain with a truncated VP2 protein (AHSV7-tVP2)  from whiP = 2.71 × 10-282), and the segments encoding VP4 and NS3 likely derived from an AHSV for which whole-genome sequence data are currently not available .The genome sequences of the AHSV serotype 8 (HS10/62) from which AHSV-8/Labstr/ZAF/1998/OBP-252.1 was derived are available from GenBank (accession numbers KF860026 to KF860035). Pairwise nucleotide sequence identity between AHSV-8/Labstr/ZAF/1998/OBP-252.1 and HS10/62 over four of the 10 segments was >99.9%, while that for the remaining segments was between 76.8% and 97.4%. Analysis using RDP4.56 (KT715601 to KT715610, KT715611 to KT715620, KT715621 to KT715630, and KT715631 to KT715640, respectively.The AHSV-2/Labstr/ZAF/1998/OBP-252.1, AHSV-6/Labstr/ZAF/1998/OBP-252.1, AHSV-7/Labstr/ZAF/1998/OBP-252.1, and AHSV-8/Labstr/ZAF/1998/OBP-252.1 sequences have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers


The BSC infections increase mortality, complications, hospital stay and the costs. In our setting, BSC is one of the device-associated infections more common. The Alliance for Patient Safety, WHO, launched in 2004, the campaign for the prevention of infection associated to medical care though hand hygiene. The Working Group on Infectious Diseases of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units (GTEI-SEMICYUC), developed the National Survey of Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (ENVIN) as a computerized record of the incidence of nosocomial infection for services or intensive care units (ICU). Were selected for monitoring those most serious and frequent nosocomial infections related to instrumentation, including ventilator-associated pneumonia , urinary tract infection associated with urethral catheterization and BSCWe want to show the evolution of BSC: central venous catheter (CVC) and arterial (CA) in our 18-bed unit, after the implementation of BZ program and compare it with spanish data.- Data from ENVIN 01.04.11 / 01.04.2015. 18 ICU beds.Rates: BSC/100 admitted, BSC/CVC-CA. Incidence density (ID): BSC/1000ds,BSC/1000 days CVC-CAN 4198 (patients admitted to ICU), 1659 patients with CVC-CA, 17575 days of stay(ds),11024 days of CVC, CA.- Training and educational campaign were imparted to professionals of our unit andAnesthesiology service (235 people). Some classes were presencial and another were by means of internet. Implementation of protocol for hand washing, technical skills about the insertion of CVC, cleaning and maintenance of catheters.- The main objective of BZ project was to reduce BRC DI < 4 episodes per 1000 CVCdays01.04.11-01.04.12: 3 BSC 0.29/100 admitted, 0.80/CVC-CA, 0.62/1000ds, 0.96/1000days CVC-CA. Germ A. Baumanii 33.33%, P.mirabilis 33.33%, S. Epidermidis33.33%. Sepsis 66.67%01.04.12-01.04.13: 7 BSC. 0.65/100 admitted, 1.61/CVC-CA, 1.42/1000ds, 2.1/1000days CVC-CA. Germ S. Coagulasa negativo (SCN). Severe sepsis 28.57%01.04.13-01.04.14: 5 BSC 0.44/100 admitted, 1.08/CVC-CA, 1.02/1000ds, 1.63/1000days CVC-CA. Germ S. Epidermidis. Sepsis 60%01.04.14-01.04.15: 3 BSC 0.31/100 admitted, 0.78/100 CVC-CA, 0.71/1000 ds,1.07/1000 days CVC-CA. Germ: S. epidermidis. Sepsis 100%.Spain, last year: N = 20799, 1.59/100 admitted, 2.51/100 pat CVC-CA, 2.10/1000 ds,1.69/ 1000 days CVC-CA. Germ S. Epidermidis. Sepsis 64.85%We are below the level of BSC set by the SEMICYUC with fewest BSC than the rest of the country through the implementation of the program BZ. In the last year, we have improved our numbers because the realization of program recommendations has been monitored more intensively since in the previous two years had been a relaxation and thereby increased the numbers of BSC.UCI San Cecilio


The correct name is: David J. Herren. The correct citation is: Herren DJ, Norman JB, Anderson R, Tremblay ML, Huby A-C, Belin de Chantemèle EJ (2015) Deletion of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) Enhances Endothelial Cyclooxygenase 2 Expression and Protects Mice from Type 1 Diabetes-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0126866. doi:The publisher apologizes for this error, which was introduced during the typesetting process.


A 66-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital with backache, fatigue, and paraesthesia and spasm in both legs. He had lower extremity numbness and bladder and bowel incontinence. Physical examination revealed the absence of bilateral lower extremity reflexes and lower extremity weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large mass extending from T8 to T9, fracture of T9, and compression of the spinal cord. Informed consent was obtained.Laboratory results at initial evaluation revealed the following: haemoglobin: 118 g/L, haematocrit: 33.5%, white blood cell count: 6.7x109/L, platelets: 192x109/L, blood urea nitrogen: 7.5 mmol/L, creatinine: 113.1 µmol/L, calcium: 1.9 mmol/L, total protein: 63 g/L; albumin: 31 g/L; and erythrocyte sedimentation rate: 59 mm/h. Protein studies by nephelometry revealed IgA of 4.25 g/L (reference range: 0.7-4 g/L) and lambda light chain of 3.98 g/L (reference range: 0.9-2.1 g/L). A small monoclonal spike was present upon protein electrophoresis. Urine immunoelectrophoresis documented no monoclonal light chain. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy were performed and the patient underwent surgical decompression and stabilisation of the thoracic spine. The bone marrow aspirate and biopsy morphology showed infiltration with atypical, multilobated, cleaved, and monocytoid nuclei plasma cells . The biopsy material stained positive with lambda light chain and CD138.


Microcystis aeruginosa is a typical algal bloom-forming cyanobacterium. This report describes the whole-genome sequence of a non-microcystin-producing strain of Microcystis aeruginosa, NIES-44, which was isolated from a Japanese lake. Microcystis aeruginosa is a typical algal bloom-forming cyanobacteria, one of several cyanobacteria known to produce the potent hepatotoxin microcystin  and combined into a hybrid assembly with the 454 reads using GS de novo assembler version 2.8 (454 Life Sciences). Gaps between the resultant 375 contigs were closed using NESONI version 0.118 (http://www.vicbioinformatics.com/software.nesoni.shtml) and Platanus version 1.2.1 (http://platanus.bio.titech.ac.jp/platanus-assembler). The draft genome was annotated using the RAST server (http://rast.nmpdr.org/rast.cgi), which predicted protein-coding sequences (CDSs). Whole-genome homology mapping of various strains, including M. aeruginosa NIES-44, was performed using Gegenees version 2.2.1  with a paired-end library (400 bp) and a Roche/454 PE genome sequencer FLX  with a mate-paired library (8 kb). HiSeq reads were assembled M. aeruginosa NIES-44 genome comprised 80 contigs (six scaffolds) and had a total length of 4,565,330 bp and a G+C content of 43.19%. It included 4,790 protein-coding sequences and 47 RNA-coding genes . The annotation revealed that 2,614 CDSs exhibited homology to genes with known functions, and the remaining 2,176 genes were identified as encoding hypothetical proteins of unknown function.The M. aeruginosa NIES-44 were 99.73% homologous  to those of M. aeruginosa strain NIES-843 (mcy) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene clusters. Since M. aeruginosa NIES-44 showed 64.69% homology to M. aeruginosa TAIHU98, in which mcy gene cluster deficits have been previously reported (M. aeruginosa NIES-843 (M. aeruginosa NIES-44 has a characteristic gene structure.The 16S rRNA sequences of BBPA00000000 and refers to the first version that is described in this paper.This whole-genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession number


High rates of albuminuria are observed among HIV-infected individuals on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART). Though pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses are described as components of albuminuria in the general population, it is unclear how these responses are associated to albuminuria in ART-treated chronic HIV. We investigated the relationship of monocyte subsets and urine inflammatory and fibrotic biomarkers to albuminuria in ART-treated HIV-infected participants.Cross-sectional analyses were performed on Hawaii Aging with HIV-cardiovascular disease study cohort participants who were required at entry to be ≥40 years old and on ART ≥3 months. Monocyte subpopulations were determined in banked peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using multi-parametric flow-cytometry. Entry random urine samples were assessed for albumin-to-creatinine ratios (UACR). Urine samples were measured for inflammatory and fibrotic biomarkers using Luminex technology.low/+CD16++) monocytes were significantly elevated in subjects with albuminuria (p = 0.034) and were correlated to UACR . Elevated non-classical monocyte counts were significant predictors of worsening albuminuria, independent of traditional- and ART-associated risk factors . Urine TGF-β1 and collagen-IV were significantly higher in albuminuric compared to non-albuminuric participants . Urine TGF-β1 was significantly correlated with non-classical monocyte counts .Among 96 HIV-infected subjects with measured UACR , 18 patients (19%) had albuminuria. Non-classical (CD14Alterations in monocyte subpopulations and urine pro-fibrotic factors may play a role in kidney dysfunction during chronic HIV infection and warrants further study. Albuminuria is a strong and independent risk factor for renal and cardiovascular disease among the general and HIV-infected populations –7. There++CD16-), intermediate (CD14++CD16+), and non-classical (CD14+/lowCD16++) subsets  assessed to have moderately increased albuminuria (UACR 30-300mg/g) with only 2 (11%) having severe albuminuria (UACR >300mg/g). Demographics and clinical parameters are summarized in p <0.05), but not with CD4 T cells (r = 0.070), CD8 T cells (r = 0.150), activated CD8 T cells (r = -0.039), or with classical (r = 0.112), intermediate (r = 0.067), or transitional monocytes (r = 0.127).T cell and monocyte subset percentages and counts were compared between participants with and without albuminuria. Non-classical monocyte counts were significantly elevated in HIV-infected participants with albuminuria as compared to HIV-infected participants without albuminuria . No signp = 0.035, C.I. = 0.001–0.033; Hypertension, B = 0.463, p<0.001, C.I. = 0.235–0.691; HOMA-IR, B = 0.077, p = 0.010, C.I. = 0.019–0.136; Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, B = 0.067, p = 0.046, C.I. = 0.001–0.132; Current use of Tenofovir, B = 0.215, p = 0.131, C.I. = -0.066–0.496; Current use of Ritonavir, B = -0.027, p = 0.827, C.I. = -0.274–0.220. We conclude that elevation of non-classical (CD14low/+CD16++) monocytes significantly predict worsening albuminuria in HIV-infected participants on stable ART, independent of traditional- and ART-associated risk factors.We assessed the predictive value of non-classical monocytes in a multivariable linear regression model, adjusting for traditional risk factors of age, hypertension, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, and ART-associated risk factors of current use of Tenofovir and/or Ritonavir . Univari1 and collagen IV , while IP-10 (r = 0.008), MCP-1 (r = -0.141), IL-18 (r = -0.037), Cystatin C (r = -0.129), TGF-β2 (r = 0.063), TGF-β3 (r = -0.189), collagen IV (r = 0.032), and TIMP-1 (r = 0.029) did not show significant correlations. No correlations were seen between other monocyte subsets or T cell subpopulations and urine inflammatory or fibrotic biomarkers. We also assessed the correlations among the urine inflammatory and fibrotic biomarkers. TGF-β1 strongly correlated with TGF-β2 (r = 0.752) and TIMP-1 (r = 0.424). Furthermore, TGF-β2 correlated with TGF-β3 (r = 0.389), collagen IV (r = 0.617), and TIMP-1 (r = 0.730). Of the urine pro-inflammatory biomarkers, only urine MCP-1 correlated with TGF-β2 (r = 0.520), TGF-β3 (r = 0.362), collagen IV (r = 0.558), and TIMP-1 (r = 0.592).We assessed the correlation between the measured urine inflammatory and fibrotic biomarkers with non-classical monocytes. Urine TGF-βlow/+CD16++) monocytes, independent of traditional and ART-associated risk factors. Treated HIV-infected individuals with albuminuria excrete higher levels of urine TGF-β1 and collagen IV as compared to those without albuminuria, and increased non-classical monocytes are associated with increased urine TGF-β1. Furthermore, urinary levels of TGF-β1 are strongly associated with other urine fibrotic markers. It is important to note that although only 89% of the participants were virally suppressed, when participants with viral loads were excluded, all significant observations stated remained significant.Our study is the first report showing that albuminuria in HIV-infected individuals on stable ART is associated with increased levels of non-classical  and intermediate (CD14++CD16+) subsets, are generally characterized as a pro-inflammatory cellular compartment, being potent producers of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-12 [+ monocytes in human inflammatory disease states may mediate further pro-inflammatory responses. Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis have been shown to have significantly higher CD16+ monocytes as compared to healthy controls [CD16nd IL-12 –51. Sevecontrols , 53. Elecontrols , 54. NonElevated levels of peripheral non-classical monocytes have also been described in HIV-infected individuals as compared to HIV-uninfected controls , 55, 56.Contrasting studies in the general population have shown non-classical monocytes in humans to play a role in the resolution of inflammation and the differentiation into M2 macrophages that aide in anti-inflammatory and wound healing responses . In myocDuring the resolution of inflammation, an important component of the response is TGF-β. TGF-β is a multi-functional cytokine that regulates many cellular functions, including cellular growth and differentiation . In the This study is limited by its relatively small sample size and the lack of HIV-uninfected controls with measured UACR and phenotyped immunologic cellular subpopulations. However, the strengths of the study are the careful clinical and cardio-metabolic characterizations performed on HIV-infected groups, as well as detailed phenotypes of T cell and monocyte subpopulations and quantification of urine biomarkers that reveal discriminating associations in the HIV-infected group.low/+CD16++) monocytes is associated with worsening albuminuria in HIV-infected individuals on ART. This association is independent of traditional- and ART-associated risk factors of albuminuria. Furthermore, HIV-infected individuals with albuminuria excrete higher levels of urine TGF-β1 and collagen IV as compared to those without albuminuria, and increased non-classical monocytes are associated with increased urine TGF-β1. The role of non-classical monocytes in pro-inflammatory and/or pro-fibrotic responses in the kidney of HIV-infected individuals on ART warrants further study.In conclusion, elevation of non-classical (CD14


In mice, cryo plus checkpoint blockade facilitates tumor antigen release, T-cell priming, and improved survival . Here, wWomen with ESBC were treated 7-10 days preceding mastectomy with either cryo n=6), single-dose ipi at 10mg/kg (n=6), or cryo+ipi (n=6) , single- and intrCryo+ipi generated greater increases in peripheral Ki67+CD4+ (p=0.05), Ki67+CD8+ (p=0.05), ICOShiCD4+ (p=0.005), and ICOShiCD8+ (p=0.005) cells. The intratumoral T-effector/regulatory ratio was higher following cryo+ipi, but only when Ki67-gated (p=.01). Cryo+ipi generated greater increases in IL-2 (p=.01), IFNγ (p=.06), and IL-5 (p=.09). Despite negligible intratumoral changes by immunohistochemistry, cryo+ipi generated more high-magnitude (~1000 amplicon) clonal expansions by TCR sequencing (medians: 52 v. 3 clones).Cryo+ipi is associated with potentially favorable immunologic effects. Ki67-gating and TCR sequencing may identify intratumoral changes otherwise undetectable by flow or IHC.


Desulfovibrio carbinoliphilus subsp. oakridgensis FW-101-2B is an anaerobic, organic acid/alcohol-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing δ-proteobacterium. FW-101-2B was isolated from contaminated groundwater at The Field Research Center at Oak Ridge National Lab after in situ stimulation for heavy metal-reducing conditions. The genome will help elucidate the metabolic potential of sulfate-reducing bacteria during uranium reduction. Desulfovibrio carbinoliphilus subsp. oakridgensis FW-101-2B was isolated from groundwater of well FW-101 at The Field Research Center (FRC) at Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL). The FRC is part of the Y-12 security complex, located in the Bear Creek drainage. ICP-MS analysis of FW-101 groundwater in late 2001 estimated uranium concentrations between 20 and 250 ppm, and chromium concentrations between 35 and 85 ppm. Previous studies have demonstrated reduction of nitrate and uranium levels in the subsurface upon bio-stimulation with ethanol at the FRC (1the FRC 13. Duringthe FRC 1.http://www.phrap.com) was used for genome finishing. Genes were identified using Prodigal (The genome was sequenced by 454 GS FLX Titanium and paired-end Illumina GAii (2 × 35 bp). The pyrosequencing and Illumina reads were assembled using the Newbler (Roche) and Velvet  and Desulfovibrio vulgaris (63.3% G+C). The COG predictions categorize 581 of the 3,737 protein-encoding genes as pertaining to information storage and processing, 1,183 as cellular processes, 1,576 as metabolism genes, and 596 as poorly characterized functions. Sequencing detected 2 plasmids of different sizes and G+C content, pFW10101  and pFW10102 .Sequence determination revealed a 4.1-Mb genome with 66.5% G+C content, which is comparable to D. carbinoliphilus D41T. The ANIb values calculated by JSpecies (D. vulgaris Miyazaki (69.11%), D. vulgaris Hildenborough (67.45%), and D. vulgaris DP4 (67.41%) than Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans (64.68) and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774 (60.93%). The small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and sulfite reductase gene (dsrAB) of FW-101-2B was most similar to D. carbinoliphilus D41T at 99% and 92% similarity, respectively.FW-101-2B was most closely related to JSpecies  showed tD. carbinoliphilus D41T, physiological evidence would support classification of a new strain. Thus, we propose the classification as D. carbinoliphilus subsp. oakridgensis. This is the first genome sequence of a D. carbinoliphilus strain.Although FW-101-2B is phylogenetically very similar to ADFE00000000. The version described in this paper is the version ADFE00000000.2.The whole-genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession no.


Escherichia coli is an increasing problem especially in developing countries.Antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic E. coli collected from two unrelated geographical areas.To compare between resistance patterns of E. coli (n= 402) collected from hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan and in Aseer region, Saudi Arabia were studied. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates were performed following standard methods. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was defined as non-susceptibility to ≥ three antimicrobials.A descriptive comparative study was conducted between May 2010 and August 2011. E. coli isolates studied, MDR patterns were significantly higher among isolates from Sudan than Saudi Arabia [92.2% (214/232) vs. 70.6% (120/170)] (p = 0.000). The resistance rates of E. coli isolates were recorded as follows (Sudan and Saudi Arabia): High to moderate resistance to amoxicillin (97.7% and 94.2%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88.3% and 82.5%), tetracycline (77.1% and 74.2%), amoxicillin- clavulanic acid (51.4% and 70%), ceftriaxone (64% and 52.4%) and ciprofloxacin (58.4% and 40%). Low resistance was to ceftazidime (35% and 20%), gentamicin (35% and 17.5%) and nitrofurantoin (22.4% and 11.7%). Resistance to amikacin was uncommon (1.9% and 5%). Significant differences (p < 0.05) in resistance rates of isolates between both countries in term to patient’s gender and age. The most frequent MDR phenotypes among isolates were to 7(15.9%) in Khartoum state and to 3(20.8%) in Aseer region.Of the 402 E. coli isolates was observed in both regions. Continuous monitoring of resistance profiles, locally and international surveillance programs are required.Variation and emerging of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic  Escherichia coli is a clinically significant bacterium because they are the most common species recovered in the clinical laboratories and has been incriminated in human infectious diseases  phenotypes make wide ranges of antimicrobials usefulness to treat most infections caused by this bacterium  as recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute , against 15 antimicrobial agents from different categories including: amikacin (30 μg), amoxicillin (10 μg), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg) cefuroxime (30 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), nalidixic acid (30 μg), nitrofurantoin (50 μg), ofloxacin (5 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), tobramicin (10 μg) and trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (25 μg) . E. coli isolate was considered non-susceptible to an antimicrobial agent when it tested resistant, intermediate or non-susceptible when using clinical breakpoints as interpretive criteria, provided by the CLSI, (2011). MDR patterns of E. coli isolates were defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories  software. Comparisons of antimicrobial resistance rate of isolates from both countries were done in term of setting, sex and age. The proportions were compared using the Chi-square test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.E. coli isolates  were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility testing using double-disk diffusion method against 15 antimicrobial agents from different categories. Out of the 402 E. coli isolates tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility, 334 isolates were characterized as MDR strains from the two geographical regions. The majority of MDR E. coli were recovered from specimens of urine (n = 220) followed by wounds (n = 59) and vaginal swabs (n = 20) with low isolation rates from other specimens  were found to be MDR E. coli. These 214 MDR E. coli isolates were obtained from all age groups: 125 (58.4%) were from females and 89 (41.6%) were from males. Of these 214 MDR isolates, 168 (78.5%) were obtained from adult patients, whereas 46 (21.5%) from children.Out of 232 E. coli strains collected from hospitals in Aseer region, Saudi Arabia, MDR E. coli represented 120 (70.6%) of total isolates. These 120 isolates were obtained from females (n = 77) and males (n = 43). Eighty seven (72.5%) of the 120 isolates were from adults, whereas 33 (27.5%) were from children patients.Of the 170 E. coli sourced from Khartoum state, Sudan than that from Aseer region, Saudi Arabia isolates [92.2% (214/232) vs. 70.6% (120/170)] (p = 0.000).The occurrence of MDR patterns was found to be significantly higher among E. coli recovered from clinical specimens of patients in Kartoum state, Sudan and Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. The resistance rates among the strains from both countries were recorded as follows (Sudan and Saudi Arabia): High to moderate resistance rates of isolates were observed in amoxicillin (97.7% and 94.2%), cefuroxime (92.5% and 35.8%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88.3% and 82.5%), tetracycline (77.1% and 74.2%), nalidixic acid (72% and 57.5%) ceftriaxone (64%). ciprofloxacin (58.4% and 40%), ofloxacin (55.1% and 38.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (51.4% and 70%). Low resistance rates of isolates were observed to ceftazidime (35% and 20%), gentamicin (35% and 17.5%), nitrofurantoin (22.4% and 11.7%), chloramphenicol (18.2% and 18.3%), and tobramicin (18.2% and 29.2%). Resistance to amikacin was uncommon (1.9% and 5%).E. coli isolates collected from Khartoum state, when compared to those from Aseer region. Strains from Khartoum state were more resistant to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin and ofloxacin, whereas isolates fromAseer region were more resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and tobramicin. In general, Sudan sourced strains were more resistant to antimicrobial agents than those from Saudi Arabia.As shown in E. coli strains recovered from male patients in Khartoum state, Sudan and Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. Higher percentage of resistance was reported among isolates from males in Khartoum state than those from Aseer region for ceftriaxone (p < 0.001), cefuroxime (p < 0.001), gentamicin (p = 0.002), nitrofurantoin (p = 0.037), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (p = 0.001). In contrast, higher resistance rates among isolates from Aseer region were observed for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (p < 0.001) and tobramicin (p = 0.003).E. coli isolates recovered from female patients in Khartoum state to those fromAseer region  of antimicrobial drugs. Among the isolates collected from Khartoum state, Sudan the most prevalent MDR phenotypes were to 7 (15.9%), followed by 8 (11.7%) of tested antimicrobial agents. While among the strains originated from Saudi Arabia, the most frequent MDR patterns were to 3 (20.8%) followed by 5 (13.3%) and 4 (15.8%) of antimicrobial agents.The most frequent resistance profiles among Sudan strains were: AML-AMC-CXM-CRO-CAZ- CIP-OFX-NA-SXT-TE (8 strains) followed by AML-CXM-CRO-CAZ-CIP-OFX-NA-SXT-TE and AML-CXM-SXT-TE (7 strains), AML-CXM-CRO-CAZ-CIP-OFX-NA-SXT-TE-GN-TOB and AML-CXM- CRO-CAZ-F-SXT-C (6 strains each). Among Saudi Arabia strains, the predominant resistance profiles were: AML-SXT-TE (12 strains), AML-AMC-CXM-CRO-CAZ-CIP-OFX-NA-SXT-TE-TOB (10 strains), AML-AMC -SXT-TE (8 strains) and AML-AMC-NA-SXT-TE (6 strains).E. coli isolates recovered from two different unrelated geographical areas of Khartoum state in Sudan and Aseer region in Saudi Arabia. Antimicrobial resistance rates vary among regions and countries, with increasing rates in the many parts of the world  when comparing to a survey done in Sudan in the year 2000 in which MDR were recorded as 58%  among in Sudan , Saudi Ain Sudan , other din Sudan  and devein Sudan . The higin Sudan .E. coli isolates non-susceptible to fluoroquinolones have been reported in many countries as in Thailand (>50%), China (≥70%) and India (>80%)  . In the esistant . The higesistant . Also, pE. coli strains collected from Sudan than Saudi Arabia for ceftriaxone (64% vs. 31.7%) (p< 0.001) and ceftazidime (35% vs. 20%) (p = 0.004). In a study carried out at two hospitals in Makka city, Saudi Arabia, resistance rates of E. coli isolates were recorded as 36.2 % for cefuroxime, 24.6 % for ceftazidime and 18.3% for ceftriaxone , trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (94.4% vs. 74.4%) and gentamicin (38.2% vs. 11.6%) whereas, higher resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and tobramicin were observed in Saudi Arabia sourced strains  than that from Sudan . These figures are indication of variations in resistance patterns in both countries with relatively higher rates in Sudan. The possible explanation is that this could be due to differences in prescribing patterns, types and quality of antimicrobial agents, as well as availability of drugs. Or perhaps due to better control strategies in the use of antimicrobial drugs, monitoring of resistance levels and updating prescribing policies in Saudi hospitals than in Sudan. This study indicated that there were higher significant differences in resistance levels of The common MDR phenotypes in our isolates were between amoxicillin/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole/cefuroxime/tetracycline/or nalidixic acid/amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. In the early study of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial isolates from patients with diarrhea and urinary tract infection in the Sudan, the most common MDR profile of isolates was reported to ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, sulfonamide, and chloramphenicol . LikewisE. coli isolates is alarming and emerging in the both regions of Khartoum state, Sudan as well as in Aseer, Saudi Arabia, with different kinds of resistance patterns. Such high rates of resistance among isolates might be due to misuse and unnecessary prescription of antimicrobial drugs in both countries. Continuous monitoring and updating of antimicrobial resistance profile data as well as hospital policy for restriction and prudent use of antimicrobial drugs can reduce the spread of MDR strains. Antimicrobial resistance varied between settings, population and countries therefore, local and international surveillance programs in each region and setting are required.The study concluded that antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic


A reader noted a number of issues with Figure 1. The figure legend was:10.1096/fj.09-136481; Figure 1D, rotated) and Sallustio et al. Kidney International (2013) . Panels D and J from the PLOS ONE paper are identical to Figure 1D of Sallustio et al. Kidney International (2013), though flipped (doi:10.1038/ki.2012.413).Figure 1 panels D, E, & F  come from the same original images as panels J, K, & L (representing glomerular ARPC cells), respectively. Between E & K, there is a small overlap. Between panels D & J and F & L, respectively, the images have been rotated and there is a large overlap. Panels F and L are identical to panels in Sallustio et al. FASEB Journal (2010) , PAX2 (E), BMI-1 (F), and of glomerular ARPCs with Oct-4 (J), PAX2 (K), BMI-1 (L).10.1371/journal.pone.0087496. A correction is also being made to that article.In a subsequent PLOS ONE article, Figure 3 reproduced panels from Figure 1 of this article: Sciancalepore AG, Sallustio F, Girardo S, Gioia Passione L, Camposeo A, et al. (2014) A Bioartificial Renal Tubule Device Embedding Human Renal Stem/Progenitor Cells. PLOS ONE 9(1): e87496. doi:Fig. 1. Characterization of isolated glomerular and tubular ARPCs. Cytofluorimetric and immunofluorescence analysis of tARPCs showed the expression of: CD133 (A), CD24 (B), CD44 (C), Oct-4 (D), PAX2 (E), BMI-1 (F), Cytofluorimetric and immunofluorescence analysis of gARPCs showed the expression of: CD133 (G), CD24 (H), CD44 (I), Oct-4 (J), PAX2 (K), BMI-1 (L). CD106 expression in glomerular (M) and tubular (N) ARPCs. Original view: X63.S1 FileCharacterization of isolated glomerular and tubular ARPCs, showing immunofluorescence of tubular ARPCs with Oct-4 (D), PAX2 (E), BMI-1 (F), and of glomerular ARPCs with Oct-4 (J), PAX2 (K), BMI-1 (L).(ZIP)Click here for additional data file.


Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis) emerged as human pathogens in the late 1970s. We report here the draft genome sequences of four genetically distinct human strains of GCS-GGS isolated between the 1960s and 1980s. Comparative analysis of these genomes may provide a deeper understanding of GCS-GGS genome and virulence evolution.β-Hemolytic group C and group G streptococci (GCS-GGS;  Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis can infect humans and other mammals (–Large-colony-forming β-hemolytic isolates of Lancefield group C and group G Streptococci (GCS-GGS) identified as  mammals , 2. GCS  mammals –5. The tmammals –, 6, 7. Tmammals –, 9. The S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis with 16S rRNA sequencing (GenBank accession numbers KP972460 to KP972463), and the genetic relatedness of the GCS-GGS isolates was determined via multilocus sequence typing (MLST) (GenBank accession numbers KT347549 to KT347565)   11, 12), 12S. dyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/annotation_prok/) and RASTtk pipelines (Assembled genomes were annotated using NCBI PGAP version 2.1 (rev. 462191) (ipelines  in conjuipelines . The 16Sipelines . AutomatThe draft genome sequences have been deposited as whole-genome shotgun projects at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession numbers listed in


To evaluate the effect of surface coils for carotid MR imaging on PET quantification in a clinical simultaneous whole-body PET/MR scanner. A cylindrical phantom was filled with a homogeneous 2L water-FDG mixture at a starting dose of 301.2MBq. Clinical PET/MR and PET/CT systems were used to acquire PET-data without a coil (reference standard) and with two carotid MRI coils . PET-signal attenuation was evaluated with Osirix using 51 (PET/MR) and 37 (PET/CT) circular ROIs. Mean and maximum standardized uptake values (SUVs) were quantified for each ROI. Furthermore, SUVs of PET/MR and PET/CT were compared. For validation, a patient was scanned with an injected dose of 407.7MBq on both a PET/CT and a PET/MR system without a coil and with both coils. PET/MR underestimations were -2.2% (Siemens) and -7.8% (Machnet) for SUVmean, and -1.2% (Siemens) and -3.3% (Machnet) for SUVmax, respectively. For PET/CT, underestimations were -1.3% (Siemens) and -1.4% (Machnet) for SUVmean and -0.5% (both Siemens and Machnet) for SUVmax, respectively using no coil data as reference. Except for PET/CT SUVmax values all differences were significant. SUVs differed significantly between PET/MR and PET/CT with SUVmean values of 0.51-0.55 for PET/MR and 0.68-0.69 for PET/CT, respectively. The patient examination showed that median SUVmean values measured in the carotid arteries decreased from 0.97 without a coil to 0.96 (Siemens) and 0.88 (Machnet). Carotid surface coils do affect attenuation correction in both PET/MR and PET/CT imaging. Furthermore, SUVs differed significantly between PET/MR and PET/CT.