Drosophila melanogaster, before and after emergence, in order to uncover the transformation process of the muscles, nerves, and gut during development. Skeletal changes affect the original positions of the muscles. The muscles vary in size, not only becoming longer and broader, but also shorter and narrower. Different muscle shapes may appear during development. The number of bundles may also vary. The soft tissues in the body may fix the free ends of the growing muscles, and a strong adult skeleton likely causes the absence of some muscles and tendons. The flight muscles appear very early, probably to achieve full functionality of these very large adult-specific muscles in time. There are some differences during the same developmental period between the two sexes. Most muscles of the larvae and adults with similar attachment positions change their functions from supporting crawling to supporting flying and walking under the control of a more complex ventral nerve cord. The midguts of the larva and the adult are nearly the same.The developmental process, divided into four different stages , is the main reason for their remarkable diversification and expansion of the insect group Holometabola. Advanced morphological techniques have been used to demonstrate the 3D thoracic anatomical structures of the holometalous model organism fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a species of Holometabola, undergoes a series of transformations during metamorphosis. To deeply understand its development, it is crucial to study its anatomy during the key developmental stages. We describe the anatomical systems of the thorax, including the endoskeleton, musculature, nervous ganglion, and digestive system, from the late pupal stage to the adult stage, based on micro-CT and 3D visualizations. The development of the endoskeleton causes original and insertional changes in muscles. Several muscles change their shape during development in a non-uniform manner with respect to both absolute and relative size; some become longer and broader, while others shorten and become narrower. Muscular shape may vary during development. The number of muscular bundles also increases or decreases. Growing muscles are probably anchored by the tissues in the stroma. Some muscles and tendons are absent in the adult stage, possibly due to the hardened sclerites. Nearly all flight muscles are present by the third day of the pupal stage, which may be due to the presence of more myofibers with enough mitochondria to support flight power. There are sexual differences in the same developmental period. In contrast to the endodermal digestive system, the functions of most thoracic muscles change in the development from the larva to the adult in order to support more complex locomotion under the control of a more structured ventral nerve cord based on the serial homology proposed herein.The model organism  Holometabola, which comprises nearly 85% of insect diversity, includes more species than there are among plants or all other combined animal phyla . InsectsDrosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae), commonly known as the fruit fly, has been used for both medical and scientific research as a model organism [Drosophila. Relevant studies refer to the development of veins [D. melanogaster during metamorphosis using light microscopes has a long history.For over one hundred years, organism . Roughlyorganism . There iof veins , geneticof veins , or foldof veins . The skeD. melanogaster based on advanced morphological techniques. They also listed homologous muscles based on their own studies and those of Zalokar [Robertson  recorded Zalokar  and Mill Zalokar .D. melanogaster were recorded using micro-CT and computer-based 3D visualization, and are discussed herein. We also infer the serial homology of the larva to the adult according to a comparison of the anatomical structure of the third instar larva [www.flybase.org, accessed on 26 September 2023) [In this study, more detailed anatomical transformations of the thorax during the process of eclosion from the late pupal stage to after the emergence of the wild-type iso-1 of ar larva  with ourDrosophila melanogaster adults were provided by the Group of Computational Evolutionary Genomics, IOZCAS, and raised in a laboratory culture maintained at a constant temperature of 25 ± 1 °C and 60% relative humidity under a 12 h–12 h light–dark cycle. Eggs were collected 2 h after adult mating and then kept in a glass container. The gonad located in the penultimate segment of the abdomen of the third instar larva was observed with a microscope to distinguish between males and females. After that, the separated male and female larvae were transferred to two incubators, respectively. The larvae and adults were fed growth medium with preservative . Then, ten adult specimens of each male and female were collected each day from hatching to the third day (D1 to D3). All the specimens were preserved in 75% ethanol.The third day and the fourth day pupae and the first day and the third day adults were dehydrated in an ascending ethanol series (75%–85%–90%–95%–100%) and dried at the critical point . They were scanned using a micro-CT . The thoracic part of each specimen was reconstructed three-dimensionally based on a micro-CT image stack  using AmThe terminology for the endoskeleton follows the work of Fabian et al. ; for musD. melanogaster : dorso-lateral area of pronotum; I (= insertion): dorso-lateral area of occiput. Slender, slightly bent backwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Absent.PD4: Female: Slender, bent backwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Absent.AD1: Female: Slender, bent backwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: dorso-lateral area of pronotum; I: dorso-lateral area of occiput. Slender, bent backwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD3: Female: Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle is bent backwards from PD3 to AD1 and straight on AD3. Male: The muscle is bent backwards on AD1 and straight on AD3.PD3: Female: O: meso-lateral area of mesoscutum; I: dorso-lateral area of occiput. Long, bent lateralward, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: meso-lateral area of mesoscutum; I: dorso-lateral area of occiput. Long, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Long isosceles triangle, long and broad, bent lateralward, narrowing towards occiput. Male: Long isosceles triangle, long and broad, bent lateralward, narrowing towards occiput.AD1: Female: Long isosceles triangle, long and broad, bent lateralward, narrowing towards occiput. Male: Approximate long rectangle, long and slender, straight.AD3: Female: Approximate long rectangle, long and slender, bent lateralward. Male: Long rectangle, straight.Developmental changes: Female: The original end becomes broader on PD4 and narrower on AD3. The muscle is bent backwards from PD3 to AD1 and straight on AD3. Male: The original end becomes broader on PD4, narrower and bent on AD1. The muscle is straight on PD3, AD1 and AD3 and bent lateralward on PD4.PD3: Female: Absent. Male: Absent.PD4: Female: Absent. Male: Absent.AD1: Female: Absent. Male: O: dorso-lateral area of pronotum; I: dorso-lateral area of occiput. Long rectangle, short, slightly bent backwards.AD3: Female: O: dorso-lateral area of pronotum; I: dorso-lateral area of occiput. Long rectangle, short, slightly bent backwards. Male: Long rectangle, short, slightly bent backwards.Developmental changes: Male: No changes from AD1 to AD3.PD3: Female: O: lateral cervical sclerite; I: dorso-lateral area of occiput. Long rectangle, slender, slightly bent backwards. Male: Absent.PD4: Female: Long triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards lateral cervical sclerite. Male: O: lateral cervical sclerite; I: dorso-lateral area of occiput. Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD1: Female: Long triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards lateral cervical sclerite. Male: Short and slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD3: Female: Long triangle, broad, slightly bent backwards, narrowing towards occiput. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards occiput.Developmental changes: Female: The original end becomes broader on AD3; the insertional end becomes broader on PD4 and narrower on AD3. The muscle is slightly bent backwards on PD3 and AD3 and straight on PD4 and AD1. Male: The original end becomes broader on AD3.PD3: Female: O: lateral cervical sclerite; I: dorso-lateral area of occiput. Short, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: lateral cervical sclerite; I: dorso-lateral area of occiput. Long isosceles triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards occiput.PD4: Female: Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Long isosceles triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards occiput.AD1: Female: Long isosceles triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards lateral cervical sclerite. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards lateral cervical sclerite.AD3: Female: Long isosceles triangle, straight narrowing towards lateral cervical sclerite. Male: Triangle, straight, narrowing towards lateral cervical sclerite.Developmental changes: Female: The insertional end becomes broader on AD1. Male: The original end becomes narrower on AD1; the insertional end becomes broader on AD1.PD3: Female: O: dorso-lateral area of pronotum; I: protrochanter. Long and slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: dorso-lateral area of pronotum; I: protrochanter. Long and slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Long, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Long and slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD1: Female: Long isosceles triangle, long, straight, narrowing towards protrochanter. Male: Long isosceles triangle, long, straight, narrowing towards protrochanter.AD3: Female: Long isosceles triangle, long, straight, narrowing towards protrochanter. Male: Long isosceles triangle, long, straight, narrowing towards protrochanter.Developmental changes: Female: The original end becomes broader on AD1. Male: The original end becomes broader on AD1.PD3: Female: O: ventro-lateral area of occiput; I: antero-dorsal area of profurca. Long triangle, slightly bent upwards, narrowing towards occiput. Male: O: ventro-lateral area of occiput; I: antero-dorsal area of profurca. Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards occiput. Male: Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD1: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards occiput. Male: Long isosceles triangle, slender, straight, narrowing towards occiput.AD3: Female: Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Long isosceles triangle, straight, narrowing towards occiput.Developmental changes: Female: The insertional end becomes broader on PD4 and narrower on AD3. The muscle is bent upwards on PD3 and straight from PD4 to AD3. Male: The insertional end becomes broader on AD1.PD3: Female: O: lateral cervical sclerite; I: antero-dorsal area of propleural apophysis. Approximate isosceles triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards propleural apophysis. Male: O: lateral cervical sclerite; I: antero-dorsal area of propleural apophysis. Flat triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards propleural apophysis.PD4: Female: Flat isosceles triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards propleural apophysis. Male: Flat triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards propleural apophysis.AD1: Female: Flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards propleural apophysis. Male: Flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards propleural apophysis.AD3: Female: Flat trapezoid, short, straight, narrowing towards lateral cervical sclerite. Male: Flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards propleural apophysis.Developmental changes: Female: The original end becomes straight on PD4, and the insertional end becomes broader on AD3. Male: No changes from PD3 to AD3.PD3: Female: O: antero-lateral margin of procoxal rim; I: lateral cervical sclerite. Long isosceles triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards lateral cervical sclerite. Male: O: antero-lateral margin of procoxal rim; I: lateral cervical sclerite. Long triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards lateral cervical sclerite.PD4: Female: Long isosceles triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards lateral cervical sclerite. Male: Long isosceles triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards lateral cervical sclerite.AD1: Female: Long isosceles triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards lateral cervical sclerite. Male: Long isosceles triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards procoxa.AD3: Female: Long isosceles triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards lateral cervical sclerite. Male: Long rectangle, short.Developmental changes: Female: No changes from PD3 to AD3. Male: The original end becomes narrower on AD1 and broader on AD3; the insertional end becomes broader on AD1.PD3: Female: O: anterior area of mesanepisternum; I: lateral margin of procoxal rim. Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: anterior area of mesanepisternum; I: lateral margin of procoxal rim. Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Slender, slightly bent downwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD1: Female: Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD3: Female: Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Long triangle, slightly bent backwards, narrowing towards procoxa.Developmental changes: Female: No changes from PD3 to AD3. Male: The muscle is straight on PD3 and AD1, slightly bent downwards on PD4 and slightly bent backwards on AD3. The original end becomes broader on AD3.PD3: Female: O: antero-lateral area of profurcal arm; I: lateral cervical sclerite. Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Absent. The muscle is present only in the female.PD4: Female: Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: antero-lateral area of profurcal arm; I: extends towards lateral cervical sclerite. Short, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. The muscle is in the process of development.AD1: Female: Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: antero-lateral area of profurcal arm; I: extends towards lateral cervical sclerite. Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. The muscle is in the process of development.AD3: Female: Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: antero-lateral area of profurcal arm; I: lateral cervical sclerite. Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.Developmental changes: Female: No changes from PD3 to AD3. Male: The muscle extends forwards until it connects with the lateral cervical sclerite on AD3.PD3: Female: O: antero-dorsal area of profurca; I: ventro-lateral area of occiput. Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: antero-dorsal area of profurca; I: ventro-lateral area of occiput. Long triangle, slightly bent lateralward, narrowing towards occiput.PD4: Female: Approximate parallelogram, broad, slightly bent lateralward. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards occiput.AD1: Female: Long isosceles triangle, straight, narrowing towards occiput. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards occiput.AD3: Female: Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Long isosceles triangle, straight, narrowing towards occiput.Developmental changes: Female: The original end becomes broader on PD4 and narrower on AD3; the insertional end becomes broader on PD4 and narrower on AD1. The muscle is straight on PD3, AD1 and AD3 and lightly bent lateralward on PD4. Male: The muscle is slightly bent lateralward on PD3 and straight from PD4 toAD3.PD3: Female: O: postero-dorsal area of profurca; I: extends to mesofurca. Approximate parallelogram, straight. The muscle is in the process of development. Male: O: postero-dorsal area of profurca; I: extends to mesofurca. Approximate parallelogram, slightly bent lateralward. The muscle is in the process of development.PD4: Female: O: postero-dorsal area of profurca; I: antero-dorsal area of mesofurca. Parallelogram, straight. Male: O: postero-dorsal area of profurca; I: extends towards mesofurca. Approximate parallelogram, slightly bent lateralward.AD1: Female: O: postero-dorsal area of profurca; I: antero-dorsal area of mesofurca. Parallelogram, straight. Male: O: postero-dorsal area of profurca; I: antero-dorsal area of mesofurca. Approximate parallelogram, slightly bent lateralward.AD3: Female: Absent. Male: Absent.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle extends backwards until it connects with the antero-dorsal area of the mesofurca on PD4. Male: The muscle extends backwards until it connects with the mesofurca on AD1.PD3: Female: O: central area of probasisternum; I: antero-lateral margin of procoxal rim. Long triangle, slightly bend backwards, narrowing towards procoxa. Male: O: central area of probasisternum; I: antero-lateral margin of procoxal rim. Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards procoxa.PD4: Female: O: discrimen of probasisternum; I: antero-lateral margin of procoxal rim. Approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards procoxa. Male: O: central area of probasisternum; I: antero-lateral margin of procoxal rim. Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards procoxa.AD1: Female: Approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards procoxa. Male: O: discrimen of probasisternum; I: antero-lateral margin of procoxal rim. Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards procoxa.AD3: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards procoxa. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards procoxa.Developmental changes: Female: The original site changes from the central area to the discrimen of the probasisternum on PD4. The original end becomes bent on PD4 and straight on AD3. The muscle is slightly bent backwards on PD3 and straight from PD4 to AD3. Male: The original site changes from the central area to the discrimen of the probasisternum on AD1.PD3: Female: O: latero-ventral area of profurcal arm; I: postero-lateral margin of procoxal rim. Two bundles, long triangle, straight, narrowing towards procoxa. Male: O: latero-ventral area of profurcal arm; I: postero-lateral margin of procoxal rim. One bundle, short, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Two bundles, long triangle, straight, narrowing towards procoxa. Male: One bundle, long triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards profurca.AD1: Female: One bundle, approximate parallelogram, slightly bent forwards. Male: One bundle, long triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards procoxa.AD3: Female: One bundle, long triangle, straight, narrowing towards procoxa. Male: Two bundles, long triangular, straight, narrowing towards procoxa.Developmental changes: Female: Two bundles combine as one bundle on AD1. The insertional end becomes broader on AD1 and narrower on AD3. The muscle is straight on PD3, PD4 and AD3 and slightly bent forwards on AD1. Male: One bundle is divided into two bundles on AD3. The original end becomes broader on PD4 and narrower on AD1; the insertional end becomes broader on AD1.PD3: Female: Absent. Male: Absent.PD4: Female: Absent. Male: Absent.AD1: Female: O: ventro-inner area of the profurcal arm; I: protrochanter. Long triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards protrochanter. Male: Absent.AD3: Female: Long triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards procoxa. Male: O: ventro-inner area of the profurcal arm; I: protrochanter. Long triangle, short, straight, narrowing towards protrochanter.Developmental changes: Female: No changes from AD1 to AD3.PD3: Female: O: anterior to central area of mesoscutum; I: mesophragma. Several bundles fuse together, long and broad. Male: O: anterior to central area of mesoscutum; I: mesophragma. Several bundles fuse together, long and broad.PD4: Female: Several bundles fuse together, long and broad. Male: Several bundles fuse together, long and broad.AD1: Female: Several bundles fuse together, long and broad. Male: Several bundles fuse together, long and broad.AD3: Female: Several bundles fuse together, long and broad. Male: Several bundles fuse together, long and broad.Developmental changes: Female: No changes from PD3 to AD3. Male: No changes from PD3 to AD3.PD3: Female: O: latero-central area of mesoscutum; I: lateral area of mesophragma. Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight. Male: O: latero-central area of mesoscutum; I: lateral area of mesophragma. Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight.PD4: Female: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight.AD1: Female: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight.AD3: Female: Two bundles, long and broad, approximate parallelogram, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle is divided into two bundles on AD3. Male: No changes from PD3 to AD3.PD3: Female: Absent. Male: Absent.PD4: Female: O: antero-lateral area of mesoscutellum; I: postero-lateral area of mesoscutellum. Long triangle, straight, narrowing backwards. Male: O: antero-lateral area of mesoscutellum; I: postero-lateral area of mesoscutellum. Long triangle, short, straight, narrowing backwards.AD1: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing backwards. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing backwards.AD3: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing backwards. Male: Long triangle, short, straight, narrowing backwards.Developmental changes: Female: No changes from PD4 to AD3. Male: No changes from PD4 to AD3.PD3: Female: O: antero-lateral area of mesoscutum; I: ventral area of mesopreepisternum. Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, slightly bent backwards. Male: O: antero-lateral area of mesoscutum; I: ventral area of mesopreepisternum. Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, slightly bent backwards.PD4: Female: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, bent backwards. Male: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, slightly bent backwards.AD1: Female: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight.AD3: Female: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, slightly bent backwards. Male: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle is bent backwards on PD3, PD4 and AD3 and straight on AD1. Male: The muscle is slightly bent backwards on PD3 and PD4 and straight on AD1 and AD3.PD3: Female: O: latero-central area of mesoscutum; I: postero-lateral margin of mesocoxal rim. Long and broad. Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight. Male: O: latero-central area of mesoscutum; I: postero-lateral margin of mesocoxal rim. Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight.PD4: Female: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight.AD1: Female: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight.AD3: Female: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, long and broad, slightly bent backwards.Developmental changes: Female: No changes from PD3 to AD3. Male: The muscle is straight from PD3 to AD1 and slightly bent backwards on AD3.PD3: Female: O: lateral area of mesoscutum; I: mesotrochanter. Long triangle, long and broad, slightly bent forwards, narrowing towards mesotrochanter. Male: O: lateral area of mesoscutum; I: mesotrochanter. Approximate long triangle, long and broad, slightly bent forwards, narrowing towards mesotrochanter.PD4: Female: Long triangle, long and broad, slightly bent forwards, narrowing towards mesotrochanter. Male: Approximate long triangle, long and broad, slightly bent forwards, narrowing towards mesotrochanter.AD1: Female: Long triangle, long and broad, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter. Male: Approximate long triangle, long and broad, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter.AD3: Female: Long triangle, long and broad, curved, narrowing towards mesotrochanter. Male: Approximate long triangle, long and broad, curved, narrowing towards mesotrochanter.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle is slightly bent forwards on PD3 and PD4, straight on AD1 and curved on AD3. Male: The muscle is slight bent forwards on PD3, PD4, straight on AD1 and curved on AD3.PD3: Female: O: antero-lateral margin of mesoscutum; I: antero-dorsal area of mesanepisternum. Approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: O: antero-lateral margin of mesoscutum; I: antero-dorsal area of mesanepisternum. Approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.PD4: Female: Approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.AD1: Female: O: antero-lateral margin of mesoscutum; I: mesobasalare. Approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: O: antero-lateral margin of mesoscutum; I: mesobasalare. Approximate parallelogram, straight.AD3: Female: Approximate parallelogram, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, straight.Developmental changes: Female: The insertional site changes from antero-dorsal area of the mesanepisternum to the mesobasalare on AD1. The original end becomes broader on AD3. Male: The insertional site changes from antero-dorsal area of the mesanepisternum to the mesobasalare on AD1. The original end becomes broader on AD1.PD3: Female: O: dorsal area of mesopleural apophysis; I: lateral area of mesoscutum. Approximate flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Absent.PD4: Female: Approximate flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.AD1: Female: Approximate flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesosctum.AD3: Female: Approximate flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle becomes broader on PD4 and narrower on AD3. Male: The muscle is flat triangle-shaped on PD4 and AD3 and long triangle-shaped on AD1.PD3: Female: O: lateral area of mesoscutum; I: postero-dorsal area of mesanepisternum. Slightly bent medialward, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: lateral area of mesoscutum; I: postero-dorsal area of mesanepisternum. Short, bent medialward, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Slightly bent medialward, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Slightly bent medialward, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD1: Female: O: postero-lateral area of mesoscutum; I: mesobasalare. Straight, broad medially, narrowing towards both ends; longer than that on PD4. Male: O: postero-lateral area of mesoscutum; I: mesobasalare. Long and slender, slightly bent medialward, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD3: Female: Long, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.Developmental changes: Female: The insertional site changes from the postero-dorsal area of the mesanepisternum to the mesobasalare on AD1. The muscle is slight bent medialward on PD3 and PD4 and straight on AD1 and AD3. Male: The insertional position changes from the postero-dorsal area of the mesanepisternum to the mesobasalare on AD1. The muscle is bent medialward from PD3 to AD1 and straight on AD3.PD3: Female: O: antero-dorsal area of mesanepisternum; I: lateral margin of mesoscutum. Long isosceles triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: O: ventral area of mesanepisternum; I: lateral area of mesoscutum. Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.PD4: Female: O: ventral area of mesanepisternum; I: lateral area of mesoscutum. Approximate flat triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.AD1: Female: Long isosceles triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.AD3: Female: Long isosceles triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.Developmental changes: Female: The original site changes from the antero-dorsal area to the ventral area of the mesanepisternum on PD4. The muscle is long isosceles triangle-shaped on PD3, AD1 and AD3 and approximate flat triangle-shaped on PD4. Male: The original end becomes bent on AD1.PD3: Female: O: ventral area of mesanepisternum; I: lateral area of mesoscutum. Long triangle, bent medialward, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: O: ventral area of mesanepisternum; I: lateral area of mesoscutum. Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.PD4: Female: Long triangle, bent medialward, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Long triangle, bent medialward, narrowing towards mesoscutum.AD1: Female: Two bundles; anterior one: parallelogram, straight; posterior one: long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.AD3: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Two bundles; anterior one: long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum; posterior one: long triangle, slightly bent medialward, narrowing towards mesoscutum.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle is divided into two bundles on AD1, and the two bundles combine as one bundle again on AD3. Male: The muscle is divided into two bundles on AD3.PD3: Female: O: posterior area of mesopleural apophysis; I: postero-lateral margin of mesoscutum. Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: posterior area of mesopleural apophysis; I: postero-lateral margin of mesoscutum. Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.PD4: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Long triangle, slender, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.AD1: Female: Long triangle, slender, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.AD3: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.Developmental changes: Female: The original end become broader on PD4. Male: No changes from PD3 to AD3.PD3: Female: O: central area of mesanepisternum; I: lateral margin of mesoscutum. Long triangle, bent medialward, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: O: central area of mesanepisternum; I: lateral margin of mesoscutum. Slightly bent medialward, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Long triangle, slightly bent medialward, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Long triangle, slightly bent medialward, narrowing towards mesoscutum.AD1: Female: Long isosceles triangle, slightly bent medialward, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.AD3: Female: Long isosceles triangle, slightly bent medialward, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle is long triangle-shaped on PD3 and PD4 and long isosceles triangle-shaped on AD1 and AD3. The insertional end becomes narrow on PD4. Male: The original end becomes broader on PD4. The muscle is slightly bent medialward on PD3 and PD4 and straight on AD1 and AD3.PD3: Female: O: posterior area of mesopleural apophysis; I: lateral area of mesoscutum. Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: anterior area of mesopleural apophysis; I: lateral area of mesoscutum. Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Two bundles; anterior one: long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum; posterior one: straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: dorsal area of mesopleural apophysis; I: lateral area of mesoscutum. Two bundles; anterior one: approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum; posterior one: straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD1: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Two bundles; anterior one: approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum; posterior one: straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD3: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle is divided into two bundles on PD4, and the two bundles combine as one bundle again on AD1. The original end becomes broader on AD1. Male: The original site changes from the anterior area to the dorsal area of the mesopleural apophysis from on PD4. The original end becomes straight on AD3. The muscle is divided into two bundles on PD4, and the two bundles combine as one bundle again on AD3.PD3: Female: O: dorsal area of mesopleural apophysis; I: lateral margin of mesoscutum. Short, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: anterior area of mesopleural apophysis; I: lateral margin of mesoscutum. Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Two bundles; anterior one: approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesopleural apophysis; posterior one: approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: O: dorsal area of mesopleural apophysis; I: lateral margin of mesoscutum. Two bundles; anterior one: approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesopleural apophysis; posterior one: approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesopleural apophysis.AD1: Female: Approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesocutum. Male: Approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.AD3: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum. Male: Approximate long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle is divided into two bundles on PD4, and the two bundles combine as one bundle again on AD1. The original end becomes broader on AD1. Male: The original site changes from the anterior area to the posterior-dorsal area of the mesopleural apophysis on PD4. The muscle is divided into two bundles on PD4, and the two bundles combine as one bundle again on AD1. The original end becomes broader on AD1.PD3: Female: O: dorso-lateral area of mesofurca; I: dorsal area of mesopleural apophysis. Approximate flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesopleural apophysis. Male: O: dorso-lateral area of mesofurca; I: dorsal area of mesopleural apophysis. Approximate flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesopleural apophysis.PD4: Female: Approximate flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesopleural apophysis. Male: Approximate flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesopleural apophysis.AD1: Female: Approximate flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesopleural apophysis. Male: Approximate flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesopleural apophysis. The muscles in both the female and male are the same.AD3: Female: Approximate flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesopleural apophysis. Male: Approximate flat triangle, broad, straight, narrowing towards mesoscutum.Developmental changes: Female: No changes from PD3 to AD3. Male: No changes from PD3 to AD3.PD3: Female: O: ventral area of mesopleural apophysis; I: mesotrochanter. Long triangle, long, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter. Male: O: ventral area of mesopleural apophysis; I: mesotrochanter. Long triangle, long and broad, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter. The muscles in both the female and male are the same.PD4: Female: Long triangle, long and broad, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter. Male: Long triangle, long and broad, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter.AD1: Female: Approximate long triangle, long and broad, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter. Male: Approximate long triangle, long and broad, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter.AD3: Female: Approximate long triangle, long and broad, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter. Male: Approximate long triangle, long and broad, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter.Developmental changes: Female: The original end becomes bent on AD1. Male: The original end becomes bent on AD1.PD3: Female: O: postero-dorsal area of mesofurca; I: extends to metafurca. Trapezoid, short, straight. Male: Absent.PD4: Female: O: postero-dorsal area of mesofurca; I: extends towards metafurca. Approximate parallelogram, straight. Male: O: postero-dorsal area of mesofurca; I: extends towards metafurca. Short, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD1: Female: O: postero-dorsal area of mesofurca; I: antero-dorsal area of metafurca. Slender, slightly bent medialward, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: postero-dorsal area of mesofurca; I: antero-dorsal area of metafurca. Long triangle, slender, straight, narrowing towards metafurca.AD3: Female: Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Slender, slightly bent medialward, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle extends backward until connects with the antero-dorsal area of the metafurca on AD1. Both the original end and the insertional end become broader on PD4 and narrower on AD1. The muscle is straight on PD3, PD4 and AD3 and slightly bent medialward on AD1. Male: The muscle extends backward until connects with the antero-dorsal area of the metafurca on AD1. The original end becomes broader on AD1 and narrower on AD3. The muscle is straight on PD4 and AD1 and slightly bent medialward on AD3.PD3: Female: O: ventral discrimen of mesofurca; I: antero-inner margin of mesocoxal rim. Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesocoxa. Male: O: ventral discrimen of mesofurca; I: antero-inner margin of mesocoxal rim. Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesocoxa.PD4: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesocoxa. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesocoxa.AD1: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesocoxa. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesocoxa.AD3: Female: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesocoxa. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesocoxa.Developmental changes: Female: No changes from PD3 to AD3. Male: No changes from PD3 to AD3.PD3: Female: O: posterior area of mesofurca; I: posterior margin of mesocoxal rim. Approximate parallelogram, straight. Male: O: posterior area of mesofurca; I: posterior margin of mesocoxal rim. Slightly bent downwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Approximate parallelogram, broad, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, straight.AD1: Female: Approximate parallelogram, straight. Male: Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD3: Female: Approximate parallelogram, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, straight.Developmental changes: Female: No changes from PD3 to AD3. Male: The original end and the insertional end become broader on PD4 and AD3 and narrower on AD1. The muscle is slightly bent downwards on PD3 and straight from PD4 to AD3.PD3: Female: O: ventral area of mesofurca; I: mesotrochanter. Two bundles; anterior one: long triangle, slender, slightly bent forwards, narrowing towards mesotrochaner; posterior one: slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: ventral area of mesofurca; I: mesotrochanter. One bundle, approximate parallelogram, slender, straight.PD4: Female: Two bundles, long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter. Male: Two bundles, long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter.AD1: Female: Two bundles, long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter. Male: Two bundles, long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter.AD3: Female: Two bundles, long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter. Male: Two bundles, long triangle, straight, narrowing towards mesotrochanter.Developmental changes: Female: The original end of the posterior bundle becomes broader on PD4. The muscle is slightly bent forwards on PD3 and straight from PD4 to AD3. Male: The muscle is divided into two bundles on PD4.PD3: Female: O: posterior area of metapleural apophysis; I: postero-lateral area of mesoscutum. Approximate parallelogram, straight. Male: O: posterior area of metapleural apophysis; I: postero-lateral area of mesoscutum. Short, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: O: postero-dorsal area of metapleural apophysis; I: postero-lateral area of mesoscutum. Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards metapleural apophysis. Male: O: postero-dorsal area of metafurca; I: postero-lateral area of mesoscutum. Long and slender, curved, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD1: Female: Absent. Male: Absent.AD3: Female: Absent. Male: Absent.Developmental changes: Female: The original end becomes narrower on PD4. Male: The tendon is straight on PD3 and curved on PD4.PD3: Female: O: dorsal area of metapleuron; I: antero-lateral margin of metacoxal rim. Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: central area of metapleuron; I: lateral margin of metacoxal rim. Short, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Approximate parallelogram, slender, straight. Male: O: dorsal area of metapleuron; I: antero-lateral area of metacoxal rim. Long and slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD1: Female: O: postero-dorsal area of metapleuron; I: antero-lateral margin of metacoxal rim. Approximate parallelogram, slender, straight. Male: O: postero-dorsal area of metapleuron; I: antero-lateral margin of metacoxal rim. Long and slender, slightly bent lateralward, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD3: Female: Approximate parallelogram, long and slender, straight. Male: Long and slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.Developmental changes: Female: The original site changes from the central area to the postero-dorsal area of the metapleuron on PD4. Both the original end and the insertional end become broader on PD4. Male: The original site changes from the central area to the dorsal area of the metapleuron on PD4, and to the postero-dorsal area of the metapleuron on AD1. The insertional site changes from the lateral margin of the metacoxal rim to the lateral area of the metabasisternum on PD4. The muscle is straight on PD3, PD4 and AD3 and slightly bent lateralward on AD1.PD3: Female: Absent. Male: Absent.PD4: Female: O: dorso-lateral area of metafurca; I: metapleural apophysis. Approximate parallelogram, broad, straight. Male: Absent.AD1: Female: Approximate parallelogram, short, straight. Male: O: dorso-lateral area of metafurca; I: metapleural apophysis. Short and slender, bent backwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD3: Female: Short and slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Long triangle, short, slightly bent forwards, narrowing towards metapleural apophysis.Developmental changes: Female: Both the original end and insertional end becomes narrower on AD3. Male: The original end becomes broader on AD3. The muscle is bent backwards on AD1 and slightly bent forwards on AD3.PD3: Female: Absent. Male: Absent.PD4: Female: O: postero-dorsal area of metafurca; I: intersegmental sclerite between metathorax and abdominal pleura. Approximate parallelogram, slightly bent upwards. Male: Absent.AD1: Female: Approximate parallelogram, slightly bent upwards. Male: O: postero-dorsal area of metafurca; I: intersegmental sclerite between metathorax and abdominal pleura. Approximate parallelogram, straight.AD3: Female: Approximate parallelogram, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, straight.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle is slightly bent upwards on PD4 and AD1 and straight on AD3. Male: No changes from AD1 to AD3.PD3: Female: Absent. Male: O: postero-dorsal area of metapleuron; I: antero-lateral margin of metacoxal rim. Long and slender, slightly bent lateralward, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Absent. Male: Long and slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD1: Female: O: postero-dorsal area of metapleuron; I: antero-lateral margin of metacoxal rim. Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Slender; straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD3: Female: Slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Slender, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.Developmental changes: Female: No changes from AD1 to AD3. Male: The muscle is slightly bent lateralward on PD3 and straight from PD4 to AD3.PD3: Female: O: postero-dorsal area of metapleuron; I: metatrochanter. Long and slender, bent forwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: postero-dorsal area of metapleuron; I: metatrochanter. Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Long and slender, bent forwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Long and slender, slightly bent backwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD1: Female: Slender, bent forwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Long and slender, bent forwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD3: Female: Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Long triangle, long, straight, narrowing towards metatrochanter.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle is bent forwards from PD3 to AD1 and straight on AD3. Male: The original end becomes broader on AD3. The muscle is straight on PD3 and AD3, bent backwards on PD4 and bent forwards on AD1.PD3: Female: Absent. Male: Absent.PD4: Female: O: postero-dorsal area of metafurca; I: abdominal sternite. Long triangle, slender, slightly bent lateralward, narrowing towards abdomen. Male: Absent.AD1: Female: Long triangle, slender, straight, narrowing towards abdomen. Male: Absent.AD3: Female: Long triangle, slender, straight, narrowing towards abdomen. Male: O: postero-dorsal area of metafurca; I: abdominal sternite. Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards abdomen.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle is slightly bent lateralward on PD4 and straight on AD1 and AD3. Male: The muscle is present only on AD3.PD3: Female: Absent. Male: Absent.PD4: Female: O: postero-ventral area of metafurca; I: antero-inner margin of metacoxal rim. Approximate parallelogram, broad, straight. Male: O: postero-ventral area of metafurca; I: antero-inner margin of metacoxal rim. Approximate parallelogram, straight.AD1: Female: Approximate parallelogram, broad, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, straight.AD3: Female: Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: Approximate parallelogram, straight.Developmental changes: Female: Both the original end and insertional end become narrower on AD3. Male: No changes from PD4 to AD3.PD3: Female: O: posterior area of metafurca; I: postero-inner margin of metacoxal rim. Approximate parallelogram, straight. Male: O: posterior area of metafurca; I: postero-inner margin of metacoxal rim. Straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Approximate parallelogram, broad, slightly bent downwards. Male: Short and slender, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD1: Female: Approximate parallelogram, straight. Male: Long triangle, straight, narrowing towards metafurca.AD3: Female: Approximate parallelogram, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, straight.Developmental changes: Female: The muscle is straight on PD3, AD1 and AD3 and slightly bent downwards on PD4. Male: The insertional end becomes narrower on AD1 and broader on AD3.PD3: Female: O: postero-dorsal area of metafurca; I: metatrochanter. Long, slightly bent backwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends. Male: O: postero-dorsal area of metafurca; I: metatrochanter. Long, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.PD4: Female: Approximate parallelogram, long, straight. Male: Long, slightly bent forwards, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD1: Female: Approximate parallelogram, long, straight. Male: Long, straight, broad medially and narrowing towards both ends.AD3: Female: Approximate parallelogram, long, straight. Male: Approximate parallelogram, long, straight.Developmental changes: Female: Both the original end and the insertional end become broader on PD4. The muscle is slightly bent backwards on PD3 and straight from PD4 to AD3. Male: Both the original end and insertional end become broader on AD3. The muscle is straight on PD3, AD1 and AD3 and slightly bent forwards on PD4.PD3 vnc: G,H: The PD4 vnc: G,H: AnteAD1 , which are considered homologous with the mesothoracic dorsal segmental longitudinal muscles of the larva and are the principal wing depressors and levators, provide power for flight . The proTo achieve complex flight movements, the adult also develops direct flight muscles, specifically the tergo-pleural muscles IItpm1–9, which attach to the wing base sclerites. Those muscles in the pterothorax function as the wing pronator or supinator . Heming The entire central nervous system in the larva is located in the metathorax and the first abdominal segment, and lacks a defined segmental ventral nervous cord . In the Both the larva and adult have cardia in the anterior area of the midgut. The diameters of the midgut and the salivary gland from the thoracic ventral area to the abdomen gradually increase. The salivary gland in the larva is larger than that in the adult. The general similarity in the midguts might suggest that the adult and larva have similar feeding habits, such as fermenting fruits . HartensD. melanogaster from the third day of the pupal stage to the third day after emergence. The endoskeleton, musculature, ventral nerve cord, and digestive system are exhibited and described in detail using micro-CT and 3D visualization. The original sites of some muscles change as the endoskeleton develops. Changes in muscular size during metamorphosis not only include becoming longer or broader, but also becoming shorter or narrower, in both absolute and relative terms. The muscular shape during development might be different. The number of muscular bundles can also increase or decrease. The free ends of the growing muscles might be anchored by the soft tissues in the stroma. The increased sclerization of the adult probably causes the loss of some muscles and tendons. Almost all the flight muscles were present on PD3, and completed their development on AD1, probably because the flight muscles need numerous myofibers with enough mitochondria to meet aerodynamic power requirements. There are some differences between the male and the female muscles, ventral nerve cord, and digestive system in the same developmental period. We propose most thoracic muscles have changed their functions from supporting peristalsis in larvae to supporting flight and walking in adults, although the serial homology during metamorphosis might be inconclusive. The ventral nerve cord in the adult has obvious neuromeres with more commissures to control the more complicated locomotion and receive multimodal sensory input. The similarity in the endodermal digestive systems of larvae and adults might reflect their similar feeding habits. In the future, we will continue to demonstrate the anatomical structures of other body segments and other stages during metamorphosis, including eggs, larvae, and the early pupal stage, using a wider variety of morphological techniques.This study shows the morphological transformation of the thorax of


Amolopsshihaitaoi) was recently discovered from southern China and northern Vietnam in 2022. The knowledge about natural history and feeding ecology of this species is virtually lacking.The Hekou Torrent Frog . A total of 36 prey categories with 529 items, comprising 515 items of invertebrates and 14 unidentified items, were found in the stomachs of A.shihaitaoi. The dominant prey items of the species were Hymenoptera (Formicidae), Orthoptera (Acrididae), Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera other), Mantodea (Mantidae) and Araneae. The importance index (Ix) of prey categories ranged from 7.1% to 11.5%. Hymenoptera (Formicidae) had the highest frequency of prey items, found in 36 stomachs.Based on our recent fieldwork in northern Vietnam, we report a new population of  Studying dietary ecology is crucial for understanding natural history, population fluctuations and the impact of habitat change on frog populations . IdentifDiet differences between sexes may occur due to differences in energy expenditure and behaviour  or in reAmolops Cope, 1865 currently contains 74 predominantly diurnal species that inhabit forest streams  was originally described from southern China (Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces) and northern Vietnam  by Amolopsshihaiaoi from Ha Giang Province and provide the novel data on dietary ecology.The Hekou Torrent Frog . The index of relative importance (IRI) was used to determine the importance of each food category. This index provides a more informed estimation of prey item consumption than any of the three components alone, using the following formula: IRI = (%F + %N + %V)/3  and taxonomic identification keys i.e. . The max + %V)/3 , where Fey items .To estimate prey evenness, we used Shannon’s Index of Evenness. Evenness is calculated from the equation: J′ = H′/Hmax = H′/lnS. Hmax is the maximum diversity that could occur if all taxa had equal abundance. H′ = Hmax = lnS, S is the total number of prey taxa and H' is the Shannon-Weiner index of taxon diversity, calculated from the equation: H′ = –∑(Pi×lnPi), where Pi is the proportion of total prey items belonging to the taxon for the total prey items of the sample .Statistic analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0 software , with the significance level set to P < 0.05 for all analyses. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) unless otherwise noted. We used Kendall’s tau b statistics to examine the number of prey items and prey volume from frogs of different sexes. We used one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine the size of prey items collected between sexes.A.shihaitaoi were collected from Ha Giang Province for stomach flushing.For taxonomic identification, four individuals were collected as morphological analysis. In addition, a total of 40 adult individuals  of Wang, Li, Du, Hou & Yu, 202296AB542A-0E70-5F73-BC46-014043073680https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Amolops/Amolops-shihaitaoiType status:Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: LV 53; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceID: F7C18AED-1D84-568E-ACB1-E231A190C353; Taxon: scientificNameID: Amolopsshihaitaoi; scientificName: Amolopsshihaitaoi; class: Amphibia; order: Anura; family: Ranidae; genus: Amolops; specificEpithet: shihaitaoi; scientificNameAuthorship: Wang, Li, Du, Hou & Yu, 2022; Location: country: Vietnam; countryCode: VN; stateProvince: Ha Giang; county: Ha Giang; municipality: Phuong Do; locality: near Lung Vai Village; verbatimElevation: 850 m; verbatimLatitude: 22°49'50''N; verbatimLongitude: 104°53'51''E; verbatimCoordinateSystem: WGS84; Event: eventDate: August 08; eventTime: 2022; eventRemarks: collected by N.V. Hoang and S. Silyavong; Record Level: language: en; collectionCode: Amphibians; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: LV 57; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceID: 19DB3F80-2BF4-506C-9B98-59A11463C6B3; Taxon: scientificNameID: Amolopsshihaitaoi; scientificName: Amolopsshihaitaoi; class: Amphibia; order: Anura; family: Ranidae; genus: Amolops; specificEpithet: shihaitaoi; scientificNameAuthorship: Wang, Li, Du, Hou & Yu, 2023; Location: country: Vietnam; countryCode: VN; stateProvince: Ha Giang; county: Ha Giang; municipality: Phuong Do; locality: near Lung Vai Village; verbatimElevation: 850 m; verbatimLatitude: 22°49'50''N; verbatimLongitude: 104°53'51''E; verbatimCoordinateSystem: WGS84; Event: eventDate: August 08; eventTime: 2022; eventRemarks: collected by N.V. Hoang and S. Silyavong; Record Level: language: en; collectionCode: Amphibians; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: LV 34; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceID: 417C2CA5-B977-522E-A43C-242460636B42; Taxon: scientificNameID: Amolopsshihaitaoi; scientificName: Amolopsshihaitaoi; class: Amphibia; order: Anura; family: Ranidae; genus: Amolops; specificEpithet: shihaitaoi; scientificNameAuthorship: Wang, Li, Du, Hou & Yu, 2024; Location: country: Vietnam; countryCode: VN; stateProvince: Ha Giang; county: Ha Giang; municipality: Phuong Do; locality: near Lung Vai Village; verbatimElevation: 850 m; verbatimLatitude: 22°49'50''N; verbatimLongitude: 104°53'51''E; verbatimCoordinateSystem: WGS84; Event: eventDate: August 08; eventTime: 2022; eventRemarks: collected by N.V. Hoang and S. Silyavong; Record Level: language: en; collectionCode: Amphibians; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: LV 59; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceID: A1C87F5B-3270-5C69-9760-39D16CB01387; Taxon: scientificNameID: Amolopsshihaitaoi; scientificName: Amolopsshihaitaoi; class: Amphibia; order: Anura; family: Ranidae; genus: Amolops; specificEpithet: shihaitaoi; scientificNameAuthorship: Wang, Li, Du, Hou & Yu, 2025; Location: country: Vietnam; countryCode: VN; stateProvince: Ha Giang; county: Ha Giang; municipality: Phuong Do; locality: near Lung Vai Village; verbatimElevation: 850 m; verbatimLatitude: 22°49'50''N; verbatimLongitude: 104°53'51''E; verbatimCoordinateSystem: WGS84; Event: eventDate: August 08; eventTime: 2022; eventRemarks: collected by N.V. Hoang and S. Silyavong; Record Level: language: en; collectionCode: Amphibians; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenMorphological characteristics of the specimens from Ha Giang Province, Vietnam, agreed with the description of Skin. Dorsal surface rough and granular with denser small translucent, dorsolateral folds absent; temporal and loreal region with small white spines; supratympanic fold present; ventral smooth.Colouration in life. Dorsal surface olive-brown with dark brown patches and dark irregular transverse bars on limbs; flanks olive-brown with warts dark or white; ventral surface white, ventral surface of limbs cream Fig. .In Vietnam, this species was previously recorded from Lao Cai, Cao Bang and Vinh Phuc Provinces . This isA.shihaitaoi were found on the cliff of waterfalls and large rocks in the streams between 20:00 and 23:00 h. The surrounding habitat was evergreen forest of large hardwood and shrub  had empty stomachs. We identified 529 prey items, including 515 items of animals and 14 unidentified items. Males had 190 prey items, while females had 339 prey items.A total of 40 adult individuals  of The number of prey items per individual ranged 2–40 items (average 14.69 ± 9.19 items). The number of prey items in males ranged 2–40 (average 11.18 ± 8.41 items), while in females, it ranged 4–35 (average 17.84 ± 8.90 items)  (Table Mean prey item length was 5.43 ± 3.99 mm (ranging from 1.00 to 40.00 mm) and mean prey item width was 1.64 ± 1.39 mm (ranging from 1.00 to 40.00 mm) in both sexes.F1,528 = 1.449, P = 0.018) as well as mean prey item width in males being 1.60 ± 1.69 mm (ranging from 0.4 to 10.00 mm) and ranging from 0.40 to 7.00 mm in females (average 1.66 ± 1.19 mm); those were significantly different from each other .Mean prey item length in males was 4.48 ± 3.30 mm (ranging from 1.00 to 30.00 mm) and ranged from 1.00 to 40.00 mm in females (average 5.95 ± 4.24 mm); those were significantly different from each other (3 (ranging from 10.71 to 848.06 mm3). In which, the average volume per male individual was 140.57 ± 210.38 mm3 (ranging from 10.71 to 688.21 mm3) and 334.16 ± 248.55 mm3 (ranging from 36.85 to 848.06 mm3) in female; those were significantly different from each other   Fig.  A, whileA.shihaitaoi with insects being the main food component, including 11 orders and other invertebrate groups, namely Opiliones, Araneae, Crustacea and Diplopoda (Table We identified 35 different categories of prey and other unidentified subjects in the stomachs of Formicidae (15.12%), followed by Acrididae (13.42%), Mantidae (9.64%), Araneae (9.45%) and other Lepidoptera (8.70%). While the most frequently foraged prey group was Lepidoptera other (15.28%), followed by Formicidae (14.58%), Acrididae (11.11%), Araneae (8.33%) and Mantidae (4.17%). In the comparisons by the IRI, Formicidae (11.5%), Acrididae (11.0%), other Lepidoptera (8.5%), Araneae (8.0%) and Mantidae (7.1%) were identified as the most important prey groups  and Shannon’s evenness was 0.82. Adult females (19 prey categories) consumed more diverse prey than adult males (16 prey categories). The diversity index of prey categories of adult males (11.11 with an evenness index of 0.41) was also lower than that of adult females (11.48 with an evenness index of 0.61)  being Byrrhidae, Tenebrionidae, Forficulidae, Anthomyiidae, Mycetophilidae, Baetidae, Braconidae, Noctuidae and Leptoceridae were found exclusively in the diet of males, whereas Opiliones, Crustacea, Diplopoda, other Hymenoptera, Gryllotalpidae, Gryllidae, Tetrigidae, Aleyrodidae, Cercopidae, Tettigoniidae and Orthoptera were found only in the diet of females. Despite these differences, Formicidae and Acrididae were identified as the most important prey categories for both males and females . Despite a varied diet, A.shihaitaoi had a narrow niche breadth with a few categories comprising most of the diet (frequency), including Lepidoptera (20.83%), Hymenoptera (16.67%), Orthoptera (15.97%) and Coleoptera (9.72%) (Table 2). Our estimation of prey availability suggested that food resources for A.shihaitaoi were abundant in the studied streams, allowing the co-existence of both adult males and females, despite their high dietary overlap of > 65% between males and females.We also found differences in the dietary composition between males and females of A.shihaitaoi in females was greater than that in males. This is consistent with the scale-efficiency hypothesis (As females have a larger body size than males, they are more likely to consume larger prey items than males . In thispothesis .


Corrigendum on:Effectiveness and determinants of smoking cessation in the Saudi Arabian Region of Jazan: A cross-sectional studyBy Osama Albasheer, Abdulaziz H. Alhazmi, Abdullah Alharbi, Anwar M. Makeen, Ahmad Y. Alqassim, Hafiz I. Al-Musawa, Amjad E. Alabah, Alwaleed K. Alhazmi, Nawaf A. Khormi, Yazeed A. Hamzi, Eyad Y. Abu Sharhah, Riyadh M. Salami, Mohammed Alshareef, Hassan Suwaydi, Ahmed ElkhobbyTobacco Induced Diseases, Volume 21, Issue January, Pages 1–9,Publish date: 21 January 2023https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/156842DOI: In the originally published version of the article the funding statement was not provided. The statement is now corrected as follows:“This research is supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Jazan University (Support Number: RUP2-06).”The section has been corrected also online.


Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex (ACB), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (SM) are difficult-to-treat pathogens contributing significantly to mortality. Monitoring the accuracy of automated susceptibility (S) systems like VITEK 2 against contemporaneous clinical isolates is crucial. This study compared VITEK2 to the broth microdilution method (BMD) when reporting S results against a challenge set of NF-GNB isolates.A challenge set of PSA , ACB , and SM  were collected (1/patient) in 2019–2021 from 43 medical centers located in 9 US Census Divisions and identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Isolates were S tested by VITEK 2 (AST-N802+XN15 cards) and CLSI BMD. A total of 1,737 isolate/antimicrobial (ATM) combinations were evaluated for essential (EA) and categorical (CA) agreements and error rates. FDA-approved VITEK 2 breakpoints were applied to both methods to mimic the real-world practice.Overall, VITEK 2 EA/CA rates were 90.6%/87.0%. Additionally, EA/CA rates were 93.1%/87.8%, 88.6%/86.3%, and 86.9%/86.9% for PSA, ACB, and SM, respectively. The EA/CA rates for each ATM and organism combination are displayed in the Table. All ATMs showed > 90% EA against PSA, except amikacin (AMK), imipenem, and ciprofloxacin (CIP). However, CA rates >90% were noted for AMK, ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, CIP, tobramycin, and gentamycin against PSA. VITEK 2 CA rates for all other ATMs tested against PSA ranged from 79.0% to 88.7%. All ATMs but ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam, CEF, and ceftazidime exhibited EA and CA rates > 90% against ACB. Minocycline and TS showed > 90% EA and CA rates against SM, but rates were lower for levofloxacin .The collection of NF-GNB pathogens tested in this study have been designated serious threats, so accurate AST results are critical for diagnostic stewardship. VITEK 2 EA/CA rates were > 90% for most of ATMs tested against this challenging collection of NF-GNB; however, β-lactam agents showed CA rates < 88% against PSA (80% of discordances were minor errors).Cecilia G. Carvalhaes, MD, PhD, AbbVie: Grant/Research Support|bioMerieux: Grant/Research Support|Cipla: Grant/Research Support|CorMedix: Grant/Research Support|Melinta: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Paul Rhomberg, BS, MT(ASCP), bioMerieux: Grant/Research Support|Melinta: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Nathan Veeder, AA, bioMerieux: Grant/Research Support Nabina Gurung, n/a, bioMerieux: Grant/Research Support Mariana Castanheira, PhD, AbbVie: Grant/Research Support|Basilea: Grant/Research Support|bioMerieux: Grant/Research Support|Cipla: Grant/Research Support|CorMedix: Grant/Research Support|Entasis: Grant/Research Support|Melinta: Grant/Research Support|Paratek: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Shionogi: Grant/Research Support


Children hospitalized with suspected or confirmed influenza should promptly receive influenza antivirals, as recommended by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). However, despite these recommendations, antiviral receipt remains suboptimal. We assessed predictors of antiviral receipt for influenza in hospitalized children.a priori, using logistic regression, and included all in the final model.We conducted active, population-based surveillance of children presenting with fever or respiratory symptoms from December 1, 2016, to March 31, 2020, at seven children’s hospitals in the CDC NVSN. The cohort consisted of children hospitalized with influenza confirmed by research molecular testing. We assessed predictors of antiviral receipt, selected Table). Additionally, we found that a negative clinical test was associated with lower odds of antiviral receipt, and receipt varied significantly by study site.We enrolled and tested 16,853 hospitalized children for influenza, identifying 1,120 laboratory-confirmed cases (6.6%). Of these laboratory-confirmed cases, clinicians ordered influenza testing for 693/1,120 (61.9%), and among those tested, 599/693 (86.4%) tested positive by clinical assays. Overall, 545/1,120 children (48.7%) received influenza antivirals. Of those with a positive clinical test, 405/599 (67.6%) received antivirals. Factors associated with higher odds of antiviral receipt included an underlying oncologic or immunocompromising disorder, symptom onset ≤ 2 days, intensive care unit (ICU) admission at presentation, use of influenza antivirals for this illness prior to hospitalization, and a positive clinical test .More than half of children hospitalized with influenza in our surveillance population did not receive antivirals, despite treatment recommendations. Efforts to improve antiviral receipt are important for optimizing care in all children hospitalized with influenza, and clinician education should continue to highlight the use of antivirals across the full spectrum of children hospitalized with influenza, including children not admitted to the ICU and those without underlying conditions.Marian G. Michaels, MD, MPH, Merck: Grant/Research Support|Viracor: Grant/Research Support John V. Williams, MD, Merck: Grant/Research Support|Quidel: Board Member Janet A. Englund, MD, Ark Biopharma: Advisor/Consultant|AstraZeneca: Advisor/Consultant|AstraZeneca: Grant/Research Support|GlaxoSmithKline: Grant/Research Support|Meissa Vaccines: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Moderna: Advisor/Consultant|Moderna: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Advisor/Consultant|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Sanofi Pasteur: Advisor/Consultant Geoffrey A. Weinberg, MD, Merck & Co: Honoraria Rangaraj Selvarangan, BVSc, PhD, D(ABMM), FIDSA, FAAM, Abbott: Honoraria|Altona Diagnostics: Grant/Research Support|Baebies Inc: Advisor/Consultant|BioMerieux: Advisor/Consultant|BioMerieux: Grant/Research Support|Bio-Rad: Grant/Research Support|Cepheid: Grant/Research Support|GSK: Advisor/Consultant|Hologic: Grant/Research Support|Lab Simply: Advisor/Consultant|Luminex: Grant/Research Support Flor M. Munoz, MD, MSc, CDC respiratory virus surveillance: Grant/Research Support|Gilead: Grant/Research Support|Moderna, sanofi, aztra zeneca, Merck, GSK: Advisor/Consultant|NIH: DSMB|NIH COVID-19 vaccines in pregnancy: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer Pediatric COVID-19 vaccines: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer, Dynavax, Monderna, Meissa, NIH: DSMB Mary A. Staat, MD, MPH, CDC: Grant/Research Support|Cepheid: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Grant/Research Support|NIH: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Up-To-Date: Honoraria Elizabeth P. Schlaudecker, MD, MPH, Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Sanofi Pasteur: Advisor/Consultant Natasha B. Halasa, MD, MPH, Merck: Grant/Research Support|Quidell: Grant/Research Support|Quidell: donation of kits|Sanofi: Grant/Research Support|Sanofi: vaccine support


Astragalus gossypinus) ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Wistar male rats. Food Science & Nutrition, 11, 765–777. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3112Hossein Zadeh, Z., Najdegerami, E. H., Niko, M., Nejati, V., & Ahmadi Gavlighi, H. (2023). Low‐molecular weight oligosaccharides from gum tragacanth (In the originally published version of the article, the third author's name was erroneously misspelled as Mehdi Niko. The spelling has now been corrected to Mehdi Nikoo.


Correction to: BMC Health Services Research (2023) 23:476.10.1186/s12913-023-09514-4.Following publication of the original article , the autThe correct citation of reference #3 should be:Hall J. Australian Health Care-The Challenge of Reform in a Fragmented System. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(6):493 − 97.The correct citation of reference #4 should be:McPake B, Mahal A. Addressing the Needs of an Aging population in the Health System: The Australian Case. Health Syst Reform. 2017;3(3):236–247.The correct citation of reference #5 should be:Van Gaans D, Dent E. Issues of accessibility to health services by older Australians: a review. Public Health Rev. 2018;39(1):1–16.The correct citation of reference #6 should be:Calder R, Dunkin R, Rochford C, Nichols T. Australian health services: too complex to navigate. A review of the national reviews of Australia’s health service arrangements. Australian Health Policy Collaboration, Policy Issues Paper No. 1 2019. Melbourne: Australian Health Policy Collaboration; 2019.The correct citation of reference #11 should be:Hunter JB, de Zapien JG, Papenfuss M, Fernandez ML, Meister J, Giuliano AR. The impact of a promotora on increasing routine chronic disease prevention among women aged 40 and older at the US-Mexico border. Health Educ Behav. 2004;31(4_suppl):18S–28S.The correct citation of reference #12 should be:Jandorf L, Cooperman JL, Stossel LM, et al. Implementation of culturally targeted patient navigation system for screening colonoscopy in a direct referral system. Health Educ Res. 2013;28(5):803–15.The correct citation of reference #13 should be:Dudley DJ, Drake J, Quinlan J, Holden A, Saegert P, Karnad A, Ramirez A. Beneficial effects of a combined navigator/promotora approach for Hispanic women diagnosed with breast abnormalities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21(10):1639–44.The correct citation of reference #15 should be:Burns ME, Galbraith AA, Ross-Degnan D, Balaban RB. Feasibility and evaluation of a pilot community health worker intervention to reduce hospital readmissions. Int J Qual Health Care. 2014;26(4):358–65.The correct citation of reference #17 should be:Heisler M, Spencer M, Forman J, et al. Participants’ assessments of the effects of a community health worker intervention on their diabetes self-management and interactions with healthcare providers. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37(6):S270–S279.The correct citation of reference #18 should be:Egbujie BA, Delobelle PA, Levitt N, Puoane T, Sanders D, van Wyk B. Role of community health workers in type 2 diabetes mellitus self-management: A scoping review. PloS One. 2018;13(6):1–18.The correct citation of reference #26 should be:Mistry SK, Harris E, Harris MF. Scoping the needs, roles and implementation of bilingual community navigators in general practice settings. Health Soc Care Community. 2022;30(6):e5495–e5505.The correct citation of reference #27 should be:Mistry SK, Harris E, Harris MF. Learning from a codesign exercise aimed at developing a navigation intervention in the general practice setting. Fam Pract. 2022;39(6):1070–1079.The correct citation of reference #42 should be:Health Education England. Care navigation: A competency framework. England: NHS; 2016.The correct citation of reference #61 should be:South Western Sydney Local Health District. Pacific Communities Health Needs Assessment. Sydney: SWSLHD; 2019.The correct citation of reference #62 should be:https://informontario.on.ca/our-members/ontario-211-services. 23 Jun 2023.InformOntario. Ontario 211 Services. 2023. The reference #63 in the published paper was in error. It should be removed and replaced with the following citation:Henderson S, Kendall E. ‘Community navigators’: making a difference by promoting health in culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities in Logan, Queensland. Aust J Prim Health. 2011;17(4):347–54.


Multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria, including metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producers, pose significant treatment challenges. This study investigated efficacy and safety of aztreonam-avibactam (ATM-AVI) in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI) or hospital-acquired)/ventilator-associated pneumonia (HAP/VAP) due to Gram-negative bacteria, including MBL-producing MDR pathogens, with limited or no treatment options.REVISIT was a phase 3, prospective, randomized, multicenter, open-label, central assessor-blinded study in hospitalized adults. Patients were randomized 2:1 to ATM-AVI  or meropenem (MER) ± colistin (COL) for 5–14 (cIAI) or 7–14 (HAP/VAP) days. Clinical cure at the test-of-cure (TOC) visit in the intent-to-treat (ITT) and clinically evaluable (CE) analysis sets were the primary efficacy endpoints. Key secondary endpoints included microbiological responses at TOC, 28-day mortality, and safety. No formal hypothesis testing was planned.In total, 422 patients were randomized . Adjudicated clinical cure rates at TOC are shown in Table 1. Favorable microbiological response rates at TOC  were 75.7% for ATM-AVI ± MTZ and 73.9% for MER ± COL; 28-day all-cause mortality rates for ATM-AVI ± MTZ and MER ± COL were 1.9% (4/208) vs 2.9% (3/104), and 10.8% (8/74) vs 19.4% (7/36) in cIAI and HAP/VAP, respectively. Adverse events (AEs) are summarized in Table 2. There were no treatment-related serious AEs in the ATM-AVI group.ATM-AVI (± MTZ) was effective in treating patients with cIAI and HAP/VAP, displaying similar efficacy to MER ± COL. ATM-AVI was generally well tolerated. These data support potential use of ATM-AVI for the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible Gram-negative bacteria. Further analyses will focus on MBL-producing pathogens.Trial registration. NCT03329092. Study sponsored by Pfizer. ATM-AVI is jointly developed with AbbVie, also supported by the United States Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) and the European Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), under the COMBACTE-CARE consortium.Yehuda Carmeli, MD, Merck: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Honoraria|Pfizer: Advisor/Consultant|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Honoraria|Qpex: Advisor/Consultant|Qpex: Grant/Research Support|Qpex: Honoraria|Roche: Advisor/Consultant|Roche: Grant/Research Support|Roche: Honoraria Georgios L. Daikos, PhD, MSD: Honoraria|Pfizer: Advisor/Consultant|Pfizer: Honoraria|Viatris: Honoraria Rosa-María Jiménez Rodríguez, MD, PhD, Abex: Honoraria|B. Braun: Honoraria|Johnson & Johnson: Honoraria Halley Rogers, MPH, Pfizer: Ownership Interest Michele Wible, MS, Pfizer: Ownership Interest Francis Arhin, PhD, Pfizer: Ownership Interest Joanne Leaney, PhD, Pfizer: Ownership Interest Rienk Pypstra, MD, MBA, Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Joseph Chow, MD, Pfizer: Ownership Interest


Lipiecki, J., Farhat, H., Monzy, S., Caillot, N., Siminiak, T., Johnson, T., Vogt, S., Stark, M. A., and Goldberg, S. L. (2020) Long‐term prognosis of patients treated by coronary sinus‐based percutaneous annuloplasty: single centre experience. ESC Heart Failure, 7: 3329–3335. doi:10.1002/ehf2.1295533047896In the article by Lipiecki et al. (2020), the name of the second author was published as ‘Hicham Fahrat’.The correct name of the author should beHicham FarhatWe apologize for this error.


An erratum onSuperomedial pedicle skin-reducing mastectomy in ptotic and large-sized breasts with two-stage reconstruction through transaxillary video-assisted technique: An effective surgical and anesthetic approach By Di Monta G, Marone U, Avino F, Esposito E, Cepparulo V, Morra E, Saponara R, Bifulco F, Cuomo A, Cascella M and Mori S. (2023) Front. Surg. 9:1040602. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1040602Due to a production error, two statements are updated.The funder information for the paper was omitted. The statement should appear below:Funding StatementThis work was partially supported by the Italian Ministry of Health Ricerca Corrente Funds.Data Availability Statementhttps://zenodo.org/record/7472776#.Y6RNLHbMKUk"Raw data are available at the URL: The publisher apologizes for this mistake.The original version of this article has been updated.


A variant-adapted bivalent BNT162b2 vaccine  comprised of original SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 spike proteins was developed to improve protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Bivalent BNT162b2 is authorized by the US FDA from 6 months (mo) old; for children 6 mo to < 5 years (y), it is authorized as a 3-dose primary series and as a fourth dose (first booster).This substudy is part of a phase 1/2/3 master study (NCT05543616) investigating safety and immunogenicity of bivalent BNT162b2. The group reported here is open label and evaluates a fourth dose (first booster) with bivalent BNT162b2 3 μg in children 6 mo to < 5 y who previously received 3 original BNT162b2 3 μg doses. Reactogenicity (7 day), and 1 mo safety and immunogenicity for a subset of 60 participants were assessed. Descriptive immunogenicity endpoints included SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/BA.5 and ancestral strain neutralization responses post dose 4. A comparator group for immunogenicity included 60 participants, matched by age and SARS-CoV-2 infection status, from the initial pediatric study (NCT04816643) who received 3 original BNT162b2 3 μg doses without a booster.Figure), few reported adverse events (AEs), no serious AEs, and no new safety signals identified. Bivalent BNT162b2 elicited higher neutralizing titers against Omicron BA.4/BA.5 and similar titers against ancestral strain 1 mo post dose 4 compared with original BNT162b2 1 mo post dose 3 (Table). Robust immune responses were observed regardless of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection status.Of children 6 mo to < 5 y old  who received bivalent BNT162b2 as a fourth dose, 50% were male, 58% White, 5% Black, 15% Asian, 22% multiracial, 25% Hispanic/Latino; 28.3% had evidence of past SARS-CoV-2 infection. Median time from dose 3 of original BNT162b2 to bivalent BNT162b2 was 6.5 mo. Bivalent BNT162b2 was generally well tolerated with mostly mild to moderate reactogenicity and minimal fever (A booster (dose 4) of bivalent BNT162b2 had a similar safety profile to original BNT162b2 and induced robust Omicron BA.4/BA.5 and ancestral strain neutralizing titers in children 6 mo to < 5 y. These descriptive data reinforce the importance of a variant-adapted bivalent COVID-19 booster dose in this age group.Lawrence Sher, MD, Pfizer Inc: Clinical Investigator Charu Sabharwal, MD, MPH, Pfizer Inc: Employee|Pfizer Inc: Stocks/Bonds Nicholas Kitchin, MD, Pfizer Inc: Employee|Pfizer Inc: Stocks/Bonds Justice Kofi Boakya-Appiah, MD, Pfizer Inc: Employee|Pfizer Inc: Stocks/Bonds Xia Xu, PhD, Pfizer Inc: Employee|Pfizer Inc: Stocks/Bonds Emmanuel Walter, MD, Clinetic: Clinical Investigator|Iliad Biotechnologies: Advisor/Consultant|Moderna: Clinical Investigator|Najit Technologies: Clinical Investigator|Pfizer Inc: Clinical Investigator|Sequiris: Clinical Investigator|Vaxcyte: Advisor/Consultant Yvonne A. Maldonado, MD, Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Site Investigator, DSMB member Flor M. Munoz, MD, MSc, CDC respiratory virus surveillance: Grant/Research Support|Gilead: Grant/Research Support|Moderna, sanofi, aztra zeneca, Merck, GSK: Advisor/Consultant|NIH: DSMB|NIH COVID-19 vaccines in pregnancy: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer Pediatric COVID-19 vaccines: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer, Dynavax, Monderna, Meissa, NIH: DSMB Janet A. Englund, MD, Ark Biopharma: Advisor/Consultant|AstraZeneca: Advisor/Consultant|AstraZeneca: Grant/Research Support|GlaxoSmithKline: Grant/Research Support|Meissa Vaccines: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Moderna: Advisor/Consultant|Moderna: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Advisor/Consultant|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Sanofi Pasteur: Advisor/Consultant Kawsar R. Talaat, MD, Intralytix: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|NIAID: DSMB|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Pfizer contract with institution|Sanofi: Grant/Research Support|Takeda: Advisor/Consultant Satoshi Kamidani, MD, CDC: Grant/Research Support|Emergent BioSolutions: Grant/Research Support|NIH: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer Inc: Grant/Research Support Grant C. Paulsen, MD, Moderna: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Lisa Moyer, BS, Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Vrunda Parikh, PharmD, Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Hua Ma, PhD, Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Xingbin Wang, PhD, Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Kenneth Koury, PhD, Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Annaliesa S. Anderson, PhD, Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Kena A. Swanson, Ph.D., Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Alejandra C. Gurtman, M.D, Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds William C. Gruber, MD, Pfizer, Inc.: Employee|Pfizer, Inc.: Stocks/Bonds


Lenacapavir (LEN) is a highly potent, long-acting, first-in-class inhibitor of HIV-1 capsid protein for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults with multidrug resistance (MDR) in combination with other antiretrovirals.CAPELLA is an ongoing, phase 2/3 study in heavily treatment-experienced people with HIV-1 with multidrug-resistance. Participants received oral LEN for loading followed by subcutaneous LEN Q6M in addition to an investigator-selected optimized background regimen (OBR). After reporting the efficacy and safety data through 52 weeks (W), the protocol was amended to allow longer follow up; we report W104 results.Of 72 participants enrolled (36 in each cohort), 25% were female, 38% were Black, median age was 52 years, 64% had CD4 <200 cells/µL, and 46% had HIV-1 resistant to all 4 major classes . One participant (of 72) decided not to continue in the post-W52 extension. At W104, 62% (44/71) had HIV-1 RNA <50 c/mL via FDA Snapshot algorithm, and 14% (10/71) had HIV-1 RNA >50 c/mL; 24% discontinued for reasons other than lack of efficacy (13/71) or had missing data but were on study drug (4/71). When analyzed as missing=excluded, 81% (44/54) had HIV-1 RNA <50 c/mL. CD4 count increased by a median 97 cells/µL (Q1 to Q3: 18 to 224) and the proportion of participants with CD4 count ≥200 cells/µL increased from 36% (26/72) at baseline to 71% (39/55) at W104. Fourteen participants had emergent LEN resistance (9 previously reported), 6 of whom subsequently suppressed while continuing LEN. The median (Q1–Q3) duration of follow-up on LEN was 125 (111–140) weeks. One participant discontinued due to injection site nodule at W52 ; no participant discontinued due to an AE after W52. Most common AEs (excluding injection site reactions [ISRs] and COVID-19) were diarrhea and nausea . LEN-related ISRs were mostly mild-to-moderate.In people with MDR HIV-1 and limited treatment options, LEN in combination with an OBR was well tolerated and maintained virologic suppression at W104. These data support the use of LEN for treatment of people with MDR HIV-1.Onyema Ogbuagu, MD, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Advisor/Consultant|Gilead Sciences, Inc: Honoraria|Janssen: Advisor/Consultant|Viiv: Advisor/Consultant Edwin DeJesus, MD, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Advisor/Consultant|Theratechnology: Advisor/Consultant|Theratechnology: Honoraria Mezgebe Berhe, MD, MPH, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Clinical Trial Investigator Gary J Richmond, MD, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Grant/Research Support|Glaxo Smith Kline: Grant/Research Support|Insmed: Grant/Research Support|TaiMed: Grant/Research Support Peter J Ruane, MD, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Advisor/Consultant|Viiv: Advisor/Consultant|Viiv: Honoraria Gary I. Sinclair, MD, Abbvie: Grant/Research Support|Gilead: Advisor/Consultant|Gilead: Grant/Research Support|Janssen: Advisor/Consultant|Janssen: Grant/Research Support|Janssen: Honoraria|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Honoraria|Thera: Advisor/Consultant|Thera: Grant/Research Support|Thera: Honoraria|ViiV: Advisor/Consultant|ViiV: Grant/Research Support|ViiV: Honoraria Moti N Ramgopal, MD, Abbvie: Honoraria|Gilead Sciences, Inc: Advisor/Consultant|Gilead Sciences, Inc: Honoraria|Janssen: Advisor/Consultant|Janssen: Honoraria|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|Viiv: Advisor/Consultant|Viiv: Honoraria William Sanchez, MD, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Grant/Research Support|GSK: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Grant/Research Support Gordon E Crofoot, MD, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Clinical Trial Investigator Nicolas A Margot, MA, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Employee|Gilead Sciences, Inc: Stocks/Bonds Hui Wang, PhD, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Employee|Gilead Sciences, Inc: Stocks/Bonds Hadas Dvory-Sobol, PhD, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Employee|Gilead Sciences, Inc: Stocks/Bonds Martin Rhee, MD, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Employee|Gilead Sciences, Inc: Stocks/Bonds Jared Baeten, MD, PhD, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Employee|Gilead Sciences, Inc: Stocks/Bonds Sorana Segal-Maurer, MD, Gilead Sciences, Inc: Advisor/Consultant|Gilead Sciences, Inc: Honoraria|Janssen: Advisor/Consultant|Janssen: Honoraria|Theratechnologies: Advisor/Consultant|Theratechnologies: Honoraria|Viiv: Advisor/Consultant|Viiv: Honoraria


Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates, specifically extended-spectrum beta-lactamase positive (ESBL+) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, are increasing worldwide. Gepotidacin is a first-in-class, triazaacenaphthylene, bactericidal antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA replication by inhibiting two enzymes, where a target-specific single mutation does not significantly impact susceptibility. We report gepotidacin efficacy against E. coli drug-resistant phenotypes in a pooled analysis of the EAGLE-2 and EAGLE-3 trials in uUTI.Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uUTI) are among the most common community-acquired infections in women worldwide. Recommended treatment is largely empiric. Rates of antimicrobial resistance among 5 to < 103 CFU/mL) without the need for other systemic antimicrobials. Analysis of the pooled microbiological intent-to-treat (micro-ITT) population was performed.EAGLE-2 and EAGLE-3 were near-identical global, Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled noninferiority trials comparing gepotidacin with nitrofurantoin. Females aged ≥ 12 years with ≥ 2 UTI symptoms were eligible and were randomized 1:1 to oral gepotidacin (1500mg) or nitrofurantoin (100mg), twice daily for 5 days. Therapeutic success at test-of-cure visit (Day 10–13) was defined as combined clinical success (complete symptom resolution) and microbiological success , trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant (SXT-R), and MDR . Adverse events were reported in 35% (gepotidacin) and 23% (nitrofurantoin) of patients.The pooled micro-ITT population comprised 1421 patients . E. coli drug-resistant phenotypes . Gepotidacin has potential as a novel oral treatment for uUTI in key patient subgroups.Gepotidacin showed consistent efficacy  versus nitrofurantoin in patients with Thomas M. Hooton, MD, GSK: Advisor/Consultant Caroline R. Perry, PhD, GSK: Employee and shareholder Salim Janmohamed, MD, GSK: Employee and shareholder Amanda Sheets, PhD, GSK: Employee and shareholder Jeremy Dennison, MD, GSK: Employee and shareholder Helen Millns, PhD, GSK: Employee and shareholder Emily Jarvis, MSc, GSK: Employee and shareholder Nicole E. Scangarella-Oman, MS, GSK: Employee and shareholder Chun Huang, PhD, GSK: Employee and shareholder


Nature Communications 10.1038/s41467-023-40541-1, published online 09 August 2023Correction to: In this article the affiliation details for Anna S. Dickson were incorrectly given as ‘Present address: Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK’.The original article has been corrected.


Post-COVID conditions (PCC) are common, and risk factors include older age and female sex. While high interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive protein are associated with more severe disease, it is unclear whether other cytokines are associated with PCC. This study was performed to identify factors associated with PCC development.The Convalescent Plasma to Limit SARS-CoV-2 Associated Complications (CSSC-004) trial was a double-blind, multi-center, randomized, controlled trial comparing the use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) to control plasma for the prevention of hospitalization among COVID-19 outpatients. Among 882 individuals participating in the trial with available biospecimens and symptom data, the association between early COVID-19 treatment, cytokine levels and PCC was evaluated. Cytokine and chemokine levels were assessed at baseline, day 14 and day 90 using a multiplexed sandwich immuosassay. Presence of any PCC symptom was assessed at day 90. Associations between COVID-19 treatment, cytokine levels and PCC were examined using multivariate logistic regression models.<5 days after symptom onset) compared to late CCP treatment had statistically significant lower odds of PCC (AOR=0.60 [0.38-0.95]).Baseline characteristics were similar by trial treatment group . At day 90, 292 (33.1%) participants had PCC. The most common symptoms were fatigue (14.5%), anosmia (14.5%), and ageusia (10.0%). Levels of most cytokines decreased over time . Six pro-inflammatory cytokines especially IL-6 were elevated at baseline among those with PCC . In multivariable analysis, female sex (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.70[1.93-3.81]), age 50 or greater (AOR=1.32[1.17-1.50]), and elevated baseline IL-6 (AOR=1.59[1.02-2.47]) were associated with development of PCC, whereas race, obesity, vaccine status and diabetes were not. Those who received early CCP treatment (This study showed high prevalence of PCC symptoms at day 90, particularly among those with higher baseline levels of IL-6 or who did not receive early CCP treatment. The potential utility of IL-6 modulation as a therapeutic intervention among individuals as higher risk for PCC should be studied.Kelly Gebo, MD, MPH, Pfizer: Advisor/Consultant|Spark HealthCare: Advisor/Consultant Sonya L. Heath, MD, Pfizer: Data Monitoring Committee/DSMB Shmuel Shoham, MD, adagio: Advisor/Consultant|Adamis: Advisor/Consultant|ansun: Grant/Research Support|Avir Pharma: Honoraria|cidara: Grant/Research Support|F2G: Grant/Research Support|Immunome: Advisor/Consultant|Karius: Honoraria|Scynexis: Advisor/Consultant|zeteo: Grant/Research Support Judith S. Currier, M.D., MSc, Merck and Company: Advisor/Consultant|Merck and Company: Honoraria Moises A. Huaman, MD, MSc, AN2 Therapeutics Inc: Grant/Research Support|Gilead Sciences Inc: Grant/Research Support|Insmed Inc: Grant/Research Support Jay S. Raval, MD, Sanofi Genzyme: Advisor/Consultant Arturo Casadevall, MD, PhD, Ortho Diagnostics: Speakers Bureau|Sabtherapeutics: Advisor/Consultant


Fluconazole (FLC) resistance (R) is a raising concern to treat IC, and ECHs are often used as first-line therapy. We evaluated the C. albicans , C. glabrata , C. parapsilosis , C. tropicalis , C. krusei , C. dubliniensis , and C. auris  isolates were collected (1/patient) in 2022 from 52 medical centers located in Europe , North America , Asia-Pacific , and Latin America , identified by MALDI-TOF MS and/or sequencing and tested by CLSI broth microdilution. CLSI breakpoints (BP) were applied where available. CARS CDC tentative BPs were applied.RFZ exhibited activity against CA (Table) inhibiting 99.1% of the isolates overall, and 98.6%, 99.0%, 100%, and 100% of isolates from NA, EU, AP, and LA. Only 1 CA isolate (from US) displayed a FLC MIC value within the susceptible-dose dependent (SDD) category. CSP, ANF, and MCF showed S rates of 99.1% against CA. All but 1 CG isolate was susceptible (S) to RZF (99.0%S). CG S rates to CSP, ANF, MCF, and FLC were 98.0%, 98.0%, 97.1%, and 96.1% (SDD), respectively. All CP isolates were S to RZF, CSF, and MCF. However, only 84.1% of CP isolates were S to FLC. RZF and other ECHs inhibited all FLC-R isolates . All CT and CK isolates were S to RZF and other ECHs. All CT were also S to azoles, and 94.4% of CK were S to VRC. Only RZF BPs are available by CLSI against CD (86.7%S). All CARS isolates  were FLC-R; but 77.8% and 88.9% were S to RZF and other ECHs, respectively.in vitro activity against invasive candidiasis isolates regardless of the region, and remained active against FLC-R CP and most of the FLC-R CARS isolates. Based on MIC50 and MIC90 results, RZF had similar activity to the other ECHs overall.RZF demonstrated potent Cecilia G. Carvalhaes, MD, PhD, AbbVie: Grant/Research Support|bioMerieux: Grant/Research Support|Cipla: Grant/Research Support|CorMedix: Grant/Research Support|Melinta: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Paul Rhomberg, BS, MT(ASCP), bioMerieux: Grant/Research Support|Melinta: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Abby Klauer, BS, Melinta: Grant/Research Support Mariana Castanheira, PhD, AbbVie: Grant/Research Support|Basilea: Grant/Research Support|bioMerieux: Grant/Research Support|Cipla: Grant/Research Support|CorMedix: Grant/Research Support|Entasis: Grant/Research Support|Melinta: Grant/Research Support|Paratek: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Shionogi: Grant/Research Support


Patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) are prone to decompensation secondary to infections, with an increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). These patients often receive broad-spectrum antimicrobials prior to transplant, pre-disposing them to resistant pathogens. Our study assessed institutional guideline adherence, antimicrobial prescribing, and the incidence of MDROs in this population.This IRB-approved, retrospective chart review included pre-transplant inpatients with ESLD on the adult liver transplant service who received antimicrobials between 1/1/20 and 10/30/20. Patients were excluded if they started antimicrobials post-transplant or transferred from another institution on parenteral antimicrobials. Per institutional guidelines for empiric antimicrobials in suspected infection in ESLD, patients were categorized into three infectious risk categories: Floor/Non-High-Risk (F-NHR), Floor/High-Risk (F-HR), and ICU or MELD greater than 35 (ICU/M35). Antimicrobial prescribing in each group was evaluated for guideline adherence and microbiology data. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics.We included 92 patients: 28 F-NHR, 50 F-HR, and 14 ICU/M35. Table 1 summarizes baseline characteristics. The frequency of guideline adherence for the F-NHR, F-HR, ICU/M35 groups, respectively, was 11 (39%), 4 (8%), and 4 (29%) patients. For the F-NHR group, ceftriaxone (CRO) was most prescribed . For the F-HR group, 18 (36%) received CRO; 16 (32%) received vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam. In the ICU/M35 group, 13 patients (93%) received meropenem plus linezolid, and 11 (79%) also received caspofungin.Staphylococcus aureus or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales were isolated. Two patients (14%) in the ICU/M35 group experienced C. difficile infection within 30 days of antimicrobial initiation.No methicillin-resistant Our study showcases opportunities to optimize internal ESLD antimicrobial protocols and curtail unnecessary antimicrobial exposure. Study limitations include a small cohort at a single center. Future directions include data dissemination and protocol updates.David Quan, PharmD, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals: Advisor/Consultant Sarah B. Doernberg, MD, MAS, Basilea: Clinical events committee/adjudication committee participation|F2G: Grant/Research Support|Genentech: Advisor/Consultant|Gilead: Grant/Research Support|Janssen/J+J: Advisor/Consultant|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Regeneron: Grant/Research Support|Shinogi: Clinical events committee/adjudication committee participation