The cave biodiversity of continental Portugal faces tremendous conservation challenges, mostly linked to their direct destruction and contamination infiltrating from the surface. Beetles are the most diverse insects and one of the most diverse arthropod groups in caves of Portugal.Carabidae) are the most diverse family of cave-adapted beetles in continental Portugal, followed by rove beetles (Staphylinidae). Beetles in caves of Portugal are mostly terrestrial and only one species is known to have evolved to live in groundwater. Trechus is the most diverse genus with four species, followed by Domene with three species and by Speonemadus and Iberoporus, both with one cave-adapted species. The aim of this contribution is to assess all endemic cave-adapted species of beetles from continental Portugal and to support their specific protection, to promote adequate management of surface habitats and the establishment of priority areas for conservation. The main biodiversity erosion drivers that are impacting the conservation of the studied species are pollution infiltrating from the surface, urbaniation, modifications of the natural habitat for touristic purposes and mining, quarrying and energy production infrastructures.We present the IUCN Red List profiles for the cave-adapted beetles from continental Portugal, all endemic to their respective geological units and massifs. Ground beetles (This document can be used in spatial planning and territory management in karst, based on the current scientific knowledge. Cave fauna has relatively low specific richness, but high conservation value for the global biodiversity of our planet . SubterrInsecta, Coleoptera) stand out, as a group that presents the greatest animal specific richness worldwide (Coleoptera (Carabidae (mostly Trechinae) and Leiodidae (mostly Cholevinae)  .Portugal is located in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, has more than 2000 caves identified and is considered a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity . More thTrechusfulvus Dejean, 1831, captured by M.L.W. Schaufuss; the caves then explored remain unknown  consists of a matrix of unaggregated rock that can be found in scree slopes. Most of this sampling was performed under the framework of Master and Doctoral studies  and all 2) and the maps were created in the open source software QGIS 3.14.16, with the natural protected areas of Portugal layer (Extent of occurence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) were calculated using the Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool (GeoCAT) with an approximation to the standard IUCN 2 km × 2 km cells  or Photo(s): Fig. 1Region for assessment: EuropeBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. materials 2Basis of EOO and AOO: Known habitat extentBasis (narrative): The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².Min Elevation/Depth (m): 218Iberoporuspluto is a groundwater-adapted beetle known from a stream in a single cave, located in north-eastern Sicó karst area. The cave stream, where it was found, flows in a subterranean system of approximately 15 km of horizontal implementation (Range description: entation .EOO (km2): 4Trend: Decline (observed)Justification for trend: A decline in EOO is inferred due to the degradation of the cave by anthropogenic impact as Soprador do Carvalho Cave is subject to recreational visitation and direct trampling on the subterranean stream.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: YesExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: Decline (projected)Justification for trend: No decline in AOO has been observed, but it is inferred due to the decline and vulnerability of the habitat.Causes ceased?: NoCauses understood?: YesCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): 4Number of locations: 1Iberoporuspluto occurs in a single cave, Soprador do Carvalho, in the Sicó karst area in central Portugal and it is under moderate disturbance : Only one specimen  of this species is known from a single location in central Portugal.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: FreshwaterHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): The specimen was collected in the bottom of a clay pool connected to a subterranean stream .Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (observed)Justification for trend: Soprador do Carvalho Cave is located in the vicinity of a village, agricultural fields and a quarry . It is aHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 5.1. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 5.1. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 2.8 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownIberoporus Castro & Delgado, 2001 is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and exclusively stygobiont (Iberoporuspluto has extreme troglomorphic traits (eyeless and depigmentation) and unusually elongated legs not adapted for swimming (Ecology and traits (narrative): The genus ygobiont . Iberoposwimming .Justification for threats: The cave is explored for tourism and visitors step over the habitat where the species was found . Other tThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarrying6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activities9.1.2. Pollution - Domestic & urban waste water - Run-offThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarrying6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activities9.1.2. Pollution - Domestic & urban waste water - Run-offJustification for conservation actions: Measures should be taken to prevent infiltration of wastewaters from the village into the cave stream. The nearby quarry has been reported in the national media to be the source of the infiltration of small particles of quarry dust that have been deposited all over the gallery of Algarinho Cave by flood events. This type of slurry is known to perniciously impact groundwater quality  and AlgaConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Further investigation is needed about the distribution, ecology and life cycle of the species. Developing a management plan for this species is crucial. This plan will aid the conservation of the cave-adapted species of the Sicó karst area.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Further investigation is needed about the distribution, ecology and life cycle of the species. Developing a management plan for this species is crucial. This plan will aid the conservation of the cave-adapted species of the Sicó karst area.TrechusmachadoiScientific name: Species authority: Jeannel, 1941AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: InsectaClass: ColeopteraOrder: CarabidaeFamily: T.fulvus-group of species.Taxonomic notes: This species belongs to the Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 2Region for assessment: EuropeBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. materials 3Basis of EOO and AOO: Known habitat extent2.Basis (narrative): The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 kmMin Elevation/Depth (m): 389Max Elevation/Depth (m): 400Trechusmachadoi is a troglobiont beetle known only in the Alcobertas Cave and in a countinuous mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) located in the Serra dos Candeeiros subunit of the Estremenho karst massif, central Portugal. The cave extends horizontally for approximately 210 m (Range description: ly 210 m  and the ly 210 m .EOO (km2): 4Trend: Decline (observed)Justification for trend: Despite intensive sampling in the type locality (cave), no specimens have been found in there since the species description. Only recent sampling in the MSS contiguous to the cave retrieved specimens.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: Decline (observed)Justification for trend: AOO decline has been inferred due to the vulnerability of the habitat.Causes ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): 4Number of locations: 2Trechusmachadoi is known only from the Alcobertas Cave and from the adjacent MSS, located approximately 80 m from each other. Its distribution is likely to be confined to the subterranean habitats of the Serra dos Candeeiros subunit : So far, only one population is known from the Alcobertas Cave, which is also dispersed in the contiguous mesovoid shallow substratum at 0.5 m depth in scree slopes .Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesTrechusmachadoi population to other parts of the subterranean network  in scree slopes close to the type locality (Habitat (narrative): The Alcobertas Cave was subject of a large anthropogenic intervention at the beginning of the 1970s, with the intention to transform it to receive mass tourism. During that process, a second entry was opened near the end of the gallery which induced significant changes in the climatology of the cave . Many ex network . The Alclocality . These slocality .Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves7.2. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Other Subterranean HabitatsHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves7.2. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Other Subterranean HabitatsSize: 4.85 mm (lectotype)Generation length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownTrechusmachadoi is a troglobiont with reduced eyes and body depigmentation. It lives exclusively in subterranean habitats and is only known from a single cave and from scree slopes habitats in the Serra dos Candeeiros subunit of the Estremenho karst massif in central Portugal (Ecology and traits (narrative): Portugal .Justification for threats: Since the 1970s, this cave has been intensively explored for touristic activities. During that period, a second entrance has been opened, drastically changing the environment . The scrThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarrying3.3. Energy production & mining - Renewable energy6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activitiesThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarrying3.3. Energy production & mining - Renewable energy6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activitiesJustification for conservation actions: The habitats are protected under the EU “Rede Natura 2000” , but theConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Further investigation is needed about the population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle. It is urgent to develop a management plan for this species, which will consequently improve the conservation of further cave-adapted species of Serra dos Candeeiros subunit of the Estremenho massif.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Further investigation is needed about the population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle. It is urgent to develop a management plan for this species, which will consequently improve the conservation of further cave-adapted species of Serra dos Candeeiros subunit of the Estremenho massif.TrechusgamaeScientific name: Species authority: Ribeira & Reboleira, 2009AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: InsectaClass: ColeopteraOrder: CarabidaeFamily: T.fulvus-group” species complex.Taxonomic notes: This species belongs to the “Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 3Region for assessment: EuropeBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. materials 4Basis of EOO and AOO: Known habitat extentBasis (narrative): The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 73.4 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².Min Elevation/Depth (m): 250Max Elevation/Depth (m): 485Trechusgamae is a troglobiont beetle, known from five caves and from the mesovoid shallow substrate (scree slopes), all located in the Santo António Plateau, the central subunit of the Estremenho karst massif (Range description: t massif .EOO (km2): 73.4Trend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): 24Number of locations: 6Trechusgamae was found in five caves: Algar de Marradinhas II, Algar das Gralhas VII, Algar do Pena, Algar da Arroteia and Algar do Ladoeiro, all located in the Santo António Plateau, the central subunit of the Estremenho karst massif. Recently, a single specimen was found in the mesovoid shallow substrate at 0.5 m depth in scree slopes of Fórnea, which is also located in the Santo António Plateau, showing that this species may also disperse through more superficial subterranean habitats : Amongst the six known localities with populations of eia Cave . Algar deia Cave . All theNumber of subpopulations: 6Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: All the subpopulations face threats derived from intensive quarrying activity, which changes land use and disturbs the natural processes of the habitat. The subpopulations from Algar do Ladoeiro, Algar das Marradinhas II, Algar da Arroteia and Fórnea face threats of pollution and land use disturbance due to the proximity of urbanised areas.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesTrechusgamae was found in the deepest parts of the caves, from 50 to 95 m depth, all with high humidity levels (> 98%) and temperatures ranging from 13.5ºC (in Algar do Pena) to 17ºC (in Algar de Marradinhas II) (Habitat (narrative): nhas II) . The cavnhas II) . More renhas II) .Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves7.2. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Other Subterranean HabitatsHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves7.2. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Other Subterranean HabitatsSize: 4.83–5.38 mm , 3.94–5.44 mm Generation length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownTrechusgamae was the only cave-adapted beetle collected in the caves and MSS of the Santo António Plateau and it shows a strict subterranean lifestyle (Ecology and traits (narrative): ifestyle . Both adifestyle .Justification for threats: The distribution area of the species is all covered by the Natural Park of Serras d'Aire e Candeeiros. However, intense quarry activity is currently ongoing in the surrounding areas of the known localities. Algar do Pena is located 300 m from a quarry and Algar das Gralhas VII 168 m from the same quarry. Algar do Ladoeiro's entrance is 840 m from the closest urban areas, Algar das Marradinhas II is located 1.5 km from the nearest village and Algar da Arroteia is located 112 m from the closest house and 1.3 km from a quarry. Algar do Pena Cave hosts a laboratory and is open for visits upon previous booking. Fórnea is located 595 m from the closest house and 1.9 km from a quarry. The distribution area faces severe groundwater contamination , due to Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarrying6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activities9.1.2. Pollution - Domestic & urban waste water - Run-offThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarrying6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activities9.1.2. Pollution - Domestic & urban waste water - Run-offJustification for conservation actions: Although the habitat is protected by law under the “Rede Natura 2000” , the speConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Additional investigation about the population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle is required. The development of a management plan that will improve the conservation of this cave-adapted species in the Santo António Plateau subunit of the Estremenho karst massif is fundamental to ensure its conservation and protection.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Additional investigation about the population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle is required. The development of a management plan that will improve the conservation of this cave-adapted species in the Santo António Plateau subunit of the Estremenho karst massif is fundamental to ensure its conservation and protection.TrechuslunaiScientific name: Species authority: Ribeira & Reboleira, 2009AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: InsectaClass: ColeopteraOrder: CarabidaeFamily: T.fulvus-group” species complex.Taxonomic notes: This species belongs to the “Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 4Region for assessment: EuropeBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. materials 5Basis of EOO and AOO: Known habitat extent2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².Basis (narrative): The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 kmMin Elevation/Depth (m): 95Max Elevation/Depth (m): 307Trechuslunai is a troglobiont Carabidae known from three horizontal caves, located in Serra de Aire/São Mamede Plateau (Range description:  Plateau .EOO (km2): 4Trend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): 12Number of locations: 3Trechuslunai was found in three caves of the Serra de Aire/São Mamede Plateau subunits. The southernmost distribution is the Almonda Cave, but this species is also known from the Contenda and Moinhos Velhos Caves' system : Three populations are known exclusively from the Serra d'Aire/São Mamede Plateau subunit of the Estremenho karst massif .Number of subpopulations: 3Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: The subpopulation in Almonda cave is subject to wastewater and pollution infiltration and the subpopulations of the Contenda and Moinhos Velhos Caves face heavy contamination derived from the village under which they are located.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesTrechuslunai only occurs in the deepest parts of the caves, from 50 to 80 m depth. The three caves have high humidity levels and average temperature of 18ºC (Habitat (narrative):  of 18ºC . In Moin of 18ºC . The oth of 18ºC .Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 3.55–4.73 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownTrechuslunai was the only troglobiont species captured in these caves. All known localities are caves that flood seasonally (Ecology and traits (narrative): asonally .Justification for threats: Almonda Cave is located 50 m from a factory that conducts the subterranean river into the building for industrial use of the water and at 420 m from the village centre. The surrounding village is also heavily populated by agricultural fields. Contenda and Moinhos Velhos caves are heavily contaminated, as their subterranean network extends below the village of Mira d'Aire. The entrance of Moinhos Velhos Cave is located in the village centre and it has been explored for tourism since the 1960s with several complementary touristic infrastructures built .Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.2. Residential & commercial development - Commercial & industrial areas2.3. Agriculture & aquaculture - Livestock farming & ranching9.1.2. Pollution - Domestic & urban waste water - Run-offThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.2. Residential & commercial development - Commercial & industrial areas2.3. Agriculture & aquaculture - Livestock farming & ranching9.1.2. Pollution - Domestic & urban waste water - Run-offJustification for conservation actions: The Contenda and Moinhos-Velhos caves develop below the village of Mira d'Aire and infiltration of sewage is observed in the underground. Therefore an effort to improve sewage treatment is necessary in order to prevent wastewater run-off into subterranean gealleries and groundwaters. Almonda Cave is classified as Property of Public Interest (IIP) since 1993 and protected due to archaeological heritage . The arcConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Information about the population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle of this species is scarce, therefore, further investigation is required. It is also necessary to develop a management plan that will improve the conservation of the species in the Serra de Aire/S. Mamede Plateau subunits of the Estremenho karst massif.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Information about the population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle of this species is scarce, therefore, further investigation is required. It is also necessary to develop a management plan that will improve the conservation of the species in the Serra de Aire/S. Mamede Plateau subunits of the Estremenho karst massif.TrechustataiScientific name: Species authority: Reboleira & Ortuño, 2010AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: InsectaClass: ColeopteraOrder: CarabidaeFamily: T.fulvus-group” species complex. It is recognisable by the shape of the aedeagus and has a slim body, rudimentary wings, reduced eyes  and depigmentation. This species is the most troglomorphic ground-beetle known from Portugal  or Photo(s): Fig. 5Region for assessment: EuropeBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. materials 6Basis of EOO and AOO: Known habitat extentBasis (narrative): The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) are both of 4 km².Min Elevation/Depth (m): 380Trechustatai is a cave-adapted hygrophilous Carabidae known only from one small cave, located in Serra do Montejunto (Range description: ntejunto .EOO (km2): 4Trend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): 4Number of locations: 1Trechustatai only occurs in one cave, Algar do Javali, located in Serra do Montejunto. This species is geographically isolated : Only one population is known from Algar do Javali Cave, in Montejunto karst massif.Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: NoSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesTrechustatai was only collected in the deep oligotrophic areas of the cave. It was never found in areas with high organic material content (bat guano accumulation zones). The cave is 10 m deep and extends for 80 m. Temperatures in the deepest zone of the cave ranged from 14.2 ºC in winter to 15 ºC in summer (Habitat (narrative): n summer .Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 5.2–5.9 mm , 4.8–6 mm Generation length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownTrechustatai is the most troglomorphic carabid beetle from continental Portugal. Other caves of the area were sampled, but T.tatai was never collected elsewhere. The seasonal activity pattern of the beetle was studied during one year in the deepest zone of the cave and specimens were collected during winter, autumn and spring : d spring . The abshumidity .Eucalyptus intensive plantation, with direct impact on land use at the surface, pollution and groundwater depletion.Justification for threats: Algar do Javali Cave is located 1.6 km from a quarry with intensive extraction activity and 2.9 km from the closest village, which induces deep changes in land use at the surface and potential biotic exchange, such as introduction of invasive alien species. The cave entrance is located 50 m from a road and surrounded by Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas2.2. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarrying4. Transportation & service corridorsThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas2.2. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarrying4. Transportation & service corridorsJustification for conservation actions: Although this cave is protected by law through the “Rede Natura 2000” , the speConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Some crucial steps necessary for the protection of the species are the development of a management plan for the conservation of this cave-adapted species in Serra do Montejunto and the promotion of further studies regarding population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Some crucial steps necessary for the protection of the species are the development of a management plan for the conservation of this cave-adapted species in Serra do Montejunto and the promotion of further studies regarding population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle.SpeonemadusalgarvensisScientific name: Species authority: Reboleira, Fresneda & Salgado, 2017AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: InsectaClass: ColeopteraOrder: LeiodidaeFamily: Speonemadusescalerai-group" and is recognisable by the equal/subequal length of the 2nd, 4th, 5th and 7th antennomeres and a slightly transverse and hexagonal pronotum : Suppl. materials 7Basis of EOO and AOO: Known habitat extent2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2. The three caves are located along a 48 km straight line, with Algarão do Remexido Cave being 23 km from Vale Telheiro and Vale Telheiro Cave being 25 km from Senhora Cave.Basis (narrative): The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7.4 kmMin Elevation/Depth (m): 72Max Elevation/Depth (m): 269Speonemadusalgarvensis was collected in three caves in the southermost province of Portugal in the Algarve, being most likely endemic to the central and eastern parts of the Algarve karst massif, a region also known as Barrocal Algarvio (Range description: Algarvio .EOO (km2): 7.4Trend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): 12Number of locations: 3Speonemadusalgarvensis is known from three caves  in the Algarve karst massif : There are three populations known from Portugal, all from caves in the Algarve karst massif. The largest number of individuals was collected in Vale Telheiro Cave, followed by Senhora Cave and Algarão do Remexido Cave .Number of subpopulations: 3Trend: Decline (inferred)Justification for trend: All populations are under risk due to wastewater infiltration derived from the urbanised areas in the region. The subpopulation of Algarão do Remexido cave is threatened by agricultural pollution infiltration and the subpopulation from Senhora cave is threatened by industrial residue pollution.Extreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Specimens were collected in three caves, 15 to 30 m deep, with high humidity levels and average temperatures of 17.8ºC , 18.8ºC (Senhora Cave) and 19.3ºC (Algarão do Remexido Cave). This species is endemic to the Algarve karst massif .Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 4–4.9 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownSpeonemadusalgarvensis occurs exclusively in the Algarve and does not exhibit the typical troglomorphism found in other cave-adapted species, such as evident eye reduction, severe depigmentation and extreme body and appendages elongation, although it has only been collected in caves and never at the surface. This species was found to carry the ectoparasitic fungus of the order Laboulbeniales  attached to the cuticle and foresic acari (Ecology and traits (narrative): ic acari .Justification for threats: Algarão do Remexido is located under agricultural lands, 370 m from the closest house and 1.7 km from the closest village. Vale Telheiro is located 290 m from the closest house and 745 m from the closest urbanisation. Senhora Cave is located 168 m from the closest house and 900 m from an industrial complex.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.2. Residential & commercial development - Commercial & industrial areas2.3. Agriculture & aquaculture - Livestock farming & ranching9.1.2. Pollution - Domestic & urban waste water - Run-offThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas1.2. Residential & commercial development - Commercial & industrial areas2.3. Agriculture & aquaculture - Livestock farming & ranching9.1.2. Pollution - Domestic & urban waste water - Run-offJustification for conservation actions: Although the habitat is protected under legislation by the “Rede Natura 2000” , the speConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: The development of a management plan for the conservation of this cave-adapted species in the Algarve karst massif and the encouragement of more studies regarding population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle are essential measures for the protection of the species.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: The development of a management plan for the conservation of this cave-adapted species in the Algarve karst massif and the encouragement of more studies regarding population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle are essential measures for the protection of the species.DomenelusitanicaScientific name: Species authority: Reboleira & Oromí, 2011AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: InsectaClass: ColeopteraOrder: StaphylinidaeFamily: Taxonomic notes: Individuals display troglomorphism, such as microphthalmia, lack of wings and body elongation .Figure(s) or Photo(s): Fig. 6Region for assessment: EuropeBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. materials 8Basis of EOO and AOO: Known habitat extentBasis (narrative): The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) are both of 4 km².Domenelusitanica was found in a single cave located in the Sicó karstic massif (Range description: c massif .EOO (km2): 4Trend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): 4Number of locations: 1Domenelusitanica was collected in Cerâmica Cave, located in the Sicó karst area in central Portugal . This Ccave extends for 355 m : This species is known from a single population in central Portugal .Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): Specimens were exclusively collected in the deepest zones of the cave (10 m deep), in high humidity levels and with average temperatures of 16.4ºC .Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 9–9.48 mmGeneration length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownDomenelusitanica is included in the subgenus Lathromene, together with the other two Portuguese species of cave-adapted Domene: D.viriatoi and D.darinkae. This species is a predator troglobiont rove beetle, with reduced eyes, apterous, depigmented and elongated body and appendages : pendages . It is oel, 1946 .Eucalyptus plantations.Justification for threats: Cerâmica Cave is located 550 m from an animal farm, 3.5 km from the nearest village and 3.6 km from a quarry. It is surrounded by agricultural lands and Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas2.3. Agriculture & aquaculture - Livestock farming & ranching3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarryingThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas2.3. Agriculture & aquaculture - Livestock farming & ranching3.2. Energy production & mining - Mining & quarryingJustification for conservation actions: The habitat is located in an “Rede Natura 2000” area . PopulatConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awareness5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: In order to build a sustainable conservation plan for the species in the Sicó karst area, more information about population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle is needed. The threats also need to be addressed and minimised, if possible, in order to improve the habitat quality.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: In order to build a sustainable conservation plan for the species in the Sicó karst area, more information about population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle is needed. The threats also need to be addressed and minimised, if possible, in order to improve the habitat quality.DomeneviriatoiScientific name: Species authority: Serrano & Boieiro, 2015AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: InsectaClass: ColeopteraOrder: StaphylinidaeFamily: Taxonomic notes: This species displays body, leg and antennae elongation, microphthalmia and lack of wings .Region for assessment: EuropeBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. materials 9Basis of EOO and AOO: Known habitat extent2.Basis (narrative): The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 kmDomeneviriatoi was collected in two galleries of the Buraco da Moura Cave, located in the Serra da Estrela Mountain foothills (Range description: oothills .EOO (km2): 4Trend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): 4Number of locations: 1Domeneviriatoi was collected from the Buraco da Moura Cave at the edge of the Estrela Mountain chain : This species is known from a single population in the western border of the Estrela Mountain chain, the highest mountain of continental Portugal .Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): The cave is formed by granite blocks in the margins of the Caniça stream at an elevation of 677 m. It extends for 150 m of underground passages .Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 6.9‒8.2 mm , 6.3‒8.8 mm Generation length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownDomeneviriatoi is included in the subgenus Lathromene. Both adults and larvae of this species were observed foraging for preys in bat guano on the cave substrate : ubstrate . The cavJustification for threats: The cave entrance is located 127 m from the closest house, 530 m from a hydroelectric power station and 1.2 km from the closest village and is under anthropogenic disturbance due to tourism.Threat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activities7.2. Natural system modifications - Dams & water management/use9.1.2. Pollution - Domestic & urban waste water - Run-offThreat type: OngoingThreats: 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas6.1. Human intrusions & disturbance - Recreational activities7.2. Natural system modifications - Dams & water management/use9.1.2. Pollution - Domestic & urban waste water - Run-offJustification for conservation actions: Buraco da Moura Cave was classified as a “National Important Underground Shelter for Bats” therefore a decrease in human disturbance is expected . HoweverConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awarenessConservation action type: In PlaceConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection5.1.3. Law & policy - Legislation - Sub-national levelConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awarenessUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: A sustainable conservation plan for the species is only possible if more information about population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle is collected.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: A sustainable conservation plan for the species is only possible if more information about population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle is collected.DomenedarinkaeScientific name: Species authority: Magrini & Carotti 2019AnimaliaKingdom: ArthropodaPhylum: InsectaClass: ColeopteraOrder: StaphylinidaeFamily: Region for assessment: EuropeBiogeographic realm: PalearcticCountries: PortugalMap of records (Google Earth): Suppl. materials 10Basis of EOO and AOO: Known habitat extent2.Basis (narrative): The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 kmDomenedarinkae is a cave-adapted rove beetle known from an abandoned mine in northern Portugal : 4Trend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownTrend: UnknownCauses ceased?: UnknownCauses understood?: UnknownCauses reversible?: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownAOO (km2): 4Number of locations: 1Domenedarinkae is known from a single horizontal artificial cave, Santa Isabel mine, located in the Marão Mountain chain in north Portugal : Only one specimen of this species is known from a single location in northern Portugal .Trend: UnknownExtreme fluctuations?: UnknownSevere fragmentation?: UnknownSystem: TerrestrialHabitat specialist: YesHabitat (narrative): The only known specimen was collected in the rocky debris along the main tunnel of the Santa Isabel mine . The geoTrend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)Habitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesHabitat importance: Major ImportanceHabitats: 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - CavesSize: 6.93 mm Generation length (yr): 1Dependency of single sp?: UnknownDomenedarinkae is included in the subgenus Lathromene. It is a predator and exhibits troglomorphisms, such as depigmentation, elongation of body and antennae and accentuated microphthalmia (Ecology and traits (narrative): hthalmia .Threat type: PastThreats: 6.3. Human intrusions & disturbance - Work & other activities7.3. Natural system modifications - Other ecosystem modificationsThreat type: PastThreats: 6.3. Human intrusions & disturbance - Work & other activities7.3. Natural system modifications - Other ecosystem modificationsJustification for conservation actions: Undisturbed areas in the surface of the mine need to be defined and established.Conservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awarenessConservation action type: NeededConservation actions: 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management4. Education & awarenessUse type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Further information about population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle is needed to better protect the species and the habitat. The mine, where the species was found, is an anthropogenic construction that clearly adversely affected the natural habitat of the species that should be the deep fissures and the mesovoid shallow substrate of the area. Therefore, it is recommended to sample these habitats in the area to understand the distribution of this species and to define new conservation priorities.Use type: InternationalEcosystem service type: Very importantResearch needed: 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends1.3. Research - Life history & ecology2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan3.1. Monitoring - Population trends3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trendsJustification for research needed: Further information about population size, extent of distribution, ecology and life cycle is needed to better protect the species and the habitat. The mine, where the species was found, is an anthropogenic construction that clearly adversely affected the natural habitat of the species that should be the deep fissures and the mesovoid shallow substrate of the area. Therefore, it is recommended to sample these habitats in the area to understand the distribution of this species and to define new conservation priorities.http://iyck2021.org), an event organised by the International Union of Speleology to promote the awareness for the importance of caves and their habitats. Under this framework, a global initiative created the International Cave Animal of the Year  devoted to cave beetles. Within this initiative, different countries selected their own endemic species as a flag for advocating the conservation of subterranean ecosystems. Here, we offer information about the distribution  beetle from Portugal, was described, based on a female specimen and no further specimens have been found in a cave that has been constantly monitored for more than a decade. Its habitat, the Soprador do Carvalho Cave is under serious anthropogenic threats, such as groundwater contamination and touristic pressure ; 2: T.gamae (yellow circle); 3:T.lunai (pink circle); 4: T.tatai (red circle); 5: Iberoporuspluto (blue star); 6: Domenelusitanica (yellow diamond); 7: D.viriatoi (pink diamond); 8: D.darinkae (blue diamond); and 9: Speonemadusalgarvensis (pink triangle). (A) Detail of northern distribution, (B) Detail of central distribution and (C) Detail of southern distribution. In green are protected areas.1: File: oo_528602.tifhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/528602A.S.P.S. Reboleira, R.P. Eusébio0F7E68E8-AAD0-50EE-B880-0CEFA740227D10.3897/BDJ.9.e67426.suppl2Supplementary material 2Iberoporuspluto.Distribution of cave-adapted beetle Data typeSpecies distribution mapBrief descriptionIberoporuspluto distribution: Soprador do Carvalho Cave, Penela, Coimbra District.File: oo_560421.tifhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/560421A.S.P.S. Reboleira, R.P. EusébioD7DABAF2-3B19-5E93-BD25-C30939739EB610.3897/BDJ.9.e67426.suppl3Supplementary material 3Trechusmachadoi.Distribution of cave-adapted beetle Data typeSpecies distribution mapBrief descriptionTrechusmachadoi distribution: Alcobertas Cave and mesovoid shallow substratum, Rio Maior.File: oo_560428.tifhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/560428A.S.P.S. Reboleira, R.P.EusébioF33828A8-DED8-539A-8ADB-E01A34FF86B110.3897/BDJ.9.e67426.suppl4Supplementary material 4Trechusgamae.Distribution of cave-adapted beetle Data typeSpecies distribution mapBrief descriptionTrechusgamae distribution: (1) Algar da Arroteia Cave; (2) Fórnea (MSS); (3) Algar do Ladoeiro Cave; (4) Algar de Marradinhas II Cave; (5) Algar do Pena Cave; and (6) Algar das Gralhas VII Cave. All caves and MSS are located in the Santo António Plateau, the central subunit of the Estremenho karst massif. (A) Detail of distribution.File: oo_560430.tifhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/560430A.S.P.S. Reboleira, R.P. Eusébio50F0176B-32A1-5094-B243-043C8F72D14210.3897/BDJ.9.e67426.suppl5Supplementary material 5Trechuslunai.Distribution of cave-adapted beetle Data typeSpecies distribution mapBrief descriptionTrechuslunai distribution: (1) Contenda and Moinhos Velhos Cave system; and (2) Almonda Cave, both located in the Estremenho karst massif.File: oo_560431.tifhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/560431A.S.P.S. Reboleira, R.P. Eusébio8999FE89-5F39-5920-80EA-13A029878CF110.3897/BDJ.9.e67426.suppl6Supplementary material 6Trechustatai.Distribution of cave-adapted beetle Data typeSpecies distribution mapBrief descriptionTrechustatai distribution: Algar do Javali Cave, Montejunto karst massif.File: oo_560436.tifhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/560436A.S.P.S. Reboleira, R.P. Eusébio3044C8C3-6105-508F-AB09-06C452FC863710.3897/BDJ.9.e67426.suppl7Supplementary material 7Speonemadusalgarvensis.Distribution of cave-adapted beetle Data typeSpecies distribution mapBrief descriptionSpeonemadusalgarvensis distribution: (1) Algarão do Remexido Cave; (2) Vale Telheiro Cave; and (3) Senhora cavea, all located in the Algarve karst massif.File: oo_560437.tifhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/560437A.S.P.S. Reboleira, R.P. Eusébio2C303E65-CCAC-500D-B815-0FAE2AEA3BFE10.3897/BDJ.9.e67426.suppl8Supplementary material 8Domenelusitanica.Distribution of cave-adapted beetle Data typeSpecies distribution mapBrief descriptionDomenelusitanica distribution: Cerâmica Cave, Sicó karst area.File: oo_560438.tifhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/560438A.S.P.S. Reboleira, R.P. Eusébio081BE9A5-9F66-5DA2-8DF0-7B8416C9E0E110.3897/BDJ.9.e67426.suppl9Supplementary material 9Domeneviriatoi.Distribution of cave-adapted beetle Data typeSpecies distribution mapBrief descriptionDomeneviriatoi distribution: Buraco da Moura Cave, Estrela Mountain chain.File: oo_560439.tifhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/560439A.S.P.S. Reboleira, R.P. Eusébio6A5B9DF4-9ACF-5EC2-B7F1-3228812F5DEC10.3897/BDJ.9.e67426.suppl10Supplementary material 10Domenedarinkae.Distribution of cave-adapted beetle Data typeSpecies distribution mapBrief descriptionDomenedarinkae distribution: Santa Isabel mine, Marão Mountain chain.File: oo_560442.tifhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/560442A.S.P.S. Reboleira, R.P. Eusébio


Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreaks primarily occur in the HIV endemic setting of Sub-Saharan Africa. Transient increases in HIV viral load (VL), or blips, have been described following routine vaccinations. We characterized VL blips among PLWH enrolled in a phase 2 trial of a heterologous two-dose EVD vaccine.In EBL2003, adult participants with and without HIV were randomized 1:4 to receive placebo or vaccine. Part A in the US studied MVA-BN-Filo followed by Ad26.ZEBOV 14 days later. Part B in Africa evaluated this MVA/Ad26 regimen and also a schedule of Ad26.ZEBOV followed by MVA-BN-Filo 29 days later. VL was assessed at screening, pre-vaccination, and 21, 42, 180, and 365 days post dose 2. Participants with VL < 20 copies/mL at the first 2 visits who received both doses and had complete VL data through 42 days post dose 2 were evaluated. Blips were defined as a post-injection VL ≥ 20 copies/mL no later than 42 days post dose 2, with subsequent return to VL < 20 copies/mL.A total of 277 PLWH on antiretroviral therapy (ART) were assessed; 73.3% (203) had baseline virologic suppression, and 89.2% (181) of those received both doses with complete VL data for inclusion in the analysis. Overall, 19.9% (36) experienced blips: 20.0% (29) of vaccinees vs 19.4% (7) of placebo recipients (p=1.0). All baseline suppressed participants with post-injection viremia subsequently regained suppression. Among vaccinees, the mean blip VL was 192 copies/mL, and the mean blip duration was 56 days, which was not significantly different from placebo. Of all blips, only 2 were > 1,000 copies/mL. Blips occurred in 24.0% (25) of Ad26/MVA recipients, and 9.7% (4) of MVA/Ad26 recipients (p=0.07). A dose of Ad26 was associated with a blip in 6.9% (10) of recipients vs 13.1% (19) for MVA recipients (p=0.12). Regardless of regimen, dose 1 was associated with a blip in 8.3% (12) of vaccinees, compared to 11.7% (17) of vaccinees for dose 2 (p=0.43).Among successfully treated PLWH, we observed low magnitude post-dose HIV blips that were not more common in vaccine vs. placebo recipients and did not result in loss of virologic suppression. This data is favorable for the deployment of the EVD vaccines in this trial in areas of high HIV endemicity.Benjamin L. Custer, M.D., Alexion Pharmaceuticals (Shareholder)Armata Pharmaceuticals (Shareholder)Biomarin Pharmaceutical (Shareholder)Crispr Therapeutics (Shareholder)CVS Health Corp (Shareholder)Editas Medicine (Shareholder)Gilead (Shareholder)Glaxo Smith Kline (Shareholder)Hologic Inc (Shareholder)Merck (Shareholder)Mesoblast LTD (Shareholder)Pfizer (Shareholder)Sanofi (Shareholder)Unitedhealth Group (Shareholder)Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Shareholder) Georgi Shukarev, MD, Janssen (Employee) Auguste Gaddah, PhD, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V (Employee) Kerstin Luhn, PhD, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention  Macaya Douoguih, MD, MPH, Janssen (Employee) Cynthia Robinson, MD, Janssen Vaccines (Employee)


Once-daily oral tenofovir-based combinations as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) have shown to be an effective biomedical HIV prevention strategy for populations at-risk of acquiring HIV-1. However, low adherence can lead to poor effectiveness. This study described the characteristics of commercially-insured US PrEP users.This retrospective study used IQVIA™ PharMetrics Plus data (1/1/2015–3/31/2020) to identify adults newly initiated (index date) on emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) or emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (FTC/TAF) as daily PrEP. Users had ≥6 months of continuous enrollment pre-index (baseline); those diagnosed with HIV or with antiretroviral therapy (ART) use during baseline were excluded. User characteristics were described during the baseline period. For FTC/TDF users, proportion of days covered (PDC), persistence, treatment breaks, and switching were described during the follow-up period, which spanned from index to the earliest of disenrollment or end of data. Non-persistence was defined as a >90-day gap from last day of supply, with re-initiation after this gap indicating treatment break. For PDC and persistence, follow-up was censored at HIV infection, defined by both multi-class ART initiation and HIV diagnosis. In total 24,232 FTC/TDF and 1,187 FTC/TAF users were identified. Overall, mean age was 35.1 years and 94.5% were male (Table 1). Mean [median] length of follow-up was longer for FTC/TDF (504 [390] days) than FTC/TDF users (77 [70] days). On average, FTC/TDF users had 9.0 dispensings with 38.3 days of supply per dispensing over follow-up; 11.1% had ≥1 treatment break . Among those initiated on FTC/TDF, 10.8% switched to FTC/TAF. The mean PDC for FTC/TDF users at 6 and 12 months was 0.74 and 0.67, respectively, corresponding to 63.7% and 57.9% of patients with PDC ≥0.70 . Persistence to FTC/TDF at 6 and 12 months was 70.2% and 57.4%, respectively .Table 1. Baseline Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of PrEP Users by RegimenFigure 1. Proportion of Days Covered of FTC/TDF UsersFigure 2. Kaplan-Meier Persistence Rates of FTC/TDF UsersPatient characteristics of PrEP users are broadly similar between regimens, though switching from FTC/TDF to FTC/TAF is common. FTC/TDF users had lower real-world PDC and persistence than in recent clinical trials (DISCOVER and HPTN 083).Alan Oglesby, MPH, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)  Guillaume Germain, MSc, ViiV Healthcare  Francois Laliberte, MA, Viiv (Research Grant or Support) Staci Bush, NP, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)  Heidi Swygard, MD, ViiV Healthcare (Employee) Sean MacKnight, MScPH, Analysis Group (Employee) Annalise Hilts, BA, Analysis Group, Inc. (Employee) Mei Sheng Duh, MPH, ScD, ViiV Healthcare (Grant/Research Support)