Objectives. In this study, we assessed the extra-articular symptoms in constellation with selected serum cytokines and disease activity in spondyloarthritis (SpA). Patients and Methods. We studied 287 SpA patients: 131 had AS, 110 had PsA, and 46 had SAPHO. We assessed extra-articular symptoms in all cases. In 191 SpA patients, we measured serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18 (IL-18), interleukin-23 (IL-23), endothelin-1 (ET-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Results. Patients with acute anterior uveitis (AAU) had higher VAS (P = 0.0008), BADSDAI (P = 0.0001), ASDAS-ESR (P = 0.04), CRP (P = 0.006), IL-6 (P = 0.02), and IL-18 (P = 0.03) levels. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) had higher VAS (P = 0.03), CRP (P = 0.0009), and IL-6 (P = 0.0003) levels. Patients with skin psoriasis had lower VAS (P = 0.001) and BASDAI (P = 0.00007) levels. Patients with psoriatic onycholysis had lower VAS (P = 0.006), BASDAI (P = 0.00001), and CRP (P = 0.02) and higher IL-23 (P = 0.04) levels. Patients with PPP had lower BASDAI (P = 0.04) and higher ET-1 (P = 0.001) levels. Conclusions. SpA patients with increased serum IL-18 and decreased serum ET-1 had an increased risk of extra-articular symptoms. In SpA patients, increased disease activity was associated with an increased risk of AAU and IBD and a decreased risk of skin psoriasis, psoriatic onycholysis, and PPP. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and SAPHO syndrome (SAPHO) are seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SpA) which are connected with the presence of HLA-B27 antigen –3. In thSeveral proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18 (IL-18), interleukin-23 (IL-23) are considered to play a role in pathogenesis of SpA –14. AlsoThere are data that development of different extra-articular symptoms is connected with elevated levels of different markers of inflammatory process , 6, 13. The aim of our study was to assess extra-articular symptoms in constellation with selected serum cytokines and disease activity in SpA. We selected cytokines that play a role in the pathogenesis of SpA and are involved in angiogenesis and endothelial function.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin . Informed consent was obtained from all patients. We studied 287 SpA patients: 131 had AS, 110 had PsA, and 46 had SAPHO. All patients were Caucasian. The following data were recorded: age, sex, disease duration, and extra-articular symptoms: acute anterior uveitis (AAU), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), skin psoriasis, psoriatic onychopathy, and positivity for HLA B27. The diagnosis of AS was made according to modified New York criteria . The patWe also assessed the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). This index has a possible score of 0–10, with a higher score indicating greater disease activity. We regarded patients as active if the BASDAI score was > 4 .The Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) was assessed using ESR. The ASDAS-ESR was calculated, in AS patients and PsA patients with axial joint involvement, using online calculator available at the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society website.Disease activity score calculation, in PsA patients, were made use of free online Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) calculator.In the first 191 SpA patients, 81 had AS, 76 had PsA, and 34 had SAPHO; we studied serum levels of selected cytokines: IL-6, IL-23, IL-18, endothelin-1(ET-1), VEGF, and EGF. Additionally, we studied CRP and ESR. The controls were 30 healthy volunteers. The methods of assessment of these cytokines were presented in our previous paper .R values of correlations were determined and corresponding P values <0.05 were considered significant. The groups were compared using Student's t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. To assess parameters Pearson's chi-squared test (χ2), logistic regression analysis, and step-wise analysis were performed. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA version 8.0, StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, United States.Data distributions were assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Data are described as mean ± standard deviation and median (Q1 and Q3). The The clinical characteristics of SpA patients and the prevalence of extra-articular symptoms are presented in P < 0.000001) and in AS than in SAPHO (P = 0.0001). We compared SpA patients with AAU to those without AAU. SpA patients with AAU had longer disease duration (P = 0.0002) and higher prevalence of HLA-B27 antigen (P = 0.0001). SpA patients with AAU had higher disease activity as assessed using the VAS (P = 0.0008), BADSDAI (P = 0.0001), ASDAS-ESR (P = 0.04), and CRP (P = 0.006). Additionally, they had lower disease activity as assessed using the DAS28 (P < 0.0001)  .P = 0.01) and BASDAI (P = 0.005) were associated with increased risk of AAU (P = 0.02) and IL-18 (P = 0.03) levels (P = 0.02). SpA patients with AAU compared to healthy controls had higher serum IL-18 levels (P = 0.00009). In SpA patients as compared to healthy controls, increased serum levels of IL-6 (P = 0.02), IL-23 (P = 0.03), and Il-18 (P = 0.0006) were associated with increased risk of AAU (P = 0.0007) were associated with increased risk of AAU (In SpA patients increased CRP (k of AAU . SpA pat) levels . SpA patk of AAU . In SpA k of AAU .P = 0.004). We compared SpA patients with IBD to those without IBD. SpA patients with IBD had higher prevalence of HLA-B27 antigen (P = 0.04) and higher disease activity as assessed using the VAS (P = 0.03), CRP (P = 0.0009), and IL-6 (P = 0.0003). Additionally, they had lower disease activity as assessed using the DAS28 (P < 0.0001) (P = 0.007). When SpA patients were compared to controls, increased serum levels IL-18 (P = 0.03) were associated with an increased risk of IBD (IBD was present in 3.5% SpA patients and in 7.6% AS patients. No one patient with PsA or SAPHO had IBD . The pre 0.0001) . SpA patk of IBD .P = 0.004), lower prevalence of HLA-B27 antigen (P = 0.00004), and lower disease activity as assessed using the VAS (P = 0.001), and BASDAI (P = 0.00007) (P = 0.003) and BASDAI (P = 0.002) were associated with decreased risk of skin psoriasis  . In SpA soriasis .P > 0.05). In SpA patients as compared to healthy controls, increased serum levels of IL-18 (P = 0.0002) and decreased serum levels of ET-1 (P = 0.006) were associated with increased risk of skin psoriasis , lower prevalence of HLA-B27 antigen (P = 0.0004), and lower disease activity as assessed using the VAS (P = 0.006), BASDAI (P = 0.00001), CRP (P = 0.02), and IL-23 (P = 0.04) (We compared SpA patients with psoriatic onychopathy to those without psoriatic onychopathy. SpA patients with psoriatic onychopathy had shorter disease duration ( = 0.04) .P = 0.02).SpA patients with psoriatic onychopathy compared to healthy controls had higher IL-23 level (P = 0.002) had lower risk of psoriatic onychopathy (SpA patients with increased BASDAI (chopathy .P = 0.0002) and decreased serum levels of ET-1 (P = 0.008) were associated with increased risk of psoriatic onychopathy , lower prevalence of HLA-B27 antigen (P = 0.0008), and lower disease activity as assessed using the BASDAI (P = 0.04). They had higher ESR (P = 0.004) and higher serum ET-1 (P = 0.001) (P = 0.4). In SpA patients compared to healthy controls increased serum levels of IL-18 (P = 0.01) were associated with increased risk of PPP (PPP was present in 14.6% SpA patients and in 91.3% SAPHO patients . We comp= 0.001) . There wk of PPP .We presented extra-articular symptoms in constellation with disease activity and selected serum cytokines which are involved in disease activity, angiogenesis, and endothelial function in SpA patients.The percentage of AAU in SpA patients and AS patients in our study was similar to those presented by other authors –6, 9.The most important genetic factor associated with AAU is HLA-B27 . We confIn our study AAU was the most frequent in AS patients. Additionally, SpA patients with AAU had higher levels of ASDAS-ESR and lower DAS28. These confirm observations of other authors that AAU is more frequent in axial SpA , 8, 9. TWe also confirmed as other authors that patients with AAU had longer disease duration and higher disease activity , 8.IL-6 plays role in arthritis but its role in SpA pathogenesis is controversial. Kramer et al.  presenteIL-18 is considered as one of proinflammatory cytokine which also activate and deregulate endothelial function. In our previous study we confirmed higher levels of IL-18 in SpA patients and AS patients . In currThe percentage of IBD in SpA patients in our study was similar to those presented by other authors , 5. PatiThe percentage of SpA patients with skin psoriasis in our study was similar to the results presented by others , 9. PeluWe also found that SpA patients with skin psoriasis, compared to SpA group without that symptom, had lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-23, IL-18, VEGF, and EGF. Nevertheless, we confirmed that increased serum IL-18 levels were associated with increased risk of skin psoriasis in SpA. These foundlings suggest that some markers of disease activity did not influence on prevalence of psoriatic skin changes. On the other hand it can confirm the role of IL-18 in pathogenesis of skin psoriasis by influence on disease activity and endothelial function.IL-23 is produced by keratinocytes and is considered to play a role in SpA pathogenesis. In our previous study by Przepiera-Będzak et al.  we showePsoriatic onychopathy was observed only in PsA group. Peluso et al. have presented psoriatic onychopathy in 89.2% PsA patients . In SpA The axis IL-17/ILK-23 is considered to play the crucial role in SpA pathogenesis. In our study we presented association between psoriatic onychopathy and serum IL-23. SpA patients with psoriatic onychopathy had higher serum IL-23 than healthy controls. In our previous study by Przepiera-Będzak et al.  we confiThere were data which confirmed increased serum IL-18 in SAPHO. These suggested role of IL-18 in pathogenesis of SAHO , 13. In ET-1 plays a role in inflammation and vasculopathy. Kuryliszyn-Moskal et al.  presentepatients with AAU had higher serum IL-6 and IL-18;patients with IBD had higher levels of IL-6;patients with nail psoriasis had higher levels of IL-23;patients with PPP had higher levels of ET-1.In SpA patients, increased serum IL-18 and decreased serum ET-1 were associated with an increased risk of extra-articular symptoms. Additionally, increased serum IL-6 and IL-23 increased the risk of AAU. Among SpA patients, increased disease activity was associated with an increased risk of AAU and IBD and a decreased risk of skin psoriasis, psoriatic onycholysis, and PPP.The analysis of serum levels of selected cytokines in SpA patients with and without extra-articular symptoms and healthy controls confirmed the following:


AbstractSciaroidea) are a globally species rich group of lower Diptera. In Europe, Fennoscandian peninsula in particular holds a notable diversity, ca. 1000 species, of which 10 % are still unnamed. Fungus gnats are predominantly terrestrial insects, but some species dwell in wetland habitats.Fungus gnats  and Mycetophilidae , are described. Four of the species are known from Fennoscandia only whilst two are supposed to have boreo-alpine disjunct ranges, i.e. having populations in Fennoscandia and the Central European Alps. One of the species probably has a boreal range . Type material of Boletinacurta Sasakawa & Kimura from Japan was found to consist of two species, and a further species close to these taxa is described from Finland. Phroniaelegantula Hackman is redescribed and reported for the first time from Norway. DNA barcodes are provided for the first time for five species.Eight new fungus gnat species, belonging to the families  Sciaroidea are lower Diptera traditionally classified to the infraorder Nematocera, thread-horned flies , black-winged fungus gnats (Sciaridae) and gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) (ed flies . Nematocfamilies . Sciaroimyiidae) . In thismyiidae) .Fungus gnats are a highly diverse group of flies, having over 5000 known species globally , and butDNA barcoding has become a standard procedure in biodiversity surveys and taxonomic studies e.g. . The metOrfelia Costa, Sciophila Meigen, Boletina Staeger and Phronia Winnertz. Orfelia is a keroplatid genus with 36 Holarctic species, of which 25 are known from the Palaearctic region .Images of male hypopygia were taken using an Olympus SZ61 stereomicroscope equipped with a Canon 650D camera and a LM Digital SLR Adapter. Habitus photos of the new Sciaroidea specimens. Legs or 2–3 abdominal segments of the specimens were placed in 96% ethanol in a 96-well lysis microplate and dispatched to the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario where DNA was extracted and sequenced using standard protocols and primers  was sequenced from a total of 10  primers . The frahttp://v4.boldsystems.org/index.php/IDS_OpenIdEngine) in order to search for conspecific taxa and to assess the COI divergence between the new species and the taxa available in the BOLD database. We used “current database” and “All Barcode Records on BOLD” as options in the queries. The queries were made during October 2016 and at that time the BOLD database held 4,708,558 sequences (with a minimum sequence length of 500 bp), of which 46206 belonged to the family Mycetophilidae and 3665 to the Keroplatidae. Genetic similarities presented here are based on K2P distances and were calculated by the BOLD identification engine.Barcodes of the Finnish specimens  were submitted to the BOLD  identifiSalmelasp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B5A81F63-3F71-4A8F-B23B-ADF5CA4211D3Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS-2014-0233; recordedBy: M. Mäkilä; individualCount: 1; sex: M; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Diptera; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Lapponia kemensis pars orientalis; municipality: Savukoski; locality: Törmäoja Conservation Area; decimalLatitude: 67.823; decimalLongitude: 29.439; Identification: identifiedBy: Jukka E. Salmela; Event: eventDate: 2014-08-07; Record Level: institutionCode: ZMUTType status:Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: BIOUG08366-D12; recordNumber: bayw.17; recordedBy: G. Sellmayer; individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Bavaria; locality: Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald, 11.3 km N of Grafenau; decimalLatitude: 48.9509; decimalLongitude: 13.422; Event: eventDate: 2012-09-13/22; Record Level: institutionCode: ZSMMale. Head bicolored, vertex with a triangular dark area, laterally yellowish brown Fig. a, b, c. 1Scutum yellowish with three longitudinal brown stripes; median stripe consisting of two stripes that are largely merged, a narrow anterior gap between the stripes is present Fig. b, c. DarWings yellowish, with a faint subapical dark band extending from C to M2. Veins dark brown except bm–cu and bRs that are lighter. Veins R1 and bCuA with dorsal setae, R5 setose both ventrally and dorsally. Sc ending in C before bRs. R4 very short, about 0.12 times longer than apical portion of R5. Wing length 4.1 mm.Coxae yellowish brown - brown, bearing short dark setae, legs yellowish. Ratio of femur to tibia for fore, mid and hind legs: 0.79, 0.68, 0.63. Ratio of tibia to basitarsus for fore, mid and hind legs: 1.67, 1.0, 1.0. Anterior spur of mid-tarsus about 0.5 times longer than posterior spur.Abdominal tergites and sternites brown, bearing dark setae. Hypopygium brown. 9th tergite widest medially, apex rounded. Gonocoxites dorsally with an outgrowth, bearing a few long apical setae and having a mesial protrusion Fig. a. Cerci 22222Female.The paratype female is lacking all legs except right fore leg and right hind femur. The specimen is slightly paler than the holotype male. The specimen may be somewhat teneral or it has bleached in the Malaise trap or later in the ethanol. Otherwise the specimen is very similar to the holotype. Antennal flagellomeres, except first and last, are wider than long (length:width ratio of 4th segment is 0.78). Cerci short, apically truncated, gonocoxite 8 short and rounded. Wing length 3.9 mm.O.nigricornis (Fabricius) and O.subnigricornis Zaitzev & Menzel have a bunch of setae.The new species is characterised by the short and dark antennae, a yellow scutum with contrasting scutellar stripes, brown pleural sclerites of the thorax, brown, unicolorous abdomen and a short R4 vein. The dorsal lobe of gonostylus is strongly curved. The ventral lobe of gonostylus has only two black apical setae, while The name of the new species refers to its putative boreo-alpine, disjunct range in Europe. The name is a noun in apposition.O.boreoalpina sp.n. has a disjunct European range, having populations in the northern Fennoscandia and the Central European mountains  dominated boreal forest. Bavarian site is a conifer-dominated mountain forest . If using the key provided by O.boreoalpina sp.n. has an orange scutum and brown pleura, thus dropping out already in the first couplet. In the key provided by O.nigricornis, that has elongated palpal segments and one pointed outgrowth on the dorsal side of gonocoxites. Orfelianigricornis, however, has a tuft of setae on the apex of dorsal lobe of the gonostylus while O.boreoalpina has only two dark setae. Other more or less similar species are 1) O.subnigricornis, that is characterized by the yellow scape and pedicel and median flagellomeres that are 1.4 times longer than wide , 2) O.sachalinensis (Matsumura) has a yellow abdomen and indistinct scutal stripes   and 3) O.minima (Giglio-Tos) that has a yellowish scape, pedicel and a yellowish abdomen .The new species is rather distant to all other Holarctic species, but it may be closest to han wide   shared by no other members. The nearest specimens are rather distant: 97 closest sequences have similarity values between 88.25 and 86.35, being assigned to O.nemoralis (Meigen) (54 specimens), O.nigricornis (2), Keroplatidae (40) and Mycetophilidae (1). DNA barcode and associated data of the paratype is available from the BOLD Public data portal.The DNA barcode of the paratype specimen is almost identical to the holotype, their similarity is 99.54 %. The type specimens belong to the same BIN old-growth boreal forest, dominated by birch , black. Scape:pedicel length ratio 1.30; scape with a rounded, a bit depressed sensory field in its lateral base, having 7 minute setae. Flagellomeres cylindrical, length:width ratio of 1st flagellomere 1.51, 4th flagellomere 1.76 and apical flagellomere 3.13. Flagellomeres covered by dense light setosity, setae slightly curved, their length shorter than width of respective flagellomere; polygon-like (reticulate) pattern present, especially so in apical flagellomeres.Thorax black. Scutum covered by pale setae. Anepimeron bare, other sclerites setose. Scutellum with eight setae in a curved row. Halteres light brown with pale setae; apical part of stem and base of knob infuscated.Wings hyaline, lamina covered by both macro and microtrichia. Base of Rs, R4 and r-m bare, other veins setose, veins light brown to dark brown. C exceeding tip of R5 25 % of the distance between R5 and M1. Sc2 situated between base of Rs and R4. Furcation point of median fork at the level of bRs. M1+M2 very short. Length ratio of M1+2:r-m = 0.53. Wing length 3.2 mm.Fore coxae light brown, mid and hind coxae dark brown, with pale setae, trochanters dark-brown. Legs yellowish brown, femora basoventrally darkened; apices of mid and hind coxae infuscated, the latter more clearly so. Setae on femora mostly dark, tibial and tarsal setae dark. Length ratio of femur to tibia for fore, mid and hind legs: 0.93, 1.03, 0.89. Length ratio of tibia to basitarsus for fore, mid and hind legs: 1.36, 1.57, 1.89. Anteroapical depressed area of the fore tibia with two rows of pale setae, proximal row curved with ca. 17 setae and distal row almost straight with ca. 20 setae. Ratio of apical width of tibia:length of longest tibial spur for fore, mid and hind legs: 0.52, 0.33, 0.33.Abdominal tergites and sternites dark brown - almost black, covered by dark setae. Distal margin of 9th tergite rounded Fig. a. Gonoco44444This is a very dark species with the head, antennae, thorax, and abdomen black or dark brown. The 9th tergite is apically rounded. The ventral lobe of the gonostylus has a prominent apical outgrowth. The aedeagus is about as long as the parameres with the apex truncated. The parameres are rather thin with their apices contorted.The new species is named after Mr. Tuomas Holopainen, the founder, songwriter and keyboardist of a Finnish metal band, "Nightwish". The name is a genitive.The new species is so far known only from eastern Finnish Lapland, the north boreal ecoregion Fig. .The type locality in Törmäoja Conservation Area was a sloping birch forest in a river canyon, close to a spring brook.Sciophila. The number of large setae on the small median appendage of gonostylus is varying, it may be two or three, thus making the use of Zaitzev's , but is otherwise very different, having e.g. a high number of comb-like megasetae on the large median lobe of the gonostylus (63–65 vs. 19 in S.holopaineni sp.n.). If three setae, the species runs to the couplet 79 and thereafter to 95, 99, 109 and finally to 114, but the new species does not fit either S.kashmirensis Zaitzev or S.stackelbergi Zaitzev. Holotype male had two and three setae, paratype male had two in both gonostyli.The new species seems to be rather distant from the known Holarctic species of aitzev's  key probSciophila. JS checked a few specimens in his collection (JES), and the character was present in S.buxtoni Freeman, S.curvata sp.n., Leptomorphusforcipatus Landrock, Polyleptaborealis Lundström and Allocotocerapulchella (Curtis), but it was absent among Anaclileiadziedzickii (Landrock). In Acnemiatrifida Zaitzev there was an ventroapical sensory field at the scape, with hyaline cover. It is possible, that this trait is symplesiomorphic  amongst Sciophilinae and is lost in some genera.We were not able to find any notes in the literature on the presence of a sensory field at the base of scape among Salmelasp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1B97183D-C325-46CA-9E12-AA1E98678CFEType status:Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS-2015-0252; recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: borealis pars borealisOstrobothnia ; verbatimLocality: Kemijärvi, Pyhä-Luosto National Park, Karhunotko; verbatimLatitude: 67.001; verbatimLongitude: 27.133; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2014-6-10/7-11; habitat: old-growth boreal forest with an intermittent brook; Record Level: institutionCode: ZMUTType status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: A. Polevoi; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Russia; stateProvince: Karelia; verbatimLocality: Kivach Nature Reserve; verbatimLatitude: 62.272; verbatimLongitude: 33.986; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1990-8-13/9-11; habitat: Myrtillus pine forest; Record Level: institutionCode: FRIPMale. Head dark, almost black. Ocelli arranged in a shallow triangle, approximately on the median part of vertex; ratio of distance of lateral ocellus from median ocellus: distance of lateral ocelli from eye = 0.59. Vertex covered by dark setae, face covered by small setae and clypeus by longer setae. Eyes pubescent. Palpi pale, covered by pale setae. Length ratio of palpal segments 3–5: 3:4=0.81, 4:5=0.52. Penultimate segment 4.3 times as long as wide, last segment 11.0 times as long as wide. Antennae 16-segmented , brown, first flagellomere light brown. Scape:pedicel length ratio 1.38. Scape with a slightly depressed sensory field in its base, having 5-6 minute setae. Flagellomeres cylindrical, length:width ratio of 1st flagellomere 1.54, 4th flagellomere 1.3 and apical flagellomere 2.90. Flagellomeres covered by dense light setosity, setae slightly curved, their length shorter than width of respective flagellomere. Polygonal (reticulate) pattern not present in basal and median flagellomeres, and either unclearly present or absent on the apical flagellomeres; apical flagellomeres of the holotype are slightly wrinkled.Thorax dark brown. Scutum covered by pale setae. Anepimeron bare, other sclerites setose. Scutellum with eight setae in a curved row. Halteres light brown with pale setae.Wings hyaline, both macro and microtrichia present on lamina. Base of Rs and R4 bare, other veins setose, veins brown to dark brown. C exceeding tip of R5 22 % of the distance between R5 and M1. Sc2 situated above R4. Furcation point of median fork slightly before the level of R4. Length ratio of M1+2:r-m = 0.71. Wing length 2.6 mmCoxae yellow, with pale setae, trochanters infuscated. Legs yellow, femora ventrobasally darkened, setae on femora pale, tibial and tarsal setae darker. Length ratio of femur to tibia for fore, mid and hind legs: 0.98, 0.92, 0.83. Length ratio of tibia to basitarsus for fore, mid and hind legs: 1.81, 1.64, 2.20. Anteroapical depressed area of the fore tibia with ca. 16 pale setae in a row. Ratio of apical width of tibia:length of longest tibial spur for fore, mid and hind legs: 0.65, 0.27, 0.26.Abdominal tergites and sternites dark brown, covered by pale setae. 9th tergite triangular, apex pointed Fig. a. Gonoco66666S.californiensis Zaitzev; the 9th tergite of the latter species is medially constricted, in the former the outline of the 9th tergite is triangular.The new species is characterised by the presence of three setae on the small median lobe of the gonostylus, very narrow dorsal lobe of the gonostylus and strongly curved parameres. The new species is closest to curvata Latin, curved, an adjective) refers to the curved parameres of the male hypopygium.The name of the new species  and having 18 comb-like megasetae . Although not mentioned in the description and improperly figured Boletinacurta Zaitzev 1994: 209 Type status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: M. Sasakawa; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Japan; stateProvince: Honsu; verbatimLocality: Otsu, Mt. Hiei; verbatimLatitude: 35.06; verbatimLongitude: 135.83; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: eventDate: 1974-5-3; Record Level: institutionCode: OSAKABoletinacurta is a poorly known East Palaearctic species, hitherto recorded from Japan, Honshu  range between April 27 and May 3. However, Russian specimens reported by , Honshu  and Russ, Honshu . BoletinBoletinacurta was described from Honshu, the main island of Japan .of Japan . The typcription . The secBoletinacurta can be separated from the closely related B.sasakawai sp.n. and B.norokorpii sp.n. based on the following characters: 1) two stout setae present on the ventral lobe of the gonostylus  and 3) the proximal row of stout setae on cerci (comb-like rows) is wider than apical row  and the first flagellomere of B.curta is yellowish ; pedicel:first flagellomere length ratio of B.curta is 0.32 (0.24 in B.sasakawai sp.n. and 0.36 in B.norokorpii sp.n.). For the details of the male hypopygium of B.curta, please see Fig. ow Fig. 7b, 9b. FuBoletina species, such as B.trivittata Staeger, occur in both early and late season . Hence, it might be possible in theory that B.sasakawai sp.n. is just a late summer/autumn morph of B.curta, likewise the butterfly species Araschnialevana (Linnaeus), that has two distinct colour morphs within a season , elongated . Scape yellowish and brownish, pedicel yellow and first flagellomere basally yellowish. Length ratio of pedicel:first flagellomere 0.24. Flagellomeres dark, palpus yellow.Thorax dark-brown with pale setosity. Scutum shining, pleural sclerites with weak microtrichosity. Antepronotum yellow. Halter yellow. Femora yellow, bearing pale setae. Trochanters infuscated. Femora yellow, but mid and hind femora ventrobasally infuscated. Legs gradually darkening toward tarsi. Tibial spurs brownish. Length ratio of femur to tibia for fore, mid and hind legs: 0.77, 0.66, 0.66. Length ratio of tibia to basitarsus for fore, mid and hind legs: 1.06, 1.68, 1.68.Apex of wing slightly infuscated. Bases of M1 and M2, M1+2, r-m, bM1+2, Rs, A1 and Sc bare, other veins setose. C exceeding tip of R5 36 % of the distance between R5 and M1. Sc ending in C at the level of Rs. Length ratio of M1+2:r-m = 1.19. Cu forking slightly beyond M end of r-m. Wing length 5.0 mm.Abdomen dark-brown, tergites 2–4 laterodistally yellowish. 9th tergite elongated; cerci bearing two rows of combs, that are about equally wide, having ca. 45 stout setae Fig. b. Ventra8888B.curta it is curved and bearing two stout setae. The apices of parameres with a conspicuous pair of horn-like outgrowths.A large species with a vaguely infuscated wing apex, abdominal tergites 2–4 laterally yellowish and relatively long first flagellar segment (about 4-times the length of the pedicel). The ventral lobe of gonostylus bare, sinuous; in the closely related The new species is named after Dr. Mitsuhiro Sasakawa, Japanese entomologist and the collector of the holotype. The name is a genitive.Known only from the type locality (Yoshino in Japan). The holotype male was collected at the end of October.Boletinacurta.See above Salmela & Kolcsársp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D906B0FD-0C14-4FDC-9FF7-EADF472C4476Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS-2016-0044; recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: borealis pars borealisOstrobothnia ; verbatimLocality: Ylitornio, Tuorerommas Mire Conservation Area; verbatimLatitude: 66.479; verbatimLongitude: 24.757; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2012-7-2/8-6; habitat: old-growth boreal forest with a spring brook; Record Level: institutionCode: ZMUTMale. Head black, vertex covered by pale setae, frons glabrous and face with scattered setae. Ocelli in a shallow triangle, median ocellus smallest. Clypeus not much longer than wide . Scape and pedicel brownish, first and second flagellomeres yellowish, base of third flagellomere yellowish. Length ratio of pedicel:first flagellomere 0.36. Flagellomeres dark, palpus yellow.Thorax dark-brown with pale setosity. Antepronotum yellow. Halter yellow. Femora yellow, bearing pale setae. Trochanters infuscated. Femora yellow. Legs gradually darkening toward tarsi. Tibial spurs brownish. Length ratio of femur to tibia for fore and hind legs: 0.93, 0.76. Length ratio of tibia to basitarsus of hind leg: 1.68.Apex of wing slightly infuscated. Bases of M1 and M2, M1+2, r-m, bM1+2, Rs, A1 and Sc bare, other veins setose. C exceeding tip of R5 16 % of the distance between R5 and M1. Sc ending in C at the level of Rs. Sc2 present. Length ratio of M1+2:r-m = 1.14. Cu forking slightly beyond M end of r-m. Wing length 4.1 mm.Abdomen dark-brown, tergites 2-4 laterodistally yellowish. 9th tergite elongated; cerci bearing two rows of combs, that are about equally wide, having 18 stout setae . The caudal and proximal combs of the cerci are equally wide, having relatively a small number (18) of stout setae (over 40 in both B.curta and B.sasakawai sp.n.)A species very close to The new species is named after Dr. Yrjö Norokorpi, Finnish forest researcher and former area manager at Parks & Wildlife Finland. The name is a genitive.So far known from SW Finnish Lapland only Fig. .Parisquadrifolia and Calypso bulbosa.The Finnish trapping site was an old-growth boreal forest characterised by vascular plants typical for base-rich soils, such as B.curta and B.sasakawai sp.n. It is likely, however, that the eastern species are more related to each other than to B.norokorpii sp.n. For example, presence of Sc2 (absent in other species), shorter basal flagellar segments  and the small number  of stout setae of combs in the cerci separate the new species from the eastern Palaearctic taxa. We assume that both eastern Palaearctic species have restricted ranges in Japan, Far East Russia and neighbouring areas, whereas B.norokorpii sp.n. might have a widespread boreal range.The new species is very close to the eastern Palaearctic species SCFI744-16. GenBank accession number: KY062991.Holotype: BOLD Sample ID: DIPT-JS-2016-0044. BOLD Process ID: AATATTATATTTTATTTTTGGAGCTTGATCAGGAATAATTGGTACATCATTAAGAATTCTTATTCGTGCTGAATTAGGACACCCTGGAGCATTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATGTTATTGTAACAGCTCATGCATTTGTAATAATTTTTTTTATAGTAATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGTAATTGATTAATCCCTTTAATATTAGGAGCTCCTGATATAGCATTCCCTCGAATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGACTACTTCCTCCTTCATTAATATTACTTTTATCCAGAAGTTTAGTTGAAACAGGGGCTGGTACAGGTTGAACAGTGTACCCACCATTATCCTCAACAATTGCTCATGCAGGAGCATCTGTTGATTTAGCAATTTTTTCATTACATTTAGCAGGAATTTCTTCTATTTTAGGAGCTGTAAATTTTATTACTACAATTATTAATATACGAGCTCCTGGAATTACTTTTGAACGAATACCTCTTTTTGTATGATCAGTTTTAATTACAGCTATTTTATTATTATTATCTCTCCCAGTTTTAGCTGGAGCTATTACTATACTTTTAACAGACCGTAATTTAAATACATCATTTTTTGATCCTGCTGGAGGAGGAGATCCTATTTTATATCAACACTTATTCBOLD:ADD1952, shared by no other specimens. In BOLD database the closest matches to this specimen are three Boletinalundbecki Lundström and four Boletina unassigned to taxonomic species .The new species is assigned to the BIN Salmelasp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B3FBE538-6CFA-451B-AB4F-F62698CC3E27Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS-2014-0011; recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Regio kuusamoensis; verbatimLocality: Salla, Värriö Strict Nature Reserve, Kuntasjoki; verbatimLatitude: 67.749; verbatimLongitude: 29.616; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2013-6-4/29; habitat: old-growth boreal riparian forest with seepages; Record Level: institutionCode: ZMUTType status:Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS-2015-0101; recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Regio kuusamoensis; verbatimLocality: Salla, Värriö Strict Nature Reserve, Kuntasjoki; verbatimLatitude: 67.750; verbatimLongitude: 29.620; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2013-6-29/7-29; habitat: riparian forest with lush vegetation and large amount of decaying trees,; Record Level: institutionCode: JESType status:Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS- 2014-0404; recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Lapponia kemensis pars orientalis; verbatimLocality: Savukoski, Urho Kekkonen National Park, Tyyroja; verbatimLatitude: 68.143; verbatimLongitude: 28.574; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2014-7-1/8-5; habitat: riparian meadow, spring brook with abundant Palustriella mosses; Record Level: institutionCode: JESMale. Head brown, vertex covered by pale setae, frons glabrous. Ocelli in a line, central ocellus smallest, lateral ocelli close to eyes, their distance from eye less than their own width. Eyes pubescent. Palpi brown, bearing light setae. Length ratio of palpal segments 3-5: 3:4=0.88, 4:5=0.61. Penultimate segment 2.62 times as long as wide, last segment 4.67 times as long as wide. Third palpomere with a sensory pit in its base. Antennae brown, 16-segmented , pedicel and base of first flagellomere yellowish brown. Scape:pedicel length ratio 1.47. Flagellomeres cylindrical, length:width ratio of 1st flagellomere 2.27, 4th flagellomere 1.67 and apical flagellomere 1.90. Flagellomeres covered by dense light setosity, setae slightly curved, their length shorter than width of respective flagellomere.Thorax generally brown, except scutum that has yellowish brown anterior corners. Scutum with mainly pale setosity, two stout and long posterodorsal setae are present just above scutellum. Mediotergite bare, other sclerites bearing setae. Scutellum with four stout marginal setae. Halteres pale, bearing weak light setae and setulae.Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Bases of M1 and M2, M1+2, base of r-m, bM1+2, bRs and Sc bare, other veins setose. C slightly exceeding tip of R5. Sc ending free. Length ratio of M1+2:r-m = 1.03. Wing length 1.8 mm.Coxae yellow, bearing dark setae, legs yellowish. Length ratio of femur to tibia for fore, mid and hind legs: 1.02, 1.0, 0.84. Length ratio of tibia to basitarsus for fore, mid and hind legs: 1.28, 1.6, 1.63. Anteroapical depressed area of the fore tibia ovate, having ca. 20 light setae arranged in a curved row. Ratio of apical width of tibia:length of longest tibial spur for fore, mid and hind legs: 0.37, 0.30, 0.29.Abdominal tergites and sternites brown, bearing light setae. 9th tergite and cerci without peculiar characteristics. Ventroapical margin of gonocoxite with a marked median emargination Fig. b. Ventra10101010A small species that is different from the known member of the genus. The male hypopygium has the following diagnostic characters: the ventroapical margin of the gonocoxites has a deep notch; the mesial projection of the gonostylus lacks comb-like structures but bears a prominent finger-like projection and a rounded, hyaline protrusion; the aedeagal complex is about as long as broad and is apically notched.Lapponia kemensis pars orientalis, abbreviated as Lkor, is in Finnish "Sompion Lappi". The name is a noun in apposition.The name of the new species refers to the old Forest Sami name of the region, Sompio, meaning large area bordered by aapamires. The biogeographical province of The species has been collected so far from three localities, all of these from eastern Finnish Lapland close to the Russian border. In fact, all of the collecting sites belong to the River Tuuloma catchment area east of the Maanselkä divide, so the waters finally flow to the Barents Sea in Russia.Collecting sites are small waterbodies  surrounded by old-growth boreal forests.The new species stands apart from all other Holarctic members of the genus.SCFI001-15.BOLD Sample ID: DIPT-JS-2014-0011. BOLD Process ID: SCFI164-15.BOLD Sample ID: DIPT-JS-2015-0101. BOLD Process ID: SCFI102-15.BOLD Sample ID: DIPT-JS-2014-0404. BOLD Process ID: Barcoding of the holotype and paratypes failed.Salmelasp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:082AAF64-6B68-438B-991A-9C42736838A3Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS-2015-0272; recordedBy: J. Salmela; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Regio kuusamoensis; verbatimLocality: Salla, Iso Pyhätunturi; verbatimLatitude: 66.776; verbatimLongitude: 28.810; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2013-7-19/8-8; habitat: poor - intermediate rich sloping fen; Record Level: institutionCode: ZMUTType status:Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: 1386 (3); recordedBy: G.P. Ostroverkhova; individualCount: 1; sex: male; preparations: slide mounted; Location: country: Russia; stateProvince: Krasnoyarsk region; verbatimLocality: Tungussko-Chunsky District, village Vanavary; verbatimLatitude: 60.33; verbatimLongitude: 102.30; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: sweep net; eventDate: 1972-7-26; habitat: swampy forest; Record Level: institutionCode: TSUMale. Head dark-brown, vertex covered by pale setae, frons glabrous. Ocelli in a line, central ocellus slightly smaller than laterals; lateral ocelli close to eyes, their distance from eye less than their own width. Eyes pubescent. Palpi brown, bearing light setae. Length ratio of palpal segments 3–5: 3:4=0.83, 4:5=0.69. Penultimate segment 3.6 times as long as wide, last segment 5.3 times as long as wide. Third palpomere with a sensory pit in its base. Antennae brown, 16-segmented , base of pedicel and base of first flagellomere yellowish brown. Scape:pedicel length ratio 1.60. Flagellomeres cylindrical, length:width ratio of 1st flagellomere 2.86, 4th flagellomere 1.75 and apical flagellomere 3.0. Flagellomeres covered by dense light setosity, setae slightly curved, their length shorter than width of respective flagellomere.Thorax generally dark-brown, except scutum that has yellowish anterior corners. Scutum with mainly pale setosity. Mediotergite bare, other sclerites bearing setae. Scutellum with four stout setae. Halteres pale, bearing weak light setae and setulae.Wings hyaline, veins brown. Bases of M1 and M2, M1+2, base of r-m, bM1+2, base of Rs and Sc bare, other veins setose. C exceeds tip of R5 very slightly. Sc ending free. Length ratio of M1+2:r-m = 1.18. Wing length 3.1 mm.Coxae yellow, bearing pale setae, legs yellowish, except femora ventrobasally and apices of hind femora infuscated. Length ratio of femur to tibia for fore, mid and hind legs: 0.95, 0.99, 0.82. Length ratio of tibia to basitarsus for fore, mid and hind legs: 1.03, 1.34, 1.60. Anteroapical depressed area of the fore tibia ovate, having ca. 19 light setae arranged in a slightly curved row. Ratio of apical width of tibia:length of longest tibial spur for fore, mid and hind legs: 0.39, 0.27, 0.24.Abdominal tergites and sternites brown, bearing light setae. 9th tergite and cerci normal for the genus Fig. a. Ventro11111111111111P.braueri Dziedzicki but differs in the following features; the apices of the parameres are non-setose (the setae here are long in P.braueri), the internal outgrowth of the ventral lobe of the gonostylus is curved and apically notched (not curved or notched in P.braueri), and the ventral lobe of the gonostylus also has a narrow club-like basal projection .The new species is close of reducta, reduced, an adjective) is referring to the non-setose apices of the male parameres.The name of the new species  was close to a pine and spruce dominated pristine boreal forest.P.annulata, (= P.braueri). These two taxa are indeed closely related, but due to differences in the male hypopygia and DNA barcodes are considered as distinct species .The holotype male is the only member of the BIN Salmelasp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A162039-F1B7-458E-BEBC-0317C31C25B7Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: DIPT-JS-2015-0215; recordedBy: E. Rundgren; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Lapponia inarensis; verbatimLocality: Inari, Muotkatunturi Wilderness Area, Kielajoki; verbatimLatitude: 69.146; verbatimLongitude: 26.292; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2014-6-26/8-5; habitat: lush and swampy riparian birch forest; Record Level: institutionCode: ZMUTType status:Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: MYCFI183-11; recordedBy: Finnmarksprosjektet; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Norway; stateProvince: Finnmark; verbatimLocality: Alta, Goppaelva; verbatimLatitude: 70.027; verbatimLongitude: 23.394; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela, G. Söli; Event: samplingProtocol: sweep net; eventDate: 2010-6-13; Record Level: institutionCode: NHMOType status:Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: MYCFI184-11; recordedBy: Finnmarksprosjektet; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Norway; stateProvince: Finnmark; verbatimLocality: Alta, Goppaelva; verbatimLatitude: 70.027; verbatimLongitude: 23.394; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela, G. Söli; Event: samplingProtocol: sweep net; eventDate: 2010-6-13; Record Level: institutionCode: NHMOType status:Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: BC-ZSM-DIP-22552-E10; recordedBy: D. Doczkal, S. Schmidt & J. Voith; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Germany; stateProvince: Bavaria; verbatimLocality: Allgäu, Oberstdorf, Schochen; verbatimElevation: 2032 m; verbatimLatitude: 47.3936; verbatimLongitude: 10.3692; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: J. Salmela; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2014-6-6/21; habitat: Blaugras-Horstseggenrasen; Record Level: institutionCode: ZSMType status:Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: BIOUG21868-H06; recordedBy: BIObus; individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Canada; stateProvince: British Columbia; verbatimLocality: Vancouver Island; verbatimLatitude: 49.044; verbatimLongitude: -125.684; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; verbatimSRS: WGS84; Identification: identifiedBy: BOLD ID engine; Event: samplingProtocol: sweep net; eventDate: 2014-6-30; habitat: old growth temperate rain forest; Record Level: institutionCode: BIOUGMale. Head brown, vertex covered by pale setae, frons glabrous. Ocelli arranged in a very shallow triangle, central ocellus slightly smaller than laterals; lateral ocelli close to eyes, their distance from eye less than their own width. Eyes pubescent. Palpi brown, bearing light setae. Length ratio of palpal segments 3–5: 3:4=0.92, 4:5=0.62. Penultimate segment 3.51 times as long as wide, last segment 10.0 times as long as wide. Third palpomere with a sensory pit in its base. Antennae brown, 16-segmented . Scape:pedicel length ratio 1.28. Flagellomeres cylindrical, length:width ratio of 1st flagellomere 3.0, 4th flagellomere 2.58 and apical flagellomere 3.2. Flagellomeres covered by dense light setosity, setae slightly curved, their length shorter than width of respective flagellomere.Thorax generally brown, scutum dorsally dark-brown. Scutum with mainly pale setosity, including the two stout and long dorso-posterior setae above scutellum. Mediotergite bare, other sclerites bearing setae. Scutellum with four stout marginal setae. Halteres pale, bearing weak light setae and setulae.Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Bases of M1 and M2, M1+2, r-m, bM1+2, bRs and apex of Sc bare, other veins setose. C slightly exceeding tip of R5. Sc ending free. Length ratio of M1+2:r-m = 1.29. Wing length 3.2-3.5 mm.Coxae and legs yellowish brown, bearing dark setae. Length ratio of femur to tibia for fore and mid legs : 0.93, 0.9, 0.76. Length ratio of tibia to basitarsus for fore and mid legs: 0.96, 1.21, 1.5. Anteroapical depressed area of the fore tibia ovate, having numerous light setae over the area. Ratio of apical width of tibia:length of longest tibial spur for fore and mid legs: 0.67, 0.33, 0.23.Abdomen. 9th tergite and cerci as in Fig. 141414141414Female. In general, similar to male. Antennae dark except scape, pedicel and base of 1st flagellomere yellowish brown. Scape:pedicel length ratio 1.54. Length:width ratio of 1st flagellomere 3.1, 4th flagellomere 2.14 . Length ratio of M1+2:r-m = 1.58. Wing length 3.5 mm.Phroniaprolongata sp.n. is a closely related species of P.exigua , the aedeagus  is evenly curved along its length (less curved in P.exigua) and the parameres are very long, about as long as the aedeagus .prolongata, an adjective) of the new species refers to the elongated, prolonged parameres of the male hypopygium.The name , Norway, Finland and Germany Fig. . FennoscThe Finnish collecting site was a swampy riparian birch forest and in Germany the species was collected from an alpine meadow.P.exigua, all sharing a beaked, setose ventral lobe of the gonostylus  and a row of ventral setae on the hind tibia .The new species belongs to a group of species clastered with nd tibia . The newsee e.g. c. The clSCFI251-15. GenBank accession number: KY062993.BOLD Sample ID: DIPT-JS-2015-0215. BOLD Process ID: AATTTTATACTTTATTTTTGGTGCTTGATCTGGAATAGTAGGAACTTCCCTAAGAATTATTATTCGTGCTGAACTTGGTCATCCAGGAGCATTGATTGGAAATGATCAAATTTATAATGTAATTGTTACTGCTCATGCTTTCATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATGCCCATTATAATTGGTGGGTTTGGTAACTGACTTGTCCCATTGATATTGGGGGCCCCTGATATAGCTTTTCCTCGAATAAATAATATAAGTTTCTGATTATTGCCTCCCTCATTAACACTTCTTCTTTCAAGAAGTTTAGTCGAAGCTGGGGCTGGTACAGGTTGAACTGTTTATCCCCCTCTTTCTTCTACTATTGCTCACGCAGGATCTTCTGTTGATCTAGCTATTTTTTCTCTTCATTTAGCTGGTATTTCTTCAATTTTAGGGGCGGTAAATTTTATCACAACTATTATTAATATACGAGCTCCAGGAATTTCCTTTGATCGTTTACCTTTATTTGTTTGATCTGTTCTTATTACTGCTGTATTGCTTCTTTTATCGCTACCAGTTTTAGCTGGGGCTATTACTATACTTTTAACTGATCGAAATTTAAACACATCTTTCTTTGACCCTGCCGGAGGGGGGGACCCTATTCTTTATCAACATTTATTTP.exigua range between 95.57 and 94.8, and between the new species and P.egregia 89.98-87.86. The new species displays a notable intraspecific variation: the Canadian non-type female has 97.06 similarity compared to the holotype and the two Norwegian specimens have 96.6 similarity. Interestingly the similarity of the holotype and German paratype is 98.94, and these two are classified to the same Barcode index number (BIN) by the BOLD (BOLD:ACW2188), shared by no other specimens. The new species is, however, monophyletic  Brachypogonsociabilis (Goetghebuer) and Bezziarhynchostylata Remm in Finnmark, Norway, were characterised by relatively high intraspecific distances (4.0-3.8 %) and were classified to four and three BINs, respectively ; scape, pedicel and basal half of first flagellomere yellowish. Scape with a prominent dorsal seta, about as long as first flagellomere. Scape:pedicel length ratio 1.33. Flagellomeres cylindrical, length:width ratio of 1st flagellomere 2.98, 4th flagellomere 1.75 and apical flagellomere 2.95. Flagellomeres covered by dense light setosity, setae slightly curved, their length shorter than width of respective flagellomere.Thorax generally brown. Scutum dorsally with three dark stripes, that are almost confluent; the stripes are separated by very narrow yellowish gaps; anterolateral corners yellowish. Scutum with mainly pale setosity. Mediotergite bare, other sclerites bearing setae. Scutellum with four stout setae. Halteres pale, bearing weak light setae and setulae.Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Bases of M1 and M2, M1+2, r-m, bM1+2, base of Rs and apex of Sc bare, other veins setose. C very slightly exceeding tip of R5. Sc ending free. Length ratio of M1+2:r-m = 1.29. Wing length 2.2 mm.Coxae and legs yellow, apices of mid and hind femora sligthly infuscated, bearing dark setae. Length ratio of femur to tibia for fore, mid and hind legs: 0.99, 0.97, 0.79. Length ratio of tibia to basitarsus for fore, mid and hind legs: 1.08, 0.97, 0.8. Anteroapical depressed area of the fore tibia ovate, having ca. 20 light in a row. Ratio of apical width of tibia:length of longest tibial spur for fore, mid and hind legs: 0.35, 0.28, 0.25.Abdomen mostly dark brown, but first, second and third tergites caudolaterally yellowish; these yellow areas are most extensive in second and third tergite. Sternum of second and third segments yellowish. Hypopygium dark brown. Ventroapical margin of gonocoxite with a wide and shallow median emargination, with a moderate median peak Fig. b. Ventra17171717Female. Similar to male. Antennae dark except scape, pedicel and base of 1st flagellomere yellowish brown. Scape:pedicel length ratio 1.32. Length:width ratio of 1st flagellomere 3.9, 4th flagellomere 2.80, apical flagellomere 2.5. Length ratio of M1+2:r-m = 1.84. Wing length 2.2 mm.Phronia species with a yellowish pattern on the abdominal tergites 1–3. The ventral lobe of the gonostylus is rounded and at its widest basally. The mesial projections are finger-like and the inner lamella of the ventral lobe of the gonostylus bears a tuft of setae. The species is somewhat close to P.elegans Dziedzicki and P.signata Winnertz, that have similarly shaped ventral lobe of the gonostylus; P.elegantula can be distinguished from these due to differences in the structure of the aedeagus, the ventral lobe of gonostylus and the mesial portion of the gonostylus.A A European species. The species was described from eastern Finland (Ok: Sotkamo and Ks: Kuusamo) and has been later recorded from southern and northern parts of the country . The species has been found from Russian Karelia  and MurmSampling sites are coniferous forests, mixed forests and wetlands.Phroniaelegantula is somewhat similar to P.signata and P.elegans, and has the same yellowish anterolateral corners to the scutum as well as a rotund ventral lobe of the gonostylus. However the abdomen of P.elegans is dark brown as opposed to some yellowish colouration on abdominal tergites 1–3 of P.elegantula. Phroniasignata have only moderately emarginated ventroapical margins of the gonocoxites, whereas this character is much more conspicuous in P.elegantula. Phroniasignata has ca. 14 setae on the ventral edge of the ventral lobe of gonostylus . The nearest specimens in BOLD database belong to P.disgrega Dziedzicki, being 90.98 % similar to P.elegantula. DNA barcode and associated data of the German paratypes and female specimens is available from the BOLD Public data portal.All studied specimens belong to the BIN


Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative bacillus that has recently been implicated in disease outbreaks in tilapia and zebrafish. We report here the complete and annotated genome sequence of an isolate from a Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which contains a chromosome of 3,630,639 bp and two plasmids. Ictalurus punctatus)  was first detected in the late 1970s, predominantly in pond-reared fingerling channel catfish . Raw data 754 Mb) were error-corrected and trimmed to a total of 129 Mb in 8,795 sequences  and assembled using Canu version 1.3 .The circularized and completed genome was submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline (PGAP) for annotation and submission to GenBank. The genome was also submitted for Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology (RAST) analysis , 11, empE. ictaluri RUSVM-1 genome consists of one circular chromosome with 3,630,639 bp (57.4% G+C content). PGAP annotation predicted 3,377 genes encoding 3,254 proteins and 93 tRNAs. The RUSVM-1 genome is 5% smaller than that of E. ictaluri 93-146, isolated from catfish, which contains 3,783 predicted genes. RNAmmer ( E. ictaluri isolate 93-146 (E. anguillarum isolate LADL05-105 (E. piscicida isolate S11-285 (E. tarda isolate FL95-01 (E. hoshinae isolate ATCC 35051 (E. ictaluri isolated from tilapia will be useful for future investigations into host-pathogen interactions and comparative Edwardsiella analyses.The e 93-146 , 92.4% (DL05-105 , 92.1% ( S11-285 , 83.0% ( FL95-01 , and 82.CC 35051 . Two plaCC 35051 . This coEdwardsiella ictaluri isolate RUSVM-1 has been deposited in GenBank under the accession no. CP020466.The complete genome sequence for


D. Adams) A. Rich., Erythrina sigmoidea Hua (Fabaceae), Imperata cylindrical Beauv. var. koenigii Durand et Schinz, Nauclea pobeguinii (Pobég. ex Pellegr.) Merr. ex E.M.A., Piper capense L.f., Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms., Uapaca togoensis Pax., Vepris soyauxii Engl. and Xylopia aethiopica  A. Rich. Prominent antiproliferative compounds include: isoquinoline alkaloid isotetrandrine (51), two benzophenones: guttiferone E (26) and isoxanthochymol (30), the isoflavonoid 6α-hydroxyphaseollidin (9), the naphthyl butenone guieranone A (25), two naphthoquinones: 2-acetylfuro-1,4-naphthoquinone (4) and plumbagin (37) and xanthone V1 (46). However, only few research activities in the African continent focus on cytotoxic drug discovery from botanicals. The present review is expected to stimulate further scientific efforts to better valorize the African flora.Cancer remains a major health hurdle worldwide and has moved from the third leading cause of death in the year 1990 to second place after cardiovascular disease since 2013. Chemotherapy is one of the most widely used treatment modes; however, its efficiency is limited due to the resistance of cancer cells to cytotoxic agents. The present overview deals with the potential of the flora of Central, Eastern and Western African (CEWA) regions as resource for anticancer drug discovery. It also reviews the molecular targets of phytochemicals of these plants such as ABC transporters, namely P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multi drug-resistance-related proteins (MRPs), breast cancer resistance protein  as well as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB-1/HER1), human tumor suppressor protein p53, caspases, mitochondria, angiogenesis, and components of MAP kinase signaling pathways. Plants with the ability to preferentially kills resistant cancer cells were also reported. Data compiled in the present document were retrieved from scientific websites such as PubMed, Scopus, Sciencedirect, Web-of-Science, and Scholar Google. In summary, plant extracts from CEWA and isolated compounds thereof exert cytotoxic effects by several modes of action including caspases activation, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells and inhibition of angiogenesis. Ten strongest cytotoxic plants from CEWA recorded following  Cancer is a term for a series of malign diseases characterized by abnormal cell proliferation, leading to invasion and metastasis, the ultimate causes of deaths by cancer. The burden of neoplastic diseases affects the entire world population. Over the past two decades, there has been a slight improvement in cancer statistics due to diagnostic and therapeutic progresses and a better understanding of tumor biology -binding cassette (ABC) proteins are amongst the largest protein families found in all living organisms from microbes to humans . Additionally, other ABC transporters such as ABCC1/MRP1 , a signal transducer for cell growth and differentiation, is the cell-surface receptor belonging to the ErbB family of receptors. This family consists of four closely related receptor tyrosine kinases, namely EGFR/HER1/ErbB-1, HER2/c-neu/ErbB-2, HER3/ErbB-3, and HER4/ErbB-4. Mutations affecting the activity or expression of EGFR can contribute to carcinogenesis . They can be classified into three main types, that are initiator caspase , executioner or effector caspases  and inflammatory caspases   are generated. In many cancer cells, mitochondria appear to be dysfunctional , with a shift in energy metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to active glycolysis and an increase in the generation of ROS  pathway or Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway is one of the most important signal transduction pathways. The MAPK/ERK pathway regulates growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival of the cells. Its deregulation is observed in various diseases such as cancer, degenerative syndromes, immunological and inflammatory diseases, making it an important drug target  will be discussed. According to the criteria of the American National Cancer Institute, 20 μg/mL is the upper IC50 limit to be considered as promising for cytotoxic crude extracts   from Garcinia punctata Oliv.  and isobavachalcone (27) isolated from Dorstenia barteri Bureau  isolated from Dorstenia mannii Hook.f.  from Morus mesozygia Stapf.  from Dorstenia angusticornis Engl.  from Erythrina sigmoidea Hua  from Erythrina excelsa Baker  from Milicia excelsa Welw C.C. Berg.  from Vismia laurentii De Wild.  Engl. et Diels.  A. Rich.  Harms.  K.Schumex.Engl.  A. Rich.  Müll.-Arg.   and damnacanthol (20) from Pentas schimperi (Hook f.) Verde  from Maesa lanceolata Forssk., Myrsine africana L., Embelia keniensis R.E.Fr., Embelia schimperi Vatke and Rapanea pulchra Gilg & Schellenb. and the naphthoquinone, plumbagin (37) from Plumbago and Diospyros species  isolated Xylopia aethiopica  A.Rich.  from Polygonum limbatum Meisn  from Erythrina sigmoidea Hua  from Ficus chlamydocarpa Mildbr. & Burret  from Dorstenia mannii Hook.f.  from Dorstenia poinsettifolia Engl.    and sophorapterocarpan A (45)  from Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Ward  from Milicia excelsa Welw C.C. Berg.  Müll.-Arg.  Engl. et Diels.  Harms.  Hochst (Anacardiaceae)  and isoquinoline alkaloid isotetrandrine (51), anthraquinones 19 and 20    and the xanthone 46 . Plants and compounds inducing hypersensitivity in these cell lines are summarized in Tables Some botanicals and phytochemicals from CEWA were screened against ABC transporters-expressing cell lines. The most investigated cell lines included the P-gp-overexpressing CEM/ADR5000 leukemia cell line, the MRP1-expressing HL60/AR leukemia cell line and BCRP-expressing MDA-MB-231/Aframomum arundinaceum (Oliver & Hanbury) K. Schum (Zingiberaceae)   Merr. ex E.M.A. (Rubiaceae)     from Polygonum limbatum Meisn  from Dorstenia barteri  from Erythrina sigmoidea Hua  from Aframomum arundinaceum (Oliver & Hanbury) K. Schum  from Uapaca togoensis Pax.    Merr. ex E.M.A.   isolated from Aframomum arundinaceum (Oliver & Hanbury) K. Schum  from Hypericum lanceolatum Lam.  from Aframomum arundinaceum (Oliver & Hanbury) K. Schum  from Erythrina sigmoidea Hua  from Garcinia nobilis Engl.  . They included: Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) and Alchornea cordifolia (Schum. & Thonn.) Müll.-Arg.   Stapf. (Euphorbiaceae)   Merr. ex E.M.A.   A.Rich. (Annonaceae)  from Hypericum lanceolatum Lam.   compared to its sensitive counterpart HCT116 (p53+/+) cell line included: Beilschmiedia acuta Kosterm (Lauraceae)  A. Rich. (Compositae)   Merr. ex E.M.A.  Harms.    from Erythrina senegalensis DC  Robyns & Wilczek or Tylostemon acutifolius Engl. & K. Krause] belongs to the family Lauraceae. The plant is mainly found in Cameroon and Central African Republic, where it is traditionally used to treat cancer and gastrointestinal infections , CEM/ADR5000 cells (IC50: 7.96 μg/mL)  and HL60AR cells (IC50: 9.24 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-pcDNA cells (IC50: 8.61 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-BCRP cells (IC50: 6.52 μg/mL), colon carcinoma HCT116 (p53+/+) cells (IC50: 3.58 μg/mL), HCT116 (p53−/−) cells (IC50: 3.29 μg/mL), gliobastoma U87MG cells (IC50: 13.55 μg/mL) and U87MG.ΔEGFR cells (IC50: 11.15 μg/mL), hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells (IC50: 14.32 μg/mL)   is a tree of 3–6 m, or 10–20 m belonging to the Fabaceae family. The plant is mainly found in Cameroon and Chad, where it is used as antidote , diuretic, febrifuge and to treat arthritis, rheumatism, pulmonary troubles, stomach troubles, infectious diseases and kidney diseases , atalantoflavone (15), bidwillon A (16), neobavaisoflavone (35), neocyclomorusin (36), and sigmoidin I (44) , CEM/ADR5000 cells (IC50: 20.06 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-pcDNA cells (IC50: 22.37 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-BCRP cells (IC50: 27.42 μg/mL), HCT116 (p53+/+) cells (IC50: 19.63 μg/mL), HCT116 (p53−/−) cells (IC50: 16.22 μg/mL), U87MG cells (IC50: 45 μg/mL), U87MG.ΔEGFR cells (IC50: 29.80 μg/mL), and HepG2 cells (IC50:22.34 μg/mL)  and CEM/ADR5000 cells (IC50: 7.18 μg/mL), pancreatic MiaPaca-2cells (IC50: 12.11 μg/mL) , HL60AR cells (IC50: 30.60 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-pcDNA cells (IC50: 5.19 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-BCRP cells IC50: 10.04 μg/mL), HCT116 (p53+/+) cells (IC50: 4.37 μg/mL), HCT116 (p53−/−) cells (IC50: 4.60 μg/mL), U87MG cells (IC50: 19.99 μg/mL), U87MG.ΔEGFR cells (IC50: 10.68 μg/mL), and HepG2 cells (IC50: 18.28 μg/mL)  is a deciduous, small to medium-sized tree growing up to 30 m tall, sometimes a shrub. In CEWA, the plant is distributed in South Tropical Africa especially in Angola, Zambia, West Tropical Africa: Burkina, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, West-Central Tropical Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, DR Congo, Gabon. The plant is used in traditional medicine as abortive and to treat stomach ache and infectious diseases , CEM/ADR5000 cells , HCT116 (p53+/+) cells  and HCT116 (p53−/−) cells  , CEM/ADR5000 (IC50: 6.56 μg/mL) and MiaPaca-2 cells (IC50: 8.92 μg/mL) , HL60AR cells (IC50: μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-pcDNA cells (IC50:4.17 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-BCRP cells (IC50: 19.45 μg/mL), HCT116 (p53+/+) cells (IC50: 4.64 μg/mL), HCT116 (p53−/−) cells (IC50: 4.62 μg/mL), U87MG cells (IC50: 13.48 μg/mL), U87MG.ΔEGFR cells (IC50: 7.44 μg/mL), HepG2 cells (IC50: 16.07 μg/mL) , 22.63 μg/mL (CEM/ADR5000 cells), 3.27 μg/mL (MDA-MB-231 cells), 16.67 μg/mL (MDA-MB-231/BCRP cells), 14.66 μg/mL (HCT116 p53+/+cells), 5.98 μg/mL (HCT116 p53−/−cells), 4.15 μg/mL (U87MG cells), 16.35 μg/mL (U87MG.ΔEGFR cells), and 12.99 μg/mL (HepG2 cells)  against the above cancer cell lines  Hutch., Uapaca perrotii Beille Uapaca somon Aubrév. & Leandri) is an evergreen tree. The plant grows in tropical Africa, from Senegal to southern Chad and Central African Republic and from Gabon to DR Congo and northern Angola. In traditional medicine, the plant is used as antiemetic, lotion for skin disorders , CEM/ADR5000 cells (IC50: 4.44 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-pcDNA cells (IC50: 25.85 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-BCRP cells (IC50: 4.17 μg/mL), HCT116 (p53+/+) cells , HCT116 (p53−/−) cells (IC50: 3.09 μg/mL), U87MG cells (IC50: 8.01 μg/mL), U87MG.ΔEGFR cells (IC50: 8.68 μg/mL), and HepG2 cells (IC50: 19.90 μg/mL)  and an alkaloid,arborinin (49)  is a plant of the family Rutaceae mostly found throughout West Africa, from Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Cost, Mali, Ghana to Nigeria, and Cameroon. In traditional medicine, the plant is used as anti-fibriomyoma and to treat stomachache, malaria , CEM/ADR5000 cells (IC50: 11.72 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-pcDNA cells (IC50: 7.52 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-BCRP cells (IC50: 12.93 μg/mL), HCT116 (p53+/+) cells (IC50: 8.59 μg/mL), HCT116 (p53−/−) cells (IC50:9.70 μg/mL), U87MG cells (IC50: 8.75 μg/mL), U87MG.ΔEGFR cells (IC50: 4.09 μg/mL) and HepG2 cells (IC50: 13.60 μg/mL) , CEM/ADR5000 cells (IC50:7.4 μg/mL)and Mia PaCa-2 cells (IC50: 6.86 μg/mL) , breast adonocarcinoma MCF7 cells (IC50: 60.2 μg/mL), human oral squamous carcinoma KB cells (IC50: 62.5 μg/mL) , HL60AR cells (IC50: 30.60 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-pcDNA cells (IC50: 5.19 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231-BCRP cells (IC50: 10.04 μg/mL), HCT116 (p53+/+) cells (IC50: 4.37 μg/mL), HCT116 (p53−/−) cells (IC50: 4.60 μg/mL), U87MG cells (IC50: 19.99 μg/mL), U87MG.ΔEGFR cells (IC50: 10.68 μg/mL) and HepG2 cells (IC50: 18.28 μg/mL)  and trans-tiliroside  isolated from Xylopia aethiopica was amongst the most active alkaloids reported in CEWA plants. This compound displayed interesting cytotoxic effects with IC50 values below 10 μM toward a panel of sensitive and MDR cancer cell lines. These cell lines included: CCRF-CEM cells (IC50: 1.53 μM), CEM/ADR5000 cells (IC50: 2.36 μM), MDA-MB-231-pcDNA cells (IC50: 7.28 μM), MDA-MB-231-BCRP cells IC50:6.70 μM), HCT116 (p53+/+) cells (IC50: 2.39 μM), HCT116 (p53−/−) cells(IC50: 4.55 μM), U87MG cells (IC50: 3.89 μM), U87MG.ΔEGFR cells (IC50: 1.45 μM) and HepG2 cells (IC50: 3.28 μM)  and isoxanthochymol (30) isolated from Garcinia punctata Oliv. (Guttiferae)  , CEM/ADR5000 cells, HL60 cells , HL60AR cells , MDA-MB-231-pcDNA cells , MDA-MB-231-BCRP cells , HCT116 (p53+/+) cells , HCT116 (p53−/−) cells , U87MG cells , U87MG.ΔEGFR cells  and HepG2 cells  , isobavachalcone (27), neocyclomorusin (36), poinsettifolin B (38), 6α-hydroxyphaseollidin (9), isoneorautenol (29), neobavaisoflavone (35), sigmoidin I (44) and sophorapterocarpan A (45) , CEM/ADR5000 cells (IC50: 5.51 μM), MDA-MB-231-pcDNA cells (IC50: 5.70 μM), MDA-MB-231-BCRP cells (IC50: 5.87 μM), HCT116 (p53+/+) cells (IC50: 5.68 μM), HCT116 (p53−/−) cells (IC50: 4.60 μM), U87MG cells (IC50: 4.91 μM), U87MG.ΔEGFR cells (IC50: 4.91 μM) and HepG2 cells (IC50: 6.44 μM), a major component of the leaves of Guiera senegalensis displayed good cytotoxic effects on a panel of human cancer cell lines. The cytotoxicity of 25 was documented toward CCRF-CEM cells (IC50: 2.31 μM), CEM/ADR5000 cells (IC50: 3.19 μM), MiaPaCa-2 cells (IC50: 12.39 μM), Capan-1 cells (IC50: 29.08 μM), MCF-7 cells (IC50: 3.42μM), 786-0 cells (IC50: 11.32 μM), U87MG cells (IC50: 7.78 μM), lung carcinoma A549 cells (IC50: 2.28 μM), skin melanoma Colo-38 cells (IC50: 7.69 μM), cervical carcinoma HeLa cells (IC50: 1.61 μM), and Caski cells (IC50: 3.73 μM)   and plumbagin (37), showed remarkable cytotoxic effects (Table 4 showed good cytotoxicity toward PF-382 cells (IC50: 2.36 μM), MiaPaCa-2 cells (IC50: 7.48 μM), MCF-7 cells (IC50: 6.68 μM), U87MG cells (IC50: 8.02 μM), Colo-38 cells (IC50: 2.77 μM), HeLa cells (IC50: 1.65 μM), and Caski cells (IC50: 0.70 μM)  , 786-0 cells (IC50: 9.62 μM), U87MG cells (IC50: 9.64 μM), A549 cells (IC50:10.13 μM), Colo-38 cells (IC50: 3.02 μM), HeLa cells (IC50: 0.58 μM), and Caski cells (IC50: 0.61 μM)  Table  is one oThe present review paper aimed at compiling and summarizing relevant data on the potential of medicinal plant and isolated natural products from Central, Eastern and Western Africa to combat cancer with emphasis on their possible cellular targets. This report could not deliver medical results on the therapeutic capacities of the flora of these three African Regions as anticancer drugs. Nonetheless, in phytochemical and pharmacological basic sciences it clearly shows that efforts are being made by African scientists and their international collaborators to achieve this goal in the future. However, few research teams in the continent are already involved in the cytotoxic drug discovery from botanicals and it is expected that this review will stimulate other laboratories to undertake similar research projects to better valorize the African flora.AM and VK wrote the manuscript; VK and TE designed and corrected the work. All authors read and approved the final version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


In this review, a comprehensive overview about the antifouling compounds from marine invertebrates is described. In total, more than 198 antifouling compounds have been obtained from marine invertebrates, specifically, sponges, gorgonian and soft corals. Biofouling includes microfouling (mainly by bacteria and diatoms) and macrofouling  in the marine environment . BiofoulMarine invertebrates have developed prominent chemical defense systems against biofouling in the course of evolution. Lots of AF compounds have been isolated from marine invertebrates. Several books ,7 and reMarine invertebrates, specifically, sponges, gorgonian and soft corals, are rich sources of novel and bioactive secondary metabolites. Studies of the natural chemistry of these interesting groups of marine invertebrates began in the late 1950s. They are recognized to mainly produce novel diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, prostanoids, alkaloids, and highly functionalized steroids that are largely unknown from terrestrial sources. Most of these compounds showed AF activity.Terpenoids, especially isocyanoterpenoids, were the typical AF metabolites of marine sponges.l–3) dipodazine (162) and other four dipodazine analogs (163–166) with a dipodazine group significantly inhibited the settlement of B. improvisus larvae with EC50 values of 0.034, 5.8, 1.5, 2.4 and 6.7 μM [167) from the sponge G. barrette inhibited the settlement of B. improvisus larvae with EC50 value of 15 nM [AF indole alkaloids : Alkaloitoxicity . Barettiectively . In 2006d 6.7 μM , respectof 15 nM .168), isoaaptamine (169), and demethylated aaptamine (170) isolated from the sponge Aaptos aaptos showed AF activity against zebra mussel attachment [Haliclona exigua was rich in bis-1-oxaquinolizidine alkaloid (171), exhibiting significant AF activity against the growths of seven fouling bacterial strains and against the settlement of B.amphitrite larvae [Other AF alkaloids : Aaptamiptamine 1 isolatedlkaloid 1, exhibitBesides the above characteristic terpenoids, alkaloids and steroids, there were many other kinds of AF compounds isolated from marine invertebrates, such as polyacetylenes, butenolides, phenol derivatives, and peptides.172), callypentayne (173), callytriols A-E (174–178) and callyspongins A-B (179–180) from the sponge Callyspongia truncate showed potent metamorphosis-inducing activity towards the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi larvae with ED100 values of 0.13–1.3 µg/mL, and 174–180 also showed AF activity against B. amphitrite larvae with ED50 values of 0.24–4.5 µg/mL [AF polyacetylene derivatives : Callyte181–183) from a soft coral Sinularia sp. showed moderate AF activity against the barnacle B. amphitrite [R)-5-(1-ethoxypropyl)-5-hydroxy-3,4-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (184) as a pair of inseparable epimers, along with (S)-5-hydroxy-3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2(5H)-one (185) and (S)-5-hydroxy-3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2(5H)-one (186) were obtained from the gorgonian S. suberosa. Compounds 184–186 exhibited moderate AF activity against the settlement of B. amphitrite larvae [AF butenolides : Sinularphitrite . Butenole larvae . The strDyside. It was believed that this type of compound was biosynthesised by the symbiotic cyanobacteria of the sponge. Five polybrominated diphenyl ethers including 187 from a sponge Callyspongia sp., 188 from Dysidea granulosa, and 189–191 from D. herbacea were investigated against several taxa of prominent fouling organisms including marine bacteria, the diatom A. coffeaeformis, the barnacle B. amphitrite and the mussel Mytilus edulis. All of these compounds exhibited significant antibacterial and AF activity. Compound 187 was the strongest in all the bioassays with non-toxicity. It inhibited the growth of all of the tested bacterial strains with MIC ¼ 0.02–1.52 µM, and inhibited the larval settlement of A. coffeaeformis, B. amphitrite and M. edulis larvae with EC50 values of 0.24, 0.66 and 1.26 µM, respectively [AF brominated phenol derivatives : Brominaectively .1c and B1e (192 and 193), avermectin B2a (194) and ivermectin A1a (195) from the gorgonian Anthogorgia caerulea exhibited potent antilarval activity towards B. amphitrite larvae with low-toxicity [O-palmityl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (196) from the sponge Crella incrustans showed strong inhibition against the settlement of B. amphitrite larvae [197) and B (198) from the sponge Geodia barrette showed significant antilarval activity against the settlement of B. improvises larvae at concentrations of 0.6 and 6 μM, respectively [Other AF compounds : Four avtoxicity . 1-O-pale larvae . Two novectively .50 < 15 μg/mL, and AF compounds having high LC50/EC50 ratios (>15) are potentially good candidate antifoulants [Totally, over 198 AF compounds have been obtained from marine invertebrates, especially, sponges, gorgonian and soft corals. These compounds covered isocyanoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesterterpenes, triterpenoids, alkaloids , steroids, polyacetylenes, butenolides, peptides, and phenol derivatives, which played important chemical defense roles in the marine invertebrates. In here, the AF activities of 198 compounds towards microfouling and macrofouling were summarized in foulants . From Ta


AbstractKSA) was published in 2013 and contained a total of 582 species; an addendum to this list was published in 2015 adding 142 species and bringing the total number recorded from the province to 724 insect species representing 17 orders. The previous two studies excluded Jabal Shada al-A’la Nature Reserve (SANR), so the present study in SANR, as belonging to Al-Baha Province, are complementary to the previous two. The present study presents a preliminary list of Diptera (Insecta) in SANR, with remarks on their zoogeography, and is the first of a series of planned ecological and systematic studies on different insect orders as one of the outputs of a project proposed to study the entire insect fauna of SANR.The first list of insects of Al-Baha Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ; Saropogon sp. [Asilidae]; Spogostylumtripunctatum  [Bombyliidae]; Phycus sp. [Therevidae]; Hemeromyia sp.; Meoneurapalaestinensis Hennig, 1937 [Carnidae]; Desmometopainaurata Lamb, 1914 [Milichiidae]; Stomoxysniger Macquart, 1851 [Muscidae]; and Sarcophagapalestinensis  [Sarcophagidae].A total number of 119 PageBreakZoogeographic affinities of recorded fly species suggest a closer affiliation to the Afrotropical region (46%) than to the Palearctic region (23.5%) or the Oriental region (2.5%). This supports the previous studies’ conclusions and emphasizes the fact that parts of the Arabian Peninsula, including Al-Baha Province, ought to be a part of the Afrotropical Region rather than of the Palaearctic Region or the Eremic Zone. KSA) between the Holy Makkah and Asir provinces. It is the smallest province in KSA , situated at 41–42 °E and 19–20 °N. It is characterized by natural tree cover (SANR) lies between latitudes 19.8149N–19.8763N and longitudes 41.2855E–41.3501E ], striped hyaena [Hyaenahyaenasultana ], Arabian wolf , sand cat , and reportedly the Arabian leopard , makes this small protected area a unique PageBreaktreasure of biological diversity. Small communities on the mountain grow a distinctive variety of coffee and other crops in terraced fields (d fields .Diptera (Insecta) in SANR, Al-Baha Province, KSA, with remarks on their zoogeography. This is not the final list of Diptera that occur at SANR with the study serving as a basis for further investigations as many additional collected species are still unidentified and further studies are planned to be carried out at SANR. Also, this is the first of a series of planned ecological and systematic studies on different insect orders as one of the outputs of a project proposed to study the entire insect fauna of SANR.The purpose of this paper is to present a preliminary list of SANR, so the present study and other future studies in SANR are complementary to the previous two studies. Studies on the fauna of SANR are of particular interest as this area lies in a part of the Arabian Peninsula which is thought by many authors to touch three of the main zoogeographical regions: the Palaearctic, the Afrotropical, and the Oriental  Vahl, Blepharisciliaris (L.) B.L.Burtt and Hypoestesforskaolii (Vahl) R.Br. (Acanthaceae); Aloeofficinalis Forssk. (Aloeaceae), Aervajavanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult., Aervalanata (L.) A. L. Juss. ex Schultes and Celosia spp. (Amaranthaceae); Adeniumobesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schlt. and Carissaedulis (Forssk.) Vahl (Apocynaceae); Commiphoraquadricinta Schweinf. and Cappariscartilaginea Decne. (Burseraceae); Commelinaforskaolii Vahl (Commelinaceae); Conyzastricta Willd., Echinops sp., Psiadiapunctulata (DC.), Pulicariaundulata (DC.), Rhamnusdispermus (L.), Tagetesminuta L. and Vernoniaschimperi DC. (Compositae); Sansevieriaehrenbergii Schweinf. ex Baker (Dracaenaceae); succulent Euphorbia spp. (Euphorbiaceae); Acaciaasak (Forssk.), Acaciaetbaica Schweinf and Indigoferaspinosa Forssk. (Fabaceae); Asparagusafricanus Lam. (Liliaceae); Hibiscusmicranthus L. and Hibscusdeflersii Schweinf. ex Cufod. ; Ficusingens (Miq.) (Moraceae); Commicarpus spp. (Nyctaginaceae); Aristidaadscensionis L., Cenchrusciliaris L., Eragrostistenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roemer & Schultes and Pennisetumdivisum (Gmel.) Henr. (Poaceae); Solanumincanum L. (Solanaceae); Grewiatembensis Fresen and Grewiatenax (Forssk.) (Tiliaceae); Cissusrotundifolius (Forssk.) Vahl (Vitaceae); in addition to semi-evergreen PageBreaksclerophyllous woodlands of the Afromontane vegetation .SANR over two successive years, 2014 and 2015 by the authors. Twelve collecting trips were made, six in 2014 in February, April, June, August, October and December, and six in 2015 in January, March, May, July, September and November. Collections were made in 6 different localities representing different altitudinal levels and habitats in SANR .Images of newly recorded species were made using a Leica MZ 125 stereo-binocular microscope  fitted with a digital camera  at Many studies and keys have been consulted in order to identify, classify and estimate the zoogeographical affiliation of collected specimens and such studies are indicated after each taxon in the list, in addition to the following: Unidentified specimens (or photos of specimens)were sent to experts for identification, as indicated after each of these taxa in the list.Nematocera were examined and preserved in alcohol, while other flies were glued to pinned stiff paper points, and all are deposited at the King Saud University Museum of Arthropods, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (KSMA).Flies of suborder Abbreviations used: Afrotropical AF Bait trap BT Hand-collecting HP King Saud University Museum of Arthropods, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia KSMAPageBreak Light trap LT Malaise trap MT Nearctic NE Oriental OR Palaearctic PA Pitfall trap PT Jabal Shada al-A’la Nature Reserve SANR Sweeping and areal nets SW Vacuuming VCSANR through the present study. Some species have been identified only to genus and listed herein as the genera were not previously recorded from KSA.A total of 119 fly species belonging to 87 genera, 31 tribes, 42 subfamilies, and representing 30 families was recorded from Most of the recorded fly species are characteristic of the Afrotropical region. Table (2) indicates the zoogeographic affinities of recorded species suggesting a closer affiliation to the Afrotropical region (46%) than to the Palearctic region (23.5%) or the Oriental region (2.5%).PageBreakDipteraOrder NematoceraSuborder BibionidaeFamily Dilophustridentatus Walker, 184815 February 2014 (MT1), 5 May 2015 (SW1).Identification: AF.Known distribution: CeratopogonidaeFamily CeratopogoninaeSubfamily CulicoidiniTribe Culicoideskingi 23 August 2014 .Identification: AF.Known distribution: ForcipomyiinaeSubfamily Forcipomyiasahariensis Kieffer, 192323 August 2014 (LT1).Identification: AF. First record from KSA.Known distribution: CulicidaeFamily AnophelinaeSubfamily Anophelesmulticolor Cambouliu, 190223 August 2014 (LT2), 15 February 2014 (LT3).Identification: PA.Known distribution: CulicinaeSubfamily Aedescaspius 15 February 2014 .Identification: PA.Known distribution: Culexpipiens Linnaeus, 175823 August 2014 (PT4).Identification: Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.SciaridaeFamily Chaetosciara sp. Fig. 715 February 2014 (MT1), 23 August 2014 (LT2).Remark: This seems to be the first record of Sciaridae from KSA..Identification: Known distribution: Undetermined.PageBreakPageBreakBrachyceraSuborder AsilomorphaInfraorder AsiloideaSuperfamily AsilidaeFamily AsilinaeSubfamily AsiliniTribe Neolophonotus sp1. Fig. 414-15 February 2014 , 21 April 2014 (LT3), 27 January 2015 , 5 May 2015 (SW1), 27 July 2015 (LT2).Remark: This seems to be the first record of this genus from KSA.Identification: Dr. Jason G.H. Londt, from photos .Known distribution: Undetermined.Neolophonotus sp2. Fig. 615 February 2014 (MT3), 15 November 2015 (MT3).Remark: This seems to be the first record of this genus from KSA.Identification: Dr. Jason G.H. Londt, from photos .Known distribution: Undetermined.ApocleinaeSubfamily Promachussinaiticus Efflatoun, 1934 Fig. 320 April 2014 (LT6), 3 June 2014 , 3-5 June 2014 (SW2), 15 November 2015 (MT6).Identification: PA. First record of the species from the KSA.Known distribution: DasypogoninaeSubfamily DasypogoniniTribe Saropogonlongicornis  Fig. 53 June 2014 (MT3).Identification: PA. First record from KSA.Known distribution: Saropogon sp.15 November 2015 (MT6).Remark: This seems to be the first record of this genus from KSA.Identification: Known distribution: Undetermined.LaphystiinaeSubfamily Trichardisleucocomus 3 June 2014 (MT5), 5 May 2015 (MT5).Identification: Dr Torsten Dikow, from photos .PA.Known distribution: PageBreakBombyliidaeFamily BombyliinaeSubfamily BombyliiniTribe Bombylelladelicata Wiedemann, 18305 June 2014 (SW6), 28 July 2015 (SW3).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using AF.Known distribution: Bombyliuspallidipilus Greathead, 196715 February 2014 (MT1), 23 August 2014 (LT2).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using AF.Known distribution: Systoechushorridus Greathead, 198021 April 2014 (LT2), 3 May 2015 (LT5), 14 November 2015 (LT6).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using PA.Known distribution: AnthracinaeSubfamily AnthraciniTribe Anthraxsticticus Klug, 1832LT).22 April 2015 4 June 2014 (SW6).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using OR, PA.Known distribution: Spogostylumisis 29 July 2015 (PT5).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using PA.Known distribution: Spogostylumtripunctatum 4-5 June 2014 (SW2), 2 September 2015 (LT6).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using PA. First record from KSA.Known distribution: ExoprosopiniTribe Defilippianigrifimbriata 17 October 2014 (MT5).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using AF.Known distribution: Exoprosopadisruptatihamae Greathead, 1980 Fig. 93 June 2014 (SW1).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using PageBreakPageBreakAF.Known distribution: Heteraloniabisecta Greathead, 198829 July 2015 (PT5).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using AF.Known distribution: Pterobateschalybaeus 3 November 2014 (HP6).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using PA.Known distribution: VilliniTribe Exhyalanthraxtriangularis Bezzi, 192427 January 2015 (MT5), 5 May 2015 , 15 November 2015 (MT4).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using AF.Known distribution: Pachyanthraxcirce 5 May 2015 (MT4).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using AF.Known distribution: Villa bivirgata Austen, 19373 June 2014 (SW4), 5 May 2015 (SW4).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using PA.Known distribution: Villa paniscoides Bezzi, 19123 June 2014 (SW4), 27-28 July 2015 (SW1), 15 November 2015 (MT4).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using AF.Known distribution: XeramoebiniTribe Desmatoneura sp.4 June 2014 (SW4).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using Known distribution: Undetermined.Petrorossiaalbula Zaitzev, 19625 June 2014 (SW2), 27 July 2015 (SW1).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using PA.Known distribution: Petrorossialetho 5 June 2014 (SW4), 27 July 2015 (SW1).PageBreakIdentification: Magdi El-Hawagry using PA.Known distribution: Petrorossiatropicalis Bezzi, 19213-5 June 2014 , 5 May 2015 (MT3), 27 July 2015 (SW4).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry using AF.Known distribution: TherevidaeFamily Phycus sp.1 June 2014 (LT5), 24 August 2014 (LT6).Remark: This seems to be the first record of the genus from KSA.Identification: Dr Martin Hauser .AF.Known distribution: EmpidoideaSuperfamily DolichopodidaeFamily DiaphorinaeSubfamily Asyndetusalbifacies Parent, 1929SW).27 July 2015 (Identification: AF.Known distribution: DolichopodinaeSubfamily Dolichopus sp.23 August 2014 (LT4), 10 December 2014 (LT6), 26 January 2015 (PT4), 27 July 2015 (LT6).Identification: Known distribution: Undetermined.Tachytrechusplanitarsis Becker, 190723 August 2014 (LT2).Identification: PA.Known distribution: NemestrinoideaSuperfamily NemestrinidaeFamily Trichopsideacostata Loew, 185810 December 2014 (LT6).Identification: AF.Known distribution: PageBreakTabanoideaSuperfamily TabanidaeFamily Haematopotapluvialis 15 November 2015 (LT6).Identification: PA.Known distribution: MuscomorphaInfraorder AschizaSection PlatypezoideaSuperfamily PhoridaeFamily Megaseliascalaris 23 April 2014 , 5 June 2014 (PT4), 2 March 2015 (PT4), 29 July 2015 (PT5), 23 August 2015 (LT3).Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry.Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.SchizophoraSection AcalyptrataeSubsection CarnidaeFamily Hemeromyia sp. 23 August 2014 (LT1).Remark: This seems to be the first record of the genus from KSA.Identification: Known distribution: Undetermined.Meoneurapalaestinensis Hennig, 193723 August 2014 .Identification: PA.Known distribution: ChloropidaeFamily ChloropinaeSubfamily Pachylophuspellucidus Becker, 191024 August 2014 (MT6).Identification: AF.Known distribution: Thaumatomyianotata 27 January 2015 (LT1).Identification: AF, PA.Known distribution: OscinellinaeSubfamily Anatrichuspygmaeus Lamb, 191827 July 2015 (VC5).Identification: AF.Known distribution: PageBreakAphanotrigonumsubfasciellum Collin, 19494 June 2014(SW4), 24 August 2014 (LT6).Identification: PA.Known distribution: Lasiochaetavulgaris 15 February 2014 (MT1), 8 December 2014 , 5 May 2015 (MT4).Identification: AF.Known distribution: Polyodaspisrobusta 15 February 2014 , 17 October 2014 (LT1), 27 July 2015 (VC2).Identification: AF.Known distribution: Scoliophthalmusmicantipennis Duda, 19355 May 2015 (MT6).Identification: Identification: AF.Known distribution: Scoliophthalmustrapezoides Becker, 19035 May 2015 (MT6).Identification: Identification: AF.Known distribution: SiphonellopsinaeSubfamily Apotropinagregalis 23 August 2014 , 17 October 2014 (LT5), 8 December 2014 (VC4), 2-3 March 2015 , 17 July 2015 , 15 November 2015 (LT6).Identification: Identification: AF.Known distribution: ChyromyidaeFamily ChyromyinaeSubfamily Somatiosomaeremicolum Ebejer, 200815 February 2014 (MT4).Identification: AF.Known distribution: ConopidaeFamily MyopinaeSubfamily ZodioniniTribe Zodioncinereum 5 May 2015 (MT6).Mei & Stuke J-H (2008) has been consulted to identify this species.Identification: PA.Known distribution: PageBreakDiopsidaeFamily Diopsisapicalis Dalman, 18175 May 2015 .Identification: AF.Known distribution: Sphyracephalabeccarii 2 June 2014 (LT6), 3 June 2014 , 3 June 2014 (MT2), 27 January 2015 (LT4), 5 May 2015 , 15 November 2015 (LT6).Identification: AF.Known distribution: DrosophilidaeFamily DrosophilinaeSubfamily DrosophiliniTribe Drosophilamelanogaster Meigen, 183017-18 October 2014 , 8 December 2014 (PT2), 26-27 January 2015 , 2 March 2015 .Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry.Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.Zaprionusindianus Gupta, 19702 March 2014 (PT5), 23 August 2014 (LT2), 18 October 2014 .Identification: OR.Known distribution: EphydridaeFamily DiscomyzinaeSubfamily DiscomyziniTribe Actocetorindicus , 17 October 2014 (LT4).Identification: AF.Known distribution: Actocetormargaritatus Wiedemann, 1830 Fig. 828 February 2014 (PT3), 23 August 2014 , 10 December (2014 (LT6), 5 May 2015 .Identification: AF.Known distribution: PsilopiniTribe Psilopanilotica 15 February 2014 , 4 June 2014 (SW4), 29 July 2015 .Identification: AF, PA.Known distribution: PageBreakHydrelliinaeSubfamily Notiphilaignobilis Loew, 186229 July 2015 (MT6).Identification: AF.Known distribution: LonchaeidaeFamily LonchaeinaeSubfamily LonchaeiniTribe Silbavirescens Macquart, 185115 February 2014 (SW6).Identification: AF.Known distribution: MilichiidaeFamily MadizinaeSubfamily Desmometopainaurata Lamb, 1914 Fig. 1027 January 2015 (LT2), 29 July 2015 (PT4).Identification: AF. First record from KSA.Known distribution: Desmometopavaripalpis Malloch, 19275 May 2015 (PT5), 29 July 2015 (PT6).Identification: Identification: AF.Known distribution: PhyllomyzinaeSubfamily Phyllomyza sp.15 February 2014 (LT2), 27 July 2015 (LT2).Identification: Known distribution: Undetermined.PyrgotidaeFamily Campyloceraferruginea Macquart, 184315 November 2015 (LT6).Identification: Dr Valery Korneyev, from photos .AF.Known distribution: Eupyrgotalatipennis 3 June 2014 (LT2), 14 November 2015 (LT2).Identification: Dr Valery Korneyev, from photos .AF.Known distribution: PageBreakSphaeroceridaeFamily Rachispodafuscipennis 15 February 2014 , 23 August 2014 (PT6), 18 October 2014 , 8-11 December 2014 .Identification: Magdi El-Hawagry, compared with museum specimens.PA.Known distribution: TephritidaeFamily DacinaeSubfamily DaciniTribe Bactrocerazonata 23 August 2014 (LT2), 5 May 2015 (SW1), 27 July 2015 (SW1).Identification: OR.Known distribution: TephritinaeSubfamily TephritiniTribe Acanthiophilushelianthi 23 August 2014 (LT2).Identification: AF, OR, PA.Known distribution: Dioxynasororcula 15 February 2014 (MT4), 3 June 2014 (MT4), 8 December 2014 .Identification: AF.Known distribution: Goniurelliatridens 23 August 2014 (LT2).Identification: PA.Known distribution: Trupaneastellata 3 June 2014 (LT2).Identification: PA.Known distribution: UlidiidaeFamily UlidiinaeSubfamily UlidiiniTribe Physiphoraalceae 15 February 2014 , 21 April 2014 (LT1), 6 June 2014 (LT1), 23 August 2014 (LT1), 17-18 October 2014 , 27 January 2015 , 5 May 2015 (LT1), 27 July 2015 , 15 November 2015 .Identification: Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.PageBreakCalyptrataeSubsection AnthomyiidaeFamily AnthomyiinaeSubfamily AnthomyiiniTribe Anthomyiapluvialis 15 February 2014 (MT1), 27 January 2015 (MT3), 4-5 May 2015 , 15 November 2015 (LT5).Identification: PA.Known distribution: HydrophoriiniTribe Deliaplatura 15 February 2014 , 23 August 2014 (LT2), 17 October 2014 , 27 January 2015 .Identification: Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.CalliphoridaeFamily CalliphorinaeSubfamily Calliphoracroceipalpis Jaennicke, 186715 February 2014 (MT4).Identification: AF.Known distribution: Calliphoravicina 3 June 2014 (SW6).Identification: Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.ChrysomyinaeSubfamily Chrysomyaalbiceps 4 June 2014 (SW1), 2 September 2015 (LT6), 15 November (LT3).Identification: AF.Known distribution: Chrysomyaputoria 3 June 2014 (SW4).Identification: AF.Known distribution: Chrysomyaregalis Robineau-Desvoidy, 183015 February 2014 (MT3), 4 June 2014 (MT6), 10 December 2014 (LT6).Identification: AF.Known distribution: PageBreakLuciliinaeSubfamily Luciliasericata 16 February 2014 (HP6), 21 February 2014 (LT3), 10 December 2014 (LT6).Identification:Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.PolleniinaeSubfamily Polleniahungarica Rognes, 198717 October 2014 (LT6).Identification: PA.Known distribution: Polleniarudis 17 October 2014 (LT5).Identification: PA.Known distribution: MuscidaeFamily AtherigoninaeSubfamily AtherigoniniTribe Atherigonahumeralis Wiedemann, 183015 November 2015 (SW5).Identification: AF.Known distribution: Atherigonalaevigata 15 February 2014 (MT1), 8 December 2014 (VC4).Identification: AF.Known distribution: Atherigonareversura Villeneuve, 193615 February 2014 (MT3), 23 August 2014 , 17 October 2014 , 5 May 2015 (MT2), 15 November 2015 (MT4), 2 September 2015 (LT6).Identification: OR.Known distribution: CoenosiinaeSubfamily CoenosiiniTribe Coenosiaattenuata Stein, 190315 February 2014 , 23 April 2014 (PT1), 23 August 2014 (LT2), 17 October 2014 , 18 October 2014 (PT5), 5 May 2015 (MT4), 15 November 2015 (MT4).Identification: Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.Coenosiahumilis Meigen, 1826PageBreak5 May 2015 (MT6).Identification: Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.LimnophoriniTribe Lispenivalis Wiedemann, 183015 February 2014 (LT6).Identification: AF.Known distribution: Lispepectinipes Becker, 190323 August 2014 , 17 October 2014 (LT5), 5 May 2015 , 14-15 November 2015 .Identification: PA.Known distribution: MuscinaeSubfamily MusciniTribe Muscaalbina Wiedemann, 18305 May 2015 (MT6).Identification: AF, OR, PA.Known distribution: Muscaautumnalis De Geer, 177623 August 2014 (LT2), 5 May 2015 (MT2).Identification: Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.Muscacalleva Walker, 184914 November 2015 (LT4).Identification: AF.Known distribution: Muscadomestica Linnaeus, 175815 February 2014 , 3 June 2014 , 23 August 2014 , 5 May 2015 (MT6), 2 September 2015 (LT5), 15 November 2015 (LT6).Identification: Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.Muscalucidula 3 June 2014 (MT6).Identification: AF, PA.Known distribution: Muscasorbens Wiedemann, 18305 May 2015 (MT1), 15 November 2015 (LT5).Identification: AF.Known distribution: PageBreakStomoxyiniTribe Stomoxysniger Macquart, 1851 Fig. 1115 February 2014 (MT4), 17 October 2014 (LT5).Identification: AF. First record from KSA.Known distribution: PhaoniinaeSubfamily DichaetomyiiniTribe Dichaetomyialuteiventris 2 March 2015 (PT5).Identification: AF.Known distribution: PhaoniiniTribe Helinaconiformis 15 February 2014 , 21 April 2014 (LT2), 17 October 2014 , 27 January 2015 , 14-15 November 2015 .Identification: AF.Known distribution: Helinalucida 21 April 2014 (LT5).Identification: AF.Known distribution: RhiniidaeFamily Cosminaviridis Townsend, 191715-16 February 2014 , 17 October 2014 (LT5), 27 January 2015 , 4-5 May 2015 .Identification: AF.Known distribution: Isomyiaterminata 15 February 2014 .Identification: AF.Known distribution: Rhiniaapicalis 15 February 2014 (MT5), 3 June 2014 (SW4), 17 October 2014 , 14-15 November 2015 .Identification: AF.Known distribution: PageBreakSarcophagidaeFamily MiltogramminaeSubfamily Taxigrammaheteroneura 15 February 2014 (MT5), 3 June 2014 (SW4), 27 January 2015 (MT4), 5 May 2015 , 27-29 July 2015 (PT5).Identification: Thomas Pape  and the first author.NE, PA.Known distribution: ParamacronychiinaeSubfamily Wohlfahrtiaerythrocera Villeneuve, 191028 July 2015 (PT6).Identification: Thomas Pape  and the first author.AF.Known distribution: Wohlfahrtianuba Wiedemann, 18303 May 2015 (PT5).Identification: Thomas Pape  and the first author.AF.Known distribution: SarcophaginaeSubfamily Blaesoxiphaalgeriensis 23 August 2014 (LT5).Identification: Thomas Pape  and the first author.PA.Known distribution: Blaesoxipharufipes 3 June 2014 (SW4).Identification: Thomas Pape  and the first author.Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.Sarcophagaadhamae 21 April 2014 (BT6).Identification: AF.Known distribution: Sarcophagaafrica 5 May 2015 (SW4).Identification: Thomas Pape  and the first author.Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.Sarcophagababiyari 3 June 2014 (LT6).Identification: Thomas Pape  and the first author.AF.Known distribution: Sarcophagadux Thompson, 186915 February 2014 (MT1).Identification: Thomas Pape  and the first author.Known distribution: Cosmopolitan.PageBreakSarcophagapalestinensis  Fig. 1221 February 2014 (LT1).Identification: Thomas Pape  and the first author.PA.Known distribution: TachinidaeFamily ExoristinaeSubfamily EryciiniTribe Drinolota 15-16 February 2014 , 17 October 2014 , 14-15 November 2015 .Identification: AF, PA.Known distribution: ExoristiniTribe Exoristalarvarum 3 June 2014 .Identification: NE, PA.Known distribution: GoniiniTribe Goniacapitata 5 May 2015 (MT1).Identification: PA.Known distribution: Sturmiabella 15 February 2014 (MT1), 21 April 2014 (LT1), 3 June 2014 (SW4), 27-30 January 2015 , 27 July 2015 (LT5).Identification: OR, PA.Known distribution: PhasiinaeSubfamily CylindromyiiniTribe Cylindromyiabicolor 7 June 2014 (SW4).Identification: PA.Known distribution: TachininaeSubfamily TachininiTribe Dejeaniabombylans 10 December 2014 (LT6).Identification: AF.Known distribution: PageBreakKSA, including Al-Baha Province, is considered to be the most important part of the country and the Arabian Peninsula in general. Floristically and ecologically, this area is similar to the high altitude mountains of north-eastern and eastern parts of Africa, and like other areas in the south-western part of the Arabian Peninsula, contains montane woodlands and evergreen shrub lands, with strong Afromontane affinities  as shown in the present results which obviously emphasize the fact that Al-Baha Province, as lying in the south-western part of the Arabian Peninsula, should be included in the Afrotropical Region rather than in the Palaearctic Region or the Eremic Zone.The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding this research group NO (RGP-1437-009).