Pterulaceae was formally proposed to group six coralloid and dimitic genera: Actiniceps (=Dimorphocystis), Allantula, Deflexula, Parapterulicium, Pterula, and Pterulicium. Recent molecular studies have shown that some of the characters currently used in Pterulaceae do not distinguish the genera. Actiniceps and Parapterulicium have been removed, and a few other resupinate genera were added to the family. However, none of these studies intended to investigate the relationship between Pterulaceae genera. In this study, we generated 278 sequences from both newly collected and fungarium samples. Phylogenetic analyses supported with morphological data allowed a reclassification of Pterulaceae where we propose the introduction of Myrmecopterula gen. nov. and Radulomycetaceae fam. nov., the reintroduction of Phaeopterula, the synonymisation of Deflexula in Pterulicium, and 53 new combinations. Pterula is rendered polyphyletic requiring a reclassification; thus, it is split into Pterula, Myrmecopterula gen. nov., Pterulicium and Phaeopterula. Deflexula is recovered as paraphyletic alongside several Pterula species and Pterulicium, and is sunk into the latter genus. Phaeopterula is reintroduced to accommodate species with darker basidiomes. The neotropical Myrmecopterula gen. nov. forms a distinct clade adjacent to Pterula, and most members of this clade are associated with active or inactive attine ant nests. The resupinate genera Coronicium and Merulicium are recovered in a strongly supported clade close to Pterulicium. The other resupinate genera previously included in Pterulaceae, and which form basidiomes lacking cystidia and with monomitic hyphal structure , are reclassified into Radulomycetaceae fam. nov. Allantula is still an enigmatic piece in this puzzle known only from the type specimen that requires molecular investigation. A key for the genera of Pterulaceae and Radulomycetaceae fam. nov. is also provided here. Pterulaceae begins with the hesitant proposal of the genus Pterula (hereinafter abbreviated as Pt.) in the early 19th century by Fries , Parapterulicium, Pterula and Pterulicium (hereinafter abbreviated as Pm.)  Corner , 1970 , including representatives of all genera currently accepted in Pterulaceae except Allantula. Despite several attempts for recollecting Allantula in its type locality, the monotypic genus is still only known from the type specimen collected by Corner . The samples were dried in a low-heat food dehydrator and deposited at Aberystwyth University (ABS), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (RB), Royal Botanic Gardens - Kew (K), Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (HSTM) and Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (FLOR). Morphological identification and taxonomy of al-Dutra  and Lealal-Dutra .DNA was extracted from dried basidiomes or freeze-dried cultures by first grinding with liquid nitrogen and then lysis in CTAB buffer , clean-up with chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1), precipitation with isopropanol (0.6 vol.) and a final wash with 70% ethanol. Partial sequences of the nrITS, nrLSU and RPB2 were amplified by PCR using the primer pairs listed on Table Chromatograms were manually checked and sequences assembled and edited using GENEIOUS 10.0.2 , more than one optimal hit was found; the subject sequences were compared for occurrence of indels and treated as virtual clones (VC). These sequences are included in the dataset , nrLSU (10) and RPB2 (13) were mined from 13 previously assembled and unpublished genomes using NCBI BLAST+ package v2.7.1  analysis was conducted with the sequences generated in this study alongside GenBank sequences to find the best outgroup for Stephanospora as outgroups, and was divided into five partitions for further analyses: ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2, LSU and RPB2. Each partition was aligned separately with MAFFT v7.311 . The convergence of the runs was assessed on TRACER v1.7  to ensure the potential scale reduction factors (PSRF) neared 1.0 and the effective sample size values (ESS) were sufficiently large (> 200). Nodes with BPP ≥0.95 and/or UFBoot ≥95 were considered strongly supported. Alignment and phylogenetic trees are deposited in Treebase (ID: 24428).Bayesian Inference (BI) was implemented using MRBAYES v3.2  with two independent runs, each one with four chains and starting from random trees. The best-fit evolutionary models and partitioning scheme for these analyses were estimated as for the ML analysis but restricting the search to models implemented on MRBAYES (options -m TESTMERGEONLY -mset mrbayes). Chains were run for 10From this section, all taxa are referred to by the names proposed in this study.Pterulaceae  of all parameters above 2800 and the potential scale reduction factors (PSRF) equal 1.000 for all the parameters according to the 95% HPD Interval.Radulomycetaceae , Phaeopterula , Coronicium superclade (grouping Merulicium and Coronicium), Pterulicium , Pterula and Myrmecopterula .The new classification proposed in this study Fig. , highligPterulaceae, namely Aphanobasidium , Radulotubus  and Radulomyces . The placement of Aphanobasidium and Radulomyces into Pterulaceae was previously shown by phylogenetic reconstructions of corticioid taxa  in their morphology and consequently we introduce the family name Phaeopterula received maximum support in both analyses. It includes Pterula stipata, Pt. anomala, Pt. juruensis and other species which all have dark brown basidiomes. This clade is the first coralloid lineage to diverge within Pterulaceae. As these species render Pterula paraphyletic, a reclassification is needed. The generic name Phaeopterula was originally proposed as a subgenus of Pterula to accommodate Ph. hirsuta and Ph. juruensis . Both genera form resupinate basidiomes but differ in the hyphal system present . Some Pterulicium species also show transitions in their morphology to a resupinate state. Corner . The Pterula species are interspersed with some Deflexula, rendering both genera polyphyletic. Pterulicium xylogenum forms a well-supported subclade with Pterula secundiramea . Deflexula fascicularis forms a subclade with other Deflexula species that share globose spores, an unusual feature within Pterulaceae, most of which form ellipsoid to subamygdaliform spores.Two type species, Pterula spp. that are represented by very bushy coralloid basidiomes, usually robust and taller than those of Pterulicium, stipe concolorous with hymenophore and lacking a cottony subiculum. Pterula has a mainly pantropical and pan-subtropical distribution, with occurrence reported to all continents except Antarctica (Corner This clade groups the true a Corner .Pterula represents the newly proposed genus (see below). It groups the two species cultivated by attine ants in the Apterostigma pilosum group with M. moniliformis and several unidentified free-living species. The species in this clade are only known from the Neotropics. Myrmecopterula is divided into seven subclades  and two closely related to M. nudihortorum (SAPN 1–2).This sister clade of des Fig.  represenRadulomycetaceae Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., fam. nov.MycoBank MB831047.Diagnosis: Differs from resupinate forms of Pterulaceae in the monomitic hyphal system and the absence of cystidia. Cystidia may be either present or absent in Pm. xylogenum, in the latter case the amygdaliform spores differentiate the species from Radulomyces that has ellipsoid to globose spores.Etymology: From the type genus Radulomyces.Type genus: Radulomyces M.P. Christ. 1960.Description: Basidiome resupinate, effused, mostly adnate, ceraceous, hymenophore smooth, tuberculate, odontioid, raduloid or poroid. Hyphal system monomitic, generative hyphae with clamps, hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled. Cystidia absent. Basidia terminal clavate or other form if pleural, usually with 4-sterigmata and a basal clamp. Basidiospores ellipsoid to globose, hyaline, mostly smooth, thin- to slightly thick-walled, acyanophilous, inamyloid and non-dextrinoid.Notes: Radulomyces, Aphanobasidium and Radulotubus are placed in Radulomycetaceae. Larsson (2007) suggested that Lepidomyces had affinities to Aphanobasidium and could possibly be placed in Pterulaceae. However, no sequence data for the genus are available. Lepidomyces is described as bearing pleurobasidia as in Aphanobasidium, but also leptocystidia as in Coronicium and Merulicium. Given its morphological similarities to Aphanobasidium and the Coronicium superclade, we retain Lepidomyces as incertae sedis until molecular data are available to confirm its phylogenetic positionMyrmecopterula Leal-Dutra, Dentinger & G.W. Griff., gen. nov.MycoBank MB831048.Etymology: From the ancient Greek μύρμηκος (=mýrmēkos), genitive form of μύρμηξ (=mýrmēx), ants. Thus, Pterula of the ants, due to the observed relationship of several taxa in this genus with nests of fungus-growing ants.Diagnosis: Differs from Pterula in the presence of the cottony subiculum.Type species: Myrmecopterula moniliformis (Henn.) Leal-Dutra et al. 2019.Description: Basidiome if present bushy, pteruloid, white-cream to light brown and greyish surface, normally concolorous or stipe with a darker tone than the hymenophore, arising from cottony subiculum with mycelial cords. Stipe surface sterile. Hyphal system, dimitic hyphal system. Basidiospores relatively small spores, usually less than 7 μm wide.Ecology: Usually associated with the nests of ants, growing on top, or from a living or dead nest, or being cultivated by the ants.Notes: Basidiomes of Myrmecopterula species are very similar to those of Pterula in habit, shape, and colour, but differ in the presence of mycelial cords and a cottony subiculum from which the basidiomes emerge. Some species of Myrmecopterula arise from soil, while others superficially appear to grow on wood. Closer observation of basidiomes formed on wood revealed that, rather than being lignicolous, they instead grow from a loose, granular substrate within a cavity inside the wood. This substrate in some cases resembles the substrate in the fungus gardens of the Apterostigma pilosum group of ants. In addition, M. moniliformis, which arises from soil, has been found emerging from active and inactive attine nests, . Thus, all but one of the Myrmecopterula clades found to date had some association with attine ants, of which the two farmed mutualist species (M. nudihortorum and M. velohortorum) are best known. The five other species (of which only M. moniliformis is named) are less well studied and may play a role in decomposition of residual substrates in abandoned fungus garden, or potentially even as mycoparasites of the ant cultivar. In contrast, no Pterula spp. have any reported association with ants, but instead are found growing directly from wood and leaf litter.Myrmecopterula moniliformis (Henn.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger & G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831049.Basionym: Lachnocladium moniliforme Henn., Hedwigia43: 198 (1904).Synonyms: Pterula moniliformis (Henn.) Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s.16: 569 (1952).Thelephora clavarioides Torrend, Brotéria, sér. Bot. 12: 61 (1914).Description: Corner (: Corner : 546–548Myrmecopterula nudihortorum (Dentinger) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger & G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831050.Basionym: Pterula nudihortorum Dentinger, Index Fungorum98: 1 (2014); as ‘nudihortus’, and later ‘nudihorta’.Diagnosis: In the field, recognized by the absence of any veil on the fungus garden in Apterostigma nests, usually inside decomposing trunks or underground. In culture, it forms very little aerial mycelium and exhibits very slow growth . Hyphal clamps abundant.Notes: This species was formerly known as the ant cultivar G4. It is only known from the nest of fungus-growing ants in the Apterostigma pilosum group in the A. manni subclade (Schultz  Schultz .Myrmecopterula velohortorum (Dentinger) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger & G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831051.Basionym: Pterula velohortorum Dentinger. Index Fungorum98: 1 (2014); as ‘velohortus’, and later ‘velohorta’.Diagnosis: In the field, recognized by the Apterostigma garden covered by a mycelial veil, usually inside decomposing trunks, below the leaf litter or hanging on exposed surfaces aboveground. In culture, it forms very cottony aerial mycelia with presence of racquet hyphae  Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. Fung.17: 201 (1905).Basionym: Pterula subgen. Phaeopterula Henn., Monsunia1: 9 (1900) [“1899”].Type species: Phaeopterula hirsuta (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. 1899.Description: Basidiomes pteruloid, solitary or gregarious, scarcely branched to almost bushy, monopodial and slightly symmetric, branches from light brownish pink or greyish to pale brown and stipe dark reddish to rusty brown. Stipe surface glabrous with agglutinated hyphae (not sclerotioid) to villose-tomentose. Dark brown mycelial cords usually present. Hyphal system dimitic with thick-walled skeletal hyphae, generative hyphae thin-walled and often clamped. Hymenial cystidia absent, caulocystidia sometimes present. Basidia terminal, clavate to suburniform. Basidiospores less than 9 μm varying between pip-shaped, subamygdaliform and ellipsoid.Ecology: Growing on dead twigs or dead wood.Notes: Hennings (Phaeopterula to accommodate Pterula hirsuta that was distinguished from other Pterula species by the reportedly brown spores. Hennings (1904) later described a second species in the subgenus, Ph. juruensis, but noted that it was morphologically quite distinct from Ph. hirsuta. Phaeopterula was raised to generic level by Saccardo and Saccardo (Ph. juruensis. Pterula hirsuta was recombined in Dendrocladium by Lloyd (1919) but later returned to Pterula by Corner  Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB830999.Basionym: Pterula anomala P. Roberts, Kew Bull.54(3): 528 ((3): 528 .Description: Roberts (1999: 528–529).Phaeopterula hirsuta (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 17: 201 (1905).MycoBank MB469044.Basionym: Pterula hirsuta Henn., Monsunia1: 9 (1899) [1900].Synonym: Dendrocladium hirsutum (Henn.) Lloyd, Mycol. Writ. 5: 870 (1919).Description: Corner (1950: 517).Phaeopterula juruensis Henn. ex Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. Fung.17: 201 (1905).MycoBank MB634235.Basionym:Phaeopterula juruensis Henn. ex Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. Fung. 17: 201 (1905).Synonym: Dendrocladium juruense (Henn. ex Sacc. & D. Sacc.) Lloyd, Mycol. Writ. 5: 870 (1919).Pterula juruensis (Henn. ex Sacc. & D. Sacc.) Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 518 (1950).Phaeopterula juruensis Henn., Hedwigia 43 (3): 175 (1904).Descriptions: Corner .Phaeopterula stipata (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831000.Basionym: Pterula stipata Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 568 (1952).Description: Corner (1952b: 556–557).Phaeopterula taxiformis (Mont.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831001.Basionym: Pterula taxiformis Mont., Syll. Gen.: 181 (1856).Synonyms: Lachnocladium taxiforme (Mont.) Sacc., Syll. Fung.6: 740 (1888).Pterula humilis Speg., Revista Argent. Hist. Nat. 1(2): 110 (1891).Pterula humilis var. tucumanensis Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. B. Aires, Ser. 3 12: 280 (1909).Descriptions: Corner .Phaeopterula taxiformis var. gracilis (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831002.Basionym: Pterula taxiformis var. gracilis Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 568 (1952).Description: Corner (1952b: 561).Pterulicium Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 699 (1950).Synonym: Deflexula Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 695 (1950).Type Species: Pterulicium xylogenum (Berk. & Broome) Corner 1950.Description: Basidiomes pteruloid rarely corticioid, solitary or gregarious, simple or scarcely branched, occasionally exhibiting abundant unilateral branching . Hyphal system dimitic with slightly thick-walled skeletal hyphae, generative hyphae thin-walled and often clamped. Hymenial cystidia usually present, caulocystidia sometimes present. Basidia terminal, clavate to suburniform. Basidiospores shape varying between globose to subglobose, pip-shaped, amygdaliform to subamygdaliform, ellipsoid.ng Figs. i, l, varEcology: On dead leaves, dead twigs or dead wood, rarely as a pathogen or endophyte of living plants.Notes: Deflexula is synonymised with Pterulicium in this study. In addition, several species previously placed in Pterula are transferred to Pterulicium below. Other Pterula species that might need to be recombined in Pterulicium, require further investigation since their original descriptions do not provide enough information to confidently assign them here.Pterulicium argentinum (Speg.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831003.Basionym: Mucronella argentina Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. Hist. nat. B. Aires6: 178 (1899) [“1898”].Synonyms: Deflexula argentina (Speg.) Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 276 (1952).Deflexula lilaceobrunnea var. elongata Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 276 (1952).Descriptions: Corner .Pterulicium argentinum var. ramosum (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831004.Basionym: Deflexula argentina (Speg.) Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 276 (1952).Description: Corner (1970: 197).Pterulicium bambusae (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831005.Basionym: Pterula bambusae Corner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia33: 209 (1970).Description: Corner (1970: 209).Pterulicium bromeliphilum (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831006.Basionym: Pterula bromeliphila Corner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia33: 210 (1970)Description: Corner (1970: 210).Pterulicium brunneosetosum (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831007.Basionym: Pterula brunneosetosa Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 566 (1952).Descriptions: Corner .Pterulicium campoi (Speg.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831008.Basionym: Pterula campoi Speg., Bol. Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba25: 29 (1921).Descriptions: Corner (1970: 210–211) and Spegazzini (egazzini : 29–30.Pterulicium caricis-pendulae (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831009.Basionym: Pterula caricis-pendulae Corner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia33: 211 (1970).Description: Corner (1970: 211–212).Pterulicium crassisporum (P. Roberts) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831010.Basionym: Pterula crassispora P. Roberts, Kew Bull. 54: 531 ( 54: 531 .Description: Roberts (1999: 531–532).Pterulicium cystidiatum (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831011.Basionym: Pterula cystidiata Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 567 (1952).Description: Corner (1952b: 537–539).Pterulicium debile (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831012.Basionym: Pterula bromeliphila Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 698 (1950).Description: Corner (1950: 508–510).Pterulicium echo (D.J. McLaughlin & E.G. McLaughlin) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831013.Basionym: Pterula echo D.J. McLaughlin & E.G. McLaughlin, Can. J. Bot. 58: 1328 (1980).Description: McLaughlin and McLaughlin (1980: 1328–1332).Pterulicium epiphylloides (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831014.Basionym: Pterula epiphylloides Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 567 (1952).Description: Corner (1952b: 540).Pterulicium epiphyllum (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831015.Basionym: Pterula epiphylla Corner Monogr. Clavaria.: 698 (1950).Description: Corner (1950: 510–511).Pterulicium fasciculare (Bres. & Pat.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831016.Basionym: Pterula fascicularis Bres. & Pat., Mycol. Writ. 1: 50 (1901).Synonym: Deflexula fascicularis (Bres. & Pat.) Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 395 (1950).Description: Corner (1950: 395–397).Pterulicium fluminense (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831017.Basionym: Pterula fluminensis Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 567 (1952).Descriptions: Corner .Pterulicium gordium (Speg.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831018.Basionym: Clavaria gordius Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. Argent. 17(2): 83 (1884).Synonym: Pterula gordius (Speg.) Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 513 (1950).Description: Corner (1950: 513–514).Pterulicium gordium var. macrosporum (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831019.Basionym: Pterula gordius var. macrospora Corner, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 178: 100 (1967).Description: Corner (1967: 100–101).Pterulicium gracile (Desm. & Berk.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831020.Basionym: Typhula gracilis Desm. & Berk., Ann. nat. Hist., Mag. Zool. Bot. Geol. 1: 202 (1838).Synonyms: Pistillaria gracilis (Desm. & Berk.) Pat., Tab. analyt. Fung. (Paris)(6): 30 (1886).Hirsutella gracilis (Desm. & Berk.) Pat., Revue mycol., Toulouse 14(no. 54): 69 (1892).Pterula gracilis (Desm. & Berk.) Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 514 (1950).Clavaria aculina Quél., C. r. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. 9: 670 (1881) [1880].Pistillaria aculina (Quél.) Pat., Tab. analyt. Fung. (Paris)(6): 29  (1886).Ceratella aculina (Quél.) Pat., Hyménomyc. Eur. (Paris): 157 (1887).Cnazonaria aculina (Quél.) Donk, Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 9: 97 (1933).Pistillaria aculina subsp. juncicola Bourdot & Galzin, Hyménomyc. de France (Sceaux): 138 (1928) [1927].Pistillaria aculina subsp. graminicola Bourdot & Galzin, Hyménomyc. de France (Sceaux): 139 (1928) [1927].Pistillaria aculina subsp. acicula Bourdot & Galzin, Hyménomyc. de France (Sceaux): 139 (1928) [1927].Typhula brunaudii Quél., C. r. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. 13: 283 (1885) [1884].Clavaria brunaudii (Quél.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 6: 730 (1888).Ceratella ferryi Quél. & Fautrey, Revue mycol., Toulouse 15(no. 57): 15 (1893).Pistillaria ferryi (Quél. & Fautrey) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 11: 141 (1895).Pistillaria ferryi subsp. tremula Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 17: 202 (1905).Mucronella rickii Oudem., Ned. kruidk. Archf, 3 sér. 2(3): 667 (1902).Cnazonaria rickii (Oudem.) Donk, Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 9: 99 (1933).Ceratellopsis rickii (Oudem.) Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 205 (1950).Description: Corner (1950: 514–516).Pterulicium incarnatum (Pat.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831021.Basionym: Pterula incarnata Pat., in Patouillard & Lagerheim, Bull. Herb. Boissier3(1): 58 (1895).Descriptions: Corner .Pterulicium intermedium (Dogma) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831022.Basionym: Pterula intermedia Dogma, Philipp. Agric. 49: 852 ( 49: 852 .Descriptions: Corner (1970): 216 and Dogma (1966: 852-855).Pterulicium laxum (Pat.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831023.Basionym: Pterula laxa Pat., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 18(2): 175 (1902).Descriptions: Corner .Pterulicium lilaceobrunneum (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831024.Basionym: Deflexula lilaceobrunnea Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 695 (1950).Description: Corner (1950: 397–398).Pterulicium lilaceobrunneum var. evolutius (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831025.Basionym: Deflexula lilaceobrunnea var. evolutior Corner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia33: 197 (1970).Description: Corner (1970: 197–198).Pterulicium longisporum (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831026.Basionym: Pterula longispora Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 567 (1952).Description: Corner (1952b: 544–545).Pterulicium macrosporum (Pat.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831027.Basionym: Ceratella macrospora Pat., in Patouillard & Lagerheim, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 8(3): 119 (1892).Synonyms: Pistillaria macrospora (Pat.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 11: 142 (1895).Pterula macrospora (Pat.) Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 518 (1950).Descriptions: Corner .Pterulicium majus (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831028.Basionym: Deflexula major Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 277 (1952).Description: Corner (1952a: 277–278).Pterulicium mangiforme (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831029.Basionym: Deflexula mangiformis Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 278 (1952).Description: Corner (1952a: 278).Pterulicium microsporum (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831030.Basionym: Deflexula microspora Corner, Bull. Jard. bot. État Brux.36: 264 (1966).Description: Corner (1966: 264).Pterulicium nanum (Pat.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831031.Basionym: Pterula nana Pat., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr.18(2): 175 (1902).Synonyms: Deflexula nana (Pat.) Corner, Bull. Jard. bot. État Brux.36: 264 (1966).Pterula vanderystii Henn. [as ‘vanderysti’], Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5 2(2): 96 (1907).Deflexula vanderystii (Henn.) Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 284 (1952).Description: Corner (1966: 264).Pterulicium naviculum (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831032.Basionym: Pterula navicula Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 568 (1952).Description: Corner (1952b: 549–550).Pterulicium oryzae (Remsberg) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831033.Basionym: Pistillaria oryzae Remsberg, Mycologia32(5): 668 ((5): 668 .Synonym: Pterula oryzae (Remsberg) Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 519 (1950).Descriptions: Corner (1950: 519–520) and Remsberg (1940: 668–670).Pterulicium phyllodicola (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831034.Basionym: Pterula phyllodicola Corner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia33: 220 (1970).Description: Corner (: Corner : 220.Pterulicium phyllophilum (McAlpine) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831035.Basionym: Clavaria phyllophila McAlpine, Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney 7: 86 (1896).Synonym: Pterula phyllophila (McAlpine) Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 520 (1950).Description: Corner (1950: 520).Pterulicium rigidum (Donk) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831036.Basionym: Pterula rigida Donk, Monogr. Clavaria.: 698 (1950).Description: Corner (1950: 521).Pterulicium sclerotiicola (Berthier) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831037.Basionym: Pterula sclerotiicola Berthier, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr.83: 731 (1968) [1967].Description: Corner (1970: 221).Pterulicium secundirameum (Lév) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831038.Basionym: Clavaria secundiramea Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 2: 216 (1844).Synonyms: Pterula secundiramea (Lév.) Speg., Bol. Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba11(4): 466 (1889).Deflexula secundiramea (Lév.) Corner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia33: 199 (1970).Pterula palmicola Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 568 (1952).Descriptions: Corner .Notes: The synonymisation of Pm. palmicola (samples M50 and M83) in Pm. secundirameum (samples M70 and genome5) is based on our phylogenetic results and morphological comparisons. The only morphological difference between the two species is the shape of the basidiome, however, the other characters are similar and both species are nested together within our tree  Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831039.Basionym: Hydnum sprucei Mont., Syll. gen. sp. crypt. (Paris): 173 (1856).Synonyms: Pterula sprucei (Mont.) Lloyd, Mycol. Writ.5: 865 (1919).Deflexula sprucei (Mont.) Maas Geest., Persoonia3(2): 179 (1964).Pterula pennata Henn., Hedwigia43(3): 174 (1904).Deflexula pennata (Henn.) Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 278 (1952).Descriptions: Corner  and Maas Geesteranus (steranus : 178–179Pterulicium subsimplex (Henn.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831040.Basionym: Pterula subsimplex Henn., Hedwigia36(4): 197 (1897).Synonyms: Deflexula subsimplex (Henn.) Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 279 (1952).Pterula nivea Pat., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr.18(2): 174 (1902).Deflexula nivea (Pat.) Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 398 (1950).Mucronella pacifica Kobayasi, Bot. Mag., Tokyo 53: 160 (1939).Deflexula pacifica (Kobayasi) Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 399 (1950).Descriptions: Corner  Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831041.Basionym: Deflexula subsimplex var. multifida Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 282 (1952).Description: Corner (1952a: 282–283).Pterulicium subtyphuloides (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831042.Basionym: Pterula subtyphuloides Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 698 (1950).Description: Corner (1950: 522–523).Pterulicium sulcisporum (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831043.Basionym: Deflexula sulcispora Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 283 (1952).Description: Corner (1952a: 283–284).Pterulicium tenuissimum (M.A. Curtis) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831044.Basionym: Typhula tenuissima M.A. Curtis, Am. Journ. Art. Scienc. 6: 351 (1848).Synonym: Pterula tenuissima (M.A. Curtis) Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 524 (1950).Description: Corner (1950: 524).Pterulicium typhuloides (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB832820.Basionym: Pterula typhuloides Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 698 (1950).Description: Corner (1950: 525–526).Pterulicium typhuloides var. minor (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB832821.Basionym: Pterula typhuloides var. minus Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 699 (1950).Description: Corner (1950: 526–527).Pterulicium ulmi (Peck) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831045.Basionym: Mucronella ulmi Peck, Ann. Rep. Reg. N.Y. St. Mus. 54: 154 (1902) [1901].Synonym: Deflexula ulmi (Peck) Corner, Monogr. Clavaria.: 400 (1950).Descriptions: Corner .Pterulicium velutipes (Corner) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger, G.W. Griff., comb. nov.MycoBank MB831046.Basionym: Pterula velutipes Corner, Ann. Bot., Lond., n.s. 16: 569 (1952).Description: Corner (1952b: 565–566).Key to genera ofPterulaceaeandRadulomycetaceaeMyrmecopterula cultivated by Apterostigma was never reported forming basidiomes* Allantula in Corner 1952c)** Allantoid = sausage-shaped, in this case with inflated portions of hymenium intercalating with rhizomorph  than to leave them in Pterulaceae where they are clearly phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from nearly all the other members of Pterulaceae. In contrast, Merulicium  and of uniform colour (Pterula and Myrmecopterula) or pigmented only at the stipe base, and (mostly) unbranched (Pterulicium). Hennings  basidiomes  attine nests  as was CALD170315–04  that it evolved independently on two occasions, or (2) that it is an ancestral condition of all Myrmecopterula. However, it is at present unclear whether the extant mutualistic association found for M. nudihortorum and M. velohortorum is ancestral, implying that the other taxa escaped the mutualism, or whether the looser association with ant nests widespread amongst members of Myrmecopterula was more recently elevated to a higher level of interdependence for these two species, as suggested by Dentinger et al.  for more detailed analysis.All the accepted genera in ork Fig. m. PhylogPterulaceae as containing six genera: Allantula, Coronicium, Merulicium, Myrmecopterula, Phaeopterula, Pterula, and Pterulicium.Thus, we re-delimit Pterulaceae based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses with samples from six out of seven genera previously accepted in the family. Three early diverging resupinate genera were placed in the new family Radulomycetaceae ; the new genus Myrmecopterula was introduced to accommodate ant associated species previously classified in Pterula; several species from the latter were also recombined in the reintroduced Phaeopterula and in Pterulicium, and finally Deflexula was synonymised with Pterulicium. Pterulaceae was thus re-delimited to accommodate seven genera Allantula, Coronicium, Merulicium, Myrmecopterula, Phaeopterula, Pterula and Pterulicium. Some species kept in Pterula might also need to be recombined since the original description was not enough to make these changes. Type specimens should be analysed considering the delimitations proposed in this study.In this study, we presented a reclassification of Additional file 1. Full details of all samples studied here (simplified in Table Additional file 2. Additional phylogenetic reconstructions, including detailed analyses relating to Fig. 3Additional file 3 Additional images of coralloid Pterulaceae and micrographs of Myrmecopterula velohortorum.


Correction to: BMC Infect Dis (2018) 18:40https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-2953-8After the publication of the original article , an erroThe reference currently reads:Park IH, Jun CH, Wi JW, Park SY, Lee WS, Jung SI, Park CH, Joo YE, Kim HS, Choi SK, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for endogenous endophthalmitis in patients with pyogenic liver abscesses. Korean J Intern Med. 2015;30(4):453–9.The reference should read:Chest. Thoracic Complications of Amebic Abscess of the Liver: Report of 501 Cases, 1981 Jun;79(6):672–7, doi: 10.1378/chest.79.6.672.


The correct name is: Andres H. Aria. The correct citation is: Das S, Aria AH, Cheng J-O, Souissi S, Hwang J-S, Ko F-C (2020) Occurrence and distribution of anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants in coastal sediments and mud shrimps from the wetland of central Taiwan. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0227367.


Communications Biology 10.1038/s42003-023-05551-1, published online 21 November 2023.Correction to: The original version of the Article contained errors in the order of the references numbered 72, 73 and 74. The in-text citations were correctly ordered. The reference list should read:Biol. Reprod. 85, 977–986 (2011).72. Li, C. W. & Ge, W. Spatiotemporal expression of bone morphogenetic protein family ligands and receptors in the zebrafish ovary: a potential paracrine signaling mechanism for oocyte-follicle cell communication. Aquat. Toxicol. 68, 193–217 (2004).73. Brion, F. et al. Impacts of 17 beta-estradiol, including environmentally relevant concentrations, on reproduction after exposure during embryolarval-, juvenile- and adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)9, 593 (2018).74. Zhu, B., Pardeshi, L., Chen, Y. & Ge, W. Transcriptomic analysis for differentially expressed genes in ovarian follicle activation in the zebrafish. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Numerous applications of amino acid-based compounds and peptide derivatives in different biomedicine- and nanotechnology-related fields were described in the recent scientific literature . For exa2+ and Zn2+ showed peculiar crystallization properties that were influenced by the metal ions. It also exerts a neuroprotective effect due to both its metal chelating properties and its ability to interact with amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, whose abundant deposition in the brain is famously linked to the Alzheimer’s disease [A synthetic octapeptide, derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), that is able to bind to Cu disease ,4.Synthetic peptides in conjunction with growth factors can show neuroprotective properties, making them potential candidates as innovative neurodrugs. The synthetic dodecapeptide C16 administered together with the growth factor angiopoietin-1 improved functional disability and reduced neuronal cell death in animal models by protecting vascular endothelial cells, thereby inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration and maintaining blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability .Novel cyclic peptidomimetics of the protein suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3)  were desSigns of the potential anti-metastatic activity of sugar–amino acid derivatives were discovered by the collaborative efforts of Armenian and Italian chemists who used the Amadori reaction to obtain novel synthetic conjugates and also discovered novel molecules with therapeutic potential .Peptides are also useful in the field of prophylactics for the realization of vaccines. Among the others, peptide-based vaccines have recently been attracting a growing attention in the prevention and recurrence of breast cancer ,9.l-Willardiine , 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15091096.Iavorschi, M.; Lupăescu, A.; Darie-Ion, L.; Indeykina, M.; Hitruc, G.; Petre, B. Cu and Zn Interactions with Peptides Revealed by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(9), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040471.Fu, X.; Wang, J.; Cai, H.; Jiang, H.; Han, S. C16 Peptide and Ang-1 Improve Functional Disability and Pathological Changes in an Alzheimer’s Disease Model Associated with Vascular Dysfunction. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(4), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040458.La Manna, S.; Leone, M.; Mercurio, F.; Florio, D.; Marasco, D. Structure-Activity Relationship Investigations of Novel Constrained Chimeric Peptidomimetics of SOCS3 Protein Targeting JAK2. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(4), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16070923.Nordin, M.; Azemi, A.; Nordin, A.; Nabgan, W.; Ng, P.; Yusoff, K.; Abu, N.; Lim, K.; Zakaria, Z.; Ismail, N.; Azmi, F. Peptide-Based Vaccine against Breast Cancer: Recent Advances and Prospects. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(7), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15101243.Palumbo, R.; Omodei, D.; Vicidomini, C.; Roviello, G. Willardiine and Its Synthetic Analogues: Biological Aspects and Implications in Peptide Chemistry of This Nucleobase Amino Acid. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(10), 1243; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15091048Diaferia, C.; Rosa, E.; Morelli, G.; Accardo, A. Fmoc-Diphenylalanine Hydrogels: Optimization of Preparation Methods and Structural Insights. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(9), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14080702.Resende, D.; Ferreira, M.; Sousa-Lobo, J.; Sousa, E.; Almeida, I. Usage of Synthetic Peptides in Cosmetics for Sensitive Skin. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(8), 702;


A. Stage 1 Title: Low-frequency Raman Spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for COVID-19 and other coronaviruses.B. Stage 1 Authors and Affiliations: Jacobi, Leor; Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. Damle, Vinayaka Harshothama; Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. Rajeswaran, Bharathi; Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. Tischler, Yaakov R.; Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.C. Stage 1 Abstract: Amidst the current worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, improved diagnostic tools are of vital importance. Low-frequency Raman (LFR) Spectroscopy provides a robust theoretical scientific basis for eventual development of a non-invasive Diagnostic Tool for specimens or patients directly. This preliminary research will begin mapping the nanostructure of COVID-19 via LFR and regular Raman Spectroscopy, in comparison with different Coronaviruses and other viral materials, helping to lay a groundwork for future research. In addition to its distinct nanostructure, effects on it by thermal fluctuations or decomposition, decay under laser excitation, and interference from buffers with be examined.D. Date of Stage 1 in-principle acceptance: 8 April 2020.E. Date of withdrawal: 6 April 2021.F. Reason for the withdrawal: Attempts to measure or identify viral material were not successful.G. URL to the approved Stage 1 manuscript:https://osf.io/y54h3.


Goeieman and Doudou K. Nzaumvila.In the published article Goeieman DS, Nonyane DS, Nzaumvila DK, Van Rensburg MNS. Retention of service users on opioid substitution therapy in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2023;15(1), a3392. Instead of:Authors:1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8647-1350Daniela S. Goeieman1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-6326Dimakatso S. Nonyane1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3257-0329Doudou K. Nzaumvila1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-1022Michelle N.S. Janse van RensburgAffiliations:1Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South AfricaIt should be:Authors:1,2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8647-1350Daniela S. Goeieman1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-6326Dimakatso S. Nonyane3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3257-0329Doudou K. Nzaumvila1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-1022Michelle N.S. Janse van RensburgAffiliations:1Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South Africa2Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa3Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South AfricaThe authors apologise for this error. The correction does not change the study’s findings of significance or overall interpretation of the study’s results or the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.