The Citation is incorrect. The correct Citation is: Powers JF, Korgaonkar PG, Fliedner S, Giubellino A, Pacak K, et al. (2014) Cytocidal Activities of Topoisomerase 1 Inhibitors and 5-Azacytidine against Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma Cells in Primary Human Tumor Cultures and Mouse Cell Lines. PLoS ONE 9(2): e87807. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087807


There was a spelling error in the fourth author's name. The correct spelling is Anne-Marie Carey. The correct citation is: Goodin P, Ciorciari J, Baker K, Carey A-M, Harper M, et al. (2012) A High-Density EEG Investigation into Steady State Binaural Beat Stimulation. PLoS ONE 7(4): e34789. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034789


The fifth author's name was spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Thien-Chuong N Phung.The correct citation is: Sabri F, Marchetta JG, Sinden-Redding M, Habenicht JJ, Phung T-CN, et al. (2012) Effect of Surface Plasma Treatments on the Adhesion of Mars JSC 1 Simulant Dust to RTV 655, RTV 615, and Sylgard 184. PLoS ONE 7(10): e45719. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045719


The second author's name appears incorrectly. The correct name is: Maarof Manira. The correct citation is: Seet WT, Manira M, Khairul Anuar K, Chua K-H, Ahmad Irfan AW, et al. (2012) Shelf-Life Evaluation of Bilayered Human Skin Equivalent, MyDerm™. PLoS ONE 7(8): e40978. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040978


The first author's name was spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Hervé Bertin Bisseleua Daghela. The correct citation is: Bisseleua Daghela HB, Fotio D, Yede, Missoup AD, Vidal S (2013) Shade Tree Diversity, Cocoa Pest Damage, Yield Compensating Inputs and Farmers' Net Returns in West Africa. PLoS ONE 8(3): e56115. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056115. The correct abbreviation in Author Contributions is: HBBD.


The fourth author's name was spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Nicolas Kerckhove.The correct citation is: Noblanc A, Peltier M, Damon-Soubeyrand C, Kerckhove N, Chabory E, et al. (2012) Epididymis Response Partly Compensates for Spermatozoa Oxidative Defects in snGPx4 and GPx5 Double Mutant Mice. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38565. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038565


The third author's name was spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Ena Wang. The correct citation is: Unlu S, Tang S, Wang E, Martinez I, Tang D, et al. (2012) Damage Associated Molecular Pattern Molecule-Induced microRNAs (DAMPmiRs) in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38899. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038899


AbstractTaperus Li & Wang. A new species, Taperus daozhenensis sp. n., from Guizhou Province, China is described and new records for other Chinese species are given together with a key for their separation. The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University (GUGC).                The paper deals with the species of the Oriental leafhopper genus  Taperus was established by Li and Wang in 1994 with Taperus fasciatus Li & Wang as its type species, at same time Li and Wang described two more species, Taperus albivittatus and Taperus apicalis. Subsequently, three new species were described in the genus by .Li & Wanghttp://species-id.net/wiki/TaperusTaperus Taperus fasciatus Li & Wang.                     Taperus is similar to Onukia Matsumura, it differs from this genus in having the median longitudinal carina of vertex very weak, nearly indistinct; area between median carina and submarginal carina of vertex nearly flat rather than concave and male pygofer with rows or groups of stout spine-like macrosetae marginally.                     For detailed generic description see Li & Wanghttp://species-id.net/wiki/Taperus_albivittatusTaperus albivittatus China (Sichuan).Unknown.1♂(Holotype): CHINA, Sichuan: Emeishan, Wanniansi, 3 August 1991, coll. Li Zizhong.After reexamining the holotype of this species, we found the count of spine-like processes on the apex of the aedeagus was wrong in the original description, we corrected it in above keys.Li & Wanghttp://species-id.net/wiki/Taperus_apicalisTaperus apicalis China (Guizhou).Unknown.1♂(Holotype): CHINA, Guizhou: Shuicheng, 30 September 1987, coll. Li Zizhong.Li & Wanghttp://species-id.net/wiki/Taperus_fasciatusTaperus fasciatus China ; Vietnam.Unknown.1♂(Holotype): CHINA, Guizhou: Daozhen, 18 September 1988, coll. Li Zizhong; 20♂♂, 17♀♀: CHINA, Guizhou: Leigongshan, Xiaodanjiang, 13~14 September 2005, coll. Li Zizhong & Zhang Bin; 6♂♂7♀♀: CHINA, Guizhou: Kuankuoshui, Chachang, 10~17 August 2010, coll. Dai Renhuai, Li Hu & Fan Zhihua; 16♂♂7♀♀: CHINA, Guizhou: Kuankuoshui, Chachang, 14~17 August 2010, coll. Yu Xiaofei; 3♂♂: CHINA, Guizhou: Kuankuoshui, Chachang, 12 August 2010, coll. Li Yujian; 2♂♂: CHINA, Hainan: Jianfengling, 10~12 July 2007, coll. Li Yujian; 2♂♂: CHINA, Guangxi: Huaping, 11 June 1994, coll. Du Yuzhou; 1♂: CHINA, Zhejiang: Longquan, 17 June 1980, coll. Tong Xuesong; 3♂♂: CHINA, Sichuan: Baishuihe, 27 August 2007, coll. Xing Jichun.(Matsumura)http://species-id.net/wiki/Taperus_flavifronsOnukia flavifrons Taperus flavifrons (Matsumura); China ; Japan.Unknown.2♂♂: CHINA, Hainan: Wuzhishan, 13~15 July 2007, coll. Zhang Bin; 1♂: CHINA, Hainan: Wuzhishan, 13~15 July 2007, coll. Li Yujian; 1♂: CHINA, Hainan: Diaoluoshan, 16~18 July 2007, coll. Zhang Bin; 1♀: CHINA, Hainan: Wuzhishan, 13~15 July 2007, coll. Zhang Hui; 1♀: CHINA, Hainan: Wuzhishan, 13~15 July 2007, coll. Song Yuehua; 1♀: CHINA, Hainan: Diaoluoshan, 16~18 July 2007, coll. Zhang Hui; 1♀: CHINA, Hainan: Diaoluoshan, 16~18 July 2007, coll. Zhang Bin.Zhang, Zhang & Weihttp://species-id.net/wiki/Taperus_bannaensisTaperus bannaensis China .Unknown.1♂: CHINA, Hainan: Limuling, 23 May 1997, coll. Yang Maofa.Zhang, Zhang & Weihttp://species-id.net/wiki/Taperus_quadragulatusTaperus quadragulatus China .Unknown.Zhang, Zhang & Weihttp://species-id.net/wiki/Taperus_luchunensisTaperus luchunensis China .Unknown.4♂♂, 5♀♀: CHINA, Guizhou: Leigongshan, Xiaodanjiang, 13~14 September 2005, coll. Li Zizhong & Zhang Bin; 1♂: CHINA, Hubei: Shennongjia, 13 August 2004, coll. Peng Jingyang.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:35578DE4-6CF7-4389-B007-F306E375AE90http://species-id.net/wiki/Taperus_daozhenensis ♂: body length: 6.0 mm; head width (incl. eyes): 1.1mm; head length: 0.8mm.Vertex, pronotum and scutellum dark brown; pale median longitudinal band yellow, extending from apex of vertex to posterior margin of pronotum . Face neMale pygofer  nearly tOther characteristics are as shown in Figs 1Holotype: ♂, China: Guizhou: Daozhen, 17~22 August 2004, coll. Yang Maofa; Paratypes: 2♂♂, China: Guizhou: Daozhen, 17~22 August 2004, coll. Yang Maofa.The species is named after the locality of the type specimens, Daozhen county.Taperus albivittatus Li & Wang, from which it is distinguished by: aedeagus with pair of subapical retrorse spine-like processes dorsally andPageBreak one big spine-like process on dorsal margin near base. Apex of aedeagusof Taperus albivittatus has three spine-like processes on dorsal margin and four pairs of spine-like process on ventral margin.                    This species resembles


There is an error in Reference 22. The correct reference is:Chen XP, Yang W, Fan Y, Luo JS, Hong K, et al. (2010) Structural determinants in the second intracellular loop of the human cannabinoid CB(1) receptor mediate selective coupling to G(s) and G(i). Br J Pharmacol 161:1817 -1834


The fourth author's name is incorrect. The correct name is: Rebecca S. Noe. The correct Citation is: Niederkrotenthaler T, Parker EM, Ovalle F, Noe RS, Bell J, et al. (2013) Injuries and Post-Traumatic Stress following Historic Tornados: Alabama, April 2011. PLoS ONE 8(12): e83038. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083038.The correct abbreviation of the fourth author's name in the Author Contributions is: RSN.


The name of the fourth author was spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Mark T. Hamilton. The correct citation is: Newton RL Jr, Han H, Zderic T, Hamilton MT (2013) The Energy Expenditure of Sedentary Behavior: A Whole Room Calorimeter Study. PLoS ONE 8(5): e63171. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063171. The correct abbreviation in Author Contributions is: MTH.In addition, there was an error in Reference 38. The correct reference is: 38. Nguyen T, de Jonge L, Smith SR, Bray GA (2003) Chamber for indirect calorimetry with accurate measurement and time discrimination of metabolic plateaus of over 20 min. Med Biol Eng Comput 41: 572-578.


The authors would like to add Matthias Gunther as the 6th author. The updated byline is: David A. Feinberg1,2,3*, Steen Moeller4, Stephen M. Smith5, Edward Auerbach4, Sudhir Ramanna1, Matthias Gunther1, Matt F. Glasser6, Karla L. Miller5, Kamil Ugurbil4, Essa Yacoub4Matthias Gunther is also affiliated with Fraunhafer-Mevis Institute, Bremen, GermanyThe updated author contributions are: Conceived and designed the experiments: DAF SMS KU EY. Performed the experiments: DAF SM EA SR MG EY. Analyzed the data: DAF SM SMS EY KLM MFG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DAF SM EA SR SMS MG MFG. Wrote the paper: DAF SM SMS KU EY KLM.


The third author's name was spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Nicholas J. Osborne.The correct citation is: Melzer D, Gates P, Osborne NJ, Henley WE, Cipelli R, et al. (2012) Urinary Bisphenol A Concentration and Angiography-Defined Coronary Artery Stenosis. PLoS ONE 7(8): e43378. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043378


The first author's name was spelled incorrectly. The correct name is Nathan C. Donelson. The correct citation is: Donelson NC, Kim EZ, Slawson JB, Vecsey CG, Huber R, et al. (2012) High-Resolution Positional Tracking for Long-Term Analysis of Drosophila Sleep and Locomotion Using the “Tracker” Program. PLoS ONE 7(5): e37250. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037250


The name of the fourth author is incorrect. The correct name is: Ziyan Pessetto. The correct citation is: Yew K-H, Crow J, Hirst J, Pessetto Z, Godwin AK (2013) Epimorphin-Induced MET Sensitizes Ovarian Cancer Cells to Platinum. PLoS ONE 8(9): e72637. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072637.


The second author's name was spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Benedikt Ley. The correct citation is: Thriemer K, Ley B, Ame SS, Deen JL, Pak GD, et al. (2012) Clinical and Epidemiological Features of Typhoid Fever in Pemba, Zanzibar: Assessment of the Performance of the WHO Case Definitions. PLoS ONE 7(12): e51823. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051823


The fourth author's name was misspelled. The correct name is Anna Ferrer-Admetlla. The correct citation is: Fumagalli M, Sironi M, Pozzoli U, Ferrer-Admetlla A, Pattini L, et al. (2011) Signatures of Environmental Genetic Adaptation Pinpoint Pathogens as the Main Selective Pressure through Human Evolution. PLoS Genet 7(11): e1002355. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002355


The first author's name is misspelled. The correct spelling is: Janjira Thaipadungpanit. The correct citation is: Thaipadungpanit J, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Amornchai P, et al. (2011) Diagnostic Accuracy of Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting 16S rRNA and lipl32 Genes for Human Leptospirosis in Thailand: A Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE 6(1): e16236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016236


Jill Spoerke should be included in the author byline. She should be listed as the fifth author, and her affiliation is 1: Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America. The contributions of this author are as follows: Conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools.The correct citation is: Patel R, Tsan A, Tam R, Desai R, Spoerke J, et al. (2012) Mutation Scanning Using MUT-MAP, a High-Throughput, Microfluidic Chip-Based, Multi-Analyte Panel. PLoS ONE 7(12): e51153. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051153


AbstractListroderini LeConte, 1876 are analyzed based on 58 morphological characters. The genera are grouped in four clades, which are given subtribal status: Macrostyphlina new subtribe , Palaechthina Brinck, 1948 , Falklandiina new subtribe , and Listroderina . The subtribes are characterized and keys to identify them and their genera are provided. Listroderini have four main biogeographical patterns: Andean (Macrostyphlina), Andean-New Zealand , Andean-Neotropical-Australian (Listroderina) and Andean-Neotropical-Australian-New Zealand-Nearctic-Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands . Geographical paralogy, particularly evident in the Subantarctic subregion of the Andean region, suggests that Listroderini are an ancient Gondwanic group, in which several extinction events might have obscured relationships among the areas.The phylogenetic relationships of the genera of  Cyclominae  from Australia (Listroderini (Rhigopsidius from Rhythirrinini to Listroderini and reassigned the listroderine genus Telurus to the tribe Cylydrorhinini (Entiminae). According to the last checklist , Aphela (Notiomimetini), Rhythirrinus (Rhythirrinini) and Telurus (Cylydrorhinini). Epicthonius (Cyclomini) was used to root the cladograms.he tribe . The outThe 58 morphological characters used in the analysis were taken from external structures (53) and male and female genitalia (5). The distribution of character states is shown in the data matrix . The cha1 Body: length. (0) large to very large (> 15.0 mm); (1) medium-sized (7.1–14.9 mm); (2) small to very small (< 7.0 mm) [additive].2 Vestiture: scales. (0) present; (1) absent.3 Vestiture: scale shape. (0) seta-like ; (1) sub4 Vestiture: setae. (0) present; (1) absent.5 Rostrum: shape. (0) stout, very short ; (1) rel6 Rostrum: dorsal carinae. (0) present ; (1) abs7 Scrobes: shape. (0) long, deep, sharply bordered, reaching eyes; (1) short, ill-defined, broad.8 Epistome. (0) poorly demarcated; (1) raised.9 Scrobes: position. (0) dorsolateral to dorsal; (1) lateral.10 Suprascrobal keels. (0) absent; (1) present.11 Scrobes: ventral tooth. (0) absent; (1) present .12 Pterygia. (0) simple, not exposed ; (1) aur13 Mandibles. (0) with one apical cusp; (1) with two apical cusps.14 Mandible and pharyngeal processes. (0); short and strong; (1) long and narrow.15 Mandibles. (0) plurisetose (more than 4 setae); (1) paucisetose (1-4 setae).16 Maxillary malae: teeth. (0) present; (1) absent.17 Eyes: shape. (0) subcircular ; (1) tra18 Eyes: size. (0) large to medium (more than 30 facets); (1) small (10-25 facets); (2) very small (8 or fewer facets) [additive].19 Eyes: position. (0) lateral ; (1) dor20 Eyes: convexity. (0) strong; (1) slight; (2) flat [additive].21 Antennal insertions. (0) distal; (1) at the middle of the rostrum.22 Scapes: length. (0) long (surpassing posterior margin of eyes when resting in scrobe); (1) medium-sized (reaching eyes when resting in scrobe); (2) short (not reaching anterior margin of eyes when resting in scrobe) [additive].23 Funicles: segment 1. (0) elongate; (1) globose.24 Funicles: segments 2. (0) elongate; (1) globose.25 Funicles: relative lengths of segments 1 and 2. (0) 1 longer than 2 ; (1) 1 sPageBreakPageBreak26 Funicles: segments 3–6. (0) elongate; (1) globose ( globose .27 Clubs: shape. (0) fusiform; (1) inflated.28 Pronotum: shape. (0) subcircular; (1) transverse; (2) subtrapezoidal; (3) subquadrate; (4) subclyndrical [non-additive].29 Pronotum: width. (0) larger than that of elytra; (1) smaller than that of elytra.30 Pronotum: disc. (0) rugose; (1) smooth, polished.31 Pronotum: tubercles. (0) absent; (1) present.32 Postocular lobes. (0) present, well-developed; (1) present, slightly developed; (2) absent [additive].33 Prosternum. (0) non-excavate; (1) excavate.34 Metanepisternal sutures. (0) posteriorly fused or obliterated; (1) present, complete.35 Scutellum. (0) not visible; (1) visible.36 Elytra: shape. (0) oblong-oval ; (1) sub37 Elytra. (0) not fused; (1) fused along interelytral suture.38 Elytral disc. (0) convex; (1) slightly convex; (2) flat [additive].39 Elytral intervals. (0) convex; (1) flat.40 Elytral basal margin. (0) not raised; (1) raised, subcarinate.41 Elytral humeri. (0) rounded; (1) subquadrate.42 Elytral humeral tubercles. (0) absent; (1) present.43 Several tubercles on elytral disc. (0) present, small, rounded; (1) absent; (2) present, strong  .50 Tibiae: shape. (0) subcylindrical, laterally not expanded; (1) apically expanded.51 Tibial spurs. (0) present; (1) absent.52 Tarsomeres 3. (0) bilobed ; (1) sub53 Ventrites 3 and 4, female. (0) combined shorter than 5; (1) combined longer than 5.54 Aedeagus, lateral view. (0) robust; (1) slender.55 Distal gonocoxites. (0) strongly sclerotized; (1) membranous.56 Styli. (0) well-developed, claw-like; (1) well-developed, finger-like; (2) reduced to a few vibrissae [non-additive].57 Apodeme of female sternum 8. (0) short (< 3 times longer than plate); (1) long (> 4 times longer than plate).58 Plate of female sternum 8. (0) developed; (1) reduced.PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakThe cladograms were constructed using software TNT . Telurus, excluded from Listroderini by Listroderini. In the analyses with k=3 and 6, Aphela (Notiomimetini) is the sister taxon to Listroderini. In spite of the different results, there are some larger clades that were fairly constant.The analysis of the data matrix  under eqI consider that the results of the analysis with k= 6 are not as extreme as the others and show more clearly the four main clades, which are treated herein as subtribes :Macrostyphlina new subtribe: genera Adioristidius, Amathynetoides, Andesianellus, Macrostyphlus, Nacodius and Puranius.1 Palaechthina Brinck, 1948: genera Anorthorhinus, Gunodes, Haversiella, Inaccodes, Listronotus, Neopachytychius, Palaechthus, Palaechtodes, Steriphus and Tristanodes.2 Falklandiina new subtribe: genera Falklandiellus, Falklandiopsis, Falklandius, Gromilus, Lanteriella, Liparogetus, Nestrius and Telurus.3 Listroderina LeConte, 1876: genera Acroriellus, Acrorius, Acrostomus, Antarctobius, Germainiellus, Hyperoides, Lamiarhinus, Listroderes, Methypora, Philippius, Rupanius and Trachodema.4 PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakTribeLeConte, 1876Listroderi LeConte, 1876: 124.Listroderitos Germain, 1895: 287.Listroderina Champion, 1902: 120.Listroderini Hustache, 1926: 175.Listroderinae Thompson, 1992: 876.Listroderes Schönherr, 1826.Acrostomus); vestiture consisting mostly of dense scales and setae , setae on rostrum and pronotum directed anteriad or mesad, on elytra posteriad; rostrum stout and very short to slender, as long as or longer than pronotum; scrobes usually lateral; epistome poorly demarcated, rarely raised (Acrostomus); eyes usually large, flat, transverse or subcircular; mandibles with two apical cusps and paucisetose (1-4 setae); antennae with funicle 7-segmented, segments 1 and usually 2 elongate, clubs fusiform or inflated; prothorax with or without postocular lobes; prosternum long, non-excavate; elytra oblong-oval, elongate-oval or subrectangular; tibiae mucronate, generally with spurs (when present pro- and mesotibiae with 1 spur and metatibiae with 1–2 spurs); claws divaricate, simple or with slight basal swelling; aedeagus with tegmen lacking parameres (reduced in Methypora); distal gonocoxites membranous, generally simple, with large, apical or subapical stylus carrying a tuft of setae, but occasionally without stylus and apex of gonocoxite flattened and bent outwards.Very small to very large (1.0–22.8 mm); integument reddish brown  are hypothesized to be sister tribes.Listroderini were formerly considered as related to irrinini . OberpriListroderini are generally oligophagous ectophytic root-feeders .Anchadioristus Voss, 1954: 242 .Adioristidus Edwards & Hopwood, 1966: 5 (lapsus).Adioristidius Morrone, 1994c: 13.Adioristus similaris Voss, 1954.Small to very small (1.5–4.1 mm); vestiture consisting of seta-like scales and setae; antennal clubs fusiform; pronotum subcylindrical, disc rugose; metanepisternal sutures posteriorly fused or obliterated; elytral intervals convex.Adioristidius is the sister genus of Macrostyphlus-Andesianellus.Adioristidius anchonoideus ; Adioristidius carinicollis ; Adioristidius chilensis Morrone, 1994; Adioristidius costulatus ; Adioristidius crassirostris ; Adioristidius cuprisquameus ; Adioristidius granulatus ; Adioristidius hirsutus Morrone, 1994; Adioristidius hydanius Morrone, 1994; Adioristidius jorgei Morrone, 1994; Adioristidius lidiae Morrone, 1994; Adioristidius manu Morrone, 1994; Adioristidius morio ; Adioristidius nivalis ; Adioristidius pampaensis ; Adioristidius peruvianus ; Adioristidius puncticollis ; Adioristidius scrobicollis ; Adioristidius similaris ; Adioristidius subimpressus ; Adioristidius subtuberculatus ; Adioristidius sulcicollis ; Adioristidius tuberculatus ; Adioristidius variegatus .Adioristidius chilensis: Mulinum spp. (Apiaceae); Adioristidius tuberculatus: Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae) (anaceae) .South American Transition Zone  and Central Chilean and Subantarctic subregions (Andean region), from Peru to Central Chile .Adioristidius anchonoideus , Adioristidius chilensis (MHNS), Adioristidius costulatus (DEI), Adioristidius crassirostris (DEI), Adioristidius granulatus (DEI), Adioristidius hirsutus , Adioristidius hydanius (DEI), Adioristidius jorgei , Adioristidius lidiae (CMNC), Adioristidius manu , Adioristidius morio , Adioristidius nivalis , Adioristidius puncticollis , Adioristidius similaris (DEI), Adioristidius sulcicollis (DEI), Adioristidius tuberculatus , Adioristidius variegatus (DEI).Morrone, 1994http://species-id.net/wiki/AmathynetoidesAmathynetesnon Olliff, 1891; misidentification, in part). Kuschel, 1949: 43 ; vestiture consisting of seta-like scales and setae; pronotum subcircular with subparallel flanks, disc smooth, polished; metanepisternal sutures present, complete; elytral intervals flat.Amathynetoides is the sister genus of Nacodius.Amathynetoides appendiculatus ; Amathynetoides ebeninus ; Amathynetoides intemperatus Morrone, 1994; Amathynetoides longulus ; Amathynetoides morbeamus Morrone, 1994; Amathynetoides nitidiventris ; Amathynetoides normae Morrone, 1994; Amathynetoides palustris ; Amathynetoides sparsesetosus ; Amathynetoides sundrianus Morrone, 1994.Amathynetoides nitidiventris: Ullucus tuberosus Caldas (Basellaceae) (llaceae) .South American Transition Zone , from Peru to northern Chile .Amathynetoides appendiculatus , Amathynetoides ebeninus , Amathynetoides intemperatus , Amathynetoides longulus , Amathynetoides morbeamus (FIML), Amathynetoides nitidiventris (DEI), Amathynetoides normae , Amathynetoides palustris , Amathynetoides sparsesetosus , Amathynetoides sundrianus .Anderson & Morrone, 1996http://species-id.net/wiki/AndesianellusAndesianellus Anderson & Morrone, 1996: 260.Andesianellus microphthalmicus Anderson & Morrone, 1996.Very small (1.9–3.3 mm); vestiture consisting of setae only; eyes very small, (8 or fewer facets), flat; postocular lobes absent; basal elytral margin raised, subcarinate.Andesianellus is the sister genus of Macrostyphlus, ashypothesizedin previous analyses , in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru .PageBreakAndesianellus carltoni (CMNC), Andesianellus cotopaxi (AMNH), Andesianellus fulgidus (CMNC), Andesianellus hermani (AMNH), Andesianellus masneri (CMNC), Andesianellus microphthalmicus , Andesianellus minutus , Andesianellus planirostris , Andesianellus tricarinatus .Kirsch, 1889http://species-id.net/wiki/MacrostyphlusMacrostyphlus Kirsch, 1889: 25.Macrostyphlus gualcalae Kirsch, 1889 .Very small (1.9–3.5 mm); vestiture consisting of subcircular scales and setae; pronotum subclyndrical; metanepisternal sutures posteriorly fused or obliterated; elytra with intervals convex.Macrostyphlus is the sister genus of Andesianellus, ashypothesized in a previous analysis ; Macrostyphlus frodo Morrone, 1994; Macrostyphlus gandalf Morrone, 1994; Macrostyphlus gualcalae Kirsch, 1889; Macrostyphlus howdenorum Morrone, 1994; Macrostyphlus peruvianus Morrone, 1994; Macrostyphlus sturmi Morrone, 1994; Macrostyphlus transatlanticus ; Macrostyphlus venezolanus Morrone, 1994.South American Transition Zone , from eastern Venezuela to southern Peru .Macrostyphlus bilbo (CNCI), Macrostyphlus coelorum (CWOB), Macrostyphlus frodo , Macrostyphlus gandalf , Macrostyphlus gualcalae (SMTD), Macrostyphlus howdenorum (CMNC), Macrostyphlus peruvianus (FMNH), Macrostyphlus sturmi (ICNB), Macrostyphlus transatlanticus (SMTD), Macrostyphlus venezolanus (MZFC).Morrone, 1994http://species-id.net/wiki/NacodiusNacodius Morrone, 1994e: 3.Nacodius martitae Morrone, 1994.Small (4.6–6.9 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; eyes large, slightly convex; pronotum lacking postocular lobes, with disc smooth, polished; elytra with intervals flat.Nacodius is the sister genus to Amathynetoides, and both are placed in Macrostyphlina. In a previous analysis (Nacodius was placed in the Antarctobius generic group (= Listroderina).analysis  NacodiusPageBreakNacodius alectrus Morrone, 1994; Nacodius brevirostris ; Nacodius martitae Morrone, 1994; Nacodius omissus .South American Transition Zone , in Ecuador and Peru .Nacodius alectrus (CWOB), Nacodius brevirostris (SMTD), Nacodius martitae  and Nacodius omissus (BMNH).Germain, 1895http://species-id.net/wiki/PuraniusPuranius Germain, 1895: 313.Puranus Germain, 1911: 205 (lapsus).ReichertiaListroderes sculpticollis Enderlein, 1907, by original designation). Enderlein, 1912: 31 .Puranius is the sister genus to Amathynetoides-Nacodius.Small to very small (1.9–6.5 mm); vestiture of subcircular scales and setae; pronotum transverse to strongly transverse; metanepisternal suture present, complete; elytra oblong-oval, with small, rounded tubercles.Puranius argentinensis Morrone, 1994; Puranius australis Germain, 1896; Puranius championi ; Puranius dubius ; Puranius elguetai Morrone, 1994; Puranius exsculpticollis ; Puranius fasciculiger ; Puranius hispidus ; Puranius inaequalis Germain, 1896; Puranius midas Morrone, 1994; Puranius nigrinus ; Puranius obrienorum Morrone, 1994; Puranius pusillus Morrone, 1994; Puranius scaber ; Puranius sylvanius Morrone, 1994; Puranius torosus Morrone, 1994; Puranius tothus Morrone, 1994; Puranius tuberosus Germain, 1896; Puranius verrucosus ; Puranius vulgaris Morrone, 1994.Puranius argentinensis:Mulinum sp. (Apiaceae); Puranius championi: Poa flabellata (Lam.) Raspail (Poaceae); Puranius fasciculiger: Senecio smithii DC (Asteraceae); Puranius nigrinus: Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F. H. Wigg. (Asteraceae) and Nothofagus sp. (Nothofagaceae); Puranius vulgaris: Mulinum sp. (Apiaceae); Puranius scaber: Baccharis sp. (Asteraceae) and Ephedra sp. (Ephedraceae) .Andean region  and South American Transition Zone, from southern Argentina, including the Falkland Islands , to Peru , 2012.Puranius argentinensis , Puranius australis , Puranius championi , Puranius dubius , Puranius elguetai , Puranius exsculpticollis (BMNH), Puranius fasciculiger , PageBreakPuranius hispidus , Puranius inaequalis , Puranius midas (AMNH), Puranius nigrinus , Puranius obrienorum , Puranius pusillus , Puranius scaber , Puranius sylvanius , Puranius torosus , Puranius tothus (MHNS), Puranius tuberosus , Puranius verrucosus  and Puranius vulgaris .SubtribeBrinck, 1948stat. n. 43; Palaechthus C. O. Waterhouse, 1884 .Listronotus where the rostrum is shorter than pronotum); scrobes long, deep, sharply bordered, reaching eyes; scape usually short (not reaching anterior margin of eye when resting in scrobe); pronotum usually subclyndrical or subcircular; elytra oblong-oval to elongate-oval.Rostrum slender, as long as or longer than pronotum .Most of the species of nditions . In contAnorthorhinus, Gunodes, Haversiella, Inaccodes, Listronotus, Neopachytychius, Palaechthus, Palaechtodes, Steriphus and Tristanodes. Anorthorhinus and Steriphus are Australian; Gunodes, Inaccodes, Palaechthus, Palaechtodes and Tristanodes are distributed in the Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands; and the remaining three genera are found in the Americas: Haversiella and Neopachytychius in South America and Listronotus has a disjunct distribution in South and North America.This subtribe includes the genera Blackburn, 1890http://species-id.net/wiki/AnorthorhinusAnorthorhinus Blackburn, 1890: 327.Anorthorrhinus Sharp, 1892: 148 (lapsus).Anorthorhinus pictipes Blackburn, 1890 .Small to very small (2.5–6.0 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; funicular segments 3-6 elongate; club fusiform; pronotum subclyndrical; elytra with intervals convex.Anorthorhinus is the sister genus to the clade comprising Haversiella, Neopachytychius and the five genera from the Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands.Anorthorhinus apicalis Lea, 1899; Anorthorhinus brevicornis Lea, 1899; Anorthorhinus pictipes Blackburn, 1890.Australia .Anorthorhinus apicalis (MZFC) and Anorthorhinus pictipes (MZFC).PageBreakBrinck, 1948http://species-id.net/wiki/GunodesGunodes Brinck, 1948: 55.Gunodes major Brinck, 1948.Medium-sized (7.5 mm); vestiture of subcircular scales and setae; pronotum subcircular; elytra oblong-oval.Gunodes is the sister genus to Palaechthus-Paleachtodes-Tristanodes. Gunodes and Tristanodes is not without doubt.Gunodes major Brinck, 1948.Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands .Schweiger, 1959http://species-id.net/wiki/HaversiellaHaversianon Röwer, 1913). Champion, 1918a: 185 (HaversiellaHaversia). Schweiger, 1959: 42 .Haversiella is the sister genus to Neopachytychius, andboth constitute the sister group to the five genera from the Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands.Very small (3.0–3.9 mm); vestiture of subcircular scales only; maxillary mala lacking teeth; antennal insertion at the middle of the rostrum; pronotum subcircular; elytra elongate-oval; tibiae lacking spurs; plate of female sternum 8 reduced.Haversiella albolimbata .Bryophytes .Southern Argentina, including the Falkland Islands , and southern Chile , 2012.Haversiella albolimbata .Brinck, 1948http://species-id.net/wiki/InaccodesInaccodes Brinck, 1948: 52.Inaccodes oblongus Brinck, 1948.Small (4.5 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; funicular segments 3-6 globose; club inflated; pronotum subcircular; elytra with intervals flat.PageBreakInaccodes is the sister genus to the clade comprising the four remaining genera from the Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands. Inaccodes and Tristanodes is not without doubt.Inaccodes oblongus Brinck, 1948.Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands .Jekel, 1865http://species-id.net/wiki/ListronotusMacropsnon Wagler 1830, nec Burmeister 1835) (type species: not designated). Kirby, 1837: 199 . Jekel, 1865: 566 . LeConte, 1876: 182 . Desbrochers des Loges, 1898: 52 . Brèthes, 1910: 209 . Brèthes, 1926: 415 .PseudhyperodesPseudhyperodes elongatus Hustache, 1939). Hustache, 1939a: 49 ; vestiture of subcircular scales and setae; antennal insertion distal; funicular segment 1 subequal to or shorter than 2; postocular lobes present, well-developed; elytra oblong-oval to elongate-oval, with intervals convex.Listronotus is the sister genus to Steriphus . In a previous analysis based only on American taxa ; Listronotus americanus LeConte, 1876; Listronotus angustatus ; Listronotus annulipes ; Listronotus anthracinus ; Listronotus apicalis ; Listronotus appendiculatus ; Listronotus argentinensis ; Listronotus arizonicus O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus blandus Henderson, 1940; Listronotus blatchleyi Henderson, 1940; Listronotus bonariensis ; Listronotus borrichiae O’Brien, PageBreak1981; Listronotus bosqi ; Listronotus breyeri ; Listronotus burkei O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus californicus ; Listronotus callosus LeConte, 1876; Listronotus carinatus ; Listronotus carinicollis ; Listronotus caudatus ; Listronotus cinnamoneus ; Listronotus conabilis O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus crypticus O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus cryptops ; Listronotus cyrticus ; Listronotus dauci ; Listronotus debilis Blatchley, 1916; Listronotus deceptus ; Listronotus delumbis ; Listronotus dietrichi ; Listronotus dietzi O’Brien, 1979; Listronotus distinctus Henderson, 1940; Listronotus dorsalis ; Listronotus dorytomoides ; Listronotus durangoensis O’Brien, 1977; Listronotus echinatus ; Listronotus echinodori O’Brien, 1977; Listronotus elegans Van Dyke, 1929; Listronotus elegantulus O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus elongatus ; Listronotus fasciatus O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus filiformis ; Listronotus frontalis LeConte, 1876; Listronotus geminatus ; Listronotus griseus ; Listronotus grypidioides ; Listronotus haldemani ; Listronotus hirtellus ; Listronotus hoodi ; Listronotus hornii ; Listronotus hubbardi ; Listronotus humilis ; Listronotus hyperodes ; Listronotus incompletus ; Listronotus ingens Henderson, 1940; Listronotus insignis Henderson, 1940; Listronotus laevis ; Listronotus laramiensis ; Listronotus latinasus ; Listronotus lineolaticollis ; Listronotus lodingi ; Listronotus lucens ; Listronotus lutulentus ; Listronotus maculatus ; Listronotus maculicollis ; Listronotus manifestus Henderson, 1940; Listronotus marginalis O’Brien, 1977; Listronotus marginicollis ; Listronotus marshalli O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus meridionalis O’Brien, 1977; Listronotus minutus ; Listronotus montanus ; Listronotus nebulosus LeConte, 1876; Listronotus neocallosus O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus nevadicus LeConte, 1876; Listronotus nigropunctatus ; Listronotus novellus ; Listronotus obscurellus ; Listronotus obtectus ; Listronotus oregonensis ; Listronotus ornatipennis ; Listronotus pallidus O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus palustris Blatchley, 1916; Listronotus pampaensis ; Listronotus peninsularis ; Listronotus plumosiventris O’Brien, 1977; Listronotus porcellus ; Listronotus poseyensis ; Listronotus pseudosetosus O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus puncticollis ; Listronotus punctiger LeConte, 1876; Listronotus pusillus ; Listronotus rotundicollis LeConte, 1876; Listronotus rubtzoffi O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus rufomarginatus ; Listronotus salicorniae O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus scapularis Casey, 1895; Listronotus setosipennis ; Listronotus setosus LeConte, 1876; Listronotus similis Henderson, 1940; Listronotus sondondoanus ; Listronotus sordidus ; Listronotus sparsus ; Listronotus squamiger ; Listronotus sulcipennis ; Listronotus suturalis O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus teretirostris ; Listronotus testaceipes ; Listronotus texanus ; Listronotus truncatus ; Listronotus tuberosus LeConte, 1876; Listronotus turbatus O’Brien, 1981; Listronotus vitticollis ; Listronotus vulgaris ; Listronotus wallacei ; Listronotus weiseri .Listronotus appendiculatus: Sagittaria latifolia Willdenow (Alismataceae); Listronotus argentinensis: Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae); Listronotus blandus : Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. (Polygonaceae); Listronotus bonariensis: Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca arundinacea Schreber, Hordeum vulgare L., Lolium multiflorum L., Lolium perenne L., Poa annua L., Triticum aestivum L., Zea mays L. (Poaceae) and Trifolium repens L. (Fabaceae); Listronotus borrichiae: Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC (Asteraceae) and Salvinia sp. ; Listronotus caudatus: Polygonum bicorne Raf. (Polygonaceae); Listronotus cinnamoneus: Limnobium stoloniferum (G. PageBreakF. W. Meyer) Griseb. (Hydrocharitaceae); Listronotus cryptops: Sagittaria lancifolia L. (Alismataceae); Listronotus dauci: Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae); Listronotus dietrichi: Dahlia sp. (Asteraceae), Gossypium sp. , Persus sp. (Lauraceae), Phaseolus sp. (Fabaceae), Cenchrus sp., Chloris sp., Cynodon sp., Eleusine sp., Zea sp. (Poaceae), Coffea sp. (Rubiaceae), Lycopersicum sp. (Solanaceae) and Menta sp. (Lamiaceae); Listronotus echinodori: Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb. and Sagittaria latifolia Willdenow (Alismataceae); Listronotus elongatus: Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f. (Apiaceae); Listronotus haldemani: Juncus nodatus Coville in N. L. Britton and A. Brown (Juncaceae); Listronotus maculicollis: Agrostis palustris Huds. and Poa annua L. (Poaceae); Listronotus manifestus: Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. ex J. G. Sm. (Alismataceae); Listronotus marginicollis: Myriophyllum aquaticum (Velloso) Verde ; Listronotus montanus: Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae); Listronotus neocallosus: Sagittaria engelmanniana J. G. Smith, Sagittaria graminea Michaux and Sagittaria stagnorum Small (Alismataceae); Daucus carota L. and Petroselinum crispum (Miller) A. W. Hill. (Apiaceae) (Listronotus oregonensis); Listronotus plumosiventris: Sagittaria latifolia Willdenow (Alismataceae); Listronotus rotundicollis: Crinum sp. (Amaryllidaceae); Listronotus rubtzoffi: Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon (Alismataceae); Listronotus salicorniae: Salicornia virginica L. (Amaranthaceae); Listronotus scapularis: Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. ex J. G. Sm. and Sagittaria sp. (Alismataceae); Listronotus setosipennis: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae); Listronotus similis: Paspalum distichum L. (Poaceae) and Polygonum bicorne Raf. (Polygonaceae); Listronotus teretirostris: Eleocharis macrostachya Britton (Cyperaceae); Listronotus texanus: Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae); Listronotus turbatus: Sagittaria sp. (Alismataceae) (ataceae) .Listronotus bonariensis.Widespread in the Americas, from Canada to Argentina and Chile . This diListronotus americanus (BMNH), Listronotus apicalis (MLP), Listronotus appendiculatus , Listronotus argentinensis , Listronotus bonariensis , Listronotus bosqi , Listronotus breyeri , Listronotus californicus (AMNH), Listronotus callosus , Listronotus caudatus , Listronotus cinnamoneus (MLP), Listronotus cryptops , Listronotus cyrticus , Listronotus dauci (MACN), Listronotus debilis (AMNH), Listronotus delumbis , Listronotus dietzi (AMNH), Listronotus distinctus (BMNH), Listronotus durangoensis , Listronotus echinatus (AMNH), Listronotus echinodori , Listronotus elongatus , Listronotus filiformis , Listronotus frontalis , Listronotus geminatus , Listronotus griseus , Listronotus grypidioides (AMNH), Listronotus haldemani (BMNH), Listronotus hornii (AMNH), Listronotus hubbardi (BMNH), Listronotus humilis (AMNH), Listronotus hyperodes (AMNH), Listronotus incompletus (AMNH), Listronotus ingens (AMNH), Listronotus lineolaticollis (MLP), Listronotus lutulentus (BMNH), Listronotus maculicollis (AMNH), PageBreakListronotus manifestus , Listronotus marginalis (BMNH), Listronotus marginicollis , Listronotus meridionalis (BMNH), Listronotus minutus (AMNH), Listronotus nebulosus (AMNH), Listronotus novellus (AMNH), Listronotus oregonensis , Listronotus ornatipennis (MHNS), Listronotus palustris , Listronotus plumosiventris (BMNH), Listronotus porcellus (AMNH), Listronotus puncticollis (MLP), Listronotus punctiger , Listronotus pusillus , Listronotus rotundicollis , Listronotus rubtzoffi (AMNH), Listronotus rufomarginatus (MLP), Listronotus scapularis (AMNH), Listronotus setosipennis (MLP), Listronotus setosus (AMNH), Listronotus similis , Listronotus sordidus , Listronotus sparsus , Listronotus squamiger , Listronotus teretirostris , Listronotus texanus (AMNH), Listronotus truncatus (AMNH), Listronotus tuberosus , Listronotus vitticollis (AMNH) and Listronotus vulgaris (MLP).Hustache, 1939http://species-id.net/wiki/NeopachytychiusNeopachytychius Hustache, 1939b: 55.PernotarisPernotaris squamiger Voss, 1943 ). Voss, 1943: 232 ; vestiture of subcircular scales and setae; mandible and pharyngeal process long and narrow; rostral dorsal carinae present; antennal insertion distal; postocular lobes slightly developed; elytra oblong-oval.Neopachytychius is the sister genus to Haversiella, andboth constitute the sister group to the five genera from the Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands. In a previous analysis based only on American genera .C. O. Waterhouse, 1884http://species-id.net/wiki/PalaechthusPalaechthus C. O. Waterhouse, 1884: 277.Palaechtus Brinck, 1948: 47 (lapsus).Palaechthus glabratus Waterhouse, 1884 (subsequent designation by PageBreakMedium-sized (11.0–12.0 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; rostral dorsal carinae absent; pronotum subtrapezoidal.Palaechthus is the sister genus to both Paleachtodes and Tristanodes. Palaechthus and Palaechtodes needs to be reevaluated.Palaechthus glabratus C. O. Waterhouse, 1884.Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands .Palaechthus glabratus (BMNH).Brinck, 1948http://species-id.net/wiki/PalaechtodesPalaechtodes Brinck, 1948: 50.Palaechthus cossonoides C. O. Waterhouse, 1884 .Medium-sized (7.0–7.5 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; rostral dorsal carinae present; pronotum subclyndrical.Palaechtodes is the sister genus to both Paleachthus and Tristanodes. Palaechtodes and Palaechthus needs to be reevaluated.Palaechtodes cossonoides .Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands .Palaechtodes cossonoides (BMNH).Erichson, 1842http://species-id.net/wiki/SteriphusSteriphus Erichson, 1842: 190.DesianthaDesiantha caudata Pascoe, 1870, subsequent designation by  Pascoe, 1870: 193 . Broun, 1885: 387 . Broun, 1903: 79 .Small to very small (3.0–6.5 mm); vestiture of subcircular scales and setae; scape long (surpassing posterior margin of eye when resting in scrobe); elytra with anteapical tubercle.PageBreakSteriphus is the sister genus to the American genus Listronotus.Steriphus albidoparsus ; Steriphus alpinus ; Steriphus angusticollis ; Steriphus ascitus ; Steriphus binodulus Broun, 1903; Steriphus caudatus ; Steriphus curvisetosus ; Steriphus diversipes ; Steriphus humeralis ; Steriphus incotaminatus ; Steriphus inermis ; Steriphus irrasus ; Steriphus longus ; Steriphus major ; Steriphus mecaspis ; Steriphus metallicus ; Steriphus mucronatus ; Steriphus murinus ; Steriphus parvicornis ; Steriphus parvonigrus ; Steriphus parvus ; Steriphus pullus ; Steriphus sericeus ; Steriphus solidus Erichson, 1842; Steriphus stenoderes ; Steriphus variabilis ; Steriphus vittatus .Steriphus ascitus: Baumea articulata (R. Br.) Blake, Baumea rubiginosa (Spreng.) Boeck., Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) Sojak (Cyperaceae) and Typha orientalis C. B. Presl. (Typhaceae); Steriphus diversipes: Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae) and Rumex acetosella L. (Polygonaceae); Steriphus variabilis: Cotula spp. (Asteraceae), Dichondra sp. (Convolvulaceae) and Myriophyllum sp.  .Steriphus ascitus, Steriphus caudatus, Steriphus diversipes and Steriphus variabilis .Australia and New Zealand .Steriphus ascitus (MZFC) and Steriphus variabilis (MZFC).Brinck, 1948http://species-id.net/wiki/TristanodesTristanodes Brinck, 1948: 58.Tristanodes craterophilus Brinck, 1948.Small to very small (3.7–6.5 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; pronotum subcylindrical.Tristanodes is the sister genus to both Palaechthus and Palaechtodes. Tristanodes, Gunodes and Inaccodes is not without doubt.Tristanodes attai Brinck, 1948; Tristanodes conicus Brinck, 1948; Tristanodes craterophilus Brinck, 1948; Tristanodes echinatus Brinck, 1948; Tristanodes insolidus Brinck, 1948; Tristanodes integer Brinck, 1948; Tristanodes medius Brinck, 1948; Tristanodes minor Brinck, 1948; Tristanodes reppetonis Brinck, 1948; Tristanodes scirpophilus Brinck, 1948; Tristanodes sivertseni Brinck, 1948.Tristanodes scirpophilus .Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands .Tristanodes attai (BMNH) and Tristanodes spp. (BMNH).PageBreakFalklandius Enderlein, 1907.Liparogetus and some species of Gromilus, which are medium-sized); rostrum stout, shorter than pronotum ; pterygiae auriculate, exposed ; pronotum usually subcircular or subcylindrical; metanepisternal suture usually posteriorly fused or obliterated; elytra oblong-oval.Small to very small .This new subtribe, which basically corresponds to the Kuschel, 1950http://species-id.net/wiki/FalklandiellusFalklandiellus Kuschel, 1950: 14.Falklandius suffodens Enderlein, 1907 .Very small (2.6–3.5 mm); vestiture of subcircular scales and setae; rostrum lacking dorsal carinae; antennal insertion distal; club fusiform; pronotum transverse; metanepisternal suture posteriorly fused or obliterated; elytra with series of declivital tubercles; tibiae with spurs.Falklandiellus is the sister genus to Telurus-Nestrius-Falklandius-Lanteriella.Falklandiellus suffodens .Bryophytes .Andean region (Subantarctic subregion), in southern Argentina, including the Falkland Islands , and southern Chile , 2012.Falklandiellus suffodens .PageBreakMorrone and Anderson, 1995http://species-id.net/wiki/FalklandiopsisFalklandiopsis Morrone and Anderson, 1995: 5.Falklandius magellanicus Morrone, 1992.Very small (3.5–4.0 mm); vestiture of setae only; rostrum very short, stout; rostral dorsal carinae absent; scrobes short, ill-defined; eyes dorsal; scape medium-sized (reaching eye when resting in scrobe); funicular segments 3-6 globose; pronotum subcircular; elytra with humeral tubercles; femora subcylindrical, markedly clavate.Falklandiopsis is the sister genus to both Liparogetus and the clade Falklandiellus-Telurus-Nestrius-Falklandius-Lanteriella.Falklandiopsis magellanica .Nothofagus betuloides (Mirb.) Oerst. (Nothofagacae) (fagacae) .Andean region (Subantarctic subregion), in southern Chile .Falklandiopsis magellanica .Enderlein, 1907http://species-id.net/wiki/FalklandiusFalklandius Enderlein, 1907: 65.Falklandius brachyomma Enderlein, 1907  .Small to very small (1.9–6.1 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; eyes small; club inflated; pronotal disc rugose; elytra with intervals convex.Falklandius is the sister genus to Lanteriella, asfound in a previous analysis .Falklandius antarcticus ; Falklandius chilensis Morrone and Anderson, 1995; Falklandius goliath Morrone, 1992; Falklandius kuscheli Morrone, 1992; Falklandius peckorum Morrone and Anderson, 1995; Falklandius turbificatus Enderlein, 1907.Falklandius antarcticus: Callitriche sp. , Myrteola nummularia (Poir.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae), Nothofagus antarctica (G. Forster) Oerst. (Nothofagacae) and Poa flabellata (Lam.) Raspail (Poaceae) ; Falklandius turbificatus: Myrteola nummularia (Poir.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae) .Andean region (Subantarctic subregion), in southern Argentina, including the Falkland Islands  and southern Chile , 2012.PageBreakFalklandius antarcticus , Falklandius chilensis , Falklandius goliath (BMNH), Falklandius kuscheli (BMNH), Falklandius peckorum , Falklandius turbificatus (BMNH) and Falklandius spp. (MZFC).Blanchard, 1853http://species-id.net/wiki/GromilusGromilus Blanchard, 1853: 208.ClypeorhynchusClypeorhynchus gracilipes Sharp, 1883, by indication, monotypy). Sharp, 1883: 26 .DacnophyllaDacnophylla setosa Broun, 1893a, by indication, monotypy). Broun, 1893a: 1471 . Broun, 1905: 545 . Broun, 1909: 117 . Broun, 1913: 117  . Broun, 1913: 120 . Brookes, 1951: 57 .Small to medium-sized (3.5–7.5 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; rostrum medium-sized, relatively stout; rostral dorsal carinae present; scrobes long, deep, sharply bordered, reaching eyes; eyes lateral; scape long (surpassing posterior margin of eye when resting in scrobe); funicular segments 3-6 elongate; pronotum subcylindrical; elytra lacking humeral tubercles.Gromilus is the sister genus to the remaining genera of Falklandiina. Gromilus with Nestrius, Liparogetus and Falklandius.Gromilus anthracinus ; Gromilus aucklandicus Kuschel, 1971; Gromilus bicarinatus ; Gromilus bifoveatus ; Gromilus brevicornis ; Gromilus brounii Morrone, 2011; Gromilus calvulus ; Gromilus caudatus ; Gromilus clarulus ; Gromilus cockaynei ; Gromilus cordipennis ; Gromilus cristatus ; Gromilus dorsalis ; Gromilus exiguus ; Gromilus fallai ; Gromilus foveirostris ; Gromilus furvus ; Gromilus gracilipes ; Gromilus granissimus ; Gromilus halli ; Gromilus impressusPageBreak ; Gromilus inophloeoides ; Gromilus insularis Blanchard, 1853; Gromilus kuschelii Morrone, 2011; Gromilus laqueorum Kuschel, 1964; Gromilus majusculus ; Gromilus merus ; Gromilus narinosus Kuschel, 1971; Gromilus nitidellus ; Gromilus nitidulus ; Gromilus nodiceps ; Gromilus philpotti ; Gromilus setosus ; Gromilus sparsus ; Gromilus striatus ; Gromilus sulcicollis ; Gromilus sulcipennis ; Gromilus tenuiculus ; Gromilus thoracicus ; Gromilus variegatus ; Gromilus veneris .Gromilus fallai: Blechnum capense Burm. f. (Blechnaceae); Gromilus insularis: Colobanthus sp. (Caryophyllaceae), Pleurophyllum sp. (Asteraceae), Poa litorosa Cheeseman (Poaceae), Polystichum vestitum (G. Forst.) C. Presl. (Dryopteridaceae), Pleurophyllum criniferum Hook. f. (Asteraceae), Stilbocarpa polaris (Homb. and Jacq.) Gray  and Tillaea moschata DC (Crassulaceae); Gromilus setosus: Blechnum sp. (Blechnaceae) and Gahnia sp. (Cyperaceae); Gromilus veneris: Blechnum capense (L.) Schlecht. (Blechnaceae), Polystichum sp. (Dryopteridaceae) and Pteris sp. (Pteridaceae); Gromilus thoracicus: Anisotome latifolia Hook. f. (Apiaceae), Bulbinella sp. (Liliaceae), Cotula plumosa Hook. f. and Pleurophyllum criniferum Hook. f. (Asteraceae) and Poa litorosa Cheeseman (Poaceae) (Poaceae) , 1990.Immature stages.Gromilus exiguus, Gromilus insularis, Gromilus thoracicus and Gromilus veneris .New Zealand , 1990.Gromilus gracilipes (MZFC), Gromilus insularis (MZFC), Gromilus laqueorum (MZFC). Gromilus merus (MZFC), Gromilus nitidellus (MZFC) and Gromilus veneris (MZFC).Morrone, 1992http://species-id.net/wiki/LanteriellaLanteriella Morrone, 1992b: 167.Lanteriella microphtalma Morrone, 1992.Very small (3.4–3.8 mm); vestiture of setae only; eyes very small, microphthalmic; pronotal disc smooth, polished; femora dorsoventrally compressed; tibiae apically expanded.Lanteriella is the sister genus to Falklandius, asfound in a previous analysis .The only species of this genus was hypothesized to live in litter or soil .Lanteriella microphtalma Morrone, 1992.Andean region (Subantarctic subregion), in the Falkland Islands  .Lanteriella microphtalma (BMNH).PageBreakPageBreakBroun, 1915http://species-id.net/wiki/LiparogetusLiparogetus Broun, 1915: 331.Liparogetus sulcatissimus Broun, 1915 .Diagnosis. Small to medium-sized (6.0–10.0 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; rostrum with dorsal carinae; antennal insertion at the middle of the rostrum; club inflated; pronotum subquadrate; metanepisternal suture complete; tibiae lacking spurs.Liparogetus is the sister genus to both Falklandiopsis and the clade Falklandiellus-Telurus-Nestrius-Falklandius-Lanteriella.Liparogetus sulcatissimus Broun, 1915.New Zealand .Liparogetus sulcatissimus (MZFC).Broun, 1893http://species-id.net/wiki/NestriusNestrius Broun, 1893a: 1480.Phyllodytesnon Wagler 1830, nec Gistel 1848, nec Finsch 1873) . Broun, 1893a: 1479 . Broun, 1893a: 1481 . Broun, 1909: 55 . Broun, 1909: 56 (type species: PhyllodytesiusPhyllodytes Broun). Schenkling & Marshall, 1929: 57 .Small to very small (2.8–5.0 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; rostrum relatively stout, medium-sized, with dorsal carinae; eyes lateral; funicular segment 2 elongate; pronotum subcylindrical; scutellum not visible.Nestrius is the sister genus to Falklandius-Lanteriella, confirming Kuschel’s ; Nestrius hudsoni Marshall, 1953; Nestrius irregularis ; Nestrius laqueorum Kuschel, 1964; Nestrius ovithorax ; Nestrius prolixus Broun, 1917; Nestrius serripes Broun, 1893; Nestrius sculpturatus ; Nestrius simmondsi Broun, 1921; Nestrius sulcirostris Broun, 1917; Nestrius zenoscelis Broun, 1921.New Zealand , 1971.Nestrius foveatus (MZFC) and Nestrius sculpturatus (MZFC).PageBreakKuschel, 1955rev. placementhttp://species-id.net/wiki/TelurusTelurus Kuschel, 1955: 288.Antarctobius laticauda Champion, 1918  .Small (3.9–6.5 mm); vestiture of setae only; eyes subcircular, slightly convex; female elytral apex produced; female ventrites 3 and 4 combined longer than 5.Telurus is closely related to Falklandius-Lanteriella, as found in a previous analysis  on the mandibles of Telurus caudiculatus, Listroderini and transferred it to Cylydrorhininae (Entiminae). Future molecular analyses are required to corroborate its precise placement.analysis , and to Telurus caudiculatus Morrone and Anderson, 1995; Telurus dissimilis .Andean region (Subantarctic subregion), in southern Chile .Telurus caudiculatus  and Telurus dissimilis .SubtribeLeConte, 1876Listroderes Schönherr, 1826.Lamiarhinus and Philippius), with intervals convex and with anteapical tubercle (except for Rupanius).Rostrum relatively stout, medium-sized, shorter than pronotum; scrobes short, ill-defined, broad; funicular segmen 1 longer than 2; elytra usually oblong-oval ; vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; elytra with small, rounded tubercles and series of three tubercles on interval 3.Acroriellus is the sister genus to Acrostomus-Hyperoides. Originally, it was suggested that it was close to Acrorius , in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru .Acroriellus bobi , Acroriellus carinatus (CMNC), Acroriellus similaris (CMNC), Acroriellus tuberculosus (CMNC), Acroriellus viridisquamosus  and Acroriellus vittetae .Kirsch, 1889http://species-id.net/wiki/AcroriusAcrorius Kirsch, 1889: 25.Ocromis Sharp, 1890: 152 (lapsus).Acrorius puncticollis Kirsch, 1889 .Small (4.0–6.8 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; scape medium-sized (reaching eye when resting in scrobe); elytra with small, rounded tubercles.Acrorius is the sister genus to Trachodema-Lamiarhinus-Philippius, taxa that in a previous analysis , Acrorius bolivianus , Acrorius cuprinus (CMNC), Acrorius nymphalis (CMNC), Acrorius otramas (CMNC), Acrorius papallacta , Acrorius pillahuata , Acrorius plicatifrons (FMNH) and Acrorius sisyphus .PageBreakKuschel, 1955http://species-id.net/wiki/AcrostomusAcrostomus Kuschel, 1955: 287.Adioristus bruchi Hustache, 1926 .Medium-sized (7.3–13.8 mm); integument black; vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; epistome raised; scrobal ventral tooth usually present; pronotum subquadrate.Acrostomus is the sister genus to Hyperoides.Acrostomus bruchi ; Acrostomus cruralis Kuschel, 1958; Acrostomus foveicollis Kuschel, 1958; Acrostomus griseus ; Acrostomus magellanicus Kuschel, 1958; Acrostomus mordor Morrone, 1994; Acrostomus vianai Kuschel, 1958.Acrostomus magellanicus and Acrostomus vianai: Azorella trifurcata (Gaertner) Pers., Bolax gummifera (Lam.) Spreng. and Mulinum spinosum (Cav.) Pers. (Apiaceae) .Andean region (Patagonian subregion), in southern Argentina and southern Chile .Acrostomus bruchi , Acrostomus cruralis , Acrostomus foveicollis , Acrostomus griseus , Acrostomus magellanicus , Acrostomus mordor  and Acrostomus vianai .Fairmaire, 1885http://species-id.net/wiki/AntarctobiusAntarctobius Fairmaire, 1885: 58.Antarctobius lacunosus Fairmaire, 1885 .Small to medium-sized (3.7–9.5 mm); vestiture of seta-like or subcircular scales and setae; pronotum subcircular; postocular lobes absent.Antarctobius is closely related to Germainiellus, Listroderes and the clade Methypora-Rupanius-Acrorius-Trachodema-Lamiarhinus-Philippius. The distinction between Antarctobius, Germainiellus and Listroderes is not without doubt , and future analyses may determine if they are merged into a single genus.Antarctobius abditus ; Antarctobius bidentatus ; Antarctobius falklandicus ; Antarctobius germaini ; Antarctobius hyadesii Fairmaire, 1885; Antarctobius lacunosus Fairmaire, 1885; Antarctobius malvinensis Posadas and Morrone, 2004; Antarctobius rugirostris Champion, 1918; Antarctobius vulsus ; Antarctobius yefacel Morrone, 1992.PageBreakAntarctobius abditus: Senecio candidans DC (Asteraceae); Antarctobius hyadesii: Senecio alloeophyllus O. Hoffm. and Senecio candidans DC (Asteraceae) .Antarctobius abditus and Antarctobius falklandicus .Argentina, including the Falkland Islands  (Andean region (Subantarctic subregion), in southern Chile and southern alvinas) , 2012.Antarctobius abditus (BMNH), Antarctobius bidentatus (BMNH), Antarctobius falklandicus , Antarctobius germaini , Antarctobius hyadesii , Antarctobius lacunosus , Antarctobius rugirostris (BMNH), Antarctobius vulsus  and Antarctobius yefacel (AMNH).Morrone, 1993http://species-id.net/wiki/GermainiellusGermainiellus Morrone, 1993a: 125.Listroderes dentipennis Germain, 1895 .Small to medium-sized (6.0-8.4 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; pronotum transverse; postocular lobes present.Germainiellus is closely related to Antarctobius, Listroderes and the clade Methypora-Rupanius-Acrorius-Trachodema-Lamiarhinus-Philippius. It was originally described as intermediate between Antarctobius and Listroderes . The distinction between Antarctobius, Germainiellus and Listroderes is not without doubt , and future analyses may determine if they are merged into a single genus.Germainiellus angulipennis ; Germainiellus attenuatus ; Germainiellus dentipennis ; Germainiellus fulvicornis ; Germainiellus laevirostris ; Germainiellus lugens ; Germainiellus ovatus ; Germainiellus philippii ; Germainiellus planipennis ; Germainiellus punctiventris ; Germainiellus rugipennis ; Germainiellus salebrosus ; Germainiellus spp. (MZFC).Germainiellus dentipennis and Germainiellus fulvicornis: Nothofagus sp. (Nothofagaceae); Germainiellus laevirostris: Senecio smithii DC (Asteraceae); Germainiellus planipennis: Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. (Nothofagaceae) and Peumus boldus Mol. (Monimiaceae); Germainiellus salebrosus: Empetrum rubrum Vahl ex Willd. (Empetraceae) .Argentina, including the Falkland Islands  (Andean region (Subantarctic subregion), in southern Chile and southern alvinas) , 2012.PageBreakGermainiellus angulipennis (MHNS), Germainiellus attenuatus , Germainiellus dentipennis , Germainiellus fulvicornis , Germainiellus laevirostris , Germainiellus lugens , Germainiellus ovatus , Germainiellus philippii , Germainiellus planipennis , Germainiellus punctiventris (MHNS), Germainiellus rugipennis  and Germainiellus salebrosus (BMNH).Marshall, 1914http://species-id.net/wiki/HyperoidesHyperoides Marshall, 1914: 236.Hyperoides fragariae Marshall, 1914 .Small to medium-sized (5.1–7.5 mm); vestiture of lanceolate scales and setae; postocular lobes present; elytra lacking anteapical tubercle.Hyperoides is the sister genus to Acrostomus, contrasting with its more isolated position in a previous analysis .Hyperoides balfourbrownei ; Hyperoides fragariae Marshall, 1914; Hyperoides murinus ; Hyperoides subcinctus ; Hyperoides victus .Hyperoides fragariae: Fragaria vesca L. (Rosaceae); Hyperoides subcinctus: Senecio sp. (Asteraceae); Hyperoides murinus: Citrulus vulgaris Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), Phaseolus sp. (Fabaceae) and Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae); Hyperoides victus: Senecio bahioides Hook. et Arn. (Asteraceae) (eraceae) .Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, and introduced into South Africa , in h Africa .Hyperoides balfourbrownei , Hyperoides fragariae , Hyperoides murinus , Hyperoides subcinctus  and Hyperoides victus .Morrone, 1992http://species-id.net/wiki/LamiarhinusLamiarhinus Morrone, 1992c: 419.Lamiarhinus aelficus Morrone, 1992.PageBreakSmall to medium-sized (5.7–6.8 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; funicular segments 3-6 elongate; pronotum with tubercles; elytra subrectangular, fused along interelytral suture.Lamiarhinus is the sister genus to Philippius. In a previous analysis .Lamiarhinus aelficus: Podanthus ovatifolius Lag. (Asteraceae) (eraceae) .Andean region  .Lamiarhinus aelficus  and Lamiarhinus horridus (MHNS).Schönherr, 1826http://species-id.net/wiki/ListroderesListroderesnom. nud.). Schönherr, 1823: col. 1142 .Listoderes Kuschel, 1990: 71 (lapsus).Listroderes costirostris Schönherr, 1826 .Small to medium-sized (3.9–12.5 mm); vestiture of subcircular scales and setae; scrobal ventral tooth usually present.Listroderes is closely related to Antarctobius, Germainiellus and the clade Methypora-Rupanius-Acrorius-Trachodema-Lamiarhinus-Philippius. The distinction between Antarctobius, Germainiellus and Listroderes is not without doubt ; Listroderes hoffmanni Germain, 1895; Listroderes howdenae Morrone, 1993; Listroderes leviculus Kuschel, 1952; Listroderes montanus Germain, 1895; Listroderes nodifer Boheman, 1842; Listroderes obliquus Klug, 1829; Listroderes obrieni Morrone, 1993; Listroderes paranensis Hustache, 1926; Listroderes punicola Kuschel, 1949; Listroderes pusillus Hustache, 1926; Listroderes robustior Schenkling and Marshall, 1931; Listroderes robustus Waterhouse, 1841; PageBreakListroderes scylla Morrone, 1993; Listroderes trivialis Germain, 1895; Listroderes tuberculifer Blanchard, 1851; Listroderes uruguayensis Kuschel, 1952; Listroderes wagneri Hustache, 1926; Listroderes wittei Hustache, 1926.Listroderes apicalis: Betavulgaris L. (Chenopodiaceae), Helianthus annus L. (Asteraceae) and Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae); Listroderes bimaculatus: Baccharis linearis (Ruiz and Pav.) Pers. (Asteraceae) and Puya chilensisMolina (Bromeliaceae); Listroderes bruchi: Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz and Pavón) Pers. and Senecio subulatus Don Hooker et Arnott (Asteraceae); Listroderes cinerarius: Atriplex sp. (Chenopodiaceae); Listroderes costirostris, Listroderes difficilis and Listroderes obliquus: Apium graveolens L. and Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae), Brassica rapa L., Listroderes oleracea L. and Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith (Brassicaceae), Rumex altissimus Wood (Polygonaceae), Nicotiana tabacum L. and Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae) and Stellaria spp. (Caryophyllaceae); Listroderes robustus: Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. (Chenopodiaceae); Listroderes uruguayensis: Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. (Apiaceae) (piaceae) .Listroderes bruchi, Listroderes delaiguei and Listroderes difficilis , South American Transition Zone and Neotropical region, in  and USA .Listroderes affinis , Listroderes angusticeps , Listroderes annulipes , Listroderes apicalis , Listroderes bimaculatus , Listroderes brevirostris (MHNS), Listroderes brevisetis , Listroderes bruchi , Listroderes charybdis , Listroderes cinerarius , Listroderes confusus , Listroderes costirostris complex , Listroderes curvipes , Listroderes delaiguei , Listroderes desertorum , Listroderes elegans , Listroderes erinaceus (MHNS), Listroderes fallax , Listroderes foveatus , Listroderes hoffmanni , Listroderes howdenae , Listroderes leviculus (BMNH), Listroderes montanus , Listroderes nodifer , Listroderes obrieni , Listroderes paranensis , Listroderes punicola , Listroderes pusillus , Listroderes robustior , Listroderes robustus , Listroderes scylla , Listroderes trivialis (MHNS), Listroderes tuberculifer , Listroderes uruguayensis , Listroderes wagneri  and Listroderes wittei .PageBreakPascoe, 1865http://species-id.net/wiki/MethyporaMethypora Pascoe, 1865: 416.Methypora postica Pascoe, 1865 .Small (4.0–7.0 mm); vestiture of subcircular scales and setae; pronotum subcylindrical, lacking tubercles; scutellum visible; elytra not fused along interelytral suture, lacking series of declivital tubercles; female elytral apex produced; tibiae with spurs.Methypora is the sister genus to Rupanius.Methypora postica Pascoe, 1865 and Methypora tibialis Lea, 1911.Australia .Methypora postica (BMNH).Germain, 1895http://species-id.net/wiki/PhilippiusPhilippius Germain, 1895: 314.Listroderes superbus Reed, 1872 (subsequent designation by Large to very large (17.5–22.8 mm); vestiture of scales with finger-like processes and setae; mandible with 3-4 setae; pronotum wider than elytra; scutellum not visible; elytra subrectangular, fused along interelytral suture; tibiae lacking spurs; tarsomeres 3 subcylindrical.Philippius is the sister genus to Lamiarhinus.Philippius superbus .Andean region (Subantarctic subregion), in southern Argentina and southern Chile .Philippius superbus .Morrone, 1995http://species-id.net/wiki/RupaniusRupanius Morrone, 1995c: 604.Rupanius carinatus Morrone, 1995c.PageBreakSmall (5.3–6.6 mm); vestiture of seta-like scales and setae; pronotum transverse; elytra subrectangular, with carina on apical declivity, disc slightly convex, lacking anteapical tubercle.Rupanius is the sister genus to Methypora , and both are placed in Listroderina. In a previous analysis (Rupanius was placed in the Macrostyphlus generic group (= Macrostyphlina).analysis  RupaniusRupanius carinatus Morrone, 1995.South American Transition Zone , in Colombia .Rupanius carinatus (CMNC).Blanchard, 1849http://species-id.net/wiki/TrachodemaTrachodema Blanchard, 1849: pl. 24.Trachodema tuberculosa Blanchard, 1849 .Small to very small (2.5–5.3 mm); vestiture of scales with finger-like processes and setae; scape long (surpassing posterior margin of eye when resting in scrobe); pronotum transverse.Trachodema is the sister genus to Lamiarhinus-Philippius.Trachodema paolae Alonso-Zarazaga, 2012 and Trachodema tuberculosa Blanchard, 1849.Trachodema tuberculosa: Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. (Chenopodiaceae) (diaceae) .Andean region  .Trachodema paolae (MHNS) and Trachodema tuberculosa .Cryptorhynchus bicallosus Boheman, 1859: 139.Listroderes bicallosus ; Wibmer and O’Brien, 1986: 113.Ecuador and Peru .PageBreakGermain, 1895Listroderes mus Germain, 1895: 102.Chile .Listroderini are basically a Gondwanan taxon, with Listronotus being the only genus distributed in North America. All the subtribes have Andean representatives , each showing a different pattern:The geographical distribution of the genera analysed indicates that Macrostyphlina: exclusively Andean, in both the Andean region  and the South American Transition Zone.1 Falklandiina: distributed in the Andean region (Subantarctic subregion) and New Zealand.2 Listroderina: distributed in the Andean region , the South American and Mexican Transition Zones and the Neotropical and Australian Temperate regions.3 Palaechthina: distributed in the Andean , Neotropical and Nearctic regions, the South American Transition Zone, the Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands, New Zealand and the Australian Temperate region.4 Listroderini are an ancient Gondwanan group. Several extinction events might have obscured the relationships among the areas.By replacing the genera for the areas where they are distributed, a taxon-area cladogram was obtained . The parPageBreak


AbstractCossidae (Lepidoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago is revised. Five species are recognized, including two new species (Mormogystia brandstetteri and Meharia hackeri), and dubious identifications and records are discussed. Adults and genitalia are illustrated and bionomic details, DNA barcodes and a synonymic checklist for Socotran cossids are provided. A review of their distribution reveals that at least 80 percent of Socotra’s cossids are unique to the archipelago, which is renowned for its endemism. A checklist listing all the species from generas Meharia, Mormogystia, Aethalopteryx, Azygophleps, as well as the synonymy and distribution is provided.The faunistic composition of the family  Lepidoptera of Socotra Islands/Yemen – an integrative study of the fauna for reconstruction of evolutionary scenarios and for determination of conservation needs”, between the Zoologische Staatssammlung, , the Nature Research Centre  and Museum of Socotra Archipelago Conservation & Development Programme .This paper results from a collaborative project “The Lepidoptera conservation issues of the Socotra Archipelago, but was based primarily on information gained during those earlier expeditions. Collaboration of one of us (AS) with the SCDP, collecting from late February to early March and November 2008, March 2009 and January provided new data contributing to the understanding of Socotra’s Cossidae fauna.Socotra, which lies 240 km east of the Horn of Africa and 380 km south of the Arabian Peninsula, is a well-known source of material for biogeography and evolution studies – a living laboratory with a high degree of endemism. It was explored by both English (described by Hampson 1899) and Austrian (described by The Socotra Archipelago consists of four islands with Socotra (130 kilometres in length and 30–40 kilometres in width) accounting for 95% of the archipelago’s land mass. Socotra, regarded as one of the most alien looking places on earth, has three main geographical features: (1) narrow coastal plains, (2) a limestone plateau extending across most of the island with karst caves, deep valleys and steep escarpments from 300 to 700 m, and (3) the Haghier Mountains in the centre of the island, which rise to 1,519 m Socotra is a tropical desert with average highs between 27oC and 34oC and annual rainfall of only 130–170 mm. Rain is more intense in the higher mountains, which form the most important watershed and where many periodical watercourses run to the north and south. Permanent springs can also be found there, especially on the northern side. Otherwise, springs and streams are sporadic relying on rainfall. Climate conditions, rainfalls and major wind systems are dominated by seasonal monsoons of the Indian Ocean with most rain occurring during the Northern Hemisphere winter. The monsoon season causes strong winds and high seas, which cut off the island completely during the time of the southwest monsoon from May to September .PageBreak animals are found nowhere else. Botanists rank Socotra’s flora, including the extraordinary dragon´s blood tree Dracaena cinnabari,to be among the most important and endangered island floras of the world. It is generally suggested that the endemic plants and animals are relicts and descendants of ancient flora and fauna, which have survived since the Mesozoic era  and Azygophleps inclusa  which were mistakenly attributed to Socotra by Eremocossus proleuca which was erroneously synonymized by Eremocossus reibellii  does not occur on Socotra but was probably confused with one of the two new Cossidae species described in this paper. Azygophleps inclusa is distributed only in tropical Africa and differs from the similar Azygophleps larseni which is distributed in the Arabian peninsula and Socotra island.We present five Material was collected in February through early March and November 2008, March 2009 and January 2010 using artificial light.Cossidae specimens.DNA barcodes  were sequenced by Paul Hebert’s laboratory at the University of Guelph for 15 	locus typus LT	private collection of Aidas Saldaitis ASV	Natural History Museum BMNH	private collection of Johann Brandstetter JBW	private collection of Lutz Lehmann LLE	Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle MNHN	Museum Thomas Witt /Zoologische Staatssammlung, München (Germany)MWM/ZSM	Nature Research Centre NRCV	private collection of Roman Yakovlev RYB	Museum of Socotra Archipelago Conservation & Development ProgrammeSCDPGenusSchoorl, 1990http://species-id.net/wiki/MormogystiaMormogystiaCossus reibellii Oberthür, 1876.  Schoorl, 1990, Zool. Verhandelingen 263: 75–78. Type species – Mormogystia is distinguished from all other Cossidae genus by having large silvery areas on the forewing. Cossidae genus to have such a high contrast pattern. Hindwings are uniform. Medium sized, brightly coloured moths. Male antennae bipectinate with very short processes; female antennal pecten much reduced. Large silvery areas on the forewing forming fasciae make this the only Male genitalia. Uncus elongate, with tapering or rounded broad apex; arms of gnathos short, fused to form a medium-size gnathos densely covered with small spines; valvae shovel-shaped, with pronounced sacculus and a large triangular costal projection; transtilla projections short, thick and uncinate; juxta saddle-shaped, with long lateral projections directed upwards; saccus massive, semicircular; aedeagus short, straight, thick; vesica opening located dorsoapically, its edges with short, spiny processes; vesica without cornutus.Female genitalia. Short oviductus; papillae anales wide, elliptic; apophyses posteriores ⅓ longer than apophyses anteriores; ostium broad, covered with falciform postvaginal plate; ductus wide, sclerotised; bursa membranous, sack-shaped, without signa.This small genus includes four species distributed in north Africa, Levante, Arabian peninsula and Kenya  .Saldaitis, Ivinskis & Yakovlev sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:48E8D1AE-EAD6-4DBD-AA0A-AC40BB375524http://species-id.net/wiki/Mormogystia_brandstetteriHolotype ♂ . Slide No. BJ 1532 . lotype ♂ , central ♂ and ♀ , with saMormogystia reibellii     , Mormogyn, 1896)  and Mormrf 1933)  in extereibellii and Mormoproleuca  uncus ap basally  unlike iMormogystia brandstetteri is endemic to the Socotra Archipelago while Mormogystia reibellii is distributed in North Africa and the northern part of the Arabian peninsula, Mormogystia proleuca is found in the southern part of the peninsula, and Mormogystia equatorialis is widespread in Kenya. Mormogystia proleuca to be endemic to the Socotra Archipelago and later Mormogystia reibellii from Socotra, but the new species described herein was probably implied. Mormogystia brandstetteri from Mormogystia proleuca, they help corroborate the morphological evidence. Evolutionary distances using the Kimura two-parameter model for comparing four specimens of Mormogystia brandstetteri to four Mormogystia proleuca and to three Mormogystia reibellii specimens, was at least 1.55% and 5.65%, respectively. While molecular results alone are insufficient to definitively separate Male: Forewing costal margin length of holotype 15 mm, wingspan 33 mm; mean forewing length of paratypes 16 mm, wingspan 35 mm; head, thorax, abdomen and tegulae grey; antennae bipectinate, ½ the length of forewing; ground colour of forewing black, with white silvery pattern. Three white silvery patches form the pattern: fascia of even width runs along the entire costal margin, median fascia widening medially reaches the outer margin of forewing; lower silver patch originates at basal edge and extends along dorsal wing margin to middle. This patch enclosed by ground colour; adterminal line white; fringe grey. Dorsal surface of forewing greyish-white; costal, outer and dorsal margins greyish-black. Hindwing uniform, white, with greyish black spot at costal margin. Female , Pelosia sokotrensis , Siccia butvilai Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2008, (Arctiidae), Cerocala socotrensis Hampson, 1899, Agrotis brachypecten Hampson, 1899, Leucania diopsis Hampson, 1905 and Mythimna sokotrensis Hreblay, 1996 (Noctuidae). Both males and females of the new species were strongly attracted to light and were distributed in almost all habitats of Socotra Island as well as the smaller islands of the archipelago – Samha and Abd al Kuri. m canyon , a primerohensis . Mormogy The new species is dedicated to our good friend Johann Brandstetter, an eminent German painter and entomologist.GenusChrétien, 1915http://species-id.net/wiki/MehariaMehariaMeharia incurvariella Chrétien, 1915.  Chrétien, 1915, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 84: 367. Type – species: BlaliaBlalia vittata Rungs, [1943]. [Synonymy]  Rungs, 1943; Rungs, [1943], 1942, Bull. Soc. Sc. Nat. Maroc. 22: 174. Type species – Meharia is distinguished from all other Cossidae genus by a number of apomorphous characters: the specific “tineoid appearance”, the reduction of the lateral processes of the juxta, the specific dorsolateral sclerotization of the asymmetric aedeagus and the specific ribbon – like epiphysis. These are small to medium sized moths, females larger; eyes naked; male and female antennae bipectinate along their length; proboscis reduced; legs long, slender; foretibia bearing a ribbon-like epiphysis; forewing elongate, rounded on the outer margin; forewing pattern has alternate dark and pale spots and bands transversely; hindwing uniform.Male genitalia. Simple; uncus unpaired, short, beak-shaped; tegumen massive; arms of gnathos short, slightly broadened distally, fused to form small gnathos; valvae short, broad, with no harpe and processes costally; juxta without lateral processes, simple; saccus protruding backwards, small; aedeagus rather long, slightly curved and asymmetical due to dorsoapical sclerotisation.Female genitalia. Ovipositor lobes short, slightly acute apically, covered with relatively short, thick bristles, in the shape of triangular sclerites, with long and rather wide apophyses posteriores on the lower part, strongly widening oar-like in PageBreakthe cranial fourth and bearing a slender membranous-like border; tergite and sternite of the 8th segment fused to form a complete circle; sternite slightly swollen, membranous caudally; tergite strongly elongate, bearing a pair of apophyses anteriores, widening oar-like cranially, approximately as long as ½ the length of apophyses posteriores; opening of ostium strongly protruding cranially, located on membrane between the 7th and 8th segments; ostium membranous, with poorly sclerotized lateral bands; antrum membranous, tube-shaped, 1½ times longer than the 8th tergite, narrowing sharply, separate form membranous ductus bursae; corpus bursae membranous, saccular, without signa.Meharia have been reported so far , Pelosia sokotrensis , (Arctiidae),Cerocala socotrensis Hampson, 1899, Agrotis brachypecten Hampson, 1899, Plecoptera butkevicii Hacker & Saldaitis, 2010, Acantholipes canofusca Hacker & Saldaitis, 2010, Stenosticta wiltshirei Hacker, Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2010 (Noctuidae). Known only from the central part of Socotra Island. a Valley . The newm obesum . It flie The new species name is dedicated to Hermann Hacker, a prominent German lepidopterist, who has contributed much to the investigation of macro-moths of the Arabian peninsula and Africa.Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2010http://species-id.net/wiki/Meharia_yakovleviMeharia yakovlevi  Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2010a, Esperiana 15: 379.Male genitalia ; forewing long, with rounded Male genitalia. Uncus medium-sized, apically hooked; arms of gnathos absent; tegumen medium sized, usually wider than basal part of uncus; valvae with almostPageBreak straight margins and wide rounded apex; juxta medium-sized, with long, narrow, well-sclerotised lateral processes; saccus semicircular, massive; aedeagus thick, with long sclera forming aedeagus wall.Female genitalia. Forming long ovipositor; papilla analis stretched, slightly tapering towards apex; apophyses posteriores more than twice as long as apophyses anteriores which are forked basally; ductus short, wide, sclerotised at base; corpus sac-shaped, with a small star-like signum; bulla located on the apical part of bursa.Azygophleps have been reported    to SocotMale genitalia . er plants.Mormogystia reibellii , Hypopta reibellii Oberthür, 1876, Et. Ent. 1: 40, pl. 4: fig. 1. LT: Biskra [Algeria]. Distribution: North part of Saudi Arabia, North Oman, UAE, Israel, Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Mauritania, Niger, Chad.Hypopta mussolinii Turati, 1927, Atti Soc. Ital. Scienze Naturali 66: 322, fig. 5. LT: Giarabub [NE Libya].= Hypopta cognata Krüger, 1939, Ann. Mus. Libico Storia Nat. V. 1: 331–332, Tav. 13: fig. 13–14. LT: Beni Ulid [Libya].= Hypopta reibelli – Wiltshire, 1980b, Jour. Oman Stud. Special report 2: 189; An incorrect subsequent spelling of reibellii Oberthür, 1876.=Mormogystia proleuca , stat. n., Eremocossus proleuca Hampson in Walsingham et Hampson, 1896, Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 276, pl. 10: 24. LT: Aden, Yerbury [South Yemen]. Distributuion: Southern Saudi Arabia (Asir Mountains), South Oman (Dhofar), Yemen.Mormogystia equatorialis , Hypopta reibeli (sic!) Obt. ssp. equatorialis Le Cerf, 1933, Bull. Soc. Entomol. France: 158. LT: Lokitang, dans les monts Lubur, au Nord du lac Rodolphe . Distribution: N Kenya.Mormogystia brandstetteri Saldaitis, Ivinskis & Yakovlev sp. n.Meharia philbyi Bradley, 1952, Entomologist, LXXXXV (1074): 241–242: LT: Arabia, Kashabiya [Saudi Arabia]. Distribution: Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman.Meharia acuta Wiltshire, 1982, Fauna Saudi Arab., 4:276, pl. 1: fig. 3, 3a. LT: wadi Hanaka [Saudi Arabia]. Distribution: Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen.Meharia hackeri Saldaitis, Ivinskis & Yakovlevsp. n.Meharia tanganyikae Bradley, 1952, Entomologist, LXXXXV (1074): 242–244. LT: Tanganyika, Ngaruka. Distribution: E Africa.Meharia semilactea , Novit. zool., 12: 32, pl. 4 (12). LT: Nakheila, R. Atbara [NW Sudan]. Distribution: Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, UAE, Yemen, Egypt (Sinai peninsula), N Sudan, Morocco, Mauritania.Meharia yakovlevi Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2010a, Esperiana 15: 379. LT: hills near Hadibu, Socotra Island [Yemen]. N [North]. Distribution: Yemen (Socotra Isl.).Meharia incurvariella incurvariella Chrétien, 1915, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1915: 368. LT: Biskra [Algeria]. Distribution: Algeria, Morocco.Blalia vittata Rungs, [1943], 1942, Bull. Soc. Sc. Maroc. 22 (1942): 174, pl. 1: fig. 17. LT: Maroc, Saharien, Od Khiruf [Morocco].= Meharia incurvariella persica ; Blalia vittata persica Wiltshire, 1946a, Proc. R. Ent. Soc. London, Ser. B, 15: 120. LT: Shiraz . Distribution: Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan.Meharia tancredii Sutton, 1963, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6 (13): 365–366, fig. 1–2, 6. LT: Meyan Kaleh peninsula, N Iran. Distribution: N Iran.Meharia scythica D. Komarov et Zolotuhin, 2005. Nota lepid. 28 (1): 52–53, fig. 1–4. LT: [Russia] Astrakhan Prov., Akhtuba Distr., passing-track Martovsky, outsk. Bolshoe Bogdo Mt. Distribution: Russia, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions.Meharia fischeri Yakovlev & Saldaitis, 2008b, Eversmannia 15–16: 49. LT: Marokko [Morocco], Jbel Bani, 3 km S Tiggane, 18 km SW Tata. Distribution: Morocco.Meharia avicenna Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 66: 1–129. LT: Iran, Hashtijan, 90 km S Gom. Distribution: Iran.Aethalopteryx atrireta , Phragmatoecia atrireta Hampson, 1910a, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8 (6): 129; LT: Bechuanaland, Lake N’gami [Botswana]. Distribution: Botswana, S Africa.Aethalopteryx obscurascens , Xyleutes obscurascens Gaede, 1930, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 14: 547, Taf. 79h; LT: Maraquo, Centr. Abyss. [Central Ethiopia]. Distribution: Ethiopia.Aethalopteryx obsolete , Xyleutes obscurascens obsolete Gaede, 1930, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 14: 547, Taf. 79g; LT: White Nile [Central Sudan]. Distribution: Sudan, Tanzania, Swaziland.PageBreakAethalopteryx steniptera , Duomitus pindarus Fawcett, 1916: 733; LT: Kenya, Kedai. Distribution: Kenya, Uganda, S Africa.Aethalopteryx wiltshirei Yakovlev, 2009, Euroasian Entomol. J; LT: Saudi Arabia, Azir, Al Foqa, Olea-Dodonea Zone. Distribution: Saudi Arabia.Aethalopteryx simillima , Xyleutes grandiplaga Gaede, 1930: 547; LT: Chad, Oubangui, Chari, Bangui [Central African Rep.]. Distribution: Central African Rep., Congo.Aethalopteryx tristis , Hyleutes tristis Gaede, 1915, D. Ent. Ztschr. Iris, 28: 147–148.LT: Nama-Land [Namibia]. Distribution: Namibia, Kenya, S Africa.Aethalopteryx mesosticta , Duomitus squameus Distant, 1902, Entomologist, 35: 213; LT: Transvaal, Pretoria (S Africa). Distribution: South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique, Malawi, Ghana, Angola, Tanzania.Azygophleps atriplaga Le Cerf, 1919b, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 25: 30; LT: Rivière Kuando, frontière Sud-Est Angola-Rhodesia .= Aethalopteryx dictyotephra , Kyleutes (sic!) dictyotephra Clench, 1959, Veröff. zool. St. Samml. Münch. 6: 13–14, pl. II: fig. 6–7; LT: SW Africa, Okahandja [Namibia]. Distribution: SW Africa.Aethalopteryx nilotica Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 66: 1–129. LT: Sudan, Blue Nile Prov., Wadi Medani. Distribution: Sudan.Aethalopteryx anikini Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 66: 1–129. LT: S Africa, Free State, 15 km S Bloemhof, Sandveld N.R., S 27°43'55", E 25°45'06". Distribution: S Africa.Aethalopteryx forsteri , Xyleutes forsteri Clench, 1959, Veröff. zool. St. Samml. Münch. 6: 14–15, pl. II: fig. 8–9; LT: SW Africa, Okahandja [Namibia]. Distribution: SW Africa.Aethalopteryx gyldenstolpei , Xyleutes gyldenstolpei Aurivillius, 1925, Ark. Zoology, 17A (32): 20; LT: Ituri . Distribution: Congo.Aethalopteryx masai Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 66: 1–129. LT: Kenya, Kibwezi; Distribution: Kenya.Aethalopteryx elf Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 66: 1–129. LT: Somalia m., Kisimayo. Distribution: Somalia.PageBreakAethalopteryx politzari Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 66: 1–129. LT: Somalia m., Caanole Fluss. Distribution: Somalia, Tanzania, Kenya.Aethalopteryx gazelle Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 66: 1–129. LT: Kenya, South Coast, Marenche forest. Distribution: Kenya.Aethalopteryx rudloffi Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 66: 1–129. LT: Swaziland, Ndzevane area, Matala near Nsogo, 240 m, Akazien, Agaven Buscland, S 26°58'; E 031°58'. Distribution: Swaziland.Aethalopteryx kisangani Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 66: 1–129. LT: Rep. Congo (Zaire), 17 km N Kisangani, Masako Field Stat., 388 m, N 00°36'; E 25°15', 02–08.02.2008. Distribution: Zaire.Aethalopteryx sulaki Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 66: 1–129. LT: Kenya, Eastern Province, Umg. Meru, 2 km NE Isiolo, S 00°21.623; E 37°36.231. Distribution: Kenya.Azygophleps liturata , Zeuzera liturata Aurivillius, 1879, Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens 7: 48–49 LT: Damara [Namibia]. Distribution: Namibia, Botswana, S Africa .Zeuzera aurivillii Kirby, 1892, Cat. Lep. Het. 1: 872; Replacement name for Zeuzera liturata Aurivillius, 1879.= Azygophleps leopardina Distant, 1902, Entomologist 35: 213–214; LT: Transvaal, Pretoria. Distribution: S Africa, Zambia, Namibia, Kenya.Azygophleps borchmanni Grünberg, 1910, Denkschriften Med.-Naturwiss. Ges. Jena. Vierter Bd.: 140; LT: Rietfontein [E Namibia].= Azygophleps leopardinae – Dalla-Torre, 1923, Lep. Cat.: 43; An incorrect subsequent spelling of Azygophleps leopardina Distant, 1902.= Azygophleps nubilosa Hampson, 1910; 1910a, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8 (6): 129. LT: Uganda. Distribution: Uganda, Tanzania, S Africa.Azygophleps atrifasciata Hampson, 1910; 1910b, Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 481; LT: NE Rhodesia, Kalungwisi distr., High Plateau [Zambia]. Distribution: Zimbabwe, Zambia, Uganda, Kenya, Angola, Malawi, S Africa.Azygophleps regia , Zeuzera (?) regia Staudinger, 1891, Dtsch. Entomol. Ztschr. Iris 4: 253; LT: Hadjin [Turkey]. Distribution: Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq.Zeuzera regina – Wiltshire, 1957, Lep. Iraq: 146; An incorrect subsequent spelling of regia Staudinger, 1891.= Azygophleps afghanistanensis , Zeuzera regia afghanistanensis Daniel, 1964, Opuscula Zool. 77: 6; LT: O-Afghanistan, Sarobi, Gulbahar [E Afghanistan]. Distribution: Afghanistan.Azygophleps albofasciata , Zenzera (sic!) albofasciata Moore, 1879a, Descr. of new ind. lep. ins. from the coll. of the late Mr. W.S. Atkinson, M.A., F.L.S. & C.,PageBreak director of the Public Instruction, Bengal: 87; LT: Darjiling [India]. Distribution: India, Pakistan.Azygophleps confucianus Yakovlev, 2006; 2006b, Tinea 19(3): 205–207, figs, 18–19, 54; LT: China, SE Tibet, Markam; Distribution: China .Azygophleps inclusa , Zeuzera inclusa Walker, 1856, List. Spec. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 7: 1534; LT: Port Natal . Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Angola, Malawi, Mosambique, Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho, Uganda, Congo, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Republic of Côte d’Ivoire.Zeuzera petax Wallengren, 1860, Wien. Entomol. Monatshcr 4 (2): 43; LT: Caffraria orientali [S Africa].= Azygophleps larseni Yakovlev & Saldaitis, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 66: 1–129. LT: S. [South] Oman, Dhofar, Rakyut. Distribution: Iraq, Iran, Oman, Yemen, Socotra island.Azygophleps kovtunovitchi Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 66: 1–129. LT: Lesotho, 45 km Mokhothand. Distribution: Lesotho.Azygophleps sheikh Yakovlev & Saldaitis, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 66: 1–129. LT: W Saudi Arabia, N-Asir, 40 km W Taif, Distribution: Saudi Arabia, Yemen.Azygophleps sponda , Zeuzera sponda Walengren, 1875, Öfver. Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akad. Förh. 32 (1): 96; LT: Transvaalia . Distribution: S Africa.Azygophleps cooksoni Pinhey, 1968; 1968, Ann. Transvaal Mus. 25 (9): 156, pl. 13: fig. 2; LT: Muden, Natal. Distribution: Southern Africa .Azygophleps melanophele Hampson, 1910; 1910a, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8 (6): 130; LT: S Nigeria, Sapele [Kenya]. Distribution: Central Africa.Azygophleps ganzelkozikmundi Yakovlev, 2009, Euroasian Entomol. J. 8 (3): 359–360; LT: Uele, Paulis [Congo]. Distribution: Camerun, Congo.Azygophleps asylas , Phalaena asylas Cramer, 1779, De uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America, by een verzameld en beschreeven: 61–62, pl. CXXXVII (C); LT: Cape [S Africa]. Distribution: Central to Southern Africa.Zeuzera strigulosa Walker, 1856, List Spec. Lep. Ins. Brit. Museum 7: 1534;LT: Cape [S Africa].= Zeuzera canadensis Herrich-Schäffer, [1854], Sammlung aussereuropäscher Schmetterlinge: 58, Fig. 168; LT: Quebec (error).= Azygophleps pusilla , Zeuzera pusilla Walker, 1856, List Spec. Lep. Ins. Brit. Museum 7: 1538; LT: North India. Distribution: India.Azygophleps albovittata Bethune-Baker, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 2: 263; LT: N Nigeria, Lokoja District; Distribution: Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda, Congo, Kenya, Guinea, Zimbabwe.Azygophleps pallens , Phragmataecia pallens Herrich-Schäffer, [1854], Samml. aussereurop. Schmett. 1 (1), Taf. [35]: 169; LT: Guinea. Distribution: Sierra-Leone, Uganda, Nigeria, Cameroon, Kenya, Sudan.Azygophleps simplex Aurivillius, 1905, Owk. f. Zool. 2 (12): 42; LT: [Nigeria]. Distribution: Nigeria.PageBreakAzygophleps liliyae Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten, 66: 1–129. LT: Tanzania, Mbulu in town, 1800 m, S 03°52'00", E 035°32'17". Distribution: Tanzania.Azygophleps legraini Yakovlev & Saldaitis, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten, 66: 1–129. LT: Cameroon, Adamaoua, nr. Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundaba; Distribution: Cameroon.Azygophleps godswindow Yakovlev & Saldaitis, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten, 66: 1–129. LT: RSA [Republic South Africa], Mpumalanga, nr. Graskop, 1750 m, God’s Window Rd. Distribution: S Africa.Azygophleps otello Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten, 66: 1–129. LT: Mauritania, Boghe. Distribution: Mauritania.Azygophleps equatorialis Yakovlev, 2011, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten, 66: 1–129. LT: ♂, Congo, Odzala NP, 0,23N; 14,50E. Distribution: Congo.Azygophleps scalaris , Phalaena  scalaris Fabricius, 1775, Syst, Ent.: 590; LT: China; Distribution: Pakistan, India, China, Sri-Lanka, Maynmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Mauritania, Somali, Senegal, Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Congo, Kenya, Angola, Namibia, Tanzania, Sudan.Zeuzera bivittata Walker, 1865, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 32 (suppl. 2): 586–587; LT: North Hindostan.= Azygophleps aburae , Zeuzera aburae Plötz, 1880, Ent. Zeit. Stetting: 77; LT: Bei Aburi [Ghana]. Distribution: Zimbabwe, Kenya, Ghana, Cameroon, Sudan.Azygophleps boisduvalii , Zeuzera boisduvalii Herrich-Schäffer, 1854, Samml. aussereurop. Schmett., 1 (1): 58, Taf. 35: 167; LT: Gatam (Sierra Leone). Distribution: Africa .PageBreak


The name of the fourth author was incompletely given. The correct name is: Francesc Sardà-Palomera. The correct citation is: Moreno R, Jover L, Diez C, Sardà-Palomera F, Sanpera C (2013) Ten Years after the Prestige Oil Spill: Seabird Trophic Ecology as Indicator of Long-Term Effects on the Coastal Marine Ecosystem. PLoS ONE 8(10): e77360. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077360. The correct abbreviation in the Author Contributions statement is: FSP.


International Journal of Molecular Science is instituting an annual award to recognize outstanding papers in the area of chemistry, molecular physics and molecular biology published in International Journal of Molecular Science.International Journal of Molecular Science Best Paper Award” for 2014 [International Journal of Molecular Science from all papers published in 2010. The awards are issued to reviews and articles separately. We are pleased to announce that the following five papers have been chosen:We are pleased to announce the third “Parul Vatsa, Lisa Sanchez, Christophe Clement, Fabienne Baillieul and Stephan DoreyDietary Protection Against Free Radicals: A Case for Multiple Testing to Establish Structure-activityRelationships for Antioxidant Potential of Anthocyanic Plant SpeciesInt. J. Mol. Sci.2010, 11(12), 5095–5108; doi:10.3390/ijms11125095http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/12/5095Available online: Junko Okuda-Shimazaki, Saiko Takaku, Koki Kanehira, Shuji Sonezaki and Akiyohshi TaniguchiEffects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Aggregate Size on Gene ExpressionInt. J. Mol. Sci.2010, 11(6), 2383–2392; doi:10.3390/ijms11062383http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/6/2383Available online: Giuseppe Calogero, Gaetano Di Marco, Silvia Cazzanti, Stefano Caramori, Roberto Argazzi, Aldo Di Carlo and Carlo Alberto BignozziEfficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Red Turnip and Purple Wild Sicilian Prickly Pear FruitsInt. J. Mol. Sci.2010, 11(1), 254–267; doi:10.3390/ijms11010254http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/1/254Available online: Kati Hanhineva, Riitta Törrönen, Isabel Bondia-Pons, Jenna Pekkinen, Marjukka Kolehmainen, Hannu Mykkänen and Kaisa PoutanenImpact of Dietary Polyphenols on Carbohydrate MetabolismInt. J. Mol. Sci.2010, 11(4), 1365–1402; doi:10.3390/ijms11041365http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/4/1365Available online: Sonia De Pascual-Teresa, Diego A. Moreno and Cristina García-VigueraFlavanols and Anthocyanins in Cardiovascular Health: A Review of Current EvidenceInt. J. Mol. Sci.2010, 11(4), 1679–1703; doi:10.3390/ijms11041679http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/4/1679Available online: International Journal of Molecular Science and the scientific research field. On behalf of the Prize Awarding Committee and the Editorial Board of International Journal of Molecular Science, we would like to congratulate these three teams for their excellent work. In recognition of their accomplishment, Dr. Stephan Dorey, Dr. Akiyohshi Taniguchi and Dr. Carlo Alberto Bignozzi will receive prizes of CHF 1000, CHF 800, and CHF 500, respectively, and the privilege of publishing an additional paper free of charge in Open Access format in International Journal of Molecular Science, after the usual peer-review procedure. Dr. Kati Hanhineva and Dr. Diego A. Moreno will receive the privilege of publishing an additional research article free of charge in Open Access format in International Journal of Molecular Science, after the usual peer-review procedure.We believe that these five exceptional papers are valuable contributions to Editor-in-Chief, Section ‘Molecular Diagnostics’Prof. Dr. Stephen A. BustinPostgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UKstephen.bustin@anglia.ac.ukE-Mail: Editor-in-Chief, Section ‘Molecular Recognition’Prof. Dr. Ian A. NichollsBioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory Linnæus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry and School of Chemistry & Biomedicine Linnæus University, Kalmar SE-39182, Swedenian.nicholls@lnu.seE-Mail: Editor-in-Chief, Section ‘Molecular Toxicology’Dr. Michael IbaDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USAiba@eohsi.rutgers.eduE-Mail:


The second author's name was spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Aref Bin Abdulhak. The correct citation is: Tleyjeh IM, Bin Abdulhak A, Riaz M, Garbati MA, Al-Tannir M, et al. (2013) The Association between Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonist Use and Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 8(3): e56498. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056498


Marine Drugs, we would like to start an annual “Best Paper Award”. To recognize the most outstanding papers in the area of research, development and production of drugs from the sea, including marine natural product chemistry, that have been published in Marine Drugs Best Paper Award” for 2013. Nominations were selected by the Editor-in-Chief and Associate Editors of Marine Drugs from all papers published in 2009; reviews and articles being evaluated separately. The following three papers have won this award: We are therefore pleased to announce the first “Jason C. Kwan, Kanchan Taori, Valerie J. Paul and Hendrik Luesch * Lyngbya semiplenaLyngbyastatins 8–10, Elastase Inhibitors with Cyclic Depsipeptide Scaffolds Isolated from the Marine Cyanobacterium Mar. Drugs2009, 7(4), 528-538; doi:10.3390/md7040528http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/7/4/528Available online: Sigrid Hakvåg, Espen Fjærvik, Geir Klinkenberg, Sven Even F. Borgos, Kjell D. Josefsen, Trond E. Ellingsen and Sergey B. Zotchev *Collimonas sp. from the Sea Surface Microlayer of Coastal Waters in Trøndelag, Norway Violacein-Producing Mar. Drugs2009, 7(4), 576-588; doi:10.3390/md7040576http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/7/4/576Available online: Barbara Forte, Beatrice Malgesini, Claudia Piutti, Francesca Quartieri, Alessandra Scolaro and Gianluca Papeo * A Submarine Journey: The Pyrrole-Imidazole Alkaloids Mar. Drugs2009, 7(4), 705-753; doi:10.3390/md7040705http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/7/4/705Available online: Marine Drugs and drug discovery research. On behalf of the Prize Awarding Committee and the Editorial Board of Marine Drugs, we would like to congratulate these three teams for their excellent work. In recognition of their accomplishment, Dr. Hendrik Luesch and Dr. Sergey B. Zotchev will receive a prize of 600 CHF and 400 CHF, respectively, and the privilege to publish an additional paper free of charge in open access format in Marine Drugs, after the usual peer-review procedure. Dr. Gianluca Papeo will also be awarded the privilege of publishing an additional research paper free of charge in open access format in Marine Drugs, after the usual peer-review procedure. We believe these three exceptional papers are valuable contributions to Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Hartmut LaatschInstitute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germanyhlaatsc@gwdg.deE-Mail: Associate EditorProf. Dr. Guido CiminoIstituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (CNR) Via Campi Flegrei, 84, I-80078 Pozzuoli Napoli, Italyguido.cimino@icb.cnr.itE-Mail: Associate EditorProf. Dr. Jordan K. ZjawionyDepartment of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USAjordan@olemiss.eduE-Mail: Associate EditorProf. Dr. Nobuhiro FusetaniGraduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-8611, Japananobu@fish.hokudai.ac.jpE-Mail: Associate EditorProf. Dr. Alejandro M. MayerProfessor of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CCOM, Midwestern University, 555 31st. Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USAamayer@midwestern.eduE-Mail:


The second author's name was misspelled. The correct name is Frederik Staikowsky.The correct citation is: Schilte C, Staikowsky F, Couderc T, Madec Y, Carpentier F, et al. (2013) Chikungunya Virus-associated Long-term Arthralgia: A 36-month Prospective Longitudinal Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7(3): e2137. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002137


Corrigendum to Simic P, Zainabadi K, Bell E, Sykes DB, Saez B, Lotinun S, Baron R, Scadden D, Schipani E, Guarente L (2013) SIRT1 regulates differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by deacetylating β-catenin. EMBO Mol Med DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201606The authors of the above research article regret that an error occurred during selection of images shown in The conclusions of the article remain unchanged.


There is an error in the third author's name. The correct spelling is Andres E. Carrillo. The correct citation is: Flouris AD, Metsios GS, Carrillo AE, Jamurtas AZ, Stivaktakis PD, et al. (2012) Respiratory and Immune Response to Maximal Physical Exertion following Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Healthy Adults. PLoS ONE 7(2): e31880. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031880


This article was republished on January 27th, 2014 to correct an error in the title. Please see the correct citation here:Y. pestis Activates a Potent Innate Immune Response Affording Cross-Protection against Yersiniosis and Tularemia. PLoS ONE 8(12): e83560. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083560Zauberman A, Flashner Y, Levy Y, Vagima Y, Tidhar A, et al. (2013) YopP-Expressing Variant of