AbstractElasmobranchii recorded in Mexico is composed of 132 (110 named species and 22 not assigned to species), which belong to 70 genera included in 27 families (plus 4 incertae sedis families of cestodes). These data represent 7.2% of the worldwide species richness. Platyhelminthes is the most widely represented, with 128 taxa: 94 of cestodes, 22 of monogeneans and 12 of trematodes; Nematoda and Annelida: Hirudinea are represented by only 2 taxa each. These records come from 54 localities, pertaining to 15 states; Baja California Sur  and Baja California (10), are the states with the highest species richness: 72 and 54 species, respectively. Up to now, 48 elasmobranch species have been recorded as hosts of helminths in Mexico; so, approximately 82% of sharks and 67% of rays distributed in Mexican waters lack helminthological studies. The present list provides the host, distribution , site of infection, accession number in scientific collections, and references for the parasites. A host-parasite list is also provided.A comprehensive and updated summary of the literature and unpublished records contained in scientific collections on the helminth parasites of the elasmobranchs from Mexico is herein presented for the first time. At present, the helminth fauna associated with  According to Staphylorchispacifica  from the body cavity of an undetermined shark in the Pacific slope of this country. Since then, a great amount of information has been generated, most of it in the last 2 decades, particularly in the Gulf of California. The main goal of this checklist is to compile and discuss all these data and to establish some patterns of richness, geographical distribution and host spectrum.Elasmobranchs  are host to a great variety of parasites in nature, particularly helminths. Up to now, more than 1500 helminth species have been recorded in association with these hosts worldwide; cestodes represent the most diverse group, with approximately 1133 species, followed by monogeneans with 226, nematodes with 83, digeneans with 50-60, leeches with 23, and aspidogastreans with 2 . In addiColección Nacional de Helmintos (CNHE), Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico] and international  parasite collections.This checklist contains information updated until December, 2015, and comes from two different sources: 1) retrospective bibliographical search, using different databases such as CAB Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, and Zoological Record; 2) Search in databases of national [Platyhelminthes , and followed by the phyla Nematoda and Annelida (Hirudinea). Each phylum contains families, genera, and species in alphabetical order. The nomenclature and classification for each metazoan group is based on the following references: Trematoda  Collection at the Natural History Museum, London, UK BMNHUNAM, Mexico City, México  Colección Nacional de Helmintos, Instituto de Biología, CNHE Colección Parasitológica del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico CPMHN-UABCSEl Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico ECOPA Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska, United States HWML Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Česke Budějovice, Czech Republic IPCAS Lawrence R. Penner Collection, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA LRP Museum of Natural History, Geneva, SwitzerlandMNHG-INV or PLATSanta Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, United States SBMNH Pacific Fisheries Research Center, Vladivostok, Russian Federation TINRO Helminthological Collection, Zoology Department, University of California at Los Angeles UCLANational Museum of Natural History (USMN), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA  Accession numbers used in this work correspond to those given by United States National Parasite Collection, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, which was recently transferred to the USNPCtype locality (TL), type host (TH), and original reference (OR) of the new species described from elasmobranchs recorded in Mexico are indicated with abbreviations of these words in superscript.The name of the PageBreakentific names of the species of helminths are listed in alphabetical order, indicating in parentheses the parasite group to which they belong. The scientific names of elasmobranchs were updated following The host-parasite list is ordered alphabetically by families of elasmobranchs; each family includes the scientific name of the host and the authority name. Then, the sciincertae sedis). Platyhelminthes is represented by 128 taxa: 94 taxa of cestodes, 22 taxa of monogeneans and 12 taxa of trematodes; for both Nematoda and Annelida (Hirudinea) only 2 species have been recorded. The 54 sampled sites for helminths are located in 15 states; Baja California Sur  and Baja California (10), are the states with the highest species richness   have been recorded as host of 132 taxa of helminths (110 named species and 22 not assigned to species); these parasite species belong to 70 genera included in 27 families .usTH see OR.Specimens in collections.UCLA.Azygiidae Lühe, 1909Otodistomumveliporum  Stafford, 1904Site of infection. Body cavity, stomach.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Santa Rosalía: Heterodontusfrancisci, Heterodontusmexicanus, Mustelushenlei, Squatinacalifornica (see nica see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (3852).Bucephalidae Poche, 1907Prosorhynchustruncatus Verma, 1936Site of infection. Intestine.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: El Comitán: Dasyatisbrevis (see evis see .Specimens in collections. CPMHN-UABCS (20).Gorgoderidae Looss, 1899Anaporrhutumeuzeti Curran, Blend & Overstreet, 2003Site of infection. Pericardial and body cavities.PageBreakLocality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles: Dasyatisbrevis (see TL: MyliobatislongirostrisTH (see OR). NA: Golfo de California: Dasyatislonga, Diplobatisommata, Mobulamunkiana, Myliobatiscalifornica, Narcineentemedor, Rhinobatosproductus, Urolophushalleri, Urolophusmaculatus, Zapteryxexasperata evis see . BAJA CAisTH see OR. NA: GSpecimens in collections.CNHE (4499); HWML (16702); SBMNH (345780).Nagmiacisloi Curran, Blend & Overstreet, 2009Site of infection. Body cavity.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de La PazTL: MobulathurstoniTH (see OR).niTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (6198).Nagmiarodmani Curran, Blend & Overstreet, 2009Site of infection. Body cavity.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Loreto TL: NarcineentemedorTH (see OR).rTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (6199); HWML (48889); SBMNH (423115).Probolitremarichiardii  Looss, 1902Site of infection. Body cavity.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Isla San Esteban: Urobatis sp. ; HWML (48890); SBMNH (423116); USNPC (49354).Notes. The specimens of Bahía de Santa Inés were identified as Probolitremamexicana, but this species is a synonym of Probolitremarichiardi according to Staphylorchispacifica  Campbell, 2008Site of infection. Body cavity.Locality. COLIMA: Manzanillo TL: “Tiburón no determinadoTH” (see OR). JALISCO: Puerto Vallarta: “Elasmobranchii” (CNHE); NAPageBreakYARIT: Punta Mita: “Tiburón no determinado” .Notes. The original description of this species was made under the name Petalodistomumpacificum . Currently, this trematode species is accepted as Staphylorchispacifica  Lühe, 1900Site of infection. Stomach.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles: Musteluscalifornicus .Syncoeliidae Loos, 1899Paronatremavaginicola Dollfus, 1937Site of infection. Buccal cavity, cloaca, gills.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Boca de Álamo: Alopiaspelagicus, Prionaceglauca ; HWML .Syncoeliumvermilionensis Curran & Overstreet, 2000Site of infection. Gills.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Puntarena: Mobulajapanica (see TL: MobulathurstoniTH (see OR).nica see ; Santa MiTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (3850); HWML (15261).Monogenoidea Bychowsky, 1937Capsalidae Baird, 1853Benedeniellaposterocolpa  Yamaguti, 1963Site of infection. Skin.Locality. CAMPECHE: Estuario Champotón: Rhinopterabonasus (see asus see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (4370).Listrocephalosguberleti  Bullard, Payne & Braswell, 2004Site of infection. Gills, skin.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles: Urolophushalleri .leri see ; Isla Sa sp. see . SONORA:iTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (34-5); USNPC (94826-8).Notes. This species was described as Entobdellaguberleti . BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Santa Rosalía: Dasyatisbrevis (see sTH see OR. BAJAevis see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (5021-2); USNPC (94829-34).PageBreakListrocephaloswhittingtoni Bullard, Payne & Braswell, 2004Site of infection. Skin.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los ÁngelesTL: DasyatislongaTH (see OR). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de La Paz: Dasyatislonga (see aTH see OR. BAJA onga see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (5023-4); USNPC (94835-9).Hexabothriidae Price, 1942Dasyonchocotyledasyatis  Boeger & Kritsky, 1989Site of infection. Gills.Locality. SINALOA: Mazatlán: Dasyatislonga (see onga see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (9361).Loimoidae Price, 1936Loimoswinteri Caballero y Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1961Site of infection. Gills.Locality. SONORA: Bahía de GuaymasTL: CarcharhinusbrachyurusTH (see OR).usTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (86-7).Loimosinaparawilsoni Bravo-Hollis, 1970Site of infection. Gills.Locality. SINALOA: MazatlánTL: SphyrnalewiniTH (see OR).iTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (153-4).Monocotylidae Taschenberg, 1879Anoplocotyloidespapillatus  Young, 1967Site of infection. Gills.Locality. SINALOA: Mazatlán: Rhinobatosglaucostigma (see igma see .Specimens in collection.CNHE (178).Notes. Based on the morphology of the posterior hooks of the haptor, PageBreakCalicotylecaliforniensis Bullard & Overstreet, 2000Site of infection. Body cavity.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los ÁngelesTL: MusteluscalifornicusTH (see OR).usTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (3907).Calicotylekroyeri Diesing, 1850Site of infection. Cloaca, rectum.Locality. CAMPECHE: Bancos de Campeche: Anacanthobatisfolirostris, Dipturusolseni ; Bahía de San Francisquito: Urolophushalleri ; HWML (15365-6); USNPC (89777-8).Dasybatotreminae gen. sp.Site of infection. Gills.Locality. GUERRERO: Acapulco: Rhinopterasteindachneri (see neri see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (8287-8).Decacotylefloridana  Chisholm & Whittington, 1998Site of infection. Gills.Locality. CAMPECHE: Ciudad del Carmen: Aetobatusnarinari (CNHE); Estuario Champotón: Aetobatusnarinari .PageBreakNotes. Specimens from Ciudad del Carmen were identified as Heterocotyleaetobatis Hargis, but this species was considered a synonym of Decacotylefloridana by Denarycotylegardneri Pulido-Flores, Monks & Violante-González, 2015Site of infection. Gills.Locality. GUERRERO: AcapulcoTL: RhinopterasteindachneriTH (OR).chneriTH OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (9558-9); HWML (75364-7).Dendromonocotylecortesi Bravo-Hollis, 1969Site of infection. Skin.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los ÁngelesTL, Isla Rasa: “Mantarraya grisTH” (see OR) .sTH” see OR .Specimens in collections.CNHE (149-50).Notes. Valid species according to Dendromonocotyleoctodiscus Hargis, 1955Site of infection. Skin.Locality. GOLFO DE MEXICO (Mexico): Dasyatisamericana, Urobatisjamaicensis ; ECOPA (001); USNPC (90353).Notes. Valid species accordig to Euzetialamothei Pulido-Flores & Monks, 2008Site of infection. Gills.Locality. CAMPECHE: Ciudad del CarmenTL: RhinopterabonasusTH (see OR). QUINTANA ROO: Isla Contoy: Rhinopterabonasus (see usTH see OR. QUINTasus see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (6067-8); HWML (48817); CHE (P00056).PageBreakHeterocotyle sp.Site of infection. Gills.Locality. GUERRERO: Acapulco: Rhinopterasteindachneri .maTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (151-2).Spinuriszapterygis Gómez del Prado-Rosas & Euzet, 1999Site of infection. Gills.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía AlmejasTL: ZapteryxexasperataTH (see OR).taTH see OR.Specimens in collections. BM(NH) (1997.1.28.1); CNHE (2975-6); CPMHN-UABCS (54); MNHN (547HF Tk80); USNPC (87037).PageBreakCestoda Rudolphi, 1808Anthocephaliidae Ruhnke, Caira & Cox, 2015Anthocephalumcurrani Ruhnke & Seaman, 2009Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles, Puertecitos: Dasyatisbrevis (see Dasyatisdipterura (see TL: DasyatisbrevisTH (see OR).evis see ; Bahía drura see . BAJA CAisTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (6234-5); USNPC (100993).Notes. This species was identified as Anthocephalum n. sp. 2. in Anthocephalumduszynskii Ruhnke, 1994Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. SONORA: Puerto Peñasco (Bahía Cholla)TL: UrolophushalleriTH (see Ruhnke 1994 OR).Specimens in collections.HWML (37095); USNPC (83437).Anthocephalumlukei Ruhnke & Seaman, 2009Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles, PuertecitosTL: DasyatislongaTH (see OR). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de La Paz: Dasyatislonga (see gaTH see OR. BAJA onga see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (6232-3); USNPC (100995).Notes. This species was identified as Anthocephalum n. sp. 1. in the Anthocephalummichaeli Ruhnke & Seaman, 2009Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles: Dasyatislonga .onga see ; Isla Saatus see . BAJA CAgaTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (6230-1); LRP (4232); USNPC .PageBreakNotes. Specimens from Isla San Esteban, identified as Anthocephalumduszynskii by Anthocephalummichaeli by Cathetocephalidae Dailey & Overstreet, 1973Cathetocephalusresendezi Caira, Mega & Ruhnke, 2005Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los ÁngelesTL: CarcharhinusleucasTH (see OR).asTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (5300).Cathetocephalusthatcheri Dailey & Overstreet, 1973Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. VERACRUZ: Playa Chachalacas: Carcharhinusleucas (see ucas see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (6860).Echeneibothriidae de Beauchamp, 1905Echeneibothrium sp.Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Santa Rosalía: Myliobatiscalifornicus .Notes. This material was recorded as Discobothrium sp., but according to Echeneibothrium.Echinobothriidae Perrier, 1897Echinobothriumfautleyae Tyler & Caira, 1999Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los ÁngelesTL: RhinopterasteindachneriTH (see OR); Puertecitos: Myliobatescalifornica, Rhinopterasteindachneri ; HWML (33910-11); USNPC (88217-19).Echinobothriumhoffmanorum Tyler, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de San Francisquito: Urolophushalleri, Urolophusmaculatus (see TL: UrolophusmaculatusTH (see OR). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Puntarena: Urobatisconcentricus .Echinobothriummexicanum Tyler & Caira, 1999Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los ÁngelesTL: MyliobatislongirostrisTH, Myliobatiscalifornica (see OR); Puertecitos: Myliobatiscalifornica ; HWML (33912-14); USNPC (88220-21).Echinobothriumrayallemangi Tyler, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los ÁngelesTL: RhinobatosleucorhynchusTH (see OR). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Santa Rosalía: Rhinobatosleucorhynchus (see usTH see OR. BAJA chus see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (3920-22).Escherbothriidae Ruhnke, Caira & Cox, 2015Escherbothriummolinae Berman & Brooks, 1994Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. GUERRERO: Bahía de Acapulco: Urotrygon sp. (see  sp. see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (8513-4); HWML (49850-3).PageBreakEutetrarhynchidae Guiart, 1927Dollfusiellalitocephalus  Beveridge, Neifar & Euzet, 2004Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de San Quintín: Triakissemifasciata (see iata see .Specimens in collections.USNPC (072672).Notes. The original denomination of this species was Eutetrarhynchuslitocephalus, but it was transferred to the genus Dollfusiella by Dollfusiellacortezensis  Schaeffner, 2014Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. SONORA: Puerto PeñascoTL: UrolophushalleriTH (see OR).riTH see OR.Specimens in collections.USNPC (92215).Notes. Notes. Published as Eutetrarhynchus sp. in Eutetrarhynchuscortezensis, but it was transferred to the genus Dollfusiella by Fellicocestusmobulae Campbell & Beveridge, 2006Site of infection. Gall bladder.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de la Paz: Mobula sp. (see TL: MobulajapanicaTH (see OR). sp. see ; PuntarecaTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (5452); USNPC .Eutetrarhynchidae gen. sp.Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. VERACRUZ: Playa de Chachalacas: Carcharhinusleucas (see ucas see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (6169).Hemionchosmaior Campbell & Beveridge, 2006Site of infection. Spiral valve.PageBreakLocality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de la PazTL: MobulajapanicaTH (see OR).caTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (5466-7).Hemionchosmobulae Campbell & Beveridge, 2006Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de la PazTL, Puntarena: MobulajapanicaTH (see OR): Loreto, Santa Rosalía: Mobulamunkiana (see caTH see OR: Loretiana see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (5465-6); LRP (3961); USNPC (97908-9).Hemionchosstriatus Campbell & Beveridge, 2006Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de la PazTL: Mobulajapanica, MobulathurstoniTH (see OR); Loreto: Mobulathurstoni, Myliobatiscalifornica ; LRP (3948); USNPC (97904-6).Mecistobothriummyliobati Heinz & Dailey, 1974Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. SONORA: Puerto Peñasco: Urolophushalleri .niTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (5458); USNPC (97902).Mobulocestusmollis Campbell & Beveridge, 2006Site of infection. Cloaca.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de la PazTL: MobulathurstoniTH (see OR).niTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (5456).PageBreakMobulocestusnephriditis Campbell & Beveridge, 2006Site of infection. Nephridial system.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de la PazTL: MobulathurstoniTH (see OR).niTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (5454); USNPC (97901).Oncomegaspaulinae Toth, Campbell & Schmidt, 1992Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. SONORA: Puerto PeñascoTL: UrolophushalleriTH (see OR).riTH see OR.Specimens in collections.BMNH (1991.10.30.1-3); USNPC (082186).Parachristianelladimegacantha Krause, 1959Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de la Paz: Dasyatislonga .Parachristianellaparva Campbell & Beveridge, 2007Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Santa RosalíaTL: UrolophusmaculatusTH (see OR).usTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (5472).Parachristianellatrygoni Dollfus, 1946Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los ÁngelesTL: DasyatisbrevisTH (see OR). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Loreto: Mobulamunkiana (see isTH see OR. BAJA iana see .Specimens in collections.USNPC (97923-4).PageBreakProchristianellaminima Hainz & Daily, 1974Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. SONORA: Puerto Peñasco: Urolophushalleri .Prochristianellamultidum Friggens & Duzynski, 2005Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. SONORA: Puerto PeñascoTL: UrolophushalleriTH (see OR).riTH see OR.Specimens in collections.USNPC (92218-9).Pseudochristianellaelegantissima Campbell & Beveridge, 2006Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Puertecitos: Dasyatisbrevis (see TL: DasyatisbrevisTH (see OR); San José del Cabo: Dasyatislonga ; USNPC (97915-6).Pseudochristianellanudiscula Campbell & Beveridge, 2006Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles: Myliobatislongirostris, Rhinobatosproductus ; San José del Cabo: Dasyatislonga ; USNPC .Lacistorhynchidae Guiart, 1927Callitetrarhynchusgracilis Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. VERACRUZ: Playa Chachalacas: Carcharhinusleucas (see ucas see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (6867).PageBreakFloricepscaballeroi Cruz-Reyes, 1977Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. SONORA: Laguna de AgiabampoTL: NegaprionbrevirostrisTH (see OR).isTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (479-80).Notes. According to Floricepssaccatus. However, the poor condition of the type material re-examined during the present study precludes any conclusion about the taxonomic status of this species.Floricepssaccatus Cuvier, 1817Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: NA: Notorhynchuscepedianus .usTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (8941-4).Litobothriumamplifica  Euzet, 1994Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles: Alopiaspelagicus (see Alopiaspelagicus (see TL: AlopiassuperciliosusTH (see OR).icus see . BAJA CAicus see . OAXACA:usTH see OR.Specimens in collections.BMNH (2000.3.7.8.10); CNHE (4051); TINRO (72020).Notes. This species was described as a member of the genus Renyxa, but Renyxa as a synonym of Litobothrium.Litobothriumdaileyi Kurochkin & Slankis, 1973Site of infection. Spiral valve.PageBreakLocality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles: Alopiaspelagicus (see Alopiaspelagicus (see TL: AlopiassuperciliosusTH (see OR).icus see . BAJA CAicus see . OAXACA:usTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (4050); TINRO (72012).Litobothriumjanovyi Olson & Caira, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Santa RosalíaTL: AlopiassuperciliosusTH (see OR).usTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (4052-3).Litobothriumnickoli Olson & Caira, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los ÁngelesTL: AlopiaspelagicusTH (see OR). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Santa Rosalía: Alopiaspelagicus (see usTH see OR. BAJA icus see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (4054-55); LRP (8321).Lecanicephalideaincertae sedis (Family)Aberrapexsenticosus Jensen, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Santa RosalíaTL: MyliobatiscalifornicaTH (see OR).caTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (4188); HWML (16374); USNPC (91208).Notes. This species appears as Discobothrium n. sp. in Healyumharenamica Jensen, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Punta ArenaTL: MobulajapanicaTH (see OR).caTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (4186); HWML (16376); USNPC (91212).PageBreakHealyumpulvis Jensen, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Punta ArenaTL: MobulajapanicaTH (see OR).caTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (4184); HWML (16377); USNPC (91213).Notes. This taxon appears as New genus 3 n. sp., in the phylogenetic analysis done by Paraberrapexmanifestus Jensen, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Santa RosalíaTL: SquatinacalifornicaTH (see OR).caTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (4179); HWML (16375); USNPC (91209).Notes.Paraberrapexmanifestus was referred to as New genus 2 n. sp. in the phylogenetic analysis done by Quadcuspibothriumfrancisi Jensen, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Punta ArenaTL: MobulajapanicaTH (see OR).caTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (4182); HWML (16378); USNPC (91214).Notes. This species was referred to as New genus 4 n. sp. in the phylogenetic analysis done by Tetragonocephalidae Yamaguti, 1959Tylocephalum sp.Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles: Rhinopterasteindachneri (see Rhinopterasteindachneri (see neri see . GUERRERneri see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (8295-8296).PageBreakOnchoproteocephalideaincertae sedis (Family)Acanthobothriumbajaensis Appy & Dailey, 1973Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de San QuintínTL: HeterodontusfrancisciTH (see OR).ciTH see OR.Specimens in collections.USNPC (72567-8).Acanthobothriumbullardi Goshroy & Caira, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los ÁngelesTL, Puertecitos: DasyatisbrevisTH (see Goshroy and Caira 2001OR). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Santa Rosalía: Dasyatisbrevis (see Goshroy and Caira 2001).Specimens in collections.CNHE (4045-6); LRP (2060–2062); USNPC (90466-8).Acanthobothriumcleofanus Monks, Brooks & Pérez-Ponce de León, 1996Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. JALISCO: Bahía de ChamelaTL: DasyatislongaTH (see OR).gaTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (2670-1); HWML; MNHG INV.Acanthobothriumdasi Goshroy & Caira, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: PuertecitosTL: DasyatisbrevisTH (see Goshroy and Caira 2001OR).Specimens in collections.CNHE (4043-4); HWML (15549-51); LRP (2051-4); USNPC (90463-5).Acanthobothriumdollyae Caira & Burge, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los ÁngelesTL, Isla San Esteban: DiplobatisommataTH (see OR). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Punta Arena: Diplobatisommata (see taTH see OR. BAJA mata see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (4169-70); LRP (2097-2101); USNPC (90837-9).PageBreakAcanthobothriummaryanskii Caira & Burge, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: LoretoTL, Punta Arena: DiplobatisommataTH (see OR).taTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (4171-2); LRP (2012-3); USNPC (90840-1).Acanthobothriumolseni Dailey & Mudry, 1968Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. Sonora: Puerto Peñasco: Urolophushalleri ; LRP (2012-3); USNPC (90840-1).Acanthobothriumpuertecitense Caira & Zahner, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Puertecitos: Heterodontusfrancisci (see isci see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (4175-6); LRP (2105-6); USNPC (90843).Notes.Acanthobothrium n. sp. 1.Acanthobothriumrajivi Goshroy & Caira, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: PuertecitosTL: DasyatisbrevisTH (see Goshroy and Caira 2001OR).Specimens in collections.CNHE (4043-4); HWML (15552); LRP (2055-6); USNPC (90461).PageBreakAcanthobothriumroyi Caira & Burge, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Loreto, Punta ArenaTL: DiplobatisommataTH (see OR).taTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (4173-4); LRP (2014); USNPC (90842).Acanthobothriumsantarosaliense Caira & Zahner, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Santa RosalíaTL: HeterodontusfrancisciTH (see OR).ciTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (4177-78); LRP (2107); USNPC (90844).Acanthobothriumsoberoni Goshroy & Caira, 2001Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles, PuertecitosTL: DasyatisbrevisTH (see Goshroy and Caira 2001OR). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Loreto: Dasyatisbrevis (see Goshroy and Caira 2001).Specimens in collections.CNHE (4040-1); HWML (15548); LRP (2057-9); USNPC (90462).Acanthobothrium sp.Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles: Urolophushalleri . BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: San José del Cabo: Dasyatisbrevis (see Goshroy and Caira 2001).PageBreakSpecimens in collections.CNHE (4048); USNPC (90439).Notes. This material probably represents a new species as it differs from both Acanthobothroidesthorsoni and Acanthobothroidespacificus (see Goshroy and Caira 2001).Onchobothrium sp.Site of infection. Intestine.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Ensenada: Urolophushalleri (HWML).Specimens in collections.HWML (31324).Phoreibothrium sp.Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles: Carcharhinusleucas (see Sphyrnamokarran (see Carcharhinusleucas (see ucas see . NA: Golrran see . VERACRUucas see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (6866).Platybothriumangelbahiense Healy, 2003Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los ÁngelesTL: CarcharhinusleucasTH (see OR).asTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (4727-9); LRP (3213-3215); USNPC (92236).Platybothriumauriculatum Yamaguti, 1952Site of infection. Intestine, spiral valve, stomach.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de La Paz, San Isidro: Prionaceglauca .Platybothrium sp.Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles: Carcharhinusleucas .Prosobothriumarmigerum Cohn, 1902Site of infection. Intestine, stomach.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Punta Abreojos, Punta Belcher: Prionaceglauca .aena see . VERACRUSpecimens in collections.CNHE (6863-3).Phyllobothriidae Braun, 1900Orygmatobothrium sp.Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Puertecitos: Mustelushenlei .Notes. This material was recorded as Paraorygmatobothrium sp. 1 and sp. 2.Phyllobothriumhallericola Church & Schmidt, 1990Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. SONORA: Puerto PeñascoTL: UrolophushalleriTH (see OR).riTH see OR.Specimens in collections.USNPC (81051-2).Notes. The accession number published by Phyllobothrium sp.Site of infection. Intestine, spiral valve, stomach.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Las Barrancas, Punta Abreojos, Punta Belcher: Prionaceglauca ; USNPC (81053).Notes. The accession number published by Pterobothriidae Pintner, 1931Pterobothrioidescarvajali Campbell & Beveridge, 1997Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: PuertecitosTL: DasyatislongaTH (see OR).gaTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (3142); USNPC (85472).PageBreakRhinebothriideaincertae sedis (Family)Serendipdanbrooksi Monks, Zaragoza-Tapia, Pulido-Flores & Violante-González, 2015Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. GUERRERO: Bahía de AcapulcoTL: RhinopterasteindachneriTH (OR). SINALOA: Mazatlán: Rhinopterasteindachneri ; HWML (75091-104); MNGH-PLAT (90513-5).Notes. This species appears as Serendip sp. in Serendip is clearly a candidate for membership in the Rhinebothriidea; a molecular analysis will be necessary to assign it to family level.Rhinebothriidae Euzet, 1953Glyphobothriumzwerneri Williams & Campbell, 1977Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. CAMPECHE: Ciudad del Carmen: Rhinopterabonasus (see asus see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (8838).Notes. The inclusion of this cestode species in Rhinebothriidae follows Appeltans et al. (2012).Rhinebothriumchollaensis Friggens & Duszynski, 2005Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. SONORA: Puerto Peñasco (Bahía Cholla)TL: UrolophushalleriTH (see OR).riTH see OR.Specimens in collections.USNPC (92213-4).Notes. Published as Rhinebothrium sp. in Rhinebothriumgravidum Friggens & Duszynski, 2005Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. SONORA: Puerto PeñascoTL: UrolophushalleriTH (see OR).riTH see OR.Specimens in collections.USNPC (92212).Notes. Published as Rhinebothrium sp. in PageBreakRhinebothriummaccallumi Linton, 1924Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. NA: NA: Dasyatisamericana .Notes. The records of Dasyatisbrevis and Dasyatislonga were made as Rhinebothrium sp.5 and Rhinebothrium sp.6, respectively.Rhinebothriumurobatidium  Appy & Dailey, 1977Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. SONORA: Puerto Peñasco: Urolophushalleri (see leri see .Specimens in collections.USNPC (92202-5).Scalithrium sp.Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: San José del Cabo: Dasyatislonga (see onga see .Specimens in collections.LRP (3895).Notes. This record appears as Scalithrium n. sp. in Rhinoptericolidae Carvajal & Campbell, 1975Rhinoptericolamegacantha Carvajal & Campbell, 1975Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. GUERRERO: Bahía de Acapulco: Rhinopterasteindachneri (see neri see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (8297-8).PageBreakRhinoptericola sp.Site of infection. Stomach.Locality. GUERRERO: Bahía de Acapulco: Rhinopterasteindachneri (see neri see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (8299-8300).Nybeliniaanthicosum Heinz & Dailey, 1974Site of infection. Spiral valve, stomach.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Playa María: Heterodontusfrancisci (see Heterodontusfrancisci (see isci see . SONORA:isci see .Specimens in collections.USNPC (72675).Nybelinia sp.Site of infection. Stomach.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Las Barrancas: Prionaceglauca (see auca see .No specimens in collections.Tetraphyllidea” incertae sedis (Family)“Anthobothrium sp.Site of infection. Intestine, stomach.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Punta Abreojos, Punta Belcher, Las Barrancas: Prionaceglauca .PageBreakCaulobothrium sp.Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles: Myliobatiscalifornicus (see icus see .Specimens in collections.LRP (3012).Notes. According to Caulobothrium n. sp. 1 in Duplicibothriumcairae Ruhnke, Curran & Holbert, 2000Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de los Ángeles, Puertecitos: Rhinopterasteindachneri (see TL: RhinopterasteindachneriTH (see OR).neri see . BAJA CAriTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (3846-7); HWML ; USNPC (89726-7).Notes. This species was reported as Duplicibothrium n. sp. 1 in the phylogenetic analysis done by Duplicibothriumpaulum Ruhnke, Curran & Holbert, 2000Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de los Ángeles, PuertecitosTL: RhinopterasteindachneriTH (see OR).riTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (3848); HWML ; USNPC (89728-9).Notes. This species was reported as Duplicibothrium n. sp. 2 in the phylogenetic analysis done by Pedibothriumbrevispine Linton, 1909Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: San José del Cabo: Ginglymostomacirratum (see atum see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (4191).Pedibothriummanteri Caira, 1992Site of infection. Spiral valve.PageBreakLocality. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: San José del Cabo: Ginglymostomacirratum (see atum see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (4190).Symcallioevani  Bernot, Caira & Pickering, 2015Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de Los Ángeles: Musteluslunulatus (see TL: MusteluslunulatusTH (see OR). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: San José del Cabo, Santa Rosalía: Musteluslunulatus ; USNPC .Notes. This species was described as Calliobothriumevani and recently transferred to Symcallio by Symcallioevani was determined by Carcharhinidae”; its accurate specific identity was established by Symcallioriseri  Bernot, Caira & Pickering, 2015Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Puertecitos: Mustelushenlei (see TL: MustelushenleiTH (see OR).nlei see . BAJA CAeiTH see OR.Specimens in collections.CNHE (3068-70); HWML (22537).Notes. Specimens from Puertecitos were identified by Calliobothriumlintoni Euzet, 1954 and re-identified by Calliobothriumriseri. This species was recently transferred to Symcallio by Nematoda Cobb, 1932Gnathostomatidae Lane, 1923Echinocephalusjenzeni Hoberg, Brooks, Molina & Erbe, 1998Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. CHIAPAS: Laguna Mar Muerto: Himanturapacifica (see fica see .Specimens in collections.CNHE (2642).PageBreakEchinocephaluspseudouncinatus Millemann, 1951Site of infection. Spiral valve.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía San Francisquito, Isla Ángel de la Guarda (Puerto Refugio): Heterodontusfrancisci ; USNPC .Annelida Lamarck 1809Hirudinea Lamarck, 1818Piscicolidae Johnston, 1865Piscicolidae gen. sp.Site of infection. Skin.Locality. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Isla San Esteban: Zapteryxexasperata (CNHE).Specimens in collections.CNHE (4027).Notes. This specimen was deposited at the CNHE by Steve Curran as the holotype of the new species Pseudaustrobdellacairae, but their description was not published.Stibarobdellamacrothela  Llewellyn, 1966Site of infection. Skin.Locality. TAMAULIPAS: Matamoros: Ginglymostomacirratum (CNHE). VERACRUZ: Isla de Sacrificios: Elasmobranquio no determinado (CNHE).Specimens in collections.CNHE .SelachiiALOPIIDAEAlopiaspelagicus NakamuraLitobothriumaenigmaticum (C)Litobothriumamplifica (C)Litobothriumdaileyi (C)Litobothriumnickoli (C)Paronatremavaginicola (T)PageBreakAlopiassuperciliosus LoweLitobothriumamplifica (C)Litobothriumdaileyi (C)Litobothriumjanovyi (C)CARCHARHINIDAECarcharhinusbrachyurus GüntherLiomoswinteri (M)Carcharhinusleucas (Müller & Henle)Cathetocephalusresendezi (C)Cathetocephalusthatcheri (C)Callitetrarhynchusgracilis (C)Eutetrarhynchidae gen. sp. (C)Phoreiobothrium sp. (C)Platybothriumangelbahiense (C)Platybothrium sp. (C)Otobothrium sp. (C)Paraorygmatobothrium sp. (C)Carcharhinuslimbatus Müller & HenleStaphylorchispacifica (T)Negaprionbrevirostris (Poey)Floricepscaballeroi (C)Prionaceglauca (Linnaeus)Anthobothrium sp. (C)Helicometrinanimia (T)Nybelinia sp. (C)Paronatremavaginicola (T)Phyllobothrium sp. (C)Platybothriumauriculatum (C)Prosobothriumarmigerum (C)GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAEGinglymostomacirratum (Bonnaterre)Pedibothriumbrevispine (C)Pedibothriummanteri (C)Stibarobdellamacrothela (H)HETERODONTIDAEHeterodontusfrancisci (Girard)Acanthobothriumbajaensis (C)Acanthobothriumpuertecitense (C)Acanthobothriumsantarosaliense (C)Acanthobothrium sp. (C)Echinocephaluspseudouncinatus (N)Nybeliniaanthicosum (C)PageBreakOtodistomumveliporum (T)Heterodontusmexicanus Taylor & Castro-AguirreOtodistomumveliporum (T)HEXANCHIDAENotorynchuscepedianus (Péron)Floricepssaccatus (C)SPHYRNIDAESphyrnalewini (Griffith & Smith)Loimosinaparawilsoni (M)Platybothriumtantulum (C)Sphyrnamokarran (Rüppell)Phoreiobothrium sp. (C)Sphyrnazygaena (L.)Otobothrium sp. (C)Parachristianelladimegacantha (C)Platybothriumtantulum (C)SQUATINIDAESquatinacalifornica AyresOtodistomumveliporum (T)Paraberrapexmanifestus (C)TRIAKIDAEGaleorhinusgaleus (Linnaeus)Staphylorchispacifica (T)Musteluscalifornicus GillCalicotylecaliforniensis (M)Ptychogonimusmegastomum (T)Mustelushenlei (Gill)Calliobothriumevani (C)Calliobothriumriseri (C)Orygmatobothrium sp. (C)Otodistomumveliporum (T)Musteluslunulatus Jordan & GilbertCalliobothriumevani (C)Probolitremarichiardii (T)Ptychogonimusmegastomum (T)Triakissemifasciata GirardDollfusiellalitocephalus (C)Undetermined sharkStaphylorchispacifica (T)ElasmobranchiiUndetermined Staphylorchispacifica (T)Stibarobdellamacrothela (H)PageBreakBatoideaANACANTHOBATIDAEAnacanthobatisfolirostris Bigelow & SchroederCalicotylekroyeri (M)DASYATIDAEDasyatisamericana Hildebrand & SchroederDendromonocotyleoctodiscus (M)Rhinebothriummaccallumi (C)Dasyatisbrevis (Garman)Acanthobothriumbullardi (C)Acanthobothriumdasi (C)Acanthobothriumrajivi (C)Acanthobothriumsoberoni (C)Acanthobothroides sp. (C)Anaporrhutumeuzeti (T)Anthocephalumcurrani (C)Listrocephaloskearni (M)Parachristianellatrygonis (C)Probolitremarichiardii (T)Prosorhynchustruncatus (T)Pseudochristianellaelegantissima (C)Rhinebothrium sp. (C)Dasyatisdipterura (Jordan & Gilbert)Anthocephalumcurrani (C)Dasyatislonga (Garman)Acanthobothriumcleofanus (C)Acanthobothrium sp. (C)Anaporrhutumeuzeti (T)Anthocephalumlukei (C)Anthocephalummichaeli (C)Dasyonchocotyledasyatis (M)Listrocephaloswittingtoni (M)Parachristianelladimegacantha (C)Probolitremarichiardii (T)Pseudochristianellaelegantissima (C)Pseudochristianellanudiscula (C)Pterobothrioidescarvajali (C)Rhinebothrium sp. (C)Scalithrium sp. (C)Himanturapacifica Beebe & Tee-VanEchinocephalusjenzeni (N)PageBreakMYLIOBATIDAEAetobatusnarinari EuphrasenDecacotylefloridana (M)Mobulajapanica (Müller & Henle)Fellicocestusmobulae (C)Healyumharenamica (C)Healyumpulvis (C)Hemionchosmaior (C)Hemionchosmobulae (C)Hemionchosstriatus (C)Quadcuspibothriumfrancisi (C)Syncoeliumvermilionense (T)Mobulamunkiana Notarbartolo-di-SciaraAnaporrhutumeuzeti (T)Hemionchosmobulae (C)Parachristianellatrygonis (C)Mobula sp.Fellicocestusmobulae (C)Mobulathurstoni (Lloyd)Hemionchosstriatus (C)Mobulocestuslepidoscolex (C)Mobulocestusmollis (C)Mobulocestusnephriditis (C)Nagmiacisloi (T)Syncoeliumvermilionense (T)Myliobatiscalifornica GillAberrapexsenticosus (C)Anaporrhutumeuzeti (T)Caulobothriumopisthorchis (C)Caulobothrium sp. (C)Echeneibothrium sp. (C)Echinobothriumfautleyae (C)Echinobothriummexicanum (C)Echinocephaluspseudouncinatus (N)Hemionchosstriatus (C)Probolitremarichiardii (T)Myliobatislongirostris Applegate & FitchAnaporrhutumeuzeti (T)Echinobothriummexicanum (C)Probolitremarichiardii (T)Pseudochristianellanudiscula (C)PageBreakRhinopterabonasus (Mitchill)Benedeniellaposterocolpa (M)Euzetialamothei (M)Glyphobothriumzwerneri (C)Rhinopterasteindachneri Evermann & JenkinsDasybatotreminae gen. sp. (M)Denarycotylegardneri (M)Duplicibothriumcairae (C)Duplicibothriumpaulum (C)Echinobothriumfautleyae (C)Heterocotyle sp. (M)Monocotylidae gen. sp. (M)Phyllobothrium sp. (C)Rhinoptericolamegacantha (C)Rhinoptericola sp. (C)Serendipdanbrooksi (C)Tylocephalum sp. (C)NARCINIDAEDiplobatisommata (Jordan & Gilbert)Acanthobothriumdollyae (C)Acanthobothriummaryanskii (C)Acanthobothriumroyi (C)Anaporrhutumeuzeti (T)Narcineentemedor Jordan & StarksAnaporrhutumeuzeti (T)Nagmiarodmani (T)RAJIDAEDipturusolseni Bigelow & SchroederCalicotylekroyeri (M)Rajavelezi ChirichignoEcheneibothrium sp. (C)RHINOBATIDAERhinobatosglaucostigma Jordan & GilbertAnoplocotyloidespapillatus (M)Spinurismexicana (M)Rhinobatoslentiginosus GarmanParamonilicaecum gen. sp. (T)Rhinobatosleucorhynchus GüntherEchinobothriumrayallemangi (C)Probolitremarichiardii (T)Rhinobatosproductus AyresAnaporrhutumeuzeti (T)Pseudochristianellanudiscula (C)PageBreakSpinurislophosoma (M)Zapteryxexasperata (Jordan & Gilbert)Anaporrhutumeuzeti (T)Piscicolidae gen. sp. (H)Pseudochristianellanudiscula (C)Spinuriszapterygis (M)UROTRYGONIDAEUrobatisconcentricus Osburn & NicholsListrocephalosguberleti (M)Echinobothriumhoffmanorum (C)Urobatisjamaicensis CuvierDendromonocotyleoctodiscus (M)Urobatis sp.Listrocephalosguberleti (M)Probolitremarichiardii (T)Urolophushalleri CooperAcanthobothriumolseni (C)Acanthobothriumparviuncinatum (C)Acanthobothrium sp. (C)Anaporrhutumeuzeti (T)Anthocephalumduszynskii (C)Calicotyleurobati (M)Dollfusiellacotezensis (C)Echinobothriumhoffmanorum (C)Listrocephalosguberleti (M)Mecistobothriummyliobati (C)Onchobothrium sp. (C)Oncomegaspaulinae (C)Phyllobothriumhallericola (C)Phyllobothrium sp. (C)Prochristianellaminima (C)Prochristianellamultidum (C)Rhinebothriumchollaensis (C)Rhinebothriumgravidum (C)Rhinebothriumurobatidium (C)Urolophusmaculatus (Garman)Acanthobothrium sp. (C)Anaporrhutumeuzeti (T)Anthocephalummichaeli (C)Calicotyleurobati (M)Echinobothriumhoffmanorum (C)Listrocephalosguberleti (M)Parachristianellaparva (C)PageBreakPleorchismagniporus (T)Probolitremarichiardii (T)Rhinebothrium sp. (C)Urotrygonsimulatrix Miyake & EachranParachristianelladimegacantha (C)Urotrygon sp.Escherbothriummolinae (C)“Mantarraya gris”Dendromonocotylecortesi (M)To date, 132 helminth taxa (110 named species and 22 taxa not assigned to species) have been reported as parasites of elasmobranch species in Mexico. Seventy-three of these taxa are represented by holotypes from Mexican waters. All of these taxa have been collected in the adult stage (132). Thus, the richness of helminth species parasitizing elasmobranchs distributed in Mexican waters represents 7.2% of the worldwide species richness for this group see .Myliobatidae (8 species) and Urotrygonidae (6) being the families with the highest number of species sampled, due to the fact that100% and 60% respectively of the species of these two families recorded in Mexico, have been studied for helminths. In addition, helminths have been reported from 9 of the 12 orders of elasmobranchs in Mexican waters; no records are available for Squaliformes, Orectolobiformes (Selachii) or Rhinobatiformes (Batoidea). Fifteen of the 23 families of sharks have not been reported as hosts of helminths, as well as half of the families of rays. From the 204 known species of elasmobranchs recorded in Mexican waters, only 26% of them have been studied for helminths; thus, only 18.3% and 32.6% of shark and ray species, respectively, have been examined for, and found to host, helminths (Table The 132 taxa parasitize 48 taxa of elasmobranchs (4 of them not assigned to species), within 15 families; Urolophushalleri (with 19 taxa), Dasyatislonga (14) and Dasyatisbrevis (13). However, 8 shark and 9 ray species have been recorded only once as hosting helminths. In total, Batoidea is parasitized by 109 taxa of helminths and Selachii by 52, of which 56% and 61%, respectively, are cestode species. The mean value of species harbored by a host is 2.8 for sharks and 3.8 for rays; these traits are in accordance with the findings reported by The species of elasmobranchs with the higher parasite species richness are Anaporrhutumeuzeti and Probolitremarichardii (Trematoda) are the species with the broadest host spectrum; the former species is associated with 11 species of rays PageBreakPageBreakfrom three localities, and the latter has been found in 7 species of rays and one shark from three localities. Higher host specificity was shown by cestodes; 62 of the 76 nominal species of this group were specialists for a particular species of elasmobranch. These results are in accordance with Dendromonocotyleoctodiscus had the widest geographic distribution, being found in 7 localities; this monogenean is followed by Echinobothriumfautleyae, Anthocephalummichaeli and Staphylorchispacifica, which are distributed in 5 localities each, as well as Symcallioevani and Calicotyleurobati, recorded in 4 locations each. Acanthobothrium is the most specious genus, as it is represented by 14 species parasitizing 6 species of elasmobranchs.PageBreakStaphylorchispacifica). Between 1945 and 1994, only 20 species were reported in this group of hosts in the country. From 1995 to the present, this number increased more than 400%, rising to 107 species  and Baja California (54), both located in the Gulf of California, up to now, the most intensively sampled region of Mexico.The helminthological record of elasmobranchs distributed in Mexico is asymmetrically constituted in terms of the helminth groups represented, the hosts studied and the geographical distribution of the sampling sites. Cestodes are the most widely represented group, with 76 named species and 18 not assigned to species. The main reasons that explain this asymmetry can be summarized in two points: 1) the great diversity of cestodes associated with elasmobranchs, as nine of the 19 orders included in this Class infect this group of hosts, and eight are even exclusive parasites of them ; cestodeCorynosoma sp. (Gorgorhynchoidesbullocki (Anisakissimplex, Hedruris sp. (Anisakis sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Terranova sp. (Mexiconemacichlasomae (In addition to the 132 helminth taxa recorded so far in elasmobranchs inhabiting Mexican waters, another 8 taxa of helminths were found in this group of hosts: 2 acanthocephalans, soma sp.  and Gorgbullocki , and 6 nuris sp. , Anisakinova sp. , and Mexhlasomae . Howeverhlasomae .Elasmobranchii in Mexico remain scarce and fragmentary. To date, 81.7% of sharks and 67.4% of rays distributed in Mexican waters lack helminthological studies. Completing the helminthological inventory for this group of vertebrates is a major challenge, as recent estimates establish the number of species to be described associated with these hosts at approximately 3600, considering only the tapeworms (In spite of the great amount of information generated in the last 20 years, new records of the helminth fauna of apeworms . Only th


In the title of this article, the word “Higher” should be “Lower.” The correct title is: Androgenic Alopecia Is Associated with Less Dietary Soy, Lower Blood Vanadium and rs1160312 1 Polymorphism in Taiwanese Communities. The correct citation is: Lai C-H, Chu N-F, Chang C-W, Wang S-L, Yang H-C, et al. (2013) Androgenic Alopecia Is Associated with Less Dietary Soy, Lower Blood Vanadium and rs1160312 1 Polymorphism in Taiwanese Communities. PLoS ONE 8(12): e79789. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079789


Some errors were introduced in the ordering of the references in the published paper. References 1–5 were listed out of order and therefore also caused errors within the in-text citations, as detailed below:1. In the first paragraph of the section titled ‘Principles of Diffusion MRI and Key Concepts’, the third sentence should have cited reference 2, instead of 1. The correct sentence should read:Unexpectedly, diffusion (a visible phenomenon) was linked by Einstein to Brownian motion in the context of the theory of heat to prove the existence of (invisible) atoms and molecules [2].2. In the second paragraph, titled ‘Principles of Diffusion MRI and Key Concepts’, the third to last sentence should have cited reference 3, instead of 2. The correct sentence should read:Diffusion-driven displacements of water molecules are encoded in the MRI signal by spatial and temporal variation of the magnetic field (see [3] for a review of the history and the principles of diffusion MRI) generated by magnetic field gradient pulses.3. In the second paragraph of the section titled ‘Principles of Diffusion MRI and Key Concepts’, the last sentence should have cited references 4 and 5 respectively, rather than 3 and 4. The correct sentence should read:The observation of non-Gaussian diffusion and the related modeling of diffusion effects was investigated by pioneers such as Stejskal and Tanner (see [4] for a review), well before the advent of MRI, but this issue remains a complex and hot topic of investigation today for diffusion MRI [5].4. In the third paragraph of the section titles ‘Principles of Diffusion MRI and Key Concepts’, the first sentence should have cited reference 1 rather than 5. The correct sentence should read:The “apparent diffusion coefficient” (ADC) concept was introduced along with the diffusion MRI concept [1] to avoid the difficulties of non-Gaussian diffusion and facilitate clinical application of the technique.5. In the first paragraph of the section titled ‘Applications of Diffusion MRI; Acute Brain Ischemia’ the last sentence cited reference 3 rather than 4. The correct sentence should read:Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this sharp, counterintuitive decrease in water diffusion, but the exact mechanisms linking the ADC decrease with cell swelling still remain today to be clarified [4].6. In the section titled ‘Wiring of the Brain’, the third from last sentence cited reference 2 rather than 3. The correct sentence should read:The potential of diffusion MRI to probe human brain connectivity has attracted worldwide interest and is now widely used in clinical practice. Recent results from the European FP7 CONNECT project [42] and the Human Connectome Project [43] have clearly underlined the enormous potential of this approach, yielding insight into how brain connections underlie function and opening up new lines of inquiry for human neuroscience and brain dysfunction in aging, mental health disorders, addiction, and neurological disease [3].The full corrected list of references is also provided here:Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Grenier P, Cabanis E, Laval-Jeantet M. MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology. 1986; 161 (2):401–7. doi: 10.1148/radiology.161.2.3763909 PMID: 3763909Einstein A. Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement: Courier Dover Publications; 1956.Le Bihan D, Johansen-Berg H. Diffusion MRI at 25: exploring brain tissue structure and function. Neuroimage. 2012; 61(2):324–41. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.006 PMID: 22120012Le Bihan D. The 'wet mind': water and functional neuroimaging. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2007; 52(7):R57–90. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/52/7/r02 PMID: 17374909Yablonskiy DA, Sukstanskii AL. Theoretical models of the diffusion weighted MR signal. NMR in biomedicine. 2010; 23(7):661–81. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1520 PMID: 20886562Le Bihan D. Apparent diffusion coefficient and beyond: what diffusion MR imaging can tell us about tissue structure. Radiology. 2013; 268(2):318–22. doi: 10.1148/radiol.13130420 PMID: 23882093Pyatigorskaya N, Le Bihan D, Reynaud O, Ciobanu L. Relationship between the diffusion time and the diffusion MRI signal observed at 17.2 tesla in the healthy rat brain cortex. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2014; 72(2):492–500. doi: 10.1002/mrm.24921 PMID: 24022863Grinberg F, Farrher E, Ciobanu L, Geffroy F, Le Bihan D, Shah NJ. Non-Gaussian Diffusion Imaging for Enhanced Contrast of Brain Tissue Affected by Ischemic Stroke. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(2):e89225. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089225 PMID: 24586610Anderson SW, Barry B, Soto J, Ozonoff A, O'Brien M, Jara H. Characterizing non‐gaussian, high bvalue diffusion in liver fibrosis: Stretched exponential and diffusional kurtosis modeling. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014; 39(4):827–34. doi: 10.1002/jmri.24234 PMID: 24259401Yuan J, Yeung DKW, Mok GS, Bhatia KS, Wang Y-XJ, Ahuja AT, et al. Non-Gaussian Analysis of Diffusion Weighted Imaging in Head and Neck at 3T: A Pilot Study in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(1):e87024. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087024 PMID: 24466318Iima M, Yano K, Kataoka M, Umehana M, Murata K, Kanao S, et al. Quantitative non-gaussian diffusion and intravoxel incoherent motion magnetic resonance imaging: differentiation of malignant and benign breast lesions. Invest Radiol. 2015; 50(4):205–11. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0000000000000094 PMID: 25260092Iima M, Reynaud O, Tsurugizawa T, Ciobanu L, Li J-R, Geffroy F, et al. Characterization of Glioma Microcirculation and Tissue Features Using Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Rat Brain Model. Invest Radiol. 2014; 49(7):485–90. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0000000000000040 PMID: 24619211Assaf Y, Basser PJ. Composite hindered and restricted model of diffusion (CHARMED) MR imaging of the human brain. Neuroimage. 2005; 27(1):48–58. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.042 PMID: 15979342Assaf Y, Blumenfeld‐Katzir T, Yovel Y, Basser PJ. AxCaliber: a method for measuring axon diameter distribution from diffusion MRI. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2008; 59(6):1347–54. doi: 10.1002/mrm.21577 PMID: 18506799Zhang H, Schneider T, Wheeler-Kingshott CA, Alexander DC. NODDI: Practical in vivo neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging of the human brain. Neuroimage. 2012; 61(4):1000–16. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.072 PMID: 22484410Moseley M, Cohen Y, Mintorovitch J, Chileuitt L, Shimizu H, Kucharczyk J, et al. Early detection of regional cerebral ischemia in cats: comparison of diffusion and T2‐weighted MRI and spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 1990; 14(2):330–46. doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910140218 PMID: 2345513Turner R, Le Bihan D, Maier J, Vavrek R, Hedges LK, Pekar J. Echo-planar imaging of intravoxel incoherent motion. Radiology. 1990; 177(2):407–14. doi: 10.1148/radiology.177.2.2217777 PMID: 2217777Warach S, Chien D, Li W, Ronthal M, Edelman RR. Fast magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging of acute human stroke. Neurology. 1992; 42(9):1717–23. doi: 10.1212/wnl.42.9.1717 PMID: 1513459Warach S, Boska M, Welch KM. Pitfalls and potential of clinical diffusion-weighted MR imaging in acute stroke. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation. 1997; 28(3):481–2. PMID: 9056599Warach S, Dashe JF, Edelman RR. Clinical outcome in ischemic stroke predicted by early diffusion weighted and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: a preliminary analysis. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1996; 16(1):53–9. doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910390605 PMID: 8530555Dreher W, Kuhn B, Gyngell ML, Busch E, Niendorf T, Hossmann KA, et al. Temporal and regional changes during focal ischemia in rat brain studied by proton spectroscopic imaging and quantitative diffusion NMR imaging. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1998; 39(6):878–88. doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910390605 PMID: 9621911Gonzalez RG, Schaefer PW, Buonanno FS, Schwamm LH, Budzik RF, Rordorf G, et al. Diffusion weighted MR imaging: diagnostic accuracy in patients imaged within 6 hours of stroke symptom onset. Radiology. 1999; 210(1):155–62. doi: 10.1148/radiology.210.1.r99ja02155 PMID: 9885601Lovblad KO, Baird AE, Schlaug G, Benfield A, Siewert B, Voetsch B, et al. Ischemic lesion volumes in acute stroke by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging correlate with clinical outcome. Annals of neurology. 1997; 42(2):164–70. doi: 10.1002/ana.410420206 PMID: 9266725Guo Y, Cai YQ, Cai ZL, Gao YG, An NY, Ma L, et al. Differentiation of clinically benign and malignant breast lesions using diffusion‐weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002; 16 (2):172–8. doi: 10.1002/jmri.10140 PMID: 12203765Humphries PD, Sebire NJ, Siegel MJ, Olsen ØE. Tumors in Pediatric Patients at Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging: Apparent Diffusion Coefficient and Tumor Cellularity Radiology. 2007; 245(3):848–54. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2452061535 PMID: 17951348Sugahara T, Korogi Y, Kochi M, Ikushima I, Shigematu Y, Hirai T, et al. Usefulness of diffusion weighted MRI with echo‐planar technique in the evaluation of cellularity in gliomas. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999; 9(1):53–60. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2586(199901)9:1<53::aid-jmri7>3.0.co;2–2 PMID: 10030650Fan G, Zang P, Jing F, Wu Z, Guo Q. Usefulness of Diffusion/Perfusion-weighted MRI in Rat Gliomas: Correlation with Histopathology. Academic Radiology. 2005; 12(5):640–51. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2005.01.024 PMID: 15866139Nakajo M, Kajiya Y, Kaneko T, Kaneko Y, Takasaki T, Tani A, et al. FDG PET/CT and diffusion weighted imaging for breast cancer: prognostic value of maximum standardized uptake values and apparent diffusion coefficient values of the primary lesion. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2010; 37(11):2011–20. doi: 10.1007/s00259-010-1529-7 PMID: 20607535Turkbey B, Shah VP, Pang Y, Bernardo M, Xu S, Kruecker J, et al. Is apparent diffusion coefficient associated with clinical risk scores for prostate cancers that are visible on 3-T MR images? Radiology.2011; 258(2):488–95. doi: 10.1148/radiol.10100667 PMID: 21177390Cui Y, Zhang X-P, Sun Y-S, Tang L, Shen L. Apparent Diffusion Coefficient: Potential Imaging Biomarker for Prediction and Early Detection of Response to Chemotherapy in Hepatic Metastases Radiology. 2008; 248(3):894–900. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2483071407 PMID: 18710982Koh D-M, Scurr E, Collins D, Kanber B, Norman A, Leach MO, et al. Predicting response of colorectal hepatic metastasis: value of pretreatment apparent diffusion coefficients. American Journal of Roentgenology.2007; 188(4):1001–8. doi: 10.2214/ajr.06.0601 PMID: 17377036Sun Y-S, Zhang X-P, Tang L, Ji J-F, Gu J, Cai Y, et al. Locally Advanced Rectal Carcinoma Treated with Preoperative Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy: Preliminary Analysis of Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging for Early Detection of Tumor Histopathologic Downstaging Radiology. 2009; 254(1):170–8. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2541082230 PMID: 20019139Filli L, Wurnig M, Nanz D, Luechinger R, Kenkel D, Boss A. Whole-Body Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging: Initial Experience on Non-Gaussian Diffusion in Various Organs. Investigative Radiology. 2014; 49 (12):773–8. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0000000000000082 PMID: 24979203Patterson DM, Padhani AR, Collins DJ. Technology insight: water diffusion MRI—a potential new biomarker of response to cancer therapy. Nature Clinical Practice Oncology. 2008; 5(4):220–33. doi: 10.1038/ncponc1073 PMID: 18301415Padhani AR, Liu G, Mu-Koh D, Chenevert TL, Thoeny HC, Takahara T, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as a cancer biomarker: consensus and recommendations. Neoplasia. 2009;11(2):102–25. PMID: 19186405Takahara T, Imai Y, Yamashita T, Yasuda S, Nasu S, Van Cauteren M. Diffusion weighted whole body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS): technical improvement using free breathing, STIR and high resolution 3D display. Radiation Medicine. 2004; 22(4):275–82. PMID: 15468951Basser PJ, Mattiello J, LeBihan D. MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophysical Journal.1994; 66(1):259–67. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80775-1 PMID: 8130344Douek P, Turner R, Pekar J, Patronas N, Le Bihan D. MR color mapping of myelin fiber orientation. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1991; 15(6):923–9. doi: 10.1097/00004728-199111000-00003 PMID: 1939769Mori S, Crain BJ, Chacko VP, van Zijl PC. Three-dimensional tracking of axonal projections in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging. Annals of neurology. 1999; 45(2):265–9. doi: 10.1002/1531-8249(199902)45:2<265::aid-ana21>3.0.co;2–3 PMID: 9989633Conturo TE, Lori NF, Cull TS, Akbudak E, Snyder AZ, Shimony JS, et al. Tracking neuronal fiber pathways in the living human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999; 96(18):10422–7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.18.10422 PMID: 10468624Poupon C, Clark CA, Frouin V, Regis J, Bloch I, Le Bihan D, et al. Regularization of diffusion-based direction maps for the tracking of brain white matter fascicles. Neuroimage. 2000; 12(2):184–95. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0607 PMID:10913324Assaf Y, Alexander DC, Jones DK, Bizzi A, Behrens TE, Clark CA, et al. The CONNECT project: combining macro-and micro-structure. Neuroimage. 2013; 80:273–82. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.055 PMID: 23727318McNab JA, Edlow BL, Witzel T, Huang SY, Bhat H, Heberlein K, et al. The Human Connectome Project and beyond: Initial applications of 300mT/m gradients. Neuroimage. 2013; 80:234–45. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.074 PMID: 23711537Shizukuishi T, Abe O, Aoki S. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis for psychiatric disorders. Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences. 2013; 12(3):153–9. doi: 10.2463/mrms.2012-0082 PMID: 23857149Ogawa S, Lee T-M, Kay AR, Tank DW. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1990; 87(24):9868–72. 10.1073/pnas.87.24.9868Le Bihan D, Urayama S-i, Aso T, Hanakawa T, Fukuyama H. Direct and fast detection of neuronal activation in the human brain with diffusion MRI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2006;103(21):8263–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600644103Aso T, Urayama S-i, Poupon C, Sawamoto N, Fukuyama H, Le Bihan D. An intrinsic diffusion response function for analyzing diffusion functional MRI time series. Neuroimage. 2009; 47(4):1487–95. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.027 PMID: 19450693Tsurugizawa T, Ciobanu L, Le Bihan D. Water diffusion in brain cortex closely tracks underlying neuronal activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013; 110(28):11636–41. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1303178110Crick F. Do dendritic spines twitch? Trends in Neurosciences. 1982; 5:44–6. doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(82)90020-0Ramon Y, Cajal S. Textura del Sistema Nervioso del Hombre y de los Vertebrados: Madrid, Nicolas Moya; 1899–1904.Legon W, Sato TF, Opitz A, Mueller J, Barbour A, Williams A, et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound modulates the activity of primary somatosensory cortex in humans. Nature Neuroscience. 2014; 17(2):322–9. doi: 10.1038/nn.3620 PMID: 24413698Pauling L. A Molecular Theory of General Anesthesia is attributed to the formation in the brain of minute hydrate crystals of the clathrate type. Science. 1961; 134(3471):15–21. doi: 10.1126/science.134.3471.15Jelescu IO, Nargeot R, Le Bihan D, Ciobanu L. Highlighting manganese dynamics in the nervous system of Aplysia californica using MEMRI at ultra-high field. Neuroimage. 2013; 76:264–71. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.022 PMID: 23523801Zilles K, Amunts K. Centenary of Brodmann's map—conception and fate. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2010;11(2):139–45. doi: 10.1038/nrn2776. PMID:20046193


The author middle initials were omitted from the published byline. The complete names are: Brandi M Dupervil, Scott D Grosse, Arthur L Burnett, Christopher S Parker.10.1371/journal.pone.0153257The correct citation is: Dupervil BM, Grosse SD, Burnett AL, Parker CS (2016) Emergency Department Visits and Inpatient Admissions Associated with Priapism among Males with Sickle Cell Disease in the United States, 2006–2010. PLoS ONE 11(4): e0153257. doi:


The correct name is: Robert van de Weerd. The correct citation is: Ates LS, Ummels R, Commandeur S, van de Weerd R, Sparrius M, Weerdenburg E, et al. (2015) Essential Role of the ESX-5 Secretion System in Outer Membrane Permeability of Pathogenic Mycobacteria. PLoS Genet 11(5): e1005190. doi:


Marine Drugs began a “Best Paper Award” in 2013 [Marine Drugs Best Paper Award” for 2015. Nominations were selected by the Editor-in-Chief and Associate Editors of Marine Drugs from all papers published in 2011; reviews and articles being evaluated separately. The following five papers have won a “Best Paper Award”:Article Award:First Prize Gu-Ping Hu, Jie Yuan, Li Sun, Zhi-Gang She, Jue-Heng Wu, Xiu-Jian Lan, Xun Zhu, Yong-Cheng Lin * and Sheng-Ping Chen *Statistical Research on Marine Natural Products Based on Data Obtained between 1985 and 2008Mar. Drugs2011, 9(4), 514-525; doi:10.3390/md9040514http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/9/4/514Available online: Second Prize Yi Wang, Jinkai Zheng, Peipei Liu, Wei Wang and Weiming Zhu *Aspergillus terreus PT06-2 Grown in a High Salt MediumThree New Compounds from Mar. Drugs2011, 9(8), 1368-1378; doi:10.3390/md9081368http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/9/8/1368Available online: Third Prize Maria Mansson *, Anita Nielsen, Louise Kjærulff, Charlotte H. Gotfredsen, Matthias Wietz, Hanne Ingmer, Lone Gram and Thomas O. LarsenStaphylococcus aureus by Novel Depsipeptides from a Marine PhotobacteriumInhibition of Virulence Gene Expression in Mar. Drugs2011, 9(12), 2537-2552; doi:10.3390/md9122537http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/9/12/2537Available online: Review Award:First Prize Guangling Jiao, Guangli Yu *, Junzeng Zhang and H. Stephen Ewart *Chemical Structures and Bioactivities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine AlgaeMar. Drugs2011, 9(2), 196-223; doi:10.3390/md9020196http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/9/2/196Available online: Second Prize Sinéad Lordan, R. Paul Ross and Catherine Stanton *Marine Bioactives as Functional Food Ingredients: Potential to Reduce the Incidence of Chronic DiseasesMar. Drugs2011, 9(6), 1056-1100; doi:10.3390/md9061056http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/9/6/1056Available online: Marine Drugs, as well as global marine drug discovery research, and, thus, together with the Editorial Board of Marine Drugs, we would like to congratulate the authors of these five articles for the significance of their scientific contributions. In recognition of their accomplishments, Dr. Sheng-Ping Chen, Dr. Weiming Zhu, and Dr. Maria Mansson will receive a prize of 600 CHF, 400 CHF, and 200 CHF, respectively, as well as the privilege to publish an additional paper free of charge in open access format in Marine Drugs, after the standard peer-review procedure. Dr. H. Stephen Ewart and Dr. Catherine Stanton will also be awarded the privilege of publishing an additional research paper, free of charge, in open access format in Marine Drugs, after the standard peer-review procedure has been completed.The Prize Awarding Committee has concluded that the five papers selected have become valuable contributions to Prize Awarding Committee Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Alejandro M. S. MayerDepartment of Pharmacology, CCOM, Midwestern University, 555 31st. Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USAamayer@midwestern.eduE-Mail: Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Jordan K. ZjawionyDepartment of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USAjordan@olemiss.eduE-Mail: Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Orazio Taglialatela-ScafatiDipartimento di Farmacia, Universita' di Napoli Federico II, Via Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italyorazio.taglialatelascafati@unina.itE-Mail: Associate Editor Dr. Keith B. GlaserAbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USAkeith.glaser@abbvie.comE-Mail: Associate Editor Dr. Peer B. JacobsonAbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 6004-6099, USA peer.b.jacobson@abbvie.comE-Mail:


From 2007 to 2012, the birth rate for females aged 15–19 years in the United States overall declined by 29%, from 41.5 to 29.4 births per 1,000 females in that age group. Among racial/ethnic populations, declines ranged from 25% for non-Hispanic white females to 39% for Hispanics. Rates decreased 29% for non-Hispanic black females and American Indian/Alaska Natives and 34% for Asian/Pacific Islanders.Source: Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman JK, et al. Births: final data for 2012. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2013; 62(9). Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr62/nvsr62_09.pdf.Reported by: Brady E. Hamilton, PhD, bhamilton@cdc.gov, 301-458-4653.


The second author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Noureddine Idris-Khodja. The correct citation is: Rashid SK, Idris-Khodja N, Auger C, Alhosin M, Boehm N, et al. (2014) Probiotics (VSL#3) Prevent Endothelial Dysfunction in Rats with Portal Hypertension: Role of the Angiotensin System. PLoS ONE 9(5): e97458. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097458


The first author’s surname is: Zito Marino. The correct citation is: Zito Marino F, Liguori G, Aquino G, La Mantia E, Bosari S, Ferrero S, et al. (2015) Intratumor Heterogeneity of ALK-Rearrangements and Homogeneity of EGFR-Mutations in Mixed Lung Adenocarcinoma. PLoS ONE 10(9): e0139264. doi:


Several figures in the article included the wrong blots. The authors apologize for these errors and are providing corrected figures as well as the underlying raw blots.The p-JNK blots in 10.2337/db09-1907.Diabetes. 2011 Mar;60(3):784–96. doi: Physical exercise reduces circulating lipopolysaccharide and TLR4 activation and improves insulin signaling in tissues of DIO rats.Oliveira AG, Carvalho BM, Tobar N, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Bagarolli RA, Guadagnini D, Carvalheir JB, Saad MJ.In Fig. In Fig. S1 File(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.


The correct citation is: Sutherland KA, Parry CM, McCormick A, Kapaata A, Lyagoba F, Kaleebu P, et al. (2015) Evidence for Reduced HIV-1 Drug Susceptibility without Emergence of Major Protease Mutations following Protease Inhibitor Monotherapy Failure in the SARA Trial. PLoS ONE 10(9): e0137834. doi:


The fourth author's name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Vijayalakshmi Ranjithkumar. The correct citation is: Anthony J, Kelkar A, Wilankar C, Ranjithkumar V, Bhumra SK, et al. (2013) Discovery of P1736, a Novel Antidiabetic Compound That Improves Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in Mice Models. PLoS ONE 8(10): e77946. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077946


The second author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Mingxi Cheng. The correct citation is: You Z, Cheng M, Yang S, Zhou Z, Qin P (2014) Childhood Adversity, Recent Life Stressors and Suicidal Behavior in Chinese College Students. PLoS ONE 9(3): e86672. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086672


The third author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is Chanthel Kokoy-Mondragon. The correct citation is: RamachandraRao SP, Matthias MA, Kokoy-Mondragon C, Aghania E, Park C, et al. (2015) Proteomic Analysis of Urine Exosomes Reveals Renal Tubule Response to Leptospiral Colonization in Experimentally Infected Rats. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(3): e0003640. doi:


The correct name is: Maya M. Jeyaraman. The correct citation is: Thomas S-M, Jeyaraman MM, Hodge WG, Hutnik C, Costella J, Malvankar-Mehta MS. (2014) The Effectiveness of Teleglaucoma versus In-Patient Examination for Glaucoma Screening: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 9(12): e113779. doi:


Ferroproteins arose early in Earth’s history, prior to the emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis and the subsequent reduction of bioavailable iron. Today, iron availability limits primary productivity in about 30% of the world’s oceans. Diatoms, responsible for nearly half of oceanic primary production, have evolved molecular strategies for coping with variable iron concentrations. Our understanding of the evolutionary breadth of these strategies has been restricted by the limited number of species for which molecular sequence data is available. To uncover the diversity of strategies marine diatoms employ to meet cellular iron demands, we analyzed 367 newly released marine microbial eukaryotic transcriptomes, which include 47 diatom species. We focused on genes encoding proteins previously identified as having a role in iron management: iron uptake  permease); iron storage (ferritin); iron-induced protein substitutions  and defense against reactive oxygen species (superoxide dismutases). Homologs encoding the high-affinity iron uptake system components were detected across the four diatom Classes suggesting an ancient origin for this pathway. Ferritin transcripts were also detected in all Classes, revealing a more widespread utilization of ferritin throughout diatoms than previously recognized. Flavodoxin and plastocyanin transcripts indicate possible alternative redox metal strategies. Predicted localization signals for ferredoxin identify multiple examples of gene transfer from the plastid to the nuclear genome. Transcripts encoding four superoxide dismutase metalloforms were detected, including a putative nickel-coordinating isozyme. Taken together, our results suggest that the majority of iron metabolism genes in diatoms appear to be vertically inherited with functional diversity achieved via possible neofunctionalization of paralogs. This refined view of iron use strategies in diatoms elucidates the history of these adaptations, and provides potential molecular markers for determining the iron nutritional status of different diatom species in environmental samples. Earth’s early oceans were rich in dissolved ferrous iron, which fostered the evolution of catalytic proteins that relied upon the redox potential of iron . The onsApproximately 20% of global photosynthesis is carried out by marine diatoms . As membThe high-affinity reductive uptake system for iron was initially described in yeast –14 and cFTN in a subset of diatoms led to the hypothesis that acquisition of this gene may have facilitated expansion of diatoms into the low-iron environment of the open ocean  motifs as defined for  (ScFTR) . These rnscripts . Transcr species . Diatom symbiont .P. multiseries FTN by Marchetti et al.  an an39] anparalogs . Transcrbranches .Spinacia oleracea) has been attributed to Cu ligands His46, His48, His63, His120 and Zn ligands His63, His71, His80, and Asp83  and the NADPH-adenine binding motif (C-G-P) that were observed in the four FRE sequences from T. pseudonana and P. tricornutum ; TpFRE1, Thalassiosira pseudonana, [JGI:11375]; PtFRE2, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, [JGI:54486]; ScFRE2, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, [GenBank:6322629]; ScFRE1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, [GenBank:6323243]; TpFRE2, Thalassiosira pseudonana, [JGI:261641].Midpoint-rooted approximately-maximum-likelihood tree of putative and known FRE amino acid sequences. Node support values are calculated from 1,000 resamples, only values over 0.5 are shown. One representative is shown from groups sharing greater than 95% similarity in unaligned sequence identity. Branches colored by organismal phylogeny: diatoms, orange; chlorophytes, green; rhodophytes, red; haptophytes and cryptophytes, purple; non-diatom stramenopiles, magenta; alveolates, blue; opisthokonts and amoebozoa, brown; excavates, pale blue; rhizaria, grey. Legend, species, and PID, from top to bottom: PtFRE1, (TIF)Click here for additional data file.S3 FigSaccharomyces cerevisiae  marked with red arrows. Deviations from S. cerevisiae residues are boxed. Highlighted top rows, fungal MCOs with ferroxidase activity. Roman numerals above columns represent regions in S. cerevisiae Fet3p: I, T78 to L85; II, G121 to H128; III, H413 to H420; IV, G478 to H489.Residues responsible for metal coordination in (TIF)Click here for additional data file.S4 FigThalassiosira pseudonana FET3, [JGI:5574]; ScFET3, Saccharomyces cerevisiae FET3p, [GenBank:CAA89768.1]; BaAFET3, Blastobotrys adeninivorans, [GenBank:CAB90817.1]; CnCNLAC1, Cryptococcus neoformans CNLAC1, [GenBank:EAL19727.1]; PcMCO-4, Phanerochaete chrysosporium MCO-4, [GenBank:AAS21672.1].Midpoint-rooted approximately-maximum-likelihood tree of putative and known MCO amino acid sequences. Node support values are calculated from 1,000 resamples, only values over 0.5 are shown. Green highlighted box indicates homologs with proposed ferroxidase activity. One representative is shown from groups sharing greater than 95% similarity in unaligned sequence identity. Branches colored by organismal phylogeny: diatoms, orange; chlorophytes, green; haptophytes and cryptophytes, purple; non-diatom stramenopiles, magenta; alveolates, blue; opisthokonts and amoebozoa, brown; excavates, pale blue; rhizaria, grey. Confidence values shown for deep branches, other omitted for clarity. Accession IDs: (TIF)Click here for additional data file.S5 FigIron permeation motifs (IPM) I and II correspond to necessary functional motifs in yeast Ftr1p  One representative is shown from groups sharing greater than 95% similarity in unaligned sequence identity.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S6 FigThalassiosira pseudonana, [JGI:268009]; TpFTR2, [JGI:10180]; ScFTR1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, [GenBank:6320993].Midpoint-rooted approximately-maximum-likelihood tree of putative and known FTR amino acid sequences. Node support values are calculated from 1,000 resamples, only values over 0.5 are shown. One representative is shown from groups sharing greater than 95% similarity in unaligned sequence identity. Branches colored by organismal phylogeny: diatoms, orange; chlorophytes, green; haptophytes and cryptophytes, purple; non-diatom stramenopiles, magenta; alveolates, blue; opisthokonts and amoebozoa, brown; rhodophytes, red; rhizaria, grey. Legend, species, and accession numbers: TpFTR1, (TIF)Click here for additional data file.S7 FigPseudo-nitzschia multiseries. Red arrowhead marks the ambiguous positions at Glu130 and Glu131 of PmFTN, where either residue may function in ferroxidase activity. Blue arrows show conserved sites for iron release in Rana catesbeiana.Red arrows show ferroxidase residue sites in (TIF)Click here for additional data file.S8 FigpetF. Branches colored by organismal phylogeny: diatoms, orange; chlorophytes, green; rhodophytes, red; haptophytes and cryptophytes, purple; non-diatom stramenopiles, magenta; alveolates, blue; excavates, pale blue; rhizaria, grey. Top to bottom, accession numbers: Cyanidioschyzon merolae, [PDB:3AB5]; Pyropia yezoensis, [GenBank:YP_537001]; Thalassiosira pseudonana, [GenBank:YP_874492]; Odontella sinensis, [Swiss-Prot:P49522]; Durinskia baltica, [GenBank:YP_003734995]; Thalassiosira weissflogii, [Swiss-Prot:O98450]; Spinacia oleracea, [Swiss-Prot:P00224]; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, [Swiss-Prot:P07839]; Dunaliella salina, [Swiss-Prot:P00239]; Pisum sativum, [Swiss-Prot:P09911]. Black dots indicate diatom sequences with known  and putative transit peptides . Top to bottom: Thalassiosira sp, MMETSP1071, [CAMERA:0181112606]; Thalassiosira miniscula, MMETSP0737, [CAMERA:0183726686]; Skeletonema menzelii, MMETSP0603, [CAMERA:0183647566]; Thalassionema frauenfeldii, MMETSP0786, [CAMERA:0178916612]; Grammatophora oceanica, MMETSP0009 [CAMPEP:0194032050]; Thalassiosira oceanica, [GenBank:EJK54785]; Skeletonema costatum, MMETSP0013, [CAMERA:0113387486]; Skeletonema marinoi, MMETSP0320, [CAMERA:0115946752]; Minutocellus polymorphus, MMETSP1070, [CAMERA:0181038080]; Odontella aurita, MMETSP0015, [CAMERA:0113537566]; Thalassiosira miniscula, MMETSP0737, [CAMERA:0183720344]; Thalassionema frauenfeldii, MMETSP0786, [CAMERA:0178915392].Node support values are calculated from 1,000 resamples, only values over 0.5 are shown. Gray dots indicate positions of a selection of known, chloroplast-encoded (TIF)Click here for additional data file.S9 FigThalassiosira pseudonana [JGI:19141]; TwFLAV-II, Thalassiosira weissflogii MMETSP0879 [CAMERA:0171358606]. Accession numbers for species with two or more copies of clade II FLAV: PiFLAV-IIa, Proboscia inermis MMETSP0816 [CAMERA:0171295654]; PiFLAV-IIb, Proboscia inermis MMETSP0816 [CAMERA:0171313668]; PifLAV-IIc, Proboscia inermis MMETSP0816 [CAMERA:0171319130], Proboscia inermis MMETSP0816 [CAMERA:0171292874] and Proboscia inermis MMETSP0816 [CAMERA:0171292998]; SrFLAV-IIa, Synedropsis recta MMETSP1176 [CAMERA:0119013084]; SrFLAV-IIb, Synedropsis recta MMETSP1176 [CAMERA:0119018232]; FkFLAV-IIa, Fragilariopsis kerguelensis MMETSP0735 [CAMERA:0170933076], Fragilariopsis kerguelensis MMETSP0733 [CAMERA:0170785742], and Fragilariopsis kerguelensis MMETSP0735 [CAMERA:0170936014]; FkFLAV-IIb, Fragilariopsis kerguelensis MMETSP0736 [CAMERA:0171020946], Fragilariopsis kerguelensis MMETSP0735 [CAMERA:0170914250], Fragilariopsis kerguelensis MMETSP0736 [CAMERA:0170997016], and Fragilariopsis kerguelensis MMETSP0735 [CAMERA:0170928162].Midpoint-rooted approximately-maximum-likelihood tree of putative and known flavodoxin amino acid sequences. Node support values are calculated from 1,000 resamples, only values over 0.5 are shown. Branch labels hidden for clarity. Branches colored by organismal phylogeny: diatoms, orange; chlorophytes, green; rhodophytes, red; haptophytes and cryptophytes, lavender; non-diatom stramenopiles, magenta; alveolates, blue; excavates, pale blue; rhizaria, gray. Accession numbers for reference sequences: TpFLAV-I, (TIF)Click here for additional data file.S10 FigP. nigra indicated with red arrows. Alignment starts from G51 of P. nigra plastocyanin a. Starting from top, ID and accession numbers: Populus nigra, [GenBank:CAA90564.1]; Populus nigra, [GenBank:1402239A]; Thalassiosira oceanica, [Swiss-Prot:D2Z0I2]; Fragilariopsis cylindrus [JGI:272258]; Pseudo-nitzschia granii deg7180000014200 frame0; Corethron hystrix, MMETSP0010, [CAMERA:0113306274]; Coscinodiscus wailesii, MMETSP1066, [CAMERA:0172483904]; Ditylum brightwellii, MMETSP1063, [CAMERA:0180970060]; Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, MMETSP0733, [CAMERA:0170771410]; Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, MMETSP0733, [CAMERA:0170793268]; Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, MMETSP0734, [CAMERA:0170902168]; Proboscia inermis, MMETSP0816, [CAMERA:0171306160]; Pseudo-nitzschia arenysensis, MMETSP0329, [CAMERA:0116141514]; Pseudo-nitzschia heimii, MMETSP1423, [CAMPEP:0197183406]; Rhizosolenia setigera, MMETSP0789, [CAMERA:0178972290]; Striatella unipunctata, MMETSP0800, [CAMERA:0118690216]; Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, MMETSP0734, [CAMERA:0170889260]; Pseudo-nitzschia heimii, MMETSP1423, [CAMPEP:0197180752]; Pseudo-nitzschia heimii, MMETSP1423, [CAMPEP:0197182106].Cu-coordinating residues from (TIF)Click here for additional data file.S11 FigAsterionellopsis glacialis, MMETSP1394, [CAMPEP:0197135456]; Odontella sinensis, MMETSP0160, [CAMERA:0183305568]; Extubocellulus spinifer, MMETSP0696, [CAMERA:0178491238]; Ditylum brightwellii, MMETSP1062, [CAMERA:0180922322]; Chaetoceros cf, MMETSP1336, [CAMERA:0119456406]; Skeletonema costatum, MMETSP0013, [CAMERA:0113409648]; Thalassiosira oceanica, [GenBank:EJK73388]; Thalassiosira pseudonana, [JGI:263062]; Thalassiosira punctigera, MMETSP1067, [CAMERA:0172528302]; Detonula confervacea, MMETSP1058, [CAMERA:0172326082]; Stephanopyxis turris, MMETSP0794, [CAMPEP:0195508046]. Putative MnSODs accession numbers: Amphora coffeaeformis, MMETSP0316, [CAMERA:0170658046]; Phaeodactylum tricornutum, [JGI:42832]; Nitzschia sp, MMETSP0014, [CAMERA:0113451442]; Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, MMETSP0735, [CAMERA:0170940508]; Pseudo-nitzschia arenysensis, MMETSP0329, [CAMERA:0116142848]; Asterionellopsis glacialis, MMETSP1394, [CAMPEP:0197142074]; Thalassionema frauenfeldii, MMETSP0786, [CAMERA:0178920282]; Nanofrustulum sp, MMETSP1361, [CAMPEP:0202481740]; Odontella aurita, MMETSP0015, [CAMERA:0113546944]; Minutocellus polymorphus, MMETSP1070, [CAMERA:0181044600]; Ditylum brightwellii, MMETSP1062, [CAMERA:0180939824]; Skeletonema costatum, MMETSP0013, [CAMERA:0113403410]; Cyclotella meneghiniana, MMETSP1057, [CAMERA:0172267766]; Detonula confervacea, MMETSP1058, [CAMERA:0172309720]; Chaetoceros sp, MMETSP0200, [CAMERA:0176485652]; Stephanopyxis turris, MMETSP0794, [CAMPEP:0195522388]; Rhizosolenia setigera, MMETSP0789, [CAMERA:0178949314]; Leptocylindrus CCMP1586, MMETSP1362, [CAMPEP:0196811398].Metal binding residues differentiating Fe and Mn SOD activity marked with red boxes. Putative FeSOD accession numbers: (TIF)Click here for additional data file.S12 FigS. oleracea. Reference sequences (top), diatom sequences that maintain all binding residues (middle) and other diatom homologs (bottom), separated by horizontal black lines. Key Cu and Zn binding residues marked with red arrows. MMETSP and accession IDs: Spinacia oleracea, [PDB:1SRD]; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, [PDB:1SDY]; Rhizosolenia setigera, MMETSP0789, [CAMERA:0178950748]; Stephanopyxis turris, MMETSP0794, [CAMPEP:0195542640]; Stephanopyxis turris, MMETSP0794, [CAMPEP:0195519432]; Nitzschia punctata, MMETSP0747, [CAMERA:0178859982]; Nanofrustulum sp, MMETSP1361, [CAMPEP:0202480120]; Rhizosolenia setigera, MMETSP0789, [CAMERA:0178941642]; Stephanopyxis turris, MMETSP0794, [CAMPEP:0195524364]; Thalassiosira weissflogii, MMETSP0879, [CAMERA:0171359706]; Thalassionema frauenfeldii, MMETSP0786, [CAMERA:0178894792]; Grammatophora oceanica, MMETSP0009, [CAMPEP:0194033848]; Synedropsis recta, MMETSP1176, [CAMERA:0119013068]; Amphiprora sp, MMETSP0724, [CAMERA:0168741714]; Amphiprora paludosa, MMETSP1065, [CAMERA:0172471802]; Amphora coffeaeformis, MMETSP0316, [CAMERA:0170661724]; Phaeodactylum tricornutum, [JGI:15852]; Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, [JGI:220645]; Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, MMETSP0735, [CAMERA:0170910884]; Fragilariopsis cylindrus [JGI:269494]; Nitzschia punctata, MMETSP0747, [CAMERA:0178882228]; Nitzschia sp, MMETSP0014, [CAMERA:0113522044]; Cylindrotheca closterium, MMETSP0017, [CAMERA:0113603408]; Stauroneis constricta, MMETSP1352, [CAMERA:0119562388]; Nanofrustulum sp, MMETSP1361, [CAMPEP:0202482534]; Striatella unipunctata, MMETSP0800, [CAMERA:0118702026]; Extubocellulus spinifer, MMETSP0698, [CAMERA:0178620380]; Minutocellus polymorphus, MMETSP1070, [CAMERA:0181043470]; Proboscia inermis, MMETSP0816, [CAMERA:0171322060]; Aulacoseira subarctica, MMETSP1064, [CAMERA:0172423284]; Rhizosolenia setigera, MMETSP0789, [CAMERA:0178948996]; Odontella sinensis, MMETSP0160, [CAMERA:0183307194]; Odontella aurita, MMETSP0015, [CAMERA:0113536162]; Ditylum brightwellii, MMETSP1063, [CAMERA:0180987508]; Coscinodiscus wailesii, MMETSP1066, [CAMERA:0172489328]; Stephanopyxis turris, MMETSP0794, [CAMPEP:0195518104].N-terminus sequence trimmed to aligned region at position 14 of (TIF)Click here for additional data file.S13 FigMidpoint-rooted approximately-maximum-likelihood tree of putative NiSOD amino acid sequences. Node support values are calculated from 1,000 resamples, only values over 0.5 are shown. One representative is shown from groups sharing greater than 95% similarity in aligned sequence identity. Sequences with an UBQ-coding region on the N-terminus are indicated by red squares. UBQ and other residues preceding the Ni-hook were trimmed from NiSOD-coding region prior to phylogenetic analyses to reflect relationship of NiSOD only. Branches colored by organismal phylogeny: diatoms, orange; chlorophytes, green; haptophytes and cryptophytes, lavender; non-diatom stramenopiles, magenta; alveolates, blue; unikonts, brown; excavates, pale blue; rhizaria, gray.(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S1 TableFor each gene investigated, this table lists the organism, source repository, accession #, experimental support if any, and PDB structure accession number if available.(XLSX)Click here for additional data file.


Errors were introduced during the production process for this manuscript. The Model columns in Tables 1 and 2 are incorrect. The correct versions of the Tables can be viewed here:Table 1: Table 2: There are errors in References 3, 6, 7, and 8. The correct references are:3. Nakayama M, Suzuki K, Toda M, Okubo S, Hara Y, et al. (1993) Inhibition of the infectivity of influenza virus by tea polyphenols. Antiviral Research 21: 289-299.6. Hertog M, Feskens E, Hollman P, Katan M, Kromhout D (1992) Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the zutphen elderly study. Lancet 339: 1523-1526.7. Riemersma R, Rice-Evans C, Tyrrell R, Cliord M, Lean M (2001) Tea flavonoids and cardiovasular health. Q J Med 94: 277.8. Hodgson M (2008) Tea flavonoids and cardiovascular disease. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 17: 288{290.


Erratum: Glycolysis, tumor metabolism, cancer growth and dissemination. A new pH-based etiopathogenic perspective and therapeutic approach to an old cancer questionKhalid O. Alfarouk, Daniel Verduzco, Cyril Rauch, Abdel Khalig Muddathir, Adil H. H. Bashir, Gamal O. Elhassan, Muntaser E. Ibrahim, Julian David Polo Orozco, Rosa Angela Cardone, Stephan J. Reshkin, and Salvador Harguindey777–802.Oncoscience. 2014; 1(12): PMCID: PMC4303887 PMID: 25621294In Figure 5 the depicted molecules do not correspond to the legend.The corrected Figure is provided here.


The term Cushing's syndrome (SC) describes a condition resulting from prolonged exposure to excessive glucocorticoids. The routine use of abdominal image procedures has significantly increased the incidental finding of adrenal masses. A documentation of the presence of endogenous hypercortisolism is made with salivary, urinary or serum cortisol measurements, using samples collected with appropriate timing and/or after the use of low doses (1mg) of dexamethasone.2, WC: 116cm, Blood pressure: 200x120mmHg, HR: 104bpm. Proximal muscle weakness, abdominal striae, moon face, hump back, blurred vision, neurological, musculoskeletal, skin and hearing alterations. Results: A1c: 8%( N<5.7), TSH: 0,7mUI/L , ACTH: 18,8pg/mL , basal cortisol: 24,5mcgmL (N: 7-28), Aldosterone: 7ng/dl(4-31), androstenidione: 1,5ng/dl , catecolamins: 319mcg/24hs (N: 190-450), urinary cortisol: 1089mcg/24hs(N: 10-90), DHEA: <15mmol/L , estradiol: 19,6ng/dl (N: <3), renine: 4,9ng/mL/h , testosterone total: <12pgmL , FSH: 11mUImL (menopause N: >30), LH: 12,1mUImL (N: >15), prolactin: 10,3mcg/L (N: 2-15), supression test after 1mg of dexamethasone->cortisol: 22,48mcg/dl . We started Metformin 1700mg/day, Cetoconazol 800mg/dia and Insulin NPH 40UI/day. Referred to surgery.E.A.R, 45 yrs. old, female, referred to our Service in 2013, due to the presence of a tumor in right adrenal discovered in abdominal TC. This exam was realized as a routine AFTER bariatric surgery (BS) in 2004. She told us that she lost 40 Kg after surgery. However, in 6 months her weight gained 20Kg with no clear reason. Increased blood pressure and hyperglycemia appeared. She related pain in limbs, alopecy and amenorrheia, a year ago. In use of: Losartan 100mg/day, Spironolactone 200mg/day, Carvedilol 25mg/day, Aspirin 100mg/day, Simvastatin 20mg/day, Omeprazol 20mg/day, Furosemide 40mg/day. Physical exam: Weight: 89Kg, heigh: 1,58m, BMI: 35,6Kg/mSince undiagnosed CS might result in severe perioperative complications in patients already at increased risk, this case report underlines the importance of a careful endocrine evaluation of morbidly obese patients. Obese subjects scheduled for BS may reveal undiagnosed dysfunctions that require specific therapy and/or contraindicate the surgical treatment. Such Results may help to define the extent of the endocrinological screening to be performed in obese patients undergoing BS.


The correct name is: Xenia Crespo-Yanez. The correct citation is: Almuedo-Castillo M, Crespo-Yanez X, Seebeck F, Bartscherer K, Salò E, et al. (2014) JNK Controls the Onset of Mitosis in Planarian Stem Cells and Triggers Apoptotic Cell Death Required for Regeneration and Remodeling. PLoS Genet 10(6): e1004400. doi:


There is an error in reference 3. The correct reference is: WHO, UNICEF, World Bank (2012) Level & Trends in Child Malnutrition. UNICEF-WHO-The World Bank: Joint child malnutrition estimates - Levels and trends.There is an error in reference 40. The correct reference is: Poterico JA, Stanojevic S, Ruiz-Grosso P, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Miranda JJ (2012) The association between socioeconomic status and obesity in Peruvian women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 20: 2283-2289.


The correct name is: Falk F.R. Buettner. The correct citation is: Damerow S, Hoppe C, Bandini G, Zarnovican P, Buettner FFR, Lüder CGK, et al. (2015) Depletion of UDP-Glucose and UDP-Galactose Using a Degron System Leads to Growth Cessation of Leishmania major. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(11): e0004205. doi:


The correct name is: Petar Penchev. The correct citation is: Nasirudin RA, Mei K, Penchev P, Fehringer A, Pfeiffer F, Rummeny EJ, et al. (2015) Reduction of Metal Artifact in Single Photon-Counting Computed Tomography by Spectral-Driven Iterative Reconstruction Technique. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0124831. doi:


The correct name is: Xiuqing Li. The correct citation is: Liang M, Adisetiyo H, Li X, Liu R, Gill P, Roy-Burman P, et al. (2015) Identification of Androgen Receptor Splice Variants in the Pten Deficient Murine Prostate Cancer Model. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0131232. doi:


The second author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Nadéra Mansouri-Attia. The correct citation is: Oliveira LJ, Mansouri-Attia N, Fahey AG, Browne J, Forde N, et al. (2013) Characterization of the Th Profile of the Bovine Endometrium during the Oestrous Cycle and Early Pregnancy. PLoS ONE 8(10): e75571. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075571


The second author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Peter I. Miller. The correct citation is Navas JM, Miller PI, Henry L-A, Hennige SJ, Roberts JM (2014) Ecohydrodynamics of Cold-Water Coral Reefs: A Case Study of the Mingulay Reef Complex (Western Scotland). PLoS ONE 9(5): e98218. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098218


In preparing this article for publication, the CD206-Saline panel in 10.1111/jnc.12817Han Z, Li L, Wang L, Degos V, Maze M, Hua S (2014) Alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist treatment reduces neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and brain injury in mice with ischemic stroke and bone fracture. Journal of Neurochemistry 131: 498–508. doi: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/Han). The authors confirm that this error does not alter their results.The authors have provided corrected versions of Figs


There is an error in reference 29. The correct reference is: Mo W, Zhang J, Li X, Meng D, Gao Y, Yang S, et al. (2013) Identification of Novel AR-Targeted MicroRNAs Mediating Androgen Signalling through Critical Pathways to Regulate Cell Viability in Prostate Cancer. PLoS ONE 8(2): e56592.