AbstractHarpagonella have included only one lower taxon, Harpagonellapalmeri A. Gray. However, a larger-fruited variety of Harpagonellapalmeri from Arizona and Sonora was described by I.M. Johnston in 1924. He continued to recognize this taxon – Harpagonellapalmerivar.arizonica – in his treatment of the genus in Kearney and Peebles’s Arizona Flora in 1960. Here, we provide two lines of molecular evidence and quantitative morphological evidence from calyx characters showing that plants of Harpagonella from Arizona, Sonora, and central Baja California, corresponding to Johnston’s var.arizonica, are distinct from Harpagonellapalmeri of southern California and Baja California. We make the new combination Harpagonellaarizonica (I.M. Johnston) Guilliams & B.G. Baldwin, comb. nov. for the plants from Arizona, Sonora, and central Baja California.Recent taxonomic treatments of the genus  Harpagonella A. Gray is a genus of Boraginaceae, subtribe Amsinckiinae  was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the external transcribed spacer (ETS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and the rpl16, rps16, trnK-rps16, and trnL-trnF regions of the chloroplast genome. All PCR reactions except for those targeting the ETS region were performed using previously published primers and reaction conditions  using the standard protocol. Bidirectional sequencing was performed on an Applied Biosystems 3730xl DNA Analyzer at the Barker DNA Sequencing core facility at UC Berkeley. Contigs were assembled and edited in Geneious R6 . Sequences were initially aligned under the default parameters using the Geneious alignment tool in Geneious, then further refined by hand.ions see . The 5’ PageBreakPageBreakbiner v.1.7.4. The maximum clade credibility tree (MCCT) was found and clade credibility values calculated using Tree Annotator v.1.7.4.For each DNA region, models of sequence evolution were estimated using jModelTest . BayesiaMCCT.Separate maximum likelihood analyses for nrDNA and cpDNA were performed using RAxML v1 plug-in in Geneious v8.1.8 . MaximumHarpagonellapalmerivar.arizonica and 27 physical specimens of Harpagonellapalmerivar.palmeri. Physical specimens measured were those available from the ARIZ, JEPS, and UC herbaria with mature fruits. We also measured high quality digital scans of type material of both taxa. For each specimen, we measured and averaged values from up to five fruits for maximum fruit length along an axis oriented from the pedicel base to the most distant point , maximum fruit width along an axis perpendicular to maximum fruit length , and maximum length of subterete appendages (mm). Measurements of physical specimens were taken with a digital caliper to the nearest hundredth of a millimeter. Measurement of digital specimens were made in ImageJ . The Harpagonella-outgroup split was supported by 68 substitutions in the nuclear dataset, and 46 substitutions and 31 indels in the chloroplast dataset. The branch subtending the clade of var.arizonica samples was supported by 4 nucleotide substitutions in the nuclear dataset, and 1 substitution and 5 separate indels in the chloroplast dataset. The branch subtending the clade of var.palmeri samples was supported by 3 nucleotide substitutions in the nuclear dataset and 3 substitutions in the chloroplast dataset.The split between Harpagonellapalmerivar.arizonica and Harpagonellapalmerivar.palmeri differ in all three features measured and the differences are highly significant statistically (p << 0.001). Box and whisker plots of the measured morphological features are presented in Figure Harpagonellapalmerivar.arizonica and from 3.04 to 5.87 mm  in Harpagonellapalmerivar.palmeri . Average maximum fruit width ranged from 7.33 to 9.33 mm  in Harpagonellapalmerivar.arizonica and from 3.55 to 6.41 mm  in Harpagonellapalmerivar.palmeri . Average maximum subterete appendage length ranged from 3.28 to 5.42 mm  in Harpagonellapalmerivar.arizonica and from 1.58 to 3.12 mm  in Harpagonellapalmerivar.palmeri .PageBreakHarpagonellapalmeri corresponding to the two named varieties. Statistical support for these groupings was very high, with posterior probabilities above 0.96 and maximum likelihood bootstrap values of 100 in all cases. The Harpagonella-outgroup split as well as clades of samples by variety were each supported by numerous nucleotide substitutions and indels. We take this as strong evidence for two evolutionary lineages in the genus.The separate phylogenetic analyses of nrDNA and cpDNA presented here each recover two clades within Harpagonella was suggested by Harpagonellapalmeri, stating that “this feature is variable and somewhat clinal, and does not provide a significant or reliable basis for taxonomic delimitation.” The data presented here suggest instead that these quantitative characters appear to be sufficient for reliable delimitation of two taxa corresponding to the evolutionary lineages recovered in the phylogenetic analysis.Morphologically, these two lineages differ in all measured aspects of fruit size. Plants primarily from Arizona and Sonora are significantly larger in maximum fruit length, maximum fruit width, and appendage length. Box and whisker plots for these features show that the ranges of measurements of these characters between the two lineages are mostly non-overlapping. Although unmeasured here, nutlet size in Harpagonella has permitted the evaluation of the geographic range of these morphologically distinct evolutionary lineages, which is especially critical for specimens collected on the Baja California Peninsula, where both named varieties have been reported. Specimens of plants with larger fruits corresponding to Johnston’s Harpagonellapalmerivar.arizonica are PageBreakalmost entirely from Arizona and Sonora, with two collections attributable to this taxon made from desert regions of Baja California at mid-peninsula . We have observed and confirmed the taxonomic identity of a specimen of the former (DS598325) but not the latter. Specimens of plants with smaller fruits corresponding to Johnston’s concept for Harpagonellapalmerivar.palmeri are known primarily from southwestern California and the adjacent western coastal areas of the Baja California Peninsula, with collections ranging as far to the south as the Vizcaino Peninsula on the Pacific Coast in Baja California Sur.Herbarium study of 366 specimens representing 291 gatherings of Harpagonella – a disjunction between the California Floristic Province sensu Harpagonella based on evidence presented here.The biogeographic pattern displayed by Harpagonella resolved here merit recognition at the species level under the criteria of phylogenetic species concepts  Guilliams & B.G. Baldwincomb. nov.urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77157712-1HarpagonellapalmeriA. Grayvar.arizonica I.M. Johnston. Contr. Gray Herb. 73: 75. 1924. TYPE: U.S.A. Arizona: “plains, Lowell,” W.F. Parish 162, May 3, 1884, .bold=type specimen) Harpagonellaarizonica: MÉXICO. Baja California.Moran 12682 (DS). Sonora.Keck 3963 , Reina & Van Devender 2003-194è , Van Devender 2005-842è (ARIZ). UNITED STATES. Arizona.Abrams 12944 (DS), Baker 8203 (ASU), Baker 15963 (ASU), Barr 67-78 (ASU), Barr 67-82* , Benson 9302 (POM), Bingham 527* (ARIZ), Bingham 1402 (ASU), Bowers 2250* (ARIZ), Bowers 2280* (ARIZ), Bowers 2395*è (ARIZ), Bowers 2461* (ARIZ), Boyle 8026 (ARIZ), Brandegee, T.S. s.n. 19 April 1889 (UC), Butterwick 4349 (ASU), Butterwick 4550 (ASU), Butterwick & Hillyard 5793 , Butterwick 7419 (ASU), Carter s.n. 17 March 1936 (ARIZ), Cave 16 (ARIZ), Damrel 1618-B8 (ASU), Daniel 2581PageBreak(ASU), Daniel & Butterwick 3853 (CAS), Daniel 3907 (ASU), Doan 441 (ASU), Ducote 683 (ASU), Eastwood 8130 (CAS), Farruggia 1832 (ASU), Felger 05-218 (ASU), Fosberg 10605 , Fosberg 10664 , Freeman (ASU), Gillespie 5429 (DS), Griffiths s.n. date unknown* (ARIZ), Halse 1701 (CAS), Halverson 379 (ASU), Harrison & Fulton 6608 (POM), Harrison & Kearney 6654 (POM), Higgins 6480 (ASU), Hitchcock 25598 , Imdorf & Rice 427 , Imdorf 587 (ASU), Kearney 6654* (ARIZ), Keck 2998 (DS), Keil 1051 (ASU), Keil 1484 (ASU), Keil 2864 (ASU), Keil 4082 (ASU), Keil 4168 (ASU), Keil K-11216 (ASU), Landrum 6656 (ASU), Landrum 11176 (ASU), Lane 1035 (ASU), Lane 1067 (ASU), Lehto 181 (ASU), Lehto 307 (ASU), Lehto 1648 (ASU), Lehto 1652 (ASU), Lehto 4594 (ASU), Lehto 7766 (ASU), Lehto 10374 (ASU), Lehto 10389 (ASU), Lehto 10408 (ASU), Lehto 10687 (ASU), Lehto 11733 (ASU), Lehto 17494 (ASU), Lehto 17504 (ASU), Lehto 17541 (ASU), Lehto 12874-b (ASU), Lehto L-19732 (ASU), Lehto L-19740 (ASU), Makings 2018 (ASU), Makings, L. Fertig, & W. Fertig 4346 , Manton 236 (ASU), Mason 1663* , Mauz, Rosen, & Rautenkranz 2005-19 (ARIZ), McGill LAM1280 , McLaughlin 4476*è (ARIZ), Orcutt 173 (CAS), Parfitt 2498 (ASU), Parish 162 , Parish s.n. 1909 (DS), Pase 1599 (ASU), Peebles 1426* (ARIZ), Peebles 3693* (ARIZ), Pierce 296 (ASU), Pinkava 4672 (ASU), Pinkava 10122 (ASU), Pinkava 10261 (ASU), Pinkava 10893 (ASU), Pinkava 11655 (ASU), Price 829 (ASU), Rand 15 (ASU), Rand 152 (ASU), Reeves 6447-a (ASU), Reina & Van Devender 97-269 (ARIZ), Rice 328 (ASU), Rice 1121 (ASU), Rice 1586-a (ASU), Rice 1598 (ASU), Jones, S. 1433 (ASU), Schramm, Bond, & Bond 9 , Shreve 7497 (ARIZ), Shreve 10113* , Smith 1577 (ASU), Swingle s.n. 1914 (ARIZ), Tedford 582* (ARIZ), Tedford 599*è (ARIZ), Tedford 614 (ARIZ), Tedford & Rose 1034* (ARIZ), Thornber 2562* , Thornber 2581* , Thornber 4683 (ARIZ), Thornber 5488* (ARIZ), Thornber s.n. 1905* (ARIZ), Thornber s.n. 1913* (ARIZ), Toumey 5014* (ARIZ), Turner 78-41* (ARIZ), VanDevender 88-54*è (ARIZ), Van Devender 2003-23* , W. Fertig, Makings, & Alcock 29265 (ASU), Warren 68-25* (ARIZ), Warren 68-51* (ARIZ), Wiggins 8420* (ARIZ), Wiggins 8690 (DS), Wood (ASU). Harpagonellapalmeri: MÉXICO. Baja California.Bacigalupi 3067 , Boyd 5319* , Boyd & Ross 5464 (RSA), Boyd & Ross 5761 (RSA), Boyd, Gross, O’Brien, & Hamilton 10352 (RSA), Breedlove 62271 , Carter, Chisaki, & Moran 1056 (UC), Dressler 668* (ARIZ), Epling & Stewart s.n. 9 April 1936 (DS), Haines & Stewart s.n. 7 February 1935 (DS), Howell 8306 (CAS), Jones, M.E. s.n. 11 April 1882 (POM), Moran 6562 (POM), Moran 6677 (DS), Moran 6750 , Moran 12770 (UC), Moran 19378 (CAS), Moran 19992 (POM), Porter 10551 (RSA), Rebman & Delgadillo 1638 (ASU), Rebman & Roberts 4856 (ASU), Sanders, Rodriguez, West, et al. 5466 (ASU), Thomas 15730 (DS), Thorne, Liston, Mistretta 62122 (RSA), Van Devender 91-348 (ARIZ), Van Devender, T.R. & R.K. Van Devender 91-239 (ARIZ), Wiggins & Ernst 12 (UC), Wiggins & Thomas 67 (CAS), Wiggins & Ernst 120 (DS), Wiggins 4265 , Wiggins 4415 (POM), Wiggins 4463 , Wiggins 7600 . UNITED STATES. California.Atwood 17833* (UC), Bacigalupi 8261* (JEPS), Banks & Boyd 57 (RSA), Banks & Boyd 316 (RSA), Banks & Boyd 398 (RSA), Banks 1652 (RSA), Banks 1680 (RSA), PageBreakBell, Clark, Goss, Green, & Rusiniak 3546 (RSA), Boyd 1384 , Boyd 1396 , Boyd 1399 , Boyd 1589* , Boyd 1644* , Boyd 1767* , Boyd 1790* , Boyd 1816* , Boyd 3045* (UC), Boyd, Ross, & Arnseth 3029 (RSA), Boyd, Ross, & Arnseth 3036 (RSA), Boyd, Ross, & Arnseth 3045 (RSA), Boyd, Ross, & Arnseth 3116 (RSA), Boyd, Ross, & Arnseth 3133 (RSA), Boyd, Ross, & Arnseth 3196 (RSA), Boyd, Ross, & Arnseth 3206* , Boyd, Ross, & Arnseth 3920 (RSA), Boyd, Ross, Arnseth, & Bonilla 4008 (RSA), Boyd, Ross, Arnseth, & Bonilla 4060 , Boyd, Ross, Arnseth, & Bonilla 4110 (RSA), Boyd, Arnseth, Rasmussen, & Cota 4605 (RSA), Boyd 6165 (RSA), Boyd & Mistretta 6311 (RSA), Boyd 6901 (RSA), Boyd 6962 (RSA), Boyd & Ross 7302 (RSA), Boyd & Ross 7906è , Boyd & Ross 8212è , Boyd & Ross 8220 (RSA), Boyd & Ross 8244 (RSA), Boyd & Ross 8249* , Boyd & Banks 8279 (RSA), Boyd 10414 , Boyd s.n. 28 March 1982 (RSA), Boyd s.n. 27 April 1982 (RSA), Bramlet 2301* (ARIZ), Bramlet 2370 (CAS), Bramlet 2394 (RSA), Bramlet 2399 (RSA), Bramlet & Coleman 2418 (RSA), Bramlet 2982 (RSA), Bramlet 2988 (RSA), Bramlet 3352B (RSA), Brandegee T.S. 824* , Brandegee s.n. 12 April 1894 (DS), Brandegee s.n. 15 April 1894 * , Brandegee T.S. s.n. 8 April 1895* (UC), Gander 1128* , Gander 3112* (JEPS), Gander 5072* , Grant 5218 (DS), Grant & Wheeler 540 (UC), Gross, Fraga, Virgen, Thibault 1781 (RSA), Gross, Fraga, Virgen, Thibault 1845 (RSA), Hamilton s.n. 17 May 2001 (RSA), Hirshberg 290 (RSA), Jones, C. 10 (RSA), Jones, M.E. 3066 , Jones, M.E. s.n. 5 April 1882 (RSA), Junak, Hoefs, & Crockett SCa-351 (SBBG), Junak, Hoefs, & Crockett SCa-355 (SBBG), Junak SCa-361 (SBBG), Junak, Hoefs, & Crockett SCa-379 (SBBG), Junak, Hoefs, Takara SCa-399 (SBBG), Junak, Hoefs, & Stratton SCa-497 (SBBG), Junak, Hoefs, Takara SCa-514 (SBBG), Junak & Kirkland SCa-573 (SBBG), Junak & Kirkland SCa-577 (SBBG), Junak, Hoefs, Kirkland, & Stratton SCa-631 (SBBG), Junak, Hoefs, & Kirkland SCa-1439 (SBBG), Junak SCa-1465 (SBBG), Junak & Philbrick SCa-1529 (SBBG), Leatherman 65 (RSA), Marsh & Marsh s.n. 10 June 1991 (RSA), Moran & Barber s.n. 8 June 2001 (RSA), Munz & Johnston 5335a* , Palmer 70 Parikh 156 (SBBG), Parikh & Gale 1739 (SBBG), Parish 12060 (CAS), Parry s.n. 17 March 1882 (DS), Peirson 3029 (RSA), Philbrick & Thorne B67-175 (SBBG), Pringle 269 (CAS), Purer 6927* (UC), Rebman 8031*è (UC), Rebman 8348*è (UC), Rebman, Gregory, Mulligan, & Ricks 11673 (RSA), Rebman, Gregory, Rich, & Principe 12817* , Riefner 20-391 (RSA), Riefner 20-393 (RSA), Riefner 95-62 (RSA), Roberts 3870 (RSA), Roberts & Bontrager 4565 (RSA), Roberts, Roberts, & Bontrager 4587 (RSA), Roberts 4855 (RSA), Roberts & Bomkamp 4981 (RSA), Roberts & Bramlet 5563 (RSA), Roberts & Bramlet 5691 (RSA), Ross 6853* (UC), Ross 6869 (CAS), Ross & Takara 6939 (CAS), Ross, Takara, & Otte 6947 (CAS), Sanders 26178 (SBBG), Sanders 32379 , Sanders, Salvato, Volansky, & Balk 32568 (RSA), Sanders, Wotipka, Elvin, et al. 26153 , Thorne 35873 (SBBG), Thorne 35949* (UC), True 152 (POM), Vanderwerff 4235 (RSA), White 8381 , White & Duchardt 8862 (RSA).Specimens listed alphanumerically by collector within a region. (*=specimen measured; è =specimen also used in molecular study; PageBreak


Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-017-16814-3, published online 01 December 2017Correction to: This Article contains errors in Reference 3 which was incorrectly given as:Med Sci Monit. 21, 2361–2366 (2015).Wojciech, W., Agnieszka, S.-P., Magdalena, B. & Tomasz, G. Experimental Comparison of Efficiency of First Aid Dressings in Burning White Phosphorus on Bacon Model. The correct reference is listed below:Med Sci Monit. 21, 2361–2366 (2015).Witkowski, W., Surowiecka-Pastewka, A., Biesaga, M., Gierczak, T. Experimental Comparison of Efficiency of First Aid Dressings in Burning White Phosphorus on Bacon Model.


The correct name is: Rayees Rahman. The correct citation is: Heimann AS, Gupta A, Gomes I, Rahman R, Schlessinger A, Ferro ES, et al. (2017) Generation of G protein-coupled receptor antibodies differentially sensitive to conformational states. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0187306.


The correct name is: Kathryn A. Shelton. The correct citation is: Dorta-Estremera S, Nehete PN, Yang G, He H, Nehete BP, Shelton KA, et al. (2017) Minimally invasive monitoring of CD4 T cells at multiple mucosal tissues after intranasal vaccination in rhesus macaques. PLoS ONE 12(12): e0188807.


Plasmodium Multigene Families Are Expressed in Liver Stages Where They Are Exported into the Parasitophorous Vacuole. PLoS Pathog 12(11): e1005917. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005917The third author's middle name is incorrectly listed as a last name. The correct name is: Dafni Paraskevi Bechtsi. The correct citation is: Fougère A, Jackson AP, Bechtsi DP, Braks JAM, Annoura T, Fonager J, et al. (2016) Variant Exported Blood-Stage Proteins Encoded by


Approximately 44% of adults aged 18–59 years had ever been tested for HIV (other than blood donations) during 2007–2010, nearly the same as during 2003–2006. From 2003–2006 to 2007–2010, no significant change was observed for non-Hispanic white and Mexican-American adults in this age group. A significant increase was observed in the percentage of non-Hispanic black adults aged 18–59 years (from 57% to 64%) who had ever been tested for HIV. During both periods, non-Hispanic black adults had a significantly higher prevalence of any lifetime HIV testing compared with non-Hispanic white and Mexican-American adults.Source: Woodring JV, Kruszon-Moran D, Oster AM, McQuillan GM. Did CDC’s 2006 revised HIV testing recommendations make a difference? Evaluation of HIV testing in the U.S. household population, 2003–2010. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014;67:331–40.Reported by: Joseph V. Woodring, DO, jwoodring@cdc.gov, 301-458-4599; Deanna Kruszon-Moran, MS; Geraldine M. McQuillan, PhD; Alexandra M. Oster, MD; Steven M. Frenk, PhD.


Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. lipolytica, C. tropicalis, C. famata, C. glabrata, Rhodutorula mucilaginosa, and R. glutinis. Several compounds exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) activities comparable with the first-line drug fluconazole. These results could be considered as an important starting point for the rational design of new antifungal agents.Fifteen 7-chloro-4-arylhydrazonequinolines have been evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity against eight oral fungi:


The correct names are: Mangesh Vasant Suryavanshi and Shrikant Bhute. The correct citation is: Adebayo AS, Suryavanshi MV, Bhute S, Agunloye AM, Isokpehi RD, Anumudu CI, et al. (2017) The microbiome in urogenital schistosomiasis and induced bladder pathologies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis11(8): e0005826.


The correct name is: Elsayed Z. Soliman. The correct citation is: Dixit S, Alonso A, Vittinghoff E, Soliman EZ, Chen LY, Marcus GM (2017) Past alcohol consumption and incident atrial fibrillation: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. PLoS ONE 12(10): e0185228.


After publication of our article , it was de Oliveira-Filho AD, Morisky DE, Neves SJ, Costa FA, de Lyra DP Jr. The 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale: validation of a Brazilian-Portuguese version in hypertensive adults. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2014;10(3):554–61.