Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) of Pakistan are provided based on published records and original data from recent research. Checklists to the genera and species of Deltocephalinae are also given. A total of 49 genera with more than 100 species are now known from Pakistan. Two new synonyms are proposed, i.e., Cicadulinastriata Ahmed, 1986 a junior synonym of Cicadulinachinai Ghauri, 1965, syn. nov. and Macrostelesparafalcatus Naveed & Zhang, 2018 a new junior synonym of Macrostelesindrina , syn. nov.Keys to all levels of the subfamily  Cicadellidae, the largest family of Hemiptera, comprises 26–40 subfamilies . In this paper we add a further 18 genera and 51 species records, provide checklists and keys to species and include two new species synonymies; a total of 49 genera with more than 100 species is now known from Pakistan.3 genera . The earCicadellidae in various countries and this is particularly true for Pakistan. Such studies are not only important to discover the leafhopper diversity but also for pest management in agriculture and forestry as leafhoppers being one of the most important groups of vectors of plant pathogens ; with two or three anteapical cells and often with one or more crossveins between A1 and claval suture; inner apical cell narrowed distally, not reaching to wing apex. Profemur AM1 seta distinct; row AV with short stout setae extending from base to 1/2–2/3 length of femur; intercalary row with various thin setae arranged in one row. Mesotrochanter with apical posteroventral stout seta. Metafemur macrosetal formula usually 2+2+1 with penultimate pair close-set. Metatibia usually anteroposteriorly compressed, ventrally with a median ridge. Male pygofer usually with a membranous cleft at basolateral margin. Valve produced posteriorly, lateral margins short, articulated with pygofer laterally. Subgenital plates articulated with each other and with valve rarely fused to each other and valve (Goniagnathus); usually triangular, normally somewhat flattened; with dorsal slot or fold articulating with style. Connective Y-shaped or linear, rarely T-shaped; devoid of anteromedial lobe or process. Style broad at base, bilobed basally; apophysis not elongate. First valvula convex to relatively straight; dorsal sculpturing pattern reaching the dorsal margin or not; sculpturing pattern striate, concatenate, reticulate, imbricate, maculate, or granulose. Second valvula with basal fused section as long as distal paired blades or longer; median dorsal tooth present or not; usually with small to large, regularly or irregularly shaped dorsoapical teeth on apical 1/3 or more; teeth sometimes restricted to apical 1/4, or absent.The subfamily Deltocephalinae here in its wider sense, following Selenocephalini, Mukariini and Penthimiini. We also follow Bampurius placed in Athysanini by Scaphoideini and the genera placed in Scaphytopiini by Grammacephalus placed here in Scaphoideini, Masiripius placed here in Opsiini and Varta placed here in Vartiini.Remarks. We treat If genera are represented by a single species in Pakistan the species name is given.Deltocephalinae are given for each genus containing more than one species. We follow Keys to all species of Pakistan Diagnosis. It is impossible to provide a set of characters to easily diagnose this large tribe due to its morphological diversity. However, most members have the connective Y-shaped and lack the distinctive features of other tribes.E.cornix Naveed & ZhangFigs 52Euscelidiuscornix Naveed & Zhang, 2020c: 470, fig. 1A–G (Pakistan).Platymetopius sp.Remarks. From the figure  given by Mahmood (1969) this genus is present in Pakistan.Remarks.Tambocerus is one of the few Athysanini with transverse striations on the fore margin of the head.T.bulbulus Naveed & ZhangFigs 51Tambocerusbulbulus Naveed & Zhang, 2018i: 240, figs 3A–D, 4A–I (Pakistan).Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized leafhoppers, usually white, stramineous, green, brown, grey, or black in colouration, and sometimes iridescent. They can be identified by the tapering or parallel sided clypellus, aedeagus hinged at the base , ovipositor usually extending far beyond the pygofer, first valvula dorsal sculpturing pattern maculate to granulose and usually submarginal, first valvula without distinctly delimited ventroapical sculpturing, and second valvula teeth obliquely triangular and serrated.A.choui Naveed & ZhangAconurellachoui Naveed & Zhang, 2018a: 72, fig. 5; pl. II, figs A–D (Pakistan).A.erebus (Distant)Deltocephaluserebus Distant, 1908: 385 (India).Aconurellaerebus: Ghauri, 1974: 553–555, figs 14–17 (India).Aconurellaerebus: A.naranensis Naveed & ZhangAconurellanaranensis Naveed & Zhang, 2018a: 71, fig. 4; pl. I, J–L (Pakistan).A.paraerebus Naveed & ZhangAconurellaparaerebus Naveed & Zhang, 2018a: 68, fig. 3; pl. I, G–I (Pakistan).A.prolixa (Lethierry)Figs 58Thamnotettixprolixa Lethierry, 1885: 102 (Europe).Thamnotettixminutes Haupt, 1917: 254. Synonymised by Thamnotettixsanguisuga Lindberg, 1927: 88. Synonymised by Cicadulaindica Pruthi, 1930: 54. Synonymised by Deltocephalusobtusus Metcalf, 1955: 266. .ChiasmuskarachiensisChiasmuslobataAconurellaneosolana Rao & Ramakrishnan, 1990a: 268, fig. 1 (India). Synonymised by Aconurellaprolixa Khatri & Webb, 2010: 4, pl. 1, fig. g; fig. 9; C.alatus PruthiChiasmusalatus Pruthi, 1930: 23, pl. II, figs 6, 6a, text figs 32–34 (India); C.niger PruthiChiasmusniger Pruthi, 1936: 108, pl. VIII, fig. 8, text fig. 122 (India); Remarks. The identification key of this species has not been possible due to the uncertainty of the differences between very similar species. The previously described forms may prove to be synonyms.E.indicus (Distant)Athysanusindicus Distant, 1908: 344 (India).Athysanusatkinsoni Distant, 1908: 345 (India). Synonymised by Ross, 1968: 12.Exitianusindicus: ExitianusmajorExitianusindicus: E.nanus (Distant)Fig. 73Athysanusnanus Distant, 1908: 345 (India).Athysanusinsularis Distant, 1909: 47, pl. 4, figs 10, 10a. Synonymised by Athysanusfasciolatus Melichar, 1911: 107 (East Africa). Synonymised by Athysanussimillimus Matsumura, 1914: 185 (Japan). Synonymised by Athysanusvulnerans Bergevin, 1925: 42, figs 5–9 (East Africa). Synonymised by Limotettixalbipennis Haupt, 1927: 25, pl. II, figs 20a–c . Synonymised by Limotettixunifasciata Haupt, 1930: 159, fig. 9. Synonymised by Athysanusdigressus Van Duzee, 1933: 32 (USA). Synonymised by Exitianusnanus: Ross, 1968: 7, figs 1–3, 15–18, 76; Exitianuskarachiensis Ahmed, 1986: 59, fig. 5. Synonymised by Exitianuspeshawarensis Ahmed & Rao, 1986: 76–77, fig. 1. Synonymised by ExitianusminorExitianusfulvinervis Li & He, 1993: 27; G.minorcephala PruthiFig. 5Gurawaminorcephala Pruthi, 1930: 29, pl. II, fig. 10a, b, text figs 41,42 (Pakistan); G.longispina Naveed & ZhangGurawalongispina Naveed & Zhang, 2018b: 486, figs 1A–D, 3A–F, 5A (Pakistan).L. (L.) mysorensis DistantLeofamysorensis Distant, 1918: 86; Leofaaffinis Distant, 1918: 87. Synonymised by Leofasanguinalis Distant, 1918: 87. Synonymised by Leofaunicolor Distant, 1918: 88. Synonymised by Leofapedestris Distant, 1918: 88. Synonymised by Leofaparwala Pruthi, 1930: 26. Synonymised by L. (L.) naga Viraktamath & ViraktamathLeofanaga Viraktamath & Viraktamath, 1992: 9–10, figs 31–40 (India); L. (Prasutagus) pulchellus DistantFigs 27Prasutaguspulchellus Distant, 1918: 53–54, fig. 57 (India).Leofa (Prasutagus) pulchellus: Zahniser, 2008: 18; L. (L.) truncata Viraktamath & ViraktamathLeofatruncata Viraktamath & Viraktamath, 1992: 4, figs 1–9 (India); N.nigropictus (Stål)Thamnotettixnigropictus Stål, 1870: 740 (India).Nephotettixapicalis Distant, 1908: 360 (India); Nephotettixnigropictusyapicola Ghauri, 1971: 495.Nephotettixnigropictus: Ghauri, 1971: 491; N.parvus Ishihara & KawaseNephotettixparvus Ishihara & Kawase, 1968: 121 (Japan); Nephotettixolivacea Mahmood & Aziz, 1979: 65 (Pakistan). Synonymised by N.virescens (Distant)Selenocephalusvirescens Distant, 1908: 291 (India).Phrynomorphusolivacescens Distant, 1918: 52. Synonymized by Nephotettixbipunctatus (Fabricius), Distant, 1908: 359.Nephotettiximpicticeps Ishihara, 1964: 42. Synonymized by Ghauri,1971: 484.Nephotettixvirescens: Ghauri, 1971: 484; Nephotettixoryzii Mahmood & Aziz, 1979: 63 (Pakistan). Synonymized by Diagnosis.Cicadulini, following Cicadula Zetterstedt, segment X is moderately long . In addition, the genus Pseudosubhimalus Ghauri, placed in Athysanini by Zahniser and Dietrich (2014), was subsequently placed in Cicadulini based on molecular evidence and (in its type species) segment X is long and well sclerotised (Meshram and Niranjana 2019) However, in the genus the subgenital plate macrosetae are marginal, and in one of its species, P.katraini Meshram and Niranjana, segment X is very short. Similarly, segment X is not elongate in the Nearctic Knullana DeLong. The following three species of this genus occur in Pakistan.P.bicolor (Pruthi)Ophiolabicolor Pruthi, 1936: 123 (India).Pseudosubhimalusbicolor: Ghauri, 1974: 553; Meshram and Niranjana 2019: 7–9, figs 1A, 1B, 1E, 1G–1L, 2A–2F, 3A–3H .P.trilobatus Meshram & NiranjanaPseudosubhimalustrilobatus Meshram & Niranjana, 2019: 7, 11–12, figs 1C, 1D, 4A–4F (India).Pseudosubhimalusbicolor (Pruthi): P.pakistanicus Naveed & ZhangFigs 38PseudosubhimaluspakistanicusDiagnosis. The members of this tribe are small to medium sized leafhoppers and are variable in colour. They can be identified by the tapering or parallel-sided clypellus, narrow lorum, linear connective with anterior arms closely appressed, connective fused to the aedeagus, and first valvula dorsal sculpturing imbricate .D.vulgaris Dash & ViraktamathFig. 45Deltocephalus  vulgaris Dash & Viraktamath, 1998: 4, figs 1–11 (India); Deltocephalus  vulgaris: D.infirmus MelicharDeltocephalusinfirmus Melichar, 1903: 203, pl. V, fig. 11 (Sri Lanka).Jassargusinfirmus: Ishihara, 1961: 244, figs 53–58 (misidentification).Deltocephalusinfirmus: M.albomaculata (Dash & Viraktamath)Fig. 11Deltocephalus (Recilia) albomaculatus: Maiestasalbomaculata: M.indica (Pruthi)Allophlepsindica Pruthi, 1936: 120–121, pl. IX, fig. 3, text fig. 132 (Pakistan); Deltocephalus (Recilia) indicus: Maiestasindica: M.maculata (Pruthi)Cicadulamaculata Pruthi, 1930: 58–59, figs 80–81, pl. V, fig. 2 (India).Thamnotettixprabha Pruthi, 1930: 62, figs 85, 86, pl. V, figs 6, 6a (India). Synonymized by Reciliaprabha: Ghauri, 1980: 166–169, figs 1, 3–11.Deltocephalus (Recilia) maculata: Maiestasmaculata: M.pruthii Deltocephalusnotatus Pruthi, 1936: 128–129, text fig. 139, pl. IX, fig. 10 (Pakistan). Preoccupied, not Deltocephaluspruthii .Maiestaspruthii: M.setosa ReciliasetoseMaiestassetosa: Maiestassinuata Shah & DuanMaiestassinuata Shah & Duan, 2021: 406, fig. 3A–H (Pakistan).M.subviridis Stirellussubviridis Metcalf, 1946: 125. Synonymized withS.hopponis (Matsumura) by Linnavuori, 1975: 617, in error;Deltocephalus (Recilia) subviridis: Maiestassubviridis: M.tareni (Dash & Viraktamath)Deltocephalus (Recilia) tareni Dash & Viraktamath, 1995: 74–76, figs 1–15; Maiestastareni: Webb & Viraktamath, 2009: 22; Maiestastrispinosa (Dash & Viraktamath)Deltocephalus (Recilia) trispinosus Dash & Viraktamath, 1998: 35, figs 296–304 (India).Maiestastrispinosa: P.lineaticollis (Distant)Paramesodeslineaticollis  (India); Paramesodesishurdii Mahmood & Meher, 1973: 135 (Pakistan). Synonymised by Diagnosis.Drabescini are medium sized to large leafhoppers, variable in colour and shape. They can be identified by the following combination of characters: antennae long situated near upper part of face; antennal pits large, often encroaching onto frontoclypeus; anterior margin of head smooth, irregularly textured, or with one to many carinae or striae; nymph often with apical process on head. Two subtribes are present (see key and below).Drabescus StålD.angulatus SignoretFig. 1Drabescusangulatus Signoret, 1880: 210; Dryadomorpha KirkaldyRemarks. See D.pallida KirkaldyD.pallida Kirkaldy, 1906: 336; Remarks. See Diagnosis. These are medium sized to large, squat, robust leafhoppers. They can be identified by the short and broad head, anterior margin of head glabrous, large forewing appendix , subgenital plates fused to each other, valve apparently absent or fused to subgenital plates, style with broad basal part articulated with linear or modified apical part, and connective fused to the aedeagus.G. (Epistagma) guttulinervis (Kirschbaum)Jassus (Athysanus) guttulinervis Kirschbaum, 1868: 116 (Europe).Thamnotettixputoni Lethierry, 1874: 444.Goniagnathusocellatus Jacobi, 1910: 133.Goniagnathusguttulinervis: G. (Tropicognathus) nepalicus Viraktamath & GnaneswaranFig. 3Goniagnathus (Tropicognathus) nepalicus Viraktamath & Gnaneswaran, 2009: 56–57, figs 5, 6, 19–24 ; G. (Tropicognathus) punctifer Bythoscopuspunctifer Walker, 1858: 104.Goniagnathuselongatus Lethierry, 1892: 209.Goniagnathusspurcatus: Goniagnathuspunctifer: Goniagnathus (Tropicognathus) punctifer: Duan and Zhang 2009: 53, figs 2A–E, 7E, 7K, 8D (China); Shah and Duan 2020b: 19, figs 6–8 (Pakistan).G. (Tropicognathus) quadripinnatus Dash & ViraktamathGoniagnathus (Tropicognathus) quadripinnatus Dash & Viraktamath, 2001: 74–76, figs 45–50 (India); Remarks. A revision of Oriental Hecalini was given by Diagnosis. The members of this tribe are medium sized to large, somewhat to strongly dorsoventrally flattened, stramineous, yellow, green, or brown leafhoppers, sometimes with bright orange or reddish markings. They can be identified by the produced and parabolically shaped head, dorsoventrally flattened body, lateral margin of pronotum as long as or longer than the basal width of eye, ocelli closer to eyes than laterofrontal sutures, apodemes of male sternite I long and relatively narrow, apodemes of male sternite II broad and well-developed, male pygofer often produced or pointed posterodorsally, segment X withdrawn into pygofer, ventral margins of male pygofer often lobate, aedeagus often with one or two pairs of apical processes, first valvula dorsal sculpturing granulose to maculate and submarginal, first valvula often with distinctly delimited ventroapical sculpturing, second valvula usually without teeth, humpbacked dorsally, and concave ventrally.Glossocratus sp.Remarks. From the figure (unidentified) given by H.erectus Naveed & ZhangHecaluserectus Naveed & Zhang, 2018d: 581, fig. 1A–H; pl. IA–C (Pakistan).H.ghaurii Rao & RamakrishnanFig. 8Hecalusghaurii Rao & Ramakrishnan, 1990b: 388, figs 1–11 (India); H.muzaffarabadensis Naveed & ZhangHecalusmuzaffarabadensis Naveed & Zhang, 2018d: 585, fig. 3A–D; pl. I, figs H–J (Pakistan).H.prasinus (Matsumura)Parabolocratusprasinus Matsumura, 1905: 48 (Japan); H.rawalakotensis Naveed & ZhangHecalusrawalakotensis Naveed & Zhang, 2019c: 596, figs 1A–I, 2A–D (Pakistan).H.snipus Naveed and ZhangHecalussnipus Naveed & Zhang, 2018d: 386, fig. 4A–G; pl. II, figs A–C (Pakistan).H.umballaensis DistantHecalusumballaensis Distant, 1908: 274; H.veracious Naveed & ZhangHecalusveracious Naveed & Zhang, 2018d: 587, fig. 6A–H; pl. II, figs G–I (Pakistan).L.arcuata (Motschulsky)Fig. 72Platymetopiusarcuatus: Motschulsky, 1859: 115.Tetigoniakalidasa Kirkaldy, 1900: 294.Parabolocratuscitrinus Evans, 1941: 36.Vartamoshiensis Rao, 1973: 96 (India).Hecalusarcuatus: Linnavuoriellaarcuata: T.porrecta Fig. 74Acocephalusporrectus Walker, 1858: 362.Platymetopiuslineolatus Motschulsky, 1859: 114.Hecaluskirschbaumii Stål, 1870: 737.Thomsoniellaalbomaculata Distant, 1908: 278, fig. 178.Parabolocratusmerino Capco, 1959: 333.Thomsoniellaporrecta: Thomsoniaporrecta: Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized, yellow, light green or brown leafhoppers. They can be identified by the combination of following characters: ocelli distant from eyes, clypellus long, narrow and extending well beyond normal curve of gena, and metatarsomere I with platellae on plantar surface.P.minuta Viraktamath & SohiPinoponaminuta Viraktamath & Sohi, 1998: 114, figs 1–15 .S.webbi Ghauri & ViraktamathSohiponawebbi Ghauri & Viraktamath, 1987: 50, figs 11–29 (Pakistan).Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized ivory, greyish, or black leafhoppers, often with dark markings. They can be identified by the parallel-sided or tapering clypellus, pygofer dorsal margin with spine-like process and aedeagus articulated with plate-like “dorsal connective” at dorsal margin of socle.Limotettix (Scleroracus) Van DuzeeL. (S.) cacheolus Fig. 14Ophiolastratula var.cacheola Ball, 1928: 189.Limotettix (Scleroracus) cacheolus: Diagnosis.Macrostelini are small to medium sized, slender, often stramineous, yellow, or greenish leafhoppers, with or without dark markings. They can be identified by their long, slender shape, forewing with two anteapical cells, subgenital plates usually with membranous digitate apical lobe, and male pygofer macrosetae sometimes plumose.B.incisa (Matsumura)Gnathodusincisa Matsumura, 1902: 360 (Japan).Balcluthaindica Pruthi, 1930: 48, pl. IV, figs 4, 4a, 4b, text figs 67, 68 (Eugnathodus), India. Synonymised by Balcluthaincisa: B.punctata (Fabricius)Fig. 12Cicadapunctata Fabricius, 1775: 687.Balcluthapunctata: B.pararubrostriata Rao & RamakrishnanBalcluthapararubrostriata Rao & Ramakrishnan, 1990a (India): 106; B.rubrostriata (Melichar)Gnathodusrubrostriatus Melichar, 1903: 208.Balclutharubrostriata: B.sujawalensis AhmedBalcluthasujawalensis Ahmed, 1986: 54, fig. 2 (Pakistan).Balcluthaknighti Rao & Ramakrishnan, 1990a: 106, figs 1–8 (India). Synonymised by A.viridinervis MatsumuraBalcluthaviridinervis Matsumura, 1914: 166; C.bipunctata (Melichar)Gnathodusbipunctata Melichar, 1904: 47.Cicadulabipunctella Matsumura, 1914: 173 (Taiwan).Cicadulinabipunctata: C.chinai GhauriCicadulinachinai Ghauri, 1964: 205 (India).Cicadulinastriata Ahmed, 1986: 57, fig. 4, syn. nov.Cicadulinachinai: Remarks. Original figures of C.striata show similarity to C.chinai in the shape of the pygofer process and aedeagus in lateral view but the aedeagus in posterior view (if drawn correctly) is a bit narrower. Described from the holotype male and several paratypes from Gharo, Thatta district, Sindh province, Pakistan maize, 11.x.85, Ahmed (ZMUK); no type specimens could be found.M.indrina (Pruthi)Figs 64Cicadulaindrina Pruthi, 1930: 61–62, pl. V fig. 5, text figs 83–84. N (India).Macrostelesindrina. New combintion by Macrostelesparafalcatus Naveed & Zhang, 2018e: 266, figs 5A–J, 6A–C (Pakistan), syn. nov.Remarks. A re-examination of the material identified and figured as M.indrina by M.parafalcatus shows that there is insufficient evidence to separate the two species. The two species differ only very slightly in the separation of the long apodemes of the second abdominal sternite (fig. 64). Other differences seen in their respective original figures, i.e., of the aedeagus and style, are due to differences of orientation. Therefore, we consider the two species to be synonyms.M.shahidi AhmadMacrostelesshahidi Ahmed, 1986: 55, fig. 3 (Pakistan).Remarks. The identity of this species is uncertain (see Khatri & Webb 2010: 14).Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized, often dorsoventrally depressed or ventrally flattened, brown, black, whitish, yellow, or green, leafhoppers, sometimes marked with orange or red. They can be identified by the produced head, often with frontoclypeus tumid distally, ventral part of face flat, lying nearly horizontally or concave, and ocelli distant from eyes.M.splendida DistantMukariasplendida Distant, 1908: 270 (India); Diagnosis.Opsiini are small to large, stramineous, yellow, green, or brown leafhoppers. They can be identified by the bifurcate aedeagus with two shafts and gonopores. Some Mukariini and Ascius (Scaphytopiini) have a similarly divided aedeagus but Opsiini lack the other characters that define those groups.H.phycitis (Distant)Figs 44Eutettixphycitis Distant, 1908: 363–364, fig. 231 (India).Eutettixlugubris Distant, 1918: 60. Synonymised by Hishimonusorientalis Emeljanov, 1969: 1102. Synonymised by Hishimonusphycitis: Knight, 1970: 128–130, figs 10, 11, 13; M.lugubris (Distant)Mahalanalugubris Distant, 1918: 64 (India).Ziziphoidespunctatus: Rao, 1967: 239, figs 1–6.Masiripiuslugubris: N. (Circulifer) tenellus (Baker)Thamnotettixtenella Baker, 1896: 24.Eutettixtenellus: Circulifertenellusambiguosus Young & Frazier, 1954: 34, fig. 3.Neoaliturustenellus: Neoaliturus (Circulifer) tenellus Mozaffarian & Wilson, 2016: 24 (Iran).N. (Circulifer) opacipennis (Lethierry)Cicadulaopacipennis Lethierry, 1876: 83.Cicadulavittiventris Lethierry, 1876: 84.Cicadulanausharensis Pruthi, 1936: 113–114, fig. 127, pl. VIII, fig. 15 (Pakistan). Synonymised by Neoaliturusopacipennis: O.smaragdinus (Distant)Eutettixsmaragdinus Distant, 1908: 364 (India).Cestiustriradiatus Ahmed & Sultana, 1994: 129, fig. 2 (Pakistan).Opsiussmaragdinus: O.versicolor (Distant)Cestiusversicolor Distant, 1908: 310, fig. 198 (India).Opsiusdissimilis Vilbaste, 1961: 43.Cestiussakroensis Ahmed & Sultana, 1994: 126, fig. 1 (Pakistan). Synonymised by Opsiusversicolor: O.aegypticus GhauriFig. 10Orosiusaegypticus Ghauri, 1966: 251, fig. 11 (Egypt).O.albicinctus DistantOrosiusalbicinctus Distant, 1918: 85 (India); Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized leafhoppers. They can be identified by the combination of the following characters: clypellus tapering apically or parallel-sided, lorum narrower than clypellus at base; connective with anterior arms closely appressed, articulated with aedeagus; female first valvula sculpturing imbricate or rarely maculate or granulose. The tribe is very similar morphologically to the closely related Deltocephalini, from which it can be distinguished by the articulation between the connective and aedeagus , although a few species of Flexamia  have the connective fused to the aedeagus.Remarks.HengchuniapakistanicaC.ceylonensis (Baker)Deltocephalusbimaculatus Melichar, 1903: 204 (Sri Lanka); Deltocephalusceylonensis Baker, 1925: 537. Replacement name forDeltocephalusbimaculatus Melichar.Cicadulabipunctatus Pruthi, 1930:59, pl. V, fig. 3 (India). Synonymised by Changwhaniachangwhani Kwon, 1980: 99, figs 1–8 (Korea). Synonymised by Changwhaniaceylonensis: C.terauchii (Matsumura)Fig. 18Aconuraterauchii Matsumura, 1915: 163, Table 1, fig. 8; Changwhaniaterauchii Kwon, 1980: 97–99, figs 1 (1–3), 2 (1–8) (Korea); J.gopii (Pruthi)Deltocephalusgopii Pruthi, 1936: 127, pl. IX, fig. 9, text fig. 138 (Pakistan).Jilingagopii (Pruthi), comb. nov. by Webb & Heller, 1990: 8; J.neelumensis Naveed & ZhangJilinganeelumensis Naveed & Zhang, 2018g: 569, figs 1A–C, 3A–H, 4A–B (Pakistan).J.truncata Naveed & ZhangFig. 20Jilingatruncata Naveed & Zhang, 2018g: 571, figs 1D–F, 2A–C, 5A–I (Pakistan).P.cingulatus (Dlabola)Figs 35Paralimnuscingulatus Dlabola, 1960: 2.Paralimnus (Bubulcus) cingulatus Dlabola, 1961: 320.Paralimnelluscingulatus: Bubulcuscingulatus: Paralimnus (Dlabolasia) cingulatus: Paralimnelluscingulatus: P.emarginata SinghPsammotettixemarginata Singh, 1969: 356, figs 51–55 (India).Psammotettixswatensis Ahmed, 1986: 52, fig. 1.Psammotettixquettensis Ara & Ahmed, 1988: 292, fig. 2.Psammotettixemarginata: S.nigrominutus EvansFig. 21Soractellusnigrominutus Evans, 1966: 225–226, fig. 35H ; Chalam and Subba Rao 2005: 234, figs 6–10 (India); Stiller 1988 (Africa); Soractellusjianfengensis Xing & Li, 2014: 297–300, figs 1–14, (China). Synonymised by Soractelluslalianensis Naveed & Zhang, 2018k: 595–599 (Pakistan). Synonymised by Diagnosis.Penthimiini are small to medium, squat, robust, often black or brown leafhoppers; often with ventral part of face and/or entire ventral side flattened and dorsal side convex. They can be identified by the ocelli on crown and often distant from eyes, strong antennal ledge, dorsally flattened and carinate protibia, and forewing with appendix large and extending around wing apex.N.acocephaloides MelicharFig. 2Neodartusacocephaloides Melichar, 1903: 163; P.compacta WalkerPenthimiacompacta Walker, 1851: 842; Penthimiasubniger Distant, 1908: 243–244, fig. 154.Penthimiascapularis Distant, 1908: 244.Penthimiamaculosa Distant, 1908: 244–245, in part.Diagnosis.Scaphoideini, following Zhaniser and Dietrich (2013: 148), is a rather poorly defined tribe. It was defined by these authors in the following way (with wording from their key to tribes in square brackets and added characters from Viraktamath and Yeshwanth (2020) in bold): “None of the following characters are present in all taxa, but some combination of [most of] these characters is present in all and a few (*) appear to be unique to this tribe: head narrower than pronotum, produced; genae sometimes wide and visible dorsally; frontoclypeus long and narrow; antennae long [longer than width of head]; body slender; head and wings often with brown, orange, ochraceous, or ivory markings; forewing with one or more darkly pigmented reflexed veins in vicinity of outer anteapical cell; profemur row AV setae absent or reduced (without stout setae); metatibia macrosetae in row PD long, as long as or longer than 0.5x length of protibia*; male or female pygofer with dense tufts of long fine or regular [macro] setae*; subgenital plate apex membranous or long, digitate, and somewhat membranous or weakly sclerotised; subgenital plates with long fine setae laterally and/or dorsally ; basal processes of aedeagus or connective sometimes present, connected or articulated to base of aedeagus or apex of connective stem; aedeagus sometimes fused to connective”. The last mentioned character is found in Sikhamani Viraktamath and Webb and Thryaksha Viraktamath and Murthy.B.pakistanicus Khatri & WebbBampuriuspakistanicus Khatri & Webb, 2010: 18, pl. 1a; figs 1, 2 (Pakistan).G.genoicus DlabolaGrammacephalusgenoicus Dlabola, 1984: 52; G.indicus Viraktamath & MurthyGrammacephalusindicus Viraktamath & Anantha Murthy, 1999: 42 (india); G.pallidus LinnavuoriGrammacephaluspallidus Linnavuori, 1978: 479; G.punjabensis Shah & DuanGrammacephaluspunjabensis Shah & Duan, 2019: 82, figs 11, 12 (Pakistan).G.rahmani (Pruthi)Platymetopiusrahmani Pruthi, 1930: 33, pl. III, figs 2, 2a, text figs 45–46 .Grammacephalusrahmani , G.raunoi ViraktamathFigs 33Grammacephalusraunoi Viraktamath, 1981: 9, figs 30–36 (India); M.dissimilis (Distant)Xestocephalusdissimilis Distant, 1918: 55 (India).Deltocephalusfuscovarius Distant, 1918: 83. Synonymised by Webb and Viraktamth 2009: 29Monobazusdissimilis: N.egyptiacus (Matsumura)Fig. 16Scaphoideusegyptiacus Matsumura, 1908: 29.Neolimnusegyptiacus Linnavuori, 1953: 114; ScaphoideuskarachiensisO. (M.) macchiae LindbergCirculifermacchiae Lindberg, 1948: 160.Osbornellus (Mavromoustaca) consanguineus Dlabola, 1967: 38. Synonymised by Kartel 1982: 27.Osbornellus (Mavromoustaca) macchiae Khatri & Webb, 2010: 8, pl. 1e; fig. 3 (Pakistan).P.indicus RaoFig. 75Phlogotettixindicus Rao, 1989: 77; S.harlani Kitbamroong & FreytagFig. 55Scaphoideusharlani Kitbamroong & Freytag, 1978: 11; Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized, rarely brightly coloured but iridescent leafhoppers when alive. They can be identified by the narrow crown, shagreen texture of crown, clypellus parallel-sided or tapering apically, forewings often submacropterous to brachypterous, male pygofer sloping caudoventrally and with few macrosetae and often with a distinct lateral tooth, female ovipositor protruding far beyond the pygofer apex, first valvula dorsal sculpturing granulose to maculate and submarginal, first valvula with distinctly delimited ventroapical sculpturing, and second valvula without dorsal teeth.S.kumratensis Naveed & ZhangStirelluskumratensis Naveed & Zhang, 2020b: 481, figs 5, 6, 9–15 (Pakistan).S.lahorensis (Distant)Fig. 54Volusenuslahorensis Distant, 1918: 72 (Pakistan).Stirelluspeshawarensis Mahmood, Sultana & Waheed, 1972: 80. Synonymised by Paternusjhokensis Ahmed & Aziz, 1988: 805. Synonymised by Stirelluslahorensis: S.mankiensis Shah & DuanFigs 32Stirellusmankiensis Shah & Duan, 2020a: 198, figs 9, 10 (Pakistan).S.neoconvexus Naveed & ZhangStirellusneoconvexus Naveed & Zhang, 2020b: 481, figs 7, 8, 16–20 (Pakistan).S.thattaensis Mahmood, Sultana & WaheedFig. 63Stirellusthattaensis Mahmood, Sultana & Waheed, 1972: 82, fig. 2 (Pakistan).S.viridulus (Pruthi)Fig. 71Paternusviridula Pruthi, 1930: 42, pl. IV, figs 1, 1a, text figs 57–59 (India).Paternusviridulus Metcalf, 1967a: 2350.Stirellusviridulus: S.tolla (Pruthi)Aconuratolla Pruthi, 1930: 39, pl. III, figs 7, 7a, text fig. 54 (India); Shah and Duan 2020a: 196, figs 6–8 (Pakistan).Diagnosis.Vartini are medium sized to large, somewhat elongate, greenish or bluish leafhoppers, usually with red or orange longitudinal stripes. They can be identified by the produced and pointed head, gena visible behind eye in dorsal view, elongate frontoclypeus, lorum distant from genal margin, profemur intercalary row setae thick and extending to or beyond middle of profemur, forewings truncate apically, apodemes of male sternite II long, subrectangular, flared apically, and pointed posterolaterally, connective with anterior arms appressed, and male segment X tube-like and protruding from pygofer and often well sclerotised.V.rubrofasciata DistantVartarubrofasciata Distant, 1908: 321, fig. 205 (India);


The correct name is: Pragya Agarwala. The correct citation is: Sharma K, Agarwala P, Gandhi D, Mathias A, Singh P, et al. (2021) Comparative analysis of various clinical specimens in detection of SARS-CoV-2 using rRT-PCR in new and follow up cases of COVID-19 infection: Quest for the best choice. PLOS ONE 16(4): e0249408.


The first author’s name appears incorrectly. The correct name is: SK Shaheenur Islam.The correct author contributions are:Data curation: SK Shaheenur Islam, Tanzida Begum RumiMethodology: SK Shaheenur Islam, Tanzida Begum Rumi, Zeaur RahimSoftware: SK Shaheenur Islam, A. K. M. Anisur Rahman.Writing–original draft: SK Shaheenur Islam, Tanzida Begum Rumi, A. K. M. AnisurRahman.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241717The correct citation is: Islam SS, Rumi TB, Kabir SML, van der Zanden AGM, Kapur V, Rahman AKMA, et al. (2020) Bovine tuberculosis prevalence and risk factors in selected districts of Bangladesh. PLoS ONE 15(11): e0241717.


Scientific Reportshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86842-7, published online 09 April 2021Correction to: The original version of this Article contained errors.The email address for author Manabu Tanifuji was incorrect. The correct email address for Manabu Tanifuji is mana.tanifuji@gmail.com.Additionally, Reference 29 was incorrectly given as:J. Neurosci. 38, 7255–7269 (2018).Issa, E. B., Bashivan, P., Kar, K., Schmidt, K. & DiCarlo, J. J. Large-scale, high-resolution comparison of the core visual object recognition behavior of humans, monkeys, and state-of-the-art deep artificial neural networks. The correct reference is listed below:et al. Large-scale, high-resolution comparison of the core visual object recognition behavior of humans, monkeys, and state-of-the-art deep artificial neural networks. J. Neurosci. 38, 7255–7269 (2018).Rajalingham, R. The original Article and accompanying Supplementary Information files have been corrected.


PLoS Biology, volume 5, issue 3: doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050091In The incorrect image was published with this synopsis. The correct image, along with the caption, appears below.


PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 7: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030309In The name Carl Elliot was misspelled; the correct spelling is Carl Elliott.


Correction for:Schistosoma mansoni: An Essential Parasite Enzyme and a Key Drug Target. PLoS Med 4(6): e206. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040206Kuntz AN, Davioud-Charvet E, Sayed AA, Califf LL, Dessolin J, et al. (2007) Thioredoxin Glutathione Reductase from In the supporting information section of this paper, the structures of oltipraz and safranin in Figure S1 were incorrect.Figure S1(407 KB DOC)Click here for additional data file.


PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 6: DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030130InTable 2 should have included the following information about the CMAJ : frequency of publication, twice a month; circulation, 70,000; cost of one-time full-page four-color advertisement, US$4,414 ; cost per thousand readers exposed, US$63 (CAD$70).


PLoS Computational Biology, volume 2, issue 4: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020027In The abbreviation GB/SA had an incorrect definition in the Abstract, Introduction, and Abbreviations list. The correct definition of GB/SA is generalized-Born/surface area.


PLoS Medicine, volume 4, issue 5, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040190:In Reference 22 was truncated. The full reference should be:22. Barker DJ, Osmond C, Forsen TJ, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG (2005) Trajectories of growth among children who have coronary events as adults. N Engl J Med 353: 1802–1809.


There have been concerns that low blood cholesterol concentrations may cause non-vascular mortality and morbidity. Randomisation of large numbers of people to receive a large, and prolonged, reduction in cholesterol concentrations provides an opportunity to address such concerns reliably.20,536 UK adults (aged 40–80 years) with vascular disease or diabetes were randomly allocated to receive 40 mg simvastatin daily or matching placebo. Prespecified safety analyses were of cause-specific mortality, and of total and site-specific cancer incidence. Comparisons between all simvastatin-allocated versus all placebo-allocated participants  involved an average difference in blood total cholesterol concentration of 1.2 mmol/L (46 mg/dL) during the scheduled 5-year treatment period.There was a highly significant 17% (95% CI 9–25) proportional reduction in vascular deaths, along with a non-significant reduction in all non-vascular deaths, which translated into a significant reduction in all-cause mortality (p = 0.0003). The proportional reduction in the vascular mortality rate was about one-sixth in each subcategory of participant studied, including: men and women; under and over 70 years at entry; and total cholesterol below 5.0 mmol/L or LDL cholesterol below 3.0 mmol/L. No significant excess of non-vascular mortality was observed in any subcategory of participant , and there was no significant excess in any particular cause of non-vascular mortality.Cancer incidence rates were similar in the two groups, both overall and in particular subcategories of participant, as well as at particular primary sites. There was no suggestion that any adverse trends in non-vascular mortality or morbidity were beginning to emerge with more prolonged treatment.These findings, which are based on large numbers of deaths and non-fatal cancers, provide considerable reassurance that lowering total cholesterol concentrations by more than 1 mmol/L for an average of 5 years does not produce adverse effects on non-vascular mortality or cancer incidence. Moreover, among the many different types of high-risk individual studied, simvastatin 40 mg daily consistently produced substantial reductions in vascular  mortality, as well as in the rates of non-fatal heart attacks, strokes and revascularisation procedures. Observational studies have found blood total cholesterol concentrations below about 4.0 mmol/L 155 mg/dL) to be associated with higher rates of mortality and morbidity from certain non-vascular causes  55 mg/dL . ExcludiMore recently, in previous trials of statin treatment, LDL cholesterol was typically reduced by about 1.0 mmol/L (38 mg/dl) and major vascular events reduced by about 25% -19. Alth) and are summarised below.Details of HPS have been reported previously -29  were eligible provided they had a medical history of: occlusive arterial disease; diabetes mellitus; or treated hypertension . People were ineligible if their own doctor considered statin therapy to be clearly indicated or contraindicated, or if they had a past history of: stroke, myocardial infarction or angina hospitalisation within the previous 6 months; chronic liver disease or evidence of abnormal liver function; severe renal disease or evidence of substantially impaired renal function; inflammatory muscle disease or evidence of muscle problems; concurrent treatment with cyclosporin, fibrates or high-dose niacin; child-bearing potential; severe heart failure; life-threatening conditions other than vascular disease or diabetes (including any cancer except non-melanoma skin cancer); or any other condition that might limit long-term compliance.Eligible and consenting patients entered a pre-randomisation "run-in" treatment phase, which involved 4 weeks of placebo followed by 4–6 weeks of 40 mg simvastatin daily. Compliant individuals who were still not considered by their own doctors to have a clear indication for, or contraindication to, statin therapy were then randomly allocated to receive 40 mg simvastatin daily or matching placebo tablets for about 5 years . RandomInformation was recorded at each follow-up about any suspected myocardial infarction, stroke, vascular procedure, cancer or other serious adverse experience, and about the main reasons for all other hospital admissions. UK national registries provided information about the sites of any registered cancers and the certified causes of death. Further details were sought from general practitioners  about all reports that might relate to major vascular events, cancers (e.g. investigations) or deaths. All such information was coded according to prespecified criteria by coordinating centre clinical staff, who were unaware of the participants' study treatment allocation. Analyses were based on confirmed plus unrefuted reports of events. Cancers were classified according to their primary anatomical site rather than their histology (except that skin cancers were subclassified as melanoma or non-melanoma), with definite confirmation for 98% of the included cancers. Mortality follow-up was available for 99.7% of participants, with certified causes for 98.2% of deaths.The main comparisons involved logrank analyses of the first occurrence of particular events during the scheduled treatment period among all those allocated simvastatin versus all those allocated matching placebo tablets (i.e. "intention-to-treat"). These logrank analyses yielded both the event rate ratio (RR) and the test of statistical significance . The prespecified primary comparisons were of the effects of allocation to simvastatin on deaths from all causes and, separately, on deaths from all coronary causes and from all non-coronary causes. But since simvastatin appeared to reduce the risk of death not only from coronary causes but also from other vascular causes  , the prePrespecified secondary comparisons included the effects of simvastatin allocation on specific vascular and non-vascular causes of death , with duThe investigators were responsible for the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, and writing of the report, independently of all funding sources.A total of 20,536 individuals were randomised between July 1994 and May 1997. Mean age at study entry was 64.0 years (SD 8.4), with 5806 aged at least 70 years. Prior to any statin treatment being started, participants who were subsequently randomised had mean non-fasting plasma concentrations of total cholesterol of 5.9 mmol/L (SD 1.0), directly-measured LDL cholesterol of 3.4 mmol/L (0.8), HDL cholesterol of 1.06 mmol/L (0.3) and triglycerides of 2.1 mmol/L (1.4). There were 4072 randomised participants whose pretreatment measurements of total cholesterol were below 5.0 mmol/L (193 mg/dL) and 6793 with pretreatment LDL cholesterol below 3.0 mmol/L (116 mg/dL). The large size of the study (and the use of minimised randomisation ) produceThe mean duration of follow-up was 5.0 years for all randomised participants: 5.3 years for those who survived to the scheduled end of study treatment and about half that for those who did not . Compliance at each follow-up was defined as at least 80% of the scheduled simvastatin or placebo tablets having been taken since the previous follow-up. Among the participants allocated 40 mg simvastatin daily, average statin use during the scheduled treatment period was 85% . By contrast, among those allocated placebo, 4% at the end of the first year of follow-up, but 32% at the end of the fifth year, were taking non-study statin therapy, yielding an average of 17%. Non-study statin use in the placebo group was more common among those who already had diagnosed coronary disease at entry, were younger or had higher pretreatment total or LDL cholesterol concentrations . In eachOverall, allocation to simvastatin produced a highly significant 17%  proportional reduction in vascular mortality during the 5 years of the study table . This reThe apparent reductions in different types of vascular death with allocation to simvastatin are reinforced by more definite effects on the larger numbers of non-fatal and fatal vascular events considered together. For example, the very definite 27%  proportional reduction in vascular mortality emerged during the first two years after the initiation of simvastatin treatment  of 2.06 L simvastatin vs 2.05 L placebo ; and forced vital capacity (FVC) of 2.82 L vs 2.82 L . This was the case even among participants with pretreatment total cholesterol measurements below 5.0 mmol/L: FEV1 of 2.16 L vs 2.15 L ; and FVC of 2.94 L vs 2.95 L .Overall, there was no evidence that reducing total cholesterol by an average of 1.2 mmol/L for 5 years produced any adverse effect on the aggregate of all non-vascular deaths . Few patients reported developing cirrhosis (4 vs 4), but there was no apparent adverse effect on the much larger number with any non-fatal or fatal liver-related serious adverse event, either overall  or among those with pretreatment total cholesterol measurements below 5.0 mmol/L . There was also no suggestion of any adverse effect of cholesterol-lowering therapy on other medical causes of death , and non-melanoma skin cancer reported following randomisation was to be considered separately from other cancers. During the 5-year scheduled treatment period, there were more reports of non-melanoma skin cancer among the simvastatin-allocated participants (243 [2.4%] vs 202 [2.0%]: RR 1.20 [0.99–1.44]), only one of which was associated with death. This difference is not conventionally significant (p = 0.06), even before allowing for the multiple comparisons involved. Moreover, it did not appear to reflect a clear excess in either basal cell carcinomas  or in squamous cell carcinomas . Nor did this slight excess of non-melanoma skin cancer become more apparent with more prolonged treatment, as might be expected if it was causally related. Indeed, the excess was observed largely during years 1 & 2 (107 [1.0%] vs 76 [0.7%]), with little apparent difference during years 3 & 4 (91 [0.9%] vs 86 [0.9%]) or years 5+ (45 [0.5%] vs 40 [0.4%]).The large size of the Heart Protection Study, its prospective randomised design and the inclusion of a broad range of participants allow it to assess reliably both the efficacy and the safety of cholesterol lowering in a variety of different circumstances. The present results demonstrate that lowering LDL cholesterol by about 1 mmol/L (38 mg/dL) for 5 years with a statin reduces the rate of death from vascular causes by about one-sixth, with no apparent adverse effect on non-vascular mortality or morbidity. This proportional reduction in vascular mortality was remarkably consistent among the different types of participant studied, including women as well as men, older as well as younger individuals, and those who entered the study with below average cholesterol concentrations. Furthermore, the lack of any significant hazard was also consistent among the different types of participant, and there was no suggestion of any adverse effects emerging with more prolonged follow-up.The prespecified analyses for assessing the benefits of statin allocation in different types of participant were to be of major vascular and coronary events. Because much larger numbers suffered at least one such event, analyses of those outcomes can help interpret the observed effects on the smaller numbers of deaths from vascular causes. For example, the proportional reduction in vascular mortality observed among the 5082 participating women was very similar to that among the men. But since fewer women took part and their absolute risk of vascular death was somewhat lower, this result did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance on its own (p = 0.08). Even so, the very definite and highly significant reductions in major vascular events observed among the participating women figure  indicateDespite the proven benefits of statins in people with coronary heart disease, it has been suggested that statins may have adverse effects among people with overt heart failure . Only smThe significant 13% (SE 4) reduction in all-cause mortality observed in HPS reflects the combined impact in this high risk population of the significant 17% (4) reduction in vascular mortality produced by lowering LDL cholesterol by 1 mmol/L and the lack of any significant effect on deaths from non-vascular causes during 5 years of treatment. Since the proportion of vascular to non-vascular deaths will differ between populations, the observed reduction in all-cause mortality is not readily generalisable to other situations, whereas the reduction in vascular mortality may well be. Direct assessment of the effect of cholesterol lowering on total mortality could also obscure potentially important differences in the effects on cause-specific mortality in particular circumstances . ConsequHPS involved much larger numbers of non-vascular deaths, cancers and other serious non-vascular outcomes than any previous cholesterol-lowering study, as well as including large numbers of participants with relatively low cholesterol concentrations. It can, therefore, help address remaining uncertainty as to whether associations in non-randomised observational studies between lower total cholesterol concentrations e.g. <4 mmol/L) and higher rates of particular non-vascular conditions are causal or, instead, due to confounding or reverse causation ,4. Reass mmol/L aSome non-randomised observational studies have found lower cholesterol concentrations to be associated with higher mortality in the elderly ,33, and If lowering cholesterol really did have adverse effects on non-vascular mortality or morbidity  then thiAs might be expected from the approximately log-linear association in observational studies between vascular disease risk and cholesterol concentrations ,5, a 1 mBased on large numbers of deaths and other relevant outcomes, the present results show that lowering LDL cholesterol by an average of 1 mmol/L produces substantial reductions in vascular  mortality in a wide range of individuals at increased risk of occlusive arterial disease . These results also provide considerable reassurance that lowering total cholesterol concentrations by more than 1 mmol/L for an average of 5 years does not produce adverse effects on non-vascular mortality or cancer incidence, even among those who had their cholesterol concentrations reduced to very low levels. Indirectly, this observation provides some reassurance about the likely efficacy and safety of the more intensive cholesterol-lowering achievable with higher-dose or newer statins, and with combinations of standard statin doses and drugs acting through other pathways (such as resins or cholesterol absorption inhibitors). The present results provide further evidence of the benefits and safety of using statin therapy routinely in anyone  in whom a reduction in their vascular disease risk of about one third would be considered worthwhile.The Clinical Trial Service Unit has a staff policy of not accepting honoraria or other payments from the pharmaceutical industry, except for the reimbursement of costs to participate in scientific meetings. Coordinating centre members of the writing committee  have, therefore, only had such costs reimbursed. P Sleight has received honoraria as well as such reimbursement of costs.MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study Collaborative GroupWriting Committee-Jane Armitage, Rory Collins, Louise Bowman, Sarah Parish, Peter Sleight and Richard Peto.JA was involved in data collection, analysis and interpretation, and drafted the manuscript; RC conceived and designed the study and was involved in data collection, analysis and interpretation, and drafting of the manuscript; LB was involved in data collection and drafting of the manuscript; SP was involved in data collection, analysis, validation and interpretation; RP conceived and designed the study, and was involved in analysis and interpretation; PS was involved in the study design and interpretation. All authors provided comments on and approved the final manuscript.Steering Committee-R Collins , T Meade (chairman), P Sleight (vice-chairman), J Armitage , S Parish and R Peto (statisticians), L Youngman (laboratory director), M Buxton, D de Bono (deceased), C George, J Fuller, A Keech, A Mansfield, B Pentecost, D Simpson, C Warlow; J McNamara and L O'Toole (MRC observers).Data Monitoring Committee-R Doll (chairman), L Wilhelmsen (vice-chairman), K M Fox, C Hill, P Sandercock.Collaborators- : Aberdeen Royal: N Benjamin, J Webster; J Jamieson; L Donald. Bassetlaw Hospital: R Blandford; L Carrington, H McMahon; D Cheetham. Royal United, Bath: J Reckless; L Brice, R Carpenter, J Christmas; C Flower. Bedford: I Cooper; S Frampton, E Pickerell; J Wells. Belfast City: M Scott; V Crowe, A Shaw; L Shannon. Birmingham City: S Jones; G Faulkner, A Lavery, H O'Leary, R Watson; C Capewell, S Hughes. Birmingham Heartlands: S Bain, A Jones; G Holmes, C Jewkes; T Bellamy, P Harrison. Queen Elizabeth, Birmingham: N Buller; J Hooks, H Jones, E Smith, P Vint, R Watson; P Crook, J Williams. Bishop Auckland General: M Bateson; P Cawley, P Gill; L Hawkeswell, K Simpson. Royal Bournemouth: M Armitage; C Cope, J Tricksey, M Wilson; S Cottrell. Princess of Wales, Bridgend: C Jones; M Llewellyn, P Smith; T Woodsford. Royal Sussex County, Brighton: R Vincent; E Joyce, N Skipper; P Peters. Bristol Royal Infirmary: M Lemon (late), D Stansbie; A Hagos Kidan, M Halestap; A Gibbons, J Meredith. Frenchay, Bristol: C Dawkins, M Papouchado; L Baker, K Boulton, C Dawe; A Lewis, J Wisby. Addenbrooke's, Cambridge: M Brown; J Emeny, W Smith, D Thurston, D Trutwein; M Cornwell, D Lloyd. Castleford & Normanton: C White; M Hudson, M Khalifa, N MacKereth, J Woolford; G Martin. St Peter's, Chertsey: M Baxter; R Chambers, S Glenn, J Kerr; G Golesworthy, A Watts. Corby Community: G Baines; J Groom, L Price; I Barlow. Leighton, Crewe: S Mallya; J Maiden, M Nash; V Lowe. Derbyshire Royal Infirmary: M Millar-Craig, A Scott; S Cozens, J Hannah, M Hinwood, S. Hopcroft, M Margetts, H Waterhouse; J Millward. Darlington Memorial: J Murphy; M Charters, B Graham; M Banks, M Boon, C Cassidy, R Nobbs, Dewsbury District: T Kemp; P Turner; S Sheldrake. Russells Hall, Dudley: M Labib; R Pearson, J Sidaway; P Davies, M Hodgkiss. Queen Margaret, Dunfermline: D MacLeod; R Stuart; J Albrock, J Fisher, F Stuart. Edinburgh Royal Infirmary: C Swainson; S Glenn, J Johnston, S Sadler; M Curren, S Feirnie, L Stenhouse. Western General, Edinburgh: R Lindley, C Warlow; A Kenny, F Waddell; M Brownlie, I Guilar. Derriford, Plymouth: A Marshall, J Went; S Clarke, A Inman, J Simmonds; B Duook, G Mortimore, A Pascoe. Glasgow Royal Infirmary: S Cobbe; C Campbell, H Young; M Keeble. James Paget, Great Yarmouth: S Absalom; L Baillie, N Bracey; L Falco, D Stone. Hartlepool General: G Tildesley; B Carr, G Longstaff, A Turner, H Wilkinson; S Wilkinson. Hillingdon: R Hillson; D Brookes, B Capper, N. Mahabir, K Price; V Badrick. Huddersfield Royal Infirmary: H Griffiths; J Fitzgerald, S Lewis; P Campbell. Kettering General: G Baines; J Cullen, G Claypole, J Lomas; A Rogers. Royal Lancaster Infirmary: A Brown; J Cheshire; J Rowley. Leeds General Infirmary: S Ball, C Prentice, A Hall; P Atha, K Caffrey, W Currie, K Drury, C Hague, S Hall, P Maguire, C Rose, R Watson; A Buxton, A Wedgwood. St James University, Leeds: S Gilbey; W Currie, K Drury, S Hall, C Rose, J Wilson; M Vaughan. Walton Centre, Liverpool: P Humphrey; J Blocksage, R McSloy, K Ost, L Owen, S Saminaden, D Watling, J Wiseman; J Davies. Ealing General, London: A Kehely, J Kooner; I Corbett, J Peters, K Price, S Trainor; M Van Goethem. Guy's & St Thomas', London: J Chambers; M Crawshaw, A Jones, J O'Sullivan, S Powell, M Reoch, J Sanders; M-F Beament, B Fangrad, Y Williams. North Middlesex, London: S Banim, T Crake; B Ford, V Glynn; S Ismail. Royal Brompton, London: N Buller, A Coats; L Aitken, E Cruddas, K Serup-Hansen; D Nosworthy, N Reilly. Whittington, London: S Coppack, J Malone-Lee; P Clifton, A Holmes; L Camplin. Luton & Dunstable: D Peterson, C Travill; S Gent, A Hunter, C Stroud; K Griffiths. Macclesfield District General: E Davies; M Mason, A Robinson; S Belfield. Maidstone: J Chambers; L Bispham, J Massey, A Mercer, J Sheppard; S Burrage. Manchester Diabetes Centre: K Cruickshank; KL Chan, V Wharfe, J Woodward; F Alexander, Y Williams. Manchester Royal Infirmary: M Walker; P Campbell, J Day, S Edwards, B Kelly, P Nicholson; S Barrett, S Gleeson. North Manchester General: M Savage, J Swan; D McSorland, Gillian Thompson, C Waywell; C O'Neill, L Wharton. Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne: P Adams, R Lindley, N Cartilidge; M Mace, M Thompson; J Hulmes. Radcliffe Infirmary/John Radcliffe, Oxford: J Armitage, R Collins, P Sleight; S Beebe, M Campbell, J Godden, S Goodwin, A Lawson, H Lochhead, P Whitbread; S Knight, A Taylor, S Turner; Royal Alexandra, Paisley: I Findlay; C Campbell, J Hunter, H Young; E McNally. Whiteabbey, Newtownabbey: P Crowe; V Crowe, B Hunter, A Shaw; L Shannon. North Tyneside Health Care Centre, North Shields: R Curless, R Lindley, P McKenna, S Roberts; A Black, J Martin; M Burt. Northampton General: J O'Donnell; T Burdett, S Marsh, J Woodward; R O'Hare, C Owen. Poole General: A McLeod; M Richardson; C Reeves. Halton General, Runcorn: R Mallya; J Forshaw, J Hodson; H Lenden, G Osborn. St Helier: J Barron; A Ballard, B Docherty, M McDonnell, S Ritson, D Tyler; S Carter, C Rigney. Conquest, St Leonard's-on-Sea: R Wray; K Gaughan, J Sinclair; J Burleigh, J MacDonald. Royal Hallamshire, Sheffield: G Venables; C Doyle, M Fox, L Mundey; D Thompson, S Rowley. King's Mill Centre, Sutton-in-Ashfield: R Lloyd-Mostyn; D Bailey, I McKenzie; R Bamford. Singleton, Swansea: P Thomas; R Thomas; C Alexander, R Chohan, K Wood. Princess Royal, Telford: N Capps; D Donaldson, C Stiles, L Tonks; S Crank. Manor, Walsall: A Cunnington, P Giles; N Groves, E Walton; W Dance. Watford General: M Clements; C Feben, A Hunter, E Walker; L Atkins, R Kaiser, R Williats. Sandwell District General, West Bromwich: E Hughes; J Elson-Whitaker, S Sumara, C. Verow; G Banks, R Glover, K Hall. Worcester Royal Infirmary: A Munro, C Pycock, D Tibbutt; J Cadwell, M Greenwood; M Betts. Worthing: M Signy; E Joyce, C Wrapson; G McCourt, R Moore. Wycombe General: S Price, R Regan; M Aldersley; P Pendry. Coordinating Centre administration and computing, Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford: J Barton, C Bray, and K Jayne (administrative coordinators), V Booker, H Bojowsky, R Brooker, M Corbett, J Crowther, A Grantham, C Harwood, D Haywood, J Heineman, C Hope, C Indge, R Jones, S Jones, R Kanahan, K Kidney, M King, S Knight, H Lang, C Mardsen, C Mathews, G Meade (deceased), H Monaghan, K Murphy, A Naughton, A Owers, A Peto, S Pickworth, G Pocklington, A Radley, S Southren, K Szumczyk, R Tong, E Wincott; Clinical support and outcome adjudication: J Armitage and R Collins (study coordinators), A Keech and S MacMahon (piloting and planning), C Baigent, L Bowman, K Burbury, Z Chen, R Clarke, S Dunachie, V Frigi, M Landray, E Lau, C Sudlow, C Turnbull; Statistics and computing: S Parish and R Peto (statisticians), P Harding, M Lay, and K Wallendszus (computing coordinators), N Bruce, A Charles, A Cody, N Goodwin, R Greenlaw, B Hauer, P McCabe, A Palmer, C Peto, A Rowe, S Wilson, A Young, A Young; Coordinating Centre laboratory, Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford: L Youngman (director), K Kourellias, S Clark, and M Radley (laboratory coordinators), K Bhamra, L Buckingham, M Bradley, T Chavagnon, B Chukwarah, C Colominas, S Crowley, K Emmens, S Edwards, J Gordon, J Hill, A Lee, C Lennon, M McAteer, N Miller, S Norris, H Priestley, J Taylor, J Wintour, M Yeung; Nurse Monitors and trainers: S Beebe, M Campbell, J Fitzgerald, J Godden, A Lawson, S Lewis, H Lochhead, M McDonnell, M Nash, P Whitbread.The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


CRYAB Are Liable for Recessive Congenital Cataracts. PLoS ONE 10(9): e0137973. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137973The first author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Xiaodong Jiao. The correct citation is: Jiao X, Khan SY, Irum B, Khan AO, Wang Q, Kabir F, et al. (2015) Missense Mutations in


Rickettsia felis in Australian patients. One Health. 2016; 2: 95–98.There is an error in reference 55. The correct reference is: Teoh YT, Hii SF, Graves S, Rees R, Stenos J, Traub RJ. Evidence of exposure to


Materials has established an annual award for the best article and for the best review published in Materials in order to acknowledge the outstanding contributions of our authors in the area of materials science and engineering.Materials from among all articles and reviews published in 2011. We are now pleased to announce the five winners for the second edition of “Materials Best Paper Award” for 2015: Article Award:First PrizeNieves Espinosa, Henrik Friis Dam, David M. Tanenbaum, Jens W. Andreasen, Mikkel Jørgensen and Frederik C. KrebsRoll-to-Roll Processing of Inverted Polymer Solar Cells using Hydrated Vanadium(V)Oxide as a PEDOT:PSS ReplacementMaterials2011, 4(1), 169–182; doi:10.3390/ma4010169http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/4/1/169Available online: Second PrizeShingo Tachikawa, Atsushi Noguchi, Takeharu Tsuge, Masahiko Hara, Osamu Odawara and Hiroyuki WadaOptical Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Capped with PolymersMaterials2011, 4(6), 1132–1143; doi:10.3390/ma4061132http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/4/6/1132Available online: Third PrizeLuigi Russo, Francesco Colangelo, Raffaele Cioffi, Ilaria Rea and Luca De StefanoA Mechanochemical Approach to Porous Silicon Nanoparticles FabricationMaterials2011, 4(6), 1023–1033; doi:10.3390/ma4061023http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/4/6/1023Available online: Review Award:First PrizeKirill V. Axenov and Sabine LaschatThermotropic Ionic Liquid CrystalsMaterials2011, 4(1), 206–259; doi:10.3390/ma4010206http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/4/1/206Available online: Second PrizeGerrard Eddy Jai Poinern, Nurshahidah Ali and Derek FawcettProgress in Nano-Engineered Anodic Aluminum Oxide Membrane DevelopmentMaterials2011, 4(3), 487–526; doi:10.3390/ma4030487http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/4/3/487Available online: Papers were selected by the Editors-in-Chief of Materials journal team congratulates the authors of these five exceptional papers and acknowledges their valuable contributions to Materials and to our scientific community. In recognition of their accomplishments, Dr. Frederik C. Krebs, Dr. Hiroyuki Wada and Dr. Luca De Stefano, our awardees for their original contributions, will receive 600 CHF, 400 CHF and 200 CHF respectively. In addition, Materials will offer them the publication of a paper in Materials free of charge in open access format after the usual peer-review procedure. The publication of one research paper free of charge in Materials will also be offered to Dr. Sabine Laschat and Dr. Gerrard Eddy Jai Poinern, the winners of the Best Review Papers award.The Prize Awarding CommitteeEditor-in-ChiefProf. Dr. Maryam Tabrizianmaryam.tabrizian@mcgill.caDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine/Faculty of Dentistry, Duff Medical Science Building, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; E-Mail: Editor-in-Chief, Section “Biomaterials”Prof. Dr. Aldo R. BoccacciniInstitute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germanyaldo.boccaccini@ww.uni-erlangen.deE-Mail: Editor-in-Chief, Section “Advanced Composites”Prof. Dr. Luciano FeoDepartment of Civil Engineering and Nano_Mates Center, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italyl.feo@unisa.itE-Mail: Editor-in-Chief, Section “Structure Analysis and Characterization”Prof. Dr. Jung Ho JeDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Koreajhje@postech.ac.krE-Mail: Editor-in-Chief, Section “Porous Materials”Prof. Dr. Rafael LuqueDepartamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio C-3 (Marie Curie-Anexo), Carretera Nacional IV-A, Km. 396, 14014 Cordoba, Spainq62alsor@uco.esE-Mail:


The correct name is: David M. Kent. The correct citation is: Leung LY, Han PKJ, Lundquist C, Weinstein G, Thaler DE, Kent DM (2018) Clinicians’ perspectives on incidentally discovered silent brain infarcts—A qualitative study. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0194971.


The correct name is: Brian McEvoy. The correct citation is: Zaidi AA, Mattern BC, Claes P, McEvoy B, Hughes C, Shriver MD (2017) Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation. PLoS Genet 13(3): e1006616.


The correct name is: Gurjit Kaur Khurana Hershey. The correct citation is: Singh B, Jegga AG, Shanmukhappa KS, Edukulla R, Khurana Hershey GK, Medvedovic M, et al. (2016) IL-31-Driven Skin Remodeling Involves Epidermal Cell Proliferation and Thickening That Lead to Impaired Skin-Barrier Function. PLoS ONE 11(8): e0161877. doi:


AbstractEschatoporini Blaisdell, 1906 is reinstated, based on molecular and morphological data, and the spelling corrected as Eschatoporiini. The tribe currently includes only the cave-dwelling genus Eschatoporis Blaisdell, 1906 from California, which is associated with underground aquifers. A second species of Eschatoporis is described from a cave in Napa County, California. The phylogenetic placement of Eschatoporiini within the Lagriinae is examined, and notes on the biology of Eschatoporis are provided.The tribe  Eschatoporisnunenmacheri, a new genus and species of blind tenebrionid collected from under a rock next to a spring. He compared this species to Eulabis Eschscholtz, 1829 and Cerenopus LeConte, 1851, at that time placed in the PageBreakScaurini. Blaisdell suggested that the tribe be expanded to include Eschatoporis or that it be placed in a new tribe which he named Eschatoporini. Eulabis, Centrioptera Mannerheim, 1843, and Cryptoglossa Solier, 1836 in his tribe Scaurides Billberg, 1820. Eulabis was placed in “Groupe III: Nyctoporides”  and Asbolus LeConte, 1851 (= Cryptoglossa) see Cerenopus and Eulabis from the Cryptoglossini  to the subfamily Lagriinae, based on morphological data (see discussion below), but placed it as incertae sedis within the lagriine tribal classification due to the lack of specimens to dissect at that time. Eschatoporis in the tribe Goniaderini (Lagriinae). This placement was accepted by Eschatoporis in the Laenini based on the lack of defensive gland reservoirs and the presence of multiple non-glandular spermathecal tubules. The placement of Eschatoporis in the Goniaderini by Eschatoporis should have remained in the Laenini as pointed out Eschatoporis between various tribes, were recently summarized  are gratefully acknowledged for loan of their materials:ADSC Aaron Smith Collection, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA (Aaron D. Smith)CASC California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA (Dave Kavanaugh).CDFA California State Collection of Arthropods, Sacramento, CA, USA. (Andrew R. Cline)NSDA Nevada State Department of Agriculture, Reno, Nevada, U.S.A. (Robert Bechtel)OSAC Oregon State Arthropod Collection, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. (David R. Maddison)RLAC Rolf L. Aalbu Collection, El Dorado Hills, California, USA. PageBreakwww.visionarydigital.com). Montaged images were assembled using Zerene Stacker (zerenesystems.com/stacker/) and backgrounds were cleaned up in Adobe Photoshop CS6. Internal structures were cleared with warm 10% KOH and stained with either Chlorazol Black E or Mercurochrome stains.Measurements were taken using digital calipers or an optical micrometer attached to a Leica MZ16 APO stereomicroscope. Images were taken using a Passport Imaging system , using a Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit. Four gene fragments were amplified: 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA (28S), arginine kinase (ArgK), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase domain of the rudimentary gene (CAD), and wingless (wg). These gene fragments were previously sequenced for the Lagriinae sampled in MF370333‒MF370336).DNA was extracted from a specimen of http://insectbiodiversitylab.org/data/) includes 31 Lagriinae spanning all currently recognized tribes and five outgroup taxa from other subfamilies of Tenebrionidae.Sequences were incorporated into matrices from wg were first translated to amino acid sequences, which were aligned using MAFFT v. 7.130b , Bayesian (MB), and parsimony (MP) methods. For ML and MB analyses, optimal dataset partitions and substitution models were identified using the BIC implemented in PartitionFinder v.1.1.1  from iniMaximum Likelihood (ML) analyses were performed using RAxML v. 8.2.9  implemenEschatoporis, which would be the first example of this reservoir placement in tenebrionids. Whether these cuticular sacs  specimens examined. Later, Adeliini, found that in PageBreaksome adeliine genera, such as Isopteron Hope, 1840, the spermatheca and spermathecal accessory gland are subapical .imitive” : 337. Thubapical : 786. Thtrix see : 699 is Eschatoporis in the Laenini, as some Laenini lack defensive glands. Lupropini and Laenini, glands are similar to those of Lagriini and open between sternites 7 and 8” so glands may be present in some Laenini. In any case, the female internal tract of Laena (Laenini) differs from Eschatoporis in that the spermathecae are few and subapical and the spermathecal accessory gland is apical.This lack of sternal defensive glands, the lack of eyes in some species, as well as the plesiomorphic state of the external female genitalia tract, might place Eschatoporis sister to a monophyletic Adeliini , with no support for its inclusion in Laenini.Maximum Likelihood analyses of the 4-gene concatenated dataset recovered ini Fig. . BootstrTaxon classificationAnimaliaColeopteraTenebrionidaeBlaisdell, 1906EschatoporiiniTenebrionidae, Lagriinae) Blaisdell, 1906 . Comment: incorrect original stem formation, not in prevailing usage  40:31:25:14:18. Seventh sternite with groove along lateral margin.Legs moderate in length, slender, profemur slightly inflated; leg ratios (femur: tibia) pro. 45:40; meso. 47:37; meta. 65:49; tibiae, tarsi with ventral surface bearing sparse long spine-like setae, femora sparsely setose. Tarsal length ratios as follows (base to apex): protarsus 12:7:5:5:18; mesotarsus 12:10:9:7:21; metatarsus 30:14:9:22.Male genitalia: Aedeagus  CALIF., Napa Co., White (Clay) Cave, nr. Deer Park, II-26-2005, R. L. Aalbu col. Holoype deposited at CASC.Allotype:  CALIF., Napa Co., White (Clay) Cave, nr. Deer Park, II-10-2007, R. L. Aalbu col. Allotype deposited at RLAC.Paratypes: CALIF., Napa Co., White (Clay) Cave, nr. Deer Park, IV-24-2004, R. L. Aalbu col., RLAC (2); same except II-27-2007 (2); same except II-26-2005 (7); same except II-10-2007 (1); same except IV-12-2008 (8); same except VIII-16-2004 (1); same PageBreakexcept II-20-2011 (2); same except V-3-2014 (3); same except II-12-2017 (4); same except IV-24-2004, kept alive, found dead VIII-16-2004 (2); same location, collected by K. Kanda and R. L. Aalbu,V-3-2014; Voucher specimen or DNA extraction KKDNA0329.CASC (abdomen only) (1); same except White (Clay) Cave, nr. Deer Park, II-26-2005, R. L. Aalbu col., RLAC (1); same except II-10-2007 (5); same except IV-12-2008 (17); same except II-20-2011 (6); same except III-28-2004 (7); same except III-9-2004 (9).(parts/ condition of specimens not adequate for paratype designation). CALIF., Napa Co. 9 mi. E St. Helena, White Cave, IV-10-1951, Hugh Leech col., Larvae: unknown.Eschatoporis can easily be separated by the clearly different setation patterns on the elytra. While in E.nunenmacheri, the elytra are covered with short setae ; same except V-3-1947, E. S. Ross, In rock crack 4’ below surface, Eschatoporisnunenmacheri det. Aalbu, 2004 ; CALIF., Marin Co. Fairfax, IV-6-1919, Van Dyke Colln. ; same except V-25-1919, ; CALIF., Marin Co. Samuel P. Taylor St. Pk. II-3-1958 J. Helfer ; same except XII-13-1954, Eschatoporisnunenmacheri det. Boddy, 1955, (1); same except South Entrance, XI-3-1953 G. A. Marsh, R. O. Schuster cols., Eschatoporisnunenmacheri det. Boddy, 1955, (2).CALIF., Marin Co. Mill Valley, I-18-1948 , which was originally placed in Adeliini but subsequently transferred to Laenini , could be mistaken for a large species of Eschatoporis based on external morphology. Other Hypolaenopsis species also have reduced eyes. Even the species-rich genus Laena contains taxa with reduced eyes; such as L.subcoeca Kaszab, 1973 and L.sherpa Schawaller, 2002 , and L.deplanata Weise, 1878 from Turkey in which the eyes are reduced to single facets .nini see . Some HyPageBreakHypolaenopsisnanpingica were taken from the upper hypogean zone by digging soil mingled with gravel beneath large stones to the depth of 20–30 cm, about five or six meters above a stream.


The correct names are: Wesley H. Stepp, Clayton V. Long, Samuel W. Jones, and Bruce A. Cairns. The correct citation is: Eitas TK, Stepp WH, Sjeklocha L, Long CV, Riley C, Callahan J, et al. (2017) Differential regulation of innate immune cytokine production through pharmacological activation of Nuclear Factor-Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) in burn patient immune cells and monocytes. PLoS ONE12(9): e0184164.


The correct name is: Laura Ledesma-García. The correct citation is: Talagas A, Fontaine L, Ledesma-García L, Mignolet J, Li de la Sierra-Gallay I, Lazar N, et al. (2016) Structural Insights into Streptococcal Competence Regulation by the Cell-to-Cell Communication System ComRS. PLoS Pathog 12(12): e1005980. doi:


The correct name is: Felipe Diaz-Griffero. The correct citation is: Meyerson NR, Warren CJ, Vieira DASA, Diaz-Griffero F, Sawyer SL (2018) Species-specific vulnerability of RanBP2 shaped the evolution of SIV as it transmitted in African apes. PLoS Pathog 14(3): e1006906.


The correct name is: Maya M. Jeyaraman. The correct citation is: Abou-Setta AM, Jeyaraman MM, Attia A, Al-Inany HG, Ferri M, Ansari MT, et al. (2016) Methods for Developing Evidence Reviews in Short Periods of Time: A Scoping Review. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0165903. doi:


The correct name is: Dagmar I. Keller. The correct citation is: Meier A, Higashigaito K, Martini K, Wurnig M, Seifert B, Keller DI, et al. (2016) Dual Energy CT Pulmonary Angiography with 6g Iodine—A Propensity Score-Matched Study. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0167214. doi:


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2159010.1038/srep21590; published online: 02222016; updated: 01232017This Article contains errors in Reference 15 which was incorrectly given as:Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 183111 (2013).Song, Y., Zhai, F. & Guo, Y. Strain-tunable spin transport in ferromagnetic graphene junctions. The correct reference is listed below:Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 183111 (2013).Song, Y., Zhai, F. & Guo, Y. Generation of a fully valley-polarized current in bulk graphene.


The fourth author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct spelling is Christina Zhukovsky. The correct citation is:10.1371/journal.pone.0172129Olivo G, Wiemerslage L, Swenne I, Zhukovsky C, Salonen-Ros H, Larsson E-M, et al. (2017) Limbic-thalamo-cortical projections and reward-related circuitry integrity affects eating behavior: A longitudinal DTI study in adolescents with restrictive eating disorders. PLoS ONE 12(3): e0172129. doi:


Oryza sativa Monodehydroascorbate Reductase Gene (OsMDHAR) to Improve the Stress Tolerance and Fermentative Capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS ONE 11(7): e0158841. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158841. The correct contributions are: Performed the experiments: I-SK Y-SK AKP H-WK JHL.The fourth and sixth authors’ names are spelled incorrectly. The correct names are Ae Kyung Park and Jun-Hyuck Lee respectively. The correct citation is: Kim I-S, Kim Y-S, Kim Y-H, Park A.K, Kim H-W, Lee J.H, et al. (2016) Potential Application of the


Cerebral Oxygenation and the Patent Ductus ArteriosusThe hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) remains a controversial topic. Clinicians and researchers are still debating whether or not it should be treated, what the best treatment strategy is and when would be the best time to intervene (48–51).48.Pediatrics (2000) 106(4):625–32. doi:10.1542/peds.106.4.625Tsuji M, Saul JP, du Plessis A, Eichenwald E, Sobh J, Crocker R, et al. Cerebral intravascular oxygenation correlates with mean arterial pressure in critically ill premature infants. 49.Stroke (2010) 41(9):1957–62. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.575167 PMID:20651273Brady KM, Mytar JO, Lee JK, Cameron DE, Vricella LA, Thompson WR, et al. Monitoring cerebral blood flow pressure autoregulation in pediatric patients during cardiac surgery. 50.Pediatrics (2008) 121(3):e604–11. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1487 PMID:18250118Wong FY, Leung TS, Austin T, Wilkinson M, Meek JH, Wyatt JS, et al. Impaired autoregulation in preterm infants identified by using spatially resolved spectroscopy. 51.Adv Exp Med Biol (2016) 876:501–9. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3023-4_63 PMID:26782251Caicedo A, Alderliesten T, Naulaers G, Lemmers P, van Bel F, Van Huffel S. A new framework for the assessment of cerebral hemodynamics regulation in neonates using NIRS. Reference 48–51 are:–Curr Opin Pediatr (2015) 27(2):158–64. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000200Perez KM, Laughon MM. What is new for patent ductus arteriosus management in premature infants in 2015? –Semin Fetal Neonatal Med (2015) 20(4):272–7. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2015.03.004 PMID:25818393Evans N. Preterm patent ductus arteriosus: a continuing conundrum for the neonatologist? –Indian Pediatr (2014) 51(4):289–94. doi:10.1007/s13312-014-0403-2 PMID:24825266Ibrahim TK, Haium AA, Chandran S, Rajadurai VS. Current controversies in the management of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. However, these references are supposed to be:The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


The correct citation is: Joseph LC, Barca E, Subramanyam P, Komrowski M, Pajvani U, Colecraft HM, et al. (2016) Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase 2 (NOX2) Prevents Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Abnormalities Caused by Saturated Fat in Cardiomyocytes. PLoS ONE 11(1): e0145750. doi:The acronym NADPH appears incorrectly throughout the article. The correct acronym should be NADPH.


The correct name is: Ingeborg M. Langohr. The correct citation is: Bates MA, Brandenberger C, Langohr IM, Kumagai K, Lock AL, Harkema JR, et al. (2016) Silica-Triggered Autoimmunity in Lupus-Prone Mice Blocked by Docosahexaenoic Acid Consumption. PLoS ONE 11(8): e0160622. doi:


The correct reference is: Kok A, van Knegsel ATM, van Middelaar CE, Engel B, Hogeveen H, Kemp B, et al. Effect of dry period length on milk yield over multiple lactations. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100: 739–49. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11253There is an error in reference 12. The correct reference is: Chen J, Kok A, Remmelink GJ, Gross JJ, Bruckmaier RM, Kemp B, et al. Effects of dry period length and dietary energy source on lactation curve characteristics over 2 consecutive lactations. J Dairy Sci. 2016;99: 9287–99. doi: 10.1126/science.1259855There is an error in reference 23. The correct reference is: Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockstrom J, Cornell SE, Fetzer I, Bennett EM, et al. Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science. 2015;347: 1259855. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7413There is an error in reference 29. The correct reference is: van Middelaar CE, Berentsen PBM, Dijkstra J, van Arendonk JAM, de Boer IJM. Methods to determine the relative value of genetic traits in dairy cows to reduce greenhouse gas emissions along the chain. J Dairy Sci. 2014;97: 5191–205. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.019There is an error in reference 53. The correct reference is: Mostert PF, Middelaar CE van, Bokkers EAM, Boer IJM de. The impact of subclinical ketosis in dairy cows on greenhouse gas emissions of milk production. J Clean Prod. 2017;171: 773–82. doi: The publisher apologizes for the errors.


BRCA1 mutation carriers. PLoS ONE 12(12): e0189641. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189641The fourth author's name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Robert Zeillinger. The correct citation is: Gschwantler-Kaulich D, Weingartshofer S, Rappaport-Fürhauser C, Zeillinger R, Pils D, Muhr D, et al. (2017) Diagnostic markers for the detection of ovarian cancer in


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 30215; 10.1038/srep30215 published online: 08032016; updated: 03222017.The original version of this Article contained an error in the order of author names, which were incorrectly given as ‘Jing Lin, Wei-qing Shao, Zong-you Chen, Wen-wei Zhu, Lu Lu, Duan Cai, Lun-xiu Qin, Hu-liang Jia, Ming Lu & Jin-hong Chen’.These errors have now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Fusobacterium nucleatum infection. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0188755. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188755The second author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Seongmin Cheon. The correct citation is: Ahn S-H, Cheon S, Park C, Lee J-H, Lee S-W, Lee T-H (2017) Transcriptome profiling analysis of senescent gingival fibroblasts in response to


J Med Libr Assoc. 2017 Jan;105(1):E1-E20. DOI: An incorrect date is given in the title. The title should be: 116th Annual Meeting, Medical Library Association, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada, May 13-18, 2016


Scientific Reports7: Article number: 4218410.1038/srep42184; published online: 02082017; updated: 04282017This Article contains errors in Reference 7, which was incorrectly given as:Journal of Plant Interactions, 1–35 (2015)’.‘Hashe, A., Allah, E. F. A., Alqarawi, A. A., Aldubise, A. & Egamberdieva, D. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhances salinity tolerance of Panicum turgidum Forssk by altering photosynthetic and antioxidant pathways. The correct reference is listed below as


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The correct name is: Evangelia G. Chrysikou. The correct citation is: Lepping RJ, Atchley RA, Chrysikou EG, Martin LE, Clair AA, Ingram RE, et al. (2016) Neural Processing of Emotional Musical and Nonmusical Stimuli in Depression. PLoS ONE 11(6): e0156859. doi:


In 2012, overall, 13% of children aged <18 years had a health problem for which prescription medication had been taken regularly for ≥3 months. Non-Hispanic white children (15%) and non-Hispanic black children (16%) were more likely to have taken a regular medication for a health problem for ≥3 months than Hispanic children (9%).Source: Bloom B, Jones LI, Freeman G. Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2012. Vital Health Stat 2013;10(258).Reported by: Gulnur Freeman, MPA, grs3@cdc.gov, 301-458-4085; Bobbie Bloom, MPA; Lindsey Jones, MPH.