AbstractThis is the very first checklist of the terrestrial gastropods of Nepal. It includes 138 species and six subspecies, of which 22 species are endemic and four are introduced. It highlights 34 species recorded for the first time in Nepal and provides new distribution records for another 30 species. However, as foreigners were restricted from entering Nepal until 1951, the Nepalese malacofauna remained poorly known. PageBreakPupaeurina Benson, 1864 (now Pupillaeurina) may have been the first land snail recorded from Nepal , a new genus  and a new enid subfamily (Pseudonapaeinae) from hills surrounding Kathmandu Valley. In addition, they described the reproductive anatomy of Oxytestaorobia . Since then, several occasional papers on the Nepalese terrestrial gastropods have been published , Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. The list provides taxonomic notes where needed, as well as distribution ranges of genera and species. The original names of the type species of genera and subgenera are provided. An attempt was made to standardize the use of geographical place names and local features but, owing to the nature of this data, it was not always possible to do so. The district name is mentioned for all species from Nepal with particular locations such as hill, forest, and village names wherever data are available. National park or conservation areas are given without district names because most national parks extend across more than one district. Particular locations within national parks are given where known. Indian states are given with particular location(s) wherever data are available. The systematic arrangement at family and more inclusive levels is based on Gastropoda Cuvier, 1795Class: Caenogastropoda Cox, 1960Clade: Cyclophoroidea J.E. Gray, 1847Superfamily: Cyclophoridae J.E. Gray, 1847Family: Cyclophorinae J.E. Gray, 1847Subfamily: PageBreakCyclophorus Montfort, 1810Genus: Distribution: Subtropical and tropical Asia .Helixvolvulus O.F. Müller, 1774Type species: Glossostylus Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897Subgenus: Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Taiwan; Malaysia; Philippines .Cyclostomavalidum Sowerby, 1842Type species: Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) fulguratus Distribution: Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam .Nepal: Ilam, Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Dharan, Udayapur and Gulmi Districts .Kobeltostylus Egorov, 2006Subgenus: Distribution: Bangladesh; India; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Philippines .Helixinvolvulus O.F. Müller, 1774Type species: Cyclophorus (Kobeltostylus) pyrotrema Benson, 1854Distribution: Bangladesh; India; Myanmar .Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill .Annularia Schumacher, 1817Subgenus: Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Philippines .Annulariaaurantiaca Schumacher, 1817Type species: Cyclophorus (Annularia) aurantiacus Distribution: Thailand; Myanmar; W Malaysia .Nepal: Ilam, Morang, Sunsari, Dharan and Udayapur Districts .Theobaldius Nevill, 1878Genus: Distribution: Sri Lanka; S and NE India; Myanmar .Cyclophorusannulatus L. Pfeiffer, 1847Type species: Theobaldius sp.New species record for Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.Scabrina W.T. Blanford, 1863Genus: Distribution: S and SE Asia .Cyclophoruscalyx Benson, 1847.Type species: PageBreakScabrinaphaenotopicus Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim .Nepal: New distribution records from Nepal: Chitwan National Park, Tanahu District-Shiddha Cave area and Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill.Pterocyclos Benson, 1832Genus: Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; SE Asia .Pterocyclosrupestris Benson, 1832Type species: Pterocycloscf.brahmakundensis Godwin-Austen, 1915Distribution: India: Assam-Brahmakund .New species record for Nepal: Langtang National Park.Alycaeinae W.T. Blanford, 1864Subfamily: Alycaeus J.E. Gray, 1850Genus: Distribution: India; Nepal; Myanmar; China; Japan; Taiwan; Korea; Thailand; Vietnam; Laos; Philippines; Indonesia; Malaysia; Australia .Alycaeuseydouxi Venmans, 1956Type species: Alycaeus J.E. Gray, 1850Subgenus: Distribution: India; Myanmar; China; Malaysia; Japan .Alycaeuseydouxi Venmans, 1956Type species: Alycaeus (Alycaeus) burti Godwin-Austen, 1874Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram-Akha Hills, Dihiri Parbat; Bhutan .Nepal: Solukhumbu District .New distribution records from Nepal: Kathmandu District-Champadevi Hill, Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill and Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park.Alycaeus (Alycaeus) lohitensis Godwin-Austen, 1914Distribution: India: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh .Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill .Alycaeus (Alycaeus) yamneyensis Godwin-Austen, 1914Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh-Yamne Valley, Abor Hills .Nepal: PageBreakChamalycaeus Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897Genus: Distribution: India; Nepal; Myanmar; China; Taiwan; Korea; Thailand; Vietnam; Laos; Philippines; Indonesia; Malaysia; Australia .Alycaeusandamaniae Benson, 1861Type species: Dicharax Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1900Subgenus: Distribution: NE India; Myanmar; China; Malaysia .Alycaeushebes Benson, 1857Type species: Chamalycaeus (Dicharax) bicrenatus Distribution: NE India: Assam, Nagaland-Naga Hill .Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill .Chamalycaeus (Dicharax) digitatus Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim-Richila Peak; W Bhutan .New species record for Nepal: Kathmandu District-Champadevi Hill, Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park.Chamalycaeus (Dicharax) inflatus Distribution: NE India: Nagaland-Naga Hills .Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Nagarjun Forest .Chamalycaeus (Dicharax) notatus Distribution: NE India: Nagaland-Naga Hills, Arunachal Pradesh-Dafla Hills .Nepal: Solukhumbu District .Chamalycaeus (Dicharax) plectochilus Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim-Damsang Peak; W Bhutan .New species records for Nepal: Kathmandu District-Champadevi Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.Chamalycaeus (Dicharax) strangulatus Chamalycaeus (Dicharax) recorded from the W Himalaya, NW India: Himachal Pradesh-Simla, Uttarakhand-Kumaon, Nainital  stylifer Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling and Sikkim; Bhutan .New species records for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.Cycloryx Godwin-Austen, 1914Subgenus: Distribution: NE India to Myanmar .Alycaeusconstrictus Benson, 1851Type species: Chamalycaeus (Cycloryx) otiphorus Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim-Pankhabari, Meghalaya, Nagaland .Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill .New distribution record from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park.Chamalycaeus (Cycloryx) summus Distribution: NE India: Sikkim-Richila Peak; W Bhutan .Nepal: Solukhumbu District .Diplommatinidae L. Pfeiffer, 1856Family: Diplommatininae L. Pfeiffer, 1856Subfamily: Diplommatina Benson, 1849Genus: Distribution: India; Nepal; China; Indonesia; Vietnam; Singapore; Malaysia; Japan; Philippines; Taiwan; Papua New Guinea; Fiji .Bulimusfolliculus L. Pfeiffer, 1846Type species: Diplommatina Benson, 1849Subgenus: Distribution: N India; Nepal; China; Malaysia; Philippines; Japan; Taiwan; Papua New Guinea; Fiji .Bulimusfolliculus L. Pfeiffer, 1846Type species: Diplommatina (Diplommatina) exserta Godwin-Austen, 1886Distribution: Myanmar: Damotha Cave, etc., Moulmein, now Mawlamyine .New species record for Nepal: Tanahu District-Siddha Cave area.Diplommatina (Diplommatina) folliculus Distribution: NW India: Himachal Pradesh-Landour, Simla, Uttarakhand-Nainital .New species records for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.PageBreakDiplommatina (Diplommatina) munipurensis Godwin-Austen, 1892Distribution: NE India: Manipur; Myanmar .New species records for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Langtang National Park.Diplommatina (Diplommatina) oviformis Fulton, 1901Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling .Nepal: Solukhumbu District .New distribution records from Nepal: Hills surrounding Lalitpur and Kathmandu Districts, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.Diplommatina (Diplommatina) pachychilus Benson, 1857Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling .Nepal: Solukhumbu District .New distribution records from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.Diplommatina (Diplommatina) regularis Fulton, 1901.Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling .New species record for Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Baghdwar.Diplommatina (Diplommatina) silvicola Godwin-Austen, 1886Distribution: NE India: Assam-North Cachar, Jenta Hajuma Peak .New species record for Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Balaju, Pani Tanki.Diplommatina (Diplommatina) sperata W.T. Blanford, 1862Distribution: Myanmar .Nepal: Solukhumbu District .Metadiancta Möllendorff, 1898Subgenus: Distribution: NE India: Assam, Manipur, Nagaland; Myanmar; Vietnam .Diplommatinadohertyi Godwin-Austen, 1892Type species: Diplommatina (Metadiancta) miriensis Godwin-Austen, 1917Distribution: NE India: Arunachal Pradesh-Miri Hills .New species records for Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.Sinica Möllendorff, 1885Subgenus: Distribution: India; Nepal; Myanmar; China; Japan; Philippines; Indonesia; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; Taiwan .Diplommatinacollarifera Schmacker and Boettger, 1877Type species: PageBreakDiplommatina (Sinica) canarica Beddome, 1875Distribution: India: Western Ghats, Karnataka, Maharashtra .Nepal: Solukhumbu District .Pupinidae L. Pfeiffer, 1853Family: Pupininae L. Pfeiffer, 1853Subfamily: Schistoloma Kobelt, 1902Genus: Distribution: Indian Himalaya; Nepal; China; Thailand; W Malaysia; Sumatra; Borneo; Philippines .Cyclostomaaltum Sowerby, 1842Type species: Schistolomacf.funiculalum Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling .New species records for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.Ellobioidea L. Pfeiffer, 1854 (1822)Superfamily: Ellobiidae L. Pfeiffer, 1854 (1822)Family: Carychiinae Jeffreys, 1830Subfamily: Carychium O.F. Müller, 1773Genus: Distribution: Very widely distributed from N and C America, Europe to S and SE Asia .Carychiumminimum O.F. Müller, 1774Type species: Carychiumminusculum Gredler, 1888Distribution: China "aus Hope" .Nepal: Langtang National Park-Syabru , Kavre DCarychium sp.New species records for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948Clade: Veronicelloidea J.E. Gray, 1840Superfamily: Veronicellidae J.E. Gray, 1840Family: Laevicaulis Simroth, 1913Genus: Distribution: Pantropical .Vaginulusalte Férussac, 1822Type species: PageBreakLaevicaulisalte Laevicaulisalte is uncertain, but it has been widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries through human agency .Succineinae H. Beck, 1837Subfamily: Succinea Draparnaud, 1801Genus: Distribution: Nearly circumglobal , the NorSuccineaamphibia Draparnaud, 1801 Type species: Succinea sp.New species records for Nepal: Kathmandu and Lalitpur Districts.Pupilloidea Turton, 1831Superfamily: Pupillidae Turton, 1831Family: Pupillinae Turton, 1831Subfamily: Pupilla Fleming, 1828Genus: Distribution: Temperate N America; Europe; Africa; Asia; Australia .Pupamarginata Draparnaud, 1801.Type Species: Pupillaannandalei Pilsbry, 1921Distribution: Pakistan.Nepal: PageBreakPupillaeurina Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Tribeni Ghat , AnnapurNew distribution record from Nepal: Langtang National Park-Gosainkund.Pupillatriplicata Distribution: Europe and C Asia .Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area-Tukuche .Pyramidulidae Kennard & Woodward, 1914Family: Pyramidula Fitzinger, 1833Genus: Distribution: Holarctic and S Asia .Helixrupestris Draparnaud, 1801Type species: Pyramidulahumilis Distribution: NW India: Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Nagarjun Forest .Pyramidulakuznetsovi Schileyko & Balashov, 2012Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Mustang District-Muktinath .Valloniidae Morse, 1864Family: Vallonia Risso, 1826Genus: Distribution: Holarctic .Valloniarosalia Risso, 1826 Type species: Valloniacostohimala Gerber & Bössneck, 2009Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Northern districts from Darchula to Panchthar .Valloniahimalaevi Gerber & Bössneck, 2009Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Northern districts from Darchula to Panchthar .Valloniakathrinae Gerber & Bössneck, 2009Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Mugu and Mustang Districts .PageBreakVallonialadacensis Distribution: India: Western Ghats, Jammu and Kashmir; Nepal; Tibet; Tianshan Turkey .Nepal: Bajura, Darchula, Humla and Mustang Districts .Valloniatenuilabris Distribution: Kazakhstan; Tajikistan; NW India: Jammu and Kashmir; Tibet; Siberia; N China; Mongolia to Russia .Nepal: Solukhumbu and Taplejung Districts .Vertiginidae Fitzinger, 1833Family: Vertigininae Fitzinger, 1833Subfamily: Truncatellina Lowe, 1852Genus: Distribution: Holarctic .Pupalinearis Lowe, 1852Type species: Truncatellina sp.Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area-Khobang .Gastrocoptinae Pilsbry, 1918Subfamily: Gastrocopta Wollaston, 1878Genus: Distribution: Almost cosmopolitan extending to all tropical and warm temperate continents but extinct in Europe .Pupaacarus Benson, 1856Type species: Gastrocoptahuttoniana Distribution: India: Western Ghats, Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Maharashtra .Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area .Enoidea Woodward, 1903Superfamily: Enidae Woodward, 1903Family: Pseudonapaeinae Schileyko, 1978Subfamily: Pupinidius Möllendorff, 1901Genus: Distribution: W China; Nepal .Buliminuspupinidius Möllendorff, 1901Type species: Pupinidiushimalayanus Kuznetsov & Schileyko, 1999Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Mustang District, Tukuche to Muktinath trekking route .PageBreakPupinidiussiniayevi Kuznetsov & Schileyko, 1999Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Mustang District-Tukuche to Muktinath trekking route .Pupinidiustukuchensis Kuznetsov & Schileyko, 1997Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Mustang District-Tukuche .Laevozebrinus Lindholm, 1925Genus: Distribution: Afghanistan; Iran; mountain regions of C Asia; N Pakistan and adjacent territories of India .Buliminusurgutensis Kobelt, 1902Type species: Laevozebrinusmustangensis Kuznetsov & Schileyko, 1997Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Mustang District-Tukuche to Muktinath trekking route .Laevozebrinusnepalensis Schileyko & Frank, 1994Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area and hills surrounding Kathmandu District .nepalensis Schileyko & Frank, 1994Subspecies: Distribution: Mustang District-Khobang, Tukuche, Marpha, Jomsom .myagdiensis Kuznetsov & Schileyko, 1997Subspecies: Distribution: Myagdi District-Sukebagar, Titre, Dana .Mirus Albers, 1850Genus: Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; E Asia; Japan .Bulimuscantorii Philippi, 1844Type species: Mirus(?)nilagiricus Distribution: India: Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu-Nilgiris, Arunachal Pradesh-Dafla Hill, Meghalaya-Khasi Hills; Myanmar .Nepal: Solukhumbu District-Khari Khola .PageBreakNepaliena Schileyko & Frank, 1994Genus: Distribution: Endemic to Nepal .Bulimusceratinus Benson, 1849Type species: Nepalienaceratina Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Kathmandu and Myagdi Districts, Annapurna Conservation Area .Subzebrinus Westerlund, 1887Genus: Distribution: SE Kazakhstan and adjacent territories of China; India; Japan; Nepal .Buliminuslabiellus Martens, 1881Type species: Subzebrinusrufistrigatus Distribution: India: Kashmir between Jamuna and Sutlej River, Jhelum Valley New species record for Nepal: Mugu District-Rogumba.Cerastidae Wenz, 1923Family: Darwininitium Budha & Mordan, 2012Genus: Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Darwininitiumshiwalikianum Budha & Mordan, 2012Type species: Darwininitiumshiwalikianum Budha & Mordan, 2012Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Shiwalik range of C Nepal, Chitwan National Park and Makwanpur District-Taubas, Bhaise .Clausilioidea J.E. Gray, 1855Superfamily: Clausiliidae J.E. Gray, 1855Family: Phaedusinae A.J. Wagner, 1922Subfamily: Cylindrophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877Genus: Distribution: Pakistan; India; Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar .Clausiliacylindrica L. Pfeiffer, 1846Type species: Cylindrophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877Subgenus: Distribution: India: Punjab, W Bengal , 2002.Clausiliacylindrica L. Pfeiffer, 1846Type species: PageBreakCylindrophaedusa (Cylindrophaedusa) cylindrica Distribution: India: Punjab-Muree, W Bengal-Darjeeling , 2002.New species record for Nepal: Dadeldhura District.Montiphaedusa Nordsieck, 2002Subgenus: Distribution: N Pakistan; Nepal; NE India; Bhutan; Myanmar .Clausiliaioes Benson, 1852Type species: Cylindrophaedusa (Montiphaedusa) ioes Distribution: N Pakistan; Nepal; NE India; Bhutan; Myanmar .jiriensis Subspecies: Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Dolakha District-Jiri .Cylindrophaedusa (Montiphaedusa) kathmandica Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Hills surrounding Kathmandu Valley .New distribution records from Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.Cylindrophaedusa (Montiphaedusa) martensiana Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Lamjung, Myagdi and Mustang Districts .martensiana Subspecies: Distribution: Myagdi and Mustang Districts-Dhorpatan, Thakkhola, Lete, Gorepani .dhaulagirica Subspecies: Distribution: Lamjung District-Jaljala, Myagdi Khola, Muri .Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840Superfamily: Achatinidae Swainson, 1840Family: Lissachatina Bequaert, 1950Genus: Distribution: Originally from E Africa but now globally distributed in tropical to warm temperate areas, i.e. W Africa; N and S America; S and SE Asia; China; Japan; Caribbean countries; Oceania .Achatinafulica Bowdich, 1822Type species: PageBreakLissachatinafulica Lissachatina.Distribution: See distribution of Nepal: Probably introduced into Nepal in the 1930s-40s . It is nNew distribution records from Nepal: Dang, Surkhet, Banke, Bardia, Kailali and Kanchanpur Districts.Ferussaciidae Bourguignat, 1883Family: Cecilioides Férussac, 1814Genus: Distribution: Europe; Africa; S Asia; Philippines; Oceania; American tropics .Buccinumacicula O.F. Müller, 1774Type species: Cecilioidescf.minuta Mousson, 1874Distribution: Drift debris of the Euphrates , Sarus River near Adana, SE Asia Minor .New species record for Nepal: Baitadi District, Far W Nepal.Subulinidae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877Family: Subulininae P. Fischer and Crosse, 1877Subfamily: Allopeas H.B. Baker, 1935Genus: Distribution: Tropical, subtropical, and many temperate regions of Africa, S and SE Asia .Bulimusgracilis Hutton, 1834 )Type species: Allopeasclavulinum Distribution: Bourbon Island , other islands of the Indian Ocean; Japan .New species records for Nepal: Kathmandu, Kaski and Kailali Districts.Allopeasgracile Distribution: Tropics of both hemispheres, abundant in cultivated districts, perhaps the most widely ranging of all land snails .New species records for Nepal: Chitwan and Dhading Districts.Curvella Chaper, 1885Genus: Distribution: S Africa; India; China; SE Asia .Curvellasulcata Chaper, 1885Type species: PageBreakCurvellasikkimensis Gude, 1914Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim .New species record for Nepal: Ilam District-Maipokhari.Paropeas Pilsbry, 1906Genus: Distribution: Widespread in the tropical Indo-Pacific regions .Bulimusacutissimum Mousson, 1857Type species: Paropeasachatinaceum Distribution: Widespread in disturbed habitats in tropical Indo-Pacific regions .Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Nagarjun Forest .New distribution record from Nepal: Ramechhap District.Opeatinae Thiele, 1931Subfamily: Opeas Albers, 1850Genus: Distribution: Worldwide in tropical, subtropical and many temperate regions .Helixgoodallii Miller, 1822Type species: Opeas sp.Nepal: Morang District .Glessulinae Godwin-Austen, 1920Subfamily: Bacillum Theobald, 1870Genus: Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim, Assam-North Cachar, Meghalaya-Khasi Hill, Nagaland-Naga Hills .Achatinacassiaca Reeve, 1849Type species: Bacillum sp.Nepal: Ilam and Panchthar District .Glessula Martens, 1860Genus: Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Malaysia; Vietnam .Nepal: Kathmandu District .Achatinaceylanica L. Pfeiffer, 1845Type species: Glessulaorobia Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling .New species record for Nepal: Ilam District-Maipokhari.PageBreakGlessulasubjerdoni Beddome, 1906Distribution: S India: Western Ghats, Andhra Pradesh-Golconda Hill, Orissa-Jaypore .Nepal: Kathmandu District-Nagarjun Forest .Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920Genus: Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Nepal; Myanmar; W Bhutan 36.Glessula (Rishetia) longispira Godwin-Austen, 1920Type species: Rishetiahastula Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling .New species record for Nepal: Chitwan National Park.Rishetiatenuispira Distribution: India: Western Ghats, W Bengal, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Maharastra; Myanmar; Bangladesh Distribution: Sri Lanka; throughout India; Myanmar ; Brazil New species record for Nepal: Chitwan District.PageBreakDiapheridae Panha & Naggs, 2010Family: Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883Subfamily: Sinoennea Kobelt, 1904Genus: Distribution: Japan; China; Vietnam; Malaysia; Sumatra; India .Pupastrophioides Gredler, 1881Type species: Indoennea Kobelt, 1904Subgenus: Distribution: India; Malaysia; Sumatra .Enneablanfordiana Godwin-Austen, 1872Type species: Sinoennea (Indoennea) blanfordiana Godwin-Austen, 1872Distribution: India: Assam-North Cachar .New species record for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill.Sinoennea Kobelt, 1904Subgenus: Distribution: Foothills of Himalaya; S India; China; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Japan; S Korea .Pupastrophioides Gredler, 1881Type species: Sinoennea (Sinoennea) stenopylis Distribution: NE India: Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland .Nepal: Solukhumbu District .Plectopyloidea Möllendorff, 1898Superfamily: Plectopylidae Möllendorff, 1898Family: Endothyrella Zilch, 1960Genus: Distribution: Nepal; NE India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Sikkim .Helixplectosoma Benson, 1836Type species: Endothyrellaaffinis Distribution: NE India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya-Khasi Hill, Mizoram .Nepal: Kathmandu District-Swoyambhunath Temple Forest .Endothyrellaminor Distribution: India: Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, W Bengal .New species records for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Chisapani, Baghdwar, Langtang National Park-Golphubhanjyang.PageBreakGastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866Superfamily: Chronidae Thiele, 1931Family: Kaliellinae Thiele, 1931Subfamily: Kaliella W.T. Blanford, 1863Genus: Distribution: Indo-Malayan .Helixbarrakporensis L. Pfeiffer, 1853Type species: Kaliellabarrakporensis Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Pakistan; Madagascar; Myanmar; Tropical E Africa and Eastern S Africa , hot-houNepal: Annapurna Conservation Area (Kuznetsov and Schileyko 1977).New distribution records from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park, Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Kathmandu District-Champadevi Hill, Kirtipur.Kalielladikrangensis Godwin-Austen, 1883Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh .Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park .Kaliellafastigiata Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, W Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland; Madagascar; Myanmar .Nepal: Kathmandu District-Champadevi Hill .New distribution record from Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill.Kaliellanana Distribution: India: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, W Bengal .Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area , ShivapuNew distribution records from Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill and Kathmandu District-Champadevi Hill.Kaliellanongsteinensis Godwin-Austen, 1883Distribution: India: Meghalaya-Khasi Hill .Nepal: Solukhumbu District .PageBreakEuconulidae H.B. Baker, 1928Family: Euconulinae H.B. Baker, 1928Subfamily: Euconulus Reinhardt, 1883Genus: Distribution: Holarctic .Helixfulva O.F. Müller, 1774Type species: Euconulusfulvus Distribution: Holarctic .Nepal: Hills surrounding Kathmandu Valley .New distribution records from Nepal: Langtang National Park and Mustang District.Pristilomatidae Cockerell, 1891Family: Hawaiia Gude, 1911Genus: Distribution: N America from Alaska and Maine to Florida and south to Costa Rica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands; Europe; Japan; Australia .Helixkawaiensis Reeve, 1854 Type species: Hawaiia sp.Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area .Helicarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877Superfamily: Helicarionidae Bourguignat, 1877Family: Durgelinae Godwin-Austen, 1888Subfamily: Durgella W.T. Blanford, 1863Genus: Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Meghalaya, Manipur, Sikkim, W Bengal; Myanmar .Helixlevicula Benson, 1859Type species: Durgella sp.New species records for Nepal: Chitwan National Park; Kathmandu and Pokhara Districts.Sitala H. Adams, 1865Genus: Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Andaman Islands; SE Asia .Helixinfula Benson, 1848Type species: PageBreakSitalarimicola Distribution: India: Uttarakhand, W Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland .Nepal: Mustang District .New distribution records from Nepal: Dadeldhura, Kathmandu, Rasuwa and Mustang Districts.Cryptaustenia Cockerell, 1891Genus: Distribution: India; Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar; Thailand .Vitrinaplanospira Benson, 1859 Type species: Cryptausteniacf.globosa Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh .Nepal: Kathmandu District, Annapurna Conservation Area .Cryptausteniaovata Distribution: India: W Bengal .Nepal: Kathmandu, Panchthar, Taplejung, Morang and Terhathum Districts , AnnapurGirasia J.E. Gray, 1855Genus: Distribution: India: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim; Myanmar .Girasiahookeri J.E. Gray, 1855Type species: Girasia sp.New species record for Nepal: Langtang National Park.Ariophantidae Godwin-Austen, 1888Family: Macrochlamydinae Godwin-Austen, 1888Subfamily: Macrochlamys Benson in Godwin-Austen, 1883Genus: Distribution: S and SE Asia .Macrochlamysindica Benson in Godwin-Austen, 1883Type species: Macrochlamysindica Benson in Godwin-Austen, 1883Distribution: India; Andaman Islands; Bangladesh; Sri Lanka .Nepal: Ilam, Sunsari, Dharan, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Gulmi, Kaski Districts .New distribution records from Nepal: Dadeldhura, Baitadi, and Kanchanpur Districts.PageBreakMacrochlamyslata Godwin-Austen, 1888Distribution: India: Meghalaya .Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area .Macrochlamylongicauda Godwin-Austen, 1883Distribution: India: Meghalaya .Nepal: Kathmandu District, Annapurna Conservation Area .New distribution records from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.Macrochlamyslubrica Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim, Meghalaya .Nepal: Mid hills of several districts of E Nepal .Macrochlamysnuda Distribution: NW India: Himachal Pradesh-Simla, Uttarakhand-Kumaon .Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area , 1998b.Macrochlamyspatane Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim .Nepal: Kathmandu District .Macrochlamysperpaula Distribution: India: Bihar, Jharkhand, Sikkim, W Bengal-Darjeeling .Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Nagarjun Forest .Macrochlamyssathilaensis Godwin-Austen, 1907Distribution: NE India: Sikkim-Richila Peak; Bhutan .Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area, Solukhumbu District .Macrochlamyssequax Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling .Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area .Macrochlamyssequius Godwin-Austen, 1907Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling .Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area .PageBreakMacrochlamyssubjecta Distribution: India: Jharkhand-Rajmahal Hills, Orrissa-Cuttak .Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area .New distribution records from Nepal: Widely distributed in W Tarai to the mid hills of C Nepal.Macrochlamystugurium Distribution: India: Manipur, Sikkim, W Bengal-Darjeeling .Nepal: Kathmandu District (Kiauta and Butot 1972).New distribution record from Nepal: Khaptad National Park.Euaustenia Cockerell, 1891Genus: Distribution: Afghanistan; Pakistan; NW and NE India: Uttarakhand, Sikkim .Vitrinascutella Benson, 1859 Distribution: NW India: Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Uttarakhand-Kumaon .New species records for Nepal: Baitadi, Darchula, and Dadeldhura Districts.Euausteniamonticola Distribution: NW India: Kashmir, Uttarakhand-Nainital .Nepal: Kathmandu District , AnnapurNew distribution records from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.Bensonies H.B. Baker, 1938Genus: Distribution: Afghanistan; Pakistan; India: Uttarakhand, Sikkim .Naninamonticola Hutton, 1838Type species: Bensoniesconvexa Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand .Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area .New distribution records from Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Kathmandu District- Champadevi Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.PageBreakBensoniesjacquemonti Distribution: Pakistan: Murree; NW India: Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand .New species record for Nepal: Baitadi District.Bensoniesmonticola Distribution: NW India: Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand .New species record for Nepal: Khaptad National Park.Bensoniesnepalensis Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, where it is common in Kathmandu Valley .New distribution records from Nepal: Lalitpur, Kavre, Chitwan, Kaski, Gulmi, Syangjha, Parbat, and Myagdi Districts.Bensoniestheobaldiana Distribution: NW India: Himachal Pradesh-Simla, Uttarakhand .New species record for Nepal: Khaptad National Park.Himalodiscus Kuznetsov, 1996Genus: Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: C and W Nepal.Himalodiscusaculeatus Kuznetsov, 1996Type species: Himalodiscusaculeatus Kuznetsov, 1996Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill .New distribution record from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park.Himalodiscusechinatus Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1998Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area. Only reported from the type locality Lete .Khasiella Godwin-Austen, 1899Genus: Distribution: E Himalaya from Nepal and India to Myanmar .Helixvidua Hanley & Theobald, 1875Type species: Khasiellaornatissima Distribution: India: W Bengal, Sikkim , Uttar PPageBreakNepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill .New distribution records from Nepal: Chitwan National Park, Chitwan and Nawalparasi Districts.Khasiellapansa Distribution: Myanmar: Ayeyarwady Valley, Sullivan Island, Mergui Archipelago .Nepal: Ilam, Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Dharan, Saptari, Udayapur, Kaski, Rupandehi and Kailali Districts .Oxytesta Zilch, 1956Genus: Distribution: E Himalaya from Nepal and NE India to Myanmar and Laos .Helixoxytes Benson, 1836Type species: Oxytestablanfordi Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim .Nepal: Mustang .New distribution records from Nepal: Rasuwa and Parbat Districts.Oxytestacycloplax Distribution: India: Sikkim .Nepal: Solukhumbu District .New distribution record from Nepal: Sankhuwasabha District.Oxytestaorobia Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling .Nepal: Hills surrounding Kathmandu Valley .New distribution records from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks, Sankhuwasabha District.Oxytestasylvicola Distribution: NE India: Assam-Burail range, North Cachar, Nagaland .Nepal: Ilam, Morang, Dharan, Udayapur, Kaski, Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Terhathum Districts .Rotungia Godwin-Austen, 1918Genus: Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh-Abor Hill; Myanmar-Upper Rotung .Rotungiawilliamsoni Godwin-Austen, 1918Type species: PageBreakRotungiawilliamsoni Godwin-Austen, 1918Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh-Abor Hill Nepal: Taplejung and Terhathum Districts .Syama Blanford & Godwin-Austen, 1908Genus: Distribution: India .Nanina (Macrochlamys) prona Nevill, 1878.Type species: Syamaprona Distribution: NW India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand .Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Nagarjun Forest .prona Subspecies: Distribution: Annapurna Conservation Area .Rasama Laidlaw, 1932Genus: Distribution: NE India; W Bhutan .Macrochlamyskala Godwin-Austen, 1883Type species: Rasamakala Distribution: India: Sikkim-Damsang Peak, Dalling Hills; W Bhutan .New species record for Nepal: Ilam District-Maipokhari.Taphrospira W.T. Blanford, 1905Genus: Distribution: India: Assam; Andaman Islands; Myanmar .Helixconvallata Benson, 1856Type species: Taphrospiracompluvialis Distribution: India: Assam; Andaman Islands; Myanmar .Nepal: Panchthar, Taplejung and Terhathum Districts .Taphrospiraconvallata Distribution: Myanmar .New species record for Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park.PageBreakLimacoidea Lamarck, 1801Superfamily: Limacidae Lamarck, 1801Family: Limacinae Lamarck, 1801Subfamily: Distribution: W Palearctic region .Limax Linnaeus, 1758Genus: Distribution: Palearctic region .Limaxmaximus Linnaeus, 1758Type species: Limaxseticus Wiktor & Bössneck, 2004Limax species recorded from the Himalaya  in the world. This species was reported only from Bajura District.Turcomilax Simroth, 1901Genus: Distribution: India and Nepal .Gigantomilax (Turcomilax) nanus Simroth, 1901Type species: Kasperia Godwin-Austen, 1914Subgenus: Distribution: India: Kashmir .Limax (Kasperia) mayae Godwin-Austen, 1914 Type species: Turcomilax (Kasperia) oli Wiktor, Naggs & Gupta, 1999Distribution: India: Kumaun Himalaya .Nepal: Darchula District .Agriolimacidae Wagner, 1935Family: Agriolimacinae Wagner, 1935Subfamily: Deroceras Rafinesque, 1820Genus: Distribution: Holarctic. From Sahara to NE America and S Asia .Limaxlaevis O.F. Müller, 1774Type species: Deroceraslaeve Distribution: Holarctic. From Sahara to NE America. It has been introduced worldwide .Nepal: Kathmandu, Taplejung and Panchthar Districts .New distribution record from Nepal: Lalitpur District.PageBreakArionoidea J.E. Gray, 1840Superfamily: Anadenidae Pilsbry, 1948Family: Anadenus Heynemann, 1863Genus: Distribution: S China; southern slopes of the Himalaya from Pakistan eastward to Sikkim .Anadenusgiganteus Heynemann, 1863 Type species: Anadenusaltivagus Distribution: Southern slopes of the Himalaya from Rawalpindi in the west of N Pakistan through Kashmir and Nepal to Sikkim in NE India .Nepal: Bajura, Darchula, Humla and Rasuwa Districts .New distribution records from Nepal: Langtang National Park-Dhunche-Gosainkund-Chisapani trekking route.Anadenusnepalensis Wiktor, 2001Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Hills of Darchula, Dolpa, Humla, Jumla, Lamjung, Kaski, Palpa and Kathmandu Districts .Sagarmathia Kuzminykh & Schileyko, 2005Subgenus: Distribution: Endemic to Nepal .Anadenus (Sagarmathia) kuznetsovi Kuzminykh & Schileyko, 2005Type species: Anadenus (Sagarmathia) kuznetsovi Kuzminykh & Schileyko, 2005Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Only reported from the type locality, Phuiyan Khola, Solukhumbu District .Philomycidae J.E. Gray, 1847Family: Meghimatium van Hasselt, 1823Genus: Distribution: Russia; China; Korea; Japan; Borneo; Sumatra; Java; Celebes; Philippines .Meghimatiumstriatum van Hasselt, 1823Type species: Meghimatiumcf.pictum Distribution: China; India .Nepal: Chitwan National Park .PageBreakHelicoidea Rafinesque, 1815Superfamily: Bradybaenidae Pilsbry, 1934Family: Bradybaeninae Pilsbry, 1934Subfamily: Bradybaena Beck, 1837Genus: Bradybaenasimilaris is widely introduced in other regions Distribution: NW to NE India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim .Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area-Kokhethanti, Lete Khola , 1998b.Bradybaena?thakkholensis Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1998aDistribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area. Only known from Thakkhola, the type locality .Plectotropis Martens, 1860Genus: Ditribution: India; China; Japan; Sumatra .Helixelegantissima L. Pfeiffer, 1849Type species: Plectotropistapeina Distribution: India; Bangladesh; Myanmar .Nepal: Ilam and Panchthar Districts .Camaenidae Pilsbry, 1895Family: Camaeninae Pilsbry, 1895Subfamily: Landouria Godwin-Austen, 1918Genus Distribution: Sri Lanka; NE India; Nepal; Indonesia; Philippines .Helixhuttonii L. Pfeiffer, 1842Type species: Landouriaaborensis Godwin-Austen, 1918Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh-Abor Hill .Nepal: Dolakha, Lalitpur, Ramechhap and Solukhumbu Districts .PageBreakLandouriacoeni Distribution: India: Nagaland .Nepal: Solukhumbu District .Landouriadhaulagirica Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1998aDistribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area-Larjung, Kokhethanti, Kalopani .Landouriahuttonii Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, W Bengal, Assam, Nagaland .Nepal: Kaski and Myagdi Districts .Landouriarhododendronis Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1998aDistribution: Endemic to Nepal.Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area-Gorepani, Parbat District .Landouriasavadiensis Distribution: Myanmar: Sawady .Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Nagarjun Forest, Tare-Bhir .Ganesella W.T. Blanford, 1863Genus: Distribution: India; Myanmar; Thailand; Cambodia .Helixcapitium Benson, 1848Type species: Ganesella sp.Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park .New distribution record from Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill.1PageBreakCyclophorus were recognized by Maizania Bourguignat, 1889, was elevated to family level Maizaniidae by Glossostylus Kobelt and Möllendorff, 1897 (S and SE Asia), Litostylus Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897 (S and SE Asia), Salpingophorus Kobelt and Möllendorff, 1897 (S and SE Asia), Cyclophorus Montfort, 1810 (S and SE Asia) and Cyclohelix Mörch, 1852 (Andaman and Nicobar Islands). Salpingophorus by Annularia Schumacher, 1817 and Cyclohelix by Otopoma Gray, 1850, while Litostylus by Kobeltostylus Egorov, 2006. In this list we follow Salpingophorus as a junior synonym of Cyclophorus, while maintaining Cricophorus Kobelt and Möllendorff, 1897 as separate subgenus, next to Cyclophorus, Glossostylus, Cyclohelix and Kobeltostylus.Eight subgenera of 2Cyclophorusfulguratus populations in Thailand suggest that this is a species complex . Kobeltostylus.The name 4Salpingophorus Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897 by Annularia Schumacher, 1817, while Cyclophorus Montfort, 1810 (see note 5Cyclophorus (Annularia) aurantiacus is distributed in SE Asia, so that its presence in Nepal is doubtful and requires confirmation.6Scabrina W. T. Blanford, 1863 as a subgenus of Cyclophorus Montfort, 1810. Scabrina to genus rank. Cyclophoruspinnulifer Benson, 1857 was fixed as the type species of Scabrina by 7Alycaeinae to Gray, 1850 . Therefore, it has been replaced by Alycaeuseydouxi Venmans, 1956.The name of the type species of 9Chamalycaeus (Dicharax) strangulatus to Hutton such as Some authors attribute authorship of PageBreak10Diplommatina  canarica is endemic to the Western Ghats . Many authors have used ‘funiculatum’ , which is the Chinese Province Hubei (= Hupeh) (See peh) See . The corpeh) See . In Nepapeh) See . The she14Carychium shells collected by PB from Phulchowki, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks have very fine and strong radial ribs, as well as slender apical whorls. As such they differ from the shells of Carychiumminusculum specimen from Langtang National Park deposited in ZMMU No. Lc-39251 and Carychiumminusculum in minusculum.15Vaginulusalte was published in 1822, instead of 1821 as is often mentioned in the literature or 1823 as mentioned in altae’ in e.g. According to PageBreak16Pupillaannandalei Pilsbry, 1921 was doubtfully recorded as Ava (Myanmar) in the Indian Museum  asserted that om Nepal . Benson om Nepal : 139 gav18Helixhumilis to Hutton, but 19Pyramidulakuznetsovi was misidentified as Pyramidulahumilis by Schileyko and Kuznetsov (1997). Kuznetsov’s collections were recently reviewed and 20cantorii’ and not ‘cantori’ as some authors mention  is Nilgiris, South India. Although Mirus, though without suggesting an alternative generic placement.The type locality of 22PageBreakDarwininitiumshiwalikianum, Dr. Somsak Panha communicated that he and Dr. Chirasak Sutcharit  noticed the conchological similarity between this species and Helixcapitium Benson, 1848, type species of the camaenid genus Ganesella W.T. Blanford, 1863. Further anatomical and DNA studies are needed to verify whether Darwininitiumshiwalikianum and Ganesellacapitium are conspecific. Moreover, the family level affiliations of Darwininitium and Ganesella remain to be assessed since the Camaenidae may not be monophyletic  and all other spellings are invalid.26Cecilioides shell was collected in Nepal (Baitadi District). It measures about 2 mm, has four whorls, and resembles Cecilioidesminuta.Only a single 27Opeas, Beckianum, Leptopeas, Lamellaxis and Leptinaria have been confusingly interpreted  from Annapurna Conservation Area. Opeasprestoni. prestoni’ under Allopeas. Opeasprestoni Sykes, 1898 under Opeasmauritianum  as var.prestoni. mauritianum’ under Opeas. Some authors assign ‘prestoni’ to Lamellaxis  identified a Nepalese specimen as xis e.g. . Griffitot known .30Opeas species have been confusingly interpreted and have been assigned variously to different genera such as Allopeas, Lamellaxis, Paropeas and Prosopeas   .31Glessulinae as a subfamily of the Subulinidae.We follow PageBreak32Bacillum are still unclear. Rishetiinae Schileyko, 1999, together with Eutomopeas Pilsbry, 1946, Tortaxis Pilsbry, 1906 and Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920. Based on the half exposed reproductive parts of a specimen labeled as Bacillum sp. Bacillum and Glessula shows that the two genera come next to each other....’  of the genus Electra Albers, 1850, which is a junior homonym of Electra Lamouroux, 1816 (Ectoprocta). Therefore Electra Albers, 1850 was replaced by Glessula Martens, 1860 and in such cases ICZN Art. 67.8 rules that the type species of the replaced genus name is automatically also the type species of the new genus name.Although ula e.g. , the corer, 1845 . This is35Glessulasubjerdoni is S India: Jaypore and Golconda Hills  by Glessulasubjerdoni to be a ‘nomen dubium’.The type locality of da Hills . Specime36Rishetia in this list is based on unpublished anatomical data of specimens from Nepal and Sri Lanka. For example, Dinarzarde Raheem’s unpublished figures of dissected specimen of Glessulacapillacea  from Sri Lanka indicate that it belongs to Rishetia because it has an elongated flagellum typical of Rishetia.The distribution range of 37Rishetiatenuispira from Nepal were first described under the genus name Ranibania Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1996. Ranibania was subsequently synonymized with Rishetia . However, Rishetiatenuispira (Benson) from Nepal differs from Benson’s Rishetiatenuispira from the type locality, Khasi Hills NE India and is similar to Godwin-Austen’s Rishetialongispira Godwin-Austen, 1920. Rishetiacf.longispira. longispira and tenuispira  but the distribution range of longispira was recorded as westward from Bhutan to Sikkim and Darjeeling, whereas tenuispira was recorded from the Khasi and Garo Hills (p. 11–12).Specimens of PageBreak38Gulellabicolor was originally described as Pupabicolor Hutton, 1834 but Ennea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855. The species has also been included in the Indo-Chinese streptaxid genus Sinoennea Kobelt, 1904. DNA sequence data, however, suggest that Pupabicolor comes within Gulella  from Pegu  (The record of Myanmar) : 81 is p40Endothyrellaaffinis from Swoyambhunath temple forest area, but the material from this area may be a different species .41Kaliellabarrakporensis , while in 1898 he corrected it to ‘Cryptaustenia’ (singular). However, according to Art 11.8 and 33.2.2 of ICZN, the publication date of the corrected name remains ‘1891’.45Macrochlamys and its type species. This list follows Macrochlamys sensu Macrochlamysindica Benson in Godwin-Austen, 1883 as its type species.There is still much nomenclatural and taxonomic confusion with respect to the genus 46Macrochlamystugurium would be the most common land gastropod of Kathmandu Valley but so far PB has not recorded Macrochlamystugurium in this area. The most common land gastropod in the Kathmandu Valley is Bensoniesnepalensis, because of its similar shell shape and size, may have been misidentified as Macrochlamystugurium.According to 47Euausteniae’ , while in 1898 he corrected it to ‘Euaustenia’ (singular). According to Art. 11.8 and 33.2.2 of the ICZN, the publication date of the corrected name remains ‘1891’.48Vitrinamonticola L. Pfeiffer is ‘1849’ not ‘1848’ as cited by some authors mention ; see also The publication date of ion e.g. . See DunPageBreak49Bensoniesnepalensis shows a remarkable shell colour polymorphism that seems to correlate with altitude: at lower altitudes in C Nepal (Chitwan District) the body whorl of shells shows a dark brown band on a chocolate brown or white background. They co-occur with banded shells which are similar to mid hill specimens .50Himalodiscusaculeatus was originally assigned to the Discidae by Ariophantidae.51Helixvidua’ has been confusingly cited. Euplectavidua W.T. Blanford’, but Euplectavidua Hanley and Theobald, 1875’. Euplecta (Rotula) vidua Blanford’, whereas Khasiellavidua Blanford’ in the same book under its species description as ‘Khasiellavidua H. & T. (Blf. MSS) (Helix)’. We follow Helixvidua Hanley & Theobald, 1875.The type species ‘52Khasiellapansa needs to be verified.The identification of Nepalese 53Oxytestaorobia from the neighbourhood of Kathmandu, Nepal. PB checked the syntypes in NHM and specimens available at RBINS and compared these with Nepalese shells and concluded that the Nepalese specimens belong to a different species.54Sarama Blanford and Godwin-Austen, 1908 is a junior homonym of Sarama Moore, 1887. Saramina Wenz, 1947 is a junior synonym of Rasama Laidlaw, 1932.55Taulimax Wiktor and Likharev, 1980 is a junior synonym of Kasperia Godwin-Austen, 1914 , 3,300 m a.s.l., fir forest’ and two specimens from ‘Gosainkund, 4,200 m a.s.l.’ both collected on 27.09.1981 by A. Kuska  and Meghimatiumbilineatum  based on Chinese specimens but found no clear differences and hence were undecided as to whether or not Meghimatiumcf.pictum is a distinct species. The reproductive organs of a specimen from Nepal resemble those of Chinese Meghimatiumcf.pictum.PageBreak60Bradybaena(?)thakkholensis was described on the basis of a few juvenile shells by 61Aegista (Placetotropis) tapeina.62huttonii’ (huttoni’ as mentioned by e.g. The correct spelling is ‘uttonii’ : 82, not63Landouriacoeni was placed in the subgenus Plectotropis of the genus Aegista by


The correct name is: Jinfeng Zou. The correct citation is: You L, Yan K, Zou J, Zhao H, Bertos NR, Park M, et al. (2015) The Lysine Acetyltransferase Activator Brpf1 Governs Dentate Gyrus Development through Neural Stem Cells and Progenitors. PLoS Genet 11(3): e1005034. doi:


Heliconius butterflies. Genome Res 23: 1817–1828.Martin SH, Dasmahapatra KK, Nadeau NJ, Salazar C, Walters JR, et al. (2013) Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Ficedula flycatchers. Nature 491: 756–760.Ellegren H, Smeds L, Burri R, Olason PI, Backstrom N, et al. (2012) The genomic landscape of species divergence in References 1 and 2 are incorrect. The correct references are listed here:


The fourth author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Raed Alroughani.10.1371/journal.pone.0142265The correct citation is: Al-Temaimi RA, Al-Enezi A, Al-Serri A, Alroughani R, Al-Mulla F (2015) The Association of Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms with Multiple Sclerosis in a Case-Control Study from Kuwait. PLoS ONE 10(11): e0142265. doi:The publisher apologizes for the error.


The fifth author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is Tobias Strittmatter. The correct citation is:10.1371/journal.pone.0119927Hsiau TH-C, Sukovich D, Elms P, Prince RN, Strittmatter T, Ruan P, et al. (2015) A Method for Multiplex Gene Synthesis Employing Error Correction Based on Expression. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0119927. doi:


The correct name is: Dulce Alfaiate. The correct citation is: Palumbo GA, Scisciani C, Pediconi N, Lupacchini L, Alfaiate D, Guerrieri F, et al. (2015) IL6 Inhibits HBV Transcription by Targeting the Epigenetic Control of the Nuclear cccDNA Minichromosome. PLoS ONE 10(11): e0142599. doi:


PLOS ONE editorial office was made aware that prior work by Prof. Amornrat Phongdara and colleagues on the role of fortilin/TCTP in response of the shrimp Penaeus monodon to viral infections were not cited in this article. After consulting with Academic Editors, the PLOS ONE staff editors believe that these articles should have been cited. These articles are:The Tonganunt M, Nupan B, Saengsakda M, Suklour S, Wanna W, Senapin S, Chotigeat W, Phongdara A: The role of Pm-fortilin in protecting shrimp from white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2008 Nov;25(5):633-7. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.08.006.Nupan B, Phongdara A, Saengsakda M, Leu JH, Lo CF: Shrimp Pm-fortilin inhibits the expression of early and late genes of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in an insect cell model. Dev Comp Immunol. 2011 Apr;35(4):469-75. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.11.016.Panrat T, Sinthujaroen P, Nupan B, Wanna W, Tammi MT, Phongdara A: Characterization of a novel binding protein for Fortilin/TCTP—component of a defense mechanism against viral infection in Penaeus monodon. PLOS ONE 2012;7(3):e33291. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033291.http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=74639The authors apologize for not citing this work, and have provided an updated discussion at


In Vivo Antidiabetic Properties of Umbelliferone and Lupeol Constituents of Banana  Flower in Hyperglycaemic Rodent Model. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0151135. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151135The fifth author’s name is presented incorrectly within the citation. The correct citation is: Dhananjaya BL. The correct citation is: Ramu R, S. Shirahatti P, S. NS, Zameer F, Dhananjaya BL, M. N. NP (2016) Assessment of


There are errors in references 8 and 55. The correct references are:10.1007/s00382-014-2182-98. Feldhoff JH, Lange S, Volkholz J, Donges JF, Kurths J, Gerstengarbe FW (2014) Complex networks for climate model evaluation with application to statistical versus dynamical modeling of South American climate. Clim Dyn. doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2199-055. Lange S, Rockel B, Volkholz J, Bookhagen B (2014) Regional climate model sensitivities to parametrizations of convection and non-precipitating subgrid-scale clouds over South America. Clim Dyn. doi:There is an error in the reference in the fourth sentence of the Abstract. The sentence should read: Building on a recent study by Feldhoff et al. [8] we comparatively analyze statistical and dynamical regional climate simulations of the South American monsoon system.


There is an error in Reference 19. The correct reference is:Turchet, L., Serafin, S., & Cesari, P. (2013). Walking pace affected by interactive sounds simulating stepping on different terrains. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP), 10(4), 23:1-23:14


The following information is missing from the Funding section: State Oceanic Administration grant number 201105021 and China National Offshore Oil Corporation grants CNOOC-KJ 125 FZDXM 00 TJ 001–2014 and CNOOC-KJ 125 FZDXM 00 ZJ 001–2014.http://www.973.gov.cn/English/Index.aspx), NSFC grants 91028001, 91328209, and 91428308 , SOA grants 201105021 and GASI-03-01-02-05 (http://www.soa.gov.cn/index.html), and CNOOC grants CNOOC-KJ 125 FZDXM 00 TJ 001–2014 and CNOOC-KJ 125 FZDXM 00 ZJ 001–2014 (http://www.cnooc.com.cn/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.The complete, correct Funding statement is: This work was supported by China MOST 973 grant 2013CB955700 (


Time-of-flight Positron Emission Tomography (TOF-PET) and TOF-PET/MRI require scintillators with high light yield, short decay time, and short rise time in order to obtain high timing resolution. LSO:Ce and LYSO:Ce are commonly used. Ca co-doped LSO:Ce shows improved scintillation properties. The decay time constant of LSO:Ce,0.2%Ca (~33 ns) is shorter than standard LSO:Ce (~38-40 ns), and it has about 15% higher light yield. We measured scintillation pulse shapes and photoelectron yields of LSO:Ce, LSO:Ce,0.2%Ca, LYSO:Ce, LYSO:Ce,20ppmCa, LYSO:0.11%Ce,0.2%Mg, and LYSO:0.2%Ce,0.2%Ca at temperatures ranging from 193 K to 373 K. To study rise times we built a set-up in which samples are excited by 100 ps (FWHM) x-ray pulses.3+ centres. This quenching mechanism does not worsen the timing resolution, as opposed to recombination of electron-hole pairs. It follows that the timing resolution of LSO:Ce is constant over the entire temperature range, in accordance with the timing model described in [Figure ribed in .Figure 1


The correct name is Thiago Almeida Pereira. The correct article citation is: Machado MV, Michelotti GA, Xie G, Pereira TA, Boursier J, Bohnic B, et al. (2015) Mouse Models of Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Reproduce the Heterogeneity of the Human Disease. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0127991. doi:


The fourth author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Claudia J. Mansell. The correct citation is: Park SM, Angel CE, McIntosh JD, Mansell CJ, Chen C-JJ, et al. (2014) Mapping the Distinctive Populations of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Different Zones of Human Lymph Nodes. PLoS ONE 9(4): e94781. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094781


The third author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Hae-Won Kim. The correct citation is: Lee JH, Choi SS, Kim H-W, Xiong WC, Min CK, Lee SJ, et al. (2014) Neogenin as a Receptor for Early Cell Fate Determination in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos. PLoS ONE 9(7): e101989. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101989.There is an error in affiliation 1 for authors Jae Ho Lee and Hae-Won Kim. Affiliation 1 should be: Department of Nanobiomedical Sciences and BK21 PLUS MBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, S. Korea.


The correct name is: Min-Kyu Choi. The correct citation is: Hu H-J, Park S-G, Jang HB, Choi M-K, Park K-H, Kang JH, et al. (2015) Obesity Alters the Microbial Community Profile in Korean Adolescents. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0134333. doi:There is an error in affiliation 4 for author Min-Kyu Choi. Affiliation 4 should be: Department of Family Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea


The correct name is: Eleni Dragozi. The correct citation is: Bajocco S, Dragozi E, Gitas I, Smiraglia D, Salvati L, Ricotta C (2015) Mapping Forest Fuels through Vegetation Phenology: The Role of Coarse-Resolution Satellite Time-Series. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0119811. doi: The publisher apologizes for the error.


The correct spelling is: Chanthel Kokoy-Mondrogon. The correct citation is: RamachandraRao SP, Matthias MA, Kokoy-Mondrogon C, Aghania E, Park C, et al. (2015) Proteomic Analysis of Urine Exosomes Reveals Renal Tubule Response to Leptospiral Colonization in Experimentally Infected Rats. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(3): e0003640. doi:


The correct name is: Roberto Cazzolla Gatti. The correct citation is: Battipaglia G, Zalloni E, Castaldi S, Marzaioli F, Cazzolla Gatti R, et al. (2015) Long Tree-Ring Chronologies Provide Evidence of Recent Tree Growth Decrease in a Central African Tropical Forest. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0120962. doi:


The correct name is: Johannes Grueneisen. The correct citation is: Schaarschmidt BM, Buchbender C, Nensa F, Grueneisen J, Gomez B, Köhler J, et al. (2015) Correlation of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) with the Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) in Lymph Node Metastases of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients Using Hybrid 18F-FDG PET/MRI. PLoS ONE 10(1): e0116277. doi:


The correct title is: A Hematogenously Disseminated Orientia tsutsugamushi-Infected Murine Model of Scrub Typhus. The correct citation is: Shelite TR, Saito TB, Mendell NL, Gong B, Xu G, et al. (2014) A Hematogenously Disseminated Orientia tsutsugamushi-Infected Murine Model of Scrub Typhus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(7): e2966. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002966The word “


The correct name is: Ryan R. Hansen. The correct citation is: Hansen RR, Timm AC, Timm CM, Bible AN, Morrell-Falvey JL, Pelletier DA, et al. (2016) Stochastic Assembly of Bacteria in Microwell Arrays Reveals the Importance of Confinement in Community Development. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0155080. doi:


During 2011–2012, 75.6% of adults aged ≥18 years with hypertension were taking medication to lower their blood pressure, and 51.8% had their blood pressure under control. Non-Hispanic Asian adults with hypertension were less likely to be taking medication (65.2%) than were non-Hispanic black (77.4%) and non-Hispanic white (76.7%) adults with hypertension. No difference was observed in controlled hypertension among adults in the different race and Hispanic ethnicity groups.Source: Nwankwo T, Yoon S, Burt V, Gu Q. Hypertension among adults in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2012. NCHS data brief no. 133. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2013. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db133.htm.Reported by: Tatiana Nwankwo, MS, bwt4@cdc.gov, 301-458-4553; Sarah Yoon, PhD; Steven M. Frenk, PhD.


The correct name is: Catrin E. Moore. The correct citation is: Carter MJ, Emary KR, Moore CE, Parry CM, Sona S, Putchhat H, et al. (2015) Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Dengue Virus Infection in Febrile Cambodian Children: Diagnostic Accuracy and Incorporation into Diagnostic Algorithms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(2): e0003424. doi:


The second author's name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Ji-Seon Seo. The correct citation is: Kim TE, Seo JS, Yang JW, Kim MW, Kausar R, et al. (2013) Nurr1 Represses Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression via SIRT1 in Human Neural Stem Cells. PLoS ONE 8(8): e71469. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071469


Arabidopsis GCR1 Mutant Reveals Its Roles in Stress, Hormones, Secondary Metabolism and Phosphate Starvation. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0117819. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117819The sixth author’s name is incorrect. The correct name is: Richard Hooley. The correct citation is: Chakraborty N, Sharma P, Kanyuka K, Pathak RR, Choudhury D, Hooley R, et al. (2015) Transcriptome Analysis of


The fifth author's name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Sam M. Doesburg. The correct citation is: Todd RM, Taylor MJ, Robertson A, Cassel DB, Doesburg SM, et al. (2014) Temporal-Spatial Neural Activation Patterns Linked to Perceptual Encoding of Emotional Salience. PLoS ONE 9(4): e93753. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093753


The fourth author's name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Aileen Adam. The correct citation is: Henderson LJ, Evans NP, Heidinger BJ, Adam A, Arnold KE (2014) Maternal Condition but Not Corticosterone Is Linked to Offspring Sex Ratio in a Passerine Bird. PLoS ONE 9(10): e110858. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110858


The correct reference is: Riess T, Andersson SG, Lupas A, Schaller M, Schafer A, et al. (2004) Bartonella adhesin a mediates a proangiogenic host cell response. J Exp Med 200: 1267–1278. doi:


Treatment with anti-TNF therapies (anti-TNF) for polyarticular forms  of JIA (PF-JIA) results in >50% demonstrating clinical inactive disease (CID).The aims of this study were to perform the first prospective, mulicenter trial to determine the frequency, timing and predictors of flare upon withdrawal of anti-TNF in PF-JIA in CID.In 16 centers 137 children with PF-JIA in CID on anti-TNF were enrolled and prospectively followed. If CID was maintained for the first 6 study mos, then anti-TNF was stopped and the patients were followed prospectively by protocol. Background meds were stable.The study population included 18 (13%) extended oligoarticular, 17 (12%) RF+ Poly and 102 (75%) RF- Poly JIA patients. At enrollment, age (mean/median/range) was 11.3/11.6/3.4-20.1 yrs; disease duration was 5.0/4.1/0.6-18.6 yrs; 103 (75%) were females and 64 (47%) were ANA+. Duration of CID at baseline was 1.2/0.5/1 day-12.1 yrs. Anti-TNF was etanercept in 106 (77%), 25 (18%) adalimumab and 6 (5%) infliximab. 40% were on MTX at baseline (mean/median dose 0.4/0.4 mg/kg/wk).17% were unable to maintain CID for the first 6 months despite stable background medications. For the extended oligo, Poly RF – and Poly RF+ categories 94%, 82% and 60%, respectively, maintained CID for the first 6 months . ANA status, MTX use, and type of anti-TNF were not associated with the ability to maintain CID .Upon stopping the anti-TNF therapy, the mean time to flare was 18.3 months with a median of 26 months (range 9-32 months). Longer disease duration at baseline was associated with an increasing risk of flare with stopping anti-TNF therapy . Background MTX significantly decreased the risk of flare (p= 0.05) and significantly increased the time to flare (p = 0.05). JIA subtype was significantly associated with both risk of flaring (p=0.02) and time to flare (p= 0.04) with RF+ Poly flaring less frequently than either RF- or Extended oligo which seem similar. RF+ patients were significantly less likely to flare than RF- (p= 0.02). Age, gender, ANA status, duration of CID did not predict risk of or time to flare.In these patients with Polyarticular forms of JIA in CID for ≥6 mos, upon stopping the anti-TNF therapy, 70% will experience a flare within 3.25 years but ≥ 50% will maintain CID for ≥17 months. Continuing background MTX both decreases the risk of flare and increases the time to flare. Disease duration and JIA subtype are the only predictive clinical parameters. Duration of CID was NOT predictive of risk of flare after stopping anti-TNF therapy.D. Lovell: consultant for: Roche, Genetech, Jannsen, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Novartis, Abbott, Forest Research, BMS. Speaker Bureau of: Novartis, Roche, Genetech. A. Johnson: none declared. Y. Kimura: Consultant for: Novartis.S. Spalding: none declared. P. Morris: none declared. B. Gottlieb: none declared. K. Onel: none declared. J. Olson: consultant for: Abbott. B. Edelheit: none declared. M. Shisov: none declared. L. Jung: none declared. E. Cassidy: none declared. S. Prahalad: none declared. M. Passo: none declared. T. Beukelman: grant / research support from Pfizer, consultant for Novartis, Genentech, UCB. J. Mehta: none declared. K. Schmidt: none declared.D. Foell: none declared. C. Hinze: none declared. B. Huang: none declared. E. Giannini: none declared.


Staphylococcus aureus on Polystyrene and a Human Epidermal Model. PLoS ONE 11(1): e0145722. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145722The fifth author’s name is incorrectly spelled. The correct name is: R.I. Koning. The correct citation is: den Reijer PM, Haisma EM, Lemmens-den Toom NA, Willemse J, Koning RI, Demmers JAA, et al. (2016) Detection of Alpha-Toxin and Other Virulence Factors in Biofilms of


The correct name is: Leleesha Samaraweera. The correction citation is: Hou JY, Rodriguez-Gabin A, Samaraweera L, Hazan R, Goldberg GL, Horwitz SB, et al. (2013) Exploiting MEK Inhibitor-Mediated Activation of ERα for Therapeutic Intervention in ER-Positive Ovarian Carcinoma. PLoS ONE 8(2): e54103. doi:


The fourth author's name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Roland Schwarzer. The correct citation is: Reuven EM, Ali M, Rotem E, Schwarzer R, Gramatica A, et al. (2014) The HIV-1 Envelope Transmembrane Domain Binds TLR2 through a Distinct Dimerization Motif and Inhibits TLR2-Mediated Responses. PLoS Pathog 10(8): e1004248. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004248


A reference is omitted from the third sentence of the second paragraph of the Introduction.The sentence should read: Recently, our research group showed by means of magnetoencephalography (MEG) somatotopic activation of motor areas accompanying the processing of visually presented single verbs .10.1016/j.bandl.2013.12.001.The reference is: Klepp A, Weissler H, Niccolai V, Terhalle A, Geisler H, Schnitzler A, Biermann-Ruben K (2014) Neuromagnetic hand and foot motor source recruited during action verb processing. Brain Lang 128(1): 41–52. doi:


The correct name is: Kyathanahalli S. Janardhan. The correct citation is: Binder AK, Kosak JP, Janardhan KS, Moser G, Eling TE, Korach KS (2016) Expression of Human NSAID Activated Gene 1 in Mice Leads to Altered Mammary Gland Differentiation and Impaired Lactation. PLoS ONE 11(1): e0146518. doi:


The correct name is: Grazyna E. Sroga. The correct citation is: Rubin MR, Paschalis EP, Poundarik A, Sroga GE, McMahon DJ, Gamsjaeger S, et al. (2016) Advanced Glycation Endproducts and Bone Material Properties in Type 1 Diabetic Mice. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0154700. doi:


AbstractDayus Gerken, 2001 (Crustacea: Peracarida: Cumacea), preoccupied by Dayus Mahmood, 1967 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). The following changes are proposed: Jennidayusnew replacement name = Dayus Gerken, 2001 (nec Mahmood 1967); Jennidayus pharocheradus , comb. n. = Dayus pharocheradus Gerken, 2001; Jennidayus acanthus , comb. n. = Dayus acanthus Gerken, 2001; Jennidayus makrokolosus , comb. n. = Dayus makrokolosus Gerken, 2001.A replacement name is proposed for genus  Dayus Gerken, 2001 (Crustacea: Peracarida: Cumacea) is preoccupied by Dayus Mahmood, 1967 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). The purpose of the present paper is to propose a replacement name.The cumacean genus name PageBreakGenusDayusCrustacea: Peracarida: Cumacea). Preoccupied by Dayus Mahmood, 1967: 39 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Gerken, 2001: 9  as the type species (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , Jennidayus acanthus  and Jennidayus makrokolosus .The cumacean genus nclature , we propCumacea; gender masculine.The genus name was meant to honor Jennifer Day of South Africa, for her work on South African Australia.Jennidayusnew replacement name = Dayus Gerken, 2001 .Jennidayus pharocheradus , comb. n. = Dayus pharocheradus Gerken, 2001.Jennidayus acanthus , comb. n. = Dayus acanthus Gerken, 2001.Jennidayus makrokolosus , comb. n. = Dayus makrokolosus Gerken, 2001.


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2460810.1038/srep24608; published online: 04202016; updated: 07072016In this Article, references 30 and 31 are not listed in the correct order. The correct references are listed below:et al. Lytic to temperate switching of viral communities. Nature531, 466–470, doi: 10.1038/nature17193 (2016).30. Knowles, B. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.44, 279–289, doi: 10.1016/s0168-6496(03)00075-8 (2003).31. Jacquet, S. & Bratbak, G. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on marine virus-phytoplankton interactions.


The correct name is: Theodore M. Kamenecka. The correct citation is: Amador A, Wang Y, Banerjee S, Kamenecka TM, Solt LA, Burris TP (2016) Pharmacological and Genetic Modulation of REV-ERB Activity and Expression Affects Orexigenic Gene Expression. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0151014.


The correct citation is: Langan LM, Dodd NJF, Owen SF, Purcell WM, Jackson SK, Jha AN (2016) Direct Measurements of Oxygen Gradients in Spheroid Culture System Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Oximetry. PLoS ONE 11(2): e0149492. doi:


The correct name is Maria Pefkianaki. The correct citation is: Heng LZ, Pefkianaki M, Hykin P, Patel PJ (2015) Interobserver Agreement in Detecting Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Features of Diabetic Macular Edema. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0126557. doi:


The correct name is: Denis V. Axenov-Gribanov. The correct citation is: Axenov-Gribanov DV, Voytsekhovskaya IV, Tokovenko BT, Protasov ES, Gamaiunov SV, Rebets YV, et al. (2016) Actinobacteria Isolated from an Underground Lake and Moonmilk Speleothem from the Biggest Conglomeratic Karstic Cave in Siberia as Sources of Novel Biologically Active Compounds. PLoS ONE 11(2): e0149216. doi:


The correct name is: Herman Schatzl. The correct citation is: Oelschlegel AM, Geissen M, Lenk M, Riebe R, Angermann M, Schatzl H, et al. (2015) A Bovine Cell Line That Can Be Infected by Natural Sheep Scrapie Prions. PLoS ONE 10(1): e0117154. doi:


The word “Reveals” is misspelled in the article title. The correct title is: Physiologically Realistic and Validated Mathematical Liver Model Reveals Hepatobiliary Transfer Rates for Gd-EOB-DTPA Using Human DCE-MRI Data. The correct citation is: Forsgren MF, Leinhard OD, Dahlström N, Cedersund G, Lundberg P (2014) Physiologically Realistic and Validated Mathematical Liver Model Reveals Hepatobiliary Transfer Rates for Gd-EOB-DTPA Using Human DCE-MRI Data. PLoS ONE 9(4): e95700. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095700


The word “Obstructive” is misspelled in the article title. The correct title is: Increased Iron Sequestration in Alveolar Macrophages in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. The correct citation is: Philippot Q, Deslée G, Adair-Kirk TL, Woods JC, Byers D, et al. (2014) Increased Iron Sequestration in Alveolar Macrophages in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. PLoS ONE 9(5): e96285. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096285


In 2011 and 2012, the percentage of users of long-term care services with a diagnosis of depression was highest in nursing homes (49%) and home health agencies (35%), and lowest in residential care communities (25%), adult day services centers (24%), and hospices (22%). The percentage of users with a diagnosis of depression in nursing homes (49%) was approximately twice that of those in adult day services centers (24%) or residential care communities (25%) in 2012.Source: Harris-Kojetin L, Sengupta M, Park-Lee E, Valverde R. Long-term care services in the United States: 2013 overview. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2013. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nsltcp/long_term_care_services_2013.pdf.Reported by: Vincent Rome, MPH, vrome@cdc.gov, 301-458-4466; Manisha Sengupta, PhD; Lauren Harris-Kojetin, PhD; Eunice Park-Lee, PhD; Roberto Valverde, MPH.


Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;26(76):175–179.Seyed Ali Jafari, Maryam Khalesi, Simin Partovi, MohammadAli Kiani, Hamid Ahanchian, HamidReza Kianifar. Ingested Foreign Bodies Removed by Flexible Endoscopy in Pediatric Patients: A 10-year Retrospective Study. The correct Title is provided. On page 175, title, lexible should be Flexible.


In Vivo Mouse Study. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0125633. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125633The sixth author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Daniel H. Geschwind. The correct citation is: Gdalyahu A, Lazaro M, Penagarikano O, Golshani P, Trachtenberg JT, Geschwind DH (2015) The Autism Related Protein Contactin-Associated Protein-Like 2 (CNTNAP2) Stabilizes New Spines: An


There is an error in the citation within the XML version of the article. The correct citation is: Maciel BLL, Valverde JG, Rodrigues-Neto JF, Freire-Neto F, Keesen TSL, et al. (2014) Dual Immune Modulatory Effect of Vitamin A in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS ONE 9(9): e107564. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107564.


The fifth author’s name is misspelled. The correct name is: Laila Akhmetova. The correct citation is: Gagnon JA, Valen E, Thyme SB, Huang P, Akhmetova L, et al. (2014) Efficient Mutagenesis by Cas9 Protein-Mediated Oligonucleotide Insertion and Large-Scale Assessment of Single-Guide RNAs. PLoS ONE 9(5): e98186. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098186


Bordetella pertussis in a Mouse Model. PLoS ONE 9(8): e105011. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105011The names of the first and second authors are incorrect in the citation. The correct citation is: de Gouw D, de Jonge MI, Hermans PWM, Wessels HJCT, Zomer A, et al. (2014) Proteomics-Identified Bvg-Activated Autotransporters Protect against


The correct name is: Olga Davydenko. The correct citation is: Stein P, Rozhkov NV, Li F, Cárdenas FL, Davydenko O, et al. (2015) Essential Role for Endogenous siRNAs during Meiosis in Mouse Oocytes. PLoS Genet 11(2): e1005013. doi:


Nature Communications7: Article number: 11487 10.1038/ncomms11487 (2016); Published: 05092016; Updated: 06032016The affiliation details for R. De Pol-Holz are incorrect in this Article. The correct affiliation details for this author are given below:GAIA-Antartica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 01855, Chile.


In Situ Measurement of Some Soil Properties in Paddy Soil Using Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. PLoS ONE 9(8): e105708. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105708The authors’ names are listed incorrectly in the published article. The correct names are: Wenjun Ji, Zhou Shi, Jingyi Huang, Shuo Li. The correct citation is: Ji W, Shi Z, Huang J, Li S (2014)


The correct name is: Aaron D. Tward. The correct citation is: Mroz EA, Tward AD, Hammon RJ, Ren Y, Rocco JW (2015) Intra-tumor Genetic Heterogeneity and Mortality in Head and Neck Cancer: Analysis of Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. PLoS Med 12(2): e1001786. doi:


Clostridium difficile Infection in a Large Teaching Hospital in Thailand. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0127026. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127026The third author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Papanin Putsathit. The correct citation is: Ngamskulrungroj P, Sanmee S, Putsathit P, Piewngam P, Elliott B, Riley TV, et al. (2015) Molecular Epidemiology of


The correct name is Yasuyuki Ohkawa. The correct citation is: Ohnishi YH, Ohnishi YN, Nakamura T, Ohno M, Kennedy PJ, Ohkawa Y, et al. (2015) PSMC5, a 19S Proteasomal ATPase, Regulates Cocaine Action in the Nucleus Accumbens. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0126710. doi:


The correct name is: Mengmeng Cheng. The correct citation is: Hu S, Cheng M, Wang Y, Wang Z, Pei Y, Fan R, et al. (2016) mTOR Inhibition Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Suppressing T Cell Proliferation and Balancing TH1/TH17/Treg Profile. PLoS ONE 11(4): e0154564. doi:


The third author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Jane Sandall. The correct citation is: Agha M, Agha RA, Sandall J (2014) Interventions to Reduce and Prevent Obesity in Pre-Conceptual and Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 9(5): e95132. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095132


The second author’s name is incorrect. The correct name is Bas B. Oude Munnink. The correct citation is: Cotten M, Oude Munnink BB, Canuti M, Deijs M, Watson SJ, et al. (2014) Full Genome Virus Detection in Fecal Samples Using Sensitive Nucleic Acid Preparation, Deep Sequencing, and a Novel Iterative Sequence Classification Algorithm. PLoS ONE 9(4): e93269. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093269


The author should be cited as Lin AYM. The full citation should be: Lin AYM, Huynh A, Lanckriet G, Barrington L (2014) Crowdsourcing the Unknown: The Satellite Search for Genghis Khan. PLoS ONE 9(12): e114046. doi:


Pharmaceuticals Best Paper Award for 2015.1st PrizeIvana Cacciatore, Erika Fornasari, Leonardo Baldassarre, Catia Cornacchia, Stefania Fulle, Ester Sara Di Filippo, Tiziana Pietrangelo and Francesco PinnenA Potent (R)-alpha-bis-lipoyl Derivative Containing 8-Hydroxyquinoline Scaffold: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Its Neuroprotective Capabilities in SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma CellsPharmaceuticals2013, 6(1), 54-69; doi:10.3390/ph6010054http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/6/1/54Available online: 2nd PrizeAlbert J. Chang, Ravindra DeSilva, Sandeep Jain, Kimberley Lears, Buck Rogers and Suzanne Lapi89Zr-Radiolabeled Trastuzumab Imaging in Orthotopic and Metastatic Breast TumorsPharmaceuticals2012, 5(1), 79-93; doi:10.3390/ph5010079http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/5/1/79Available online: 3rd PrizeLuiza I. Hernandez, Katie S. Flenker, Frank J. Hernandez, Aloysius J. Klingelhutz, James O. McNamara and Paloma H. GiangrandeMethods for Evaluating Cell-Specific, Cell-Internalizing RNA AptamersPharmaceuticals2013, 6(3), 295-319; doi:10.3390/ph6030295http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/6/3/295Available online: It is always a difficult task for a jury to classify articles from a selection of outstanding manuscripts. This was the case again this year when we had to award a prize to three contributions only, whereas we read so many interesting and exciting results published in 2012 and 2013. Anyway, the members of the jury did their job and have the pleasure to announce that the three following publications won the The Prize Awarding Committee describes the article “A Potent (R)-alpha-bis-lipoyl Derivative Containing 8-Hydroxyquinoline Scaffold: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Its Neuroprotective Capabilities in SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cells” as “An interesting preclinical approach, newly combining antioxidant/metal-chealting (in neuroprotective) molecules for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD or AD”.Pharmaceuticals and the scientific literature. On behalf of the Prize Awarding Committee and the Editorial Board of Pharmaceuticals, we warmly congratulate these three groups. In recognition of their accomplishment, Dr. Ivana Cacciatore, Dr. Suzanne Lapi, and Dr. Paloma H. Giangrande will have the opportunity of publishing an additional Open Access format review or research paper, free of charge, in our Journal, Pharmaceuticals.We believe these three papers represent valuable contributions to Prize Awarding CommitteeEditor-in-ChiefDr. Jean Jacques Vanden EyndeLaboratory of Organic Chemistry (FS), University of Mons-UMONS, Place du parc, 23, 7000 Mons, Belgiumjean-jacques.vandeneynde@ex.umons.ac.beE-Mail: Associate EditorDr. Annie MayenceFormerly Professor at the Haute Ecole Provinciale de Hainaut-Condorcet, 7330 Saint-Ghislain, Belgiumannie.mayence@condorcet.beE-Mail: Editorial Board MemberProf. Dr. Klaus Kopka Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Program Imaging and Radiooncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germanyk.kopka@dkfz-heidelberg.deE-Mail: Editorial Board MemberProf. Dr. Thomas Rades Reseach Chair in Pharmaceutical Design and Drug Delivery Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmarkthomas.rades@sund.ku.dkE-Mail:


Grimberg. The correct citation is: Gould MP, Bosworth CM, McMahon S, Grandhi S, Grimberg BT, LaFramboise T (2015) PCR-Free Enrichment of Mitochondrial DNA from Human Blood and Cell Lines for High Quality Next-Generation DNA Sequencing. PLoS ONE 10(10): e0139253. doi:


The third author's name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Hua-Feng Ma. The correct citation is: Tang J-Z, Wang X-Q, Ma H-F, Wang B, Wang P-F, et al. (2014) Association between Polymorphisms in Lysyl Oxidase-Like 1 and Susceptibility to Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma. PLoS ONE 9(3): e90331. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090331.


The correct name is: Dogan Doruk Demircioglu. The correct citation is: Nguyen MT, Kraft B, Yu W, Demircioglu DD, Hertlein T, Burian M, et al. (2015) The νSaα Specific Lipoprotein Like Cluster (lpl) of S. aureus USA300 Contributes to Immune Stimulation and Invasion in Human Cells. PLoS Pathog 11(6): e1004984. doi:


The correct name is: Kristian C. Henrickson. The correct citation is: Wang Y, Ma X, Liu Y, Gong K, Henrickson KC, Xu M, et al. (2016) A Two-Stage Algorithm for Origin-Destination Matrices Estimation Considering Dynamic Dispersion Parameter for Route Choice. PLoS ONE 11(1): e0146850. doi:


The correct citation is: Almeida SAd, Claudio ERG, Mengal V, Oliveira SGd, Merlo E, Podratz P, et al. (2014) Exercise Training Reduces Cardiac Dysfunction and Remodeling in Ovariectomized Rats Submitted to Myocardial Infarction. PLoS ONE 9(12): e115970. doi:


The correct name should be: Giovanni Montesano. The correct citation should be: Rossetti L, Digiuni M, Montesano G, Centofanti M, Fea AM, Iester M, et al. (2015) Blindness and Glaucoma: A Multicenter Data Review from 7 Academic Eye Clinics. PLoS ONE 10(8): e0136632. doi:


The correct name is Choi YP. The correct citation is: Moore RA, Head MW, Ironside JW, Ritchie DL, Zanusso G, Choi YP, et al. (2016) The Distribution of Prion Protein Allotypes Differs Between Sporadic and Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients. PLoS Pathog 12(2): e1005416. doi:


The correct name is: Zauresh Murzakhmetova. The correct citation is: van Kampen SC, Tursynbayeva A, Koptleuova A, Murzakhmetova Z, Bigalieva L, Aubakirova M, et al. (2015) Effect of Introducing Xpert MTB/RIF to Test and Treat Individuals at Risk of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Kazakhstan: A Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0132514. doi:


The sixth author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: César Rivera. The correct citation is: Kawahara R, Granato DC, Carnielli CM, Cervigne NK, Oliveria CE, Rivera C, et al. (2014) Agrin and Perlecan Mediate Tumorigenic Processes in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PLoS ONE 9(12): e115004. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115004


The fifth author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Nobuyoshi Kitaichi.10.1371/journal.pone.0115593.The correct citation is: Nagata Y, Yoshihisa Y, Matsunaga K, Rehman MU, Kitaichi N, Shimizu T. (2015) Role of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in Pollen-Induced Allergic Conjunctivitis and Pollen Dermatitis in Mice. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0115593. doi:


The correct name is: Andrew J. Cole. The correct citation is: Douw L, Leveroni CL, Tanaka N, Emerton BC, Cole AJ, Reinsberger C, et al. (2015) Loss of Resting-State Posterior Cingulate Flexibility Is Associated with Memory Disturbance in Left Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0131209. doi:


Sensors papers that are related to sensing technologies and applications and meet the aims, scope and high standards of this journal [Sensors from among all the papers published in 2011 to track citations. Reviews and full research articles were considered separately. We gladly announce that the following eight papers were awarded the Sensors Best Paper Award in 2015.Since 2011, an annual award system was instituted to recognize outstanding  journal . This yeArticle Award:st Prize1Ellen L. Holthoff, Dimitra N. Stratis-Cullum and Mikella E. HankusA Nanosensor for TNT Detection Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and Surface Enhanced Raman ScatteringSensors2011, 11(3), 2700-2714; doi:10.3390/s110302700http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/3/2700Available online: nd Prize2Ye Tian, Wenhui Wang, Nan Wu, Xiaotian Zou and Xingwei WangTapered Optical Fiber Sensor for Label-Free Detection of BiomoleculesSensors2011, 11(4), 3780-3790; doi:10.3390/s110403780http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/4/3780Available online: rd Prize3Michele D. Kattke *, Elizabeth J. Gao, Kim E. Sapsford, Larry D. Stephenson and Ashok KumarAspergillus amstelodamiFRET-Based Quantum Dot Immunoassay for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Sensors2011, 11(6), 6396-6410; doi:10.3390/s110606396http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/6/6396Available online: th Prize4Jordi Llorens, Emilio Gil, Jordi Llop and Alexandre EscolàUltrasonic and LIDAR Sensors for Electronic Canopy Characterization in Vineyards: Advances to Improve Pesticide Application MethodsSensors2011, 11(2), 2177-2194; doi:10.3390/s110202177http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/2/2177Available online: th Prize5Constantin Apetrei, Irina Mirela Apetrei, Jose Antonio De Saja and Maria Luz Rodriguez-MendezCarbon Paste Electrodes Made from Different Carbonaceous Materials: Application in the Study of AntioxidantsSensors2011, 11(2), 1328-1344; doi:10.3390/s110201328http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/2/1328Available online: Review Award:st Prize1Sookyoung Roh, Taerin Chung and Byoungho LeeOverview of the Characteristics of Micro- and Nano-Structured Surface Plasmon Resonance SensorsSensors2011, 11(2), 1565-1588; doi:10.3390/s110201565http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/2/1565Available online: nd Prize2Alphus D. Wilson and Manuela BaiettoAdvances in Electronic-Nose Technologies Developed for Biomedical ApplicationsSensors2011, 11(1), 1105-1176; doi:10.3390/s110101105http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/1/1105Available online: rd Prize3Elizabeth A. Baldwin, Jinhe Bai, Anne Plotto and Sharon DeaElectronic Noses and Tongues: Applications for the Food and Pharmaceutical IndustriesSensors2011, 11(5), 4744-4766; doi:10.3390/s110504744http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/5/4744Available online: Sensors and the sensing field. On behalf of the Prize Awarding Committee and the Editorial Board of Sensors, we would like to congratulate these eight teams for their excellent work. In recognition of their accomplishment, Drs. Ellen L. Holthoff, Xingwei Wang, Michele D. Kattke, Emilio Gil and Maria Luz Rodriguez-Mendez will receive 1,000 CHF, 800 CHF, 600 CHF, 400 CHF and 200 CHF, respectively, and the privilege of publishing an additional open access format paper of their choice, free of charge, in Sensors in 2015. Drs. Byoungho Lee, Alphus D. Wilson and Elizabeth A. Baldwin will be awarded the privilege of publishing an additional research paper free of charge in open access format in Sensors.These eight exceptional papers are valuable contributions to Prize Awarding CommitteeEditor-in-Chief, Section ‘Physical Sensors’Dr. Vittorio M.N. PassaroDepartment of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona n. 4, 70125 Bari, ItalyTel.: +39-080-5963-850; Fax: +39-080-5963-410http://dee.poliba.it/photonicsgroupWebsite: vittorio.passaro@poliba.itE-Mail: Editor-in-Chief, Section ‘Chemical Sensors’Prof. Dr. W. Rudolf SeitzAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-3598, USATel.: +1-603-862-2408; Fax: +1-603-862-4278http://www.unh.edu/chemistry/faculty/seitz_w.htmlWebsite: wrs@cisunix.unh.eduE-Mail: Editor-in-Chief, Section ‘Remote Sensors’Dr. Assefa M. MelesseDepartment of Earth and Environment, AHC-5-390, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USATel.: +1-305-348-6518; Fax: +1-305-348-3877http://faculty.fiu.edu/∼melessea/Website: melessea@fiu.eduE-Mail: Editor-in-Chief, Section ‘Biosensors’Dr. Alexander StarDepartment of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USATel.: +1-412-624-6493; Fax: +1-412-624-4027http://www.pitt.edu/~astar/Website: astar@pitt.eduE-Mail: Editor-in-Chief, Section ‘Sensor Networks’Prof. Dr. Leonhard M. ReindlAlbert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, Laboratory for Electrical Instrumentation, Georges-Koehler-Allee 106, Room 04-014, D-79110 Freiburg, GermanyTel.: +49-761-203-7220; Fax: +49-761-203-7222http://www.imtek.de/professuren/emp/mitarbeiter/reindl/vitaWebsite: reindl@imtek.deE-Mail:


The correct title is: The Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Region and trnH-psbA Are Suitable Candidate Loci for DNA Barcoding of Tropical Tree Species of India. The correct citation is: Tripathi AM, Tyagi A, Kumar A, Singh A, Singh S, et al. (2013) The Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Region and trnH-psbA Are Suitable Candidate Loci for DNA Barcoding of Tropical Tree Species of India. PLoS ONE 8(2): e57934. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057934.“


Lepidium sisymbrioides, a polyploid New Zealand endemic, is the sole dioecious species in Brassicaceae and therefore the closest dioecious relative of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The attractiveness of developing this system for future studies on the genetics of sex determination prompted us to investigate historical and developmental factors surrounding the evolution of its unisexual flowers. Our goal was to determine the evolutionary pattern of polyploidization of L. sisymbrioides and the timing and process of flower reproductive organ abortion. To that end, we used a combination of phylogenetics to place this species within the complex history of polyploidization events in Lepidium and histology to compare its floral ontogeny to that of its closest hermaphroditic relatives and to A. thaliana.PISTILLATA), we reconstructed the gene tree among Lepidium taxa and applied a phylogenetic network analysis to identify ancestral genomes that contributed to the evolution of L. sisymbrioides. Combining this phylogenetic framework with cytological and genome size data, we estimated L. sisymbrioides as an allo-octoploid resulting from three hybridization events. Our investigations of flower development showed that unisexual flowers appear to abort reproductive organs by programmed cell death in female flowers and by developmental arrest in male flowers. This selective abortion occurs at the same floral developmental stage in both males and females, corresponding to Arabidopsis stage nine.Using a nuclear locus  contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Arabidopsis thaliana, which has a floral morphology representative of the vast majority of the family. Only 5% of genera within Brassicaceae show deviations from the basic floral plan of four sepals, four petals, six stamens , and two fused carpels , L. naufragorum [GenBank: JN119859-JN119860/JN119862/KJ648160-KJ648165], L. sisymbrioides [GenBank: KJ648166-KJ648169], and L. tenuicaule [GenBank:KJ648170-KJ648174], representing clades A1, A2, C, and D , originating from at least four divergent genomes .In order to identify hybridization events leading to the evolution of the dioecious species dization . Clades dization . In our PI data set . The remaining 31 taxa in our analyses do not show evidence of reticulation, and this may be due to diploidy, autopolyploidy, or gene loss.We further used the Bayesian majority rule consensus tree from the t Figure  to estimt Figure . AccordiLepidium sisymbrioides is derived from four distinct ancestral genomes  the common ancestor of the group that includes L. pseudotasmanicum and L. hyssopifolium (strong support), (2) a descendant from the common ancestor of the L. vesicarium group (low support), and (3) a descendant from the common ancestor of the L. dictyotum and L. quitense group (strong support). Biogeographically, the contribution of these genomes to L. sisymbrioides implies hybridization among Australian and New Zealand (ANZ) taxa , followed by hybridization with American (3) and potentially (with low support) Asian (2) species. The other three New Zealand study species, L. kirkii, L. naufragorum, and L. tenuicaule, show contributions from four, five, and four distinct ancestral genomes, respectively ,  a descenupport),  a descenPI data set, we conducted chromosome counts in PMCs. Seed of L. kirkii was not available, so its chromosome number remains unknown.In order to confirm our results from the L. sisymbrioides and L. tenuicaule had 2n = 64 chromosomes . As expected, sepal primordia developed first .In staminate flowers of m Figure B, sporogm Figure F, L and m Figure  Z2, the L. sisymbrioides  in stamen locules differentiates ; only one copy (clade C) was strongly supported [PI phylogeny recovered at least four divergent copies of the first intron in L. sisymbrioides and its close relatives  between an Australian and Australian or New Zealand species, (2) with an Asian species, and (3) with an American species  is almost fourfold that of Arabidopsis thaliana . Lepoid (18x ). Even t(0.16 pg ), it is (0.16 pg ), making sampled in this study. Voucher information provided only for taxa with sequences not downloaded from GenBank. Taxon, collector and collection number, origin, herbarium, PISTILLATA intron.Voucher information and GenBank accessions for Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC., AY114216; Lepidium alluaudii Maire, AY114221; Lepidium apetalum Willd., AY114217; Lepidium armoracia Fisch. & C.A. Mey., AY114218-AY114220; Lepidium aschersonii Thell., AY114222; Lepidium bipinnatifidum Desv., AY114223-AY114224; Lepidium bonariense L., AY114225-AY114227; Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br., AY114228; Lepidium chichicara Desv., AY114229-AY114231; Lepidium cordatum Willd. ex Steven, AY114232-AY114233; Lepidium coronopus (L.) Al-Shehbaz, unvouchered, cultivated from wild-collected seed from Madrid, Spain (INIA seed accession 205-0261-68), JN119857; Lepidium davisii Rollins, FJ541471/FJ541473; Lepidium densiflorum Schrad., AY114235-AY114236; Lepidium desvauxii Thell., AY114237; Lepidium dictyotum A. Gray, AY114238; Lepidium flavum Torr., AY114239; Lepidium flexicaule Kirk, AY114240-AY114241; Lepidium fremontii S. Watson, AY114243-AY114244; Lepidium graminifolium L., AY114246; Lepidium heterophyllum Benth., AY114247; Lepidium hirtum (L.) Sm. ssp. calycotrichum (Kunze) Thell., AY114248; Lepidium hyssopifolium Desv., AY114249; Lepidium kirkii Petrie, P. Heenan s.n., cultivated from wild-collected seed from Galloway, New Zealand, CHR, KJ648155-KJ648159; Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt., AY114250-AY114251; Lepidium latifolium L., AY114252; Lepidium leptopetalum F. Muell., AY114215; Lepidium meyenii Walp., AY114254-AY114255; Lepidium meyeri Claus ssp. meyeri, AY114269; Lepidium monoplocoides F. Muell., AY114256; Lepidium montanum Nutt., AY114257/AY114259; Lepidium myriocarpum Sond., AY114260; Lepidium naufragorum Garn.-Jones & D.A.Norton, V. Di Stilio 117, cultivated from wild-collected seed from Open Bay Islands, New Zealand, WTU, JN119859-JN119860/JN119862/KJ648160-KJ648165; Lepidium navasii (Pau) Al-Shehbaz, unvouchered, cultivated from wild-collected seed from Gádor, Spain (INIA seed accession 204-4472-76), JN119856; Lepidium nitidum Nutt., AY114261-AY114262; Lepidium oblongum Small, AY114263-AY114264; Lepidium oleraceum Sparrm., AY114265; Lepidium oxytrichum Sprague, AY114266-AY114267; Lepidium papilliferum (L.F. Hend.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr., FJ541451/FJ541488; Lepidium perfoliatum L., AY114268; Lepidium phlebopetalum (F. Mull.) F. Mull., AY114214; Lepidium pinnatifidum Ledeb., AY114270; Lepidium pseudohyssopifolium Hewson, AY114271-AY114274; Lepidium pseudotasmanicum Thell., AY114275; Lepidium quitense Turcz., AY114276; Lepidium ruderale L., AY114278; Lepidium sativum L., AY114279; Lepidium sisymbrioides Hook. f., V. Soza 1924, cultivated from wild-collected seed from Twizel, South Canterbury, New Zealand, WTU, KJ648166- KJ648169; Lepidium spinosum Ard., AY114280; Lepidium tenuicaule Kirk, V. Di Stilio 116, cultivated from wild-collected seed from Shag Point, New Zealand, WTU, KJ648170- KJ648174; Lepidium vesicarium L., AY114281; Lepidium violaceum (Munby) Al-Shehbaz, unvouchered, cultivated from wild-collected seed from N. Azrou, Morocco (INIA seed accession 206-4096-84), JN119858; Lepidium virginicum L., AY114285.Notes: INIA = Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, Madrid, Spain.Staminate flowers ofLepidium sisymbrioides. A) Young staminate flower of L. sisymbrioides, showing sepals (Se), five stamens (St), and aborted gynoecium (G). (B) Staminate flower of L. sisymbrioides, showing sepals (Se), six nectaries (N) among stamen (St) filaments, and aborted gynoecium (G). Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (ZIP 3 MB)Additional file 1: Histological sections of hermaphroditic and dioeciousLepidiumspecies stained with Toluidine Blue O. (A-C) Flower at the pre-meiotic stage of microsporogenesis, stage 9; from left to right, (A) hermaphroditic L. naufragorum, (B) staminate L. sisymbrioides, and (C) carpellate L. sisymbrioides.  Anther locule from respective flower above.  Ovule from respective flower above. (J-L) Flowers later on in development, at the microgametogenesis stage, stages 11–12; from left to right, (J) hermaphroditic L. naufragorum, (K) staminate L. sisymbrioides, and (L) carpellate L. sisymbrioides.  Anther locule from respective flower above.  Ovule from respective flower above. (S-U) Mature flowers, stage 13; from left to right, (S) hermaphroditic L. naufragorum, (T) staminate L. sisymbrioides, and (U) carpellate L. sisymbrioides.  Anther locule from respective flower above.  Ovule from respective flower above. Scale bar = 50 μm in A-C; 100 μm in J-U. E, endothecium; ES, embryo sac; G, gynoecium; I, integuments; M, microspores; N, nucleus; O, ovule; P, pollen; PMC, pollen mother cells; Se, sepals; Sg, stigmatic papillae; St, stamen; Sy = style; T, tapetum; V = vacuolated cell. (PDF 10 MB)Additional file 2:


Vilella, Matthieu Muffato, Leo Gordon, Simon White, Paul Flicek and Javier Herrero10.1093/database/bav127doi:These interconnected articles were originally published with incorrect references 45 and 44, respectively. In the manuscript ‘Ensembl comparative genomics resources’, reference 45 to the authors’ related paper should have read as follows:et al. (2016) ncRNA orthologies in the vertebrate lineage. Database (Oxford), 2016, bav127.45. Pignatelli,M., Vilella,A.J., Muffato,M. In the manuscript ‘ncRNA orthologies in the vertebrate lineage’, reference 44 to the authors’ related paper should have read as follows:et al. (2016) Ensembl comparative genomics resources. Database (Oxford), 2016, bav096.44. Herrero,J., Muffato,M., Beal,K. The publisher apologizes for this error.


The complete, correct name is: David A Sinclair. The correct citation is: Riepsamen A, Wu L, Lau L, Listijono D, Ledger W, Sinclair DA, et al. (2015) Nicotinamide Impairs Entry into and Exit from Meiosis I in Mouse Oocytes. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0126194. doi:


July correction PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 8In Nicotine's Defensive Function in NatureAnke Steppuhn, Klaus Gase, Bernd Krock, Rayko Halitschke, Ian T. Baldwin10.1371/journal.pbio.0020217DOI: The Academic Editor was erroneously listed as Michael Levine. The Academic Editor for this paper is Joy Bergelson, Chicago University.This correction note may be found online at DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020382.