Rhiniinae  is a taxon of nearly 400 known species, many of them termitophilous. Approximatelly 160 valid species in 16 genera are Afrotropical, with over 60 of them occurring in South Africa. The taxonomy of this group is outdated, as most studies of the South African taxa were conducted 40 to 70 years ago . Published information on their biology and ecology is also scarce.Rhiniinae for South Africa was developed, based on the holdings of sixteen entomological collections in Africa, Europe and North America. Over 3,700 specimens were examined, revealing nine new species records for South Africa , Rhyncomyabotswana Zumpt, 1974, R.tristis Séguy, 1933, Stomorhinaapta Curran, 1931, S.malobana , Thoraciteskirkspriggsi Kurahashi, 2001, Th.sarcophagoides Kurahashi, 2001 and Trichoberialanata ). We propose one new combination Eurhyncomyiametzi  comb. nov. ). Additionally, evidence is presented to remove Rhyncomyaviduella Villeneuve, 1927 stat. rev. from synonymy with Rhyncomyacassotis . Relevant novel biological and seasonality information, historical occurrence maps and high-definition photographs for each species are compiled.An annotated checklist of 73 species of  Calliphoridae, comprise around 400 recognised species within 30-39 genera ) faeces and burrows and in grasshopper oothecas (The biology (e.g. immature stages and habits) of most species of ly known . In geneoothecas . This inRhiniinae of South Africa, we assembled the first checklist of species for the country. We also provide information on the current taxonomic and nomenclatural status of the species, occurrence maps, a thorough compilation of the known and novel biological information and high definition habitus photographs for each species.In order to update and augment the knowledge of the AMGS ; BMSA ; CEUA ; DMSA ; MNHN ; MZSUR ; NHMUK ; NMSA ; RMCA ; SAMC ; SANC ; SMNHTAU ; UCME ; USNM-SM ; ZMHB ; ZMUC .This study is based on the examination of about 3,000 specimens from South Africa and 700 specimens from other countries in the Afrotropical Region housed in sixteen entomological collections in ten countries. Acronyms used in the text for the museums and institutions are as follows: Pinned specimens or specimens preserved in ethanol were examined using stereoscopic microscopes with ocular micrometres (Leica M80 or Leica MZ95). Identifications were based on the works of major part of the novel information presented in this work. We also provide high definition habitus photographs of most species .For each genus and species studied, the following sections are provided: generic: synonyms and type species; species: specific synonyms (considered from https://doi.org/10.15468/wmpu5c). The supplementary material files include information obtained and adjusted from the specimen labels, here presented following the Darwin Core: acceptedNameUsage, adjustedName, basisOfRecord, catalogNumber, country, dateIdentified, decimalLatitude, decimalLongitude, eventDate, eventRemarks, family, genus, habitat, identifiedBy, individualCount, institutionCode, lifeStage, locality, locationRemarks, maximumElevationInMeteres minimumElevationInMeteres, occurrenceID, order, originalName, otherCatalogNumbers, preparations, previousIdentifications, province, recordedBy, samplingProtocol, specificEpithet, scientificName, scientificNameAuthorship, sex, state, taxonRemarks, taxonomicStatus, typeStatus, verbatimCoordinates, verbatimEventDate, verbatimLocality. The bionomical section refers to South African data unless indicated otherwise. Abbreviations used include: BECE = Boyekoli Ebale Congo Expedition, KR = Knut Rognes identification database number, AT = allotype, HT = holotype, LT = lectotype, PLT = paralectotype, PT = paratype, ST = syntype.The material examined for South Africa is included in Suppl. material Distribution data were obtained from A distribution gazetteer 82B68A32-90F2-5855-AA84-2554FE703BA4=IdiaalbitarsisType locality: South Africa, Cafreria. Macquart, 1846: 321. =IdiaeupodaType locality: Mozambique, Inhambane. Loew, 1852: 660 [1862: 24]. =IdiaextensaType locality: South Africa, Port Natal [= Durban]. Walker, 1858: 211. =FainiasamburaType locality: Kenya, Taita Hills, 1000–2000 m, Wyundani Rd., 3º24'S 38º23'E. Lehrer, 2008: 16. Afrotropical: Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, ?Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa . Attracted to freshly-turned soil. Many males were observed and caught hovering in groups at the Amatigulu Nature Reserve . Reported also in Zimbabwe as a flower-frequenting fly  and as Stomorhinaextensa ) ) . Life cyMaterial examined: Suppl. materials 3D62F807-4837-5B7E-9D61-569A706EA78C=StomatorrhinaelongataType locality: Bas-Congo [= Democratic Republic of Congo]. Bezzi, 1908: 38. =IdiellamajorType locality: Sierra Leone, Masimera to Yonnibanna. Malloch, 1926: 510. Afrotropical: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, ?Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa ), by monotypy. Robineau-Desvoidy 1830: 422. =BeccarimyiaType species: Beccarimyiaglossina Rondani, 1873 ), by monotypy. Rondani 1873: 287. 42EFF2E1-71ED-5A6A-A593-AAC575DB7660=IdiaapicalisType locality: Canary Island, Tenerife. Wiedemann, 1830: 354. =RhiniatestaceaType locality: France, I'lle de France [= Mauritius]. Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 423. =IdiaflavipennisType locality: Indonesia, Java. Macquart, 1844: 125. =IdiasimulatrixType locality: Olifant-River, South Africa. Loew, 1852: 660. =IdiapunctataType locality: Gabon. Bigot, 1858: 369. =IdiabigotiType locality: Senegal. Coquere, 1862: 96. =IdiapleuralisType locality: Australia, Keeling [= Cocos (Keeling)] Islands. Thomson, 1869: 542. =BeccarimyiaglossinaType locality: Abyssinia [= Ethiopia]. Rondani, 1873: 287. =RhiniafulvipesType locality: Ceylon [= Sri Lanka]. Bigot, 1874: 239. =IdiellatrineuriformisType locality: Tanzania, Kilimandjaro. Speiser, 1910: 153. Afrotropical: Aldabra Island (Seychelles), Amirante Island (Seychelles), Angola, Benin*, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cosmoledo Island (Seychelles), Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Réunion Island (France)*, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritus Island (Mauritius), Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Rodriguez Island (Mauritius), Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Socotra Island (Yemen), South Africa , Canary Islands (Spain), China, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Morocco, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Turkey. Oriental: China, Hong-Kong, India, Indian Ocean Islands, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.ica Fig. , TanzaniPreferred environment: associated with a variety of anthropogenic and natural environments including poultry farms and gardens, dune and sand forests, dry scrub forests, Ficus forest, grassy floodplain, woodland savannah, broad-leaved deciduous woodland and Succulent Karoo. In Namibia, it occurs in all biomes, being especially abundant in the Mesic Savannah Biome  and another one on the beach around a barbeque fire (Eastern Cape). Bembix Fabricius and Cercerisyngvei Cameron (as Cercerisvumbui Arn) (Hymenoptera) and larvae were obtained from nests of Bembixmelanopa Handlirsh . Life cycle and developmental stages: oviparous species. Eggs, 3rd-instar larvae and puparia described and illustrated 58F3AFC3-B6E6-5C8C-A77A-0EDA795DFB23=IdiacoxendixType locality: South Africa, Cap [= Cape Province]. Villeneuve, 1915: 204. =RhiniapallidulaType locality: Belgian Congo, Haut-Congo [Democratic Republic of Congo], Stanleyville [Kisangani]. Curran, 1927: 1. Afrotropical: Angola*, Burundi*, Cameroon, ?Cosmoledo Island (Seychelles), Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, South Africa . Collection methods: Malaise traps. In Democratic Republic of Congo, collected with Malaise traps and in Tanzania, with hand net. Life cycle and developmental stages: oviparous; immature stages and life history unknown. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. Material examined: Suppl. materials AB102E44-80F8-5EDA-849E-BF3199D25209=IdianigricornisType locality: Senegal. Macquart, 1843: 281. =RhiniawinthemiType locality: Guinea. Villeneuve, 1915: 203. Afrotropical: Botswana*, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea*, Gambia, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Lesotho*, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa . In Namibia, most abundant in February  Loes. (as Maytenuslinearis (L.)) and “Acacia”  thickets. Females were observed attending nests of Bembecinushaemorrhoidalis (Handlirsch), Pompilidae and Sphecidae (Hymenoptera). Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: most often collected with Malaise traps. In Namibia, it was reported as attracted to rotten fish and fermenting fruit in baited traps . Wiedemann, 1820: 21. =StomorhinaIdia Meigen by Wiedemann, 1820 (nec Hübner 1813)). Rondani, 1861: 9 (replacement name for =StomorhynaStomorhina in Stomorhynamaculata Rondani 1865: 228) (misspelling of =StomathorrhinaIdia Wiedemann). Bezzi, 1906: 53 (replacement name for =StomatorrhinaStomathorrhina Bezzi). Bezzi, 1906: 144 (unjustified emendation of =StomatorhinaStomorhina). Speiser, 1910: 153 AB3C4964-A1A5-5A76-A5A8-9226EB198DDE=StomatorrhinaarmatipesType locality: South Africa, Natal [KwaZulu-Natal]. Malloch, 1926: 500. =StomorhinafasciculataType locality: South Africa, Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], Willow Grange. Curran, 1927: 528. Afrotropical: Kenya and South Africa  in Grahamstown (Eastern Cape). During field work in September 2016 at the Kogelberg Nature Reserve, females were observed ovipositing on soil surrounding a termite nest. Gravid females and termites were collected and oviposition was achieved using a mixture of soil and live termites. Larvae were reared to adulthood and were observed preying on termites. Life cycle and developmental stages: oviparous. Immature stages  and adult females will be described . Collection methods: Malaise traps and sweeping. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. Material examined: Suppl. material Curran, 19313C0A8735-F9CB-5835-93F6-37EE2F0BBF83=StomorhinachapiniType locality: Zaire [Democratic Republic of Congo], Lukulela. Curran, 1931: 16. =RhiniapatriziiType locality: Kenya, Ngong. Remarks: Zumpt (1962) indicated that S.patrizzi is identical to S.chapini after he examined the type series at NHMUK, but did not suggest it as Syn. nov. Subsequently, S.chapini. Peris, 1952: 29. Afrotropical: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Liberia, Namibia, South Africa . In Namibia, a single record was reported from the Mesic Savannah Biome . Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise traps in Namibia C39266FF-7C31-5189-A90C-630AF7E473EA=RhiniacribrataType locality: Sierra Leone, Yiraia; Sierra Leone, Dilijuli. Bigot, 1874: 239. =RhiniavertebrataType locality: Ivory Coast [Côte d'Ivoire], Assinie. Bigot, 1891: 378. =RhiniatricinctaType locality: Ivory Coast [Côte d'Ivoire], Assinie. Bigot, 1891: 379. =RhiniastriataType locality: Iran, Pers-Beludshistan [Sistan and Baluchestan Province]. Becker, 1912: 626. Afrotropical: Botswana, ?Burundi (plain Ruzizi), Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia*, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa , in grassveld near a stream and thornveld camp grounds. In Namibia, it is apparently restricted to the Arid and Mesic Savannah Biome , it was recorded as abundant from March to May   and Cassine sp. flowers . It was also collected together with Oxybeluslingula (Hymenoptera). Life cycle and developmental stages: females were observed ovipositing in soil rich in humus at the edge of cattle dung patch under tree shades and surrounded by long grass B01141B7-C077-5754-965A-237EA6DA7781=RhiniaguttataType locality: South Africa, Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], Willow Grange, Mooi River. Villeneuve, 1914: 384. Afrotropical: Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa 19125F96-ED26-5F05-8AB1-124478355115=MuscalunataType locality: Portugal, Madeira Island. Remarks: type series specimen in ZMUC. Fabricius, 1805: 292. =IdiarostrataType locality: South Africa, Cape of Good Hope - Promontorio bonae spei [Western Cape]. Remarks: type series specimen in ZMUC. Wiedemann, 1820: 22. =IdiafasciataType locality: France, Marseilles. Meigen, 1826: 9. =IdiasyrphoideaType locality: Mauritius. Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 421. =IdiacinereaType locality: Isles de la mer d'Africa [Indian Ocean d'Africa]. Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 422. =StomorhynamaculataType locality: Italy, Parma. Rondani, 1865: 228. =StomorhinamelanorhinaType locality: South Africa, Cape of Good Hope [Western Cape]. Bigot, 1888: 592. =StomorhinamuscoideaType locality: Madagascar. Brauer, 1899: 516. =StomorhinaselgaeType locality: Bermuda. Lehrer, 1979: 89. Afrotropical: Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauricio Island (Mauritius), Oman, Namibia, Réunion Island (France), Rodriguez Island (Mauritius), South Africa , Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Spain (including Canary Islands), Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.ica Fig. , TanzaniPreferred environment: montane grass and woodlands, montane meadows, grasslands, rocky hillside, indigenous montane forest and forest margins, slopes, ravines, streams and cascade areas. Different kind of biomes such as: Macchia vegetation and old lands, mesic mountain Fynbos, false Macchia slopes and coastal Macchia. Associated with human environments such as houses, a university campus, caravan parks and main tracks through forest. Recorded in low numbers in Namibia, where it is virtually restricted to the Brandberg Massif and occurs at high elevations on the edge of Nama-Karoo  Loes., Cassine sp., Buddleja sp. L., Cussonia sp. and Searsiacrenata (Thunb.) Moffet. Additionally associated with: Searsia F. A. Barkley sp. , Diospyros L. sp. and Celtis L. sp.. In Mauritius, one specimen was collected on a flowering tree. The species seems to have a close relationship with Orthoptera. Adults lay eggs on oothecas, where the larvae developed (S.lunata on Nomadacrisseptemfasciata (Serville) oothecas and that it was obtained from locusts’ eggs ("Ex eggs") in Malawi  and Kenya. Additionally reported that larvae destroy oothecas of Locustamigratorioides  in Kenya. In the material examined, S.lunata was reported as being attracted to open termite mounds  and found outside the nest of Trinervitermes Holmgren (Blattaria) . S.lunata in the fungus beds of a termite nest and reared them on dead and dying termite workers and soldiers. S.lunata in carrion. Life cycle and developmental stages: S.lunata male terminalia made by S. Patrizi accompanied by biological notes from observations in Kenya. Patrizi indicated in his notes that females of S.lunata were observed throwing masses of eggs over ?Anomma Shuckard ants (Formicidae). Some eggs were collected and stuck strongly to the glass walls of the container. Later, the eggs were placed in an ant farm, larvae emerged after a few hours and entered into the interior of Anomma larvae completely eating them (predation). Finally, larvae migrated to the soil for pupation. Patrizi suggests that the sticky eggs are a mechanism for entering ants’ nests (S.lunata. Eggs (length: 1–1.25 mm) were deposited around soft soil close to a red locust ootheca, hatching in few minutes. First instar larvae were active (length: 1.5–1.75 mm) and quickly attacked the ootheca. In 3–4 days, larvae were fully fed (length: 2–14 mm), left the ootheca and migrated to soil to pupate (length pupae: 7.5–8 mm) for one-two days. Adults emerged in 7–10 days, but in cold weather, sometimes the pupal stage can last 14–15 days or longer. Adults' copulation occurred 4–5 days after they emerged and eggs started to be laid 1–2 days after copulation. Adults were fed with sugar solution, flower nectar and liquids from fresh cow-dung. Larvae stages fed on the yellow yolk of freshly-laid locust ootheca. Collection methods: sweeping with hand net and Malaise, yellow pan, black light and pitfall traps. Malaise and yellow pan traps in Namibia and hand net in Mauritius 6A3DDB32-0E4E-5C86-AD35-70E301A95130=LomwerhinamalobanaType locality: Malawi, Mulanje Mt. near Likabula. Remarks: HT in SMNHTAU (TAUI) . Lehrer, 2007: 12. Afrotropical: Malawi, South Africa* . Life cycle and developmental stages: females collected in Tanzania contained a completely developed 3rd instar larva that occupied all of the abdomen . This suggests an unilarviparous biology, an exclusive and new trait for the Afrotropical Stomorhina . Collection methods: in Tanzania, it was collected with Malaise and pitfall traps and a Malaise trap in Malawi. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. Type material examined: L.malobana: 1 ? Malawi, 1500 m a.s.l., Mulanje Mt. nr. Likabula, 26-27.x.83, A. Freidberg // Holotype // Lomwerhinamalobana Det. Dr. A. Z. Lehrer, 2006 // SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318991.Material examined: Suppl. materials 507C1454-0812-58C2-8272-15DD628942AD=RhiniarugosaType locality: Sierra Leone. Bigot, 1888: 591. =StomorhinamitisType locality: South Africa, Natal [KwaZulu-Natal]. Curran, 1931: 18. =RhiniahyphenaType locality: Guinea. Séguy, 1958: 188. Afrotropical: Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea , Kenya, Lesotho*, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan (reported as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan), South Africa   and the pupa was found inside the caterpillar . Specimens were collected on flowers of Cussonia sp. and Poinsettia Graham in South Africa. S.mitis) found adults on daisy flowers in Eastern Victoria (Zimbabwe) in June 1932. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown, but Collection methods: Malaise, blue pan and light traps. In Namibia, it was collected with Malaise traps . Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 423. =SeseromyaType species: Muscapunctulata Wiedemann, 1819 , by original designation. Rondani, 1863: 32. =SynamphoneuraType species: Synamphoneuracuprina Bigot, 1887 , by original designation. Bigot, 1887: xiv. =IdiopsisType species: Idiopsisprasina Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889, by monotypy. Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889:153. =EusynamphoneuraType species: Idiaseriepunctata Loew, 1852 , by original designation. Townsend, 1917: 189. =SynamphoneuropsisType species: Synamphoneuropsisviridis Townsend, 1917, by original designation. Townsend, 1917: 199. E3529E35-7BB3-57C8-8C86-835894CE5BC5=DictyaaeneaType locality: "Guinea" Krieger, . =CosminadespressaType locality: Tanganyika [Tanzania], Usambara. Karsch, 1888: 377. =Cosminapunctulatavar.micropsType locality: Gold Coast [Ghana], N. territories [North East Region], Yapi. Malloch, 1926: 518. Afrotropical: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire*, Kenya*, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia*, Nigeria, South Africa . In Namibia, the species was associated with the Kwanso River floodplain, in Kenya to Ngorowa Gorge/Stream and Lukenya cliffs/bushveld and in Malawi, to the Acacia woodland. Recorded elevations: 24–1219 m a.s.l. Seasonality: highest abundance in November and March and lowest between April and October (absent in July). Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: sweeping net and Malaise trap. Hand net in Mozambique and Malaise trap in Namibia. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. Material examined: Suppl. materials Robineau-Desvoidy, 183063C97C22-17C9-53C8-9D4E-EA6D7C110601=CosminafuscipennisType locality: Cap de le bonne-Espérance . Remarks: type-series in MNHN, destroyed, not in remnants of Robineau-Desvoidy's collection. Robineau-Desvoide, 1830: 423. =MuscapunctulataType locality: Cape of Good Hope . Remarks: type-series in ZMUC. Wiedemann, 1819: 21. =CosminacuprinaType locality: Madagascar. Bigot, 1860: 539. =CosminaaethiopissaType locality: Kenya. Séguy, 1958: 176. Afrotropical: Botswana, ?Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Oman, Seychelles, South Africa . A female was collected on pink flowers of Mesembryanthemaceae (Northern Cape). Additionally, the species was associated with vegetation and flowers near a riverbed and a rocky gentle N slope scrub with wild flowers. A male was collected as prey of Oxybeluslingula (Hymenoptera). Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: general sweeping and with Malaise, yellow pan and white pan traps. Hilltopping also with hand net. Eight females were collected with banana traps. In Namibia, it was collected with hand net and Malaise traps  / June 1817 // Mus. Westerm // [ZMUC 00025139]; 1 ? // Type // Mus. Westerm // [ZMUC 00025140].Material examined: Suppl. materials Curran, 19278F7C51D6-0B80-5744-AB7D-174FB85A8E1D=CosminagracilisType locality: South Africa, Barberton. Remarks: type-serie in SANC at ARC. Curran, 1927: 2. Afrotropical: Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa . The success of the pitfall-traps suggests ground-dwelling habit in adults .Material examined: Suppl. materials Peris, 195244335C1E-8313-5935-8588-B631D85E47C9=CosminamargaritaeType locality: Nyasaland [Malawi], Cholo. Remarks: type-series in NHMUK. Peris, 1952a: 229. Afrotropical: ?Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, ?Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique*, Namibia, ?Senegal, South Africa . In Namibia, also uncommon, present in November and December (one specimen each)  . Behavio Namibia . IllustrType material examined: C.undulata: 1 ? // Holo-type // Nigeria: / Ibadan. / 2.viii.1923. / A.W.J. Pomeroy // Pres. by / Imp. Bur. Ent. / Brit. Mus. / 192x-94 // Cosmina / undulata / Type / Det / J.R. Malloch // [NHMUK 010579923].Material examined: Suppl. materials Malloch, 19262AE0E02B-956C-52BE-A340-94577CD21989=EurhyncomyiaType species: Xystaobtusa Bigot, 1891 = Eurhyncomyiadiversicolor  by original designation. Malloch, 1926: 513. 076590F4-867D-5EE2-A964-4E5338C1B4CE=RhyncomyadiversicolorType locality: Somalis [Somalia]. Remarks: LT in NHMUK, designated by Dear and Pont in the collection. Bigot, 1888: 595. =RhyncomyiabigotiType locality: South Africa, Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], Port Natal [Durban]. Villeneuve, 1913: 155. =EurhyncomyiathoracicaType locality: South Africa, Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], Port Shepstone. Curran, 1931: 21. Afrotropical: Mozambique, Namibia*, Somalia, South Africa  // Lectotype ? / Rhyncomyia / diversicolor / Bigot / Designated by / Dear and Pont. // BMNH (E) / #231121 // [NHMUK 010579922].Material examined: Suppl. materials 39A6728B-50F6-55AD-8AE7-3A054913158D=RhyncomyiametziType locality: South Africa, Natal Zululand [KwaZulu-Natal], Umfalozi Game Park. Remarks: HT and PTs in NMSA. Zumpt, 1981: 487 (see taxonomic notes). Afrotropical: South Africa  from Rhyncomya (bare). Another characteristic of Eurhyncomyia is that the aristal hairs are long and pubescent, the longest hairs slightly exceeding half the width of the post-pedicel, just as R.metzi, whereas in Rhyncomya, it is either bare or the hairs rarely exceed the width of the basal arista . 6 ?? // PARATYPE // SOUTH AFRICA, Natal / Zululand, Umfalozi / Game Park, 2831Bd / 21-VII-1973, ME Irwin // Rhyncomya ? / metzi Zumpt / det. Zumpt 80 //  // (N.M. Type No. 2437).Material examined: Suppl. material Walker, 18595EACCF31-9002-57CC-B0AC-81C6F2836794=IsomyiaType species: Muscadelectans Walker, 1859 by original designation and monotypy. Walker, 1859: 134. =StrongyloneuraType species: Strongyloneuraprasina Bigot, 1887  by monotypy. Bigot, 1886: xiv. =ThelychaetaType species: Thelychaetachalybea Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1891 = Isomyiaviridaurea  by monotypy. Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1891: 390. =ApolleniaType species: Pollenianudiuscula Bigot, 1911 = Phumosianudiuscula   by original designation. Bezzi, 1911: 79. =AnnaType species: Anna calliphoroides Malloch, 1926 by original designation Malloch, 1926: 520. =GerschiaType species: Isomyiaeos Zumpt, 1958 by original designation. Lehrer, 1970: 30. 470D1D6C-6992-5896-9DE6-FCB68461674B=StrongyloneuracuthbertsoniType locality: S. Rhodesia [Zimbabwe], Vumba Mts. Curran, 1938: 2. Afrotropical: Zimbabwe and South Africa* . In Zimbabwe, Strongyloneuracuthbertsoni) attracted to pollen of Rosaceae. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: sweeping, hand nets and Malaise trap. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. Material exmained: Suppl. material 449A2D03-CC59-566A-83B1-66634A3A444F=StrongyloneuradarwiniType locality: S. Rhodesia [Zimbabwe]. Curran, 1938: 3. Afrotropical: Botswana, ?Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia, South Africa  and almost absent the rest of the year. In Namibia, it was present in low numbers (Behaviour and ecology: observed at flowers in Zimbabwe by Cuthbertson (1939) (as S.darwini) and also collected at flowers near Darwin (Zimbabwe) in March 1933 E9D0FDDD-193D-5E35-AE3E-BA1940B1CEFA=SomomyiadesertiType locality: [Tanzania]. Karsch, 1888: 378. =ThelychaetaversipellisType locality: Congo Belge [Democratic Republic of Congo], Kilimbi and Sankisia; Nyasaland [Malawi], Mt. Mlanje; Mozambique; South Africa. Remarks: PT in SAMC. Villeneuve, 1917: 344. Afrotropical: ?Botswana, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa 2249FFF7-3513-5945-8EB8-41274D22C16D=ThelychaetadistinguendaType locality: Congo Belge [Democratic Republic of Congo], Elisabethville [Lubumbashi] and Kundelungu; l'Afrique Orientale anglaise [Kenya], Nairobi. Villeneuve, 1917: 352. Afrotropical: Burundi Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Mozambique*, South Africa 4521E7C9-20FA-545E-95DF-094EDD725A84=IdiopsisbuccataType locality: South Africa, Pretoria. Bezzi, 1911: 73. =ThelychaetadubiosaType locality: Belgian Congo [Democratic Republic of Congo], Urwald Moera; British East Africa [Kenya], Wa-Taita Boura District. Villeneuve, 1917: 350. =ThelychaetaclaripennisType locality: Nyasaland [Malawi]; Southern Rhodesia [Zimbabwe], Salisbury [Harare]. Villeneuve, 1917: 350. =StrongyloneurasheppardiType locality: Southern Rhodesia [Zimbabwe], Balla-Balla. Curran, 1938: 3. =ApollenianasicaType locality: Kenya, Nairobi. Séguy, 1949: 131. =ApolleniapromulaType locality: Guinea, Nimba, Keoulenta. Séguy, 1949: 133. Afrotropical: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa  at the blossoms of a wild shrub during March and April near Balla Balla , Zimbabwe. Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: low numbers between October and December. In Zimbabwe, collected during March and April D590C67C-AD18-502A-B7C7-168E1522CA8F=ThelychaetalongicaudaType locality: South Africa, East London [Eastern Cape]; N. W. Tanganika [Decomocratic Republic of Congo]. Remarks: PT in SAMC. Villeneuve, 1917: 350. Afrotropical: Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa  in January and absent in February, April, May and October. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise and pan traps. Illustrations and photographs: female habitus as in Fig. m a.s.l. . SeasonaType material examined: T.longicauda: 1 ? // Paratype // E. London / Lightfoot / July 1914 // S.A.M // Thelychaeta / longicauda / Det. Villeneuve // [SAMC DIP A011144].Material examined: Suppl. materials 893FEC18-3FDF-58FA-8796-2C59E950D3E0=ThelychaetanatalensisType locality: South Africa, Natal [KwaZulu-Natal]. Villeneuve, 1917: 347. Afrotropical: Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa , straddling Mahai River, riverside in open road and environments with little anthropogenic intervention . In Namibia, the Mesic Savannah Biome 464ACE67-42CD-5E0A-97DF-9886AD0D8830=ThelychaetaoculosaType locality: South Africa and North-West Rhodesia [Zambia], Chilanga R. Remarks: STs in NHMUK and PT in SAMC. Villeneuve, 1917: 342.Afrotropical: Sierra Leone, South Africa  on twigs and trunks of trees in a dense forest at the Chirinda Forest, Vumba Mountains (in Cloudlands), Kadoma (as Gatooma) and Eastern Victoria. Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: uncommon species with only three specimens recorded in November. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle anddevelopmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: in Zambia and Zimbabwe, collected inside houses. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. Type material examined: T.oculosa: 1 ? SYN-TYPE // 24/9/13 / Chilanga R. / W. Lusaka; N.W.R. / (R.C.W.) / in house // R.C. Wood // Pres. by / Com. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1956-102 // [NHMUK 010580057]. 1 ? SYN-TYPE // 25/09/13 M / Chilanga / N.W. Rhodesia / (R.C.W) / 4030 / in house // Pres. by / Com. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1956-102 // Thelychaeta / oculosa Villen / Villeneuve det. // [NHMUK 010580055]. T.oculosa: 1 ? Para-Type // Bulawayo / 10.ix.1910 / E.C. Chubb / caught in house // S. Afri. Mus. // 119 // Thelychaeta / oculosa / Type Villeneuve // [SAMC DIP A011149].Material examined: Suppl. materials 63E8DB1E-CED2-5BF9-8E8A-74FEDEBD9E40=ThelychaetapuberaType locality: British East Africa [Kenya], Eldoret; South Africa, Kloof [Durban]; North-West Tanganyka [Tanzania]; Uganda, Entebbe. Villeneuve, 1917: 340. =ThelychaetajactatrixType locality: Belgian Congo [Democratic Republic of Congo], Stanleyville [Kisangani]. Villeneuve, 1917: 343. =ThelychaetavilleneuveiType locality: Democratic Republic of Congo [Belgian Congo], Stanleyville [Kisangani]. Curran, 1927: 3. =StrongyloneuracupreithoraxType locality: South Africa, Transvaal [Gauteng], Pretoria, Barberton. Curran, 1931: 1. Afrotropical: Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, South Africa 48CF351C-43C9-563A-81FC-2B8513FD4A81=CurtonevratristisType locality: South Africa, Port-Natal [Durban]. Remarks: HT in NHMUK and LT in SAMC. Bigot, 1888: 613. =ApolleniapsophisType locality: Mozambique, Macequece. Séguy, 1933: 74. Afrotropical: Angola*, Botswana, Cameroon*, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, ?Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa , savannahs (Acacia and dry open), forests , areas associated with forests , bush , grasslands, amongst others. Additionally, caravan park, grotto near farm, thornveld camp ground. In Mozambique, it was associated with gallery forest. In Namibia, associated with the Mesic Savannah and the Succulent Karoo Biomes  , grassveld flowering daisies Leucosidea dominated scrub and euphorbias out of the forest in South Africa. In the Eastern Cape, one male was dropped at nest entrance by Bembixalbofasciata F. Smith and ex-nest of Dasyproctusbraunsii (Kohl) (as D.ruficaudis (Arnold)). Females were observed on fresh cattle dung in Zimbabwe by Strongyloneuratristis). Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: sweeping, at bait, M/V light trap, yellow and white pans and Malaise traps. In Namibia, using yellow pan and pitfall traps  . Behavioll traps . IllustrType material examined: C.tristis: 1 ? // Holo / type // Curtoneura / tristis Bigot / Port-Natal / ex. Bigot Coll: / B.M.1960-539. // Genus / Apollenia / Bezzi / det. Villen. // BMNH(E) # 231136 // [NHMUK 010832105]. 1 ? Durban / Natal // Pres. by / Com. Imp. Bur. Ent. // 1917-94 // Thelychaeta / Dr Villeneuve det. / tristis / sec type. Bigot // 861 // [NHMUK 010832122]. 1 ? // Marley / Jan. 1915 / P. Port Shepstone // Apollenia / tristis Bigot. / Lec Type // S.A. Museum. // [SAMC DIP A011159]. 1 ? / K/Kloof / Marley / 1-15 // S.A. Museum // Apollenia / tristis /sec.type Bigot / det. Villeneuve // [SAMC DIP A015196].Material examined: Suppl. materials Peris, 19527B0E45B7-ED90-59F2-A566-BD28FC6ED047=PseudorhyncomyiaType species: Rhyncomyiabraunsi Villeneuve, 1920, by original designation. Peris, 1952: 58. AEBAB651-7040-556F-A836-8F9F6C0EBA1A=RhyncomyiabraunsiType locality: South Africa, Cape Province [Western Cape], Willowmore. Remarks: LT in NMSA, designated by Zumpt (1958: 124). Villeneuve, 1920: 158. Afrotropical: Namibia, South Africa , by original designation. Townsend, 1917: 195. =DoljiaType species: Doljiaviridicauda Šuster, 1953 ), by monotypy. Suster, 1953: 769. =SokotraType species: Rhyncomyiavarifrons Beckerm 1910, by original designation. Lehrer, 1970: 32. 4426160D-035A-5CB3-BD61-C9BEAA74689F=IdiabicolorType locality: South Africa, Cape of Good Hope [Western Cape]. Remarks: HT in NHMUK. Macquart, 1844: 124. =RhyncomyacrinicaudaType locality: South Africa, Cape of Good Hope [Western Cape]. Remarks: HT in SAMC. Villeneuve, 1927: 22. Afrotropical: Namibia and South Africa  Seigler and Ebinger on red sand. Recorded elevations: 1035 m a.s.l. Seasonality: a single specimen collected between September and November. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise trap. Illustrations and photography: male habitus as in Fig. Type material examined: R.botswanae: 1 ? // Holo-type // Botswanhoa (B11) / Moremi Reserve, / 19º23'S, 23º33'E / 18-20.iv.1972 // Southern / African Exp. / B.M.1972-1 // slide no. 38 // Rhyncomya ? / botswanae n.sp / Zumpt 1973 // Slide prep.: / 010194475 // [NHMUK 010832201]. R.botswanae: 1 ? // Para-type // Botswana (B7) / Kuke Pan, / 20º56'S, 22º25'E / 14-15.iv.1972 // Southern / African Exp. / B.M.1972-1 // slide no. 82 // Rhyncomya ? / botswanae n. sp / Zumpt 1973 // Slide prep.: / 010194473 // [NHMUK 010832200]Material examined: Suppl. materials Villeneuve, 1927A3EE2B8F-CAC1-584F-B061-C1CFA2D8CE55=RhyncomyabuccalisType locality: Congo Belge [Democratic Republic of Congo], Mufungwa; South Africa. Villeneuve, 1927: 24. Afrotropical: Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania*, Uganda and Zambia*.Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. No specimens examined for South Africa, based on Material examined: Suppl. material 5877F280-DE75-5DBE-A7D6-D8027A9013A6=TachinacassotisType locality: Sierra Leone. Remarks: HT in NHMUK. Walker, 1849: 761. Afrotropical: Angola*, Benin*, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa , Gatooma and Salisbury (now Harare) in Zimbabwe. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise traps and MV light. In Benin, Cameroon, Togo, Zambia and Zimbabwe, Malaise trap; Democratic Republic of Congo and Mozambique by sweeping net. In Namibia, by hand net, yellow pans, pitfalls and Malaise traps  // [NHMUK 010832158].Material examined: Suppl. materials Zumpt, 19587C5A3225-3B07-506C-A681-F724B0751FCB=RhyncomyapollinosaType locality: South Africa, Transvaal [Gauteng], Pretoria. Remarks: nec. R.pollinosa Townsend 1917. Remarks: HT in SANC. Curran, 1931: 20. =RhyncomyacurraniType locality: South Africa, Transvaal [Gauteng], Pretoria. Remarks: new replacement name for R.pollinosa Curran, 1931 by Zumpt in 1958; HT and AT in SANC at ARC. Zumpt, 1958: 144. Afrotropica: South Africa  in August 1938 in the Gota Gota camp, Zimbabwe. Cuthbertson (1939) recorded specimens on flowers in Urungwe, Lomagundi District. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: in Namibia, with pitfall and Malaise traps  riverine and sand forest, mixed Bushveld-grass and Kathu Bushveld to the Olifants River near Balule riparian woodland and Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld., Gordonia Plains Schrubland and Savanah Biome to Mesinda. In Kenya, the dry Acacia savannah, rocks and river margins. In Namibia, the indigenous and degraded sand forest, Miombo and Mopane Woodlands, Kwando River and open savannah floodplain and cultivated plots. Additionally, reported as restricted to Arid and Mesic Savannah Biome in Namibia  Hook.fil. (Celastraceae) and in the foliage of citrus trees infested with soft scales  in Balla Balla , Zimbabwe. Females were observed depositing eggs around cattle-dung infested by termites in late afternoon FB24A003-897F-5180-939A-4440A8F32F8F=BeriainflataType locality: Cape [South Africa]. Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 418. =RhyncomyaelegantulaType locality: Congo Belge [Democratic Republic of Congo], Kashiobwe. Villeneuve, 1927: 20. Afrotropical: Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique* and South Africa.Pont (1980). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. No specimens examined, based on Material examined: Suppl. material Villeneuve, 1920EFCAC215-D510-5CEC-91F0-645363317060=RhyncomyainterclusaType locality: South Africa, Western Cape [Capland], Willowmore. Remarks: PT in NMSA and PLT . Behaviour and ecology: on Ruschiarobusta L. Bolus pink flowers. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise and yellow pan traps. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. rt Biome . RecordeType material examined: R.interclusa: 1 ? // PARA- / LECTO- / TYPE / Capland / Willowmore, Mai 5 1920 / Dr. Brauns // Pres By / Com Inst Ent / B M 1953-354 // Rhyncomyia / interclusa / Villen. // Paralectotype ? / See Zumpt, 1958 / Explor Parq Nati. / Albert Miss. G.F. / de Witte, 92:156 // [NHMUK 010832194]. 1 ? // Capland / Willowmore / März 1926 / Dr. H. Brauns // PARATYPE // Rhyncomyia ? / interclusa Vill. / det. Zumpt // [NMSA-DIP 19961].Material examined: Suppl. materials Macquart, 1846B3833533-0D0D-5064-902F-F4F17392278E=RhyncomyiamaculataType locality: Cape [South Africa]. Macquart, 1846: 322. Afrotropical: South Africa  // Rhyncomyia / messoria / Typ. Villen. // Kilwa / 28- XII.11 // [RMCA ENT 000012156].Material examined: Suppl. materials Villeneuve, 1927A38C4C3C-B9F9-5427-B01A-52E909A08785=RhyncomyaminutalisType locality: Cape [South Africa]. Villeneuve, 1927: 22. Afrotropical: Namibia and South Africa . Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: unknown. Illustrations and photography: male habitus as in Fig. Type material examined: R.paradoxa: 1 ? //Holotype // Resolution / Albany District / 21.ii.1928 / A. Walton // slide no. 88 // [NMSA-DIP 20008] - NMSA Type 2077. 1 ? // Garies / Namaqualand // Museum Staff /June 1930 // slide no. 89 // PARATYPE // Rhyncomyia ? / paradoxa n.sp. / Zumpt, 1956 // Slide number / SAM 4A9 // [SAM-DIP A011222]. 1 ? // Uitenhage / De Hoek / 1x.3.19 / H.K. Munro // PARATYPE // slide no.60 // Rhyncomyia ? / paradoxa n. sp / det. Zumpt 56 // SANC-Pretoria / Database No. / DIPT00302 // "Slide not available in the collection".Material examined: Suppl. material Zumpt and Stimie, 196524833E90-876E-594A-AD0C-42468F422012=RhyncomyaparatristisType locality: South Africa, Zululand Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], Ndumu Reserve, Ingwavuma District. Remarks: HT and PTs in NMSA. Zumpt and Stimie, 1965: 9. Afrotropical: South Africa , forests , grasslands , savannah, Kalahari thornveld and rural and urban environments, such as the Albany Museum grounds, camp site areas and sewage-seepage areas. In Kenya, Kenyan dry forest; in Malawi, forest edge, margins and grasslands; in Namibia, the Kwando River floodplain, Miombo and mopane woodlands and open savannah floodplain. Almost all Namibian biomes, except the Hyper-Arid Desert and Succulent Karoo Biomes  in the savannah forest of Zimbabwe (as R.pictifacies) . Females were observed ovipositing in rich soil at the edge of fresh cow-dung, Eastern Victoria, Zimbabwe. Additionally, R.soyauxi was caught together with Bembixalbofasciata and Bembixmelanopa as their prey. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown, but R.pruinosa, cream-coloured, sausage-shaped and about 1.75 mm long. Collection methods: Malaise and light traps, MV and black light trap and sweeping. In Botswana, Malaise traps; in Kenya, general sweeping, Malaise and migration traps. In Namibia, with yellow, blue and white pans, pitfall and Malaise traps, hand net, sweeping, UV-light and McPhail traps baited with Nu-Lure  . Peris  // [ZMHB].Material examined: Suppl. materials Speiser, 191060467187-EE05-547B-A0F3-C2C89B9905BD=RhyncomyastannocupreaType locality: Tanganyika [Tanzania], Meru Kilimandjaro. Speiser, 1910: 150. =Rhyncomyiastannocupreaabyssinica Peris, 1951: 244. Type locality: Abyssinia [Ethiopia], Gatelo Amaizu. spp. Afrotropical: Kenya, Ethiopia, Malawi*, Namibia*, South Africa ) dung ) dung . Life cysweeping . IllustrType material examined: R.trispina: 1 ? // Holo- / type // Bulawayo / S. Rhodesia / 25.ix.1923 / Coll. R. Stevenson // Pres. by / Com. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1955-504 // Rhyncomyia / trispina / type Villen. // [NHMUK 010832199].Material examined: Suppl. materials Séguy, 19332A62478F-19B2-559F-989D-79F3FACA1302=RhynchomyiatristisType locality: Mozambique, Zambèze [Zambezi], N. Chupanga [Nova-Chupanga]. Remarks: HT and PT in MNHN. Séguy, 1933: 67. Afrotropical: Botswana, Chad, Namibia, Nigeria, Mozambique, South Africa*  sensu Zumpt (1958) (see discussion). Villeneuve, 1927: 18 (see taxonomic notes). Afrotropical: South Africa . Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. Taxonomic notes: Rhyncomyaviduellastat. rev. is reinstated as a valid species. Previously listed as a synonym of R.cassotis  by Zumpt (1958), R.viduellastat. rev. is characterised by a dark fronto-orbital plate and parafacial, a parafacial and genal-dilatation covered by black setulae, an abdomen predominately dark with small testaceous fringe in the posterior tergites border and a body length of 7-9 mm. In contrast, the typical morphotype of R.cassotis is represented by having a yellow-golden fronto-orbital plate and parafacial, a bare parafacial, genal-dilatation covered with pale setulae, a predominately yellow abdomen with variable dark patterns on tergites 4 to 5 and a body length of 4-7 mm. Thus, the morphologies of R.viduellastat. rev. and R.cassotis indicate that they are distinct species, as Zumpt (1958) considered that R.viduellastat. rev. was probably a dark morphotype of R.cassotis because he did not find differences between the male terminalia of the dark and light morphotypes and remarked that the taxonomic status of the forms is not quite clear, an opinion he also held regarding the readily distinguishable species Chrysomyachloropyga  and Chrysomyaputoria  .Type material examined: R.viduella: 1 ? // Barberton / Transvaal /H Edwards // Dec 1911 // Rhyncomyia / viduella / ? Type // [SAMC DIP A011183].Material examined: Suppl. material Loew, 18639A0DE24C-5BB1-5ADB-A752-322C8C5B7FF6=StegosomaType species: Stegosomavinculatum Loew, 1863, by monotypy. Loew, 1863: 15. Peris, 1951A6368ED3-51BD-57EA-932C-7B04657FBEAE=StegosomabowdeniType locality: Golden Coast [Ghana], Mampong. Remarks: HT and PT in NHMUK and PTs in NMSA. Peris, 1951: 239. Afrotropical: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Kenya*, Nigeria, South Africa  / 12.iv.1947 / J. Bowden // Stegosoma / bowdeni / n.sp. / S-V. Peris 1948 // [NHMUK]. 5 ?? // GOLD COAST / Mampong / (Ashanti) / 12.iv.1947 / J. Bowden / 451/47 // Ovipositing in / opened mount /of macrotermes // NB Par-of / onqunalantes: / presumably rank as / Paratypes J.B. // Stegosoma / bowdeni / n.sp. / S-V. Peris 1948 // [NMSA DIP 019516].Material examined: Suppl. materials Loew, 186388FE79F2-261F-5367-A5E8-DC1FC884F553=StegosomavinculatumType locality: South Africa, Orange Free State [Free State], Bloemfontein. Loew, 1863: 15. Afrotropical: Benin, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa  DC. and Heteromorphatrifoliate (Wendl.) Eckl. and Zeyh. In Namibia, it was collected and observed on yellow flowers of Zygophyllumsimples I. Gymnosporia sp. (as Gymosporia [sic]). Attracted to open termite nest, ex termite nest of Trinervitermes (Isoptera), pinned with termite. Additionally in South Africa, Zumpt (1958) recorded that one male was reared from the nest of Trinervitermeshavilandi Fuller ) in Johannesburg. In Namibia, females were exclusively attracted to broken termite nests (Trinervitermes: T. ?T.rapulum (Sjöstedt), T. ?T.rhodesiensis (Sjöstedt) and Trinervitermes sp. ) burrows. Phacochoerusafricanus (Gmelin)) burrow) in Nigeria. Females were observed laying eggs in soil and detritus at the bottom of the burrows in termite nests made by aardvarks  and were fully incubated at the moment of deposition in the soil. Newly hatched larvae measure 2.5 mm, and are able to burrow quickly downwards into the soil and termite-debris, where they develop to the pupal stage in 4–5 days. The live cycle in Mbalabala was between 14–17 days in April, 1933". In laboratory conditions, larvae were reared by supplying worker termites daily, but Collection methods: Malaise trap. In Namibia, with Malaise and pitfall traps and sweeping 4BB92558-38CC-5022-BA36-1E3A8A35D8E9=RhynchomyiawellmaniType locality: Angola, Benguella. Lichtwardt, 1908: 338. Afrotropical: Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic*, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa E84C3C05-DE7C-5FD8-BABE-EF7F35A59C84=OchromyiapetersianaType locality: South Africa, Zululand [KwaZulu-Natal], Mtubatuba. Loew, 1852: 660. =ThoracitesneglectusType locality: South Africa, Zululand [KwaZulu-Natal], Mtubatuba. Remarks: HT in NMSA. Zumpt, 1972: 49. Afrotropical: South Africa . Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise trap. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. Type material examined: T.neglectus: 1 ? // Holotypus // Mtubatuba / Zululand / May 1941 / H.K. Munro // slide no. 95 // Thoracites / neglectus n. sp. / Zumpt 1972 // [NMSA-DIP 019669].Material examined: Suppl. material Kurahashi, 2001E55AD062-20BB-5E68-A6F6-719E3A2D3BD6=ThoracitessarcophagoidesType locality: Namibia, West Caprivi PK, Kwando River. Kurahashi, 2001: 155. Afrotropical: Namibia and South Africa*  on red sand in the Savannah Biome. Recorded elevations: 1035 m a.s.l. Seasonality: only one specimen between September and November. In Namibia, recorded year-round, most abundant from December to February and September  and Malaise traps and in fresh African elephant dung , by original designation. Townsend, 1933: 439. Lehrer, 20071854855F-573B-53AA-BE9B-395398BD1FDC=TrichoberiakamitaType Locality: South Africa, Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], St. Lucia Park. Lehrer, 2007: 13. Afrotropical: South Africa.Illustrations and photography: male terminalia as in fig. 132 in No specimens examined for South Africa, based on CFE4E541-3321-54EF-B0E1-518E9292CE82=RhyncomyalanataType locality: Congo Belge [Democratic Republic of Congo]. Villeneuve, 1920: 162. =TrichoberiarufopilosaType locality: Guinea. Townsend, 1933: 440. Afrotropical: Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa* 2B9CE393-2C1F-5280-83E4-308A27F21ED1=RhyncomyiaantennalisType locality: South West Africa [Namibia]. Remarks: LT in SAMC designated by Zumpt 1958. Villeneuve, 1929: 185. =PseudorhyncomyiadeserticolaType locality: South West Africa [Namibia], Gobabeb. Remarks: HT in NMSA. Zumpt and Argo, 1978: 35. Afrotropical: Namibia and South Africa , most abundant from November to February  and roadside flowers. In Namibia, observed visiting pink flowers of the dwarf shrub Hermannia sp. . Collection methods: Malaise traps. In Namibia, by hand net and sweeping on flowering bush, UV-light, pitfall, pans  and Malaise traps   , increasapicalis , R.pruinpruinosa , S.vincunculatum , S.cribrcribrata  and S.luS.lunata .Pseudorhyncomyia and Stegosoma, several species of Stomorhina and a few species of Rhyncomya show some level of association with termites  showed different associations with wasps , as both adults and larvae were collected inside nests and females were observed attending nests. This suggests an ecological relationship between Rhinia and these wasps, the nature of which remains unknown. Four other species  showed a relationship with soft, turned or humus-rich soil, as several females were reported ovipositing in soil , followed by Isomyia (seven species out of 12). They presented associations with indigenous plant species and different crops, suggesting that they are potentially important pollinators in different environments. To our knowledge, no studies on the role of Rhiniinae as pollinators have been conducted.The abundance of adult ly Table , generalRhiniinae belonging to twelve genera are now known for South Africa, nine of which are new records . Of the 73 species, 66 were examined  and the other seven were assessed exclusively on literature records.Seventy-three species of Rhiniinae fauna known for the Afrotropical Region  extend to the southern Palaearctic Region  and the Australasian Region  of South Africa ) ) .Pseudorhyncomyia spp. and Trichoberia spp.). Attraction traps, such as pan traps, are useful for collecting flower-visiting species, behaviour commonly reported for many Rhiniinae, whereas pitfall traps are useful for capturing species with ground-dwelling habits, such as Cosminagracilis  and pitfall trapping  and Luciliacuprina   for South Africa, are clear evidence of this.Compared with other African countries, South Africa has had a broad sampling effort as indicated by the almost 3,000 collected specimens. However, sampling has been uneven. KwaZulu-Natal has been extensively sampled and showed the largest number of collected individuals and diversity of species, while the Free State, Northern Cape and North West Provinces have the lowest, showing that more collection effort is necessary in the central areas of the country. This is clearly evident in most of the distribution maps for each species and was very well illustrated in a trapping and mapping study of the common and economically significant calliphorids n, 1830) . In relan, 1830) . The NamDiptera of South Africa is vast, collection expeditions and research have never focused specifically on Rhiniinae. In this context, thorough revisions, based on specimens housed in entomological collections, such as the one presented here, are very useful for gathering information that would otherwise be scattered and lost across different institutions. Our main findings and contributions include nine new records for South Africa, one new combination, one reinstated species and significant information on the life habits and ecology of the group, all of which form a base for productive future expeditions and studies focused on Rhiniinae. In particular, future studies should focus on the taxonomic value of the immature stages, exploring the ecological association of some species of Rhiniinae with termites, ants, wasps and soils rich in organic matter and the phylogeny of the family. Promoting and training local taxonomists on Diptera would be important to increase our knowledge of this complex group.Overall, although knowledge on the E1D44406-0B75-54FF-89F3-DCD3E621894110.3897/BDJ.10.e72764.suppl17538293Supplementary material 1Rhiniinae  from South AfricaMaterial examined of Data typegeoreferences, occurrences and information from specimen labels.File: oo_737008.tsvhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/737008Thomas-Cabianca A, Villet MH, Matínez-Sánchez A, Rojo S52CE0A35-A2F7-5ECC-B6E2-D84728026D5010.3897/BDJ.10.e72764.suppl2Supplementary material 2Rhiniinae  from the Afrotropical Region (excluding South Africa)Material examined of Data typedata from specimen labels.File: oo_737009.tsvhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/737009Thomas-Cabianca A, Villet MH, Martínez-Sánchez A, Rojo S19FBD76E-FF0E-54CC-AD75-19732E75A85210.3897/BDJ.10.e72764.suppl3Supplementary material 3Georeferences of the localities of South AfricaData typegeoreferences.Brief descriptionGeoreferences of the localities of South Africa, with modification and accurate spelling of South African places recorded in the labels data of the material examined (cited in Appendix I). Abbreviations used in the tables: AFMD: added from museum data; AFOL: added from other label; DL: data provided by the labels; GE: data georeferenced with Google Earth; JLDB: data provided from Jason Londt database; ML: data provided by the museum; N/D: no data; QDGS: quarter degree grid square for South Africa.File: oo_575732.tsvhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/575732Thomas-Cabianca A, Villet MH, Martínez-Sánchez A, Rojo S


Plant Physiology, Volume 173, Issue 2, February 2017, Pages 1502–1518, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.01305At the time of publication, the authors mistakenly omitted an additional affiliation for Xinna Liu: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L.), Beijing 100049, China.


The correct name is: Gargi Dhar. The correct citation is: Teka M, Dhar G, Dana T, Asnake G, Wakgari N, Bonger Z, et al. (2022) Satisfaction with regular hospital foodservices and associated factors among adult patients in Wolaita zone, Ethiopia: A facility-based cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 17(3): e0264163.


As the risk for concomitant COVID-19 infection in people living with HIV (PLHIV) remains largely unknown, we explored a large national database to identify risk factors for COVID-19 infection among PLHIV.Using the COVID-19 OPTUM de-identified national multicenter database, we identified 29,393 PLHIV with either a positive HIV test or documented HIV ICD9/10 codes. Using a multiple logistic regression model, we compared risk factors among PLHIV, who tested positive for COVID-19  and those who tested negative  from January 20, 2020, to January 20, 2022. We then compared secondary outcomes including hospitalization, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay, and death within 30 days of test among the 2 cohorts, adjusting for COVID-19 positivity and covariates. We adjusted all models for the following covariates: age, gender, race, ethnicity, U.S. region, insurance type, adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), Body Mass Index (BMI), and smoking status.Among PLHIV, factors associated with higher odds for acquiring COVID-19  included lower age  of 0.8 and 0.75, P= 0.001), female gender , Hispanic White ethnicity/race , Asian , and African American  [compared to non-Hispanic White], living in the U.S. South , being uninsured , higher CCI , higher BMI category , and noncurrent smoking status . Compared to PLHIV who tested negative for COVID-19, PLHIV who tested positive, had an OR 1.01 for hospitalization (P = 0.79), 1.03 for ICU stay (P=0.73), and 1.47 for death (P=0.001).Our study found that among PLHIV, being Hispanic, living in the South, lacking insurance, having higher BMI, and higher CCI scores were associated with increased odds of testing positive for COVID-19. PLHIV who tested positive for COVID-19 had higher odds of death.Christoph U. Lehmann, MD, Celanese: Stocks/Bonds|Markel: Stocks/Bonds|Springer: Honoraria|UTSW: Employee Jeremy Y. Chow, M.D., M.S., Gilead Sciences: Grant/Research Support.


Translational Psychiatry 10.1038/s41398-022-02115-5, published online 25 August 2022Correction to: The original version of this article unfortunately contained an error in the references. Reference 91 refers to:Kiemes A, Gomes FV, Cash D, Uliana DL, Simmons C, Singh N, et al. GABAA and NMDA receptor density alterations and their behavioral correlates in the gestational methylazoxymethanol acetate model for schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022;47:687–95. However, it should refer to: Kiemes A, Serrano Navacerrada ME, Kim E, Randall K, Simmons C, Rojo Gonzalez L et al. Erbb4 deletion from fast-spiking interneurons causes psychosis-relevant neuroimaging phenotypes. bioRxiv. 2022: 2022.2003.2007.483347. The original article has been corrected accordingly.


Lysiteles Simon, 1895 is one of the largest taxa with small body size among the Thomisidae and is mainly distributed in East, South and Southeast Asia. Most of them are recorded from southern provinces of China, such as Jiangxi Province, including three species. However, all of them are only discovered from Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province. But there are still other species remaining unknown which need to be surveyed from other areas in this Province.Lysiteles species was collected from Nanfengmian National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province. Based on morphological characters, it was recognised as a new species and has been named as Lysitelesnanfengmiansp. n. It is described and illustrated with photographs and its distribution is also mapped.One  Lysiteles Simon, 1895 usually live in shrubs, grasses, tree foliage and leaf litter, sometimes in canopy , Bhutan (ten) and Nepal (eight) . Other cAgelenidae  and are given in millimetres. The body lengths of all specimens exclude the chelicerae and spinnerets. Terminology of the male and female genitalia follows Leg measurements are given as total length . The abbreviations used in the figures and text are as follows: ALE − anterior lateral eye, AME − anterior median eye, At − atrium, CD − copulatory ducts, CO − copulatory openings, d − dorsal, Em − embolus, Fe − femur, MOA − median ocular area, p − prolateral, Pa − patella, PLE − posterior lateral eye, PME − posterior median eye, r − retrolateral, RTA − retrolateral tibial apophysis, Se − septum, Spe − spermathecae, Ti − tibia, TR − Tegular ridge, v − ventral, VTA − ventral tibial apophysis.Liusp. n.5E97CDC1-B222-5EFE-B252-C5651C417D0BEE0E97F7-088A-40E9-AA49-04F9C9E8F798Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Liu Ke-Ke; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceID: FB98876F-2A09-520E-A579-173D2584BA7B; Taxon: scientificName: Lysitelesnanfengmian Liu, sp. n.; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Jiangxi; locality: Ji’an City, Suichuan County, Nanfengmian National Nature Reserve, Daijiabu Station, Shahu Village, Fengshuao; verbatimElevation: 1071 m; verbatimCoordinates: 26°16'1.33"N, 114°3'47.53"E; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping; eventDate: 28/06/2022Type status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Liu Ke-Ke; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceID: BB9DAF8E-5DD6-5AB4-BD63-90663760BE52; Taxon: scientificName: Lysitelesnanfengmian Liu, sp. n.; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Jiangxi; locality: Ji’an City, Suichuan County, Nanfengmian National Nature Reserve, Daijiabu Station, Shahu Village, Fengshuao; verbatimElevation: 1071 m; verbatimCoordinates: 26°16'1.33"N, 114°3'47.53"E; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping; eventDate: 28/06/2022Type status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Liu Ke-Ke; individualCount: 4; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceID: B716A5F2-00A8-533A-A8BA-962217465B8B; Taxon: scientificName: Lysitelesnanfengmian Liu, sp. n.; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Jiangxi; locality: Ji’an City, Suichuan County, Nanfengmian National Nature Reserve, Daijiabu Station, Shahu Village, Fengshuao; verbatimElevation: 1071 m; verbatimCoordinates: 26°16'1.33"N, 114°3'47.53"E; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping; eventDate: 28/06/2022Type status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Liu Ke-Ke; individualCount: 4; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceID: 5EA24413-7755-5D56-9503-D509339C7DD4; Taxon: scientificName: Lysitelesnanfengmian Liu, sp. n.; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Jiangxi; locality: Ji’an City, Suichuan County, Nanfengmian National Nature Reserve, Daijiabu Station, Qianmo Village, Dapingli; verbatimElevation: 1096 m; verbatimCoordinates: 26°17'44.2"N, 114°4'29.74"E; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping; eventDate: 28/06/2022Type status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Liu Ke-Ke; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceID: 43300CF0-FE44-5008-836C-337E5D52EC3B; Taxon: scientificName: Lysitelesnanfengmian Liu, sp. n.; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Jiangxi; locality: Ji’an City, Suichuan County, Nanfengmian National Nature Reserve, Dafen Station, Gaoxing Village, Shiziao; verbatimElevation: 913 m; verbatimCoordinates: 26°20'28.85"N, 114°5'27.47"E; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping; eventDate: 27/06/2022Type status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Liu Ke-Ke; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceID: 0D27B20F-5394-57C3-A7E4-11E35C95D4FE; Taxon: scientificName: Lysitelesnanfengmian Liu, sp. n.; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Jiangxi; locality: Ji’an City, Suichuan County, Nanfengmian National Nature Reserve, Dafen Station, Gaoxing Village, Shiziao; verbatimElevation: 913 m; verbatimCoordinates: 26°20'28.85"N, 114°5'27.47"E; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping; eventDate: 27/06/2022Male (holotype)  Figs , 4A, B. pe) Figs A, B 1.68Colouration Fig. A and B. Palp Fig. . Tibia wFemale  and the anterior part of embolus with 1.5 spirals (vs 1.25 in L.torsivus). The female of the new species resembles those of L.auriculatus Tang, Yin, Peng, Ubick & Griswold, 2008  and the spermathecal end directed at 7 o’clock .The male of this new species is similar to that of so, 2006  the caraThe specific name refers to the type locality; noun in apposition.Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China Fig. .Lysiteles species, one of the interesting findings is that some of them can be assigned in one sub-group by the embolus with a spiral or strongly curved tip and the large RTA longer than the tibia and the female epigyne with the distinct septum dividing the atrium into two large parts, including L.arcuatus Tang, Yin, Peng, Ubick & Griswold, 2008, L.auriculatus, L.corrugus Tang, Yin, Peng, Ubick & Griswold, 2008, L.dentatus Tang, Yin, Peng, Ubick & Griswold, 2007, L.dianicus Song & Zhao, 1994, L.qiuae Song & Wang, 1991, L.silvanus Ono, 1980, L.spirellus, L.subdianicus Tang, Yin, Peng, Ubick & Griswold, 2008, L.subspirellus and L.torsivus (When we collected all illustrated descriptions of the torsivus . Maybe i


Epinephelusrankini, described from the waters off Western Australia, has long been regarded as a junior synonym of Epinephelusmultinotatus. However, the two species are discernible as distinct species on the basis of their morphological characteristics and genetic differences by the holotype material and non-type of specimens.The grouper Epinephelusrankini is considered as a valid species and re-described based on the examination of the holotype and additional specimens. Epinephelusrankini can be distinguished from the closely-related species E.multinotatus by the following combination of characters: body dark greyish-brown to chocolate with irregular white blotches , absence of small dark brown spots . Furthermore, genetic differences between the two species strongly support the validity of both species based on molecular analysis . In addition based on the sampling range, E.rankini was observed range from the Abrolhos Islands of Western Australia to south-eastern Indonesia, while E.multinotatus ranges from the Persian Gulf to southern Mozambique.In this study,  Epinephelidae, known as groupers, comprises more than 170 species in 16 genera  is the most diverse, containing approximately 90 valid species    , Epinepheluscraigi , Epinephelustankahkeei  and others being identified as new species  , Epinephr, 1870) , Epinephl, 1842)  being re species . This reEpinephelusrankini Whitley, 1945 was first collected by Mr. F. J. Rankin in the Onslow, Western Australia in late 1944 and then described by Epinephelusmultinotatus   gene] between these two species also strongly support this conclusion. In this paper, we describe the morphological and genetic differences between E.multinotatus and E.rankini and re-describe E.rankini and E.multinotatus as well.uritius) . BetweenE.multinotatus and E.rankini. Specimens of E.rankini from Indonesia and the type locality, as well as specimens of E.multinotatus from Maldives, Seychelles, Africa and Mauritius  were also examined. The sampling information is listed in Suppl. materials E.rankini and E.multinotatus as percentages of standard length are listed in Table Specimens from western Indian Ocean, Western Australia and southeast Indonesia were examined, including the holotypes Fig.  of E.mulE.rankini, E.multinotatus and closely-related species was isolated from fresh dorsal-fin rays using a standard phenol-chloroform protocol and the ethanol precipitation method and then preserved at -20°C. Partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI were amplified using a pair of primers  by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)  . PCR reahttp://www.genecodes.com) software and then the shared 642 bp were extracted from each sequence for subsequent analysis. The intraspecific and interspecific genetic distances were calculated using the Kimura two-parameter (K2P) distance model with MEGA 11  and Epinephelusflavocaeruleus , which clustered with E.multinotatus in the same branch, for analysis together, and Epinepheluschlorostigma  and Epinephelusareolatus , another sister branch that shares a common ancestor with E.multinotatus, as outgroup. The PhyML tree was analysed using the online (http://species.h-its.org/ptp/) version of the programme bPTP . The specific nucleotide substitution is presented in parentheses and the results are presented in the molecular diagnostics section and Suppl. material A total of 34 COI sequences in this study were manually edited using Sequencher 5.4.6 8943166D-DB2D-529F-811A-FBF8FD8361E69A7880BD-7DF2-4F4C-A07B-9371A83FEAF1Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Whitley; Taxon: taxonID: WAM P.2847-001; scientificNameID: Epinephelusrankini; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Epinephelidae; genus: Epinephelus; scientificNameAuthorship: ; Location: locality: Western Australian; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: WAMType status:Paratype. Taxon: scientificNameID: Epinephelusrankini; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Epinephelidae; genus: Epinephelus; Location: locality: Indonesia; Identification: dateIdentified: 2019-4; Record Level: collectionID: ZMUA-epran01; institutionCode: ZMUA; collectionCode: fishType status:Paratype. Taxon: scientificNameID: Epinephelusrankini; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Epinephelidae; genus: Epinephelus; Location: locality: Thevenard Island, Western Australia; Identification: dateIdentified: 2021-11; Record Level: collectionID: ZMUA-epran02; institutionCode: ZMUA; collectionCode: fishType status:Paratype. Taxon: scientificNameID: Epinephelusrankini; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Epinephelidae; genus: Epinephelus; Location: locality: Dirk Hartog Islands, Western Australia; Identification: dateIdentified: 2021-11; Record Level: collectionID: ZMUA-epran03; institutionCode: ZMUA; collectionCode: fishType status:Paratype. Taxon: scientificNameID: Epinephelusrankini; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Epinephelidae; genus: Epinephelus; Location: locality: Indonesia; Identification: dateIdentified: 2021-12; Record Level: collectionID: ZMUA-epran04; institutionCode: ZMUA; collectionCode: fishType status:Paratype. Taxon: scientificNameID: Epinephelusrankini; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Epinephelidae; genus: Epinephelus; Location: locality: Indonesia; Identification: dateIdentified: 2021-11; Event: eventDate: 2006; Record Level: collectionID: ZMUA-epranA; institutionCode: ZMUA; collectionCode: fishType status:Paratype. Taxon: scientificNameID: Epinephelusrankini; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Epinephelidae; genus: Epinephelus; Location: locality: Western Australia; Identification: dateIdentified: 2019-8; Record Level: collectionID: ZMUA-epranB; institutionCode: ZMUA; collectionCode: fishType status:Paratype. Taxon: scientificNameID: Epinephelusrankini; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Epinephelidae; genus: Epinephelus; Location: locality: Western Australia; Identification: dateIdentified: 2019-8; Record Level: collectionID: ZMUA-epranC; institutionCode: ZMUA; collectionCode: fishHead large and head length 2.6 (2.6-2.8) in SL, orbit diameter 6.8 (6.5-6.9) in head; interorbital broadly convex and width 4.5 (4.1-4.5) in head. Snout length 4.08 (3.9-4.2) in head. Mouth large and oblique, length of upper jaw 2.0 (2.0-2.3) in head, maxilla width 7.3 (6.8-7.3) in head, maxillary roundly truncate and extending to rear edge of eye, with small supplemental bone, only visible through dissection.Dorsal fin XI, 16 ~ 17; anal fin III, 8-9; pectoral fin 17–18; pelvic fin I, 5; caudal fin 16-19; lateral-line scales 71-86; lateral scale series 137-163; gill rakers 9-11+14-15; head length 35.3-38.5% SL; eye diameter 5.2-5.7% SL, preorbital length 7.1-7.6% SL and depth 4.3-5.7% SL, interorbital width 7.9-8.6% SL; snout length 8.3-9.4% SL, maxilla width 4.9-5.3% SL, length of upper jaw 15.8-18.9% SL, lower-jaw length 10.1-13.6% SL; body compressed laterally, body depth 34.2-35.3% SL and width 14.9-16.7% SL; predorsal length 30.9-32.6% SL, dorsal-fin base 56.6-58.4% SL, first dorsal spine 4.9-7.2% SL, second dorsal spine 9.9-13.6% SL, longest dorsal spine  10.4-15.5% SL, last dorsal spine 8.6-10.9% SL, longest dorsal ray 11.7-14.7% SL; pre-anal length 63.6-68.0% SL, anal-fin base 7.4-17.1% SL, first anal spine 3.5-4.2% SL, second anal spine 6.5-8.4% SL, third anal spine 8.1-10.2% SL and longest anal ray 14.9-19.2% SL; pectoral-fin length 17.7-19.2% SL; prepelvic length 31.9-36.6% SL, pelvic-fin length 17.4-19.6% SL, pelvic-spine length 9.1-11.1% SL; caudal-fin length 19.3-20.9% SL, caudal-peduncle length 17.1-20.9% SL and depth 10.4-11.5% SL (see Table Epinephelusrankini can clearly be distinguished from most of its congers by the absence of bars and bands in head and body (vs. presence) and diagnosed from confusable species by the following combination of characteristics: head, body and fins black greyish-brown to chocolate with irregular white blotches  ; absence of small dark brown spots ; the lateral-line scales 71-86 (vs. 48-51 in Epinephelusclippertonensis Allen and Robertson 1999); lateral-scale series 137-162 (vs. 92-107 E.erythrurus).Epinephelusrankini is diagnosed by a combination of 10 nucleotide substitutions: COI 276 (A→G), COI 279 (C→T), COI 294 (A→G), COI 351 (T→C), COI 399 (A→G), COI 402 (T→C), COI 442 (A→G), COI 519 (A→G), COI 537 (T→C), COI 552 (T→C). In addition, E.rankini possess 24 nucleotide substitutions when compared to E.multinotatus: COI 105 (T→A), COI 198 (T→C), COI 270 (C→T), COI 273 (T→C), COI 276 (A→G), COI 279 (C→T), COI 294 (A→G), COI 297 (C→T), COI 351 (T→C), COI 366 (G→A), COI 399 (A→G), COI 402 (T→C), COI 442 (A→G), COI 444 (A→C), COI 468 (A→G), COI 484 (C→T), COI 519 (A→G), COI 537 (T→C), COI 552 (T→C), COI 561 (G→A), COI 582 (T→C), COI 603 (G→A), COI 618 (C→T), COI 633 (A→G).Black greyish-brown to chocolate with irregular pale white blotches on the head, body and fins, with the blotches on the front of the head, chest and fins smaller and not obvious and those on both the sides of body larger; the rear margins of the unpaired soft rays have an extremely narrow white edge Fig. a, c, e. Body grey to brown with pale white blotches remaining prominent or fading. The narrow white edge on the posterior margin of the unpaired soft rays also remains or fades Fig. c, e. Wit1Epinephelusrankini is known from the Western Australian waters from the Abrolhos Islands northwards to Cape Leveque and south-eastern Indonesia 111248B3-ACFA-59CB-A5BF-A65548C917FAE666A249-758C-448C-B746-A888F43C5E21Type status:Holotype. Taxon: taxonID: ZMB 9452; scientificNameID: Epinephelusmultinotatus; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Epinephelidae; genus: Epinephelus; scientificNameAuthorship: (Peters 1876); Location: locality: MauritiusType status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordNumber: ZMUA-epmul03-05; ZMUA-epmulD,ZMUA-epmulF, ZMUA-epmulG; individualCount: 6; Taxon: scientificNameID: Epinephelusmultinotatus; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Epinephelidae; genus: Epinephelus; Location: locality: Maldives; Event: year: 2020; Record Level: institutionCode: ZMUA; collectionCode: fishType status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordNumber: ZMUA-epmul02; ZMUA-epmulE; individualCount: 2; Taxon: scientificNameID: Epinephelusmultinotatus; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Epinephelidae; genus: Epinephelus; Location: locality: South Africa; Event: year: 2019; Record Level: institutionCode: ZMUA; collectionCode: fishType status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordNumber: SAIAB 77354, 80836; individualCount: 2; Taxon: scientificNameID: Epinephelusmultinotatus; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Epinephelidae; genus: Epinephelus; Location: locality: Seychelles; Record Level: institutionCode: SAIAB; collectionCode: fishType status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordNumber: SAIAB 19541, 86850, 86834; individualCount: 3; Taxon: scientificNameID: Epinephelusmultinotatus; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Epinephelidae; genus: Epinephelus; Location: locality: Mozambique; Record Level: institutionCode: SAIAB; collectionCode: fishHead large and head length 2.2-2.7 in SL, orbit diameter 6.4-7.5 in head; interorbital broadly convex and width 4.1-5.2 in head. Snout length 3.6-4.6 in head. Mouth large and oblique, length of upper jaw 2.2-2.6 in head, maxilla width 7.1-8.6 in head, maxillary roundly truncate and extending to rear edge of eye, with small supplemental bone, only visible through dissection.Dorsal fin XI, 15 ~ 17; anal fin III, 8; pectoral fin 16–20; pelvic fin I, 5; caudal fin 16-18; lateral-line scales 62-77; lateral scale series 130-151; gill rakers 9-11+15-17; head length 36.5-44.8% SL; eye diameter 5.3-6.1% SL, pre-orbital length 7.4-9.2% SL and depth 5.0-5.9% SL, interorbital width 7.4-8.9% SL; snout length 9.1-10.5% SL, maxilla width 5.0-5.3% SL, length of upper jaw 16.3-17.2% SL, lower-jaw length 11.3-12.0% SL; body compressed laterally, body depth 34.4-41.8% SL and width 14.4-19.8% SL; predorsal length 31.7-37.3% SL, dorsal-fin base 50.4-58.6% SL, first dorsal spine 3.5-5.7% SL, second dorsal spine 7.8-12.0% SL, longest dorsal spine  11.3-14.0% SL, last dorsal spine 8.2-9.8% SL, longest dorsal ray 12.7-14.4% SL; pre-anal length 66.7-71.4% SL, anal-fin base 12.8-17.6% SL, first anal spine 2.6-3.5% SL, second anal spine 5.9-6.4% SL, third anal spine 7.8-10.3% SL and longest anal ray 15.9-16.0% SL; pectoral-fin length 17.0-19.3% SL; prepelvic length 30.9-35.7% SL, pelvic-fin length 16.3-19.4% SL, pelvic-spine length 9.7-10.3% SL; caudal-fin length 19.1-23.1% SL, caudal-peduncle length 16.0-20.6% SL and depth 11.3-11.6% SL (see Table Epinephelusmultinotatus can clearly be distinguished from most of its congers by the absence of bars and bands in head and body (vs. presence), presence of numerous small dark reddish-brown spots (vs. absence or spots of other colour) and diagnosed from confusable species by the following combination of characteristics: head and body pale brownish-grey with irregular and small white blotches ; absence of black saddle blotch (vs. presence of black saddle blotch in Epinephelushowlandi Gunther 1873), the lateral-line scales 62-77 (vs. 48-51 in E.bontoides), lateral-scale series 130-151 .Epinephelusmultinotatus is diagnosed by a combination of 10 nucleotide substitutions: COI 105 (T→A), COI 198 (C→T), COI 270 (T→C), COI 273 (C→T), COI 366 (A→G), COI 484 (C→T), COI 561 (A→G), COI 582 (C→T), COI 618 (T→C), COI 633 (G→A).Pale brownish-grey with irregular and small white blotches above the head and body, and numerous small dark reddish-brown spots below the head and body, sometimes spread all over the body Fig. 22d. The rHead and body pale brownish-grey with white blotches and small dark spots remaining prominent or fading. With prolonged storage time, the body colour gradually turns pale yellowish-brown and the blotches and spots fade Figs b, 2d.2Epinephelusmultinotatus is known from the Persian Gulf to southern Mozambique and also found in the island States   Fig. . JuvenilCOI gene sequences of E.rankini and closely-related species were sequenced or obtained from GenBank in this study. The intraspecific mean distance of E.rankini was 0.0023. The Kimura 2-parameter interspecific distances indicated that E.rankini differs from E.multinotatus by 0.0424, from E.flavocaeruleus by 0.0421, from E.cyanopodus by 0.0439, from E.chlorostigma by 0.0577 and from E.areolatus by 0.0753  and the specimens of E.rankini and E.multinotatus clustered into group 1 and group 2, respectively  is a western Indian Ocean species with a recorded maximum total length (TL) of 100 cm and was previously reported to be distributed from the Persian Gulf to southern Mozambique and eastwards to Western Australia , but encountered the same fate as E.rankini, becoming a synonym of E.multinotatus from the Arabian Gulf and Oman region  between E.rankini and E.flavocaeruleus, that (0.0260) between Epinephelusbruneus (Bloch 1793) and E.moara  and E.geoffroyi , which is consistent with the results obtained by E.flavocaeruleus and E.cyanopodus into the same group, supporting that they are possible synonyms. Epinephelusflavocaeruleus and E.cyanopodus are considered two valid species due to differences in the body colour pattern and geographical distribution Detailed result of the ABGD analysis (Data typeSequence analysis resultsFile: oo_752706.docxhttps://binary.pensoft.net/file/752706Xiaoying Cao, Haohao Wu, Haoran Zhang, Lina Wu, Shaoxiong Ding


Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause serious lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) among older adults. There is no licensed RSV vaccine. In CYPRESS , an Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein vaccine demonstrated 80.0% efficacy for prevention of RSV LRTD and 69.8% efficacy for prevention of any RSV acute respiratory infection in adults aged ≥65 years through the first RSV season. This study evaluated the durability of immune responses elicited by Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein after two RSV seasons (up to 1.5 years post-vaccination) in the overall study population and in groups of participants stratified by age and risk level for severe RSV LRTD.Participants (N=5782) were randomized 1:1 to receive vaccine or placebo before the RSV season. The primary endpoint was first occurrence of RSV LRTD. RSV A2 virus neutralizing antibodies , RSV preF binding antibodies (through Day 533), and RSV-F–specific IFN-γ enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot , were evaluated in an immunogenicity subset .6 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at baseline to 143 SFC/106 PBMCs at 1.5 years. Comparable immune responses were observed in age/risk subgroups. No relevant changes were observed in the placebo group at any time point. Pre-existing Ad26 VNAs did not appear to impact RSV-specific immune response durability.In the vaccine group of the immunogenicity subset, RSV A2 VNAs peaked at Day 15 and were maintained at 2.8-fold over baseline at 1 year. Similarly, RSV preF-specific binding antibodies peaked at Day 15 and were maintained at 2.1-fold above baseline at 1.5 years. Median RSV-F–specific IFN-γ T-cell frequency increased from 34 spot-forming cells (SFC)/10Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein vaccine was efficacious and elicited robust, durable (to at least 1.5 years) humoral and cellular immune responses in adults aged ≥65 years, older participants (≥75 years), and in participants with increased risk for severe RSV LRTD.Christy A. Comeaux, MD, PhD, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V.: Employee Ann R. Falsey, MD, BioFire Diagnostics: Grant/Research Support|Janssen: Grant/Research Support|Merck Sharp & Dohme: Grant/Research Support|Novavax: Advisor/Consultant|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Kristi Williams, PhD, Janssen Research and Development: Employee John E. Ervin, MD, The Alliance for Multispecialty Research – KCM: Contractual agreement for conduct of study protocol Arangassery R. Bastian, PhD, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV: Employee Joris Menten, PhD, Janssen Infectious Diseases: Employee Els De Paepe, MSc, Janssen Infectious Diseases: employee Sjouke Vandenberghe, PhD, Janssen Infectious Diseases: Employee Eric K. H. Chan, PhD, Janssen Global Services, LLC: Employee Jerald Sadoff, MD, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV: Employee Macaya Douoguih, MD, MPH, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V.: Employee Benoit Callendret, PhD, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V.: Employee Esther Heijnen, MD, PhD, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V.: Employee.


In the original article, references 47 and 48 was incorrectly inserted as47: Wang YY, Wang LJ, Xu D, Liu M, Wang HW, Wang K, et al. Postoperative adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization should be considered selectively in patients who have hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion. HPB (Oxford) (2019) 21(4):425-33. doi: 10.1016/j.hpb.2018.08.001;48: Wang L, Ke Q, Deng M, Huang X, Zeng J, Liu H, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after radical hepatectomy: a real world study. Scand J Gastroenterol (2019) 54(11):1403-11. doi: 10.1080/00365521.2019.1684986”.The correct references are as follows:47: Zhang WW, Hu BY, Han J, Wang HG, Wang ZB, Ye HY, et al. A Real-World Study of PD-1 Inhibitors Combined With TKIs for HCC With Major Vascular Invasion as the Conversion Therapy: A Prospective, Non-Randomized, Open-Label Cohort Study. Ann Oncol (2020) 31:S1307. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.10.195;48: Li CJ, Zhou J. Initial Report of a Two-Stage Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Following Downstaging With Transarterial Chemoembolization and Sorafenib. Fubu Waike (2017) 30:295-8+301. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-5591.2017.04.015.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Article title: Manganese-containing polydopamine nanoparticles as theranostic agents for magnetic resonance imaging and photothermal/chemodynamic combined ferroptosis therapy treating gastric cancerAuthors: Zhian Chen, Zhenhao Li, Chuangji Li, Huilin Huang, Yingxin Ren, Zhenyuan Li, Yanfeng Hu and Weihong GuoJournal: DRUG DELIVERYBibliometrics: Volume 29, Number 1, pages 1201–1211https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2022.2059124DOI: As per author’s request, figures 5 have been replaced in the published article.


Selenocosmia Ausserer, 1871 includes 39 species. Five species were known from China. This genus has not been found in south-eastern China.The genus Selenocosmia Ausserer, 1871 is described from China: Selenocosmiazhangzhengi Lin, sp. n. from Fujian. Photos and a morphological description of the new species are given. The type specimen of the new species is deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beiing (IZCAS).A new species of the genus  Theraphosidae Thorell, 1869 includes 1031 species in 153 genera, with 39 species in the genus Selenocosmia Ausserer, 1871 ; S.jiafu Zhu & Zhang, 2008 (Yunnan); S.longiembola Yu et al., 2021 (Yunnan); S.qiani Yu et al., 2021 (Guangdong) and S.xinhuaensis Zhu & Zhang, 2008 (Yunnan). Here, we report one new species: S.zhangzhengi sp. n. from Longyan, Fujian.Five All specimens were preserved in 75% ethanol. Spermathecae were cleared in trypsin enzyme solution to dissolve non-chitinous tissues. Specimens were examined under a LEICA M205C stereomicroscope. Photomicroscope images were taken with an Olympus C7070 zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels). Photographs were stacked with Helicon Focus 6.7.1 and processed in Adobe Photoshop CC 2018.The terminology used in the text and figures follows A apical keel; ALE anterior lateral eyes; AME anterior median eyes; BL basal lobe of retrolateral embolus keel; MOA median ocular area; PLE posterior lateral eyes; PME posterior median eyes; PS prolateral superior keel; The type material is deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing (IZCAS).Abbreviations: Linsp. n.1D3891FB-078A-5751-8A05-E700CB917571BC40E565-96DC-4E66-9448-37AC9E6F67E5Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Zheng Zhang; individualID: IZCAS-Ar42680; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Taxon: scientificName: Selenocosmiazhangzhengi; order: Araneae; family: Theraphosidae; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Fujian; verbatimLocality: Longyan, Xinluo District, Hengkengtou; verbatimElevation: 1143 m; verbatimLatitude: 25.3465°N; verbatimLongitude: 117.1205°E; Event: year: 2021; month: 6; day: 13Type status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Chuan Liu, Linrui Yu, Xiaohan Ye, Zheng Zhang; individualID: IZCAS-Ar42681, Ar42682; individualCount: 2; sex: 2 females; Taxon: scientificName: Selenocosmiazhangzhengi; order: Araneae; family: Theraphosidae; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Fujian; locality: Longyan, Xinluo District, Hengkengtou; verbatimElevation: 1143 m; verbatimLatitude: 25.3465°N; verbatimLongitude: 117.1205°E; Event: year: 2021; month: 7; day: 11Male   Fig. A. Total Male palpal bulb   Fig. B. Total Female genitalia Fig.  simple. Selenocosmiajiafu Zhu & Zhang, 2008: 2♂ (IZCAS), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Mengla County, Menglun Township，27.IX.2021, Conghao Yang leg.Female : body length: without chelicerae 20.14–28.62. Carapace 9.82–13.81 length, 7.16–10.08 wide. Chelicerae with row of 10–12 promarginal teeth, 34–36 mesoventral denticles. Labial cuspules 239–299.Selenocosmiazhangzhengi sp. n. is similar to males of S.jiafu Zhu & Zhang, 2008 and S.qiani Yu, S. Y. Zhang, F. Zhang, Li & Yang, 2021 by having the same angle of the embolus relative to the bulb. However, S.zhangzhengi sp. n. can be separated from S.qiani by the racket-shaped lyra setae on the maxillae (vs. dagger-shaped in S.qiani). Males of S.zhangzhengi sp. n. can be distinguished from S.jiafu by the absence of long, white setae on the tibia and metatarsus of the legs (vs. present in S.jiafu), the tip of the embolus is at an obtuse angle in S.zhangzhengi sp. n. (vs. acute angle in S.qiani) and small ventral lamina are absent on the distal embolus  and the ratio of the length of the spermathecae to the distance between the spermathecae is almost 2–3:1 . Femal3:1 Fig.  (vs. 3:2 S.jiafu ).The species is named after Mr. Zheng Zhang, who collected the type material; noun (name) in genitive case.Known only from the type locality.Retreats in burrows made in soil mixed with gravel, the burrows are usually about 3 to 4 cm in diameter. The spider web extends 10 to 20 cm inwards from the burrow. The spider moults inside. At night, the spider waits at the mouth of the burrow for its prey to pass by.


Toxoplasma gondii for development of diagnostic probesDNA sequences of ”, DOI number: 10.1590/s0074-02761991000400023, published in Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 86(4), 1991, on page 483:In the article “Where it reads:Viviana PzsennyIt should read:Viviana Pszenny


The correct title is: Assessment of the QuickSee wavefront autorefractor for characterizing refractive errors in school-age children. The correct citation is: Gil A, Hernández CS, Pérez-Merino P, Rubio M, Velarde G, Abellanas-Lodares M, et al. (2020) Assessment of the QuickSee wavefront autorefractor for characterizing refractive errors in school-age children. PLoS ONE 15(10): e0240933.