Heteroonops , from Hispaniola: H.scapulasp. nov., H.jurassicussp. nov., H.aylinalegreaesp. nov., H.verrucasp. nov., H.renebarbaisp. nov., H.yumasp. nov., H.carlosviquezisp. nov., H.gabrielsantosisp. nov., H.solanllycarreroaesp. nov. and H.constanzasp. nov. The occurrence of the pantropical type species Heteroonopsspinimanus  is reported and new localities are given for: H.validus , H.vega  and H.castelloides . Molecular phylogenies indicate substantial genetic divergence separating these taxa. This work adds to evidence that the depth of diversity in the Caribbean biodiversity hotspot is particularly striking for tiny taxa living in leaf litter.The Caribbean biodiversity hotspot harbors vast reserves of undiscovered species. A large-scale inventory of Caribbean arachnids (CarBio) is uncovering new species across the arachnid tree of life, and allowing inference of the evolutionary history that has generated this diversity. Herein we describe ten new species of  Oonopidae currently includes 1846 species distributed in 113 genera, making it the 8th largest spider family  project on Oonopidae was launched. At the time only 459 species of Oonopidae were known . In eleven years, the PBI project led to the discovery and descriptions of nearly 1300 new oonopid species, increasing our knowledge of the fauna by 300%. Yet, new species continue to be discovered as new areas are more thoroughly sampled, such as during the ongoing Caribbean arachnid biodiversity inventory (project CarBio).The Greater Antilles islands form the most species-rich landmasses in the Caribbean biodiversity hotspot. These islands serve as exceptional systems for studies of species formation and biogeography . Our ongr family . In 2006Oonopidae are small (1.0–5.0 mm) yellow, orange to bright red haplogyne spiders. Most members of this family are found living in leaf litter, but some live in canopies , is pantropical, while the remainder of the group has a circum-Caribbean distribution, occurring from Mexico to Dominica , H.iviei , H.validus  and H.vega . Here we describe ten new species and report for the first time the presence of the pantropical genotype, H.spinimanus, as well as new localities for H.vega, H.castelloides and H.validus. We demonstrate substantial genetic divergence between these species and analyze biogeographic patterns within Hispaniola using mitochondrial phylogenies.Dominica . In 2009Natural History Museum in Vermont, USA (UVM); type specimens are deposited at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, USA . Specimens were roughly sorted in-field and stored in 95% ethanol at -20 °C upon return to the laboratory. Species determination was done through morphological assessment, followed by molecular phylogenetic analyses. Genetic divergences guided further morphological assessment and final species delineation.All 66 specimens examined are from the 2012 CarBio expedition to Dominican Republic, unless otherwise noted. They were all found in leaf litter samples that were sifted in the field and either hand sorted, or extracted through Berlese funnels. Specimens are stored at the Specimens were collected and examined in 95% ethanol under a SMZ-U Nikon dissection microscope. A Nikon Coolpix 950 digital camera attached to the microscope was used to photograph all the structures to be illustrated. The digital photos were used to trace proportions and the illustrations were detailed and shaded by referring back to the structure under the microscope. Female genitalia were excised using a sharp entomological needle and submerged in lactic acid to clear internal structures. The structures were photographed and illustrated as explained above. All measurements are in millimeters. For complete morphological description of the genus see COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S), which are typically effective phylogenetic markers at low taxonomic levels for spiders. We amplified COI with LCO1490-2776 and 16S with 16SF and 16SR using standard protocols . We sequenced fragments of the mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ar anterior receptaculumef epigastric furrowes epigastric scutumpr posterior receptaculumps postepigastric scutumwp wing like projectionsGenitalia c bulbc conductore embolusHeteroonops presented in this work are genetically distinct and distinguishable morphologically. They were all collected in leaf litter samples from forest or cave habitats in Hispaniola ranging from near sea level to 2983 m. Mitochondrial genetic divergences and patterns of relationships belie a deep and old history of Heteroonops on Hispaniola , H.colombi Dumitrescu & Georgescu, 1983, H.constanza sp. nov., H.croix Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H.gabrielsantosi sp. nov., H.iviei Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H.jurassicus n. sp, H.macaque Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H.murphyorum Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H.renebarbai sp. nov., H.saba Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H.scapula sp. nov., H.singulus , H.solanllycarreroae sp. nov., H.spinigata Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H.spinimanus , H.toro Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H.validus , H.vega Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H.verruca sp. nov., H.yuma sp. nov.H.spinimanus  presents a pantropical distribution).Mexico, Costa Rica, Bahama Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Saba, Montserrat and Dominica . One female paratype, same data.Male holotype from Dominican Republic, La Vega Province, Constanza, Valle Nuevo National Park, The specific epithet is a noun in apposition meaning wings, in reference to the large wing-like structures of the female internal genitalia.Males are diagnosed from all species by the combination of the following characters: constricted tip of palpal bulb and their bent embolus, wider apically, long conductor reaching the tip of the embolus Figs , 3; femaMale (holotype): Total length: 1.9; carapace length: 1.0; carapace width: 0.7. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, bright orange; pars cephalica flat. Sternum yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites yellow with one elongated and thin apical backward-pointing projection . Chelicerae yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval, PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; light gray covered dorsally with long dark setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta light orange, well sclerotized. Legs: Yellow; tibia I with five pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with 2 pairs of ventral spines; leg formula undetermined, missing legs II-III-IV. Genitalia: Palpal segments light yellow; palpal bulb whitish. Palpal femur, patella and tibia with spines prolaterally : Total length: 1.98; carapace length: 0.94; carapace width: 0.74. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, bright orange; pars cephalica flat. Sternum, labium and chelicerae: as in male. Endites without projection. Eyes: Same as male. Abdomen: Oval; gray; epigastric and postepigastric scuta orange, well sclerotized . Two female paratypes, same data.Male holotype from Dominican Republic, La Vega Province, Constanza, Valle Nuevo National Park, ‘Jurassic Park’, The specific epithet is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality, Jurassic Park, Dominican Republic.Males are distinguished from all species of the genera by the spatula-shaped tip of the embolus Fig. . FemalesMale (holotype): Total length: 1.93; carapace length: 1.03; carapace width: 0.96. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, bright orange; pars cephalica slightly elevated. Sternum orange; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites orange with one very small apical backward-pointing projection . Chelicerae orange; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs long, 2/3 the length of the chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME rectangular; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; beige dorsally covered with long dark setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta orange, well sclerotized. Legs: Orange; tibia I with five pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with two pairs of ventral spines; leg formula 4123. Genitalia: Palpal segments yellow; palpal bulb whitish. Palpal patella, tibia and tarsus with spines prolaterally : Total length: 2.12; carapace length: 0.92; carapace width: 0.76. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, yellow; pars cephalica flat. Sternum and labium light yellow. Chelicerae and endites light yellow, not modified. Eyes: as in male. Abdomen: Oval, light beige; epigastric and postepigastric scuta orange, well sclerotized .Same data as type specimens: 1♂ (USNMENT 00788060), 1♂ (USNMENT 00788048), 1♀ (USNMENT 00788084); 3♂, 4♀ . One male and four female paratypes, same data (USNMENT 01747003).Male holotype from Dominican Republic, La Alta Gracia Province, Occidental, San Rafael, del Este National Park, The specific epithet is a noun in apposition honoring local arachnologist and CarBio collaborator Aylin Alegre.Heteroonops by the combination of the following characters: embolus well sclerotized, not spatulated apically; short conductor not reaching the tip of the embolus : Total length: 1.65; carapace length: 0.79; carapace width: 0.67. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, light yellow; pars cephalica flat. Sternum light yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites light yellow with one small apical backward-pointing projection . Chelicerae yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; light gray, dorsally covered with long dark setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta light yellow, not well sclerotized. Legs: Femora whitish; other legs segments light yellow; tibia I with one pair of ventral spines, metatarsus I with two pairs of ventral spines; leg formula 4123. Genitalia: Palpal segments yellow; palpal bulb whitish. Palpal patella, tibia and tarsus with spines prolaterally : Total length: 1.89; carapace length: 0.81; carapace width: 0.67. Cephalothorax: Carapace, sternum, labium and chelicerae: as in male. Endites without projection. Eyes: Same as male. Abdomen: Oval; light gray; epigastric and postepigastric light yellow, not well sclerotized ; 1♂3♀ Dominican Republic, La Alta Gracia Province, Occidental, San Rafael, del Este National Park, 18.355536N, 68.6182518W, 46 m, 7–8.vi.2012, team CarBio (UVM).1♂ Dominican Republic, Hato Mayor Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, Parque Nacional los Haitises, Cueva La Arena, Dominican Republic, La Alta Gracia and Hato Mayor provinces Fig. .Taxon classificationAnimaliaAraneaeOonopidaeDupérrésp. nov.DE2A5A9C-39DD-523D-A860-59AE4CE9A393http://zoobank.org/18B6E9E1-0B6C-45C8-B724-85C0A327965118.09786N, 71.18925W, 1200 m, 7.vii.2012, team CarBio . One female paratype, same data.Male holotype from Dominican Republic, Barahona Province, Cachote Biosphere Reserve, The specific epithet is a noun in apposition meaning wart in reference to the male palpal bulb bearing a wart-like projection.Males can be diagnosed from all species by the wart-like projection on the prolateral side of the bulb Fig. ; femalesMale (holotype): Total length: 1.9; carapace length: 0.95; carapace width: 0.79. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, bright yellow; pars cephalica flat. Sternum yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites yellow with one large, median backward-pointing projection . Chelicerae yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 the length of the chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME rectangular; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; light beige covered dorsally with long dark setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta light yellow, well sclerotized. Legs: Femora with basal half whitish, apical half-light yellow, other legs segments light yellow; tibia I with three pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with two pairs of ventral spines; leg formula 4123. Genitalia: Palpal segments yellow; palpal bulb whitish. Palpal patella and tibia with spines prolaterally : Total length: 2.04; carapace length: 0.98; carapace width: 0.76. Cephalothorax: Carapace, sternum, labium and chelicerae: as in male. Endites without projection. Eyes: Same as male. Abdomen: Oval, light beige; epigastric and postepigastric scuta orange, well sclerotized .Same data as type specimens: 2♂ .Male holotype from Dominican Republic, Hato Mayor Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, los Haitises National Park, outside Cueva La Arena, The specific epithet is a noun in apposition honoring local arachnologist and CarBio collaborator René Barba.H.vega by their long and pointed conductor : Total length: 1.34; carapace length: 0.71; carapace width: 0.59. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, light yellow; pars cephalica flat. Sternum light yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites light yellow with an elongated apical backward-pointing projection with rounded tip . Chelicerae yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; light beige covered dorsally with long dark setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta light yellow, not well sclerotized. Legs: Light yellow; tibia I with two pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with one pair of ventral spines; leg formula undertermined, legs II-III-IV missing. Genitalia: Palpal segments light yellow; palpal bulb whitish. Palpal femur, patella and tibia with spines prolaterally . Female paratype, same data (USNMENT 01747007).Female holotype from Dominican Republic, Duarte Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, Loma Quita Espuela, The specific name is noun in apposition taken from the type locality, San Rafael de Yuma, Dominican Republic.H.vega by their larger anterior receptaculum projecting posteriorly  Total length: 1.86; carapace length: 0.76; carapace width: 0.61. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, whitish; pars cephalica flat. Sternum whitish; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites withish, not modified; labium light whitish. Clypeus vertical; short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae pale yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; yellowish; epigastric and postepigastric scuta pale yellow, not well sclerotized .Female holotype from Dominican Republic, Duarte Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, Loma Quita Espuela, The specific epithet is a noun in apposition honoring Costa Rican arachnologist and CarBio collaborator Carlos Viquez.Females are easily diagnosed by their umbrella-shaped anterior receptaculum Fig. .Female: Total length: 2.06; carapace length: 0.96; carapace width: 0.8. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, light orange; pars cephalica flat. Sternum yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites yellow, not modified; labium light yellow. Clypeus vertical; short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; dark grayish-blue with pattern, apically whitish . Two female paratypes , same data.Female holotype from Dominican Republic, La Vega Province, Constanza, Valle Nuevo National Park, ‘Jurassic Park’, The specific epithet is a noun in apposition honoring local arachnologist and CarBio collaborator Gabriel Santos.Females can be diagnosed from all species by the arch wing-like projections of the internal genitalia and large oval posterior receptaculum Fig. .Female: Total length: 2.31; carapace length: 0.91; carapace width: 0.84. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, light yellow; pars cephalica flat. Sternum light yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites light yellow, not modified; labium light yellow. Clypeus vertical, short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae light yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; whitish covered dorsally with long dark setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta light orange, well sclerotized .Female holotype from Dominican Republic, Duarte Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, Loma Quita Espuela, The specific epithet is a noun in apposition honoring local arachnologist and CarBio collaborator Solanlly Carrrero.Females are diagnosed from all species by their posteriorly protruding epigastric scutum and their oval posterior receptaculum with folded bag-like extension Fig. .Female (holotype). Total length: 1.37; carapace length: 0.61; carapace width: 0.42. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, whitish; pars cephalica flat. Sternum whitish; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites whitish, not modified; labium whitish. Clypeus vertical; short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae whitish; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; light gray covered dorsally with long dark setae; epigastric scutum protruding, postepigastric scutum thin; scuta light yellow, not well sclerotized  with anchor-shaped structure visible through the epigastric scutum and epigastric furrow . Two female paratypes (USNMENT 01747014), same data.Male holotype from Dominican Republic, La Vega Province, Constanza, Valle Nuevo National Park, ‘Jurassic Park’, The specific name is noun in apposition taken from the type locality, Constanza Province, Dominican Republic.H.castelloides Platnick & Dupérré, 2009; males are distinguished by the narrow, elongated palpal bulb and palpal tibia 2× longer than patellae : Total length: 1.79; carapace length: 0.86; carapace width: 0.72. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, pale yellow; pars cephalica slightly elevated. Sternum pale yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites pale yellow, with small apical projection . Chelicerae yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME rounded; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; beige covered dorsally with long setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta inconspicuous. Legs: Legs missing. Genitalia: Palpal segments pale yellow; palpal bulb whitish. Palpal femora, tibia and tarsus with spines prolaterally : Total length: 2.09; carapace length: 0.85; carapace width: 0.72. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, yellow; pars cephalica flat. Sternum and labium light yellow. Chelicerae and endites light yellow, not modified. Eyes: as in male. Abdomen: Oval, light beige; epigastric and postepigastric scuta pale yellow, not well sclerotized 6B0D1243-AEAE-59EE-BB2F-93AB03C8705818.32902N, 68.80995W, 0 m, 5.vi.2012, team CarBio,1♀ (UVM).Dominican Republic, La Alta Gracia Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, del Este National Park, beach Trail to Cueva del Puente, Taxon classificationAnimaliaAraneaeOonopidaePlatnick & Dupérré, 200910301FC4-03CD-5822-A47F-E395DF22807319.35504N, 70.111W, 200 m, 14.vi.2012, team CarBio, 1♂ (UVM).Dominican Republic, La Duarte Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, Loma Quita Espuela, Taxon classificationAnimaliaAraneaeOonopidaeA0103482-1EB1-59F7-9CD3-F2A7D4A6D41818.3816N, 68.8017W, 25 m, 6.vi.2012, team CarBio, 3♂4♀ (UVM).Dominican Republic, La Alta Gracia Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, del Este National Park, Cueva del Puente, Taxon classificationAnimaliaAraneaeOonopidaePlatnick & Dupérré, 20096A3BF836-79F3-589A-8E15-409428D5039419.35504N, 70.111W, 200m, 14.vi.2012, team CarBio, 1♂ (UVM).Dominican Republic, La Duarte Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, Loma Quita Espuela, Heteroonops diversity in Hispaniola. First, we found a total of 66 individuals distributed in 14 Heteroonops species, 10 of which were new, from only eight sampling sites. At a single site in Loma Quita (200 m) we found five species including three that are new  and two that represent new records . Similarly, we found three new species in one locality in a high elevation forest (2100 m) in the Cordillera Central Parque National Valle Nuevo . Moreover, a fourth new species H.scapula, was discovered in the same park at higher elevation (2983 m). Taxa from both of these localities are phylogenetically widespread reflecting an old most recent common ancestor and high levels of subsequent diversification (Fig. Observed patterns in our data are consistent with a high probability that our sampling has only detected a small subset of the ion Fig. Heteroonops species are wide ranging. Two taxa that represent new records were collected far from their type localities in the Cordillera Central, H.castelloides, and H.validus. Interestingly both of these species have been collected in flight intercept traps (H.aylinalegreae, was collected in two separate low elevation localities on the northern and southern sides of Eastern Hispaniola. While it seems that some members of this genus are capable of widespread dispersal, most notably the type species, the high levels of diversity in the Dominican Republic suggest an old presence and much speciation within West Indies, consistent with biologies that are not typically dispersal prone.Despite patterns consistent with high local diversity, there is evidence that some pt traps  suggesti


Calodia Nielson are described and illustrated: C.quadrimaculasp. nov. from Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces and C.zuoaesp. nov. from Yunnan Province, China. A checklist along with distribution and a key to species based on male genitalia of the genus Calodia from China are provided. Olidiananigritibiana (Li), comb. nov.  is proposed. At present, this genus comprises 45 known species worldwide, of which 19 species are recorded from China.Two new species of the leafhopper genus  Calodia  was described by Calodiamultipectinata as the type species. Calodia is a relatively small genus of leafhoppers widely distributed throughout Asia and also the Pacific (Indonesia and the Philippines). In recent taxonomic studies on Coelidiinae, Coelidiini by reassigning the species to several new genera and dealt with six new species of Calodia, provided a revised key to species of Calodia and also an updated catalogue of the species; of these, two species were from China. Lodiananigritibiana Li, 1988 and placed it in the genus Calodia. The genus Calodia from China are described together with a checklist to Chinese species of the genus and a key for their separation. Lodiananigritibiana Li, 1988 was resurrected from synonymy and transferred to the genus Calodia by Olidiana. Therefore, Olidiananigritibiana (Li), comb. nov. is proposed here.In this paper, two new species of All specimens described in this study were collected by sweep net. Morphological terminology follows mainly GUGC), under the following accession numbers: C.quadrimacula sp. nov.: #CCW9043; C.zuoae sp. nov.: #CCW9065.The type specimens of the new species and other materials examined are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China .Calodiaapicalis LiCalodiaapicalis Li, 1989: 3, figs 20–24; Distribution: China (Guizhou).Calodiabispinea Li & FanCalodiabispinea Li & Fan, 2017: 41, fig. 9.Distribution: China (Yunnan).Calodiacurveprocessa Li & FanCalodiacurveprocessa Li & Fan, 2017: 43, fig. 10.Distribution: China (Yunnan).Calodiaexpenda Li & FanCalodiaexpenda Li & Fan, 2017: 45, fig. 11.Distribution: China (Yunnan).Calodiaforkstyla Li & FanCalodiaforkstyla Li & Fan, 2017: 47, fig. 12.Distribution: China (Yunnan).Calodiafusca (Melichar)Jassusfusca Melichar, 1903;179.Jassuspauperculus Spangberg, 1878: 35. Synonymised by Tettigoniafrontalis Kirby, 1891: 171. Synonymised by Calodiafusca (Melichar): Distribution. China.Calodiaguttivena Coelidiaguttivena Walker, 1857: 99.Jassusguttivena , Calodiaguttivena , Distribution: China (Fujian), Malaysia, Thailand.Calodiaharpagota ZhangCalodiaharpagota Zhang, 1994: 125, fig. 124; Distribution: China .Calodialii ZhangCalodialii Zhang, 1994: 123, fig. 120; Distribution: China (Tibet).Calodialongilamina (Zhang)Lodianalongilamina Zhang, 1994: 88 fig. 83.Calodialongilamina (Zhang), Distribution: China (Yunnan).Calodialongispina Li & WangCalodialongispina Li & Wang, 1991: 116, fig. 60; Distribution: China (Guizhou).Calodiavincula NielsonCalodiavincula Nielson, 2015: 9, 12, Pl. 1C, figs 28 – 32.Distribution: China (Kouy Tchéou).Calodiaostenta (Distant)Jassusostentus Distant, 1918: 49.Coelidiaostenta (Distant), Jassuspauperculus Spangberg, 1878: 35; Ge 1966: 78. Synonymised by Coelidiapaupercula (Spangberg), Tettigoniafrontalis Kirby, 1891: 169. Synonymised by Coelidiafrontalis (Kirby), Calodiaostenta (Distant), Distribution: China , India, Sri Lanka.Calodiapatricia (Jacobi)Jassuspatricius Jacobi, 1944: 49.Coelidiapatricia (Jacobi), Jassusochraceus Jacobi, 1944: 50. Synonymised by Coelidiaochracea (Jacobi), Calodiaflavinota Cai & Kuoh, 1993; 219; Calodiaparicia (Jacobi), Distribution: China .Calodiaquadrimacula sp. nov.Distribution: China .Calodiascutopunctata (Zhang)Lodianascutopunctata Zhang, 1994: 83, fig. 78.Olidianascutopunctata  Calodiascutopunctata  Distribution: China .Calodiasichuanensis NielsonCalodiasichuanensisDistribution. China (Sichuan).Calodiazuoae sp. nov.Distribution: China (Yunnan).Taxon classificationAnimaliaHemipteraCicadellidaeF42E4C22-61C5-5BAF-9209-1B0500F35FCDhttp://zoobank.org/8C89F5F1-C4DC-4FA5-92ED-6AC3C1D9268FHolotype, ♂, China: Guizhou Province, Bijie City, Weining County, Caohai Reserve, 3 July 2017, coll. Caohai expedition team (GUGC). Paratype, 3 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ same information as holotype. 2 ♂♂, CHINA: Yunnan Province, Yuxi City, Xinping County, 21 July 2018, coll. Xian-yi Wang (GUGC).C.harpagota Zhang, 1994, but differs in having the style apophysis with a subapical spur and the aedeagal shaft with angular projection on the ventral margin in lateral view and with two slender subapical processes.The new species is similar to Middle-sized species. Body length (including tegmina): male, 7.2–7.8 mm, female, 7.9–8.4 mm.Coloration. Ground color brown. Crown yellow with two pairs of brown spots medially, ocelli black .Taxon classificationAnimaliaHemipteraCicadellidaeB9C7A29A-189B-5F21-AB67-84983FA02AC3http://zoobank.org/681D84A8-5E50-4166-9235-9961CB491DC1Holotype, ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Lushui County, Pianma town, Mt. Gaoligong, 26 May 2019, coll. Qin Zuo (GUGC). Paratype, ♂, same information as holotype.C.lii Zhang, 1994, but differs in the structure of aedeagal shaft processes and the aedeagal shaft.The new species is similar to Moderately large species. Body length (including tegmina): male, 8.8–9.4 mm.Coloration. Ground color blackish. Head with crown brown; clypellus with median narrow yellowish stripe; area between lateral frontal sutures and eyes ochraceous (Figs ous Figs , 26. ForMorphology. Head, narrower than pronotum, anterior margin broadly rounded; crown broad, slightly broader than width of one eye, slightly produced beyond anterior margin of eyes, eyes about ⅔ width of pronotum (Fig. tum Fig. ; clypeustum Fig. . Pronotutum Fig. . ScutellMale genitalia. Pygofer in lateral view triangulate, with small lobe apically (Fig. lly Fig. . Subgenilly Fig. . Style slly Fig. . Connectlly Fig. . Aedeagally Fig. , 31.The new species is named after Ms Qin Zuo who collected the holotype.C.lii but differs in the structure of aedeagal shaft processes, i.e., aedeagal shaft processes have finer and denser setae in C.zuoae compared to sparse and elongate secondary spines in C.lii; the shorter process has setae confined to apex of the process in C.zuoae and in C.lii the spines on the shorter process are along entire lateral margin; the setae on longer process in C.zuoae are confined to an area proximad of the midlength on the outer margin of the process and in C.lii the sparse spines are found in the distal ¾ length and they are on both margins of the process in the distal ⅓.The new species closely resembles


Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-020-61849-8, published online 16 March 2020Correction to: This Article contains typographical errors in the Acknowledgements section.“through research projects TRACE (PTDC/MAR/74071/2006), MAPCET (M2.1.2/F/012/2011) and AWARENESS (PTDC/BIA-BMA/30514/201), co-funded by FEDER, COMPETE, QREN, POPH, ERDF, ESF, the Lisbon Regional Operational Programme, and the Portuguese Ministry for Science and Education. Funding for publication fees was provided by Project AWARENESS (PTDC/BIA-BMA/30514/201)”should read:“through research projects TRACE (PTDC/MAR/74071/2006), MAPCET (M2.1.2/F/012/2011) and AWARENESS (PTDC/BIA-BMA/30514/2017), co-funded by FEDER, COMPETE, QREN, POPH, ERDF, ESF, the Lisbon Regional Operational Programme, and the Portuguese Ministry for Science and Education. Funding for publication fees was provided by Project AWARENESS (PTDC/BIA-BMA/30514/2017)”


Scientific Reports, 10.1038/s41598-018-22412-8, published online 05 March 2018Correction to: The Supplementary Information files are missing from this Article. The Supplementary Information files appear below.Supplementary Information.Appendix I.Appendix II.


Psyllaephagus were reared from Macrohomotomasinica (Hemiptera: Homotomidae) feeding on Ficusconcinna.During the investigation of forest insects in Guilin, Guangxi, encyrtid parasitoid wasps belonging to the genus Psyllaephagus Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), P.guangxiensis Zu sp. nov., is described from Guangxi, China as a parasitoid of Macrohomotomasinica Yang & Li (Hemiptera: Homotomidae) on Ficusconcinna (Miq.) Miq. .A new species of  Ficusconcinna is an important landscaping tree species, widely distributed in the coastal areas of southern China and has important ornamental and economic value. During the investigation of forest insects in Guilin, Guangxi, MacrohomotomasinicaHemiptera: Homotomidae) was found on Ficusconcinna. Sap feeding by this hemipteran causes visible damage mainly to the tender shoots, resulting in curled leaves and white flocs, which affect the ornamental value of the fig tree. Parasitoid wasps belonging to the genus PsyllaephagusEncyrtidae) were reared from M.sinica. The cosmopolitan genus Psyllaephagus was established by arenariusTrjapitzin 1967P. , P.belanensis (Hoffer 1963), P.brevicalcaratusP.caillardiaeP.colposceniaeP.densiciliatusP.elaeagniP.latiscapusXu et al. 2000b, P.longifuniculusP.longiventraP.longiventrisTrjapitzin 1964, P.nartshukaeP.nikolskajae (P.ogazaeP.punctatusP.stenopsyllae (P.taiwanusPsyllidae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) (opsyllae  and P.tlloidea) .P.guangxiensis Zu sp. nov., reared from M.sinica Yang & Li (Hemiptera: Homotomidae) on F.concinna (Miq.) Miq. , is described as new to science.In the present paper, Homotomidae were collected from F.concinna in Guilin City, Xiangshan District, Wanshou Lane and Xicheng Road on 8 August 2018 and 14 July 2020, respectively, then reared in nylon net bags (150 mesh size). When the parasitoid wasps appeared, they were collected and preserved in 99% ethanol. The four reared specimens  were dissected and mounted on slides according to Specimens of the host The holotype of the new species is deposited in the 'insect collections' of Tianjin Agricultural University (TJAU), China.Zusp. n.5B4993FE-0DDC-5BD1-82F1-919B248DF3DF8BAB0389-7621-4316-A7FD-05E6E207B16FType status:Holotype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Zu Guo-Hao; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Psyllaephagusguangxiensis; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Guangxi; locality: Guilin City, Xiangshan District, Wanshou Lane; verbatimElevation: 150 m; locationRemarks: M.sinica (Hemiptera: Homotomidae) on F.concinna"label transliteration: "Guangxi, Guilin, Wanshou Lane, 02.08.2018, Zu Guohao, Chen Ye, reared from ; Event: samplingProtocol: reared; eventDate: 29-08-2018; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Zu Guo-Hao; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Psyllaephagusguangxiensis; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Guangxi; locality: Guilin City, Xiangshan District, Wanshou Lane; verbatimElevation: 150 m; locationRemarks: M.sinica (Hemiptera: Homotomidae) on F.concinna"label transliteration: "Guangxi, Guilin, Wanshou lane, 02.08.2018, Zu Guohao, Chen Ye, reared from ; Event: samplingProtocol: reared; eventDate: 29-08-2018; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Zu Guo-Hao; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Psyllaephagusguangxiensis; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Guangxi; locality: Guilin City, Xiangshan District, Wanshou Lane; verbatimElevation: 150 m; locationRemarks: M.sinica (Hemiptera: Homotomidae) on F.concinna"label transliteration: "Guangxi, Guilin, Wanshou lane, 02.08.2018, Zu Guohao, Chen Ye, reared from ; Event: samplingProtocol: reared; eventDate: 29-08-2018; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Zu Guo-Hao; individualCount: 5; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Psyllaephagusguangxiensis; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Guangxi; locality: Guilin City, Xiangshan District, Xicheng Road; verbatimElevation: 150 m; locationRemarks: M.sinica (Hemiptera: Homotomidae) on F.concinna"label transliteration: "Guangxi, Guilin, Xicheng road, 14.07.2020, Zheng Li, reared from ; Event: samplingProtocol: reared; eventDate: 14-07-2020; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenFemale. Holotype. Length, 2.02 mm (excluding ovipositor). Body generally with metallic lustre; head, mesoscutum, scutellum and axilla with bright green metallic reﬂection; clypeus and metasoma with copper green reﬂection. Antenna black brown, except scape with apical 1/9 yellowish-white, F1, F2 and F3 (partly) ventrally yellow; mandibles brown, pulpi and palpi yellowish-white; tegulae white; legs pale yellow, except hind coxa wih a large brown spot dorsally; wings hyaline; ovipositor apically paler.Frontovertex Fig. A 0.28× hMesosoma Fig. C. MesoscMetasoma longer (1.24×) than mesosoma and with hypopygium reaching to about two-thirds in specimens stored in 99% ethanol; ovipositor 2.14× as long as mid-tibia, distinctly exserted; third valvula about 3.14× as long as mid-tibial spur. Measurements (μm): OL, 1200. Male. Length 0.95–1.38 mm. Generally very similar to female in appearance except for colouration of frontovertex, mesoscutum and scutellum with copper green reﬂection, relatively less dense setae in basal cell of fore wing and structure of antennae and genitalia. Head, in frontal view . Frontovertex, mesoscutum and scutellum with copper green reﬂection; frontovertex 0.53× head width; scape about 2.5× as long as broad; fore wing about 2.2× as long as broad; aedeagus about 1.5× as long as mid-tibia.The specific name refers to the collecting location of the type series. Noun in apposition.China (Guangxi).M.sinica Yang & Li (Hemiptera: Homotomidae) feeding on F.concinna (Miq.) Miq. .Parasitoid of P.guangxiensis is similar to P.macrohomotoma Singh and Agarwal and P.bruchus Riek, which all have a long ovipositor, but P.guangxiensis can be distinguished by the broader scape, about 2.7× as long as broad (about 4× in bruchus), shorter F1, 0.65× as long as pedicel (longer than pedicel in macrohomotoma when compared to figure 20C of macrohomotoma) and narrow hind wing, 3.55× as long as broad (3.16× in macrohomotoma). The new species is also morphologically similar to P.elaeagni Trjapitzin and P.caillardiae Sugonjaev. However, it differs from P.elaeagni as follows: ovipositor distinctly exserted (not exserted in elaeagni), scape 2.7× (5.6× in elaeagni), mid-coxa yellow (dark brown in elaeagni), tegula completely white ; from P.caillardiae: scape 2.7× as long as broad (3.8× in caillardiae), postmarginal vein about equal to stigmal vein .According to the keys in


Paenibacillus sp. strains  that were previously isolated from cultivated surface-sterilized seeds of Cucumis melo L. . These candidate Paenibacillus plant probiotics displayed in vitro growth-promoting traits and suppressive activity against root-associated fungal/oomycete pathogens.Here, we report the draft genome sequences of seven  Paenibacillus sp. strains  that were previously isolated from cultivated surface-sterilized seeds of Cucumis melo L. . These candidate Paenibacillus plant probiotics displayed in vitro growth-promoting traits and suppressive activity against root-associated fungal/oomycete pathogens.Here, we report the draft genome sequences of seven  Paenibacillus has been described , classified using the 16S primer pair 799F/1492R as Paenibacillus spp. , and then submitted to GenBank   was completed using the Evogene Clustering/Assembly Toolbox (EvoCAT) pipeline, and then the assembled contigs were taxonomically identified using KmerFinder v3.2 (Paenibacillus sp. strain M-152 (GenBank accession number NZ_CP034141.1) (EKM202P and EKM207P), Paenibacillus polymyxa strain YC0573 (NZ_CP017968.3) (Paenibacillus polymyxa strain J (NZ_CP015423.1) (EKM208P and EKM212P), and Paenibacillus polymyxa strain HY96-2 (NZ_CP025957.1)  and then adjusted to 50 ng/μl. Libraries were constructed using TruSeq DNA Nano library preparation kits (KAPA HyperPrep kit KK8504) and then sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, which delivered 2,850,454 (EKM202P), 2,568,261 (EKM205P), 2,970,533 (EKM206P), 1,587,495 (EKM207P), 3,274,658 (EKM208P), 2,260,644 EKM211P), and 2,754,662 (EKM212P) raw reads of the 150-bp paired-end format. 25957.1)   . AssemblPaenibacillus genomes encode candidate proteins implicated in the aforementioned in vitro activities and additional traits, including tryptophan synthase (auxin production), carbon-nitrogen hydrolase, nitrogen regulatory protein PII, nitrogen assimilation/fixation (nif), phytase, alkaline phosphatase, and trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase (All of the ydrolase , 14, 15,ydrolase , 17, andydrolase . Biocontydrolase , 19, 20,ydrolase , bacteriydrolase , polyketydrolase , phenaziydrolase , alkyl hydrolase , and bioydrolase , 27. ThiThe whole-genome shotgun project and raw Illumina reads were deposited in DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank and the SRA, respectively, under the accession numbers provided in


Mitochondrial DNA Part B: Resources.https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2017.1280699.Patil, VU, Vanishree G, Pattanayak D, Sharma S, Bhardwaj V, Singh BP, Chakrabarti SK. (2017). Complete mitogenome mapping of potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans A2 mating type. This corrigendum is published to include the following acknowledgement of the contributions made to the first draft sequence of the whole genome, submitted under Accession no. LYVM00000000, Version: LYVM01000000:


AbstractCilunculus was determined by the unique characteristic of the three distal processes present on the almost horizontal proboscis and the other differences, including a shorter and blind ocular tubercle, fewer setae on the legs and a glabrate trunk.A new species of Cilunculus species from the South-western Indian OceanNew  Cilunculus Loman, 1908 consists of 32 species . The specimens were drawn using a Camera Lucida and photographs were taken with an Auto-montage system on a Leica M205 FA stereomicroscope. Measurements were made axially, dorsally for the trunk, laterally for the palp, proboscis and leg and are given in millimetres.2020sp. n.D7217174-DF80-5113-8173-783DB2ED0575urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C9065C82-03F0-4DDD-82D4-1C0B6A36DE68Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: 20VIIS4TVG04.01; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Pycnogonida; order: Pantopoda; family: Ammotheidae; genus: Cilunculus; specificEpithet: tricuspis; Location: locationID: South-western Indian Ocean; verbatimDepth: 1585 m; verbatimLatitude: 37.466S; verbatimLongitude: 51.729E; decimalLatitude: -37.466; decimalLongitude: 51.729; Identification: identifiedBy: Jianjia Wang, Dingyong Huang, Wentao Niu, Feng Zhang; Event: samplingProtocol: TV-grab; year: 2009; month: February; day: 7; Record Level: institutionID: Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources; institutionCode: MNRTIOType status:Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: 20VIIS4TVG04.02; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Pycnogonida; order: Pantopoda; family: Ammotheidae; genus: Cilunculus; specificEpithet: tricuspis; Location: locationID: South-western Indian Ocean; verbatimDepth: 1585 m; verbatimLatitude: 37.466S; verbatimLongitude: 51.729E; decimalLatitude: -37.466; decimalLongitude: 51.729; Identification: identifiedBy: Jianjia Wang, Dingyong Huang, Wentao Niu, Feng Zhang; Event: samplingProtocol: TV-grab; year: 2009; month: February; day: 7; Record Level: institutionID: Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources; institutionCode: MNRTIOBody length 1.79 mm. Trunk glabrous  slender, longest articles with long setae. First coxa short, with few setae; second coxa 1.5 times as long as first or third coxa, with ventrodistal and dorsal protuberances; femur 2.6 times as long as second coxa, with dorsal and distal long setae, tall cement gland tube dorso-distally; first tibia slightly longer than second tibia and 1.4 times longer than femur, with dorsal, lateral and ventral rows of setae; second tibia with ventral and lateral rows of setae and sparse dorsal setae; tarsus small, subtriangular, with one protuberance dorsally, one spine and few setae ventrally; propodus without heel, sole with seven spines and two distal setae, with two long setae dorsally and some short setae dorsally and distally; main claw slender, gently curved, 0.6 times as long as propodus; auxiliary claws half the length of main claw.Female unknown.Measurements of holotype in mm: trunk length from the anterior margin of the cephalon to the tip of 4th lateral processes 1.79; width across second lateral processes 1.0; proboscis length 1.27; abdomen length 0.55. Chelifore scape length 0.24. Palp article 1 (Pa1) 0.07; 2 (Pa2) 0.51; Pa3 0.08; Pa4 0.33; Pa5 0.08; Pa6 0.09; Pa7 0.08; Pa8 0.07; Pa9 0.06. Oviger article 1 (O1) 0.11; O2 0.39; O3 0.16; O4 0.35; O5 0.21; O6 0.10; O7 0.08; O8 0.08; O9 0.07; O10 0.02. Third leg: coxa-1 0.26, coxa-2 0.40, coxa-3 0.24, femur 1.06, tibia-1 1.49, tibia-2 1.41, tarsus 0.11, propodus 0.54, main claw 0.32, auxiliary claw 0.16.tricuspis (three-pointed), referring to the three processes on the proboscis.This specific name is from the Latin This new species was found only at the type locality, the substrate of which consisted of white and yellow foraminiferan oozing along with dead coral and shells and a small amount of black basalt.Cilunculusharadai Nakamura & Child, 1983 and the common characteristics between these two species impelled us to consider this new species as a deep-sea form of C.haradai. After further examination, several differences with C.haradai convinced us to establish this new species, as it presented shorter and blind ocular tubercle, glabrous lateral processes, fewer setae on legs, absence of heel spines and almost horizontal proboscis with three distal processes.According to the key given by Cilunculustricuspis n. sp., keying to couplet 15 of Stock’s key, was distinct from C.cymobostrychos and C.roni in glabrous trunk, without wavy barbed setae or tubercles and distinguished from C.mergus and C.roni by absence of a dorsal hump on the propodus and is also different from C.misesetosus which has long auxiliary claws almost equal to the main claw.Cilunculusaustraliensis Clark, 1963, Cilunculusgaleritus Nakamura & Child, 1991 and C.roni showed the proboscis adorned with processes, but the new species could be easily distinguished from C.australiensis which presented tall spinose tubercles on the trunk and C.galeritus which presented the unique larger cephalic segment hood and could be distinguished from C.roni by the tubercles on the trunk and legs.Amongst the 32 species, only Cilunculus reported from the Indian Ocean. Amongst these are Cilunculusbifidus  only found off False Bay (South Africa) (1361 m)  and the Prince Edward Islands (South Indian Ocean) (360-376 m) , Natal (South Africa) (440 m), Kenya (1520 m) and the Mozambique Channel (1628-1600 m) (C.kravcovi (Crozet Islands), although they occur several hundred kilometres apart  , Ciluncu0-376 m)  and Cilu-1600 m) . The new Islands 55-309 m


The correct name is: Ambrosius P. Snijders. The correct citation is: Tan MSY, Davison D, Sanchez MI, Anderson BM, Howell S, Snijders AP, et al. (2020) Novel broad-spectrum activity-based probes to profile malarial cysteine proteases. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0227341.


The correct name is: Clement Debacker. The correct citation is: Debacker C, Djemai B, Ciobanu L, Tsurugizawa T, Le Bihan D (2020) Diffusion MRI reveals in vivo and non-invasively changes in astrocyte function induced by an aquaporin-4 inhibitor. PLoS ONE 15(5): e0229702. There is an error in affiliation 1 for all authors. The correct affiliation 1 is: NeuroSpin/Joliot, CEA-Saclay Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. The publisher apologizes for the errors.


Defining the information needs of lung cancer screening participants: a qualitative study. BMJ Open Respir Res 2019;6:e000448. doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000448.Ruparel M, Quaife S, Baldwin D, The license type of the paper has changed from CC BY-NC to CC BY.


There is an error in the article XML causing the corresponding author’s initials to be indexed incorrectly. The correct initials are: Paniz Mondolfi A.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008686The correct citation is: Ramírez JD, Sordillo EM, Gotuzzo E, Zavaleta C, Caplivski D, Navarro JC, et al. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 in the Amazon region: A harbinger of doom for Amerindians. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14(10): e0008686.


Further, we move genera Babuskaya Martins-Neto & Gallego, 2009, Cardiosyne Martins-Neto & Gallego, 2006, Fengningia Hong, 1984 and Gemelina Martins-Neto & Gallego, 2006 from Elateridae to Coleoptera incertae sedis. We also discuss the genera previously placed in Elateridae, which are currently not included in the family. The data on the fossil generic diversity suggest that Elateridae originated in the Triassic and rapidly diversified and became comparatively abundant through the Jurassic. We call for further research on the fossil Elateridae from various deposits in order to increase our knowledge on the origin, evolution, and palaeodiversity of the group.Insect fossils bear important information about the evolutionary history of the group. The fossil record of Elateridae, a large cosmopolitan beetle family, has been greatly understudied and the available data are often replete with ambiguity and uncertainty. The research of Elateridae evolution cannot be done without solid genus-group name concepts. In this study we provide an updated comprehensive summary of the fossil genera in Elateridae, including their systematic placement and information on the type species, gender, number of species, age range, and relevant bibliography. We list seven valid fossil genera in Agrypninae, one in Cardiophorinae, two in Dendrometrinae, five in Elaterinae, two in Negastriinae, one in Omalisinae, one in Pityobiinae, and 36 in Protagrypninae. Additional 19 genera are tentatively classified as Elateridae  Elateridae, or click-beetles, is a large beetle family containing about 10,000 described species worldwide . The curincertae sedis. Alekseev [Elateridae have a long evolutionary history which dates back to the early Mesozoic ,15,16,17Alekseev  providedAlekseev  includesAlekseev .Fossils represent an important data source for understanding morphological character evolution, elucidating the relationships among lineages, and dating the phylogenetic divergence events. However, it is crucial to understand the taxonomic and phylogenetic position of fossil taxa in order to correctly interpret the evolutionary history of the group. Consequently, misinterpretations and misidentifications of fossils often result in incorrect conclusions ,16. SuchAthous Eschscholtz, 1829, Ampedus Dejean, 1833 and Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829, each of which contains one fossil subgenus. The age of fossils was taken from the Paleobiology Database . Divisions of geological time and their boundaries follow the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v. 2020/01 (http://www.stratigraphy.org/) [We provide information on all fossil genus-group names in Elateridae, including their current systematic status. The family classification follows that of Kundrata et al. , with suhy.org/) . The oveFamily Elateridae Leach, 1815*Elater Linnaeus, 1758. For more information, including synonyms, see Bouchard et al. [Elaterides Leach, 1815: 85 . Type ged et al.  and Kundd et al. .Agrypnus Eschscholtz, 1829. For more information, including synonyms, see Kundrata et al. [Agrypnides Candèze, 1857: 17 . Type gea et al. .Tribe Agrypnini Candèze, 1857*Agrypnus Eschscholtz, 1829. For more information, including synonyms, see Kundrata et al. [Agrypnides Candèze, 1857: 17 . Type gea et al. .Ageratus Dolin, 1980Genus Ageratus Dolin, 1980: 72 [Ageratus ponomarenkoi Dolin, 1980: 73 [1980: 72 . Gender:1980: 73 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1980: 72) , CarpentCompsoderus Dolin, 1980Genus Compsoderus Dolin, 1980: 71 [Compsoderus priscus Dolin, 1980: 72 [1980: 71 . Gender:1980: 72 ; by origCompsoferus: Carpenter, 1992: 304 [992: 304 ; unavail992: 304 .Literature. Dolin (1980: 71) , CarpentLitholacon Dolin, 1980Genus Litholacon Dolin, 1980: 67 [Litholacon derumpens Dolin, 1980: 68 [1980: 67 . Gender:1980: 68 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1980: 67) , CarpentMacropunctum Tröster, 1991Genus Macropunctum Tröster, 1991: 100 [Macropunctum messelense Tröster, 1991: 106 [991: 100 . Gender:991: 106 ; by origLiterature. Tröster (1991: 100) , TrösterPlagioraphes Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961Genus Plagioraphes Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 84 [Plagioraphes fasciatus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 85 [1961: 84 . Gender:1961: 85 ; by origLiterature. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1961: 84) , LarssonPlagioraphes under Pityobiinae but without any justification or clarification. Here, we follow the original placement by Iablokoff-Khnzorian [Remark. This genus was originally placed in Agrypninae . Alekseehnzorian .Tribe Cryptocardiini Dolin, 1980Cryptocardius Dolin, 1980.Cryptocardiini Dolin, 1980: 74 . Type geCryptocardius Dolin, 1980Genus Cryptocardius Dolin, 1980: 74 [Cryptocardius mirabilis Dolin, 1980: 75 [1980: 74 . Gender:1980: 75 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1980: 74) , CarpentTribe Pyrophorini Candèze, 1863*Pyrophorus Billberg, 1820.Pyrophorites Candèze, 1863: 3 . Type geEopyrophorus Haupt, 1950Genus Eopyrophorus Haupt, 1950: 101 [Eopyrophorus mixtus Haupt, 1950: 107 [950: 101 . Gender:950: 107 ; by monoLiterature. Haupt (1950: 101) , Haupt  , Spahr  olgae Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 92 [1961: 92 . Gender:1961: 92 ; by origAthousimorphus: Alekseev, 2013: 7 [ 2013: 7 ; unavail 2013: 7 .Literature. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1961: 92) , LarssonLimonius Eschscholtz, 1829*Genus Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829: 33 [Elater minutus Linnaeus, 1758: 406 [1829: 33 . Type sp758: 406 ; by subs758: 406 . For mor758: 406  and Cate758: 406 .Paralimonius Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961Subgenus Paralimonius Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 91 [Limonius  barovskyi Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 91 [1961: 91 . Gender:1961: 91 ; by origLiterature. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1961: 91) , LarssonTribe Dimini Candèze, 1863*Dima Charpentier, 1825.Dimites Candèze, 1863: 237 . Type geAlaodima Dolin, 1980Genus Alaodima Dolin, 1980: 75 [Alaodima grandis Dolin, 1980: 76 [1980: 75 . Gender:1980: 76 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1980: 75) , CarpentTribe Hypnoidini Schwarz, 1906*Hypnoidus Dillwyn, 1829.Hypnoidini Schwarz, 1906: 150 . Type geCryptagriotes Wickham, 1916Genus Cryptagriotes Wickham, 1916: 512 [Cryptagriotes minusculus Wickham, 1916: 512 [916: 512 . Gender:916: 512 ; by origLiterature. Wickham (1916: 512) , Hyslop Elater Linnaeus, 1758. For more information, including synonyms, see Bouchard et al. [Elaterides Leach, 1815: 85 . Type ged et al. .Tribe Ampedini Fleutiaux, 1947*Ampedus Dejean, 1833.Ampedidae Gistel, 1848: 5 . Type geAmpedus Dejean, 1833*Genus Ampedus Dejean, 1833: 92 [Elater sanguineus Linnaeus, 1758: 405 [1833: 92 . Type sp758: 405 ; by subs758: 405 . For mor758: 405  and Cate758: 405 .Octamenogonoides Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961Subgenus Octamenogonoides Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 88 [Elater (Octamenogonoides) gebleri Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 88 [1961: 88 . Gender:1961: 88 ; by origOctamenagonoides: Alekseev, 2013: 7 [ 2013: 7 ; unavail 2013: 7 .Literature. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1961: 88) , Spahr  , LarssonElatron Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961Genus Elatron Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 90 [Elatron semenovi Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 90 [1961: 90 . Gender:1961: 90 ; by origLiterature. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1961: 90) , LarssonHolopleurus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961Genus Holopleurus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 86 [Holopleurus succineus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 86 [1961: 86 . Gender:1961: 86 ; by origHolopeurus: Carpenter, 1992: 304 [992: 304 ; unavail992: 304 .Literature. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1961: 86) , LarssonOrthoraphes Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961Genus Orthoraphes Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 86 [Orthoraphes reichardti Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 87 [1961: 86 . Gender:1961: 87 ; by origLiterature. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1961: 86) , LarssonElaterinae incertae sedisCrioraphes Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961Genus Crioraphes Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 93 [Crioraphes rohdendorfi Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 94 [1961: 93 . Gender:1961: 94 ; by origLiterature. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1961: 93) , Larssonincertae sedis based on the morphological phylogenetic analysis.Remark. This genus was originally placed in Cardiophorinae , howeverNegastrius Thomson, 1859.Negastriinae Nakane & Kishii, 1956: 203 . Type geGanestrius Dolin, 1976Genus Ganestrius Dolin, 1976: 69 [Ganestrius stibicki Dolin, 1976: 71 [1976: 69 . Gender:1976: 71 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1976: 69) , Dolin  , Dolin  , AlekseePityobius LeConte, 1853.Pityobiinae Hyslop, 1917: 249 . Type geCretopityobius Otto, 2019Genus Cretopityobius Otto, 2019: 4 [Cretopityobius pankowskiorum Otto, 2019: 4 [ 2019: 4 . Gender: 2019: 4 ; by origLiterature. Otto (2019: 4) .Protagrypnus Dolin, 1973.Protagrypnini Dolin, 1973: 74 . Type geTribe Desmatini Dolin, 1975Desmatus Dolin, 1975.Desmatini Dolin, 1975: 60 [Anoixis Chang, Kirejtshuk & Ren, 2010Genus Anoixis Chang, Kirejtshuk & Ren, 2010: 872 [Anoixis complanus Chang, Kirejtshuk & Ren, 2010: 873 [010: 872 . Gender:010: 873 ; by origLiterature. Chang et al. (2010: 872) , Dong & Apoclion Chang, Kirejtshuk & Ren, 2010Genus Apoclion Chang, Kirejtshuk & Ren, 2010: 869 [Apoclion clavatus Chang, Kirejtshuk & Ren, 2010: 870 [010: 869 . Gender:010: 870 ; by origLiterature. Chang et al. (2010: 869) , Dong & Desmatinus Chang, Kirejtshuk & Ren, 2010Genus Desmatinus Chang, Kirejtshuk & Ren, 2010: 868 [Desmatinus cognatus Chang, Kirejtshuk & Ren, 2010: 869 [010: 868 . Gender:010: 869 ; by origLiterature. Chang et al. (2010: 868) , Dong & Desmatus Dolin, 1975Genus Desmatus Dolin, 1975: 60 [Desmatus lapidarius Dolin, 1975: 61 [Literature. Dolin 1975: 60) [75: 60 1, CarpentParadesmatus Chang, Kirejtshuk & Ren in Chang et al., 2009Genus Paradesmatus Chang, Kirejtshuk & Ren in Chang et al., 2009: 8 [Paradesmatus baie Chang, Kirejtshuk & Ren, 2009: 8 [ 2009: 8 . Gender: 2009: 8 ; by origLiterature. Chang et al. (2009: 8) , Chang ePlesiorhaphes Dolin, 1980Genus Plesiorhaphes Dolin, 1980: 65 [Plesiorhaphes scaber Dolin, 1980: 66 [1980: 65 . Gender:1980: 66 ; by origPlesioraphes: Korneev & Cate, 2005: 10 [2005: 10 ; unavail2005: 10 .Literature. Dolin (1980: 65) , CarpentTribe Hypnomorphini Dolin, 1975Hypnomorphus Dolin, 1975.Hypnomorphini Dolin, 1975: 54 [Hipnomorphini: Ponomarenko et al., 2012: 482 ; unavailAbrotus Dolin, 1980Genus Abrotus Dolin, 1980: 62 [Abrotus sepultus Dolin, 1980: 63 [1980: 62 . Gender:1980: 63 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1980: 62) , CarpentAbrotus.Remark. The non-type species of this genus was considered a member of Cerophytidae by Chang et al. , and theAdiagnostus Dolin, 1980Genus Adiagnostus Dolin, 1980: 44 [Adiagnostus cardiophorinus Dolin, 1980: 45 [1980: 44 . Gender:1980: 45 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1980: 44) , CarpentCodemus Dolin, 1980Genus Codemus Dolin, 1980: 35 [Codemus synaptoides Dolin, 1980: 36 [1980: 35 . Gender:1980: 36 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1980: 35) , CarpentElaterophanes Handlirsch, 1906Genus Elaterophanes Handlirsch, 1906: 436 [Elater socius Giebel, 1856: 91 [Elater vetustus Brodie, 1845: 101 [E. vetustus) and Carpenter [E. socius) are invalid. Triassic of the United Kingdom (208.5–201.3 Ma), Jurassic of the United Kingdom (196.5–189.6 Ma). Three species.906: 436 . Gender:845: 101 ); by sub845: 101  (E. vetuarpenter  (E. sociLiterature. Handlirsch 1906: 436) , Cockere , CockerGraciolacon Dolin, 1980Genus Graciolacon Dolin, 1980: 61 [Graciolacon aeternus Dolin, 1980: 62 [1980: 61 . Gender:1980: 62 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1980: 61) , CarpentHypnomorphoides Dolin, 1980Genus Hypnomorphoides Dolin, 1980: 54 [Hypnomorphoides catachtonius Dolin, 1980: 55 [1980: 54 . Gender:1980: 55 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1980: 54) , CarpentHypnomorphus Dolin, 1975Genus Hypnomorphus Dolin, 1975: 54 [Hypnomorphus rohdendorfi Dolin, 1975: 56 [1975: 54 . Gender:Hyponomorphus: Chang et al., 2008: 60 [2008: 60 ; unavail2008: 60 .Literature. Dolin 1975: 54) [75: 54 1, CarpentIdiomorphus Dolin, 1980Genus Idiomorphus Dolin, 1980: 60 [Idiomorphus singularis Dolin, 1980: 60 [1980: 60 . Gender:1980: 60 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1980: 60) , CarpentLapidiconides Dolin, 1980Genus Lapidiconides Dolin, 1980: 43 [Lapidiconides excellens Dolin, 1980: 43 [1980: 43 . Gender:1980: 43 ; by origLapidioconides: Korneev & Cate: 10 [Cate: 10 ; unavailCate: 10 .Literature. Dolin (1980: 43) , CarpentLapidostenus Dolin, 1980Genus Lapidostenus Dolin, 1980: 30 [Lapidostenus infossus Dolin, 1980: 31 [1980: 30 . Gender:1980: 31 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1980: 30) , CarpentLithoptychus Dolin, 1980Genus Lithoptychus Dolin, 1980: 57 [Lithoptychus handlirschi Dolin, 1980: 57 [1980: 57 . Gender:1980: 57 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1980: 57) , CarpentLithosomus Dolin, 1980Genus Lithosomus Dolin, 1980: 46 [Lithosomus erosus Dolin, 1980: 47 [1980: 46 . Gender:1980: 47 ; by origLiterature. Dolin 1980: 46) , Carpent , CarpenNecrocoelus Dolin, 1980Genus Necrocoelus Dolin, 1980: 59 [Necrocoelus aselloides Dolin, 1980: 59 [1980: 59 . Gender:1980: 59 ; by origNecrocelus: Carpenter, 1992: 305 [992: 305 ; unavail992: 305 .Literature. Dolin (1980: 59) , CarpentNegastrioides Dolin, 1980Genus Negastrioides Dolin, 1980: 52 [Negastrioides tenuis Dolin, 1980: 52 [1980: 52 . Gender:1980: 52 ; by origNegastroides: Korneev & Cate, 2005: 15 [2005: 15 ; unavail2005: 15 .Literature. Dolin (1980: 52) , CarpentParahypnomorphus Dolin, 1980Genus Parahypnomorphus jurassicus Dolin, 1980: 33 [Parahypnomorphus Dolin, 1980: 33 . Gender:1980: 33 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1980: 33) , CarpentPlatyelater Dolin, 1980Genus Platyelater Dolin, 1980: 40 [Platyelater reflexicollis Dolin, 1980: 41 [1980: 40 . Gender:1980: 41 ; by origPlatyelata: Carpenter, 1992: 305 [992: 305 ; unavail992: 305 .Literature. Dolin (1980: 40) , CarpentTribe Pollostelaterini Alekseev, 2011Pollostelater Alekseev, 2011.Pollostelaterini Alekseev, 2011: 424 . Type gePollostelasterini: Sohn et al., 2019: 9 ; unavailPollostelater Alekseev, 2011Genus Pollostelater Alekseev, 2011: 424 [Pollostelater baissensis Alekseev, 2011: 424 [011: 424 . Gender:011: 424 ; by origLiterature: Alekseev (2011: 424) .Tribe Protagrypnini Dolin, 1973Protagrypnus Dolin, 1973.Protagrypnini Dolin, 1973: 74 . Type geAcheonus Dolin, 1980Genus Acheonus Dolin, 1980: 20 [Acheonus abbreviatus Dolin, 1980: 21 [1980: 20 . Gender:1980: 21 ; by origArcheonus: Carpenter, 1992: 304 [992: 304 ; unavail992: 304 .Literature. Dolin (1980: 20) , CarpentArchaeolus Lin, 1986Genus Archaeolus Lin, 1986: 78 [Archaeolus funestus Lin, 1986: 78 [1986: 78 . Gender:1986: 78 ; by origLiterature: Lin (1986: 78) , Zhang  , Yu et aKoreagrypnus Sohn & Nam in Sohn et al., 2019Genus Koreagrypnus Sohn & Nam in Sohn et al., 2019: 6 [Koreagrypnus jinju Sohn & Nam in Sohn et al., 2019: 6 [ 2019: 6 . Gender: 2019: 6 ; by origLiterature. Sohn et al. (2019: 6) .Lithocoelus Dolin, 1975Genus Lithocoelus Dolin, 1975: 53 [Lithocoelus detrusus Dolin, 1975: 53 [Literature. Dolin 1975: 53) [75: 53 1, CarpentLithomerus Dolin, 1980Genus Lithomerus Dolin, 1980: 23 [Lithomerus cockerelli Dolin, 1980: 23 [1980: 23 . Gender:1980: 23 ; by origLiterature. Dolin 1980: 23) , Carpent: 23 , CaMegalithomerus Sohn & Nam in Sohn et al., 2019Genus Megalithomerus Sohn & Nam in Sohn et al., 2019: 3 [Megalithomerus magohalmii Sohn & Nam in Sohn et al., 2019: 3 [ 2019: 3 . Gender: 2019: 3 ; by origLiterature. Sohn et al. (2019: 3) .Micragrypnites Dolin, 1973Genus Micragrypnites Dolin, 1973: 76 [Micragrypnites issykiensis Dolin, 1973: 77 [1973: 76 . Gender:1973: 77 ; by origLiterature. Dolin 1973: 76) , Dolin  , CarpentParaprotagrypnus Chang, Zhao & Ren, 2009Genus Paraprotagrypnus Chang, Zhao & Ren, 2009: 1433 [Paraprotagrypnus superbus Chang, Zhao & Ren, 2009: 1434 [09: 1433 . Gender:09: 1434 ; by origLiterature. Chang et al. (2009: 1433) , KirejtsProtagrypnus Dolin, 1973Genus Protagrypnus Dolin, 1973: 75 [Protagrypnus exoletus Dolin, 1973: 75 [1973: 75 . Gender:1973: 75 ; by origProtagrypnites: Chang et al., 2008: 60 [2008: 60 ; unavail2008: 60 .Literature. Dolin 1973: 75) , Dolin  , Dong & incertae sedisProtagrypninae Paralithomerus Chang, Zhang & Ren, 2008Genus Paralithomerus Chang, Zhang & Ren, 2008: 55 [Paralithomerus exquisitus Chang, Zhang & Ren, 2008: 55 [2008: 55 . Gender:2008: 55 ; by origLiterature. Chang et al. (2008: 55) , Dong & Paralithomerus into Protagrypninae [Remark. This genus was originally described in Elateridae without any subfamilial assignment due to the presence of only one of two main diagnostic characters of Protagrypninae . Howeverrypninae ,82.Adocetus Scudder, 1900Genus Adocetus Scudder, 1900: 97 [Adocetus buprestoides Scudder, 1900: 97 [1900: 97 . Gender:1900: 97 ; by monoLiterature. Scudder (1900: 97) , HandlirAdocetus and Scaptolenus LeConte, 1853 (Elaterinae: Cebrionini) but the shape of prothorax in Adocetus is completely different.Remark. Both Scudder  and CarpArtinama Lin, 1986Genus Artinama Lin, 1986: 72 [Artinama qinghuoensis Lin, 1986: 73 [1986: 72 . Gender:1986: 73 ; by origLiterature. Lin (1986: 72) , Dong & Artinama belongs either to Praelateridae  or ElatBilineariselater Chang & Ren, 2008Genus Bilineariselater Chang & Ren, 2008: 237 [Bilineariselater foveatus Chang & Ren, 2008: 237 [008: 237 . Gender:008: 237 ; by origLiterature. Chang & Ren (2008: 237) , KirejtsRemark. Chang & Ren  did not Cretoelaterium Alekseev, 2008Genus Cretoelaterium Alekseev, 2008: 56 [Cretoelaterium kazanovense Alekseev, 2008: 57 [2008: 56 . Gender:2008: 57 ; by origLiterature. Alekseev (2008: 56) .Remark. Alekseev  classifiCryptocoelus Dolin & Nel, 2002Genus Cryptocoelus Dolin & Nel, 2002: 342 [Cryptocoelus buffoni Dolin & Nel, 2002: 342 [C. major Dolin & Nel, 2002: 343 as erroneously stated by Korneev & Cate [002: 342 . Gender:002: 342 ; by origv & Cate  and Chanv & Cate ). CretacCryptocoleous: Chang et al., 2007: 1245 [07: 1245 ; unavail07: 1245 .Crytocoelus: Yu et al., 2019: 381 [019: 381 ; unavail019: 381 .Literature. Dolin & Nel (2002: 342) , KorneevCryptocoelus and classified it in Elateridae incertae sedis, which was followed by Alekseev [Remark. This genus was originally classified in the agrypnine tribe Cryptocardiini , and itsAlekseev .Curtelater Chang & Ren, 2008Genus Curtelater Chang & Ren, 2008: 238 [Curtelater wui Chang & Ren, 2008: 239 [008: 238 . Gender:008: 239 ; by origLiterature. Chang & Ren (2008: 238) , KirejtsRemark. Chang & Ren  did not Elateridium Tillyard, 1918Genus Elaterites Tillyard, 1916: 41 [Elaterites Heer, 1847: 141 [Elateridium Tillyard, 1918: 751 [Elaterites Tillyard, 1916. Gender: neuter. Type species: Elaterites wianamattensis Tillyard, 1916: 41 [1916: 41 . Preoccu847: 141  [Coleopt918: 751 . Replace1916: 41 ; by origElaterium: Ponomarenko, 2011: 421 [Elateridium Tillyard, 1918, not in prevailing usage [Elaterium Westwood, 1854.011: 421 ; unavailng usage . PreoccuLiterature. Tillyard (1916: 41) , TillyarRemark. This genus contains species described based on a single elytron each ,100, andElaterites Heer, 1847Genus Elaterites Heer, 1847: 141 [Elaterites lavateri Heer, 1847: 141 [847: 141 . Gender:847: 141 ; by subs847: 141 ). PaleocLiterature. Heer (1847: 141) , Giebel Remark. Heer  erected Elaterium Westwood, 1854Genus Elaterium Westwood, 1854: 387/393 [Elaterium pronaeus Westwood, 1854: 387/393 [ 387/393 . Gender: 387/393 ; by subs 387/393 , not by  387/393 . TriassiLiterature. Westwood (1854: 387/393) , Giebel Remark. This genus has never been classified to any existing elaterid subfamily and its position remains unclear.Gripecolous Lin, 1986Genus Gripecolous Lin, 1986: 80 [Gripecolous enallus Lin, 1986: 80 [1986: 80 . Gender:1986: 80 ; by origLiterature. Lin 1986: 80) , Dong &  , Dong &Gripecolous belongs either to Praelateridae or Elateridae: Protagrypninae, and Yu et al. [Remark. This genus was originally described in Silphidae . Dong etu et al.  listed iLudiophanes Wickham, 1916Genus Ludiophanes Wickham, 1916: 522 [Ludiophanes haydeni Wickham, 1916: 522 [916: 522 . Gender:916: 522 ; by origLiterature. Wickham (1916: 522) , Hyslop Ludius Latreille, 1834  and Megapenthes Kiesenwetter, 1858, respectively, which both are currently classified in Elaterinae.Remark. This genus has never been classified to any existing elaterid subfamily although Wickham  and CarpMercata Lin, 1986Genus Mercata Lin, 1986: 79 [Mercata festira Lin, 1986: 79 [1986: 79 . Gender:1986: 79 ; by origLiterature. Lin 1986: 79) , Chang e , Chang Mercata in Cerophytidae, and in other publication they wrote that it is questionable [Mercata was not included in the most recent revision of the fossil Cerophytidae [Mercata in Elateridae: Protagrypninae without any tribal assignment, and Yu et al. [Remarks. This genus was originally classified in Silphidae  but latetionable . Mercataphytidae . Ponomarphytidae  classifiu et al.  placed iOvivagina Zhang, 1997Genus Ovivagina Zhang, 1997: 71 [Ovivagina longa Zhang, 1997: 72 [1997: 71 . Gender:1997: 72 ; by origLiterature. Zhang (1997: 71) , Dolin &O. longa, were transferred to the genus Artematopodites Ponomarenko, 1990 [O. longa in Elateridae is also dubious [Remark. Zhang  describeko, 1990 , which hko, 1990 ,118,119. dubious ,79,115.Protocardiophorus Dolin, 1976Genus Protocardiophorus Dolin, 1976: 71 [Protocardiophorus ancestralis Dolin, 1976: 73 [1976: 71 . Gender:1976: 73 ; by origLiterature. Dolin (1976: 71) , Dolin  , Dolin  , ScudderRemark. This genus has never been classified to any existing elaterid subfamily and its position remains unclear.Sinoelaterium Ping, 1928Genus Sinoelaterium Ping, 1928: 22 [Sinoelaterium melanocolor Ping, 1928: 23 [1928: 22 . Gender:Literature. Ping 1928: 22) , Handlir , HandliSinoelaterium in Elateridae. Crowson [Sinoelaterium into Elateridae, although with some reservations [Remark. Ping  describe Crowson  and Hörn Crowson  hypothesrvations ,80,101.Tetraraphes Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961Genus Tetraraphes Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 95 [Tetraraphes ebersini Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1961: 96 [1961: 95 . Gender:1961: 96 ; by origLiterature. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1961: 95) , LarssonTetraraphes and its similarity in the shape of metacoxal plates to Desmatini but also listed characters in which these taxa differ.Remark. This genus was originally described in Elateridae without any subfamilial assignment, and this was followed by subsequent authors. Chang et al.  discusseTuronelater Alekseev, 2011Genus Turonelater Alekseev, 2011: 430 [Turonelater giganteus Alekseev, 2011: 430 [011: 430 . Gender:011: 430 ; by origLiterature. Alekseev (2011: 430) .incertae sedis by Alekseev [Remark: This genus was classified as Elateridae Alekseev .Babuskaya Martins-Neto & Gallego, 2009Genus Babuskaya Martins-Neto & Gallego, 2009: 368 [Babuskaya elaterata Martins-Neto & Gallego, 2009: 368 [009: 368 . Gender:009: 368 ; by origLiterature. Martins-Neto & Gallego (2009: 368) , MartinsBabuskaya Martins-Neto & Gallego, 2009 to Coleoptera incertae sedis.Remark. Martins-Neto & Gallego  placed tCardiosyne Martins-Neto & Gallego in Martins-Neto et al., 2006Genus Cardiosyne Martins-Neto & Gallego in Martins-Neto et al., 2006: 602 [Cardiosyne obesa Martins-Neto & Gallego in Martins-Neto et al., 2006: 602 [006: 602 . Gender:006: 602 ; by origLiterature. Martins-Neto et al. (2006: 602) , MartinsCardiosyne Martins-Neto & Gallego, 2006 to Coleoptera incertae sedis.Remark. Martins-Neto et al.  classifiFengningia Hong, 1984Genus Fengningia Hong, 1984: 167 [Fengningia punctata Hong, 1984: 167 [984: 167 . Gender:984: 167 ; by origLiterature. Hong (1984: 167) , Dong & Fengningia Hong, 1984 to Coleoptera incertae sedis.Remark. The habitus line-drawing of the holotype by Hong  shows noGemelina Martins-Neto & Gallego in Martins-Neto et al., 2006Genus Gemelina Martins-Neto & Gallego in Martins-Neto et al., 2006: 602 [Gemelina triangularis Martins-Neto & Gallego in Martins-Neto et al., 2006: 602 [006: 602 . Gender:006: 602 ; by origLiterature. Martins-Neto et al. (2006: 602) , MartinsGemelina Martins-Neto & Gallego, 2006 to Coleoptera incertae sedis.Remark. Martins-Neto et al.  placed tincertae sedis.Elateridae are among the most common beetle families in the fossil record ,54,128. Apistotes Handlirsch, 1906, Biadelater Handlirsch, 1906, Parabuprestium Handlirsch, 1906, Micrelaterium Handlirsch, 1906 and Paragrilium Handlirsch, 1906 from the Cretaceous of the United Kingdom, Anepismus Handlirsch, 1906, Mimelater Handlirsch, 1906 and Stenelytron Handlirsch, 1906 from the Triassic of the United Kingdom, Dysarestus Handlirsch, 1906, Glaphyropterites Handlirsch, 1906 and Megacentrus Heer, 1852 from the Jurassic of Switzerland, Enamma Handlirsch, 1906 from the Jurassic of Germany, Pseudoelateropsis Handlirsch, 1906  from the Triassic of Germany, Plastelater Handlirsch, 1906 from the Triassic of the United Kingdom and Jurassic of Russian Federation, and Keleusticus Handlirsch, 1906 from the Jurassic of Germany, Mongolia and Russian Federation, are currently classified in Coleoptera incertae sedis [Anchylocheira Giebel, 1856 was in fact a misspelling of Ancylochira Eschscholtz, 1829, which is currently in Buprestidae, and Hydriphilites Geinitz, 1884 was a misspelling of Hydrophilites Heer, 1865, which is classified in Coleoptera incertae sedis [Glaphyroptera Heer, 1852 from the Jurassic of Switzerland was moved to its own family Glaphyropteridae [Pseudothyrea Handlirsch, 1906 from the Jurassic of Germany was also placed in Buprestidae [Glaphyropterodes Handlirsch, 1906 from the Jurassic of Switzerland and Russian Federation was classified in Coleoptera incertae sedis [Malmelater Handlirsch, 1906 from the Jurassic of Germany, which was hypothesized by older authors to be the first fossil reliably placed in Elateridae [Mecynocanthus Hope, 1837 from the Holocene tropical fossil resin was synonymized with the extant genus Agrypnus Eschscholtz, 1829 [Handlirsch ,93 listeae sedis . Anchyloae sedis . Glaphyrpteridae  and latepteridae ,131. Pserestidae . Glaphyrae sedis ,133 and ae sedis . Malmelaateridae , was traateridae ,134. Thetz, 1829 .Tersus from the Jurassic of Kazakhstan, in Elateridae. Although Crowson [Idiomerus Dolin, 1980 from the Jurassic of Kazakhstan was originally described in Elateridae [Necromera Martynov, 1926 (Cerophytidae) by Chang et al. [Elaterina Gardiner, 1961 from the Jurassic of the United Kingdom was originally placed in Elateridae, but Whalley [E. liassica Gardiner, 1961 shows none of the diagnostic characters of Elateridae. Carpenter [incertae sedis. The position of Fengningia Hong, 1984 (Cretaceous of China) [incertae sedis. The genus Macronotus Hong & Wang, 1990 from the Cretaceous of China was originally placed in Buprestidae [Babuskaya, Cardiosyne and Gemelina [incertae sedis in this study. Additionally, Dong et al. [Mesagyrtes Ponomarenko, 1977 from the Jurassic of the Russian Federation, although with a question mark. Mesagyrtes Ponomarenko, 1977 was preoccupied by Mesagyrtes Broun, 1895, and therefore, the former name was replaced by Mesecanus Newton, 1982. This genus is currently classified in the staphylinoid family Agyrtidae as already proposed in the original publication [Pseudoelater Heer, 1847 [nomen nudum) according to the Code [Besides the problematic genera catalogued by Hyslop , there w Crowson  suggeste Crowson ,137,138.g et al. , which wg et al. ,113,114.f China)  in Elatef China) , and thirestidae  but Dongrestidae  suggesterestidae  and Kirerestidae  listed tGemelina ,124, werg et al.  listed ilication . Anotherthe Code , becauseincertae sedis. Almost half of genera are included in the only extinct subfamily, Protagrypninae, which consists of four tribes [Cryptagriotes Wickham, 1916, described based on the compression fossil from the Eocene of the United States, was hypothesized to be similar either to Cryptohypnus Eschscholtz, 1830  [Cryptocoelus, into this tribe, Chang et al. [Jantarokrama, was earlier listed in Omalisidae [The current composition of fossil Elateridae includes 74 extinct genera and three subgenera. Fifty-five genera are classified in eight subfamilies, and additional 19 ones have an uncertain position within Elateridae, and remain as r tribes ,19,26,28r tribes  were alrr tribes ,84. Regar tribes . Moreover tribes . It is er tribes . Maybe tr tribes . Elateriyn, 1829 ) (Dendroriotini) . Anotherriotini)  placed ag et al.  later reg et al. ,20,61 weg et al. ,74; two g et al. ,20. The alisidae ,77.Babuskaya, Cardiosyne, Gemelina , Mimelater, Plastelater, Stenelytron , and Pseudoelateropsis  cannot be classified in Elateridae with certainty, and so they are currently considered Coleoptera incertae sedis [Elaterium bipunctatum Dunstan, 1923 and all three species of Elateridium from the Triassic of Australia , and Elaterophanes acutus Cockerell, 1915 from the Triassic of the United Kingdom  [Elaterophanes vetustus  from the Rhaetian Lilstock Formation in England (208.5–201.3 Ma) [Elaterium and Elateridium cannot be reliably placed in any of the elaterid subfamilies, Elaterophanes has been classified in Protagrypninae [Alaodima, which is assigned to Dimini, but there is an ongoing debate if this group belongs to Dendrometrinae or forms a separate subfamily [incertae sedis in Elateridae should be carefully investigated in order to improve our knowledge on the palaeodiversity of the internal lineages in Elateridae, including Elaterinae and Dendrometrinae.The exact age of origin for Elateridae remains unclear, but there are many indications that they were already present in the Triassic Period ,14,15. Uae sedis . The Tri~205 Ma) ,96,100. 01.3 Ma) ,35,85. Wrypninae ,22,79,91rypninae ,20. The rypninae ,28,89,95rypninae ,33,142. ubfamily ,72. The ubfamily . This siubfamily , which aubfamily ,27,128. incertae sedis taxa, which include mainly lineages from the early evolution of Elateridae in the Mesozoic Era. Additionally, the so-far unnamed click-beetle fossils reported from various deposits [The systematics and classification of fossil Elateridae is in a state of flux. Recent increase in publications focusing on the extinct click-beetles brought many new discoveries ,28,77,79deposits ,55,128 sdeposits ,55,128. deposits , and thi


The correct name is: Xuanxuan Cheng. The correct citation is: Chen W, Peng X, Yu J, Cheng X, Yuan M, et al. (2020) FengLiao affects gut microbiota and the expression levels of Na+/H+ exchangers, aquaporins and acute phase proteins in mice with castor oil-induced diarrhea. PLOS ONE 15(7): e0236511.


Correction to: BMC Med Educ 20, 436 (2020)https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02365-1Following publication of the original article , we haveThe correct affiliation is:Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, ChinaThe original article has been corrected.


Correction to: J Exp Clin Cancer Res 39, 201 (2020)https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-020-01670-3Following publication of the original article , the autThe complete author affiliation is: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China.The original article has been updated.


The correct name is: Paul Fimognari. The correct citation is: Ghazi IM, El Nekidy WS, Asay R, Fimognari P, Knarr A, Awad M (2020) Simultaneous administration of imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam with selected intravenous antimicrobials, a stewardship approach. PLoS ONE 15(5): e0233335.


Correction to: Chin Neurosurg J 6, 19 (2020)https://doi.org/10.1186/s41016-020-00194-1Following publication of the original article , the autThe correct affiliation is: Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Juha Hernesniemi International Center for Neurosurgery, University of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China


The correct name is: Neema Jamshidi. The correct citation is: Jamshidi N, Chang J, Mock K, Nguyen B, Dauphine C, Kuo MD (2020) Evaluation of the predictive ability of ultrasound-based assessment of breast cancer using BI-RADS natural language reporting against commercial transcriptome-based tests. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0226634.


The correct name is: David E. Meltzer. The correct citation is: Huebner M, Meltzer DE, Ma W, Arrow H (2020) The Masters athlete in Olympic weightlifting: Training, lifestyle, health challenges, and gender differences. PLoS ONE 15(12): e0243652.


The correct name is: Damian C. Adams. The correct citation is: Stainback GA, Lai JH, Pienaar EF, Adams DC, Wiederholt R, Vorseth C (2020) Public preferences for ecological indicators used in Everglades restoration. PLoS ONE 15(6): e0234051.


Impact of fast track on adult cardiac surgery: clinical and hospital outcomes, with DOI number: 10.5935/0103-507X.20190059, published in the journal Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva, 31(3):361-7, on page 361:In the article Where it read:Maria Karoline RitchrmocRead:Maria Karoline Richtrmoc


Social engagement reflects habitual social roles in aging adults and may protect against dementia. Cross-sectional associations of social engagement (SE) index with gray matter (GM) microstructure was studied in regions of interest relevant to social cognition among community-dwelling older adults  using linear regression models. Greater SE was significantly related to lower mean diffusivity (MD)  [shown as standardized estimate ] in: left middle frontal gyrus-orbital part: -0.168 (0.005), left caudate nucleus: -0.141 (0.02), left temporal pole-middle temporal gyrus: -0.136 (0.03), right middle frontal gyrus: -0.160 (0.006), right superior frontal gyrus-orbital part: -0.187 (0.002), right middle frontal gyrus, orbital part: -0.124 (0.04), adjusted for demographic attributes. Associations were robust to adjustment for hearing or ADL difficulty. Findings were generally stronger in females than in males. Social engagement may prevent GM integrity loss and build brain reserve in dementia-related regions. Part of a symposium sponsored by Brain Interest Group.


The correct name is: Wataru Kikushima. The correct citation is: Kikushima W, Sugiyama A, Yoneyama S, Matsubara M, Fukuda Y, Parikh R, et al. (2020) Five-year outcomes of photodynamic therapy combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab or aflibercept for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. PLoS ONE 15(2): e0229231.


The correct name is: Thilini Sudeshika. The correct citation is: Fernando BNTW, Sudeshika T, Hettiarachchi TW, Badurdeen Z, Abeysekara TDJ, Abeysundara HTK, et al. (2020) Evaluation of biochemical profile of Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka. PLoS ONE 15(5): e0232522.


The correct In the above-named article by Cox DJ, Banton T, Moncrief M, Conaway M, Diamond A, and McCall A ; doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa118Doi:


The correct name is: Diana Grigor. The correct citation is: Micu IC, Bolboacă SD, Caracostea GV, Grigor D, Ciurea A, et al. (2020) Self-reported and clinical periodontal conditions in a group of Eastern European postpartum women. PLOS ONE 15(8): e0237510.


The correct name is: Veronica Millicent Dzomeku. The correct citation is: Dzomeku VM, Mensah BAB, Nakua EK, Agbadi P, Lori JR, Donkor P (2020) Exploring midwives’ understanding of respectful maternal care in Kumasi, Ghana: Qualitative inquiry. PLoS ONE 15(7): e0220538.


After the publication of this article  the auth79Bariami V, Jones CM, Poupardin R, Vontas J, Ranson H. Gene amplification, ABC transporters and cytochrome P450s: unraveling the molecular basis of pyrethroid resistance in the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6: e1692. pmid:2272010880Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Suarez AF, Salas IF, Strode C, Ranson H, Hemingway J, et al. Transcription of detoxification genes after permethrin selection in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Insect Mol Biol. 2012;21: 61–77. pmid:2203270281David J-P, Faucon F, Chandor-Proust A, Poupardin R, Riaz MA, Bonin A, et al. Comparative analysis of response to selection with three insecticides in the dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti using mRNA sequencing. BMC Genomics. 2014;15: 174. pmid:2459329382Strode C, de Melo-Santos M, Magalhaes T, Araujo A, Ayres C. Expression profile of genes during resistance reversal in a temephos selected strain of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. PloS One. 2012;7: e39439. pmid: 22870187


Article title: Tick-borne encephalitis foci in northeast Italy revealed by combined virus detection in ticks, serosurvey on goats and human casesAuthors: Alfano, N., Tagliapietra, V., Rosso, F., Ziegler U., Arnoldi D., & Rizzoli, A.Journal:Emerging Microbes & InfectionsBibliometrics: Volume 9, Number 1, pages 474–484DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1730246When the article was first published online, there were mistakes in Figures 2 and 3 and their text citations. These have now been corrected in online version.


Correction to: Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 15, 19 (2020)https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-019-1496-zFollowing publication of the original article , we haveCorrect:[25]. Akgül, T., et al., Double intertrochanteric osteotomy for trochanteric overgrowth and a short femoral neck in adolescents. Journal of orthopaedic surgery (Hong Kong), 2016. 24(3): p. 387–391.[26]. Boese, C.K., et al., The Modified Femoral Neck-Shaft Angle: Age- and Sex-Dependent Reference Values and Reliability Analysis. BioMed Research International, 2016. 2016: p. 1–7.[27]. Genest, F. and L. Seefried, Subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures in hypophosphatasia—not atypical at all. Osteoporosis International, 2018. 29(8): p. 1815–1825.[28]. Jiang, N., et al., Femoral Version, Neck-Shaft Angle, and Acetabular Anteversion in Chinese Han Population. Medicine, 2015. 94(21): p. e891.[29]. Emrah Kovalaka, C.E.T.A., Management of unstable pertrochanteric fractures with proximal femoral locking compression plates and affect of neck-shaft angle on functional outcomes. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2017(421): p. 1–6.


Correction to: BMC Geriatrics (2020) 20:51https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-1442-2Following publication of the original article , we haveCurrently author’s first and last names are: Simon J. Bell.It should, however, be: J. Simon Bell


The correct name is: Mayfong Mayxay. The correct citation is: Wootton CI, Soukavong M, Kidoikhammouan S, Samountry B, English JSC, Mayxay M (2020) Patch testing in Lao medical students. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0217192.


Theosbaena. Theosbaena is the only genus reported from freshwater in the Oriental Region. Previously, there were only two known species, Theosbaenacambodjiana Cals & Boutin, 1985 from Kampot Province, southern Cambodia and Khon Kaen, Thailand and T.kiatwongchai Rogers & Sanoamuang, 2016 discovered in a cave of Takhli District, Nakhon Sawan, central Thailand. Our new species is the third species recorded in the Oriental Region.Thermosbaenaceans are subterranean crustaceans, widespread and occur in freshwater, oligohaline or anchialine caves or thermal springs. Currently, four families, seven genera,and 45 species are recognised worldwide. During our studies of the isolated karst, Tham Loko (Loko Cave) in Khao Chiason District, Phatthalung Province, we found an undescribed thermosbanacean species in the genus Theosbaenaloko sp. n. differs from its congeners by having a telson 1.8x longer than its breadth, maxilla 1 palp distal segment 4x longer than the proximal palpomere and the maxillopodal exopod twice as long as its basal width. This microshrimp is the third described species of the genus. A key to the species is given and suggestions for the conservation status of the new species are discussed. Halosbaena (five species), Limnosbaena (two species), Monodella (one species), Tethysbaena (31 species), Theosbaena (two species), Thermosbaena (one species) and Tulumella (three species) , roughly cylindrical body, short carapace, biramous pereopods, blindness, lack of pigment and the female broods her eggs . Thermosspecies) .Theosbaena has been recorded in freshwater , Khao Chiason District, Phatthalung Province Fig. . This kaAbbreviations used in the description are:A- antenna; GN- gnathopod; MX- maxilla; MP- maxilliped, P- pereopod; PL- pleopod; T- telson and UR- uropodRepositoryNHM-PSU = Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.91813815-9781-553C-9F6D-94A6C2FAB706144D7969-87BD-46A3-B3FF-A212230EB451Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: PSUZC-PK6001-01-03; recordedBy: Koraon Wongkamhaeng; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; preparations: Specimen was examined and dissected in 70% ethanol. All appendages were embedded in glycerine medium and mounted on a series of glass slides.; Taxon: scientificName: Theosbaenaloko; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Malacostraca; order: Thermosbaenacea; family: Halosbaenidae; genus: Theosbaena; specificEpithet: loko; Location: country: Thailand; stateProvince: Phatthalung; county: Thailand; locality: isolated limestone of Tham Loko (Loko Cave), Khao Chiason District, Phatthalung Province; verbatimElevation: 17 meters above sea level; locationRemarks: 25 Oct. 2017, dark zone of cave, by hand, leg. R. Promdam (sample # THA_SJ_PLG05); verbatimCoordinates: 7 26'53.2"N 100 07'30.5"E; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: Koraon Wongkamhaeng; dateIdentified: 2020; Event: samplingProtocol: hand collecting; eventDate: 25/10/2017; Record Level: language: en; collectionCode: Crustaceans; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: PSUZC-PK6001-04; recordedBy: Koraon Wongkamhaeng; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; preparations: Preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol; Taxon: scientificName: Theosbaenaloko; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Malacostraca; order: Thermosbaenacea; family: Halosbaenidae; genus: Theosbaena; specificEpithet: loko; Location: country: Thailand; stateProvince: Phatthalung; county: Thailand; locality: isolated limestone of Tham Loko (Loko Cave), Khao Chiason District, Phatthalung Province; verbatimElevation: 17 meters above sea level; locationRemarks: 25 Oct. 2017, dark zone of cave, by hand, leg. R. Promdam (sample # THA_SJ_PLG05); verbatimCoordinates: 7 26'53.2"N 100 07'30.5"E; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: Koraon Wongkamhaeng; dateIdentified: 2020; Event: samplingProtocol: hand collecting; eventDate: 25/10/2017; Record Level: language: en; collectionCode: Crustaceans; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Koraon Wongkamhaeng; individualCount: 6; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; preparations: Preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol; Taxon: scientificName: Theosbaenaloko; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Malacostraca; order: Thermosbaenacea; family: Halosbaenidae; genus: Theosbaena; specificEpithet: loko; Location: country: Thailand; stateProvince: Phatthalung; county: Thailand; locality: isolated limestone of Tham Loko (Loko Cave), Khao Chiason District, Phatthalung Province; verbatimElevation: 17 meters above sea level; locationRemarks: 25 Oct. 2017, dark zone of cave, by hand, leg. R. Promdam (sample # THA_SJ_PLG05); verbatimCoordinates: 7 26'53.2"N 100 07'30.5"E; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: Koraon Wongkamhaeng; dateIdentified: 2020; Event: samplingProtocol: hand collecting; eventDate: 25/10/2017; Record Level: language: en; collectionCode: Crustaceans; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenMale. Body length 2.46 mm from head anterior margin to telson distal margin. Carapace reaching up to fourth pedigerous somite. Ocular scales present, broadly rounded, with longest dimension in medial third. Ocular scale 1.3x as long as broad, overlapping base of antenna I. Carapace extending to pereonite 2.Antenna 1 Fig.  1.2x bodAntenna 2 ; pereopod 1-4 exopod contains more than 2 segments (vs. 2 segments); ocular scale evenly arcuate and rounded (vs. transverse); and uropod endopod lateral edge is margined with a row of scaliform macrosetae . Diagnostic morphological characters and their variation for each population/species are given in Table Theosbaena is provided.Theosbaenaloko sp. n. is only known from the freshwater pool in the dark zone of Loko Cave, Khao Chaison District, Phatthalung Province. The Cave is 352 metres long. The Cave contains three pools, with T.loko sp. n. found in all three pools, although two of the pools dry out during the dry season.0C); conductivity (217–282 µS); total dissolved solids (146–182 ppm); salinity (108–137 ppm); dissolved oxygen (6.0–8.2 mgO2/l); pH (7.98–8.22); turbidity (8–12 FAU); water hardness (99–150 mg/l CaCO3); and CaCO3 (70.20–85.40 mg/l). The new species co-occurs with stygobiotic isopod Stenasellus sp., three species of Rotifer: Lecanebulla ; Lecanehamata ; Lecanequadridentate , a species of Daphniidae  and undetermined Cyclopidae. Moreover, two fish species were observed: Barbodesbinotatus  and Rasborapaviana Tirant, 1885. These fish may be potential predators of this microshrimp. The co-occurrence of stygobiotic fauna in the same area is not exceptional and T.cambodjiana was also reported to live in the same pool with the isopod Stenaselluscambodianus Boutin & Magniez, 1985. Additionally, T.cambodjiana in Khon Kaen, Thailand occurs with five other stygobiotic species in the same pond, i.e. Dugesiadeharvengi Kawakatsu & Mitchell, 1989, Heterochaetellaglandularis , Aequigidiellaaquilifera Botosaneanu & Stock, 1989, Stenasellusrigali Magniez, 1991 and Siamoporusdeharvengi Spangler, 1996 (T.kiatwongchai. The authors attempted to access the habitat of T.kiatwongchai in August 2020, but unfortunately, the cave access was dangerous and the Forest Park staff claimed that the air was unsuitable, meaning that it was impossible to undertake a fauna and habitat evaluation of the cave.The new species was found swimming and walking on the clay substrate of the pool in the dark zone of the Cave. The physical factors in the pool were as follows: Temperature (25.1–25.7er, 1996 . UnfortuT.loko sp. n. as an endangered species according to the Hipposiderospendleburyi Chasen, 1936, which has been assessed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN. Hence, the description of this new species not only emphasises the high level of endemism in this cave, but also has implications for environmental awareness, developing policy for cave conservation strategies, together with promoting ecotourism in the areas.The researchers herein propose