AbstractParidris nephta group is revised (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Fifteen species are described, 14 of which are new: Paridris atroxTalamas, sp. n., Paridris bununTalamas, sp. n.(Taiwan), Paridris ferusTalamas, sp. n.(Thailand), Paridris kagemonoTalamas, sp. n.(Japan), Paridris minatorTalamas, sp. n., Paridris mystaxTalamas, sp. n., Paridris nephta(Kozlov) , Paridris nilakaTalamas, sp. n.(Thailand), Paridris reptilisTalamas, sp. n.(Taiwan), Paridris rugulosusTalamas, sp. n., Paridris solarisTalamas, sp. n., Paridris teresTalamas, sp. n.(Vietnam), Paridris toketokiTalamas, sp. n.(Taiwan), Paridris verrucosusTalamas, sp. n., Paridris yakTalamas, sp. n.(Thailand).The  Tuora nephta Kozlov as its sole species. No major taxonomic changes occurred in this group until Tuora as a junior synonym of ParidrisKieffer, a huge cosmopolitan group. Examination of material from East and Southeast Asia has brought to light many new species that are morphologically close to Paridris nephta, constituting a rather homogenous group that may be readily separated from the remainder of Paridris.In 1978, M. Kozlov described a new genus of scelionine wasps based on material from the Russian Far East, with Paridris nephta group and describe its species. This work is conducted as part of the Platygastroidea Planetary Biodiversity Inventory and represents a step toward revision of Scelionini sensu lato and resolution of the relationships between its constituent genera. The contributions of the authors are as follows: E.J. Talamas: character definition, species group concept development, species concept development, imaging, key development, manuscript preparation; N.F. Johnson: species concept development, key development, manuscript preparation; L. Masner: species group concept development, manuscript preparation.The goals of this paper are to define the Specimens: This work is based upon specimens deposited in the following collections, with abbreviations used in the text: CNCI, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada1; IEBR, Institute of Ecology and Biolgical Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam2; IZCAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China3; OSUC, C.A. Triplehorn Insect Collection, Columbus, OH4; QSBG, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chiang Mai, Thailand5; ROME, Royal Ontario Museum, Ontario, Canada6; RMNH, Leiden Nationaal Natuurhistorische Museum, Netherlands7.Morphology: Abbreviations and morphological terms used in text: A1, A2, ... A12: antennomere 1, 2, ... 12; claval formula: distribution of the multiporous basiconic sensilla on the underside of apical antennomeres of the female, with the antennomere interval specified followed by the number of sensilla per segment . Details on the data associated with these specimens may be accessed at the following link, purl.oclc.org/NET/hymenoptera/hol, and entering the identifier in the form. This monograph also features simultaneous publication and distribution of taxonomic and occurrence records through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) using DarwinCore Archives as in Hymenoptera Name Server (hns.osu.edu). Life sciences identifiers, lsids, may be resolved at the URLs specified in the footnotes or at lsid.tdwg.org.Cybertools:The species descriptions are generated by a database application, vSysLab (purl.oclc.org/NET/hymenoptera/vSysLab), designed to facilitate the generation of taxon by character data matrices, to integrate these with the existing taxonomic and specimen-level database, and to export the data both as text and as input files for other applications. The output is in the format of “Character: Character state(s).”Imaging: Images were produced using Combine ZP and AutoMontage extended-focus software. The individual images are archived at the image database at The Ohio PageBreakState University (purl.oclc.org/NET/hymenoptera/specimage) and with MorphBank (www.morphbank.net). The latter also contains collections of images organized by plate.Species Concept: For the purpose of this revision, species are defined as taxa diagnosable by putative autapomorphies or a unique combination of fixed character states.Idris was described by Arnold Förster in 1856, and the name has been used as the root for a number of generic names in Platygastroidea. Formicidae, relieving the stress on roots such as –myrmex and –myrma. According to Wheeler, the name is a substantive noun, derived from classical Greek, meaning “the knowing or provident one.” As such, it may be either masculine or feminine in grammatical gender. While workers in Platygastroidea have treated the name and its derivatives as masculine, myrmecologists have used names with this root as feminine nouns. Here, we continue our tradition and use Paridris as a masculine noun.The genus Paridris brevipennis Fouts has one documented host association with Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister  and Anteris Förster , with the exception of one widespread species group . In some Neotropical and Oceanic species of Paridris, the lateral propodeal carinae form two points lateral to the metasomal depression, similar to the propodeal points in Probaryconus Kieffer. The following key separates Probaryconus and Anteris from Paridris with the fewest characters possible.Separation of  notauli  nor an e notauli , and alw notauli . The epo notauli  is presees group  that alsna of T2  unambiguParidris nephta species group can be separated from the remainder of Paridris by the combination of the following characters: occipital carina reaching base of mandible; mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus absent mesal to notaulus; scutoscutellar and posterior scutellar sulci comprised of deep cells; metascutellum bispinose, glabrous; mesepisternum below femoral groove with coarse rugose sculpture; paracoxal and metapleural sulci not fused in dorsal half of metapleuron . Color of head: reddish brown. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose laterally. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: irregularly rugulose. Sculpture of gena: irregularly rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs. Notaulus: absent. Color of mesosoma: variably orange to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: areolate rugulose. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: areolate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: present. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: rugulose posteriorly. Sculpture of femoral groove: striate below mesopleural pit. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: rugulose. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.PageBreakColor of metasoma: reddish brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: weakly rugulose. Punctation of T4: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent.PageBreak Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: weakly longitudinally strigose.Paridris atrox may be separated from the other members of the Paridris nephta species group by the absence of notauli and the presence of striation on S3. Paridris atrox is named for the severe appearance of its head, its mandibles in particular. The specific epithet is adjectival, and means “fearsome” in Latin. 13CHINA: Yunnan Prov., Baoshan City, 28 km (air)SE Tengyue (Teng Chong), pass over Gaoligong Mts., clearing / natural forest, Luoshuidong, 24°57'N, 98°45'E, 2300m, 26.X–31.X.1998, flight intercept trap, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh & C. L. Long, OSUC 241473 (deposited in IZCAS).Holotype, female: Talamas sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A3CA8ADB-0B8F-47C1-A757-9CEAE44779A2urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:273886http://species-id.net/wiki/Paridris_bunun Female body length: 3.41 mm (n=1). Color of head: dark red, becoming darker dorsally. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose laterally. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: finely punctate. Sculpture of gena: densely and finely punctate. Basiconic sensillum on A7: present.Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: less than r-rs. Notaulus: present in posterior half of mesoscutum. Color of mesosoma: variably red to black. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: densely punctate. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present along anterior half of femoral groove. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.Color of metasoma: reddish brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: weakly longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: weakly longitudinally strigose. Punctation of T4: sparse in medial third, moderately dense laterally. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: absent in medial third, moderately dense laterally. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.Paridris bunun is most similar to Paridris minator, though the two have widely disjunct distributions, Taiwan and Southeast Asia, respectively. The two may be separated by the medially smooth T3 and short R1  of Paridris bunun and the longer setation of the body in Paridris minator. Paridris bunun is a much larger species than Paridris minator, but it is known from a single specimen and thus we are not able to assess its size variation. Some species of the Paridris nephta group are known to exhibit significant size variation (e.g. Paridris nilaka) and thus size should be used cautiously.PageBreak  The species is named for the Bunun tribe of Taiwan that historically occupied the region where it was collected. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.15TAIWAN: Taiwan Prov., Pingtung Co., T’eng-chih (Tengchi) Medium-Altitude Experiment Station, 23°05.75'N, 120°47.37'E , 1660m, 3.VI–5.VI.2008, yellow pan trap, L. Masner, OSUC 262237 (deposited in CNCI).Holotype, female: Talamas sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6B7296C1-4E71-4A35-B937-ABB1949B7DBEurn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:241281http://species-id.net/wiki/Paridris_ferusFemale body length: 2.89 mm (n=1). Color of head: black throughout. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally striate throughout. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: dorsoventrally strigose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: present.Wings: brachypterous, apex of forewing ending before T4. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: variably orange to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate, with longitudinal rugae in posterior half. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: smooth along midline, otherwise punctate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: striate in ventral end. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present along anterior half of femoral groove. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: dense. Color of legs: pale brown throughout.Color of metasoma: orange to brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: absent. Punctation of T4: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: longitudinally strigose.Paridris ferus and Paridris reptilis are the only brachypterous species known in the Paridris nephta group. Aside from this character, these two species are not particularly similar and may be separated by the presence of a basiconic sensillum on A7, the smooth form of the metapleural sulcus and longitudinal striation of S3 in Paridris ferus.  The adjectival epithet “ferus” means “wild” or “untamed” in Latin and refers to the “savage” appearance of this species.17THAILAND: Chiang Mai Prov., summit forest, T178, Doi Inthanon National Park, 18°35.361'N, 98°29.157'E , 2500m, 9.VIII–16.VIII.2006, malaise trap, Y. Areeluck, OSUC 192426 (deposited in QSBG).PageBreakPageBreakHolotype, female: Talamas sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:59410F97-5DD7-4E7E-A7C3-2F25DD7665AEurn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:273916http://species-id.net/wiki/Paridris_kagemonoFemale body length: 2.65 mm (n=1). Color of head: dark orange, becoming brown at vertex. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: dorsoventrally striate. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally striate throughout. Microsculpture of frons: present. Sculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: irregularly rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: less than r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: orange throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: punctate rugulose throughout. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of femoral groove: striate below mesopleural pit. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: absent. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.Color of metasoma: orange throughout. Horn of T1: absent. Microsculpture of T2: present. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: reticulate rugose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: reticulate rugose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: weakly rugulose. Punctation of T4: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.Paridris kagemono is most similar to Paridris nephta. It may be separated from it, and all other members of the Paridris nephta species group, by the presence of microsculpture between the striae of the frons.  The epithet “kagemono” means “supernatural creature of the night” in Japanese. It is used as a noun in apposition.19JAPAN: Fukuoka Pref., Kyushu Isl., primary evergreen forest, Mount Tachibana, 1.VII–6.VII.1979, yellow pan trap, K. Yamagishi, OSUC 262193 (deposited in CNCI).Holotype, female: Talamas sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6A07840D-7470-4B42-89E2-7012B99C6C8Furn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:241284http://species-id.net/wiki/Paridris_minatorFemale body length: 2.27–2.53 mm (n=9). Color of head: uncertain, reddish brown. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose throughout; rugose. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: finely punctate; punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: punctate rugulose; densely and finely punctate. Basiconic sensillum on A7: present.Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs; longer than r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: variably red to black. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: densely punctate. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: pale brown throughout; yellow throughout.Color of metasoma: dark brown to black throughout; reddish brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: reticulate; longitudinally strigose; weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: weakly rugulose; absent. Punctation of T4: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.Paridris minator is similar to Paridris solaris in size, habitus and distribution and to Paridris bunun in its diagnostic characters. It is best separated from Paridris solaris by the presence of a basiconic sensillum on A7 and from Paridris bunun by the coarse punctation of the head and prominent striae of lateral T3.  The Latin epithet “minator” means “threatener” and is given to this species for its fierce appearance.21THAILAND: Chiang Mai Prov., checkpoint 2, T73, Doi Inthanon National Park, 18°31.559'N, 98°29.941'E , 1700mPageBreak, 15.VII–22.VII.2006, malaise trap, Y. Areeluck, OSUC 237531 (deposited in QSBG). Paratypes:  LAOS: 1 female, OSUC 334241 (CNCI). THAILAND: 7 females, OSUC 262239, 334245, 396845 (CNCI); OSUC 334205 (OSUC); OSUC 334005, 334215, 334246 (QSBG). Holotype, female: Talamas sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:67E77FD7-4ECC-494F-B7B0-497E4B82AB59urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:241282http://species-id.net/wiki/Paridris_mystax Female body length: 2.53-3.26 mm (n=20). Color of head: black throughout. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose throughout. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: irregularly rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs; less than r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: orange to dark red anteriorly, brown posteriorly, mesoscutellum black. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: punctate rugulose throughout; smooth along midline, otherwise punctate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth; striate in ventral end. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present along anterior half of femoral groove. Setation of ventral metapleural area: present throughout. Setation of metapleural triangle: dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.Color of metasoma: orange to black. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: reticulate; absent. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: reticulate rugose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: dense throughout; moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: weakly rugulose laterally; absent. Punctation of T5: dense throughout; moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.Paridris mystax is one of the most distinctive species and can be easily identified by the dense setation throughout the ventral metapleural area and on the ventrolateral frons.  The epithet “mystax”, meaning “hair on the upper lip” in Greek, is given to this species for the conspicuous setation of the ventral frons.23THAILAND: Loei Prov., Pong Neep Forest Unit, dry evergreen forest, T783, Phu Kradung National Park, 16°56.589'N, 101°42.074'E , 273m, 14.X–21.X.2006, malaise trap, S. Glong-lasae, OSUC 237667 (deposited in QSBG). Paratypes:  LAOS: 1 female, OSUC 265072 (CNCI). THAILAND: 18 females, OSUC 396840–396841, 396846 (CNCI); OSUCPageBreak 254570, 254594–254595, 334210, 381817, 396837 (OSUC); OSUC 237533, 254569, 265198–265199, 334209, 334224–334226, 334228 (QSBG). Other material: THAILAND: 18 males, OSUC 181202, 181292, 237529, 396844, 396847 (CNCI); OSUC 254552, 265200, 334208, 334211, 334216 (OSUC); OSUC 237666, 261871, 265201, 266164, 334202–334203, 334212, 334227 (QSBG). Holotype, female: (Kozlov)urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C8471114-0E15-44FB-BFA4-2FE3A0E7EAE8urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:243854http://species-id.net/wiki/Paridris_nephtaTuora nephta  Kozlov, 1976: 98 ; Kozlov & Kononova, 1990: 263 ; Kononova, 1995: 86 (keyed).Paridris nephta  (Kozlov): Kononova & Kozlov, 2008: 279, 281 .Description. Female body length: 2.53–3.10 mm (n=20). Color of head: dark brown to black. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: dorsoventrally striate. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally striate throughout. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: densely punctate. Sculpture of gena: finely punctate strigose; irregularly rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs; less than r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: variably orange to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: densely punctate. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: striate below mesopleural pit. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Color of legs: yellow throughout.Color of metasoma: orange to brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly; present as a small bulge. Microsculpture of T2: present. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: reticulate rugose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: reticulate rugose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent; weakly longitudinally strigose.Paridris nephta is best distinguished by the uniform striation of the frons below the median ocellus, absence of microsculpture on the head and the smooth interspaces of the mesoscutellum. Color patterns are highly variable in this species and should be avoided entirely for identification. 25Other material:  JAPAN: 73 females, 71 males, OSUC 181186–181189, 181191–181196, 181203–181209, 181213–181214, 181216–181218, 181221, 262145–262186, 262194–262199, 262225–262233, 262240–262247, 265063–265068, 265070–265071, 265073–265085,PageBreak 265087–265089, 265093–265099, 265122–265132, 265134, 265139–265145, 265150–265152, 265155, 265195–265196 (CNCI). RUSSIA: 3 females, 3 males, OSUC 143437, 241513, 241655–241657, 404916 (OSUC). SOUTH KOREA: 53 females, 21 males, OSUC 181190, 181197, 181210, 181215, 181222–181225, 262187–262192, 262210–262219, 262221–262224, 262234, 262248–262258, 262260–262262, 265069, 265100–265121, 265136–265138, 265146–265149, 265197 (CNCI). Talamas sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EC0F912C-9AA2-4401-9251-4906A7B2BD1Aurn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:273890http://species-id.net/wiki/Paridris_nilakaFemale body length: 2.60–4.00 mm (n=7). Color of head: black throughout. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose throughout; rugose. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: punctate rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: less than r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: dark brown to black. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate, with longitudinal rugae in posterior half; areolate rugulose. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: punctate rugulose throughout. Dark bristle-like setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth; striate in ventral end. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present along anterior half of femoral groove. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.Color of metasoma: dark brown to black throughout. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly; absent. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: reticulate rugose; longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: sparse along midline, otherwise dense; dense throughout; moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent; rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5: dense throughout; sparse medially, dense laterally. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.Paridris nilaka is shared with Paridris rugulosus and Paridris toketoki; it may be separated from both by the dense, fine setation of the pronotal shoulder. Additionally, the typically black color of the body may be useful for identification, but should be used with caution given the color plasticity seen in many species. The rugulose sculpture of the dorsal mesoscutum and mesoscutellum in  The epithet “nilaka” means “black” in Thai, and is used as a noun in apposition.27 PageBreakTHAILAND: Chiang Mai Prov., checkpoint 2, T1909, Doi Inthanon National Park, 18°31.554'N, 98°29.940'E , 1700m, 14.XI–15.XI.2006, pan trap, Y. Areeluck, OSUC 266165 (deposited in QSBG). Paratypes: THAILAND: 6 females, OSUC 334247 (CNCI); OSUC 254613, 381811 (OSUC); OSUC 334223, 334295, 396843 (QSBG). Holotype, female: Talamas sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:519CC4FD-EC66-48EA-9652-ECB6FDF14FC9urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:273878http://species-id.net/wiki/Paridris_reptilis Female body length: 2.35–2.40 mm (n=2). Color of head: reddish brown. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: mostly smooth with faint dorsoventral striation. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose laterally. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: irregularly rugulose. Sculpture of gena: irregularly rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.Wings: brachypterous, apex of forewing ending before T4. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: variably yellow to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: areolate rugulose. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: areolate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: rugulose posteriorly. Sculpture of femoral groove: striate in ventral end. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.Color of metasoma: reddish brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly; absent. Microsculpture of T2: present. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: sparse along midline, otherwise dense. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.Paridris reptilis and Paridris ferus are the only known brachypterous species in the Paridris nephta group. Paridris ferus has a basiconic sensillum on A7 and lacks interstitial microsculpture on T2. Paridris reptilis does not have a sensillum on A7 and T2 is densely microsculptured.  The adjectival epithet “reptilis”, meaning “crawling” in Latin, refers to the reduced wing size in this species.29TAIWAN: Taiwan Prov., Pingtung Co., Kuai-Ku Hut, T-103, Pei-ta-wu (Peitawushan) Mountain, 2125m, 26.IV–30.IV.1992, A. Smetana, OSUC 181211 (deposited in CNCI). Paratype: TAIWAN: 1 female, OSUC 265153 (CNCI).PageBreakPageBreak Holotype, female: Talamas sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8B3B767C-6BC7-40D8-B531-9DD8ED1B57EFurn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:273914http://species-id.net/wiki/Paridris_rugulosus Female body length: 2.48–2.56 mm (n=2). Color of head: yellow, becoming darker dorsally; black throughout. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose laterally; dorsoventrally strigose throughout. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: irregularly rugulose; punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: irregularly rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: variably yellow to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: areolate rugulose. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: punctate rugulose throughout; areolate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: present. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: smooth. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth; striate in ventral end. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: sparse. Color of legs: yellow throughout.Color of metasoma: reddish brown. Horn of T1: absent. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: weakly rugulose. Punctation of T4: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.Paridris rugulosus is most similar to Paridris toketoki and may be separated by the smooth surface of the lateral pronotum.  The Latin adjectival epithet “rugulosus” refers to the rugulose sculpture of the head and dorsal mesosoma in this species.31VIETNAM: Vinh Phuc Prov., Tam Dao, 1050–1175m, 14.VI–17.VI.2007, malaise trap, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries, OSUC 265238 (deposited in RMNH). Paratype: LAOS: 1 female, OSUC 262200 (CNCI). Holotype, female: Talamas sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B2878DA2-1E8F-4B6E-96C4-86B571C11F04urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:241280http://species-id.net/wiki/Paridris_solaris Female body length: 1.96–3.43 mm (n=19). Color of head: reddish brown; orange throughout; dark brown to black; yellow. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose throughout; rugose. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: finely punctate; moderately punctate; punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: punctate rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs; longer than r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: variably orange to brown; yellow throughout; orange throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate, with longitudinal rugae in posterior half; densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: smooth medially, moderately punctate laterally; densely punctate. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth; striate in ventral end. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: dense; moderately dense; sparse. Color of legs: yellow throughout.Color of metasoma: yellow; orange to brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly; absent. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: longitudinally strigose; weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: absent. Punctation of T4: dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: absent. Punctation of T5: dense throughout; moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: weakly longitudinally strigose.Paridris solaris is most similar to Paridris minator. It may be separated from it by the absence of a basiconic sensillum on A7.  The adjectival epithet “solaris” means “of the sun” in Latin and references the bright yellow-orange color present in many individuals of this species.33VIETNAM: Thua Thien-Hue Prov., ~1.5km NE along trail behind upper guesthouse, light gap / semi-tropical evergreen forest, ROM 2000512, Bach Ma National Park, 16°11'50.3"N, 107°51'17.7"E, 1200m, 6.VI–17.VI.2000, malaise trap/pan trap, B. Hubley, OSUC 240944 (deposited in ROME). Paratypes:  LAOS: 3 females, OSUC 334242–334243PageBreak, 334248 (CNCI). THAILAND: 5 females, OSUC 334144, 396849 (OSUC); OSUC 237532, 265212, 334207 (QSBG). VIETNAM: 13 females, OSUC 240940 (IEBR); OSUC 240945, 404917–404918 (OSUC); OSUC 265234–265236, 277369, 281520 (RMNH); OSUC 240946, 240948, 266180, 404919 (ROME). Holotype, female: Paridris solaris varies significantly according to geographical location. Those from Vietnam are typically yellow throughout . Color of head: yellow. Ventral clypeal margin: smooth. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose throughout. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: punctate rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs. Notaulus: percurrent. Color of mesosoma: yellow throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate, with longitudinal rugae in posterior half. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: smooth along midline, otherwise punctate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.Color of metasoma: yellow. Horn of T1: absent. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: absent. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: weakly rugulose. Punctation of T4: dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5: moderately dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: weakly longitudinally strigose.Paridris teres may be easily identified by the smooth ventral margin of the clypeus.  The epithet “teres”, meaning smooth in Latin, refers to the smooth margin of the clypeus and is used as a noun in apposition.35VIETNAM: Vinh Phuc Prov., Tam Dao, 1050–1175m, 14.VI–17.VI.2007, malaise trap, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries, OSUC 265237 (deposited in RMNH).Holotype, female: PageBreakPageBreakThe sole specimen of this species was damaged during examination after it was imaged. The head, propleuron and forelegs are now mounted on the point separate from the remainder of the body; A7–12 of the right antenna are lost.Talamas sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:628BBEF3-C3BA-4EE4-A905-3334CBD8ED7Furn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:273915http://species-id.net/wiki/Paridris_toketoki Female body length: 2.54 mm (n=1). Color of head: dark orange, becoming brown at vertex. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose laterally. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: punctate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: punctate rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: less than r-rs. Notaulus: smooth furrow incomplete, reaching suprahumeral sulcus as row of punctures. Color of mesosoma: variably orange to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: densely punctate throughout. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: punctate rugulose throughout. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: present. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present along anterior half of femoral groove. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.Color of metasoma: orange to brown. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: uncertain, absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally rugulose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5: sparse medially, dense laterally. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: weakly longitudinally strigose.Paridris toketoki is most similar to Paridris rugulosus. It differs most conspicuously in having the lateral face of the pronotum densely punctate along its dorsal margin.  This species is named for the great Paiwan chief, Toketok.37TAIWAN: Taiwan Prov., Nantou Co., Jih-yüeh (Sun Moon) Lake, H025, Te-hua-she (Tehuache), 800m, 5.VI.1980, J. Heraty, OSUC 181200 (deposited in CNCI).Holotype, female: Talamas sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CCEB3258-CADF-4F0F-B2E2-983F94AF5372urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:275741http://species-id.net/wiki/Paridris_verrucosus Female body length: 1.97 mm (n=1). Color of head: dark brown to black. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: dorsoventrally strigose throughout. Microsculpture of frons: uncertain, absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: irregularly rugulose. Sculpture of gena: irregularly rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs. Notaulus: absent. Color of mesosoma: variably orange to brown. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: areolate rugulose. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: areolate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: present. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: rugulose posteriorly. Sculpture of femoral groove: striate below mesopleural pit. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: rugulose. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: absent. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.Color of metasoma: reddish brown. Horn of T1: absent. Microsculpture of T2: present. Microsculpture on T3: present. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: reticulate. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally rugulose. Microsculpture of T4: present. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: moderately dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5: moderately dense laterally and along anterior margin. Microsculpture of S3: present. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: longitudinally strigose.Paridris verrucosus is the only species in the Paridris nephta group with microsculpture on S3.  The adjectival epithet “verrucosus” means “full of warts” in Latin; it is given to this species for the dense microsculpture of the metasoma.39CHINA: Guangdong Prov., creek, Nankunshan, 23°37.287'N, 113°51.267'S , 581m, 29.X–31.X.2009, yellow pan trap, L. Masner, OSUC 334249 (deposited in CNCI).PageBreakPageBreakHolotype, female: Talamas sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:37D0E197-226E-4EB5-B367-76F0C5D46276urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:241283http://species-id.net/wiki/Paridris_yak Female body length: 4.15–4.16 mm (n=3). Color of head: dark orange, becoming brown at vertex. Ventral clypeal margin: serrate. Sculpture of frons medially: smooth. Sculpture of frons immediately ventral of median ocellus: rugose. Microsculpture of frons: absent. Sculpture of posterior vertex: areolate rugulose. Sculpture of gena: punctate rugulose. Basiconic sensillum on A7: absent.Wings: macropterous, apex of forewing extending beyond posterior margin of T3. Length of R1: equal to r-rs; less than r-rs. Notaulus: absent; indicated only at posterior margin of mesoscutum. Color of mesosoma: orange to dark red anteriorly, brown posteriorly, mesoscutellum black; variably red to black. Sculpture of mesoscutum medially: areolate rugulose. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: areolate rugulose. Dark bristlelike setae along transverse pronotal carina: absent. Sculpture ventral of transverse pronotal carina: finely punctate. Sculpture of femoral groove: smooth. Sculpture of ventral half of posterior mesepimeral area: smooth. Fine setigerous punctures on dorsal half of posterior mesepimeral area: present. Mesopleural carina: present. Setation of ventral metapleural area: absent in area immediately below metapleural sulcus. Setation of metapleural triangle: moderately dense. Color of legs: yellow throughout.Color of metasoma: orange to black. Horn of T1: bulge smooth, at least anteriorly. Microsculpture of T2: absent. Microsculpture on T3: absent. Macrosculpture of T3 medially: longitudinally strigose; weakly longitudinally strigose. Macrosculpture of T3 laterally: longitudinally strigose. Microsculpture of T4: absent. Macrosculpture of T4 laterally: rugulose. Punctation of T4: dense throughout. Macrosculpture of T5: rugulose laterally. Punctation of T5: dense throughout. Microsculpture of S3: absent. Macrosculpture of S3 laterally: absent.Paridris yak is a large distinctive species best identified by its reduced or absent notaulus, dorsally rugose frons and dorsally pointed axillular carina.  The word “yak” is Thai for a mythological ogre. It is treated as a noun in apposition.41THAILAND: Trang Prov., forest research center, Khao Chong Mountain, 07°33.2'N, 99°47.22'E , 75m, XI–2005, malaise trap, D. Lohman, OSUC 237530 (deposited in QSBG). Paratypes: THAILAND: 3 females, OSUC 396848 (OSUC); OSUC 266085, 334214 (QSBG). Holotype, female:


The name of the fourth author was spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Bill S. Hansson. The correct Citation is: Koch SI, Groh K, Vogel H, Hansson BS, Kleineidam CJ, et al. (2013) Caste-Specific Expression Patterns of Immune Response and Chemosensory Related Genes in the Leaf-Cutting Ant, Atta vollenweideri. PLoS ONE 8(11): e81518. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081518.