Conostigmus Dahlbom 1858 occurring in Madagascar, based on data from more specimens than were examined for the latest world revision of the genus. Our results yield new information about intraspecific variability and the nature of the atypical latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) observed in Ceraphronoidea. We also investigate cellular processes that underlie body size polyphenism, by utilizing the correspondence between epidermal cells and scutes, polygonal units of leather-like microsculpture. Our results reveal that body size polyphenism in Megaspilidae is most likely related to cell number and not cell size variation, and that cell size differs between epithelial fields of the head and that of the mesosoma. Three species, Conostigmus ballescoracasC. babaiax Dessart, 1996 and C. longulusC. longulus are described for the first time, as are nine new species: C. bucephalus Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. clavatus Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. fianarantsoaensis Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. lucidus Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. macrocupula, Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. madagascariensis Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. missyhazenae Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., C. pseudobabaiax Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov., and C. toliaraensis Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov. A fully illustrated identification key for Malagasy Conostigmus species and a Web Ontology Language (OWL) representation of the taxonomic treatment, including specimen data, nomenclature, and phenotype descriptions, in both natural and formal languages, are provided.We revise the genus  Conostigmus Dahlbom, 1858 is the second most species-rich genus of Megaspilidae (Ceraphronoidea), a hymenopteran family showing a reverse latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) in species richness  and was based on only 145 specimens  to 4.5 mm, , up to four-fold intraspecific variability has been reported in Ceraphronoidea  species  making it feasible to observe and examine scutes  and extended focus images were annotated and modified with Adobe Photoshop 6™  using Adjust/Filter/Unsharp mask and Image/Adjustments/Exposure (Gamma correction) tools.2O2 for 20 min, rinsed in distilled water for 30 min and dehydrated with 25 and 50% ethanol for 15–15 min, then transferred to a glycerol droplet on a concavity slide  and dissected. This protocol preserves muscle tissue while bleaching melanized structures, making them transparent for confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).Metasomata were removed from the specimens and placed in 35% HSample preparation for CLSM followed Soft and sclerotized anatomical structures in arthropods tend to fluoresce with different intensities at different wavelength intervals . CLSM tiConostigmus longulus2; rectangular area was assigned on the extended focal images for recording scute pattern. The lateral vertices of the medially-positioned rectangle were adjacent with the scutoscutellar sulcus on the mesonotum, while the rectangle was positioned medially on the frons with equal distance from the anterior ocellus and the intertorular carina. Scutes overlapping this area (including scutes adjacent to the margin of the rectangle) were counted and the longest diameter of each scute was measured. Measurements were taken on the images while constantly checking their accuracy on live view at 200–500× magnification (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HAO_0000432) to infer body size in our statistical analysis.For the morphometric analysis on scute patterns, extended focal images of the frons and the mesocutellar-axillar complex of 14 fication  and 2B. fication  and 31B.http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3848544; http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3848547.v1).Volume rendered CLSM micrographs and media files and scaleable vector (.msi) annotated extended focal images of the frons and mesoscutum, complete with scute measurements, IOS and rectangles can be accessed from Figshare . Taxonomic history, description, and material examined sections (http://hymao.org), Phenotypic Quality Ontology , Biospatial Ontology  and Common Anatomy Reference Ontology .Taxonomic nomenclature, specimen information, OTU concepts, original brightfield images and natural language (NL) phenotype representations were compiled in mx (sections  were renhttp://protege.stanford.edu/) using the Web Ontology Language (OWL) Manchester syntax (http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-manchester-syntax/) following http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/; accessed 4 February 2014) representation of the full data set was deposited as a single Resource Description Framework (RDF)-XML file  in the Github repository .Natural language phenotypes are represented in “Entity attribute: value” format. Semantic statements for phenotype descriptions were created in Protégé 5.0.0-beta-16  will represent a published work according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix i.e., the specimen preparation obscured these parts). One specimen was found to have measurements four standard deviations from the mean, and was removed from subsequent analyses. Removal of this influential point from linear regression and further statistical analyses was justified by the reduction in statistical power caused by its inclusion in our small sample size . In the mesoscutellar region, scute length had a stronger negative correlation with scute number (R2 = 0.7149943).Measurements were tested for normalcy and found to not follow the normal distribution, even after removal of the outlier from analyses. The scutes in a 9,636 μmhe frons . On the he frons . Median 2. There was no significant difference in average scute size between the frons and mesoscutellar regions in this sample when analyzed by Wilcoxon rank-sum test .In individuals where average scute size and diameter were measured on both the frons and the mesoscutellum, we found a variation in median cell length ranging from 11.43 to 17.22 μm. Wilcoxon rank-sum test revealed a significant difference in cell length between the frons and mesoscutellar regions . Measurements of average scute size varied from 90.95 to 119.02 μm2 = 0.001341984). The correlation between cell number and IOS was much stronger and weakly positive (R2 = 0.1114898).Interorbital space was used as a measure of body size for all 14 specimens examined. Linear regression analysis for the relationship between scute size and body size was carried out using measurements for interorbital space and the measurements of average frons scute size, which were available for all measured specimens . CorrelaConostigmus Dahlbom, 1858Diagnosis: It is not possible to provide a diagnosis for all megaspiline species that are currently classified as Conostigmus. The present treatment includes those Malagasi megaspilid specimens that have a sternaulus, an OOL longer than POL, a mesosoma that is higher than wide and lacks a bifurcated anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex, a harpe, which is independent from the gonostyleand/or whose parossiculi are discontinuous medially and are independent from the gonostyle. Megaspilus has bifurcated anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex; Dendrocerus Ratzeburg and Creator Alekseev has OOL shorter than POL and medially continuous parossiculi that are continuous with gonostyle and lack sternaulus; Trichosteresis Förster has a harpe that is fused with the gonostyle and the mesosoma is wider than high in Platyceraphron Kieffer.Conostigmus babaiaxDessart, 19976Diagnosis:Conostigmus babaiax Dessart, 1996 shares the presence of a prognathous head  and the presence of transverse scutes on the ventral region of frons with Conostigmus longulusC. toliaraensis sp. nov. and C. pseudobabaiax sp. nov. Conostigmus babaiax, C. toliaraensis sp. nov. and C. pseudobabaiax differ from all other Conostigmus species by the presence of ventromedian and ventrolateral white, setiferous patches on the frons. The lateral ocellar line (LOL) is longer than ocular ocellar line (OOL) in Conostigmus babaiax and the LOL is shorter than OOL in C. toliaraensis sp. nov. and C. pseudobabaiax sp. nov.Description: Body length: 2,200 μm. Color intensity pattern: NOT CODED. Color hue pattern: scape, pedicel, F1–F3, head, anterior mesosoma ochre, F4–F9, posterior mesosoma, metasoma brown, legs except darker proximal regions of meso and metacoxae yellow. Occipital carina sculpture: smooth. Median flange of occipital carina count: absent. Submedial flange of occipital carina count: absent. Dorsal margin of occipital carina vs. dorsal margin of lateral ocellus in lateral view: occipital carina is dorsal to lateral ocellus in lateral view. Preoccipital lunula count: NOT CODED. Preoccipital carina count: absent. Preoccipital carina shape: NOT CODED. Preoccipital furrow count: present. Preoccipital furrow anterior end: Preoccipital furrow ends inside ocellar triangle. Postocellar carina count: absent. Male OOL: posterior ocellar line (POL): LOL: NOT CODED. Female OOL: POL: LOL: 0.85:0.85:1.00. Head width vs. interorbital space (HW/IOS) Male: NOT CODED. HW/IOS Female: 2.65. Setal pit on vertex size: smaller than diameter of scutes. Transverse frontal carina count: absent. Transverse scutes on frons count: present. Rugose region on frons count: absent. Randomly sized areolae around setal pits on frons count: absent. Antennal scrobe count: absent. Ventromedian setiferous patch and ventrolateral setiferous patch count: present. Facial pit count: no external corresponding structure present. Supraclypeal depression count: absent. Supraclypeal depression structure: NOT CODED. Intertorular carina count: present. Intertorular area count: present. Median region of intertorular area shape: flat. Ventral margin of antennal rim vs. dorsal margin of clypeus: not adjacent. Torulo-clypeal carina count: absent. Subtorular carina count: absent. Mandibular tooth count: 2. Female flagellomere one length vs. pedicel: 1.09. Female ninth flagellomere length: F9 less than F7 + F8. Sensillar patch of the male flagellomere pattern: NOT CODED. Length of setae on male flagellomere vs. male flagellomere width: NOT CODED. Male flagellomere one length vs. male second flagellomere length: NOT CODED. Male flagellomere one length vs. pedicel length: NOT CODED. Ventrolateral invagination of the pronotum count: present. Scutes on posterior region of mesoscutum and dorsal region of mesoscutellum convexity: flat. Notaulus posterior end location: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Median mesoscutal sulcus posterior end: not adjacent to transscutal articulation . Scutoscutellar sulcus vs. transscutal articulation: adjacent. Axillular carina count: absent. Axillular carina shape: NOT CODED. Epicnemium posterior margin shape: anterior discrimenal pit absent; epicnemial carina interrupted medially. Epicnemial carina count: present only laterally. Sternaulus count: absent. Sternaulus length: NOT CODED. Speculum ventral limit: not extending ventrally of pleural pit line. Mesometapleural sulcus count: present. Metapleural carina count: present. Transverse line of the metanotum-propodeum vs. antecostal sulcus of the first abdominal tergum: adjacent sublaterally. Lateral propodeal carina count: present. Lateral propodeal carina shape: inverted “U” . Anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex count: absent. S1 length vs. shortest width: S1 wider than long. Transverse carina on petiole shape: concave. Distal margin of male S9 shape: NOT CODED. Proximolateral corner of male S9 shape: NOT CODED. Cupula length vs. gonostyle-volsella complex length: NOT CODED. Proximodorsal notch of cupula count: NOT CODED. Proximodorsal notch of cupula shape: NOT CODED. Proximolateral projection of the cupula shape: NOT CODED. Proximodorsal notch of cupula width vs. length: NOT CODED. Distodorsal margin of cupula shape: NOT CODED. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex length relative to length of gonostyle-volsella complex: NOT CODED. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex count: NOT CODED. Distal end of dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex shape: NOT CODED. Parossiculus count (parossiculus and gonostipes fusion): NOT CODED. Apical parossiculal seta number: NOT CODED. Distal projection of the parossiculus count: NOT CODED. Distal projection of the penisvalva count: NOT CODED. Dorsal apodeme of penisvalva count: NOT CODED. Harpe length: NOT CODED. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe length vs. harpe width in lateral view: NOT CODED. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe orientation: NOT CODED. Sensillar ring area of harpe orientation: NOT CODED. Lateral setae of harpe count: NOT CODED. Lateral setae of harpe orientation: NOT CODED. Distal margin of harpe in lateral view: shape: NOT CODED. Lateral margin of harpe shape: NOT CODED.Material examined: Holotype female: MADAGASCAR: PSUC_FEM 000006723, COLL. MUS. Congo Madagascar: Mandraka II-1944 A. Seyrig HOLOTYPUS Holotype Prep. micros-copique n 9508/051 (deposited in MRAC).Conostigmus ballescoracasDessart, 19979Diagnosis:Conostigmus ballescoracasConostigmus species by the presence of a strong preoccipital carina that is continuous with the orbital carina, the presence of randomly sized areolae around the setal pits on the frons : NOT CODED. Apical parossiculal seta number: NOT CODED. Distal projection of the parossiculus count: NOT CODED. Distal projection of the penisvalva count: NOT CODED. Dorsal apodeme of penisvalva count: NOT CODED. Harpe length: NOT CODED. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe length vs. harpe width in lateral view: NOT CODED. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe orientation: NOT CODED. Sensillar ring area of harpe orientation: NOT CODED. Lateral setae of harpe count: NOT CODED. Lateral setae of harpe orientation: NOT CODED. Distal margin of harpe in lateral view: shape: NOT CODED. Lateral margin of harpe shape: NOT CODED.Material examined: Holotype female: CONGO: PSUC_FEM 8883 Congo Belge: P.N.A 7-XIII-1953 H. Synave 6853 Massif Ruwenzori Mont Ngulingo pres Nyamgaleke, 2,500 m, ex P.N.A HOLOTYPE Prep. micros-copique n 9507/241 (deposited in MRAC).Other material : MADAGASCAR: 2 females. CASENT 2001391, 2016542 (CAS).Conostigmus bucephalus Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov.12Diagnosis :Conostigmus bucephalus sp. nov. differs from other Conostigmus species in the presence of the antennal scrobe and the size of impressions around the setal pits on the head: impressions are larger than scutes on the cranium and mesonotum in Conostigmus bucephalus sp. nov. whereas in other Malagasy species depressions are smaller than scutes on the cranium and mesonotum.Description: Body length: 2,575 μm. Color intensity pattern: distal scape, legs except hind coxa lighter than metasoma. Color hue pattern: Cranium, mesosoma brown; antenna, legs except brown metacoxa, metasoma ochre. Occipital carina sculpture: crenulate. Median flange of occipital carina count: absent. Submedial flange of occipital carina count: absent. Dorsal margin of occipital carina vs. dorsal margin of lateral ocellus in lateral view: occipital carina is dorsal to lateral ocellus in lateral view. Preoccipital lunula count: absent. Preoccipital carina count: absent. Preoccipital carina shape: NOT CODED. Preoccipital furrow count: present. Preoccipital furrow anterior end: Preoccipital furrow ends posterior to ocellar triangle. Postocellar carina count: absent. Male OOL: POL: LOL: NOT CODED. Female OOL: POL: LOL: 1.0:1.2:1.0. HW/IOS Male: NOT CODED. HW/IOS Female: 2.2. Setal pit on vertex size: larger than diameter of scutes. Transverse frontal carina count: absent. Transverse scutes on frons count: present. Rugose region on frons count: absent. Randomly sized areolae around setal pits on frons count: absent. Antennal scrobe count: present. Ventromedian setiferous patch and ventrolateral setiferous patch count: absent. Facial pit count: no external corresponding structure present. Supraclypeal depression count: present. Supraclypeal depression structure: present medially, inverted U-shaped. Intertorular carina count: present. Intertorular area count: absent. Median region of intertorular area shape: NOT CODED. Ventral margin of antennal rim vs. dorsal margin of clypeus: adjacent. Torulo-clypeal carina count: absent. Subtorular carina count: absent. Mandibular tooth count: 2. Female flagellomere one length vs. pedicel: 0.7. Female ninth flagellomere length: F9 less than F7 + F8. Sensillar patch of the male flagellomere pattern: NOT CODED. Length of setae on male flagellomere vs. male flagellomere width: NOT CODED. Male flagellomere one length vs. male second flagellomere length: NOT CODED. Male flagellomere one length vs. pedicel length: NOT CODED. Ventrolateral invagination of the pronotum count: present. Scutes on posterior region of mesoscutum and dorsal region of mesoscutellum convexity: flat. Notaulus posterior end location: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Median mesoscutal sulcus posterior end: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Scutoscutellar sulcus vs. transscutal articulation: adjacent. Axillular carina count: absent. Axillular carina shape: NOT CODED. Epicnemium posterior margin shape: anterior discrimenal pit absent; epicnemial carina interrupted medially. Epicnemial carina count: present only laterally. Sternaulus count: absent. Sternaulus length: NOT CODED. Speculum ventral limit: not extending ventrally of pleural pit line. Mesometapleural sulcus count: present. Metapleural carina count: present. Transverse line of the metanotum-propodeum vs. antecostal sulcus of the first abdominal tergum: adjacent sublaterally. Lateral propodeal carina count: present. Lateral propodeal carina shape: inverted “Y” . Anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex count: absent. S1 length vs. shortest width: S1 wider than long. Transverse carina on petiole shape: concave. Distal margin of male S9 shape: NOT CODED. Proximolateral corner of male S9 shape: NOT CODED. Cupula length vs. gonostyle-volsella complex length: NOT CODED. Proximodorsal notch of cupula count: NOT CODED. Proximodorsal notch of cupula shape: NOT CODED. Proximolateral projection of the cupula shape: NOT CODED. Proximodorsal notch of cupula width vs. length: NOT CODED. Distodorsal margin of cupula shape: NOT CODED. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex length relative to length of gonostyle-volsella complex: NOT CODED. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex count: NOT CODED. Distal end of dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex shape: NOT CODED. Parossiculus count (parossiculus and gonostipes fusion): NOT CODED. Apical parossiculal seta number: NOT CODED. Distal projection of the parossiculus count: NOT CODED. Distal projection of the penisvalva count: NOT CODED. Dorsal apodeme of penisvalva count: NOT CODED. Harpe length: NOT CODED. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe length vs. harpe width in lateral view: NOT CODED. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe orientation: NOT CODED. Sensillar ring area of harpe orientation: NOT CODED. Lateral setae of harpe count: NOT CODED. Lateral setae of harpe orientation: NOT CODED. Distal margin of harpe in lateral view: shape: NOT CODED. Lateral margin of harpe shape: NOT CODED.Etymology: The species epithet bucephalus (Ancient Greek: bouκ′ɛφαγoς = ox-head) refers to the unique shape of the head that is certainly impacted by the distinct antennal scrobe .Conostigmus clavatus Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov.17Diagnosis:Conostigmus clavatus sp. nov. shares the presence of the axillular carina, bulging eyes and medially convex intertorular area (and intertorular carina) with C. uninasutus Alekseev, 1994 and C. binasutus Dessart & Cancemi, 1987 and differs from them in the enlarged distal-most female flagellomere : present (not fused with the gonostipes). Apical parossiculal seta number: one; two. Distal projection of the parossiculus count: absent. Distal projection of the penisvalva count: absent. Dorsal apodeme of penisvalva count: absent. Harpe length: harpe shorter than gonostipes in lateral view. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe length vs. harpe width in lateral view: setae as long or shorter than harpe width. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe orientation: distomedially. Sensillar ring area of harpe orientation: medially. Lateral setae of harpe count: present. Lateral setae of harpe orientation: oriented distally. Distal margin of harpe in lateral view: shape: blunt. Lateral margin of harpe shape: widest point of harpe is at its articulation site with gonostyle-volsella complex.Etymology: The species epithet clavatus refers to the enlarged apical female flagellomere, resembling a club (F9 > F8 + F7 + F6).Comments:Conostigmus clavatus, C. binasutus and C. uninasutus share numerous morphological traits with Megaspilus Westwood, 1929 including the presence of bulging eyes, the crenulate and distinct ocular suture, the presence of the axillular carina and the large body size . Females of all Conostigmus species exhibit a distinct clava with three rows of ventral, female specific basiconic sensilla . The antenna of female Megaspilus is filiform and lacks ventral basiconic sensilla .Material examined: Holotype male: MADAGASCAR: Province Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara at broken bridge, Malaise trap in high altitude rainforest, 22–28.11.2001, R. Harin’Hala, CASENT 2044514 (deposited in CAS). Paratypes : MADAGASCAR: seven males, four females. CASENT 2002179, 2032775, 2044150, 2045085, 2045509, 2045602, 2045755, 2046024, 2046178–2046179, 2053642 .Conostigmus fianarantsoaensis Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov.21Diagnosis:Conostigmus fianarantsoensis sp. nov. is most similar to C. madagascariensis sp. nov. among Malagasy Conostigmus and differs from it by the following characters: mandible with one tooth (mandible with two teeth in C. madagascariensis); flagellar setae shorter than the flagellomere width ; blunt proximolateral projection of cupula (acute in C. madagascariensis); V-shaped (notched) proximodorsal notch of cupula (U-shaped (arched) in C. madagascariensis); blunt distal end of dorsomedial conjunctiva of gonostyle/volsella complex (acute in C. madagascariensis); and the acute distal margin of harpe in lateral view (blunt in C. madagascariensis).Description: Body length: 1,150–2,300 μm. Color intensity pattern: metasoma and mandible lighter than mesosoma. Color hue pattern: F3–F8, cranium, mandible, metasoma, tegula brown; legs, except brown proximal region of metacoxa and distal region of metafemur, scape, pedicel, F1–F4 yellow. Occipital carina sculpture: crenulate. Median flange of occipital carina count: absent. Submedial flange of occipital carina count: absent. Dorsal margin of occipital carina vs. dorsal margin of lateral ocellus in lateral view: occipital carina is ventral to lateral ocellus in lateral view. Preoccipital lunula count: present. Preoccipital carina count: absent. Preoccipital carina shape: NOT CODED. Preoccipital furrow count: present. Preoccipital furrow anterior end: Preoccipital furrow ends posterior to ocellar triangle. Postocellar carina count: absent. Male OOL: POL: LOL: 1.4–1.8:1.5–1.8:1. Female OOL: POL: LOL: 1.7–2.3:1.7–1.8:1.0. HW/IOS Male: 1.6–1.9. HW/IOS Female: 2.0–2.2. Setal pit on vertex size: smaller than diameter of scutes. Transverse frontal carina count: absent. Transverse scutes on frons count: absent. Rugose region on frons count: absent. Randomly sized areolae around setal pits on frons count: absent. Antennal scrobe count: absent. Ventromedian setiferous patch and ventrolateral setiferous patch count: absent. Facial pit count: facial pit present. Supraclypeal depression count: present. Supraclypeal depression structure: absent medially, represented by two grooves laterally of facial pit. Intertorular carina count: present. Intertorular area count: present. Median region of intertorular area shape: flat. Ventral margin of antennal rim vs. dorsal margin of clypeus: not adjacent. Torulo-clypeal carina count: present. Subtorular carina count: absent. Mandibular tooth count: 1. Female flagellomere one length vs. pedicel: 0.8–1.16. Female ninth flagellomere length: F9 less than F7 + F8. Sensillar patch of the male flagellomere pattern: F5–F9. Length of setae on male flagellomere vs. male flagellomere width: setae shorter than width of flagellomeres. Male flagellomere one length vs. male second flagellomere length: 1.2–1.4. Male flagellomere one length vs. pedicel length: 2.9–3.3. Ventrolateral invagination of the pronotum count: present. Scutes on posterior region of mesoscutum and dorsal region of mesoscutellum convexity: flat. Notaulus posterior end location: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Median mesoscutal sulcus posterior end: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Scutoscutellar sulcus vs. transscutal articulation: adjacent; not adjacent. Axillular carina count: absent. Axillular carina shape: NOT CODED. Epicnemium posterior margin shape: anterior discrimenal pit present; epicnemial carina curved. Epicnemial carina count: interupted medially; complete. Sternaulus count: present. Sternaulus length: short, not reaching 1/2 of mesopleuron length at level of sternaulus. Speculum ventral limit: not extending ventrally of pleural pit line. Mesometapleural sulcus count: present. Metapleural carina count: present. Transverse line of the metanotum-propodeum vs. antecostal sulcus of the first abdominal tergum: adjacent sublaterally. Lateral propodeal carina count: present. Lateral propodeal carina shape: inverted “Y” . Anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex count: absent. S1 length vs. shortest width: S1 wider than long. Transverse carina on petiole shape: straight. Distal margin of male S9 shape: straight. Proximolateral corner of male S9 shape: blunt. Cupula length vs. gonostyle-volsella complex length: cupula less than 1/2 the length of gonostyle-volsella complex in lateral view. Proximodorsal notch of cupula count: present. Proximodorsal notch of cupula shape: notched. Proximolateral projection of the cupula shape: blunt. Proximodorsal notch of cupula width vs. length: wider than long. Distodorsal margin of cupula shape: straight. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex length relative to length of gonostyle-volsella complex: dorsomedian conjunctiva extending 2/3 of length of gonostyle-volsella complex in dorsal view. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex count: present. Distal end of dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex shape: blunt. Parossiculus count (parossiculus and gonostipes fusion): present (not fused with the gonostipes). Apical parossiculal seta number: one. Distal projection of the parossiculus count: absent. Distal projection of the penisvalva count: absent. Dorsal apodeme of penisvalva count: absent. Harpe length: harpe shorter than gonostipes in lateral view. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe length vs. harpe width in lateral view: setae as long or shorter than harpe width. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe orientation: medially. Sensillar ring area of harpe orientation: medially. Lateral setae of harpe count: present. Lateral setae of harpe orientation: oriented distally. Distal margin of harpe in lateral view: shape: acute. Lateral margin of harpe shape: widest point of harpe is at its articulation site with gonostyle-volsella complex.Etymology: The species epithet refers to the Fianarantsoa Province of Madagascar, where all specimens of this species were collected.Comments: This species is very similar to Conostigmus madagascariensis sp. nov., and the two might possibly represent a single species.Material examined: Holotype male: MADAGASCAR: Ranomafana JIRAMA water works, Malaise trap near river, 16.10–8.11.2001, R. Harin’Hala, CASENT 2053691 (deposited in CAS). Paratypes : MADAGASCAR: 17 males, one sex unknown, three females. CASENT 2022988, 2044151, 2045601, 2045741, 2045975, 2046177, 2046180, 2053303, 2053306, 2053641, 2053667; IM 2288; PSUC_FEM 79695, 79734, 79737–79738, 79740, 79749, 79756, 79760, 79762 .Conostigmus longulusDessart, 199726Diagnosis:Conostigmus longulusC. babaiax Dessart, 1996, C. toliaraensis sp. nov. and C. pseudobabaiax sp. nov. Conostigmus longulus differs from C. babaiax, C. toliaraensis sp. nov. and C. pseudobabaiax in the presence of an impression surrounding the frontal pit, the absence of white setal patches on the frons, and the presence of the transverse frontal carina. Conostigmus longulus differs from other Conostigmus species in the distodorsal orientation of the sensillar ring of the harpe .Description: Body length: 1,750–2,450 μm. Color intensity pattern: ventral region of cranium is lighter than dorsal region of cranium. Color hue pattern: Legs except proximal region of metacoxa and distal region of metafemur, mouthparts yellow; rest of body ochre; Legs except proximal region of metacoxa and distal 2/3 of metafemur, mouthparts, scape and F1 orange; rest of body brown. Occipital carina sculpture: crenulate. Median flange of occipital carina count: absent. Submedial flange of occipital carina count: absent. Dorsal margin of occipital carina vs. dorsal margin of lateral ocellus in lateral view: occipital carina is dorsal to lateral ocellus in lateral view. Preoccipital lunula count: NOT CODED. Preoccipital carina count: absent. Preoccipital carina shape: NOT CODED. Preoccipital furrow count: present. Preoccipital furrow anterior end: Preoccipital furrow ends inside ocellar triangle. Postocellar carina count: absent. Male OOL: POL: LOL: 1.1–1.2:1:1. Female OOL: POL: LOL: 1.2–1.3:1.0:1.0. HW/IOS Male: 2.0–2.5. HW/IOS Female: 2.3–2.4. Setal pit on vertex size: smaller than diameter of scutes. Transverse frontal carina count: present. Transverse scutes on frons count: present. Rugose region on frons count: absent. Randomly sized areolae around setal pits on frons count: absent. Antennal scrobe count: absent. Ventromedian setiferous patch and ventrolateral setiferous patch count: absent. Facial pit count: facial pit present. Supraclypeal depression count: present. Supraclypeal depression structure: present medially, inverted U-shaped. Intertorular carina count: present. Intertorular area count: present. Median region of intertorular area shape: flat. Ventral margin of antennal rim vs. dorsal margin of clypeus: not adjacent. Torulo-clypeal carina count: absent. Subtorular carina count: absent. Mandibular tooth count: 2. Female flagellomere one length vs. pedicel: F1 as long as pedicel (1.0–1.1). Female ninth flagellomere length: F9 less than F7 + F8. Sensillar patch of the male flagellomere pattern: F4–F9; F5–F9. Length of setae on male flagellomere vs. male flagellomere width: setae shorter than width of flagellomeres. Male flagellomere one length vs. male second flagellomere length: 1.2–1.4. Male flagellomere one length vs. pedicel length: 2.4–2.5. Ventrolateral invagination of the pronotum count: present. Scutes on posterior region of mesoscutum and dorsal region of mesoscutellum convexity: flat. Notaulus posterior end location: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Median mesoscutal sulcus posterior end: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Scutoscutellar sulcus vs. transscutal articulation: adjacent. Axillular carina count: absent. Axillular carina shape: NOT CODED. Epicnemium posterior margin shape: anterior discrimenal pit absent; epicnemial carina interrupted medially. Epicnemial carina count: present only laterally. Sternaulus count: absent; present. Sternaulus length: short, not reaching 1/2 of mesopleuron length at level of sternaulus. Speculum ventral limit: not extending ventrally of pleural pit line. Mesometapleural sulcus count: present. Metapleural carina count: present. Transverse line of the metanotum-propodeum vs. antecostal sulcus of the first abdominal tergum: adjacent sublaterally. Lateral propodeal carina count: present. Lateral propodeal carina shape: inverted “Y” ; straight . Anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex count: absent. S1 length vs. shortest width: S1 wider than long. Transverse carina on petiole shape: concave. Distal margin of male S9 shape: convex. Proximolateral corner of male S9 shape: blunt. Cupula length vs. gonostyle-volsella complex length: cupula less than 1/2 the length of gonostyle-volsella complex in lateral view. Proximodorsal notch of cupula count: present. Proximodorsal notch of cupula shape: arched. Proximolateral projection of the cupula shape: acute. Proximodorsal notch of cupula width vs. length: wider than long. Distodorsal margin of cupula shape: straight. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex length relative to length of gonostyle-volsella complex: dorsomedian conjunctiva extending 2/3 of length of gonostyle-volsella complex in dorsal view. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex count: present. Distal end of dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex shape: acute. Parossiculus count (parossiculus and gonostipes fusion): present (not fused with the gonostipes). Apical parossiculal seta number: one. Distal projection of the parossiculus count: absent. Distal projection of the penisvalva count: absent. Dorsal apodeme of penisvalva count: absent. Harpe length: harpe shorter than gonostipes in lateral view. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe length vs. harpe width in lateral view: setae two times as long as harpe width. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe orientation: distomedially. Sensillar ring area of harpe orientation: dorsomedially. Lateral setae of harpe count: present. Lateral setae of harpe orientation: oriented distally. Distal margin of harpe in lateral view: shape: acute. Lateral margin of harpe shape: widest point of harpe is at its articulation site with gonostyle-volsella complex.Comments: Males and females are variable in color pattern: in smaller males the coloration is lighter; the legs except the proximal region of hind coxa and distal 2/3 of hind femur, mouthparts, scape and F1 are yellow and the rest of the body is ochre, whereas in larger males the colors of these body parts are orange and brown. In most female specimens, the legs except the proximal region of the hind coxa and the distal 2/3 of hind femur, mouthparts, distal part of scape, pedicel and F1–F4 are yellow and the rest of the body is brown, whereas in one specimen (CAS2002193), only the distal 1/5 of the scape is yellow and the rest of the antenna is brown. The length of the preoccipital furrow is variable, from reaching the anterior 1/5 of the length of the ocellar triangle (CAS204825) to barely exceeding POL (CAS2053554). The sternaulus is present and short in larger specimens of Conostigmus longulus and absent from smaller specimens. The lateral propodeal carina of Conostigmus longulus is straight or Y-shaped and the frontal carina is distinct, sharply defined in larger and indistinct marked by a blunt edge in smaller specimens.Material examined: Holotype male: MADAGASCAR: PSUC_FEM 8919 COLL. MUS. Congo Madagascar: Mandraka II-1944 A. Seyrig HOLOTYPUS Holotype Prep. micros-copique n 9508/051 (deposited in MRAC). Other material : MADAGASCAR: 10 males, six females. CASENT 2002193, 2009756, 2040771, 2040900, 2044193, 2046098, 2046100, 2053308, 2053554, 2053688; PSUC_FEM 79732, 79735, 79745, 79748, 79753, 79757 .Conostigmus lucidus Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov.30Diagnosis:Conostigmus lucidus sp. nov. differs from other Malagasy Conostigmus species in the presence of the long anterior neck of T1 , absence of dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle/volsella complex and absence of the proximodorsal notch of cupula . The parossiculus as an independent sclerite is absent (parossiculus and gonostyle fused).Conostigmus ampullaceusC. lucidus. The two species differ in numerous distinct characters such as the presence of color contrast between the black head and orange metasoma and the absence of the preoccipital lunula and preoccipital sulcus in Conostigmus ampullaceus .The petiole neck and corresponding first abdominal sternite is also elongated in the Oriental species Description: Body length: 2,100–2,600 μm. Color intensity pattern: front and middle leg lighter than distal half of scape, pedicel and tegula; cranium, distal region of flagellum, mesosoma except legs and petiole neck darker than proximal region of flagellum, hind leg and metasoma posterior to petiole neck. Color hue pattern: Distal half of scape, pedicel, fore leg and middle leg yellow; proximal part of scape, flagellum, mesosoma except front and middle leg, metasoma brown. Occipital carina sculpture: crenulate. Median flange of occipital carina count: absent. Submedial flange of occipital carina count: absent. Dorsal margin of occipital carina vs. dorsal margin of lateral ocellus in lateral view: occipital carina is ventral to lateral ocellus in lateral view. Preoccipital lunula count: present. Preoccipital carina count: absent. Preoccipital carina shape: NOT CODED. Preoccipital furrow count: present. Preoccipital furrow anterior end: Preoccipital furrow ends posterior to ocellar triangle. Postocellar carina count: present. Male OOL: POL: LOL: 2.2:1.1–1.4:1. Female OOL: POL: LOL: 1.5–2.1:1.2–1.4:1.0. HW/IOS Male: 2.1. HW/IOS Female: 2.0–2.1. Setal pit on vertex size: smaller than diameter of scutes. Transverse frontal carina count: absent. Transverse scutes on frons count: absent. Rugose region on frons count: absent. Randomly sized areolae around setal pits on frons count: absent. Antennal scrobe count: absent. Ventromedian setiferous patch and ventrolateral setiferous patch count: absent. Facial pit count: facial pit present. Supraclypeal depression count: present. Supraclypeal depression structure: present medially, inverted U-shaped. Intertorular carina count: present. Intertorular area count: present. Median region of intertorular area shape: convex. Ventral margin of antennal rim vs. dorsal margin of clypeus: not adjacent. Torulo-clypeal carina count: present. Subtorular carina count: absent. Mandibular tooth count: 2. Female flagellomere one length vs. pedicel: 1.0. Female ninth flagellomere length: F9 less than F7 + F8. Sensillar patch of the male flagellomere pattern: F5–F9. Length of setae on male flagellomere vs. male flagellomere width: setae shorter than width of flagellomeres. Male flagellomere one length vs. male second flagellomere length: 1.4. Male flagellomere one length vs. pedicel length: 2.5. Ventrolateral invagination of the pronotum count: present. Scutes on posterior region of mesoscutum and dorsal region of mesoscutellum convexity: flat. Notaulus posterior end location: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Median mesoscutal sulcus posterior end: not adjacent to transscutal articulation . Scutoscutellar sulcus vs. transscutal articulation: adjacent. Axillular carina count: absent. Axillular carina shape: NOT CODED. Epicnemium posterior margin shape: anterior discrimenal pit present; epicnemial carina curved. Epicnemial carina count: complete. Sternaulus count: present. Sternaulus length: elongate, exceeding 3/4 of mesopleuron length at level of sternaulus. Speculum ventral limit: not extending ventrally of pleural pit line. Mesometapleural sulcus count: present. Metapleural carina count: present. Transverse line of the metanotum-propodeum vs. antecostal sulcus of the first abdominal tergum: adjacent sublaterally. Lateral propodeal carina count: present. Lateral propodeal carina shape: straight . Anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex count: absent. S1 length vs. shortest width: S1 longer than wide. Transverse carina on petiole shape: straight. Distal margin of male S9 shape: convex. Proximolateral corner of male S9 shape: blunt. Cupula length vs. gonostyle-volsella complex length: cupula less than 1/2 the length of gonostyle-volsella complex in lateral view. Proximodorsal notch of cupula count: absent. Proximodorsal notch of cupula shape: NOT CODED. Proximolateral projection of the cupula shape: NOT CODED. Proximodorsal notch of cupula width vs. length: NOT CODED. Distodorsal margin of cupula shape: straight. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex length relative to length of gonostyle-volsella complex: NOT CODED. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex count: absent. Distal end of dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex shape: NOT CODED. Parossiculus count (parossiculus and gonostipes fusion): absent (fused with the gonostipes). Apical parossiculal seta number: one. Distal projection of the parossiculus count: absent. Distal projection of the penisvalva count: absent. Dorsal apodeme of penisvalva count: absent. Harpe length: harpe shorter than gonostipes in lateral view. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe length vs. harpe width in lateral view: setae as long or shorter than harpe width. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe orientation: distomedially. Sensillar ring area of harpe orientation: dorsomedially. Lateral setae of harpe count: absent. Lateral setae of harpe orientation: oriented distally. Distal margin of harpe in lateral view: shape: blunt. Lateral margin of harpe shape: widest point of harpe is at its articulation site with gonostyle-volsella complex.Etymology: The species epithet is derived from the Latin lucidus which means “shining,” in reference to the shining appearance of the cuticle due to the weak microsculpture of a large portion of the body.Material examined: Holotype male: MADAGASCAR: 3 km 41°NE Andranomay, 11.5 km 147°SSE Anjozobe, sifted litter in montane rainforest, 3–13.12.2000, Fisher, Griswold et al., CASENT 2001309 (deposited in CAS). Paratypes : MADAGASCAR: one male, six females. CASENT 2002181, 2004743, 2004751, 2040895, 2045754, 2046026, 2046176 .Conostigmus macrocupula Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov.36Diagnosis :Conostigmus macrocupula sp. nov. differs from other Conostigmus species in the elongate cupula, which is as long as the gonostyle volsella complex .Dendrocerus phallocrates Dessart, 1987.The only other Ceraphronoidea species with an unusually long cupula is Description: Body length: 1,270–1,300 μm. Color intensity pattern: flagellum, tibiae and tarsi lighter than scape, pedicel, mandible, tegula, coxae and femora. Color hue pattern: Cranium, mesosoma except legs and metasoma except gonostipes and volsella ochre; antenna, legs, mandible, gonostipes and volsella yellow. Occipital carina sculpture: crenulate. Median flange of occipital carina count: absent. Submedial flange of occipital carina count: absent. Dorsal margin of occipital carina vs. dorsal margin of lateral ocellus in lateral view: occipital carina is ventral to lateral ocellus in lateral view. Preoccipital lunula count: present. Preoccipital carina count: absent. Preoccipital carina shape: NOT CODED. Preoccipital furrow count: present. Preoccipital furrow anterior end: Preoccipital furrow ends posterior to ocellar triangle. Postocellar carina count: absent. Male OOL: POL: LOL: 2.0–2.1:1.7–1.8:1. Female OOL: POL: LOL: NOT CODED. HW/IOS Male: 1.8–2.0. HW/IOS Female: NOT CODED. Setal pit on vertex size: smaller than diameter of scutes. Transverse frontal carina count: absent. Transverse scutes on frons count: absent. Rugose region on frons count: absent. Randomly sized areolae around setal pits on frons count: absent. Antennal scrobe count: absent. Ventromedian setiferous patch and ventrolateral setiferous patch count: absent. Facial pit count: facial pit present. Supraclypeal depression count: present. Supraclypeal depression structure: absent medially, represented by two grooves laterally of facial pit. Intertorular carina count: present. Intertorular area count: present. Median region of intertorular area shape: flat. Ventral margin of antennal rim vs. dorsal margin of clypeus: not adjacent. Torulo-clypeal carina count: present; absent. Subtorular carina count: absent. Mandibular tooth count: 2. Female flagellomere one length vs. pedicel: NOT CODED. Female ninth flagellomere length: F9 less than F7 + F8. Sensillar patch of the male flagellomere pattern: F5–F9. Length of setae on male flagellomere vs. male flagellomere width: setae shorter than width of flagellomeres. Male flagellomere one length vs. male second flagellomere length: 1.2–1.3. Male flagellomere one length vs. pedicel length: 1.2–1.3. Ventrolateral invagination of the pronotum count: present. Scutes on posterior region of mesoscutum and dorsal region of mesoscutellum convexity: flat. Notaulus posterior end location: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Median mesoscutal sulcus posterior end: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Scutoscutellar sulcus vs. transscutal articulation: adjacent. Axillular carina count: absent. Axillular carina shape: NOT CODED. Epicnemium posterior margin shape: anterior discrimenal pit present; epicnemial carina curved. Epicnemial carina count: complete. Sternaulus count: absent. Sternaulus length: NOT CODED. Speculum ventral limit: not extending ventrally of pleural pit line. Mesometapleural sulcus count: absent. Metapleural carina count: present. Transverse line of the metanotum-propodeum vs. antecostal sulcus of the first abdominal tergum: adjacent sublaterally. Lateral propodeal carina count: present. Lateral propodeal carina shape: inverted “Y” . Anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex count: absent. S1 length vs. shortest width: S1 wider than long. Transverse carina on petiole shape: straight. Distal margin of male S9 shape: concave. Proximolateral corner of male S9 shape: blunt. Cupula length vs. gonostyle-volsella complex length: cupula as long as gonostyle-volsella complex in lateral view. Proximodorsal notch of cupula count: present. Proximodorsal notch of cupula shape: arched. Proximolateral projection of the cupula shape: blunt. Proximodorsal notch of cupula width vs. length: at least two times as long as wide. Distodorsal margin of cupula shape: straight. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex length relative to length of gonostyle-volsella complex: dorsomedian conjunctiva not extending 2/3 of length of gonostyle-volsella complex in dorsal view. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex count: present. Distal end of dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex shape: acute. Parossiculus count (parossiculus and gonostipes fusion): present (not fused with the gonostipes). Apical parossiculal seta number: two. Distal projection of the parossiculus count: absent. Distal projection of the penisvalva count: absent. Dorsal apodeme of penisvalva count: absent. Harpe length: harpe as long as gonostipes in lateral view. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe length vs. harpe width in lateral view: setae two times as long as harpe width. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe orientation: dorsally. Sensillar ring area of harpe orientation: medially. Lateral setae of harpe count: present. Lateral setae of harpe orientation: oriented distally. Distal margin of harpe in lateral view: shape: blunt. Lateral margin of harpe shape: widest point of harpe is at its articulation site with gonostyle-volsella complex.Etymology: The species epithet is derived from the Greek macro (large) and the Latin noun cupula . The latin name of the species refers to the large cupula that is as long as the gonostyle/volsella complex.Material examined: Holotype male: MADAGASCAR: Parc National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at Talatakely, Malaise, secondary tropical forest, 12–19.2.2002, R. Harin’Hala, CASENT 2046023 (deposited in CAS). Paratypes : MADAGASCAR: seven males. CASENT 2046022, 2046025, 2046181, 2053451; PSUC_FEM 79741–79742, 79750 .Conostigmus madagascariensis Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov.43Diagnosis:Conostigmus madagascariensis sp. nov. is most similar to C. fianarantsoaensis sp. nov. among Malagasy Conostigmus. Conostigmus madagascariensis differs from C. fianarantsoaensis in the presence of two teeth on the mandibles, flagellar setae longer than the flagellomere width , acute proximolateral projection of cupula (blunt in C. fianarantsoaensis), arched proximodorsal notch of cupula (v-shaped (notched) in C. fianarantsoaensis), acute distal end of dorsomedial conjunctiva of gonostyle/volsella complex (blunt in C. fianarantsoaensis), and blunt distal margin of harpe in lateral view (acute in C. fianarantsoaensis).Description: Body length: 1,500–2,700 μm. Color intensity pattern: metasoma and mandible lighter than mesosoma. Color hue pattern: Antenna except pedicel, cranium, mesosoma except fore and middle legs and metasoma brown; fore and middle legs, tegula, pedicel, maxillary palp and labial palp yellow; F3–F8, cranium, mandible, metasoma, tegula brown; legs, except brown proximal region of metacoxa and distal region of metafemur, scape, pedicel, F1–F4 yellow; Antenna except pedicel and scape, cranium, mesosoma except fore and middle legs and distal region of metacoxa, and metasoma brown; fore and middle legs, tegula, pedicel, scape, proximal part of metacoxa, palpus maxillaris, and palpus labialis yellow; Antenna except pedicel and scape, cranium, mesosoma except fore and middle legs and distal region of metacoxa, and metasoma brown; fore and middle legs, tegula, pedicel, scape, maxillary palp, and labial palp yellow; Antenna except pedicel, cranium, mesosoma except fore and middle legs and distal region of metacoxa, and metasoma brown; fore and middle legs, tegula, pedicel, proximal region of metacoxa, maxillary palp, and labial palp yellow; Scape, F4–F8, cranium, mandible, metasoma, tegula brown; legs, except brown proximal region of metacoxa and distal region of metafemur, pedicel, F1–F3 yellow; F1–F8, cranium, mandible, metasoma, tegula brown; legs, scape, pedicel yellow. Occipital carina sculpture: crenulate. Median flange of occipital carina count: absent. Submedial flange of occipital carina count: absent. Dorsal margin of occipital carina vs. dorsal margin of lateral ocellus in lateral view: occipital carina is ventral to lateral ocellus in lateral view. Preoccipital lunula count: present. Preoccipital carina count: absent. Preoccipital carina shape: NOT CODED. Preoccipital furrow count: present. Preoccipital furrow anterior end: Preoccipital furrow ends posterior to ocellar triangle. Postocellar carina count: absent. Male OOL: POL: LOL: 1.8–2:1.7–1.8:1. Female OOL: POL: LOL: 1.4:1.6–1.7:1.0. HW/IOS Male: 1.6–1.9. HW/IOS Female: 2.3. Setal pit on vertex size: smaller than diameter of scutes. Transverse frontal carina count: absent. Transverse scutes on frons count: absent. Rugose region on frons count: absent. Randomly sized areolae around setal pits on frons count: absent. Antennal scrobe count: absent. Ventromedian setiferous patch and ventrolateral setiferous patch count: absent. Facial pit count: facial pit present. Supraclypeal depression count: present. Supraclypeal depression structure: present medially, inverted U-shaped; absent medially, represented by two grooves laterally of facial pit. Intertorular carina count: present. Intertorular area count: present. Median region of intertorular area shape: flat. Ventral margin of antennal rim vs. dorsal margin of clypeus: not adjacent. Torulo-clypeal carina count: present. Subtorular carina count: absent. Mandibular tooth count: 2. Female flagellomere one length vs. pedicel: 0.8–1.2. Female ninth flagellomere length: F9 less than F7 + F8. Sensillar patch of the male flagellomere pattern: F5–F9. Length of setae on male flagellomere vs. male flagellomere width: setae longer than width of flagellomeres. Male flagellomere one length vs. male second flagellomere length: 1.2–1.5. Male flagellomere one length vs. pedicel length: 4–4.2. Ventrolateral invagination of the pronotum count: present. Scutes on posterior region of mesoscutum and dorsal region of mesoscutellum convexity: flat. Notaulus posterior end location: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Median mesoscutal sulcus posterior end: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Scutoscutellar sulcus vs. transscutal articulation: adjacent. Axillular carina count: absent. Axillular carina shape: NOT CODED. Epicnemium posterior margin shape: anterior discrimenal pit present; epicnemial carina curved. Epicnemial carina count: interupted medially; complete. Sternaulus count: present. Sternaulus length: short, not reaching 1/2 of mesopleuron length at level of sternaulus. Speculum ventral limit: not extending ventrally of pleural pit line. Mesometapleural sulcus count: present. Metapleural carina count: present. Transverse line of the metanotum-propodeum vs. antecostal sulcus of the first abdominal tergum: adjacent sublaterally. Lateral propodeal carina count: present. Lateral propodeal carina shape: inverted “V” ; inverted “Y” . Anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex count: absent. S1 length vs. shortest width: S1 wider than long. Transverse carina on petiole shape: straight. Distal margin of male S9 shape: straight. Proximolateral corner of male S9 shape: blunt. Cupula length vs. gonostyle-volsella complex length: cupula less than 1/2 the length of gonostyle-volsella complex in lateral view. Proximodorsal notch of cupula count: present. Proximodorsal notch of cupula shape: arched. Proximolateral projection of the cupula shape: acute. Proximodorsal notch of cupula width vs. length: wider than long. Distodorsal margin of cupula shape: straight. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex length relative to length of gonostyle-volsella complex: dorsomedian conjunctiva extending 2/3 of length of gonostyle-volsella complex in dorsal view. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex count: present. Distal end of dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex shape: acute. Parossiculus count (parossiculus and gonostipes fusion): present (not fused with the gonostipes). Apical parossiculal seta number: one. Distal projection of the parossiculus count: absent. Distal projection of the penisvalva count: absent. Dorsal apodeme of penisvalva count: absent. Harpe length: harpe shorter than gonostipes in lateral view. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe length vs. harpe width in lateral view: setae longer than harpe width. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe orientation: medially. Sensillar ring area of harpe orientation: medially. Lateral setae of harpe count: present. Lateral setae of harpe orientation: oriented distally. Distal margin of harpe in lateral view: shape: blunt. Lateral margin of harpe shape: widest point of harpe is at its articulation site with gonostyle-volsella complex.Etymology: The species epithet refers to Madagascar where Conostigmus madagascariensis is the most commonly collected among Conostigmus species.Comments: The coloration of Conostigmus madagascariensis males is variable: specimens CASENT 2040905 and CASENT 2046020 have distally yellow hind coxa, and specimens CASENT 2040905 and CASENT 2022986 have yellow scapes. The coloration of Conostigmus madagascariensis females is also variable: F1–F8, cranium, mandible, metasoma, tegula brown, legs, scape, pedicel yellow in specimens CASENT 2053365, CASENT 2053573, CASENT 2053574; scape, F4–F8, cranium, mandible, metasoma, tegula brown, legs, except brown proximal region of hind coxa and distal region of hind femur, pedicel, F1–F4 yellow in specimens CASENT 2041648, CASENT 2044995.Conostigmus madagascariensis lack the postocellar carina. In larger specimens, a very shallow sulcus connecting the posterior margins of the lateral ocelli present. In one specimen (CASENT 2044509) the postocellar carina is similar to Conostigmus lucidus sp. nov. Other charactersics of Conostigmus lucidus are absent from this specimen .Most specimens of Material examined: Holotype male: MADAGASCAR: Province Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest edge, Malaise mixed tropical forest, 12–19.2.2002, R. Harin’Hala, CASENT 2044913 (deposited in CAS).Paratypes : MADAGASCAR: 44 males, 15 females. CASENT 2000886, 2002178, 2002180, 2002187–2002191, 2004742, 2004744, 2004746–2004750, 2004753–2004754, 2009143–2009144, 2022986–2022987, 2040889–2040894, 2040896–2040899, 2040901, 2040905–2040908, 2041648, 2041940, 2041942, 2041945, 2044507, 2044509, 2044824, 2044895, 2044912, 2044995, 2045756, 2046020, 2053365, 2053393, 2053503, 2053573–2053574; IM 2289; PSUC_FEM 79702, 79759, 79761, 79763, PSUC_79714 .Conostigmus missyhazenae Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov.47Diagnosis:Conostigmus missyhazenae sp. nov. differs from other Malagasy Conostigmus species in the globular head  and the absence of the preoccipital sulcus.Description: Body length: 1,750–2,000 μm. Color intensity pattern: NOT CODED. Color hue pattern: Cranium, mandible, mesosoma excluding front and proximal middle tibia, metasoma, antenna excluding distal scape and pedicel brown; distal scape, pedicel, protibia and proximal mesotibia ochre. Occipital carina sculpture: smooth. Median flange of occipital carina count: absent. Submedial flange of occipital carina count: absent. Dorsal margin of occipital carina vs. dorsal margin of lateral ocellus in lateral view: occipital carina is ventral to lateral ocellus in lateral view. Preoccipital lunula count: absent. Preoccipital carina count: absent. Preoccipital carina shape: NOT CODED. Preoccipital furrow count: absent. Preoccipital furrow anterior end: NOT CODED. Postocellar carina count: absent. Male OOL: POL: LOL: 1.1–1.2:1.6–1.8:1. Female OOL: POL: LOL: 1.0–1.1:1.4:1.0. HW/IOS Male: 1.8–1.9. HW/IOS Female: 2.4. Setal pit on vertex size: smaller than diameter of scutes. Transverse frontal carina count: absent. Transverse scutes on frons count: absent. Rugose region on frons count: absent. Randomly sized areolae around setal pits on frons count: absent. Antennal scrobe count: absent. Ventromedian setiferous patch and ventrolateral setiferous patch count: absent. Facial pit count: facial pit present. Supraclypeal depression count: present. Supraclypeal depression structure: present medially, inverted U-shaped. Intertorular carina count: present. Intertorular area count: present. Median region of intertorular area shape: flat. Ventral margin of antennal rim vs. dorsal margin of clypeus: not adjacent. Torulo-clypeal carina count: present. Subtorular carina count: absent. Mandibular tooth count: 2. Female flagellomere one length vs. pedicel: 0.9–1.0. Female ninth flagellomere length: F9 less than F7 + F8. Sensillar patch of the male flagellomere pattern: F5–F9. Length of setae on male flagellomere vs. male flagellomere width: setae shorter than width of flagellomeres. Male flagellomere one length vs. male second flagellomere length: 1.1–1.2. Male flagellomere one length vs. pedicel length: 3.2–4.0. Ventrolateral invagination of the pronotum count: present. Scutes on posterior region of mesoscutum and dorsal region of mesoscutellum convexity: flat. Notaulus posterior end location: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Median mesoscutal sulcus posterior end: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Scutoscutellar sulcus vs. transscutal articulation: adjacent. Axillular carina count: absent. Axillular carina shape: NOT CODED. Epicnemium posterior margin shape: anterior discrimenal pit present; epicnemial carina curved. Epicnemial carina count: complete. Sternaulus count: present. Sternaulus length: short, not reaching 1/2 of mesopleuron length at level of sternaulus. Speculum ventral limit: not extending ventrally of pleural pit line. Mesometapleural sulcus count: present. Metapleural carina count: present. Transverse line of the metanotum-propodeum vs. antecostal sulcus of the first abdominal tergum: adjacent sublaterally. Lateral propodeal carina count: present. Lateral propodeal carina shape: inverted “Y” . Anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex count: absent. S1 length vs. shortest width: S1 wider than long. Transverse carina on petiole shape: concave. Distal margin of male S9 shape: convex. Proximolateral corner of male S9 shape: blunt. Cupula length vs. gonostyle-volsella complex length: cupula less than 1/2 the length of gonostyle-volsella complex in lateral view. Proximodorsal notch of cupula count: present. Proximodorsal notch of cupula shape: arched. Proximolateral projection of the cupula shape: acute. Proximodorsal notch of cupula width vs. length: wider than long. Distodorsal margin of cupula shape: straight. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex length relative to length of gonostyle-volsella complex: dorsomedian conjunctiva extending 2/3 of length of gonostyle-volsella complex in dorsal view. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex count: present. Distal end of dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex shape: acute. Parossiculus count (parossiculus and gonostipes fusion): present (not fused with the gonostipes). Apical parossiculal seta number: one. Distal projection of the parossiculus count: absent. Distal projection of the penisvalva count: absent. Dorsal apodeme of penisvalva count: absent. Harpe length: harpe shorter than gonostipes in lateral view. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe length vs. harpe width in lateral view: setae as long or shorter than harpe width. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe orientation: distomedially. Sensillar ring area of harpe orientation: medially. Lateral setae of harpe count: present. Lateral setae of harpe orientation: oriented distoventrally. Distal margin of harpe in lateral view: shape: blunt. Lateral margin of harpe shape: widest point of harpe is in its proximal 1/3rd.Etymology: The species epithet honors Missy Hazen, research technologist at The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, who facilitated the microscopy of these and other specimens.Material examined: Holotype male: MADAGASCAR: Parc National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at Talatakely, Malaise, secondary tropical forest, 12–19.2.2002, R. Harin’Hala CASENT 2046019 (deposited in CAS). Paratypes : MADAGASCAR: two males, two females. CASENT 2002183, 2004752; PSUC_FEM 79731, 79747 (CAS).Conostigmus pseudobabaiax Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov.52Diagnosis:Conostigmus pseudobabaiax sp. nov. shares the presence of a prognathous head dorsal-most point of occipital carina is dorsal to posterior ocellus in lateral view) and the presence of transverse scutes on the ventral region of the frons with C. babaiaxC. toliaraensis sp. nov. and Conostigmus longulus Dessart, 1996. Conostigmus pseudobabaix, C. babaiax, and C. toliaraensis sp. nov. differ from other Conostigmus species by the presence of ventromedian and ventrolateral white, setiferous patches on the frons. Conostigmus pseudobabaiax and C. toliaraensis differ from Conostigmus babaiax in OOL longer than LOL (in Conostigmus babaiax OOL is shorter than LOL). Conostigmus toliaraensis can be readily differentiated from C. pseudobabaiax by the following phenotypes: first female flagellomere 0.9× the length of pedicel (1.4× as long in C. pseudobabaiax); male flagellomere 1 1.1× as long as second male flagellomere (1.3–1.4× as long in C. pseudobabaiax); scutes are strongly convex (flat in C. pseudobabaiax); proximodorsal notch of cupula as long as wide and harpe as long as gonostyle/volsella complex in lateral view .Description: Body length: 2,450–3,125 μm. Color intensity pattern: ventral region of cranium is lighter than dorsal region of cranium. Color hue pattern: Distal part of scape, pedicel, F1–F3 ochre; legs except proximal metacoxa yellow; rest of body brown. Occipital carina sculpture: crenulate. Median flange of occipital carina count: absent. Submedial flange of occipital carina count: absent. Dorsal margin of occipital carina vs. dorsal margin of lateral ocellus in lateral view: occipital carina is dorsal to lateral ocellus in lateral view. Preoccipital lunula count: NOT CODED. Preoccipital carina count: absent. Preoccipital carina shape: NOT CODED. Preoccipital furrow count: present. Preoccipital furrow anterior end: Preoccipital furrow ends inside ocellar triangle. Postocellar carina count: absent. Male OOL: POL: LOL: 1.2–1.3:1:1. Female OOL: POL: LOL: 1.4:1.0–1.2:1.0. HW/IOS Male: 2.0–2.2. HW/IOS Female: 2.3–2.6. Setal pit on vertex size: smaller than diameter of scutes. Transverse frontal carina count: absent. Transverse scutes on frons count: present. Rugose region on frons count: absent. Randomly sized areolae around setal pits on frons count: absent. Antennal scrobe count: absent. Ventromedian setiferous patch and ventrolateral setiferous patch count: present. Facial pit count: no external corresponding structure present. Supraclypeal depression count: absent. Supraclypeal depression structure: NOT CODED. Intertorular carina count: present. Intertorular area count: present. Median region of intertorular area shape: flat. Ventral margin of antennal rim vs. dorsal margin of clypeus: not adjacent. Torulo-clypeal carina count: present. Subtorular carina count: absent. Mandibular tooth count: 2. Female flagellomere one length vs. pedicel: 1.4. Female ninth flagellomere length: F9 less than F7 + F8. Sensillar patch of the male flagellomere pattern: F4–F9. Length of setae on male flagellomere vs. male flagellomere width: setae shorter than width of flagellomeres. Male flagellomere one length vs. male second flagellomere length: 1.3–1.4. Male flagellomere one length vs. pedicel length: 3.0–3.2. Ventrolateral invagination of the pronotum count: present. Scutes on posterior region of mesoscutum and dorsal region of mesoscutellum convexity: flat. Notaulus posterior end location: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Median mesoscutal sulcus posterior end: not adjacent to transscutal articulation . Scutoscutellar sulcus vs. transscutal articulation: adjacent. Axillular carina count: absent. Axillular carina shape: NOT CODED. Epicnemium posterior margin shape: anterior discrimenal pit absent; epicnemial carina interrupted medially. Epicnemial carina count: present only laterally. Sternaulus count: present. Sternaulus length: short, not reaching 1/2 of mesopleuron length at level of sternaulus. Speculum ventral limit: not extending ventrally of pleural pit line. Mesometapleural sulcus count: present. Metapleural carina count: present. Transverse line of the metanotum-propodeum vs. antecostal sulcus of the first abdominal tergum: adjacent sublaterally. Lateral propodeal carina count: present. Lateral propodeal carina shape: straight . Anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex count: absent. S1 length vs. shortest width: S1 wider than long. Transverse carina on petiole shape: concave. Distal margin of male S9 shape: convex. Proximolateral corner of male S9 shape: blunt. Cupula length vs. gonostyle-volsella complex length: cupula less than 1/2 the length of gonostyle-volsella complex in lateral view. Proximodorsal notch of cupula count: present. Proximodorsal notch of cupula shape: arched. Proximolateral projection of the cupula shape: blunt. Proximodorsal notch of cupula width vs. length: wider than long. Distodorsal margin of cupula shape: straight. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex length relative to length of gonostyle-volsella complex: dorsomedian conjunctiva extending 2/3 of length of gonostyle-volsella complex in dorsal view. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex count: present. Distal end of dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex shape: acute. Parossiculus count (parossiculus and gonostipes fusion): present (not fused with the gonostipes). Apical parossiculal seta number: one. Distal projection of the parossiculus count: absent. Distal projection of the penisvalva count: absent. Dorsal apodeme of penisvalva count: absent. Harpe length: harpe shorter than gonostipes in lateral view. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe length vs. harpe width in lateral view: setae as long or shorter than harpe width. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe orientation: distomedially. Sensillar ring area of harpe orientation: medially. Lateral setae of harpe count: present. Lateral setae of harpe orientation: oriented distally. Distal margin of harpe in lateral view: shape: blunt. Lateral margin of harpe shape: widest point of harpe is at its articulation site with gonostyle-volsella complex.Etymology: From the Greek pseudo-  and the specific name babaiax, indicating a close resemblance of Conostigmus pseudobabaiax and C. babaiax.Material examined: Holotype male: MADAGASCAR: Ranomafana JIRAMA water works, Malaise trap near river, 16.10–8.11.2001, R. Harin’Hala, CASENT 2053690 (deposited in CAS). Paratypes : MADAGASCAR: five males, six females. CASENT 2006450–2006451, 2032774, 2041943, 2046097, 2046151, 2053381–2053382, 2053425, CASENT_2040937; PSUC_FEM 79736 .Conostigmus toliaraensis Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov.57Diagnosis:Conostigmus toliaraensis sp. nov. shares the presence of a prognathous head  and the presence of transverse scutes on the ventral region of the frons with C. babaiax Dessart, 1996, C. pseudobabaiax sp. nov. and Conostigmus longulusConostigmus toliaraensis, C. babaiax, and C. pseudobabaiax sp. nov. differ from other Conostigmus species by the presence of ventromedian and ventrolateral white, setiferous patches on the frons. Conostigmus pseudobabaiax and C. toliaraensis differ from Conostigmus babaiax in OOL longer than LOL (in Conostigmus babaiax OOL is shorter than LOL). Conostigmus toliaraensis can be readily differentiated from C. pseudobabaiax by the following phenotypes: first female flagellomere 0.9× the length of pedicel (1.4× as long in C. pseudobabaiax); male flagellomere 1 1.1× as long as second male flagellomere (1.3–1.4× as long in C. pseudobabaiax); scutes are strongly convex (flat in C. pseudobabaiax); proximodorsal notch of cupula as long as wide and harpe as long as gonostyle/volsella complex in lateral view .Description: Body length: 2,000–3,450 μm. Color intensity pattern: ventral region of cranium is lighter than dorsal region of cranium. Color hue pattern: Distal part of scape, pedicel, F1–F3 ochre; legs except proximal metacoxa yellow; rest of body brown; Scape, hind leg except metacoxa ochre; fore and hind legs, distal metacoxa yellow; rest of body brown. Occipital carina sculpture: crenulate. Median flange of occipital carina count: absent. Submedial flange of occipital carina count: absent. Dorsal margin of occipital carina vs. dorsal margin of lateral ocellus in lateral view: occipital carina is dorsal to lateral ocellus in lateral view. Preoccipital lunula count: NOT CODED. Preoccipital carina count: absent. Preoccipital carina shape: NOT CODED. Preoccipital furrow count: present. Preoccipital furrow anterior end: Preoccipital furrow ends inside ocellar triangle. Postocellar carina count: absent. Male OOL: POL: LOL: 1.3–1.5:1:1. Female OOL: POL: LOL: 1.2–1.3:1.0:1.0. HW/IOS Male: 2.0–2.2. HW/IOS Female: 2.3–2.7. Setal pit on vertex size: smaller than diameter of scutes. Transverse frontal carina count: absent. Transverse scutes on frons count: present. Rugose region on frons count: absent. Randomly sized areolae around setal pits on frons count: absent. Antennal scrobe count: absent. Ventromedian setiferous patch and ventrolateral setiferous patch count: present. Facial pit count: no external corresponding structure present. Supraclypeal depression count: absent. Supraclypeal depression structure: NOT CODED. Intertorular carina count: present. Intertorular area count: present. Median region of intertorular area shape: flat. Ventral margin of antennal rim vs. dorsal margin of clypeus: not adjacent. Torulo-clypeal carina count: absent. Subtorular carina count: absent. Mandibular tooth count: 2. Female flagellomere one length vs. pedicel: 0.9. Female ninth flagellomere length: F9 less than F7 + F8. Sensillar patch of the male flagellomere pattern: F4–F9; F5–F9. Length of setae on male flagellomere vs. male flagellomere width: setae shorter than width of flagellomeres. Male flagellomere one length vs. male second flagellomere length: 1.0–1.1; 1.1. Male flagellomere 1flagellomere one length vs. pedicel length: 2.5-3.0. Ventrolateral invagination of the pronotum count: present. Scutes on posterior region of mesoscutum and dorsal region of mesoscutellum convexity: convex. Notaulus posterior end location: adjacent to transscutal articulation. Median mesoscutal sulcus posterior end: not adjacent to transscutal articulation . Scutoscutellar sulcus vs. transscutal articulation: adjacent. Axillular carina count: absent. Axillular carina shape: NOT CODED. Epicnemium posterior margin shape: anterior discrimenal pit absent; epicnemial carina interrupted medially. Epicnemial carina count: present only laterally. Sternaulus count: present. Sternaulus length: short, not reaching 1/2 of mesopleuron length at level of sternaulus. Speculum ventral limit: not extending ventrally of pleural pit line. Mesometapleural sulcus count: present. Metapleural carina count: present. Transverse line of the metanotum-propodeum vs. antecostal sulcus of the first abdominal tergum: adjacent sublaterally. Lateral propodeal carina count: present. Lateral propodeal carina shape: inverted “Y” ; straight . Anteromedian projection of the metanoto-propodeo-metapecto-mesopectal complex count: absent. S1 length vs. shortest width: S1 wider than long. Transverse carina on petiole shape: concave. Distal margin of male S9 shape: convex. Proximolateral corner of male S9 shape: blunt. Cupula length vs. gonostyle-volsella complex length: cupula less than 1/2 the length of gonostyle-volsella complex in lateral view. Proximodorsal notch of cupula count: present. Proximodorsal notch of cupula shape: arched. Proximolateral projection of the cupula shape: blunt. Proximodorsal notch of cupula width vs. length: as long as wide. Distodorsal margin of cupula shape: straight. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex length relative to length of gonostyle-volsella complex: dorsomedian conjunctiva extending 2/3 of length of gonostyle-volsella complex in dorsal view. Dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex count: present. Distal end of dorsomedian conjunctiva of the gonostyle-volsella complex shape: acute. Parossiculus count (parossiculus and gonostipes fusion): present (not fused with the gonostipes). Apical parossiculal seta number: one. Distal projection of the parossiculus count: absent. Distal projection of the penisvalva count: absent. Dorsal apodeme of penisvalva count: absent. Harpe length: harpe as long as gonostipes in lateral view. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe length vs. harpe width in lateral view: setae as long or shorter than harpe width. Distodorsal setae of sensillar ring of harpe orientation: distomedially. Sensillar ring area of harpe orientation: medially. Lateral setae of harpe count: present. Lateral setae of harpe orientation: oriented distally. Distal margin of harpe in lateral view: shape: blunt. Lateral margin of harpe shape: widest point of harpe is at its articulation site with gonostyle-volsella complex.Comments: The length of the preoccipital furrow is variable in Conostigmus toliaraensisConostigmus toliaraensis and C. pseudobabaiax is unique, since male genitalia characters are traditionally used for species separation in Megaspilidae and in some cases provide the only diagnostic tool.Etymology: The species epithet refers to the Toliara Province of Madagascar, where most of the specimens of this species were collected.Material examined: Holotype male: CASENT 2053309 MADAGASCAR: Toliara Prov: Res. Speciale d’Ambohijanahary: Foret d’Ankazotsihitafototra: 35.2 km; NW Ambaravaranala; 1,050 m; 18°16′00″S, 45°24′24″E; 13–17.i.2003; MT; MISC BLF7019; Fisher, Griswold et al. California Academy of Sciences. Yellow pan trap- in montane rainforest (deposited in CAS).Paratypes : MADAGASCAR: nine females. CASENT 2009754, 2040934-2040936, 2040983, 2041206, 2053310-2053311, 2053452 (CAS). (deposited in CAS MRAC).a. Antennomeres gradually widening apically  (axc: um) axc:  and 15BConostigmus clavatus Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov.aa. Flagellomere nine shorter than sum of lengths of flagellomere seven and flagellomere eight  (usc: um) usc:  and 9BConostigmus ballescoracasDessart, 1997aa. Preoccipital carina absent  as long as wide (ste: lus)ste:  and 29Bd. Postocellar carina present (pcc: ent pcc:  and 29BConostigmus lucidus Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov.aa. Anterior neck of T1 (and corresponding S1) much wider than long g. Distodorsal margin of cupula concave medially gg. Distodorsal margin of cupula straight mediallyhh. Eyes not bulging ( bulging  and 15B16a. Anterior neck of T1 (and corresponding S1) as long as wide  much wider than long  (usc: sc) usc:  and 9BConostigmus ballescoracasDessart, 1997aa. Preoccipital carina absent  (pdc: ed) pdc: e. Distal end of dorsomedial conjunctiva of gonostyle/volsella complex blunt  than from the Afrotropical region (n = 13)  . This bimollusks , nematodmollusks , fig wasmollusks , gallingmollusks , bees  was based on more than 10 specimens.Deviation from the LDG in Ceraphronoidea has been only superficially examined, however, and could result from sampling bias. The only taxonomic review of Conostigmus and is based on observations of 159 specimens representing 12 species, more than five times as many as the earlier recorded Conostigmus species from Madagascar . Considering that Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot  reveals a two-fold difference in C. longulus (138–263 μm). Body size polyphenism is usually induced by variability in host body size in polyphagous and brood size in gregarious parasitoid Hymenoptera  certainly allows the development of multiple parasitoid specimens (Information on pecimens . These dhttp://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HAO_0002454) have a one to one match to epidermal cells . The number of scutes along the IOS  of a smaller specimen is half the number of scutes along the same line in a specimen with an IOS two times as long . Specie missing .Dendrocerus carpenteri is facultatively gregarious , measured in μm, stands as a proxy for body size. Number of cells refers to the number of scutes/cells of a standard sized rectangular area.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.2682/supp-5Supplemental Information 5Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.2682/supp-6Supplemental Information 6Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.2682/supp-7Supplemental Information 7Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.2682/supp-8Supplemental Information 8Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.2682/supp-9Supplemental Information 9Click here for additional data file.


The correct citation is: Willeboordse M, van de Kant KDG, Tan FES, Mulkens S, Schellings J, Crijns Y, et al. (2016) A Multifactorial Weight Reduction Programme for Children with Overweight and Asthma: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE 11(6): e0157158.


Author Mohammad E. Mahfouz appears incorrectly. The correct citation is: Abdel-Moneim AS, Mahfouz ME, Zytouni DM (2018) Detection of human bocavirus in Saudi healthy blood donors. PLoS ONE 13(2): e0193594.


Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-017-11743-7, published online 12 September 2017Correction to: This Article contains errors in Reference 19 which was incorrectly given as:et al. Citrus tristeza virus p23: a unique protein mediating key virus-host interactions. Front. Microbiol. 98, 1–9 (2013).Flores, R. The correct reference is listed below:et al. Peach latent mosaic viroid: not so latent. Mol. Plant Pathol. 7, 209–221 (2006).Flores, R.


The correct name is Elske van den Akker-van Marle. The correct citation is: Bezem J, van der Ploeg C, Numans M, Buitendijk S, Kocken P, van den Akker-van Marle E (2017) Preventive child health care at elementary school age: The costs of routine assessments with a triage approach. PLoS ONE 12(4): e0176569.


There is an error in the byline. The second author, Haijing Liu, was incorrectly added to this manuscript. Haijing Liu is not associated with this manuscript. The correct citation should read as follows: Zhang N, Yue G, Zhang Y, You J, Wang H (2016) Molecular Heterogeneity of Ewing Sarcoma as Detected by Ion Torrent Sequencing. PLoS ONE 11(4): e0153546. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153546 PMID: 27077911


The correct name is: Alexandru Hanganu. The correct citation is: Hanganu A, Muthuraman M, Chirumamilla VC, Koirala N, Paktas B, Deuschl G, et al. (2016) Grey Matter Microstructural Integrity Alterations in Blepharospasm Are Partially Reversed by Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0168652. doi:


The correct name is: Richard Guest. The correct citation is: Blanco-Gonzalo R, Lunerti C, Sanchez-Reillo R, Guest R (2018) Biometrics: Accessibility challenge or opportunity? PLoS ONE 13(3): e0194111.


The authors are listed out of order. Please view the correct author order, affiliations, and citation here:1, Guixian Zhang1, Junzhen Zhang1, Yu Yang1, Jianhui Li1Zhiqiang Miao1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Chinahttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186828Miao Z, Zhang G, Zhang J, Yang Y, Li J (2017) Effect of early dietary energy restriction and phosphorus level on subsequent growth performance, intestinal phosphate transport, and AMPK activity in young broilers. PLoS ONE 12(12): e0186828. The corresponding authors are associated with the following email addresses:jianhui19840717@163.comJianhui Li: sxauywd@126.comYu Yang: The publisher apologizes for this error.


Differentiation of quantitative CT imaging phenotypes in asthma versus COPD. BMJ Open Resp Res 2017;4:e000252. doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2017-000252.Choi S, Haghighi B, Choi J, The author’s name, Kazeroni EA, has been corrected to Kazerooni EA.


The correct name is: Lei Qi. The correct citation is: Shankar V, Hori H, Kihira K, Qi L, Toyoda H, Iwamoto S, et al. (2015) Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome Up-Regulates 47 kDa CXCR4 Expression, and Induce Invasiveness in Neuroblastoma Cell Lines. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0120069. doi:


Macedo et al.  present Pediatric UrologyNemours Children’s Hospital OrlandoOrlando, FL, USAE-mail: hswana@nemours.orgHubert Swana, MD


The correct name is Jan Verhaegen. The correct citation is: Braeye T, Verhaegen J, Mignon A, Flipse W, Pierard D, Huygen K, et al. (2016) Capture-Recapture Estimators in Epidemiology with Applications to Pertussis and Pneumococcal Invasive Disease Surveillance. PLoS ONE 11(8): e0159832. doi:


The correct name is: Johannes Stuttmann. The correct citation is: Streubel J, Baum H, Grau J, Stuttmann J, Boch J (2017) Dissection of TALE-dependent gene activation reveals that they induce transcription cooperatively and in both orientations. PLoS ONE 12(3): e0173580. doi:


The number “3” should be omitted from the article title. The publisher apologizes for the error.P. gingivalis LPS modulate pro-inflammatory response and Toll-like receptor signaling in human oral keratinocytes.The correct title is: LPS-binding protein and its interactions with P. gingivalis LPS modulate pro-inflammatory response and Toll-like receptor signaling in human oral keratinocytes. PLoS ONE 12(4): e0173223. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173223The correct citation is: Ding P-H, Darveau RP, Wang C-Y, Jin L (2017) LPS-binding protein and its interactions with


The correct name is: H. N. Subudhi. The correct citation is: Yadav MK, S. A, Ngangkham U, Subudhi HN, Bag MK, Adak T, et al. (2017) Use of molecular markers in identification and characterization of resistance to rice blast in India. PLoS ONE 12(4): e0176236.


The third author’s correct name is: Laura M. Heiser. The correct citation is: Korkola JE, Collisson EA, Heiser LM, Oates C, Bayani N, Itani S, et al. (2015) Decoupling of the PI3K Pathway via Mutation Necessitates Combinatorial Treatment in HER2+ Breast Cancer. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0133219.