AbstractAcupalpa Kröber, 1912 and Pipinnipons Winterton, 2001 (Diptera: Therevidae: Agapophytinae) are revised. Twelve new species of Acupalpa are described, while Acupalpa imitans , comb. n. is transferred from Pipinnipons and Acupalpa albimanis , comb. n. is transferred from Ectinorhynchus Macquart as a senior synonym of Acupalpa pollinosa Mann. The total number of species of Acupalpa is therefore increased to 19: Acupalpa albimanis (Kröber), comb. n., Acupalpa albitarsa Mann, Acupalpa bohartisp. n., Acupalpa divisa , Acupalpa dolichorhynchasp. n., Acupalpa glossasp. n., Acupalpa imitans (White), comb. n., Acupalpa irwini Winterton, Acupalpa melanophaeossp. n.,Acupalpa miaboolyasp. n., Acupalpa minutasp. n., Acupalpa minutoidessp. n., Acupalpa notomelassp. n., Acupalpa novayamarnasp. n., Acupalpa rostrata Kröber, Acupalpa semirufa Mann, Acupalpa westralicasp. n., Acupalpa yalgoosp. n. and Acupalpa yanchepsp. n. Three new species of Pipinnipons are described, increasing the total number of species to five: Pipinnipons chauncyvallissp. n., Pipinnipons fascipennis (Kröber), Pipinnipons kampmeieraesp. n., Pipinnipons kroeberi Winterton, and P. sphecodasp. n.Pipinnipons and Acupalpa are rediagnosed in light of the new species presented herein and revised keys to species are included. A dichotomous key to genera of Australasian Therevidae is included. As an empirical example of cybertaxonomy, taxonomic descriptions were composed using a character matrix developed in Lucid Builder (in Structured Descriptive Data (SDD) format) to generate natural language descriptions supplemented by online specimen and image databases. Web resources are provided throughout the document including: a) links to high resolution colour images of all species on Morphbank, b) registration of authors, publications, taxon names and other PageBreaknomenclatural acts in Zoobank, with assignment of Life Science Identifiers (LSIDs) for each, c) links to Genbank accession records for DNA sequences, and d) assignment of LSIDs to specimen records with links to respective records in an online Therevidae specimen database.Australian stiletto flies of the sister-genera  Agapophytinae is comprised of 23 described genera restricted in the Australasia region, yet with three additional described genera endemic to Chile and Argentina , comb. n. , Acupalpa albitarsa Mann, 1929, Acupalpa divisa , Acupalpa imitans , comb. n., Acupalpa irwini Winterton, 2000, Acupalpa rostrata Kröber, 1912, and Acupalpa semirufa Mann, 1929. Pipinnipons includes two previously described species: Pipinnipons fascipennis  and Pipinnipons kroeberi Winterton, 2001.The stiletto fly subfamily rgentina . Acupalplagellum . AgapophAcupalpa are described herein: Acupalpa boharti sp. n., Acupalpa dolichorhyncha sp. n., Acupalpa glossa sp. n., Acupalpa melanophaeos sp. n., Acupalpa miaboolya sp. n., Acupalpa minuta sp. n., Acupalpa minutoides sp. n., Acupalpa notomelas sp. n., Acupalpa novayamarna sp. n., Acupalpa westralica sp. n., Acupalpa yalgoo sp. n., and Acupalpa yanchep sp. n. Many of these species are from Western Australia, indicating a rich diversity of this genus in the western region of the continent. Addition of these new species significantly broadens the concept of Acupalpa beyond the characters defining the genus in previous treatments , comb. n. is transferred from Pipinnipons based on the discovery of new material matching the original description, while Acupalpa albimanis , comb. n. is transferred from Ectinorhynchus Macquart, 1850 as the latter is a senior subjective synonym of Acupalpa pollinosa. Three new species of Pipinnipons are described, increasing the total number of species to five: Pipinnipons chauncyvallis sp. n., Pipinnipons fascipennis, Pipinnipons kampmeierae sp. n., Pipinnipons kroeberi, and Pipinnipons sphecoda sp. n. A key to Australasian stiletto fly genera is also included.Twelve new species of nts i.e. , therefoPageBreak The concept itself is not new, with single zoological registries , with increased efficiency in data handling through the use of online databases for information such as label metadata, specimen images, name registration, semantic mark-up and natural language descriptions from character matrices . The conies e.g.  and rapiies e.g.  espousedies e.g. . The metsensusensuAdult morphological terminology follows QM), Australian Museum (Sydney) (AMS), Australian National Insect Collection (Canberra) (ANIC), Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany (DEI), University of Queensland Insect Collection (Brisbane) (UQIC), University of California, Davis, Bohart Museum (UCDC), Western Australian Museum (Perth) (WAM), Michael E. Irwin private collection [to be ultimately housed in the California Academy of Sciences] (MEIC/CAS), Greg Daniels private collection [to be ultimately housed in the Australian Museum] (GDCB/AMS), Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, (NMW), Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), Oxford University Museum of Natural History (OUMNH), University of California, Riverside (UCR), Universität von Hamburg Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum (ZMUH). All types have been examined. Numbers quoted with individual specimens as MEI000000 are unique identifiers in the therevid database MANDALA and are attached to each specimen as a yellow or white label (Therevidae specimen database and Discover Life (http://www.discoverlife.org). Note that PageBreaksome web browsers are not able to read and format RSS  feeds and/or XML without additional software extensions or plug-ins. Details of current issues with select web browsers and LSID resolvers can be found on the Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) LSID resolver website (http://lsid.tdwg.org/). Material examined lists were exported from MANDALA. Descriptions were constructed using Lucid Builder 3.5, using a matrix database of character states, which were then exported using a natural language function into XML and a text document. Links are provided to Genbank accession records for DNA sequences where available. Specimen images were taken using a digital camera with a series of images montaged using Helicon Focus (©HeliconSoft). Descriptions are aided by the provision of embedded URL links in the document to high-resolution digital images of all species in Morphbank. All nomenclatural acts are registered in Zoobank as per the recent proposed amendment to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for a universal register for animal names (Types are deposited in the following institutions and collections: Queensland Museum Brisbane) , comb. n., Acupalpa albitarsa Mann, Acupalpa boharti sp. n., Acupalpa divisa , Acupalpa dolichorhyncha sp. n., Acupalpa glossa sp. n., Acupalpa imitans (White), comb. n., Acupalpa irwini Winterton, Acupalpa melanophaeos sp. n., Acupalpa miaboolya sp. n., Acupalpa minuta sp. n., Acupalpa minutoides sp. n., Acupalpa notomelas sp. n., Acupalpa novayamarna sp. n., Acupalpa rostrata Kröber, Acupalpa semirufa Mann, Acupalpa westralica sp. n., Acupalpa yalgoo sp. n., Acupalpa yanchep sp. n.(Kröber)comb. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:911E11F8-66AF-41CF-9B32-8C4B4D744C6Ahttp://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_albimanisEctinorhynchus albimanus-nec. Acupalpa pollinosaAcutipalpa polinosa]; Ectinorhynchus albimanus Kröber, 1914 -Holotype female ‘N. Holl. [Neu Holland] 878 IV/ TYPE (ANIC29_003432) (NMW).Acupalpa pollinosa Mann, 1929 -Holotype male, AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Brisbane, 18.ix.1914, H. Hacker (MEI029468) [D3283] (QM). Paratypes: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 2 males, Brisbane, 24.ix.1914, 24.ix.1923, H. Hacker  (QM).Frons profile concave above antenna; antenna black; wing dark banded; legs black with basitarsus and second tarsomere white; abdomen black, overlain with silver velutum in male.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile transversely concave above antennae, pubescence as two silver patches along eye margin, vestiture as minute setae; frons surface texture as irregular longitudinal striations; face projecting anteriorly, vestiture with dark to pale setae; gena with pale setae; parafacial glabrous; mouthparts relatively short ; palpus brown-black, acuminate; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base raised; antennal length approximately equal to head; scape brown to black, length much shorter than flagellum, with sparse black setae ventrally; flagellum black, base of flagellum with short, dark setae. Thorax. Scutum uniform grey-black; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing markings dark banded infuscate; haltere knob white, stem dark brown; coxae and femora brown to black; tibia dark; tarsi dark, basal ¾ of fore-basitarsus and entire second PageBreaktarsomere cream to white. Scutal chaetotaxy (macrosetae pairs): np , 4; sa , 1; pa , 1; dc , 2–3; sc (scutellar), 1. Abdomen. Black, covered with silver velutum dorsally on tergites ; terminalia pale.Body length= 6.9–9.3 mm. Ectinorhynchus albimanis is herein transferred to Acupalpa with Acupalpa pollinosa becoming a junior synonym of Acupalpa albimanis comb. n. Ectinorhynchus albimanis based on a series of specimens, but clearly did not examine the type, as his redescription does not match that in Acupalpa albimanis is morphological similar to Acupalpa albitarsa and Acupalpa yanchep sp. n. The colouration of abdomen and tarsi is diagnostic for this species.Mannurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:44480644-4D44-460F-9092-7E610A4767F0Genbank Accession: AF150967http://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_albitarsaAcupalpa albitarsaPageBreakHolotype male, AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Brisbane, 24.ix.1914, H. Hacker  (MEI029448) [D3282] (QM). Paratypes: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 4 males, same data as holotype,  (QM).Frons profile rounded above antenna; antenna black, scape sometimes brown; wing irregularly banded; pleuron black; tarsi white with brown to black basitarsus; abdomen with sparse silver velutum on anterior segments .Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle; profile rounded above antenna, pubescence sparse silver-grey; frontal vestiture as minute setae, texture verrucous; face shape broadly rounded, vestiture with dark or pale setae; gena with pale setae; parafacial glabrous; mouthparts elongate and projecting anteriorly, or relatively short; palpus brown-black, acuminate; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base raised; antenna longer than head; scape brown or black, length approximately equal to flagellum, with sparse black setae; flagellum black, base of flagellum with short, dark setae. Thorax. Scutum light grey to black, setal bases glossy black; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with sparse, silver-grey pubescence; wing markings irregularly banded; haltere knob white; coxae black; femora brown to black; tibia dark, lighter basally; tarsi white with basitarsi dark. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 3–4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 2–3; sc, 1. Abdomen. Entirely black, segments 5–8 sometimes orange dorsally; silver velutum dorsally on tergites (1–3), bronze medially; terminalia dark  or pale .Body length= 7.4–9.7 mm. Acupalpa albitarsa and the closely related Acupalpa yanchep sp. n., separates these species from all other Acupalpa. Acupalpa albitarsa is an eastern species while Acupalpa yanchep sp. n. is western. Females are difficult to distinguish but males differ in the shape of the frons and in general body shape and size. The white patterning of the scutum is less pronounced in this species.The distinctive tarsal colouration of urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F89524D-85C5-4332-86AC-D278AB724C1Dhttp://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_bohartiHolotype female, AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Norseman, , 24.xi.1979, R. M. Bohart (MEI029500) (UCDC). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: male, female, Norseman, , 24.xi.1979, R. M. Bohart  (UCDC).Body size relatively small; frons rounded above antenna; scutum glossy black with bronze pubescence; tibia yellow with dark apices, fore tibia white-cream; abdomen black, without velutum.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile rounded above antenna, glabrous; frontal vestiture as minute setae, texture smooth; face broadly rounded, glabrous; gena with pale setae; parafacial PageBreakPageBreakglabrous; mouthparts elongate, projecting anteriorly, or sometimes relatively short; palpus brown-black, acuminate; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base flat; frons roughly level with eye in profile; antenna longer than head; scape brown or black, length shorter than flagellum, with sparse black setae; flagellum black or brown, base of flagellum with short dark setae. Thorax. Scutum glossy black, overlain with sparse bronze pubescence; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with sparse, silver-grey pubescence; wing markings weakly infuscate with pale band midway, hyaline ocellations basally; haltere knob orange-yellow; coxae black; femora brown to black; tibia yellow, apices dark on mid and hind tibia, fore tibia white-cream; tarsi black; mid and hind basitarsi pale basally. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 4–6; sc, 1. Abdomen. Black, silver velutum absent, terminalia dark.Body length= 5.0–6.0 mm. Acupalpa boharti sp. n. is a small, dark species similar to Acupalpa miaboolya sp. n. This species is known only from the type series collected in southwestern Australia. The small body size and leg and body colouration are diagnostic for this species.This species is named in honour of the collector, R. M. Bohart.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:318DBAA4-B88A-4276-897B-643F78FA4AA5Genbank Accession: AF150966http://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_divisaDimassus divisusEctinorrhynchus divisus  - Acupalpa semiflavaAcupalpa divisa  - Dimassus divisus-Holotype female, AUSTRALIA (OUMNH).Acupalpa semiflava- Holotype female, AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Brisbane, 24.ix.1914, H. Hacker (MEI029471) (QM). Paratypes:Queensland: 3 females, Brisbane, 24.ix.1912, 14.x.1913, 10.x.1916, H. Hacker  (QM).Queensland: male, Barakula State Forest, Hellhole Creek, Auburn Rd., 52062, 13.x.2004, Queensland Museum party, open forest, hand collected  (ANIC29_016460) (QM).AUSTRALIA: PageBreak.Frons profile concave above antenna; antenna black; pleuron black; wing dark banded; femora and tibia black; abdomen black, segments 1–3 yellow at least laterally; abdominal velutum present in maleHead. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile transversely concave above antennae, pubescence as silver patches along eye margin, frontal vestiture as minute setae, texture as irregular longitudinal striations; face produced anteriorly, vestiture with dark or pale setae; gena with pale setae; parafacial glabrous; mouthparts elongate, projecting anteriorly, or sometimes relatively short; palpus brown-black, acuminate; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base raised, antennal length approximately equal to head; scape black, length approximately equal to flagellum, with sparse black setae; flagellum black, base of flagellum with short dark setae. Thorax. Scutum uniform grey-black, sometimes with faint white stripes; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing markings dark banded infuscate; haltere knob white; coxae black; femora brown to black; tibia black; tarsi black; fore basitarsus white distally, 2nd tarsomere basally, remaining basitarsi yellowish. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 3–4; sc, 1. Abdomen. Segments 2–3 yellow, remaining segments black , silver velutum dorsally on tergites  or absent ; terminalia dark.Body length= 6.5–8.0 mm. Acupalpa divisa has long been unknown, and herein described for the first time. Acupalpa pollinosa, but has been subsequently proved incorrect as corresponding sexes of both species are now known.The male of urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:56FF95E1-D936-4DBA-8EBF-3A6E79B24116http://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_dolichorhynchaHolotype male, AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 11 km N Cataby, 29.x.1987, M. E. Irwin & E. I. Schlinger, sweeping Leptospernum flowers  (MEI029507) (ANIC). Paratype. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: female, same data as holotype (MEI029506) (ANIC).Mouthparts elongate; frons profile rounded above antenna; antenna black; scutum glossy black; pleuron black; wing dark banded; abdominal segments 1–3 orange, rest black; abdominal velutum absent.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle , profile rounded above antenna, pubescence absent, glabrous, frontal vestiture glabrous or as minute setae, surface texture smooth; face shape broadly rounded, expansive, vestiture with dark or pale setae; gena with pale setae; parafacial glabrous; mouthparts elongate, projecting anteriorly; palpus brown-black, narrowly cylindrical; occiput overlain with sparse, silver-grey pubescence; antennal base flat, frons roughly level with eye in profile; antennal length approximately equal to head; scape black with sparse black setae, length shorter than flagellum; flagellum black, base of flagellum with short dark setae. Thorax. Scutum glossy black, overlain with faint stripes of grey pubescence; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black,PageBreak overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing markings faintly banded infuscate; haltere knob white; coxae black; femora brown to black; tibia brown or black; tarsi dark, basitarsi pale, dark distally, fore-basitarsus entirely white. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 2; sc, 1. Abdomen. Segments 1-3 orange, remaining segments black, silver velutum absent; terminalia dark.Body length= 7–10 mm. Acupalpa dolichorhyncha sp. n. is a distinctive species with elongate mouthparts and orange-banded abdominal segments 1–3. This western species is morphologically similar to Acupalpa melanophaeos sp. n., also from Western Australia, and Acupalpa glossa sp. n. from Victoria.dolichos, long; rhynchus, snout, referring to the elongate mouthparts.The specific epithet is derived from Gr. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:60BC378C-1247-4CB5-A194-755C00BC5567http://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_glossaHolotype male, AUSTRALIA: Victoria: 5 km S Rocket Lake, Murray-Sunset N.P., 34.39°S, 141.49°E, 25.xi.1992, swept, McEvey, Moulds, McAlpine (MEI165183) (AMS). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Victoria: male, 2 females, Murray-PageBreakSunset N.P., Millewa South Bore track, 20.7 km S Shearers Quarters, 17–23.xi.2002, C. Lambkin, D. Yeates, N. Starick, J. Recsei, 34°45'02"S, 141°03'56"E [Malaise trap]  (ANIC).Frons profile rounded above antenna; antenna black; scutum glossy black; pleuron orange to brown, darker posteriorly; wing banded infuscate; femora orange; tibia black; abdomen black, without velutum.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile rounded above antenna, glabrous, sometimes with silver patches of pubescence along eye margin, frontal vestiture as minute setae, surface texture smooth; face broadly rounded, vestiture as dark or pale setae; gena with pale setae; parafacial glabrous; mouthparts elongate, projecting anteriorly; palpus brown-black, narrowly cylindrical; occiput overlain with sparse, silver-grey pubescence; antennal base flat; antennal length approximately equal to head; scape brown, shorter than flagellum, with sparse black setae; flagellum black, base of flagellum with short dark setae. Thorax. Scutum black, overlain with grey pubescence; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron dark, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence, denser anteriorly and posteriorly, sparse around midway; wing banded infuscate; haltere knob white; coxae dark, overlain with dense silver pubescence; femora orange; tibia orange, darker distally; fore basitarsus white, 2nd tarsomere white basally, remaining basitarsi cream, darker distally. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 2; sc, 1. Abdomen. Segments 2–3 orange, rest black, intersegmental membranes white on segments 2–3, silver velutum absent; terminalia dark.Body length= 7.0–9.0 mm. Acupalpa glossa sp. n. is similar to Acupalpa dolichorhyncha sp. n. in colour pattern and elongated mouthparts, but is easily differentiated based on leg colour. This species is known only from the type series collected in Victoria.glossa, tongue, referring to the elongate mouthparts.The specific epithet is derived from Gr. (White)comb. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:749A106A-0357-4AAF-A88B-E2E46ECA7B9Ahttp://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_imitansPhycus imitansAgapophytus imitans : 28 - MaPipinnipons imitans : 28 - WiAcupalpa imitans : 28, comType female, AUSTRALIA: Tasmania: Wedge Bay, 3.i.1914, G.H. Hardy [lost].Neotype male, AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Indooroopilly, Long Pocket , 22.viii–7.ix.2007, S. L. Winterton, Malaise trap (MEI165187) (QM).PageBreakQueensland: female, Brisbane Forest Park, Scrub Road, crossing at Enoggera Creek, , 200m, 10–14.xi.1995, malaise trap, M.E. Irwin. (MEI140857) (QM); male, Tambourine, , 12.vi.1925 (“Allotype” of MEI023602) (QM); female, Mount Tamborine, , 29.xi.1925, hand netted, H. Hacker (MEI108898) (QM).AUSTRALIA: Frons profile rounded above antenna; antenna dark yellow; pleuron black; wing dark banded; femora orange to yellow; tibia yellow; abdomen dark, segments 2–3 red-brown laterally, without silver velutum.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle  or narrower , profile rounded above antenna, pubescence as silver patches along eye margin, frontal vestiture glabrous, surface texture as irregular longitudinal striations or smooth; face as narrow strip below antennal base, vestiture glabrous; gena with pale setae; parafacial glabrous; mouthparts relatively short ; palpus brown-black, narrowly cylindrical; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base flat, frons roughly level with eye in profile (or near so); antenna longer than head; scape dark yellow, length approximately equal to flagellum, scape with sparse black setae; flagellum dark yellow, base of flagellum with short dark setae. Thorax. Scutum black, overlain with grey pubescence, brown stripes of pubescence more expansive posteriorly; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing markings banded infuscate; haltere knob white; coxae black; femora orange or yellow; tibia yellow, apices sometimes dark; tarsi yellow, fore-basitarsus white. Scutal chaetotaxy: PageBreaknp 4–5; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 2; sc, 1. Abdomen. Dark, segments 2–3 red-brown medially, orange laterally, silver velutum absent  or small triangular patches on tergites 2–3 ; terminalia pale.Body length= 6.3–7.0 mm. Phycus imitans was kept in the G.H. Hardy collection, which was moved from Brisbane to Katoomba, but is now apparently lost or destroyed by pests. While not stating whether he actually examined the type, Agapophytus based on an unjustified allotype designation and associated female from southeast Queensland. Pipinnipons based on the description of Acupalpa imitans were located in the QM collection and no further material has been collected from Tasmania. Based on the discovery of new material from southeast Queensland more closely matching the original description by MEI165187) is herein designated as a Neotype to stabilise the concept of the species. This problematic species has characteristics that indicate a closer relationship to species of Acupalpa  and is herein transferred from Pipinnipons.The type of Wintertonurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6C3A49B8-6E77-4C55-B5D9-C77636280ECBhttp://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_irwiniAcupalpa irwiniHolotype female, AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 7.5 km WSW Lake Cronin, 32°23’S, 119°46’E, 19–26.ix.1978, T. F. Houston et al. (MEI029876) (WAM). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: female, same data as holotype, (MEI029877) (WAM); male, 3 females, 53 km E Hyden nr. Emu Rock, 24–27.x.1985, R. W. Thorpe  (UCDC).Frons profile rounded above antenna; face projecting anteriorly; antenna black; scutum grey to black; pleuron black; wing dark banded; femora brown to black; abdomen black, segments 1–3 orange; abdominal velutum absent.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile rounded above antenna, pubescence sparse silver-grey, frontal vesiture small dark setae, surface texture verrucous; face projecting anteriorly, vestiture with dark or pale setae; gena with pale setae; parafacial glabrous or with pale setae; mouthparts elongate, projecting anteriorly; palpus brown-black, narrowly cylindrical; occiput overlain with sparse, silver-grey pubescence; antennal base raised; antennal length approximately equal to head; scape black, length approximately equal to flagellum, scape with pale setae ventrally, shorter dark setae dorsally; flagellum black, base of flagellum with short dark setae. Thorax. Scutum light grey to black, setal bases glossy black; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with silver-grey pubescence; wing markings dark banded infuscate; haltere knob brown; coxae black; femora brown to black; tibia yellow-orange, darker distally; tarsi black, basitarsi pale, dark distally. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 2–3; sc, 1. Abdomen. Segments 1–3 orange, remaining segments black, silver velutum absent; terminalia dark.Body length= 7.0–10.0 mm. Acupalpa irwini is a relatively large species differentiated by the characteristic leg and abdomen colouration. This species is known only from the type series collected in Western Australia.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:32E2D131-5108-46B5-B330-ABEAAC192948http://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_melanophaeosHolotype female, AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Drummond Cove, Geraldton, 16.xi.1973, N. McFarland  (MEI029498) (ANIC). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: female, same data as holotype (MEI029496) (WAM); male, Bunbury, 3.i.1957, A. Snell  (MEI029509) (ANIC); female, Cape Le Grand Nat. Park , 12.i.1987, G. & A. Daniels (MEI029494) (GDCB/AMS).PageBreakinfuscate; coxae orange; legs orange to yellow, tarsi dark distally and fore-basitarsus white; abdomen black, segments 1–3 orange to yellow; abdominal velutum absent.Frons profile rounded above antenna; scape yellow, flagellum dark; scutum grey to black; pleuron black ; wing banded Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle  or narrower , profile rounded above antenna, pubescence absent, frontal vestiture glabrous or with minute setae, surface texture smooth; face shape broadly rounded, expansive, vestiture glabrous; gena with dark setae; parafacial glabrous; mouthparts elongate, projecting anteriorly, or sometimes relatively short; palpus brown-black, narrowly cylindrical; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base raised  or flat, frons roughly level with eye in profile ; antenna longer than head; scape yellow, length much shorter than flagellum, scape with short, black setae; flagellum black, base of flagellum with short, dark setae. Thorax. Scutum light grey to black, setal bases glossy black; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black  or darker anteriorly with dark orange posteroventrally , overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing markings banded infuscate; haltere knob brown; coxae orange; femora orange or dark yellow; tibia orange; tarsi yellow orange, dark distally, fore-basitarsus white. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 1–2; sc, 1. Abdomen. Segments 1–3 yellow or orange, remaining segments black, silver velutum absent; terminalia dark.Body length= 7.1–9.6 mm. Acupalpa melanophaeos sp. n.is a relatively large species from Western Australia with distinctive leg and abdomen colouration. It is morphologically similar to Acupalpa novayamarna sp. n. and Acupalpa notomelas sp. n. The coxae are pale in this species along with a rounded face, rather than protruding anteriorly in similar species .PageBreakmelanos, black; phaeos, light, shiny, referring to the scutum colouration.The specific epithet is derived from theGr. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:31A86965-E8AB-4D6C-9252-FE42BAC3269Ahttp://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_miaboolyaHolotype male, AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 14.5 km N Carnarvon, Miaboolya Beach, , 4.x.1969, H. E. Evans, R. W. Matthews. (MEI080305) (ANIC). Paratype. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: female, same data as holotype (MEI080301) (MCZ).Frons profile rounded above antenna; antenna brown to black; scutum glossy black with pubescent stripes of grey and brown; pleuron black; wing faintly infuscate; femora and tibia dark, fore tibia pale distally; abdomen black, without silver velutum.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile rounded above antenna, pubescence sparse silver-grey, without setae, surface texture smooth; face broadly rounded, glabrous; gena with pale setae  or dark setae ; parafacial glabrous; mouthparts relatively short , or elongate and projecting anteriorly; palpus brown-black, acuminate; PageBreakocciput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base flat; frons roughly level with eye in profile; antennal length approximately equal to head; scape light brown to black, length approximately equal to flagellum, scape with sparse black setae; flagellum black, base of flagellum with short, dark setae. Thorax. Scutum black, overlain with stripes of grey and brown pubescence; scutellum overlain with sparse grey pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing largely hyaline, faint band midway  or infuscate with pale band midway, hyaline ocellations basally ; haltere knob white; coxae black, overlain with silver pubescence; femora brown to black; tibia brown; fore tibia pale distally; tarsi black, mid and hind basitarsi pale basally. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 3; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 3; sc, 1. Abdomen. Black, overlain with bronze pubescence, silver velutum absent; terminalia dark.Body length= 5.0–6.5 mm. Acupalpa miaboolya sp. n. is a relatively small, dark species from Western Australia very similar to Acupalpa boharti sp. n. This species can be differentiated from the latter based on scutal pattern; the scutum has grey and brown stripes in Acupalpa miaboolya sp. n. while the scutum of Acupalpa boharti sp. n. has more uniform brown-bronze pubescence.This species is named after the region in which the specimens were collected, Miaboolya beach, on the north-central coast of Western Australia.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C2B0BF78-A250-4F9E-B23C-44533147EFA5http://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_minutaHolotype male, AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Kalbarri, , 23.ix.1974, N. McFarland (MEI021410) (ANIC).Very small sized species; setae on coxae pale; flagellum greatly elongate; scape relatively short; frons equal to width of ocellar tubercle; tibia dark; two notopleural setae; abdomen dark, velutum absent.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile rounded, level with eye, pubescence sparse silver-grey; frontal vestiture glabrous, texture smooth; lower frons and face broadly rounded, expansive; face vestiture glabrous; gena with pale setae; parafacia overlain with silver pubescence; mouthparts elongate, projecting anteriorly; palpus brown-black; occiput overlain with sparse, silver-grey pubescence; antennal base flat; antennal length longer than head; scape colour black, length much shorter than flagellum, with sparse black setae; flagellum colour brown, base of flagellum without setae. Thorax. Scutum glossy black-brown with sparse grey pubescence and small brown setae; scutellum overlain with dense matt black pubescence; pleuron glossy black-brown with longitudinal stripe of silver velutum; wing markings dark banded infuscate; haltere knob orange-yellow; coxae brown, overlain with dense pubescence and pale setae; femora brown to black; tibia brown; tarsi brown. Scutal chaetotaxy (macrosetae pairs): np, 2; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 3, sc, 1. Abdomen. Colouration brown, tergites 2-4 with bronze pubescence, silver velutum absent; terminalia dark.Body length= 3.0 mm. Acupalpa minuta sp. n. is closely related to Acupalpa minutoides sp. n., sharing characteristics such as very small size, two notopleural setae and an antenna with a short scape and a greatly elongate flagellum. It can be differentiated based on the colour of the setae on the coxae and by the width of the frons. This species is known only from a single male individual from Western Australia.minutus, small, little, referring to the diminutive body size.The specific epithet is derived from the L. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2429322A-907F-4330-8BF5-0F1C34FBFAD7http://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_minutoidesHolotype male, AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Geraldton, Drummond’s Cove, , 29.ix.1972, N. McFarland (MEI021412) (ANIC). Paratypes. Western Australia: male, Geraldton, Drummond’s Cove, , 29.ix.1972, N. McFarland, on Calandrinia flowers (MEI029995) (CSCA); male, Geraldton, Drummond’s Cove, , 18.ix.1972, N. McFarland, on Calandrinia flowers (MEI021411) (CSCA).Very small sized species; setae on coxae black; flagellum greatly elongate; scape relatively short; frons slightly wider than width of ocellar tubercle; wing veins M1 and M2 fused and petiolate basally from discal cell; tibia pale basally; two notopleural setae; abdomen dark, velutum absent.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile rounded, level with eye, pubescence sparse silver-grey; frontal vestiture glabrous with minute setae laterally, texture smooth; lower frons and face shape broadly rounded, expansive; face vestiture glabrous; gena with pale setae; parafacia overlain with silver pubescence; mouthparts elongate, projecting anteriorly; palpus brown-black; occiput overlain with sparse, silver-grey pubescence; antennal base flat; antennal length longer than head; scape black, length much shorter than flagellum, with sparse black setae; flagellum black or brown, base of flagellum without setae. Thorax. Scutum glossy black-brown with sparse grey pubescence and small brown setae; scutellum overlain with dense matt black pubescence; pleuron glossy black-brown with longitudinal stripe of silver velutum; wing markings dark banded infuscate; haltere knob orange-yellow; coxae brown, overlain with dense pubescence and dark setae; femora brown to black; tibia black, yellow-orange basally; tarsi brown. Scutal chaetotaxy (macrosetae pairs): np, 2, sa, 1, pa, 1, dc, 2, sc, 1. Abdomen. Colouration brown, tergites 2-4 with bronze pubescence, silver velutum absent; terminalia dark.Body length= 3.0–4.0 mm. Acupalpa minuta sp. n. This species is known only from three male specimens from Western Australia.See comments under minutus, small, little; -oides, like, referring to the similarity of this species to Acupalpa minuta sp. n.PageBreakThe specific epithet is derived from the L. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:68193274-CA84-43A8-A35A-6E819DE50B46http://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_notomelasHolotype male, AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 22 km W Waroora Homestead , 25.x.1987, sand plain, M. E. Irwin (MEI029510) (ANIC). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: female, Melaleuca Park, 38 km N Perth , 29.x.1987, M. E. Irwin, E. I. Schlinger (MEI029512) (ANIC); male, Yanchep National Park , 22–26.x.1985, truck trap, A. Dyce, W. Wirth (MEI029514) (ANIC).Frons profile rounded above antenna; mouthparts elongate; antenna dark; scutum dark; pleuron orange ventrally; wing banded; legs dark yellow to orange [fore femur darker]; abdomen black without silver velutum.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile rounded above antenna, glabrous or silver pubescent patches along eye margin [some sparse pubescence dorsally], frontal vestiture as small dark setae, surface texture smooth, face broadly rounded, vestiture as dark or pale setae; gena with pale setae or with dark setae ; parafacial glabrous; mouthparts elongate, projecting anteriorly; palpus brown-black, narrowly cylindrical; occiput overlain with sparse, silver-grey pubescence, antennal base flat; antennal length approximately equal to head; scape brown, length shorter than flagellum, scape with sparse black setae; flagellum dark, PageBreakbase of flagellum without setae. Thorax. Scutum light grey to glossy black, setal bases glossy black, overlain with faint stripes of grey pubescence; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron yellow-orange in lower 2/3, upper 1/3 concolourous with scutum, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing markings banded infuscate; haltere knob white, dark basally; coxae yellow-orange; femora with darker fore femur, rest yellow-orange; tibia and tarsi dark yellow; fore-basitarsus white, darker basally, 2nd tarsomere white basally, remaining basitarsi yellow-brown. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 2; sc, 1. Abdomen. black, silver velutum absent; terminalia pale.Body length= 6.2–8.0 mm. Acupalpa notomelas sp. n. is similar to Acupalpa melanophaeos sp. n. and Acupalpa novayamarna sp. n., but can be differentiated based on abdomen colouration. The palpi are very slender and elongate.noto, back; melas black, dark, referring to the scutal colouration.The specific epithet is derived from the Gr. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C0BEA372-6953-43E4-B957-0A521FD8D83Bhttp://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_novayamarnaHolotype male, AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 25 km E New Yamarna Homestead, , 21.ix.1982, T. F. Houston, B. Hanich (WAM872128) (WAM).Frons profile rounded to slightly concave above antenna; mouthparts short; antenna dark; scutum dark; pleuron dark dorsally, orange ventrally; wing banded; legs orange, tarsi dark distally, fore-basitarsus white; abdomen orange, segments 1–2 black medially, velutum absent.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile rounded to slightly concave above antenna, pubescence absent or as silver patches along eye margin, frontal vestiture glabrous, surface texture smooth, face as narrow strip below antennal base, glabrous; gena with pale setae; parafacial overlain with silver pubescence; mouthparts relatively short ; palpus brown-black, narrowly cylindrical; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base raised, antennal length approximately equal to head; scape orange-brown, length much shorter than flagellum, scape with sparse black setae; flagellum black, base of flagellum with short dark setae. Thorax. Scutum light grey to black, setal bases glossy black; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron orange, upper 1/3 concolourous with scutum, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing markings banded infuscate, dark yellow basally; haltere knob orange-yellow; coxae orange; femora orange; tibia orange; tarsi yellow orange, dark distally, fore-basitarsus white. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 2; sc, 1. Abdomen. Orange, segments 1–2 black medially, silver velutum absent; terminalia pale.Body length= 7.2 mm. Acupalpa melanophaeos sp. n., but can be differentiated by the pale genal setae, larger proportion of the pleuron being orange, and male frons slightly wider. Only the male is known for this western species.This species is very similar to This species is named after the type locality of New Yamarna Homestead, Western Australia.Kröberurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4FFB52C9-C88E-426B-BB46-B2CF1EC04C9Fhttp://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_rostrataAcupalpa rostrataHolotype male, AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Sydney (ZMUH) [destroyed]. Neotype male, AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Kosciusko National Park, Round Mountain, Olgives Creek,  1400m, 28.xii.1977, E. I. Schlinger. (MEI029931) (ANIC).PageBreaksilver pubescence; wing banded; femora yellow-orange [hind femur dark]; tibia yellow-orange; abdomen black, overlain with silver velutum in male.Frons profile concave above antenna; scape and pedicel yellow-orange, flagellum black; scutum black, overlain with silver pubescence; pleuron black with Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile transversely concave above antennae, pubescence as silver patches along eye margin, frontal vestiture as numerous elongate setae, surface texture smooth; face projecting anteriorly, vestiture as dark or pale setae; gena with pale setae; parafacial glabrous; mouthparts relatively short ; palpus brown-black, acuminate; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base raised; antennal length approximately equal to head; scape and pedicel yellow-orange, length approximately equal to flagellum, with pale setae ventrally, shorter dark setae dorsally; flagellum black, base of flagellum with short dark setae. Thorax. Scutum uniform grey-black; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with silver pubescence; wing markings banded infuscate; haltere knob white, dark basally; coxae black; femora yellow with hind femur dark; tibia yellow-orange, apices dark; tarsi yellow-orange, distal segments darker, basitarsus and second tarsomere on foreleg white. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 2; sc, 1. Abdomen. Black, silver velutum dorsally on tergites  or absent ; terminalia pale.Body length= 7.0–8.0 mm. Acupalpa rostrata is apparently destroyed. PageBreak of confusion in the future. Acupalpa rostrata is differentiated from other Acupalpa species by the unique leg and antennal colouration.The type of Mannurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CF947CED-BCB0-4A62-AFDF-433DDBF3E1D3http://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_semirufaAcupalpa semirufa Holotype male, AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Blackheath, Hardy[not examined-location unknown]. Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: ‘Allotype’ female, Bribie Island, 12.ix.1918, H. Hacker (MEI029439) (QM). New South Wales: 2 females, Sydney, Manly, 20.xi.1923  (QM).Frons profile concave above antenna; antenna dark; scutum dark; pleuron black; wing dark banded; femora orange to yellow; tibia yellow, darker distally; abdomen black with segments 2–3 yellow-orange, overlain with silver velutum in male.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile transversely concave above antennae, pubescence as silver patches along eye margin, sparse silver-grey dorsally, frontal vestiture as small dark setae, PageBreaksurface texture verrucous; face projecting anteriorly with dark or pale setae; gena with pale setae; parafacial glabrous; mouthparts short , or elongate, projecting anteriorly; palpus brown-black, acuminate; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base raised; antennal length approximately equal to head; scape brown, length shorter than flagellum, scape with pale setae ventrally, shorter dark setae dorsally; flagellum black, base of flagellum with short dark setae. Thorax. Scutum uniform grey-black or light grey to black, setal bases glossy black; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing markings dark, banded infuscate; haltere knob white, dark basally; coxae black; femora orange or yellow; tibia yellow-orange, darker distally; basitarsi yellow-orange, rest black, fore-basitarsus white distally, 2nd tarsomere basally. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 3; sc, 1. Abdomen. Segment 2 in male, or segments 2–3 in female orange with black medial patch, rest of segments black, silver velutum dorsally on tergites  or absent ; terminalia pale.Body length= 6.0–9.0 mm. Acupalpa semirufa is a common species in south-eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales. It is similar to Acupalpa divisa and Acupalpa yalgoo sp. n., but can be differentiated easily from the former by the orange leg colour  and from the latter by the projecting face  and two wing bands .PageBreakurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C2BCA147-940D-42D1-AB6C-0A106BF6709Ahttp://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_westralicaHolotype female, AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Stirling Ranges N.P., Chester Pass Rd., Eucalyptus open woodland, 230m; C. Lambkin, J. Recsei, 3–15.xi.2003; Malaise, ANIC bulk sample 2191  (MEI165188) (ANIC).Frons profile rounded above antenna; scape yellow-brown, flagellum black; scutum grey-black with dark and pale stripes; pleuron black; wing dark banded; femora yellow with extensive dark suffusion dorsally [hind femur dark]; tibia brown; abdomen black with brown pubescence, silver velutum absent.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile rounded above antenna, glabrous or with minute setae, surface texture smooth; face broadly rounded, expansive, with dark or pale setae; gena with pale setae; parafacial glabrous; mouthparts elongate, projecting anteriorly; palpus brown-black, narrowly cylindrical; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base flat; frons roughly level with eye in profile; antennal length approximately equal to head; scape yellow-brown, shorter than flagellum, scape with sparse black setae; flagellum black, base of flagellum without setae. Thorax. Scutum uniform grey-black with diffuse brown and cream stripes; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing markings dark banded infuscate; haltere knob white, dark basally; coxae yellow; hind femur dark, rest yellow with extensive dark suffusion dorsally; tibia and tarsi brown, fore-basitarsus white. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 2; sc, 1. Abdomen. Black with brown pubescence, silver velutum absent; terminalia dark.Body length= 8.0 mm. Acupalpa westralica sp. n. is known only from the holotype female from southern Western Australia. This species superficially resembles Acupalpa rostrata in colouration, but the head shape suggests a close relationship to Acupalpa notomelas sp. n.The specific epithet is derived from the western distribution of this species.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA49E372-62DF-4607-9C4E-77CCE53D9CC4http://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_yalgooHolotype male, AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, 28 km W Yalgoo, , 2.ix.1981, G. A. Holloway (MEI029508 ) (AM). Paratype. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: male, Great Victoria Desert, Officer Basin, NE Streich Mound, 24–28.ix.1991, McMillan (MEI165193) (WAM).Frons profile rounded above antenna; antenna black; scutum grey to black; pleuron black; wing dark banded; femora black; tibia yellow in basal half; abdomen black, segments 1–3 orange, silver velutum absent.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile rounded above antenna, pubescence sparse silver-grey, frontal vestiture as small dark setae, surface texture as irregular longitudinal striations, face broadly rounded, expansive, with dark or pale setae; gena with pale setae; parafacial with short setae towards gena; mouthparts elongate; palpus brown-black, narrowly cylindrical; occiput overlain with sparse, silver-grey pubescence; antennal base flat; frons roughly level with eye in profile; antennal length shorter than head; scape black, length approximately equal to flagellum, scape with sparse black setae; flagellum black. Thorax. Scutum light grey to black, setal bases glossy black; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing markings dark banded [discal band broad], dark yellow basally; haltere knob orange-yellow; coxae black; femora brown to black; tibia yellow in basal 1/2, dark in distal 1/2; tarsi black, basitarsi pale, dark distally, rest of tarsomeres dark. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4–5; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 3; sc, 2. Abdomen. Segments 1–3 orange, remaining segments black, silver velutum absent; terminalia dark.Body length= 9.0–10.0 mm. Acupalpa yalgoo sp. n. is a western species similar to Acupalpa semirufa and Acupalpa glossa sp. n., but differs from both in leg colouration and wing patterning.PageBreakThe specific epithet is derived from the type locality of this species, near the Western Australian township of Yalgoo.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A3312038-6598-4C6A-BBA4-09CFF0E002F0http://species-id.net/wiki/Acupalpa_yanchepHolotype male, AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Yanchep N.P., Malaise trap,  18–29.xii.1999; J. & A. Skevington, C. Lambkin, P. Bouchard (MEI165189) (ANIC). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: male, female, same data as holotype  (ANIC); female, Yanchep , 21.xi.2008, fore-dune, S. L. Winterton & S. D. Gaimari (MEI165192) (QM).Frons profile rounded above antenna; antenna dark; scutum black with irregular brown and white pubescent markings; pleuron black; wing irregularly banded; legs dark, tibia pale basally; abdomen black [sometimes orange apically in female], silver velutum present in male.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle  or narrower , profile rounded above antenna  or transversely concave above antennae , pubescence as silver patches along eye margin, frontal vestiture as small dark setae, surface texture as irregular longitudinal striations  or smooth ; face broadly rounded with dark or pale setae; gena with pale setae; parafacial overlain with silver pubescence; mouthparts length variable, but usually relatively short; palpus brown-black, acuminate; occiput overlain with sparse, silver-grey pubescence; antennal base raised; antenna longer than head; scape brown, length approximately equal to flagellum, scape with sparse black setae; flagellum black, base of flagellum with short, dark setae. Thorax. Scutum dark, overlain with pubescence of irregular brown to grey markings with pale broken lines and spots, setal bases glossy black; scutellum overlain with grey and matte black pubescence; pleuron dark, overlain with silver-grey pubescence; wing markings irregularly banded to apparently fenestrate; haltere knob white; coxae black, overlain with silver pubescence; femora brown to black; tibia black, yellow-orange dorsal stripe in basal 1/2; tarsi white, basitarsi dark in basal 3/4. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 3–5; sa, 1 [rarely 2–3]; pa, 1; dc, 2–3; sc, 1. Abdomen. Black , silver velutum dorsally on tergites  or absent ; terminalia pale.Body length= 6.0–10.0 mm. Acupalpa yanchep sp. n. is morphologically similar to Acupalpa albitarsa, with females difficult to separate except for more pronounced white scutal patterning in many individuals. This species is found in western Australia while Acupalpa albitarsa is found in eastern and southern regions. There is a pronounced size difference in the sexes of Acupalpa yanchep sp. n. with males considerably smaller than females. The leg colouration and scutal patterning is distinctive for this species.This species is named after the type locality, the township of Yanchep, Western Australia.Wintertonurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:157A683F-6C11-4309-A7F5-5B5C4C37E47Chttp://species-id.net/wiki/PipinniponsPipinniponsPipinnipons kroeberi Winterton, 2001: 206. Winterton, 2001: 205. Type species: PageBreak gonocoxites with velutum patch on ventral surface , the mouthparts of Pipinnipons are always relatively short. As stated in the comments under Acupalpa, Agapophytus is separated from Pipinnipons and Acupalpa by the length of the scape ranging from relatively equal length, to significantly longer than the flagellum. The modified setae patch on abdominal tergite 2 mentioned by Pipinnipons is not present in all the new species described here, and is no longer considered diagnostic for the genus as it is also found sporadically in other, unrelated genera such as Neodialineura Mann, 1928 and Bonjeania Irwin and Lyneborg, 1989. The male terminalia are relatively conserved throughout the genus, and species identification is more easily done using external characters of both sexes. Pipinnipons is distributed along coastal eastern Australia from northern Queensland to Tasmania.ed wings . It can Pipinnipons chauncyvallis sp. n., Pipinnipons fascipennis (Kröber), Pipinnipons kampmeierae sp. n., Pipinnipons kroeberi Winterton, Pipinnipons sphecoda sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:718CB653-E72C-4333-A6C0-C54249CFDAEEhttp://species-id.net/wiki/Pipinnipons_chauncyvallisHolotype male, AUSTRALIA: Tasmania: Bagdad, Chauncyvale Wildlife Sanctuary , 18–19.xii.1998, D. Yeates, S. Winterton (ANIC29_021139) (ANIC). Paratypes: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania: 3 females, same data as holotype  (ANIC).Wing banded; pleuron black; femora yellow [hind femur dark]; tibia yellow, darker apically]; abdomen black, segments 6–8 orange [female].Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle in female, equal in male, profile flat to rounded above antenna, pubescence absent, frontal vestiture as numerous elongate setae , surface texture as irregular longitudinal striations or transverse striations; gena with pale setae; parafacial overlain with silver pubescence; palpus yellow-orange; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base raised; antenna longer than head; scape yellow, length shorter than flagellum, with sparse black setae; flagellum dark yellow , base of flagellum with short dark setae. Thorax. Scutum uniform grey-black with white pile and overlain with sparse grey pubescence; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing markings banded infuscate; haltere knob white, dark basally; coxae black; hind femur dark, rest yellow with dark patch; tibia yellow (apices sometimes darker); tarsi yellow orange, dark distally, fore-basitarsus white. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 3–4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 2; sc, 1. Abdomen. Black, segments 6–8 orange in female; terminalia pale.Body length= 7.0–10.0 mm. Pipinnipons chauncyvallis sp. n. is known only from a small conservation area near Bagdad, Tasmania. This species differs from all other Pipinnipons by the body colouration and the numerous pale setae on the frons.PageBreakThis species is named after the type locality, Chauncyvale Wildlife Sanctuary, owned by the Chauncy family who established and maintain the sanctuary.(Kröber)urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:336E5D1F-DAAF-4532-BFFB-1CAFD12670E8Genbank Accession: AF150979http://species-id.net/wiki/Pipinnipons_fascipennisSquamopygia fascipennisPipinnipons fascipennis (Kröber) - Type male. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Kuranda , Lichtwardt (MEI090896) (DEI).Other material examined- AUSTRALIA: Queensland: male, Indooroopilly, Long Pocket, 22.viii–7.ix.2007, S. L. Winterton, Malaise trap (UQIC) (MEI165213).Wing dark banded; pleuron orange to maroon; legs orange to maroon, tarsi lighter; abdomen dark red, tergite 2–3 red-brown, gold-bronze velutum on segments 4–7.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle  or narrower , profile rounded above antenna, pubescence matte black and bronze, surface texture smooth or striated; gena with pale setae; parafacial overlain with silver pubescence; palpus brown-black; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base raised; antennal length approximately equal to head; scape orange to brown, shortPageBreaker than flagellum, with sparse black setae; flagellum orange to brown, base of flagellum with short dark setae. Thorax. Scutum dark with irregular brown and grey pubescent markings, setal bases glossy black; scutellum overlain with sparse grey pubescence; pleuron orange to maroon, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing markings dark banded infuscate; haltere knob white; coxae, femora and tibia orange-maroon; tarsi lighter orange, foreleg with basitarsus dark, white apically, rest of foretarsi white with slightly darker apex. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4–5; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 1; sc, 1. Abdomen. Dark, tergites 2–3 red-brown laterally, gold-bronze velutum on tergites 4–7; terminalia pale.Body length= 7.0–9.0 mm. Pipinnipons fascipennis easily recognisable. This species is found in closed forest areas, including rainforest.The gold-bronze abdominal velutum covering in both sexes and the dark orange pleuron and leg colouration make urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5F4F235B-49AE-431B-A79C-041BB73DE633http://species-id.net/wiki/Pipinnipons_kampmeieraeHolotypemale, AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Jimmy’s Scrub State Forest, nr. Goomeri, 22.xi.1985, M. De Baar (MEI165194) (QM). Paratype. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: male, Bribie Island, DPI Fisheries site, , 7.x.1997, S. L. Winterton, N. Power, D. White, heathland- Acacia regrowth, Malaise trap (MEI090764) (QM).Wing mostly hyaline; pleuron black; coxae, femora and tibia orange; abdomen black, segments 2–3 orange with dark medial patch.Head. Frons narrower than ocellar tubercle, profile rounded above antenna, surface texture smooth, glabrous; gena with pale setae; parafacial overlain with silver pubescence; palpus brown-black; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base raised; antennal length approximately equal to head; scape orange-yellow, much shorter than flagellum, scape with sparse dark setae dorsally; flagellum orange-yellow, base of flagellum without setae. Thorax. Scutum glossy black, overlain with sparse yellow setae, grey pubescence laterally; scutellum overlain with sparse grey pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing largely hyaline, faint band midway; haltere knob white; coxae, femora and tibia orange; tarsi white, fore-basitarsus dark, rest of basitarsi orange. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 5; sa, 1–2; pa, 1; dc, 2; sc, 1. Abdomen. Segments 2–3 orange with black medial patch, remaining segments black; terminalia pale.Body length= 6.0–7.0 mm. Pipinnipons kampmeierae sp. n. is very similar to Pipinnipons kroeberi, but can be differentiated based on coxae and abdomen colouration. The wings are only weakly infuscate rather than strongly banded infuscate as in most other species of Pipinnipons and Acupalpa. The female is unknown for this species.Therevidae bioinformatics.PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakPageBreakThis species is named in honour of Gail Kampmeier, in recognition of her excellent work on Wintertonurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:97517024-09B0-41E4-8E27-DA0D8A8155CFGenbank Accession: AF150980http://species-id.net/wiki/Pipinnipons_kroeberiPipinnipons kroeberi  Winterton, 2001: 205.Holotypemale,AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Warrumbungle N.P., Buckleys Creek, 1.7 km N Camp Blackman, 23.xii.1992 M. E. Irwin (MEI027580) (ANIC). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: female, Warrumbungle N.P., Browns Creek, 2.5 km N Woolshed, 13.i.1994, M. E. Irwin (MEI039303) (ANIC). Queensland: male, female, Lake Broadwater, 25 km SW Dalby, on Leptospermum flavescens blossom, 18.x.1985, D. K. Yeates  (GDCB/AMS).Wing hyaline; pleuron black; femora and tibia orange to yellow; abdomen orange, segments 1–3 sometimes black medially.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle , profile rounded or transversely concave above antennae , pubescence as silver patches along eye margin, frons otherwise glabrous, surface texture as irregular longitudinal striations  or smooth ; gena with dark setae; parafacial overlain with silver pubescence; palpus yellow-orange; occiput glabrous, glossy black; PageBreakantennal base raised; antenna longer than head; scape yellow, length much shorter than flagellum, scape with sparse pale setae; flagellum yellow, base of flagellum with short, dark setae. Thorax. Scutum uniform grey-black; scutellum overlain with sparse, grey pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with sparse, silver-grey pubescence; wing hyaline, orange suffusion along costal margin; haltere knob orange-yellow; coxae orange-yellow (hind coxa dark); femora and tibia orange or yellow, fore tibia apex dark; tarsi yellow, fore-basitarsus dark basally, rest of foreleg tarsomeres white. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4; sa, 1; pa, 1; dc, 3; sc, 1. Abdomen. Orange, segments 1–2 black medially; terminalia pale.Body length= 8.0–9.5 mm. Pipinnipons kroeberi is similar to Pipinnipons kampmeierae sp. n. and can be differentiated based on the body colouration. This speciesis found in southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:329B77AF-DF06-4FB5-9E0C-0EEB79F1638Fhttp://species-id.net/wiki/Pipinnipons_sphecodaHolotypefemale,AUSTRALIA: Tasmania: Claytons , Jan.1991, E. D. Edwards, E. S. Nielsen (MEI027583) (ANIC). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Tasmania: female, Lake St. Clair, , 25.i.1949, E. F. Riek (MEI027585) (ANIC); female, 10 km ENE Nunamara , 12.i.– 7.ii.1983, malaise trap, I. D. Naumann, J. C. Cardale (MEI027586) (ANIC).Wing with yellow and black irregular banding; pleuron black; femora and tibia yellow, sometimes with dark suffusion midway along femur; abdomen black, bright yellow-orange markings on tergites 1–4 and 7–8.Head. Frons wider than ocellar tubercle, profile slightly transversely concave above antennae, pubescence absent, frontal vestiture as minute setae, surface texture as irregular longitudinal striations and transverse striations; gena with dark setae; parafacial overlain with silver pubescence; palpus yellow-orange; occiput glabrous, glossy black; antennal base raised; antennal length approximately equal to head; scape yellow, shorter than flagellum, scape with sparse black setae; flagellum yellow, base of flagellum with short dark setae. Thorax. Scutum glossy black, overlain with sparse yellow setae, sparse grey pubescence laterally; scutellum overlain with dense, matt-black pubescence; pleuron black, overlain with sparse silver-grey pubescence; wing with dark band midway, pale yellow suffusion basally and in discal area; haltere knob white to yellow; coxae black, overlain with silver pubescence; femora yellow-orange, sometimes with dark patch midway; tibia yellow-orange; tarsi yellow, fore leg with basitarsus and second tarsomere white, rest of tarsomeres dark. Scutal chaetotaxy: np, 4–5; sa, 1; pa, 2; dc, 1; sc, 1. Abdomen. Black, bright yellow-orange markings on tergites 1–4 and 7–8; terminalia pale.PageBreakBody length= 10.0–14.0 mm. Pipinnipons sphecoda sp. n. is a relatively large, apparently wasp-mimicking species known only from female specimens collected from various sites in Tasmania. The dramatic colouration of species makes it quite unlike any other stiletto fly species.sphekodos, wasp-like.The species epithet is derived from the Gr.


The fourth author's name was spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Hande Asimgil.The correct citation is: Kizilel R, Demir E, Azizoglu S, Asimgil H, Kavakli IH, et al. (2012) Investigation of Real-Time Photorepair Activity on DNA via Surface Plasmon Resonance. PLoS ONE 7(8): e44392. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044392


The name of the third author was spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: E. Susan Amirian. The correct citation is: Kowalkowski MA, Mims MP, Amirian ES, Lulla P, Chiao EY (2013) Effect of Immune Reconstitution on the Incidence of HIV-Related Hodgkin Lymphoma. PLoS ONE 8(10): e77409. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077409.


AbstractDolabraulax Quicke and Scutibracon Quicke of Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from China are studied for the first time, and four new species, namely Dolabraulax jigongshanus Wang & Chen, sp. n., Dolabraulax flavus Wang & Chen, sp. n., Dolabraulax brevivena Wang & Chen, sp. n. and Scutibracon  fujianensis Wang & Chen, sp. n. are fully described and illustrated. The examined specimens are deposited in the Parasitic Hymenoptera Collection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (ZJUH).Two genera, namely  Braconinae is one of the largest and the most diverse cosmopolitansubfamiliesof Braconidae with about 2900 described species of about 180 genera worldwide, and mainly occurring in tropical and subtropical regions but particularly rich in the Indo-PageBreakAustralian and Afrotropical regions . The vast majority of species are ectoparasitoids principally of coleopterous and lepidopterous hosts although a few attack Diptera, Hymenoptera-Symphyta and possibly Homoptera, and one group, Aspidobraconina, are endoparasitic on pupa. Some species may be effective biocontrol agents to suppress agro-forestry insect pest populations .China is among the most diverse regions for braconids in the world because of large variation in climate, and its vast area, but unfortunately its fauna is poorly known. This is part of our on-going study of the subfamily aconinae , 2009b. The morphological terminology used in this paper follows that of GenusQuicke, 1986DolabraulaxDolabraulax implicatus Braconinae by the combination of the following characters: scapus small, ventrally shorter than dorsally with dorso- and medio-basal expansions; propodeum posteriorly with a mid-longitudinal carina; and first metasomal tergite with the median area formed into a transverse ridge.This genus may be separated from all other Dolabraulax is a small genus with only one species known from Java and the biology is unknown . In this study, three new species of this genus are recognized, i.e. Dolabraulax jigongshanus sp. n., Dolabraulax brevivena sp. n. and Dolabraulax flavus sp. n., which are fully described and illustrated.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0C84C65B-4AE3-4AA3-9249-60F483729D64Holotype: ♀, Jigongshan, Henan, 12-VII-1997, Chen Xue-xin, No. 974960. Paratypes: 1♀1♂, Jigongshan, Henan, 12-VII-1997, Chen Xue-xin, No. 974894, 974881.3.8 mm, fore wing 3.4 mm, and ovipositor sheath 5.5 mm.PageBreakPageBreakdiameter of posterior ocellus: shortest distance between posterior ocellus and eye = 2: 1: 7; vertex smooth and shiny, with sparse long setae medially.: Antenna: Mesosom: Length Length of fore femur: tibia: tarsus = 23: 26: 34; length of hind femur: tibia: basitarsus = 25: 43: 9, and 3.9, 10.0 and 8.0 times their maximum width, respectively; tibia of hind leg with weakly longitudinal groove medially; spurs of hind leg 0.35 and 3.1 times as long as its basitarsus; tarsal claws simple but with basal lobe.: MetasomHead dark yellow; antenna yellowish brown; face dark yellow; frons and vertex brown; mesosoma black; fore leg pale yellow, middle and hind legs dark yellow; pterostima yellowish brown; wings membrane pale grey, and veins dark yellow; metasomal tergites yellowish brown dorsally and pale yellow ventrally; ovipositor sheath yellowish brown.Similar to the female, but relatively small, length of body 3.5 mm, metasoma black.Unknown.China (Henan).The new species is named after the type locality, Jigongshan in Henan .Dolabraulax implicatus Quicke, but differs from the latter by the characters listed in the key abovePageBreak.This species is similar to urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2AE73720-FF4D-4E89-91D0-215C8CDF352BHolotype: ♀, Guan Xian, Sichuan, 4-VIII-1980, He Jun-hua, No. 802020. Paratypes: 1♀, Guan Xian, Sichuan, 4-VIII-1980, He Jun-hua, No. 802020; 1♂, Emeishan, Sichuan, 7-VIII-1980, He Jun-hua, No. 802092; 1♀, Shaoguan, Guangdong, 12-V-1992, Chen Xue-Xin No. 921492; 1♀, Meifeng, Fujian, 27-VI-1962, Zhao Xiu-fu, No. 20004179.2.3 mm, fore wing 3.0 mm, and ovipositor sheath 4.1 mm.: Antenna: Mesosom: Length Length of fore femur: tibia: tarsus = 20: 24: 29; length of hind femur: tibia: basitarsus = 25: 38: 15, and 3.9, 10.5 and 7.0 times their maximum width, respectively; tibia of hind leg with weakly longitudinal groove medially; spurs of hind leg 0.34 and 3.0 times as long as its basitarsus; tarsal claws simple but with basal lobe.PageBreakPageBreakthree-fifths of its entire length; second tergite with medio-basal glabrous band hardly reaching the suture between second and third tergites, and lateral depressed longitudinal grooves crenulate laterally, the remainder with rugulose sculpture; suture between second and third tergites deep and crenulate, wide medially and narrow laterally; third tergite with distinct raised areas antero-laterally, smooth and shiny, with sparse setae apically; fourth tergite with transversal impressed groove basally; fourth-seventh tergites uniformly smooth and shiny, with sparse short setae apically; hypopygium acute apically, distinctly extending beyond apex of metasoma; ovipositor sheath 1.8 times as long as fore wing, with dense setae; ovipositor with teeth apico-ventrally and without dorsal notch pre-apically.: MetasomHead dark yellow; antenna yellowish brown; face yellow; frons and vertex yellowish brown; mesosoma blackish brown; fore leg pale yellow, middle and hind legs dark yellow; pterostima yellowish brown; wings membrane pale grey, and veins dark yellow; metasomal tergites yellowish brown dorsally and pale yellow apically and ventrally; ovipositor sheath yellowish brown.Similar to the female, but relatively small, length of body 2.2 mm, metasoma dark yellow.Unknown.China .The new species is named after the colour of body, which is largely yellowish.Dolabraulax implicatus Quicke, but differs from the latter by characters listed in the key above.This species is similar to urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7F7F9C17-B822-409E-8A71-2A973ECD58A0Holotype: ♀, Tianmushan, Zhejiang, 10–12, IX-1983, He Jun-hua, No. 83215. Paratypes: 3♀♀, Tianmushan, Zhejiang, 10–12, IX-1983, He Jun-hua, No. 832137, 832141, 832142; 1♂, west Tianmushan, Zhejiang, 16-V-1988, Lou Xiao-ming, No. 883232; 1♀, West Tianmushan, Zhejiang, 25-VI-1984, Zhu Xi-liang, No. 842055; 1♀, Longwangshan, Anji, Zhejiang, 31- VIII-1993, He Jun-hua, No. 9310586; 1♀, Si’an, Changxing, Zhejiang, 1-V-1984, Yuan Rong-lan, No. 940522.3.0–4.5 mm, fore wing 3.5–4.0 mm, and ovipositor sheath 5.0–5.5 mm.PageBreakPageBreaks long as its basal width; medio-transversal clypeal carina without a row sparse short setae; height of clypeus: inter-tentorial distance: tentorio-ocular distance =2.5: 6: 4; malar space 0.36 times as long as height of eye; face with sparse long setae, relatively dense laterally; height of face: width of face: width of head = 10: 11: 23; frons smooth and shiny, weakly impressed, without longitudinal ridge medially; shortest distance between posterior ocelli: diameter of posterior ocellus: shortest distance between posterior ocellus and eye = 2.5: 1: 7; vertex smooth and shiny, with sparse long setae laterally.: Antenna: Mesosom: vein r Length of fore femur: tibia: tarsus = 21: 23: 29; length of hind femur: tibia: basitarsus = 12: 11: 6, and 4.1, 10.0 and 7.5 times their maximum width, respectively; tibia of hind leg with weakly longitudinal groove medially; spurs of hind leg 0.36 and 3.3 times as long as its basitarsus; tarsal claws simple but with basal lobe.: MetasomHead reddish yellow; antenna dark yellow; face reddish yellow; frons and vertex yellowish brown; mesosoma dark brown; fore leg pale yellow, middle and hind legs dark yellow; pterostima yellowish brown; wings membrane pale grey, and veins dark yellow; metasomal tergites yellowish brown dorsally and pale yellow apically and ventrally; ovipositor sheath yellow brown.Similar to the female, but relatively small, length of body 3.2 mm, metasoma dark yellow.Unknown.China (Zhejiang).The new species is named after the character of vein r of fore wing, which is relatively shorter.Dolabraulax implicatus Quicke, but differs from the latter by characters listed in the key above.This species is similar to GenusQuicke, 1989ScutibraconMicrobracon hispae Viereck 1913. Hispa armigera Olivier (Coleoptera: Hispidae) and Acrocercops cramerella Snellen (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae).This genus can be recognized by the following characters: small wasps with body length less than 3.0 mm;all flagellomeres more than twice times longer than wide; scapus small, shorter ventrally than dorsally in lateral view; face largely densely short-setose, smooth and shiny; frons distinctly impressed behind each antennal socket, short setose; scutellum densely and evenly setose; propodeum rather flat, with a complete mid-longitudinal carina; marginal cell of fore wing long, second submarginal cell of fore wing short, parallel-sided and robust, vein cu-a of fore wing distinctly postfurcal; claws with pointed basal lobes; first metasomal tergite with distinctly dorso-lateral carinae, second and third metasomal tergites enlarged, broad and short, and the third metasomal tergite more than 3.0 times wider than long medially. Species of this genus have been reared from Scutibracon is a small genus with only one known species from Indo-Australian . In this study, one new species of this genus is added, Scutibracon fujianensis sp. n., which is described and illustrated below.Microbracon hispae Bracon hispae : Scutibracon  hispae Quicke and Walker 1989: Ent. Mon. Mag. 125 (1): 19–20; Hispa armigera Olivier (Coleoptera: Hispidae), mostly on rice , India and Java.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:56D83B91-84B3-479D-92B7-4F41304924F2Acrocercops cramerella Snellen, No. 832849. Paratype: 1♀, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 9-X-1983, Wu Huang-quan, No. 881417.: Holotype: ♀, small Wuyishan, Fujian, 26–29-VII-1983, He Jun-hua, Ex. 2.6 mm, fore wing 2.7 mm, and ovipositor sheath 0.7 mm.: Antenna: Mesosom: Length Length of fore femur: tibia: tarsus = 15: 19: 23; length of hind femur: tibia: basitarsus = 22: 28: 12, and 3.2, 4.7 and 4.2 times their maximum width, respectively; tibia of hind leg without longitudinal groove medially; spur of hind leg 0.36 and 3.2 times as long as its basitarsus; tarsal claws simple and without basal lobe.PageBreakPageBreaksecond and third tergites deep and crenulate, moderately wide; four tergite 0.5 times as long as third tergite medially; sixth-seventh tergites invisible, hypopygium short, acute apically, hardly extending beyond apex of metasoma; ovipositor sheath 0.25 times as long as fore wing, with dense setae; ovipositor without teeth apico-ventrally and dorsal notch pre-apically.: MetasomHead yellow except for interocellar area black; mesosoma orange yellow but media and lateral lobes of mesoscutum with blackish spots; fore leg pale yellow, middle and hind legs dark yellow; wings membrane smokish grey, and veins yellowish brown; propodeum pale brown; metasomal tergites largely pale yellow but second metasomal tergite with blackish spots mid- apically, third metasomal tergite with black medially, four metasomal tergite with blackish spots sub-laterally; ovipositor sheath blackish brown.Acrocercops cramerella Snellen (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae).Based on labels of type specimens, the host of this species is China (Fujian).The new species is named after the name of Fujian province, where the type specimens are collected.Scutibracon hispae (Viereck), but distinctly differs from the latter by having the vein r of fore wing longer, 0.6 times as long as vein 3-SR (This species is similar toein 3-SR ; the secein 3-SR ; the intein 3-SR ; the midein 3-SR ; the secein 3-SR  and the


The title of the article is incorrect. The correct title is: "Expression of IL-27 by Tumor Cells in Invasive Cutaneous and Metastatic Melanomas." The correct citation is: Gonin J, Carlotti A, Dietrich C, Audebourg A, Radenen-Bussière B, et al. (2013) Expression of IL-27 by Tumor Cells in Invasive Cutaneous and Metastatic Melanomas. PLoS ONE 8(10): e75694. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075694.


In Vivo.The word "Plasticity" is misspelled in the article title. The correct title is: Muscarinic and Nicotinic Modulation of Thalamo-Prefrontal Cortex Synaptic Plasticity In Vivo. PLoS ONE 7(10): e47484. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047484 The correct citation is: Bueno-Junior LS, Lopes-Aguiar C, Ruggiero RN, Romcy-Pereira RN, Leite JP (2012) Muscarinic and Nicotinic Modulation of Thalamo-Prefrontal Cortex Synaptic Plasticity


The name of the first author is incorrect. The correct name is: Jianwei Wang. The correct Citation is: Wang J, Wang K, Xu J, Huang J, Zhang T (2013) Prognostic Significance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 8(11): e78070.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078070. The correct abbreviation in the Author Contributions Statement is: JW.


AbstractLygistorrhina  from South Africa is described and a key for Afrotropical species of the genus is provided.A new species of  Lygistorrhinidae is a small family of fungus gnats  represented by 15 genera and 41 species (http://sciaroidea.info/taxonomy/41555). The genus Lygistorrhina includes 21 species which are distributed worldwide in tropical and warm temperate regions. Twelve species of the subgenus Lygistorrhina (Lygistorrhina) are known from the Old World . In addition, an undescribed species of the subgenus was reported from Mexico (Lygistorrhina (Lygistorrhina) were described from Kenya, Uganda, Côte d'Ivoire, Central African Republic, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo and Comoros . Paratypes were originally pinned; one of them was dissected, its wings mounted without media on a microscope slide, and the body was cleared in KOH and stored in glycerol. Details of the paratype were imaged in the Sackler Biodiversity Imaging Lab at the Natural History Museum, London by us of a Canon 450D camera attached to Zeiss Axioskop compound microscope. Additional images and materials are available at the Fungus Gnats Online web-site. All types are held in the HMNH.Descriptive terminology follows Blagoderov, Papp & Hippa, 2013sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FA4CBFA7-1879-43C4-B277-74490A772FDDhttp://sciaroidea.info/taxonomy/term/50837Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: FGO50909; recordedBy: L. Papp & M. Földvári; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: South Africa; stateProvince: Eastern Cape Province; verbatimLocality: Bloukrans Pass, in a side valley; verbatimElevation: 70 m; verbatimLatitude: 33° 57'09.6" S; verbatimLongitude: 23° 37' 59.4" E; Event: eventDate: 2007-01-14/16; Record Level: institutionCode: HMNH; collectionCode: DipteraType status:Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: FGO50910; recordedBy: L. Papp & M. Földvári; individualCount: 2; sex: male; Location: country: South Africa; stateProvince: Eastern Cape Province; verbatimLocality: Bloukrans Pass, in a side valley; verbatimElevation: 70 m; verbatimLatitude: 33° 57'09.6" S; verbatimLongitude: 23° 37' 59.4" E; Event: eventDate: 2007-01-14/16; Record Level: institutionCode: HMNH; collectionCode: DipteraType status:Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: FGO50911; recordedBy: L. Papp & M. Földvári; individualCount: 2; sex: male; Location: country: South Africa; stateProvince: Eastern Cape Province; verbatimLocality: Bloukrans Pass, in a side valley; verbatimElevation: 70 m; verbatimLatitude: 33° 57'09.6" S; verbatimLongitude: 23° 37' 59.4" E; Event: eventDate: 2007-01-14/16; Record Level: institutionCode: HMNH; collectionCode: DipteraMale. Measurements (mm). Head height 0.38, palpi 0.65, proboscis 1.05, antenna 0.9, thorax length 0.63, thorax height 0.71, metepisternum anterior margin 0.15, posterior margin 0.25; coxa 1 0.53; coxa 2 0.47; coxa 3 0.4; wing 1.9.Colouration. Body, head and antennae entirely dark brownish-grey, almost black, halters yellowish, legs yellowish-brown.Head Fig.  rounded,Thorax, legs, and abdomen uniformly dark brown Fig. . Scutum 5 and M1. Sc ending at C. R1 and R5 slightly sinusoid, setose dorsally and ventrally. Crossveins r-m and tb weak but distinct. M1 and M2 straight, the base of their fork is reduced, M2 begins more proximally than M1. M3+4 and CuA evenly curved caudally, slightly diverging.Wing Fig.  hyaline,Legs Fig. . Fore coTerminalia Figs , 8. Terg66Female. Unknown.Lygistorrhina in being smaller (wing length <2 mm), uniformly coloured very dark brownish-grey to black, and having shorter proboscis, which is at most 2x the length of coxa 1. Lygistorrhinaaustroafricana is most similar to Lygistorrhinaedwardsina Grimaldi & Blagoderov, 2001 (Lygistorrhinaedwardsina) with shorter Sc (0.24x the wing length vs 0.33x) and shorter and wider tergite 9, with stronger anterior arms of apodeme. Lygistorrhinamagna Matile, 1996 (The species differs from all Afrotropical species of ov, 2001 , but difle, 1996  also hasThe specific epithet is an adjective in reference to the place of origin of the specimens.South Africa: Eastern Cape.


PLoS ONE 9(12): e114630. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114630The fifth author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Sanne E. de Jong. The correct citation is: Ateba-Ngoa U, Mombo-Ngoma G, Zettlmeissl E, van der Vlugt LEPM, de Jong SE, Matsiegui PB, et al. (2014) CD4+CD25


PLoS ONE 9(4): e93200. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093200The third author's name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Maral Budak. The correct citation is: Alkoby D, Rimon A, Budak M, Patino-Ruiz M, Călinescu O, et al. (2014) NhaA Na


The first and fifth author’s names are spelled incorrectly. The first author’s correct name is: Alejandra Rodriguez Celin. The fifth author’s correct name is: Sara Fiszer de Plazas.10.1371/journal.pone.0116343The correct citation is: Rodriguez Celin A, Rapacioli M, Gonzalez MA, Ballarin VL, Fiszer de Plazas S, López-Costa JJ, et al. (2015) Temporal-Spatial Correlation between Angiogenesis and Corticogenesis in the Developing Chick Optic Tectum. PLoS ONE 10(1): e0116343. doi:


The correct name is: Antonios Chrysargyris. The correct citation is: Pavlidi N, Dermauw W, Rombauts S, Chrysargyris A, Van Leeuwen T, Vontas J, et al. (2013) Analysis of the Olive Fruit Fly Bactrocera oleae Transcriptome and Phylogenetic Classification of the Major Detoxification Gene Families. PLoS ONE 8(6): e66533.


The fourth author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Johannes Grueneisen.10.1371/journal.pone.0116277The correct citation is: Schaarschmidt BM, Buchbender C, Nensa F, Grueneisen J, Gomez B, Köhler J, et al. (2015) Correlation of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) with the Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) in Lymph Node Metastases of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients Using Hybrid 18F-FDG PET/MRI. PLoS ONE 10(1): e0116277. doi:


In the Author Contributions section, Nathalie J. M. van Hees (NH), Erik J. Giltay (EG), Thomas Puvill (TP), Nadine Janssen (NJ), and Willem van der Does (WD) all should be listed as one of the persons who wrote the paper. The correct contributions are: Conceived and designed the experiments: NH EG WD. Performed the experiments: NH TP NJ. Analyzed the data: NH EG TP NJ WD ST. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ST JG. Wrote the paper: NH EG WD TP NJ ST JG.


PLoS ONE 9(6): e97930. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097930The third, fourth, and fifth authors’ names are spelled incorrectly. The correct names are: Nuala M Byrne, Rachel E Wood, and Ingrid J Hickman. The correct citation is: Croci I, Borrani F, Byrne NM, Wood RE, Hickman IJ, et al. (2014) Reproducibility of FatThere are a number of errors in the legend for


The correct name is: Afef Lemhemdi. The correct citation is: Girard C, Chelysheva L, Choinard S, Froger N, Macaisne N, Lemhemdi A, et al. (2015) AAA-ATPase FIDGETIN-LIKE 1 and Helicase FANCM Antagonize Meiotic Crossovers by Distinct Mechanisms. PLoS Genet 11(7): e1005369. doi:


Following publication of the original version  of the aPlease see updated references below:32. Gomez-Gallego C, Collado MC, Perez G, Ilo T, Jaakkola UM, Bernal MJ et al. Resembling breast milk: influence of polyamine-supplemented formula on neonatal BALB/cOlaHsd mouse microbiota. Br J Nutr 2014;111:1050-8.33. Gomez-Gallego C, Collado MC, Ilo T, Jaakkola UM, Bernal MJ, Periago MJ et al. Infant formula supplemented with polyamines alters the intestinal microbiota in neonatal BALB/cOlaHsd mice. J Nutr Biochem 2012;23:1508-13.34. Gomez-Gallego C, Frias R, Perez-Martinez G, Bernal MJ, Periago MJ, Salminen S et al. Polyamine supplementation in infant formula: Influence on lymphocyte populations and immune system-related gene expression in a Balb/cOlaHsd mouse model. Food Research International 2014;59:8-15.The above references should be cited in the following text as below:Bifidobacterium group, and Lactobacillus Enterococcus group were observed with infant formula supplemented with polyamines in comparison to formula alone and, polyamines supplementation in formula influences lymphocyte populations and immune system related gene expression [32-34]”.“Polyamines appear to change the gut microbiota composition and influence the gut immune system. In neonatal BALBc mice higher levels of


This article has been retracted by the authors after discovering an error in the data. The two CATIE-AD articles included in the systematic review , 2 shoul[1] Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, Davis SM, Hsiao JK, Ismail MS, et al. Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1525-38.[2] Sultzer DL, Davis SM, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG, et al. Clinical symptom responses to atypical antipsychotic medications in Alzheimer’s disease: phase 1 outcomes from the CATIE-AD effectiveness trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:844-54.


The correct name is: Duncan A. Meiklejohn. The correct citation is: Willberg CB, Garrison KE, Jones RB, Meiklejohn DA, Spotts G, Liegler TJ, et al. (2010) Rapid Progressing Allele HLA-B35 Px Restricted Anti-HIV-1 CD8+ T Cells Recognize Vestigial CTL Epitopes. PLoS ONE 5(4): e10249. doi:


The third author’s name is displayed incorrectly. The correct display is: Jusop Shamshuddin. The correct citation is: Panhwar QA, Naher UA, Shamshuddin J, Othman R, Latif MA, et al. (2014) Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Potential Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria in Acid Sulfate Soils and Their Beneficial Effects on Rice Growth. PLoS ONE 9(10): e97241. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097241


The correct abbreviation is: Ben Maamar M. The correct citation is: Ben Maamar M, Lesné L, Desdoits-Lethimonier C, Coiffec I, Lassurguère J, et al. (2015) An Investigation of the Endocrine-Disruptive Effects of Bisphenol A in Human and Rat Fetal Testes. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0117226. doi:


The correct reference is: Bender ME, Edwards S, von Philipsborn P, Steinbeis F, Keil T, Tinnemann P (2015) Using Co-authorship Networks to Map and Analyse Global Neglected Tropical Disease Research with an Affiliation to Germany. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(12): e0004182. doi:


The word “Associate” is incorrect in the article title. The correct title is: Genetic Variants in MicroRNA Machinery Genes Are Associated with Idiopathic Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Risk. The correct citation is: Jung YW, Jeon YJ, Rah H, Kim JH, Shin JE, et al. (2014) Genetic Variants in MicroRNA Machinery Genes Are Associated with Idiopathic Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Risk. PLoS ONE 9(4): e95803. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095803


The correct names are: Khanh Dao Duc and Chun-Yao Lee. The publisher apologizes for these errors. The correct citation is: Dao Duc K, Lee CY, Parutto P, Cohen D, Segal M, Rouach N, et al. (2015) Bursting Reverberation as a Multiscale Neuronal Network Process Driven by Synaptic Depression-Facilitation. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0124694. doi:There are errors in In addition, the captions for Figs


The correct name is: Rohan K. Achar. The correct citation is: Blair JA, Wang C, Hernandez D, Siedlak SL, Rodgers MS, Achar RK, et al. (2016) Individual Case Analysis of Postmortem Interval Time on Brain Tissue Preservation. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0151615. doi:


The correct name is: Shaifulizan Abdul Rahman. The correct citation is: Alam MK, Rahman SA, Basri R, Sing Yi TT, Si-Jie JW, Saha S (2015) Dental Implants–Perceiving Patients’ Satisfaction in Relation to Clinical and Electromyography Study on Implant Patients. PLoS ONE 10(10): e0140438. doi:


We apologize for the incorrect citations of certain references that occurred in the reference list of our original article.We have corrected the references below.J Hepatol (1999) 31 (Suppl 1):17–24.8. Alberti A, Chemello L, Benvegnu L. Natural history of hepatitis C. N Engl J Med (1987) 317:1125–35. doi:10.1056/NEJM1987102931718069. Friedland GH, Klein RS. Transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS (2000) 14:2751–7.10. Quinn TC, Brookmeyer R, Kline R, Shepherd M, Paranjape R, Mehendale S, et al. Feasibility of pooling sera for HIV-1 viral RNA to diagnose acute primary HIV-1 infection and estimate HIV incidence. Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Vet Parasitol (2008) 158:239–55. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.01511. Pereira BA, Alves CR. Immunological characteristics of experimental murine infection with N Engl J Med (1970) 283:739–46. doi:10.1056/NEJM19701001283140612. Hornick RB, Greisman SE, Woodward TE, DuPont HL, Dawkins AT, Snyder MJ. Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and immunologic control. 2. Tuber Lung Dis (1997) 78:57–66.23. Rhoades ER, Frank AA, Orme IM. Progression of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis in mice aerogenically infected with virulent mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis (2011) 15:1478–84. doi:10.5588/ijtld.11.001224. de Steenwinkel JE, ten Kate MT, de Knegt GJ, Verbrugh HA, van Belkum A, Hernandez-Pando R, et al. Course of murine tuberculosis and response to first-line therapy depends on route of infection and inoculum size. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis (2007) 11:282–8.39. Radhakrishna S, Frieden TR, Subramani R, Santha T, Narayanan PR. Additional risk of developing TB for household members with a TB case at home at intake: a 15-year study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis (2002) 6:851–7.51. Rathi SK, Akhtar S, Rahbar MH, Azam SI. Prevalence and risk factors associated with tuberculin skin test positivity among household contacts of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Umerkot, Pakistan. The original article has been updated.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


The correct name is: Stefan Klein. The correct citation is: Plenge E, Klein S, Niessen WJ, Meijering E (2015) Multiple Sparse Representations Classification. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0131968. doi:


Published 25 September 2014LeBon L, Lee TV, Sprinzak D, Jafar-Nejad H, Elowitz MB. 2014. Fringe proteins modulate Notch-ligand Hamed Jafar-Nejad and David Sprinzak were incorrectly listed as third and fourth authors respectively. The correct author order is: Lauren LeBon, Tom V Lee, David Sprinzak, Hamed Jafar-Nejad and Michael B Elowitz.The article has been corrected accordingly.


The fourth author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Gregor Gryglewski. The correct citation is: Kraus C, Baldinger P, Rami-Mark C, Gryglewski G, Kranz GS, et al. (2014) Exploring the Impact of BDNF Val66Met Genotype on Serotonin Transporter and Serotonin-1A Receptor Binding. PLoS ONE 9(9): e106810. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106810


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