AbstractChytonidia Schaus, 1914, is one of two noctuine genera originally described by Schaus that includes species recently found to feed on fern foliage (Pteridophyta) as larvae. By examining museum specimens, including type material and reared specimens accompanied by DNA barcode data, Chytonidia Schaus, 1914, syn. n. is synonymized with Leucosigma Druce, 1908, all currently recognized species are re-described, including males of three species described from female holotypes, and three new species are described: Leucosigmasolisae Goldstein, sp. n., Leucosigmapoolei Goldstein, sp. n., and L.schausi Goldstein, sp. n. Images of adults and, where available, larvae as well as dissected genitalia are presented, with a key to adults. Chytonidia Schaus, 1914 represents one of two noctuine genera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) described by Pteridophyta) as wild-caught caterpillars inventoried at Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. Fern-feeding (pteridivory) by herbivorous insects is of interest because the age and toxicity of ferns, coupled with the alleged rarity of fern specialists, have occasioned a modest literature that includes hypotheses of their origins  analyses of DNA barcode data informed the dissection efforts and were supplemented by partial sequencing of DNA extracted during the course of dissection of the type of ACG, the following label data precede Santa Rosa National Park (SRNP) identifier codes, and are not repeated as label data except for newly designated types: Voucher: D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs DB: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, COSTA RICA.For specimens recently reared or collected from The following abbreviations refer to collections from which specimens form the basis of this study:NHMUKThe Natural History Museum, London, UK (formerly BMNH)USNMNational Museum of Natural History , Washington, District of Columbia, USAChytonidiachloristis Schaus, 1914 the type species of his monobasic genus Chytonidia, having described Chytonixchloe Schaus, 1914 one page prior. Poole (1989: 251) transferred Chytonixchloe to Chytonidia, along with Miseliaalbimixta Schaus, 1911, Chytonixcommixta Schaus, 1914, and PageBreakGonodesviridipicta Dognin, 1910. Although the genus was no longer monobasic, its nomenclatural composition was substantially reshaped. While transferring commixta to Lophomyra Schaus, 1911 in a separate paper  based on a range of morphological characters and in particular similarities in male genitalia. Similarities in adult morphology, wing pattern, larval behavior and a small portion of the mitochondrial genome of Leucosigma species to species of Chytonidia, including both type species, require that Leucosigma be recognized as the senior synonym of Chytonidia.Taxon classificationAnimaliaLepidopteraNoctuidaeDruce, 1908Chytonidia Schaus, 1914, syn. n.Leucosigmauncifera Druce, 1908, by monotypy.Leuccosigma was presumably named in reference to the white U-shaped forewing stigma. Chytonidia likely derives from χιτών, a coat, tunic or garment worn under a tunic, possibly in reference to thoracic and abdominal tufts.Leucosigma are diagnosed most readily by the male genitalia, in particular the nature of the highly differentiated clasping architecture, the most striking feature of which is the heavily sclerotized pincer-like cucullus on each valve. In referring to this as a cucullus, we do not interpret it as homologous to the clasper sensu Forbes; although derived from the basal sclerite, it is distinct if not entirely free of the more reduced clasper proper, which appears embedded within the sacculus and free of the basal sclerite. The cucullus bears a swollen, often bulb-like apex with a single heavily sclerotized spine, and a setose usually finger-like dorsal process . These most heavily sclerotized parts of the cucullus may appear simple and pincer-like as in L.uncifera, L.poolei, and L.solisae; recurved or falcate as in L.albimixta; asymmetrically distended with sinuate edges as in L.chloe; or elongate as in L.schausi.Species of Head. Labial palpus upturned, densely scaled; second segment usually longer than combined length of the first and third. Eyes smooth or sparsely hairy. Antennae setose-ciliate; bifasciculate in males, scaled above. Thorax. Collar green towards the base, the remainder of the thoracic vestiture more uniformly brown, but scales actually pale at the base. Wings. With the exception of the type species L.uncifera, which exhibits dominantly reddish or russet forewing coloration, the forewings of Leucosigma species are mottled with a mixture of brown and mossy green, particularly in the medial and terminal areas. Reniform and orbicular spots elongate and usually fused ventrally or nearly so, forming a roughly U-shaped stigma. At least four costal striae present. Sexual dimorphism in wing pattern is most conspicuous in the hind wings, which tend to be more uniformly dark gray in the females and paler basally in the males. Legs. Femoral and tibial scales always with an admixture of lime green among the tan and “lilacine”  elongate and densely covered with clustered setae throughout. Tegumen hemi-circular to oblong, in some species raised at the base of the uncus. Vinculum shallow U- or V-shaped. Saccus bluntly pointed, rounded, or squared. Valves symmetrical, highly differentiated. For reference, we call attention to four structures numbered 1–4 in Figs in situ such that the apices of each process flank the uncus; and (4) a smaller finger-like, thorn-like or (in L.viridipicta) anvil-like clasper. Vesica unadorned, without spines or cornuti; a subbasal diverticulum ranges from rudimentary, as in L.uncifera, to a large recurved torsion in L.albimixta. Female genitalia. Papillae anales blunt, subquadrate. Posterior apophyses usually at least twice as long as anterior apophyses. Lamellae antevaginales robust, ranging from narrowly concave or cup-like to more deeply invaginate, apparently co-developed with colliculum. Colliculum usually well developed but reduced or absent in some species. Ductus bursae otherwise unsclerotized, straight or with minimal torsions, attaching dorso-caudally to the corpus, sometimes with a small pre-collicular lobe. Corpus bursae without signa, oblong, sometimes appearing subtriangular when distended by presence of spermatophore(s). Appendix bursae undifferentiated except as a swollen ventral point of attachment to the ductus seminalis. Spermatophore collum, when visible, appears with a single loop; frenum with a concave face matching the interior surface of appendix bursae at its point of attachment to the ductus seminalis. Paired pad-like sternal sclerotizations on A7 are visible in some specimens.ine” cf. : 488; a Mexico, Caribbean, Central and South America.Pteridophyta).All known caterpillars feed on leaves of ferns  type specimens, several of which are females.As is often the case, the type species of Numbers 1–4 refer to structures labeled in figures.Taxon classificationAnimaliaLepidopteraNoctuidaeDruce, 1908Leucosigmauncifera Druce, 1908: 302. Type locality: Peru: [Puno] Carabaya, La Oroya.Leucosigma Hampson, 1908 (preoccupied) as a junior synonym of Leucosigma Druce, 1908.  Poole (1989) included Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂: La Oroya, Carabaya, Peru, 3000 ft. iii. 1905. G. Ockenden., B. 433 4462, Brit. Mus. 1930-75, Leucosigmauncifera type, Druce, Type, NHMUK010606200. Type at NHMUK (BMNH).Costa Rica: : Males: Guanacaste (9♂): Sector Cacao: Cima, 10.93259, -85.45889, el. 1450m, 07/12/2010, F. Quesada & S. Rios, collector, 10-SRNP-111595, USNMENT01437310, 09-SRNP-100529, USNMENT01437201; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Pitilla, 10.98931, -85.42581, el. 675m, 03/03/2006, H. Cambronero & F. Quesada, collector, 06-SRNP-102855, USNMENT01437242; Sector Del Oro: Serrano, 11.00023, -85.45621, el. 585m, 11/08/2007, F. Quesada & S. Rios, collector, 07-SRNP-109808, USNMENT01437187; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Pitilla, 10.98931, -85.42581, el. 675m, 02/16/2007, F. Quesada & S. Rios, collector, 07-SRNP-100616, USNMENT01437320; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Pitilla, 10.98931, -85.42581, el. 675m, 02/17/2007, S Rios & F. Quesada, collector, 07-SRNP-101239, USNMENT01437200; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Pitilla, 10.98931, -85.42581, el. 675m, 02/16/2007, F. Quesada & S. Rios, collector, 07-SRNP-100629, USNMENT01438859; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Pitilla, 10.98931, -85.42581, el. 675m, 03/01/2006, S. Rios & R. Franco, collector, 06-SRNP-102374, USNMENT01438843, USNM Dissection 148199; Sector Cacao: Cima, 10.93259, -85.45889, el. 1450m, 07/12/2010, F. Quesada & S. Rios, collector, 10-SRNP-111594, USNMENT01437221; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Pitilla, 10.98931, -85.42581, el. 675m, 02/17/2007, S Rios & F. Quesada, collector, 07-SRNP-101266, USNMENT01437266; Alajuela (5♂): Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Rio Francia, 10.90425, -85.28651, el. 410m, 01/24/2009, R. Franco & S. Rios, collector, 09-SRNP-100529; Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Albergue Oscar, Casa, 10.86623, -85.32693, el. 719m, 01/03/2011, H. Cambronero & F. Quesada, collector, 11-SRNP-100029, USNMENT01438838, USNM Dissection 148102; Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Wege Palmeras, 10.96869, -85.31965, el. 369m, 10/22/2014, S. Rios & H. Cambronero, collector,14-SRNP-104353, USNMENT01437217; Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Albergue Oscar, Casa, 10.86627, -85.32605, el. 725m, 02/11/2010, S. Rios & F. Quesada, collector, 10-SRNP-104917, USNMENT01437285; Sector San Cristobal: Estacion San Gerardo, 10.88009, -85.38887, el. 575m, 10/11/2007, F. Quesada & R. Franco, collector, 07-SRNP-109451, USNMENT01370293, USNM Dissection 148101. Females: Costa Rica. Tuis. 2,500 ft. June. W. Schaus. 1910-110.Leucosigmauncifera Druce, NHMUK010606201; Guanacaste (4♀): Sector Pitilla: Estacion Pitilla, 10.98931, -85.42581, el. 675m, 02/28/2006, S. Rios & H. Cambronero, collector, 06-SRNP-101607, USNMENT01437350; Sector Pailas: Manta Copelares, 10.81692, -85.34679, el. 1478m, 09/07/2010, S. Rios & R. Franco, collector, 10-SRNP-113265, USNMENT01437197, USNM Dissection 148103; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Pitilla, 10.98931, -85.42581, el. 675m, 04/03/2011, F. Quesada & S. Rios, collector, 11-SRNP-102284, USNMENT01437255, USNM Dissection 148104; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Pitilla, 10.98931, -85.42581, el. 675m, 11/13/2012, S. Rios & H. Cambronero, collector, 12-SRNP-105657, USNMENT01370289.PageBreakon underside of forewing, where terminal area appears dusted in green and contrasts with medial area; postmedial line almost complete on underside of hind wing. Cucullus pincer-like, the inner edge distal to its juncture with dorsal process straight for more than half its length before bending sharply and terminating in a sharp point.The predominantly orange-russet forewing coloration and U-shaped solid white stigma diagnose this species from all others currently described; apical patch reduced to a white line extending from R5 to costa; post-medial line complete Head. Male and female antennae setose-ciliate with dorsal cupreous scales; male antennae bifasciculate. Frons, vertex, and basal two segments of labial palpus with orange/russet-colored scales; 3rd segment palpus and antennal scape edged with white scaling. Eyes smooth.Thorax. Patagial “fans” appearing banded, two patches of green scales towards base, purplish medially, becoming paler or sunset-orange towards the crest; remainder of prothoracic vestiture a mix of purplish and russet scales. Wings. Forewing length 10.5 mm , average 10.3 mm , 11.0 mm . Predominantly russet orange; grayish purple in the spaces between R4 and R5, M1 and M3, and CuA2 and 1A. U-shaped stigma uniformly white. Moss-green scaling in the outer part of the apical patch and in the medial area towards the inner margin. Basal, antemedial, and postmedial lines white along inner edges, black outward; medial line more faint. Underside pattern elements more distinct than in other Leucosigma species): both forewing and hind wing postmedial lines visible, the postmedial area suffused throughout with green scaling. Legs. Scales predominantly pinkish; femoral and tibial scales with an admixture of lime green; a single pair of striped mid-tibial spurs, two pairs on hind-tibiae; three rows of tibial spines on all legs.Abdomen. Male dorsum covered uniformly in tannish-gray scales and hairs, predominantly lilac gray in females; abdominal underside more variably scaled with lilacine and reddish brown.Male genitalia. Uncus elongate, widest subapically, upwardly curved with a very small apical point, and bearing ventral setal crest. Tegumen raised at base of uncus. Vinculum a shallow V-shape; saccus bluntly pointed. Juxta pentagonal, dorsal edge horizontal; annellar arms fused, hoop-like. Sacculus (1) rounded apically, without sclerotized tip or point, its edges and those of dorsal process (3) setose; cucullus (2) appearing chelicerate, the sclerotized part occupying >1/3 its overall length but bending sharply at the outer edge near the sharply pointed apex with a subapical tuft of reëntrant spine-like setae; finger-like dorsal process (3) coequal in width to cucullus, to which it is joined midway; clasper (4) an elongate, bent free sclerite, embedded in sacculus. Distal part of aedeagus and basal part of vesica minimally spinulose, with small sclerotized apical flange and small, bilobate subbasal diverticulum.Female genitalia. Posterior apophyses less than twice as long as anterior apophyses. Lamella antevaginalis invaginated posteriorly, convex anteriorly. Colliculum undeveloped. Ductus undifferentiated, dimensionally intermediate for genus , similar in length to 8th abdominal segment. Corpus bursae elongate, obliquely bent, banana-shaped or sub-triangular when distended with spermatophore(s).Immature stages. Unknown.Likely refers to the u-shaped forewing stigma.PageBreakSRNP-coded specimens with DNA barcodes examined were light-trapped in ACG rain forest.The life history of this species is unknown; to our knowledge, this species has never been reared, and has only been taken at lights. All L.uncifera are reported and have been DNA barcoded from Ecuador, Venezuela, and French Guiana.Costa Rica, Peru. Specimens identified as Leucosigmauncifera, the type species of Leucosigma, is the most visually distinct and atypical of the entire group, but the male genitalia are strikingly similar to those of L.solisae. DNA barcode data suggest the existence of undescribed species in a complex with L.uncifera, and it is not unlikely that additional sampling will reveal that the Costa Rican species are not conspecific with typical L.uncifera.The brightly colored orange-russet Taxon classificationAnimaliaLepidopteraNoctuidaeDyar, 1914Leucosigmareletiva Dyar, 1914. Type locality: [Panama] Trinidad River, female.Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀: PANAMA: A Busck coll, Rio Trinidad Mar. 12 Pan., Type No. 15839 U.S.N.M., Leucosigmareletiva Type Dyar, USNMENT00973166, ♀USNM Dissection 148170. Type at USNM.COSTA RICA (2♂): Alajuela: Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Protrero Chaves, 10.93868, -85.32167, el. 433m, 08/18/2009, R. Franco& S. Rios, collector, 09-SRNP-107116, USNM Dissection 148177, USNMENT01370297; Guanacaste: Sector Pitilla: Estacion Pitilla, 10.98931, -85.42581, el. 675m, 02/17/2007, S Rios & F. Quesada, collector, 07-SRNP-101206, USNM Dissection 148178, USNMENT01437211.L.chloe, although overall paler in the specimens examined and figured here, possibly reflecting wear. Both L.reletiva and L.chloe have in common with L.schausi a reniform spot with a straight outer edge, squared at the lower corner. Male genitalia similar in some respects to those of L.chloe, especially in the recurved, pointed clasper, but sacculus wider and cucullus less sinuate apically, aduncate, with pronounced subapical setal fan as in L.albimixta; vesica with small distal secondary lobe.Wing patterning not readily differentiated from that of Head. Antennae setose-ciliate, bifasciculate in males, scaled above with alternating tan and brown bands of spatulate scales. Frons, vertex, and labial palpus with mixture of gray, brown, and some purplish scales; frons paler than vertex. Eyes sparsely hairy.Thorax. Thoracic vestiture a mix of grayish-tan scales tipped with brown, a pair of green-scaled patches at base of pagatial fan. Wings. Forewing length 11.8 mm , average 12.0 mm . Forewing pale, slightly cupreous baso-medially such that the gray medial line stands out; fused reniform-orbicular stigmata PageBreakgreen, outlined in white, bracket a brown patch outlined in dark brown; terminal area shaded with green; apical patch silvery white; hind wings uniformly gray above in male and female alike, hind wing undersides shaded towards costa, postmedial line broken. Legs. Scales grayish brown, mostly concolorous with thoracic vestiture; femora and tibia with an admixture of lime-green scales; a single pair of striped mid-tibial spurs, two pairs on hind-tibiae; three rows of tibial spines on all legs, as for other members of the genus.Abdomen. Dorsum covered in uniformly tannish-brown scales and hairs; ventral side more darkly scaled with two rows of paler tan scales on either side of the medial line .Male genitalia. Uncus elongate, widest subapically, upwardly curved with a small apical point. and bearing ventral crest of short setae. Tegumen hemi-circular or nearly so. Vinculum cup-shaped. Saccus squared off. Juxta spade-shaped, with a mid-dorsal projection; annellar arms fused, hoop-like. Sacculus (1) bluntly rounded, heavily setose; sclerotized part of cucullus (2) elongate, concave, aduncate with a subapical setal fan; dorsal process (3) widest medially, densely setose apically; clasper (4) recurved to a point. Aedeagus faintly granular towards vesica, where the sclerotized part is narrowed to a sinuous strap. Vesica without cornuti; paired subbasal and medial diverticula knoblike, with a small apical diverticulum present.Female genitalia. Posterior apophyses less than twice as long as anterior apophyses. Lamella antevaginalis V-shaped, deeply invaginated posteriorly. Ostium wide. Colliculum welldeveloped. Ductus undifferentiated except for small pre-collicular lobe. Corpus bursae obliquely shaped, sub-triangular when distended with spermatophore(s). Ductus bursae robust, not >3× long as width at middle. Colliculum present, well developed. With two spermatophores, maintaining a very roughly foot-shaped appearance, the distal (anterior) part of the bursa distended to accommodate the corpus of the spermatophore (cf. holotype of L.uncifera).Immature stages. Undocumented.Bolbitisportoricensis (Dryopteridaceae) in ACG rain forest (96-SRNP-11467).Feeding on foliage of Costa Rica, Panama.L.uncifera.Dyar described this species on the basis of a single female holotype specimen in poor condition which he nevertheless recognized as having kinship with Taxon classificationAnimaliaLepidopteraNoctuidaecomb. n.Chytonidiaalbimixta Schaus, 1911 Type locality: Costa Rica.Type material. Holotype ♀: Miselia sp. not in USNM, Miseliaalbimixta type Schs, Type No. 17326 [526?] USNM, Juan Vinas CR, May, USNM Dissection 148184, USNMENT01370283. Type at USNM.COSTA RICA (4♂): Alajuela (2♂): Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Albergue Oscar, Casa, 10.86627, -85.32605, el. 725m, 01/15/2010, F. Quesada & S. Rios, collector, 10-SRNP-104564, USNM Dissection 148,305, USNMENT01370298; Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Manta Hugo, 10.8811, -85.2677, el. 491m, 03/15/2009, H. Cambronero & F. Quesada, collector, 10-RNSP-107587, USNM Dissection 148069, USNMENT01437230. Guanacaste (2♂): Sector Pitilla: Estacion Pitilla, 10.98931, -85.42581, el. 675m, larva on Elaphoglossumdoanense: 02/14/2011, ecl. 03/29/2011, Manuel Rios, collector, 11-SRNP-30511, USNM Dissection 148085, USNM 00105321; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Pitilla, 10.98931, -85.42581, el. 675m, 03/18/2007, H. Cambronero & S. Rios, collector, 07-SRNP-102199, USNM Dissection 148068, USNMENT01437365 GUATEMALA : Chejel Guat, Aug, Schaus and Barnes coll., ♂ genitalia on slide Aug 1953 E.L.T. #138, ♂ USNM Dissection 50,548, USNMENT01437345; Chejel Guat, Aug, Schaus and Barnes coll., ♀ genitalia on slide Aug 1953 E.L.T. #139, ♀ USNM Dissection 50,549, USNMENT01370282.. Leucosigma species, forewing approaching 1.5cm on average (see below), and the only species with most of the medial area of the forewing upperside dominated by green; the terminal area also with green scaling, the components of the fused reniform-orbicular swollen and outlined in white, appearing more bulbous than in any other species except the much smaller L.viridipicta, with which L.albimixta is not likely confused; terminal area well defined on hind wing underside, more extensively shaded in green than in other species; clasper swollen, fan-like and concave medially with short acutely recurved apical hook. Ductus bursae narrow as in L.poolei but point of attachment to corpus bursae dorsad; colliculum diminutive as in L.uncifera and L.poolei.Largest Head. Antennae setose-ciliate, bifasciculate in males, scaled above with alternating tan and brown bands of spatulate scales. Scaling on frons, vertex, and labial palpi predominantly brown, interspersed with black and white. Labial palpus with third segment relatively longer than in congeners, almost half the length of the second segment. Eyes sparsely hairy, with a post-ocular ring of dark-purplish hair-like scales.Thorax. Collar green scaled; a sublabial green beard-like tuft observed in one male specimen (USNM 00105321). Wings. Forewing length 14.9 mm , average 14.4 mm , 14.8 mm . Medial and terminal areas of forewing dominated by green, especially so the distended “U” comprising the fused reniform-orbicular complex; basal and postmedial areas dominated by brownish-gray scaling; underside patterning concentrated in costal and terminal areas, with neither a discal spot nor robust antemedial or postmedial lines apparent excepting a partial postmedial on the forewing. Legs. Green scale tufts on inner mid- and hind-femora, PageBreakthe remaining femoral scales white, brown, and black, and the tibial scaling primarily green and white; a single pair of striped mid-tibial spurs, two pairs on hind-tibiae; three rows of tibial spines on all legs.Abdomen. Uniform grayish tan above; underside a mix of white and light/dark brown with medial patches of green.Male genitalia. Uncus elongate, upwardly curved with a small apical point and bearing ventral setal crest. Tegumen ∩-shaped. Vinculum widely V-shapped. Saccus squared off. Juxta dihedral, subquadrate with the dorsal and ventral edges deformed in parallel ; annellar arms fused, hoop-like. Sacculus (1) simple, tapered; cucullus (2) curved outward apically before recurving to a fine point, supapical setal fan prominent; dorsal process (3) elongate, gently tapered, setose throughout; clasper (4) upturned, apex foot-shaped. Aedeagus with a sclerotized band of raised granules and a more distal patch of spinules. Vesica without cornuti; subbasal diverticulum bulbous; medial diverticulum an enlarged simple torsion.Female genitalia. Posterior apophyses nearly twice as long as anterior apophyses. Lamella antevaginalis deeply invaginated posteriorly. Ostium narrow. Colliculum reduced. Ductus elongate, narrow, >0.5× length of corpus bursae, itself elongate, obliquely shaped; appendix bursae bulbous.Immature stages. Known only from images  in ACG rain forest. In the reared male specimen for which data are available comb. n.Chytonixchloe Schaus, 1914. Type locality: French Guyana.Chytonidiachloristis Schaus, 1914: 489.Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀: St Jean, Maroni, Fr Guiana, Chytonixchloe Type Schs, Type No. 16531 U.S.N.M., Collection Wm Schaus, USNM Dissection 148175, USNMENT01370295. Type at USNM.PageBreakFRENCH GUIANA (2♀):: ♀ St Jean, Maroni, Fr Guiana, Chytonidiachloristis Type Schs, Collection Wm Schaus, Type No. 16533 U.S.N.M., USNM Dissection 148185, USNMENT01370300; Dates 6-8 Mar 1982 Guyane Francaise G. Tavasillian [illeg.] leg. BORWE I [illeg.], 376, USNMENT01370375.. COSTA RICA : Males: COSTA RICA: Turrialba 17-21.II.65 SS&WD Duckworth, USNM Dissection 148151, USNMENT01437357 [♂]; Guanacaste (10♂): Sector Cacao: Estacion Gongora, 10.887, -85.47443, el. 570m, larva on Bolbitisportoricensis: 11/10/1996, ecl. 10/21/1996, 96-SRNP-11370, USNMENT01437307; Sector Cacao: Estacion Gongora, 10.887, -85.47443, el. 570m, larva on Bolbitisportoricensis: 11/12/1996, ecl. 10/21/1996, 96-SRNP-11369, USNM Dissection 148,289, USNMENT01437372; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 03/18/2010, ecl. 02/15/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-70814, USNMENT01437206; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 03/21/2010, ecl. 02/15/2010, Dinia Martinez, collector, 10-SRNP-70815, USNM Dissection 148200, USNMENT01437250; Sector Cacao: Estacion Gongora, 10.887, -85.47443, el. 570m, larva on Bolbitisportoricensis: 11/13/1996, ecl. 10/21/1996, 96-SRNP-11375, USNM Dissection 148070, USNMENT01438814; Sector Cacao: Estacion Gongora, 10.887, -85.47443, el. 570m, larva on Bolbitisportoricensis: 11/12/1996, ecl. 10/21/1996, 96-SRNP-11372, USNM Dissection 148071,USNMENT01437315; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 08/22/2010, ecl. 07/23/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-72329, USNM Dissection 148168, USNMENT01437257; Sector Cacao: Estacion Gongora, 10.88449, -85.47306, el. 557m, 09/11/2007, R. Franco & S. Rios, collector, 07-SRNP-108955, USNM Dissection 148055, USNMENT01437367; Sector Cacao: Estacion Gongora, 10.887, -85.47443, el. 570m, larva on Bolbitisportoricensis: 11/11/1996, ecl. 10/21/1996, 96-SRNP-11373, USNMENT01437360; Sector Cacao: Estacion Gongora, 10.887, -85.47443, el. 570m, larva on Bolbitisportoricensis: 11/13/1996, ecl. 10/21/1996, 96-SRNP-11371, USNMENT01370286.Females: Guanacaste (9♀): Sector Cacao: Estacion Gongora, 10.887, -85.47443, el. 570m, larva on Bolbitisportoricensis: 10/21/1996, ecl. 11/21/1996, 96-SRNP-11376, USNMENT01437271; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 07/20/2010, ecl. 08/17/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-72238, USNMENT01437347; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 07/22/2010, ecl. 08/19/2010, Dinia Martinez, collector, 10-SRNP-72308, USNMENT01437272; Sector Pitilla: Quebradona, 10.99102, -85.39539, el. 475m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 02/04/2010, ecl. 03/10/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-70655, USNMENT01437302; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 08/02/2010, ecl. 09/11/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-72520, USNMENT01437280; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 11/07/2010, ecl. PageBreak12/20/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-73250, USNMENT01437292; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 07/13/2010, ecl. 08/15/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-72038, USNM Dissection 148072, USNMENT01437382; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 02/04/2012, ecl. 03/07/2012, Ricardo Calero, collector, 12-SRNP-70275, USNM Dissection 148054, USNMENT01437297; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 07/16/2013, ecl. 08/10/2013, Ricardo Calero, collector, 13-SRNP-71183, USNMENT01437287. Alajuela (2♀): Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Estacion Botarrama, Manta Porton, 10.96048, -85.28237, el. 147m, F. Quesada & R. Franco, collector, 09-SRNP-108544, USNM Dissection 148169, USNMENT01437380; Sector Cacao: Estacion Gongora, 10.887, -85.47443, el. 570m, larva on Bolbitisportoricensis: 10/21/1996, ecl. 11/12/1996, 96-SRNP-11374, USNMENT01370299.BRAZIL (1♀): Sao Paulo de Olivenca Amazones Fassl Novembre-Decembre, USNM Dissection 148152, USNMENT01437322L.reletiva but forewing overall more darkly shaded in specimens examined; reniform spot with a straight outer edge, squared at the lower corner as in L.reletiva and L.schausi; male hind wing pale basally in males, not uniformly shaded as in L.reletiva. Cucullus with highly distinct asymmetrical deformations along both edges subapically, the apical point  ventrally curved.Forewing similar to that of Head. Antennae setose-ciliate, bifasciculate in males, scaled above with indistinctly banded tan and brown scales. Frons, vertex, and labial palpi with scales heterochromously shaded in tannish brown. Eyes sparsely hairy.Thorax. Prothoracic vestiture brown, sprinkled with green; dorsal tuft well developed. Wings. Forewing length 11.8 mm , average 11.3 mm , 11.7 mm . Legs. Femora thickly scaled with brown and black, the mid- and hind-femora with green scaling in addition; tibiae uniformly less densely scaled, in pale tan; a single pair of striped mid-tibial spurs, two pairs on hind-tibiae; three rows of tibial spines on all legs.Abdomen. Dorsum covered in uniformly tannish-brown scales and hairs; dorso-lateral tufts of hairs on anterior segments; ventral side more darkly scaled with two rows of paler tan scales on either side of the medial .Male genitalia. Most similar to L.uncifera in size, but with the shape of the cucullus at its apex highly distorted, asymmetrical. Uncus crested, distended medially, upwardly turned with long apical point and ventral crest of short setae. Tegumen with dorsal edge nearly straight, the lateral edges outwardly sub-parallel. Vinculum cup-shaped. Saccus bluntly triangulate. Juxta spade-shaped, with a mid-dorsal projection; annellar arms fused, hoop-like. Sacculus (1) tapered to a dull point, the dorsal and ventral edges straight. Edges of cucullus (2) asymmetrical, sinuate, apical spine produced along ventral edge; dorsal process (3) undifferentiated. Clasper (4) robust, recurved to a point (cf. L.reletiva). Aedeagus with distal sclerotization faintly strap-like, and minimally rugose, somewhat granular towards vesica. Vesica likewise PageBreakfaintly granular basad, without cornuti; subbasal diverticulum moderately distended with a pair of smaller lobes and a pouch-like invagination with a weakly sclerotized margin as in L.reletiva.Female genitalia. Posterior apophyses more than twice as long as anterior apophyses. Lamella antevaginalis invaginate. Colliculum well developed. Ductus intermediate for genus, 2–4× as long as wide. Corpus bursae sub-triangular when distended; appendix bursae a small bulbous out-pouching.Immature stages. No images or specimens available.ACG rain forest feeding on foliage of Bolbitisportoricensis (Dryopteridaceae) and Microgrammapercussa (Polypodiaceae). Of 20 reared specimens  an average of 19 days elapsed between the onset of the prepupal stage and adult eclosion, with most individuals requiring 19 or more days.Caterpillars found in Costa Rica, French Guiana.Leucosigmachloe, its synonym (and the type species) L.chloristis, and L.reletiva were all described from female holotypes.Taxon classificationAnimaliaLepidopteraNoctuidaecomb. n.Gonodesviridipicta Dognin, 1910: 13. Type locality: French Guiana: St. Laurent du Maroni.Type material. FRENCH GUIANA: HOLOTYPE ♂; S. -Laurent de Maroni Guy Franc; Dognin collection, Gonodesviridipicta 1/10 Type ♂ Dognin not in USNM [illeg.], Type No. 32413 U.S.N.M., ♂USNM Dissection 148176, USNMENT00973419. Type at USNM.PERU: Huacamayo, Carabaya, dry seas., 3100 ft, June 04. (G. Ockenden), Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1, NHMUK01606202.(1♂). L.albimixta, with fused orbicular and reniform spots similarly swollen, but with the basal, antemedial, and postmedial lines less conspicuously highlighted in black and white. Cucullus with medial flange directed basad, its ventral edge precisely complementing the dorsal edge of clasper from which it appears to have been separated during development; apices of the costal lobes swollen.Smaller than Head. Antennae setose-ciliate, bifasciculate in males, scaling above uniformly grayish brown. Vertex and labial palpi with scales predominantly grayish brown; frons and inner face of palpus with paler scaling. Eyes smooth.Thorax. Prothoracic scales grayish brown, concolorous with vertex. Wings. Forewing length 10.9 mm , average 10.8 mm . Apical patch dominantly green on forewing upperside and underside, and on underside of hind wing. Legs– Scaling predominantly tannish brown, more or less concolorous with thoracic vestiture; a single pair of striped mid-tibial spurs, two pairs on hind-tibiae; three rows of tibial spines on all legs.Abdomen. Dorsum covered in uniformly tannish-brown scales and hairs; ventral side more darkly scaled, especially at terminal tuft; some pinkish scaling ventrally.Male genitalia. Uncus robust and densely setose, almost bottlebrush-like for distal 3/4, the setae blonde, concolorous with neighboring setal tufts, and arranged in clusters sharing a single socket and shingled, appearing scale-like in situ. Tegumen raised at base of uncus. Vinculum laterally concave. Saccus blunt. Juxta rhomboid, without a dorsal projection. Sacculus (1) wide, barely tapered. Cucullus (2) bent backward  and bears basally directed flange marking separation from dorsal edge of clasper, evidently ruptured during development of especially robust dorsal processes (3); each dorsal process swollen apically, resembling a ball-headed Native American war club, heavily setose, and with a conspicuous tuft of ventro-medially directed spine-like setae. Clasper (4) anvil shaped, its dorsal edge complementing the ventral edge of the cucullar flange. Aedeagus weakly sclerotized, granular appearance continuing to base of vesica; subbasal diverticulum asymmetrically bulbous, dumbbell-shaped.Female genitalia. Unknown.Immature stages. Unknown.Unknown.French Guiana, Peru.Lophomyra. The relationship between these genera requires more thorough sampling and analysis of both taxa and genes.Female specimens at MNHN (Paris) were not available for study. This species is noteworthy in that the uncus is covered in shingled, scale-like clusters of setae Figs , 128, reTaxon classificationAnimaliaLepidopteraNoctuidaeGoldsteinsp. n.http://zoobank.org/C50ACC24-E816-4019-8FF5-7690574D9D3BType material. HOLOTYPE ♂. Voucher: D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs DB: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, COSTA RICA, Sector Pitilla: Estacion Pitilla, 10.98931, -85.42581, el. 675m, 02/17/2007, S. Rios & F. Quesada, collector, 07-SRNP-101229, ♂USNM Dissection 148077, USNMENT01370294.COSTA RICA: (1♂): Alajuela: Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Estacion Caribe, 10.90082, -85.2764, el. 391m, 10/10/2007, S. Rios & H. Cambronero, collector, 07-SRNP-109201, ♂USNM Dissection 148078, USNMENT01437370. PERU (1♂): La Oroya, R. Inambari, Peru, Sept. 1904 3100 ft, dry seas., (G. Ockenden), Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1., NHMUK010606203. Types at USNM.PARATYPES (2♂). PageBreakgreen “Ч “(left wing) or “μ” (right wing), the outline of which is broader than in other species except L.albimixta and L.viridipicta; the green (not silvery-white) apical patch distinguishes this and the following species from other members of the genus; hind wing underside with discal spot present but unpronounced, unlike L.poolei below. Male genitalia most similar to those of L.poolei and L.uncifera, distinguished by a shorter and more gently arced distal part of the cucullus; vesica without small basal lobe as in L.poolei.Forewing terminal area and distal part of the medial area appearing more uniform purplish gray than in other species, giving the wing a smoother, less granular appearance overall. The reniform-orbicular complex forms a continuous Head. Antennae setose-ciliate, bifasciculate in males, scaled above with alternating bands of gray  and tan . Frons, vertex, and labial palpi scaled with an admixture of white, brown and black. Eyes smooth.Thorax. Excepting vestiges of green visible immediately behind head, thoracic vestiture uniformly purplish gray. Wings. Forewing length 13.7 mm , average 13.3 mm . Forewing predominantly lilacine, russet subcostally in the postmedial; apical and anal patch present; green scaling concentrated at inner margin, apical and anal patch, and Ч/μ-shaped medial stigma. Medial area cupreous; medial, antemedial, and postmedial lines visibly darker brown; terminal area green in Costa Rican specimens, more closely matching medial coloration or slightly darker reddish brown in Peruvian specimen; apical patch primarily green; forewing underside lightly suffused with green scaling in terminal area; no antemedial or postmedial lines present on underside except at most as costal striae. Legs. Scales predominantly purplish gray; femora and tibia with an admixture of lime-green among the tan-lilacine scales; a single pair of striped mid-tibial spurs, two pairs on hind-tibiae; three rows of tibial spines on all legs.Abdomen. Vestiture uniformly tannish gray, paler than on thorax.Male genitalia. Uncus elongate, widest subapically, upwardly curved with a very small apical point, and bearing ventral setal crest. Tegumen roughly hemi-circular, excepting a deformation of the dorsal edge at the base of the uncus. Vinculum a wide V-shape; saccus blunt. Juxta pentagonal, dorsal edge horizontal; annellar arms fused, hoop-like. Sacculus (1) densely setose, tapering to a blunt extension. Cucullus (2) appears chelicerate, the sclerotized part occupying ~1/3 the overall length and bending sharply at the outer edge near the sharply pointed apex, with a subapical tuft of reëntrant spine-like setae. Dorsal process (3) coequal in width to cucullus, setose apically. Clasper (4) finger-like, gently curved. Aedeagus with minutely but differentially spinulose patch confined to apex. Vesica without cornuti; subbasal and medial diverticula reduced, with a weakly sclerotized ridge.Female genitalia. Unknown.Immature stages. Unknown.solisae is given in honor of Dr. Alma Solis, lepidopterist at USDA/USNM who has contributed her expertise to the systematics of the Costa Rican lepidopteran fauna for three decades.The name Unknown, collected only in rain forest light traps.Costa Rica, Peru.PageBreakTaxon classificationAnimaliaLepidopteraNoctuidaeGoldsteinsp. n.http://zoobank.org/13EEBE89-A3B2-4B05-93E9-B8181A9B1CC7Type material. . COSTA RICA: HOLOTYPE: ♀ Voucher: D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs DB: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, COSTA RICA, Sector Pitilla: Quebradona, 10.99102, -85.39539, el. 475m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 02/09/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-70737, ♀ USNM Dissection 148073, USNMENT01370296.10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 10/02/2010, ecl. 11/10/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-73038, ♀ USNM Dissection148074, USNMENT01438839; Ibid, ♂ [abdomen missing]; Sector Pitilla: Sendero Rotulo, 11.01355, -85.42406, el. 510m, larva on Elaphoglossumdoanense: 07/10/2010, ecl. 08/17/2010, Manuel Rios, collector, 10-SRNP-31675, USNMENT01438823; COSTA RICA: Turrialba 22-28.II.65 SS & WD Duckworth, ♂USNM Dissection 148147, USNMENT01370290; Ibid, ♂USNM Dissection 148149, USNMENT01437186; Ibid, 1-6.III.65, ♂USNM Dissection 148150, USNMENT01437330; Ibid, ♂USNM Dissection 148148,USNMENT01438829. Types at USNM.PARATYPES : Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, L.chloe, smaller than L.solisae; upperside pattern intermediate between the two in several respects, sharing the Ч/μ-shaped stigma of L.solisae rather than the straight/squared reniform of L.reletiva and L.chloe, but with the stigma narrow as in those latter species and not as swollen as in L.solisae. Likewise the overall appearance is more granular than L.solisae but with less conspicuous black edging or black wedges at the postmedial line than in L.chloe or L.reletiva. Hind wing underside with pronounced discal spot, ringed in black in both sexes. Male genitalia: Cucullus terminates in a rounded point, less acutely curved apically than in L.uncifera or L.solisae; inner edge distal to its fusion with finger-like dorsal process curving more gradually beginning in its basal half, the part distal to its articulation with the dorsal lobe the shortest among these three species.Forewing comparable in size but slightly larger on average than that of Head. Antennae setose-ciliate, bifasciculate in males, scaled above with alternating bands of gray  and tan . Frons, vertex and labial palpi scaled with an admixture of white, brown and black, tipped with paler scaling. Eyes smooth.Thorax. Thoracic vestiture chocolate brown. Wings. Forewing length 10.9 mm , average 11.4 mm , 11.0 mm . Forewing dominated by chocolate-brown coloration. Hind wing underside with pronounced discal spot ringed in black in both sexes. Legs. Scaling predominantly grayish brown or purplish gray with an admixture of green especially on the hind femora; a single pair of striped mid-tibial spurs, two pairs on hind-tibiae; three rows of tibial spines on all legs.Abdomen. Vestiture uniformly tannish gray, paler than on thorax.Male genitalia. Similar overall both to L.uncifera and L.solisae. Uncus elongate, widest subapically, upwardly curved with a very small apical point, and bearing ventral setal crest. Tegumen dome-shaped, except its dorsal edge deformed at the base of the uncus. Vinculum a wide V-shape; saccus bluntly rounded. Juxta pentagonal, dorsal edge horizontal; annellar arms fused, hoop-like. Sacculus (1) densely setose, tapered; saccular extension without sclerotized point. Cucullus (2) appears chelicerate, the sclerotized part occupying ~1/3 the overall length, widest medially and arcing gently before tapering to a sharply pointed apex with a subapical tuft of reëntrant spinelike setae. Dorsal process (3) coequal in width to cucullus, setose apically. Clasper (4) finger-like, gently curved. Uncus with ventral setal crest along distal half. Vesica with small basal secondary lobe. Aedeagus with an elongate sclerotized band of raised granules. Vesica without cornuti; paired and medial subbasal diverticular lobes nipple-like.Female genitalia. Posterior apophyses less than twice as long as anterior apophyses. Lamella antevaginalis invaginated. Colliculum undeveloped. Ductus elongate, narrow as in L.albimixta. Corpus bursae oblong.Immature stages. Known only from images  and Microgrammapercussa (Polypodiaceae). Two reared male and female specimens (10-SRNP-31675 and 10-SRNP-73038) required 22 and 30 days, respectively, from the onset of the pre-pupal stage to adult eclosion.Caterpillars found feeding on foliage of Costa Rican rain forest.L.poolei, comprising two females and a male with a dissociated abdomen, appear conspecific with four male specimens collected by S.S. and W.D. Duckworth in 1965, and cluster closely with both Leucosigmasolisae, known only from two males, and the two specimens referred to L.reletiva.Although the female genitalia are distinctive in the configuration of the ductus, the three recently reared specimens of PageBreakTaxon classificationAnimaliaLepidopteraNoctuidaeGoldsteinsp. n.http://zoobank.org/B2CBD402-81BE-41F7-A55B-FF0046F2DBC9Type material. COSTA RICA : HOLOTYPE ♂. Voucher: D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs DB: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu Area de Conservacion Guanacaste. Guanacaste: Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 07/19/2010, ecl. 08/16/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-72230, ♂USNM Dissection 148076, USNMENT01370303 PARATYPES : Males: Sector Pitilla: Calma, 11.00987, -85.39214, el. 412m, 02/11/2010, ecl. 03/12/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-70740, USNMENT01437325, USNM Dissection 148298; Sector Pitilla: Quebradona, 10.99102, -85.39539, el. 475m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 02/04/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-70653, USNMENT01437290 [abd. missing] Females: Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 06/23/2013, ecl. 07/17/2013, Ricardo Calero, collector, 13-SRNP-71023, USNM Dissection 148080, USNMENT01437332; Sector Pitilla: Quebradona, 10.99102, -85.39539, el. 475m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 01/07/2010, ecl. 02/18/2010, Calixto Moraga, collector, 10-SRNP-70113, USNMENT01370292; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 06/26/2010, ecl. 07/31/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-71934, USNMENT01437312. Types at USNM.COSTA RICA (1♂): Golfito 25-28.IV.65 SS & WDD DUCKWORTH, ♂USNM Dissection 148146, USNMENT01370291 GUATEMALA : Males: Cayuga Guat, June, Schaus and Barnes coll, June, USNM Dissection 41,194, USNMENT01437362; Ibid, April, USNM Dissection 4091, USNMENT01437241 Females: Cayuga, Guat., July, Schaus and Barnes coll, Chytonidiachloristis Schs WT 6.21, USNMENT01437337; GUATEMALA Dept. Suchitepequez Cutotenango 10-20 June 1966 Flint &B Ortiz, USNMENT01437317; Cayuga, Guat, Aug, Schaus and Barness coll, USNMENT01437377 CUBA (2♀): Baracoa, Cuba, Collection Wm Schaus, ♀ genitalia Slide USNM Noc 4092, USNMENT01370281; Ibid, Oct., ♀ genitalia Slide USNM Noc 4093, USNMENT01437340 MEXICO (1♀): MEX: Tmps Gomez Farias 21 III 1981, Nacimiento del Rio Frio, Gillespy & Lara Collectors, USNMENT01437352 PANAMA (1♀): Bocas dToro Pan, Apr ‘07, Collection Wm Schaus, USNMENT01437300. Leucosigma by the sharply pointed sclerotized saccular extentions and the elongate cucullus reminiscent of the mandibles of trap-jaw ants (Odontomachus Latreille). Forewing similar to those of L.chloe and L.reletiva, the similarities including the pale apical patch, more variably shaded with green in L.schausi, and the straight/squared reniform, appearing more “pinched” into two trianguloid green wedges in L.schausi. Terminal area of hind wing PageBreakunderside distinctly paler than basal and medial areas but less extensively scaled with green than L.albimixta.Most readily differentiated from other Head. Antennae setose-ciliate, bifasciculate in males, finely scaled above with pinkish tan. Frons, vertex and labial palpi with variously hued brown and tan scales; scaling of the palpi paler underneath and on apical segment. Palps with brown and dark brown scales, paler on apical segment. Eyes sparsely hairy.Thorax. Anterior part of tegulae green. Wings. Forewing length 12.2 mm , average 12.2 mm , 12.8 mm . Pattern elements visible and distinct; variation in hue of brown shading a function of scale density, as the scales are more darkly colored at their tips; U-shaped fusion of reniform-orbicular complex similar to that in L.poolei, above; costal striae at basal, antemedial, and postmedial lines consist of juxtaposed black and white, white distal to black in the basal and postmedial striae and black distal to white in the antemedial stria; outermost costal striae white; postmedial line a series of black crescents enclosing pale brown centers; terminal line a series of more compressed such crescents; apical patch predominantly white with some green shading; underside shading concentrated in costal and especially terminal areas of both wings; lines incomplete, typical of genus. Legs. Most thickly scaled on femora, with mixture of colors similar to those of head predominantly brown and pinkish tan; femoral and tibial scales with an admixture of lime green; a single pair of striped mid-tibial spurs, two pairs on hind-tibiae; three rows of tibial spines on all legs.Abdomen. Vestiture uniform pale gray, more or less concolorous with hind wings; slightly darker ventrally.Male genitalia. Uncus elongate, widest subapically, upwardly curved with a conspicuous apical point, and bearing ventral crest of short setae. Tegumen dome-shaped, with its dorsal edge deformed at the base of the uncus. Vinculum shallow; saccus bluntly rounded. Juxta pentagonal, dorsal edge horizontal; annellar arms fused, hoop-like. Sacculus (1) tapering to a heavily sclerotized point; costal lobe of sacculus densely setose. Cucullus (2) elongate, straight for much of its length but curving apically to a point, with an expanded subapical setal patch. Adjoining dorsal process (3) setose, undifferentiated, coequal in width to cucullus. Clasper (4) elongate, thorn-like or gently sinuate, rendering the valvae with three pair of sharply pointed structures. Aedeagus with an elongate sclerotized band of raised granules. Vesica without cornuti; a small patch of granular spinules evident basad; subbasal diverticulum recurved, appearing trilobate, with medial diverticular “nipple” and a weakly sclerotized C-shaped ridge.Female genitalia. Posterior apophyses less than twice as long as anterior apophyses. Lamella antevaginalis invaginate. Colliculum well developed. Ductus robust, opening to corpus bursae wide. Corpus bursae subtriangulate when distended.Immature stages. Known from images of reared specimens , USDA entomologist and curator at USNM who described both Chytonidia, herein synonymized with Leucosigma, and the genus Lophomyra, also associated with ferns.The name Microgrammapercussa (Polypodiaceae) in ACG. Six reared specimens required an average of 22.5 days between the onset of the prepupal stage to adult eclosion.Caterpillars found feeding on foliage of rain forest Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama.terminalia in situ); Female genitalia: Fig. . Figs ACG; all may represent variation within L.schausi, but because they bear minor genitalic differences consistent with barcodes that differ minimally (a single base pair) from those of L.schausi, the possibility that they represent a cryptic species remains open. The male genitalia differ slightly from those of L.schausi in the reduced sclerotized point at the apex of saccular extension. If in fact they prove to be distinct, they would be similar to the species pair Neoxeniadesluda and Neoxeniadespluviasilva (Hesperiidae), which co-occur at ACG and differ by only one base pair in their DNA barcode and very slight genitalic differences (L.schausi”: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (2♂): ♂, Dajabon Province 13km S. Roma de Cabrera ca. 400m, 20–22 May 1973 Don & Mignon Davis, ♂ USNM Dissection 148142, USNMENT01370285; ♂ Ibid, ♂ USNM Dissection 148297, USNMENT01437231, Male genitalia imaged in situ : [♂] Guanacaste: Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 11/03/2010, ecl. 12/12/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-73224, USNMENT0105325; [♂] Alajuela: Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Jacobo, 10.94076, -85.3177, el. 461m, larva on Microgrammapercussa: 01/17/2011, ecl. 02/14/2011, Edwin Apu, collector, 11-SRNP-69183, USNM Dissection 148075, USNMENT01438819; [♀] Alajuela: Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Estacion Caribe, 10.90187, -85.27495, el. 415m, larva on Campyloneurumlatum, 12/04/2011, Jorge Hernandez, collector, 11-SRNP-44977, USNM Dissection 148079, USNMENT01370288 7224.Several specimens from the Dominican Republic bear similarities to a subset of those reared from ferences . It was itu Figs . COSTA RPageBreakChytonidia with Leucosigma is straightforward; the circumscription of species boundaries perhaps less so. The predominance of female types among species in the L.chloe complex  is unfortunate given the predominance of conspicuous diagnostic features in males. The identification of modern Costa Rican material as conspecific with L.reletiva was made in the absence of historical specimens of males and of barcode data from the female holotype; if that determination is incorrect, then L.reletiva is likely another synonym of L.chloe and the male Costa Rican specimens will represent an undescribed species. Likewise, the pairing of an exclusively female sample of L.poolei with an exclusively male series of museum specimens is justified primarily on the basis of wing pattern, and our selection of a female holotype in this case draws from the fact that the specimen is accompanied both by barcode and rearing data.The synonymy of Leucosigma remain undescribed, probably including at least one within the L.uncifera complex. Provisional (neighbor-joining) analyses of DNA barcode data corroborated the unity of Leucosigma and Chytonidia by virtue of the proximity of Costa Rican L.uncifera to species of Chytonidia, as did a partial sequence of the holotype of L.uncifera when analyzed against a sample of 1,355 noctuid specimens that inlcuded all the available known fern feeders. Since no single mitochondrial marker would be considered an adequate foundation for phylogenetic inference regardless of the analysis, we interpret analyses of COI data with caution (particularly beyond the level of closely related species), but with that said, we also note that the available barcode data are consistent with the hypothesis of Leucosigma monophyly delineated here.No doubt that several species of Leucosigma to the smaller of Schaus’ pteridivorous genera Lophomyra bears on our interpretation of the collective diet breadths of each, and to whether structures such as the clustered setae on the uncus in Leucosigmaviridipicta represents a symplesiomorphous condition homologous to that in Lophomyra.Among the more intriguing morphological features are those surrounding the male clasping architecture, specifically the complex of variously sclerotized lobes and the associated arrangement of setal tufts. The possible function of these tufts as courtship structures bears further study, as do the mechanics of the unusually elaborate clasping appendages themselves. The as yet undetermined phylogenetic proximity of ACG and elsewhere in the Neotropics, the phylogenetic or taxonomic breadth of host plants recorded for Leucosigma is quite narrow, restricted to Polypodiales and specifically the families Polypodiaceae and Dryopteridaceae. These represent the two most widely recorded families among Neotropical pteridivorous noctuid genera at ACG, most of which are known from a much broader range of fern families. The effort to document hostplant associations of Neotropical caterpillars supplements our understanding of unusual genera and of the distribution of fern-feeding. Although less biologically rare than previously supposed, pteridivory appears to be phylogenetically PageBreaklocalized in a small number of Lepidoptera groups whose relationships remain unresolved. Beyond pinpointing these organisms’ taxonomic placement, it is likely that a better sampling of genomic data and a more systematic adducement of larval characters will contribute to our understanding of tribal and subfamilial boundaries. Likewise, the non-random distribution of recorded fern hosts across noctuid genera raises a number of specific, testable questions surrounding the evolution of diet breadth, and specifically the origins of pteridivory as perhaps a derived outcome of detritivory, moss- and lichen-eating.In comparison with other noctuid genera now known to comprise fern-feeding species at PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreak


AbstractPorifera collected in the Ross Sea, mainly in the Terra Nova Bay area, and curated at the Italian National Antarctic Museum . Specimens were collected in 331 different sampling stations at depths ranging from 17 to 1,100 meters in the framework of 17 different Italian Antarctic expeditions funded by the Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA). A total of 807 specimens, belonging to 144 morphospecies  is included in the dataset. Nearly half (45%) of the species reported here correspond to species already known for Terra Nova Bay. Out of the remaining 55% previously unknown records, under a third (~29%) were classified at the species level, while over a quarter (~26%) were ascribed to the genus level only and these would require further study. All vouchers are permanently curated at the MNA and are available for study to the scientific community. A 3D model of an uncommon species from the Ross Sea, i.e. Tethyopsisbrondstedi , is also presented and will be made available for outreach purposes.This new dataset presents occurrence data for  This sponge collection has been progressively growing each year, with new collections of specimens at each expedition of the Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA) in the Terra Nova Bay area. These specimens have been studied and exchanged among different researchers for comparisons and publications for years, they represented the base of a PhD thesis  in 2010. Since then the sponge collection has been restored, crosschecked for distributional data with the original labels, matched with a collection of permanent glass slides of spicules and updated in terms of taxonomy or new identifications of specimens.Since the very beginning of the Italian expeditions in the Ross Sea, which started in 1985, sponges have been one of the most studied taxa, due both to the high number of species found in the Terra Nova Bay area  in the Ross Sea.This study aims at publishing and valorising occurrence data of the in situ, or freshly collected.This collection is amongst the largest for Antarctic sponges and despite it being mainly focused on the Terra Nova Bay area, it represents a unicum given the amount of permanent glass slides with spicules available and the large database of images of sponges documented MNA contribution to the Antarctic Biodiversity Portal (www.biodiversity.aq), which is the thematic Antarctic node for both the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (AntOBIS) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (ANTABIF), based on materials stored at the MNA. The previous contributions were: This distributional dataset is the fifth Project title: Antarctic Porifera in the collection of the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA)Curator and Promoter: Stefano SchiaparelliPersonnel: Claudio Ghiglione, Maria Chiara Alvaro, Matteo Cecchetto, Simonepietro Canese, Rachel Downey, Alice Guzzi, Claudio Mazzoli, Paola Piazza, Hans Tore Rapp, Antonio Sarà, Stefano SchiaparelliFunding: The specimens were collected during different Antarctic expeditions funded by the Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA). The complete list of research projects is reported here :Necton e risorse da pesca 2.1.4.6, III expedition (1987/1988)• Oceanografia & Benthos 2.1.4.3, III expedition (1987/1988)• Benthos 3.2.1.2.5, V expedition (1989/1990)• Oceanografia geologica 3.2.1.4, V expedition (1989/1990)• Ecologia e biogeochimica dell’Oceano Meridionale 2d.2, IX expedition (1993/1994)• Ecologia e biogeochimica dell’Oceano Meridionale 2d.2, X expedition (1994/1995)• Ecologia e biogeochimica dell’Oceano Meridionale – ROSSMIZE 2d.2, XI expedition (1995/1996)• Ecologia e biogeochimica dell’Oceano Meridionale 2b.3, XIII expedition (1997/1998)• Struttura e dinamica delle cenosi marine di Baia Terra Nova 2b.3.1, XIV expedition (1998/1999)• L’area marina protetta di Baia Terra Nova: struttura e variazioni a breve e lungo termine 8.5, XV expedition (1999/2000)• Processi genetici e significato paleoclimatico e paleoceanografico dei CARBONati marini biogenici in ANTartide – CARBONANT 4.7, XVII expedition (2001/2002)• L’area marina protetta di Baia Terra Nova: struttura e variazioni a breve e lungo termine 8.5, XVII expedition (2001/2002)• The costal ecosystem of Victoria Land coast: distribution and structure along the latitudinal gradient 2002/8.6, XVIII expedition (2002/2003)• The costal ecosystem of Victoria Land coast: distribution and structure along the latitudinal gradient 2002/8.6, XIX expedition (2003/2004)• Batteri e cianobatteri antartici: biodiversità e produzione di composti con potenzialità applicative in biotecnologia 2004/1.6, XX expedition (2004/2005)• Variabilità della ventilazione polare abissale e suo impatto sulla circolazione globale – PolarDOVE 2004/8.2, XXI expedition (2005/2006)• L’ecosistema costiero di Baia Terra Nova – Latitudinal Gradient Project 2006/08.01, XXV expedition (2009/2010)• Ecologia e ciclo vitale di specie ittiche costiere del Mare di Ross 2004/08.04, XXV expedition (2009/2010)• Barcoding of Antarctic Marine Biodiversity – BAMBi 2010/A1.10, XXVII expedition (2011/2012)• Diversità genetica spazio temporale di endoparassiti delle regioni polari: uno studio per la valutazione dell’impatto dei cambiamenti globali sulle reti trofiche marine 2009/A1.09, XXVIII expedition (2012/2013)• Barcoding of Antarctic Marine Biodiversity – BAMBi 2010/A1.10, XXVIII expedition (2012/2013)• Vulnerabilità dei pesci polari al cambiamento climatico: ciclo vitale, habitats e relazione con il ghiaccio marino in Pleuragramma antarcticum 2010/A1.11, XXVIII expedition (2012/2013)• Barcoding of Antarctic Marine Biodiversity – BAMBi 2010/A1.10, XXIX expedition (2013/2014)• Integrità dell’ecosistema marino antartico come presupposto per lo studio dell’interazione parassita-ospite: un approccio genetico, molecolare ed immunologico 2013/AZ1.09, XXIX expedition (2013/2014)• Study area description: The specimens were collected in the Ross Sea sector of the Southern Ocean in a bathymetric range from 17 to 1,100 meters of depth . The samples were collected in the framework of several expeditions of the Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA) from 1987 to 2014.Method step description: See sampling description below and flowchart of Fig. Study extent description: The distributional data considered here originated from 331 different sampling stations ranging between 17 and 1,100 metres of depth , MNA 8847) the specimen was collected beached and sampling coordinates refer to the coastline. In another case, i.e., Lycopodinacf.vaceleti  and according to the SCAR-MarBIN Data Toolkit (available at http://www.scarmarbin.be/documents/SM-FATv1.zip). The dataset was uploaded in the ANTOBIS database .The present dataset has been formatted in order to fulfil the Darwin Core standard protocol required by the OBIS scheme (Vouchers are now preserved in 90% ethanol (~53% of the entire collection), frozen ~23%), or dried (~24%). The data flow chart illustrating the sampling, sorting, and storing procedures for specimens, data, and image availability is reported in Fig. 3%, or drQuality control description: Specimens were identified at the finest possible taxonomic resolution and only those that have been classified at least at the genus level were included in the present dataset. During all the phases of sorting, classification, and storage of samples at the MNA, quality control and data cleaning have been undertaken at various stages in order to produce high quality data and make consistent cross-references between the database and sample labels. The MNA uses an SQL-based database (Specify 6) and a R-Shiny web application to manage its collections and link all the data  to the physical samples.MNA, all the specimens and distributional records were rechecked and then imported in the museum database. During this phase it emerged that only ~75% of the Porifera collection fulfilled the expected minimum set of data fields to be included in GBIF. The remaining ~25% of the material present in the MNA collection can be divided in a ~7%, represented by material not yet classified, and another ~18% represented by old materials that cannot be ascribed to a specific sampling station due to missing labels or incomplete information about sampling.Due to the large amount of researchers that managed the material before the acquisition of the collection by the Georeferencing on board each of the different research vessels is based on the interpolation of GPS satellite receivers and a gyrocompass. Station coordinates and sampling events were recorded during sampling activities based on various GPS systems.General taxonomic coverage description: This dataset focuses on all classes  of the Phylum Porifera , and includes a total of 807 specimens belonging to 144 morphospecies (with 95 taxa classified at species level and 49 at genus level), and representing 12 orders and 30 families .Permanent glass slides with the spicules are available for ~88% of the species of the Plakinamonolopha Schulze, 1880, MNA 1715, MNA 1753; Plakinatrilopha Schulze, 1880, MNA 1504; Euryponminiaceum Thiele, 1905, MNA 9106), there is no voucher and only glass slides with spicules are available. Another species, i.e., Lycopodinacf.vaceleti , is without a MNA collection code, as it was identified from an ROV video frame  oxeata Topsent, 1916 (MNA 8244), the specimen record was obtained by using the ROV arms  joubini  with voucher MNA 928; Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) nobilis  with voucher MNA 863) were previously published in other manuscripts , MNA 2839) which was previously sampled as a single specimen during the Terra Nova expedition in 1910, in the eastern sector of the Ross Sea, in particular in the regions of McMurdo Sound and Terra Nova Bay and at depth range of 402-965 meters , Leucettidae sp.1 (NR), Leucettaantarctica (NR), Megapogonraripilus (NR), Sycettaantarctica (NR)Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: PoriferaClass: DemospongiaeOrders: Axinellida, Bubarida, Dendroceratida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, Polymastiida, Suberitida, TetractinellidaFamilies: Acarnidae, Ancorinidae, Bubaridae, Chalinidae, Cladorhizidae, Coelosphaeridae, Crellidae, Darwinellidae, Dendoricellidae, Halichondriidae, Hymedesmiidae, Isodictyidae, Latrunculiidae, Microcionidae, Mycalidae, Myxillidae, Niphatidae, Phloedictyidae, Polymastiidae, Raspailiidae, Stylocordylidae, Suberitidae, Tedaniidae, TetillidaeGenera: Acanthorhabdus, Antarctotetilla, Artemisina, Asbestopluma, Bubaris, Calyx, Cinachyra, Clathria, Crella, Dendrilla, Eurypon, Fibulia, Halichondria, Haliclona, Haliclonissa, Hemigellius, Homaxinella, Hymeniacidon, Inflatella, Iophon, Isodictya, Kirkpatrickia, Latrunculia, Lissodendoryx, Lycopodina, Microxina, Mycale, Myxilla, Myxodoryx, Phorbas, Plicatellopsis, Plocamionida, Polymastia, Pseudosuberites, Sphaerotylus, Stylocordyla, Suberites, Tedania, TethyopsisSpecies: Acanthorhabdusfragilis (NR), Antarctotetillaleptoderma, Artemisinaapollinis (NR), Artemisinacf.tubulosa, Artemisina sp.1 (NR), Artemisinatubulosa, Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) belgicae, Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) sp. (NR), Bubariscf.vermiculata (NR), Bubarisvermiculata (NR), Calyxarcuarius, Calyxcf.arcuarius, Calyxcf.kerguelensis (NR), Cinachyraantarctica (NR), Cinachyrabarbata, Cinachyracf.antarctica (NR), Cinachyracf.barbata, Cinachyra sp.1 (NR), Clathria (Axosuberites) nidificata, Clathria (Clathria) cf.toxipraedita, Clathria (Clathria) toxipraedita, Clathria (Microciona) antarctica (NR), Clathria  flabellata (NR), Crella (Crella) aurantiaca (NR), Crella (Pytheas) stylifera (NR), Dendrillamembranosa, Euryponminiaceum, Fibuliacribriporosa (NR), Fibuliamaeandrina (NR), Halichondria  panicea (NR), Haliclona (Gellius) cf.flagellifera (NR), Haliclona (Gellius) cf.glacialis (NR), Haliclona (Gellius) cf.spongiosa (NR), Haliclona (Gellius) glacialis (NR), Haliclona (Gellius) tylotoxa (NR), Haliclona  cf.penicillata, Haliclona  penicillata, Haliclona (Rhizoniera) cf.dancoi, Haliclonacf.divulgata (NR), Haliclonacf.scotti (NR), Haliclona (Rhizoniera) dancoi, Haliclonadivulgata (NR), Haliclona (Soestella) cf.chilensis (NR), Haliclona sp. (NR), Haliclona sp.1 (NR), Haliclona sp.2 (NR), Haliclona sp.3 (NR), Haliclona sp.4 (NR), Haliclonavirens (NR), Haliclonissaverrucosa (NR), Hemigelliusbidens (NR), Hemigelliuscalyx (NR), Hemigelliuscf.fimbriatus, Hemigelliusfimbriatus, Hemigelliuspilosus, Homaxinellabalfourensis, Homaxinellacf.balfourensis, Homaxinellacf.flagelliformis, Homaxinellaflagelliformis, Hymeniacidoninsutus (NR), Inflatellabelli, Inflatellacf.coelosphaeroides (NR), Inflatella sp.1 (NR), Iophonterranovae, Iophonunicorne, Isodictyaconulosa, Isodictyaerinacea, Isodictyakerguelenensis, Isodictyamicrochela (NR), Isodictyasetifera, Isodictya sp.1 (NR), Isodictya sp.2 (NR), Isodictyatoxophila (NR), Kirkpatrickiacoulmani (NR), Kirkpatrickiavariolosa, Latrunculia (Latrunculia) biformis, Lissodendoryx sp.1 (NR), Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) anacantha (NR), Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) antarctica, Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) minuta, Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) nobilis, Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) ramilobosa, Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) flabellata, Lycopodinacf.vaceleti (NR), Microxinabenedeni, Microxinacf.simplex (NR), Microxinacharcoti, Microxinalanceolata, Microxinasarai, Microxinasimplex (NR), Microxina sp.1 (NR), Mycale (Aegogropila) denticulata (NR), Mycale (Aegogropila) magellanica, Mycale  tridens, Mycale  acerata, Mycalefibrosa, Mycale sp.1 (NR), Myxilla (Burtonanchora) asigmata, Myxilla (Myxilla) elongata, Myxilla (Myxilla) mollis (NR), Myxilla sp.1 (NR), Myxodoryxcf.hanitschi, Myxodoryxhanitschi, Phorbasglaberrimus, Phorbasnexus (NR), Plicatellopsisantarctica, Plocamionidagaussiana (NR), Polymastiainvaginata, Pseudosuberitesmontiniger, Pseudosuberitesnudus, Sphaerotylusantarcticus, Stylocordylacf.chupachups, Stylocordylachupachups, Suberitescaminatus, Suberitesmollis (NR), Suberites sp.1 (NR), Tedania (Tedaniopsis) cf.charcoti, Tedania (Tedaniopsis) charcoti, Tedania (Tedaniopsis) massa (NR), Tedania (Tedaniopsis) oxeata (NR), Tedania (Tedaniopsis) tantula, Tedania sp.1 (NR), Trachytedaniaspinata (NR), Tethyopsisbrondstedi (NR)Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: PoriferaClass: HexactinellidaOrder: LyssacinosidaFamily: RossellidaeGenera: Anoxycalyx, RossellaSpecies: Anoxycalyx (Scolymastra) joubini, Rossellaantarctica (NR), Rossellacf.antarctica (NR), Rossellacf.longstaffi (NR), Rossellacf.villosa (NR), Rossellafibulata (NR), Rossellalevis (NR), Rossellanuda (NR), Rossellacf.nuda (NR), Rossellaracovitzae (NR), Rossella sp.1 (NR), Rossella sp.2 (NR), Rossella sp.3 (NR)Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: PoriferaClass: HomoscleromorphaOrder: HomosclerophoridaFamily: PlakinidaeGenus: PlakinaSpecies: Plakinamonolopha, PlakinatrilophaGeneral geographic description:Ross Sea, Antarctica Figs , 3, 4, 5Coordinates:PNRA III expedition: -74.64833, -74.96667; 164.00000, 164.61167PNRA V expedition: -74.63450, -74.90400; 164.02433, 164.47500PNRA IX expedition: -74.71667, -75.76333; 164.04280, 164.19058PNRA X expedition: -74.68557, -74.89367; 163.78557, 164.14752PNRA XI expedition: -74.66833, -74.78333; 164.03333, 164.29167PNRA XIII expedition: -74.71357, 164.13772PNRA XIV expedition: -74.69405, -74.89950; 163.93748, 164.28620PNRA XV expedition: -74.69667, -74.77658; 164.05327, 164.12868PNRA XVII expedition: -72.51267, -76.76817; 164.09721, 179.50533PNRA XVIII expedition: -77.56570, 163.61163PNRA XIX expedition: -71.30667, -72.28667; 170.29833, 170.48667PNRA XX expedition: -74.63347, -74.80570; 164.00194, 164.98583PNRA XXI expedition: -74.69667, 164.08000PNRA XXV expedition: -74.69027, -74.70348; 164.10255, 164.13762PNRA XXVII expedition: -74.68562, -74.71337; 164.03502, 164.14903PNRA XXVIII expedition: -74.68090, -74.77737; 163.95400, 164.23640PNRA XXIX expedition: -74.68602, -74.72242; 164.03486, 164.24206Temporal coverage:PNRA III expedition: January 6, 1988 - February 2, 1988PNRA V expedition: December 24, 1989 - February 1, 1990PNRA IX expedition: December 27, 1993 - January 29, 1994PNRA X expedition: January 21, 1995 - February 8, 1995PNRA XI expedition: February 5, 1996 - February 8, 1996PNRA XIII expedition: February 19, 1998PNRA XIV expedition: January 6, 1999 - March 3, 1999PNRA XV expedition: January 25, 2000 - April 25, 2000PNRA XVII expedition: January 8, 2002 - February 7, 2002PNRA XVIII expedition: November 11, 2002PNRA XIX expedition: February 14, 2004 - February 16, 2004PNRA XX expedition: January 17, 2005 - February 11, 2005PNRA XXI expedition: January 23, 2006PNRA XXV expedition: December 13, 2009 - January 11, 2010PNRA XXVII expedition: January 10, 2012 - February 3, 2012PNRA XXVIII expedition: January 9, 2013 - January 31, 2013PNRA XXIX expedition: January 16, 2014 - February 1, 2014Parent collection identifier: Italian National Antarctic Museum Collection name: Porifera collection of the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA) - DataSpecimen preservation method: Part of the material collected during the expeditions was fixed in formalin and then transferred in ethanol (samples between 1985 and 2006), or was frozen immediately after collection and kept in the same condition in order to preserve the DNA quality and integrity. All samples are now stored in the collections of the Italian National Antarctic Museum .Virtual collection of vouchers and 3D models: The species used in the 3D model, Tethyopsisbrondstedi   and on Sketchfab (https://sketchfab.com/MNA). The species chosen for the model corresponded to one of the few specimens collected in the Ross Sea area after the species description (The model of the sponge was obtained through micro-CT imaging performed at the Department of Geosciences (University of Padova) by CM. A bench-top Skyscan 1172 micro-CT system (Bruker®), equipped with a Hamamatsu 100/250 microfocus X-ray source  and a Hamamatsu C9300 11 megapixel camera (with a pixel size of 8.68 μm) filtered by a 0.5 mm Aluminium foil was used. Projection images were acquired with 1200 ms exposure time, 2x2 binning mode, 0.30° rotation step over 360° rotation, averaged over 10 frames and in vertical random movement mode to minimise noise, providing an image pixel size of 13.2 μm. An oversized sample option was applied with 4 connected scans, leading to a total acquisition time of about 1170 min. Post-acquisition reconstruction was performed using the NRecon (Bruker microCT®) software package, starting from raw projection images, and applying thermal correction, misalignment compensation, ring artefact reduction and beam hardening correction. Segmentation was then performed with CT Analyser (Bruker microCT®) software package, using a 3D adaptive thresholding procedure  within spherical kernels of radius 8 pixels, starting from a pre-determined pre-thresholding value. Resulting images were saved as monochrome (1 bit) bitmaps and imported in the CTVox (Bruker microCT®) software package to perform 3D rendering and animations. The model will be available on the cription .Dataset description: This dataset contains data about all four classes  of the Phylum Porifera, based on vouchers from the Ross Sea  curated at the MNA. In total, the dataset includes 144 different morphospecies, and a total of 807 specimens. Several studies were based on this dataset: http://www.marinespecies.org; last check made on 2018-03-28). The Darwin Core elements included in the dataset are: ID, Institution code (i.e. the name of the institution where the samples are kept), basis of record, occurrence ID, catalogue number , individual count, preparation , event ID , sampling protocol (sampling gear), event date, year, month, day, verbatim event date, field number (sampling station code as showed in the maps), event remarks , maximum depth meters, decimal latitude, decimal longitude, taxon ID, scientific name ID, scientific name, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, subgenus, specificEpithet, infraspecificEpithet, scientific name authorship, and taxon remarks. Some of the sampling stations are dredge stations, which have two sets of coordinates: the starting and end points. In these cases the coordinates reported in the dataset refer to the starting point of the dredge station.Object name: Porifera collection of the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA) - DataCharacter encoding: UTF-8Format name: Darwin Core Archive formatFormat version: 1.0Distribution: http://ipt.biodiversity.aq/resource.do?r=mna_antarctic_poriferaLanguage: EnglishMetadata language: EnglishLicense of use: This dataset [Porifera collection of the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA) - Data] is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY) 4.0: http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcodeDate of metadata creation: 2018-03-28Hierarchy level: Dataset


BMJ Global Health 2018;3:e000964. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000964Ochalek J, Lomas J, Claxton K. Estimating health opportunity costs in low-income and middle-income countries: a novel approach and evidence from cross-country data. The license type for this paper has changed from CC BY-NC to CC BY.


Expanding the single-visit approach for cervical cancer prevention: successes and lessons from Burkina Faso. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2018;6(2):288–298. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00328Harvey SA. Observe before you leap: why observation provides critical insights for formative research and intervention design that you'll never get from focus groups, Interviews, or KAP urveys. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2018;6(2):299–316. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00471. (French translation of the abstract added)Koffi TB, Weidert K, Ouro Bitasse E, et al. Engaging men in family planning: perspectives from married men in Lomé, Togo. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2018;6(2):317–329. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00440Subramanian L, Simon C, Daniel EE. Increasing contraceptive use among young married couples in Bihar, India: evidence from a decade of implementation of the PRACHAR Project. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2018;6(2):330–344. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00290Sarma S, Nemser B, Cole-Lewis H, et al. Effectiveness of SMS technology on timely community health worker follow-up for childhood malnutrition: a retrospective cohort study in sub-Saharan Africa. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2018;6(2):345–355. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00427Marks KJ, Luthringer CL, Ruth LJ, et al. Review of grain fortification legislation, standards, and monitoring documents. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2018;6(2):356–371. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00417. (French translation of the abstract added)Ndiaye K, Portillo E, Ouedraogo D, Mobley A, Babalola S. High-risk advanced maternal age and high parity pregnancy: tackling a neglected need through formative research and action. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2018;6(2):372–383. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00318Kheang T, Lin MA, Lwin S, et al. Malaria case detection among mobile populations and migrant workers in Myanmar: comparison of 3 service delivery approaches. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2018;6(2):384–389. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-18-00012Choi Y, Short Fabic M. Monitoring progress in equality for the Sustainable Development Goals: a case study of meeting demand for family planning. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2018;6(2):390–401. We have added French translations of the abstracts for a number of articles from the June 2018 issue  in which the content focused on countries where the official language is French. This has affected the page numbering of these and subsequent articles. The new citations are as follows:


The publisher apologizes for the error. The correct name is: Xiaoyi Feng. The correct citation is: Feng J, Feng X, Zhang N, Peng J (2018) An improved collaborative filtering method based on similarity. PLoS ONE 13(9): e0204003.