Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-022-22862-1, published online 25 October 2022Correction to: The original version of this Article contained an error in Reference 46, which was incorrectly given as:J. Pers. 87, 620 (2019).Daniel, E. Value development during adolescence: Dimensions of change and stability. The correct reference is listed below:J. Pers., 87(3), 620–632 (2019).Daniel, E., & Benish‐Weisman, M. Value development during adolescence: Dimensions of change and stability. The original Article has been corrected.


Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide and could be preventable by vaccination in pregnancy.We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial evaluating safety, immunogenicity, and potential efficacy of a bivalent RSV prefusion F vaccine (RSVpreF) in pregnant women and their infants. Participants were randomized between 24- and 36-weeks’ gestation to receive 120 or 240 µg RSVpreF, with or without aluminum hydroxide, or placebo.This final analysis includes 579 women and 572 infants in 4 countries ; 462 (79.8%) women received RSVpreF. Postvaccination reactions, most commonly injection site pain, fatigue, and myalgia, were generally mild-to-moderate. Adverse events (AEs) in the month following vaccination  or birth (infant) were mostly anticipated events in pregnancy and the neonatal period, respectively, and were similar between vaccine and placebo groups. No AEs were considered related to vaccination.For all RSVpreF groups, 50% neutralizing titers for both RSV-A and RSV-B rose sharply by 2 weeks after vaccination. At delivery occurring a mean of ∼8 weeks later, geometric mean titer (GMT) ratios for combined RSV-A/B between vaccine and placebo recipients’ infants were 10.9 to 13.6. Transplacental transfer ratios  were 1.39 to 1.83. Infant GMTs were higher in infants whose mothers had received RSVpreF versus placebo through 6 months of life; the estimated half-life of infant combined 50% RSV-A/B neutralizing titers was 41 days. Infants of women immunized across the range of assessed gestational ages had similar cord blood titers and transplacental transfer ratios. Observed efficacy (95% CI) against medically attended and severe medically attended infant RSV lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI) through 180 days in an exploratory analysis was 84.7%  and 91.5% , respectively.RSVpreF was well-tolerated in pregnant women, elicited robust neutralizing responses with efficient transplacental transfer, and has the potential to prevent infant RSV LRTI.Eric A. F. Simões, MD, M.B., B.S., DCH, Abbvie: DSMB|Astra Zeneca: Grant/Research Support|Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation: Grant/Research Support|Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation: DSMB|GSK Inc.: DSMB|Johnson and Johnson: Grant/Research Support|Merck Inc: Advisor/Consultant|Merck Inc: Grant/Research Support|Nivavax: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer Inc: Advisor/Consultant|Pfizer Inc: Grant/Research Support|Regeneron: Grant/Research Support|Sanofi Pasteur: Advisor/Consultant Shabir A. Madhi, MBBCh, FCPaeds, MMed, PhD, AstraZeneca: Funding to institution for conduct of study Kimberly J. Center, M.D., Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Jose M. Novoa Pizarro, MD, AstraZeneca: Grant/Research Support|Medimmune: Grant/Research Support|MSD: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Regeneron: Grant/Research Support Kena A. Swanson, Ph.D., Pfizer: employee of Pfizer David Radley, MS, Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Stephanie B. McGrory, B.S.N., Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Emily A. Gomme, Ph.D., Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Daniel A. Scott, MD, Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Kathrin U. Jansen, PhD, Pfizer Inc: Employee|Pfizer Inc: Stocks/Bonds William C. Gruber, MD, Pfizer Inc: Employee|Pfizer Inc: Stocks/Bonds Alejandra C. Gurtman, M.D., Pfizer: employee of Pfizer.


Published online: 29 March 2016Retraction to: Int J Reprod BioMed (2016) 14: 193-198doi.org/10.29252/ijrm.14.3.193This article has been retracted at the request of the IJRM editorial board, based on the results of an investigation which found serious flaws in the study results.The online version of the original article can be found at http://ijrm.ir/article-1-733-en.htmlAhmad Mahran, Mahmoud Ibrahim, Haitham Bahaa.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt,Corresponding Author:Ahmad Mahran; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.Mahran Aemail: ezzeldin_ahmad@yahoo.comIbrahim ME-mail: hosnimahmoud60@yahoo.comBahaa HE-mail: haitham_bahaa@yahoo.com


The correct name is: Wan Song. The correct citation is: Chung JH, Jeong JY, Lee JY, Song W, Kang M, Sung HH, et al. (2021) Biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy according to nadir prostate specific antigen value. PLOS ONE 16(5): e0249709.


As of 2017 , diarrheal disease ranked second as a cause of worldwide mortality for children under five years of age. Approximately 50-70% of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is viral in etiology, with commonly detected viruses including norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus. However, the epidemiology of less commonly detected viruses, specifically enterovirus (EV) and parechovirus A (PeV-A), associated AGE in the United States is not well described. The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence of EV and PeV-A in children with AGE vs. healthy controls (HC) over a 7-year period.From December 2011 – November 2018, we screened stool samples from children less than 18 years of age prospectively enrolled in Children’s Mercy-Kansas City’s (CM-KC) site for the CDC’s New Vaccine Surveillance Network; 3005 samples from subjects presenting with AGE and 1097 from HC. Samples from 2011 – 2016  and 2017 – 2018  were tested at CDC and CM-KC respectively by a real-time-PCR assay using specific EV and PeV-A primers targeting the highly conserved 5’ untranslated region. Demographic data were collected from EMR.Among 3005 AGE samples, EV was detected in 12.5% (n=386/3004), and PeV-A in 10.3% (n=252/3005). Among 1097 HC samples, EV was detected in 9.0% (99/1096), and PeV-A in 11.9% (130/1097). In 2014-2015 EV detection in AGE was highest (17.9%) among all years and significantly higher (p=0.004) than in HC samples (9.1%), whereas PeV-A detection in AGE was 9.5% vs. 15.6% in HC samples, p=0.008 (Table 1). Co-infections with EV and PeV-A were seen in 55 AGE and 21 HC. Most EV detections (45.1%) were in 1- to 2-year-olds, whereas PeV-A detections (47.3%) were in children < 1 year old (Table 2). Both EV (58.3%) and PeV-A (48.4%) detections were significantly more frequent in male children (p=0.006). The highest frequency of EV detections was in summer to fall months, and for PeV-A in late summer through early winter.We report a higher prevalence of EV infections in AGE, and PeV-A infections in HC during 2011 to 2018, plus their seasonal and age distributions. Although our data do not currently demonstrate an association between detection of EV or PeV-A types and AGE, additional data could provide more clarity into a potential association.Brian R. Lee, PhD, MPH, CDC: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Grant/Research Support Christopher J Harrison, MD, Astellas: Grant/Research Support|GSK: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Pediatric news: Honoraria|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Mary E. Moffatt, M.D., Becton and Dickinson and Company: Stocks/Bonds|Biogen: Stocks/Bonds|Coloplast B: Stocks/Bonds|Express Scripts: Stocks/Bonds|Novo Nordisk A/S Spons ADR: Stocks/Bonds|Novo Nordisk A/S-B: Stocks/Bonds|Steris PLC: Stocks/Bonds|Stryker Corp: Stocks/Bonds|Thermo Fisher Scientific: Stocks/Bonds Rangaraj Selvarangan, BVSc, PhD, D(ABMM), FIDSA, F(AAM), BioFire: Grant/Research Support|Luminex: Grant/Research Support.


Plynnon Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 is a small phrurolithid spider genus distributed in Southeast Asia, with three currently known species: P.longitarse Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 and P.zborowskii Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 from Borneo and P.jaegeri Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 from Sumatra.Plynnonaduncum sp. n.  from Yunnan Province, China is described, representing the northernmost record for the genus. Illustrations and morphological descriptions are provided. Phrurolithidae Banks, 1892 includes 304 extant and three fossil species in 20 genera , dark to reddish-brown spiders. Plynnon can be distinguished from other phrurolithid genera by the broad white band in the middle or distal half of tibia I, absence of spines on all the femora, absence of a tibial apophysis, conductor and median apophysis in the male palp, the special transverse copulatory ducts in the female vulva . Leg measurements are shown as: total length . Total length is the sum of the carapace and abdomen lengths. Epigynes were removed and cleared in a pancreatin solution , transfeAER, anterior eye row; ALE, anterior lateral eye; AME, anterior median eye; B, bursa; CD, copulatory duct; CO, copulatory opening; CRW, width of cephalic region at PLE; CT, connecting tube; E, embolus; FDB, femoral distal boss; MOA, median ocular area; OAW, width of ocular area; PER, posterior eye row; PLE, posterior lateral eye; PME, posterior median eye; S, spermatheca. Leg spination includes the following abbreviations: plv, prolateral ventral; rlv, retrolateral ventral.Abbreviations: Jin, Li & Zhangsp. n.D4FDFE48-F802-564D-9624-85A1F683913532B7CC12-149A-484D-9689-FC7B9B104BEEType status:Holotype. Taxon: scientificName: Plynnonaduncum; order: Araneae; family: Phrurolithidae; genus: Plynnon; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Yunnan; county: Tengchong; municipality: Baoshan; locality: Shangying Village; verbatimElevation: 1479; verbatimLatitude: 25.018151°N; verbatimLongitude: 98.687632°E; Event: year: 2017; month: 6; day: 10Type status:Paratype. Taxon: scientificName: Plynnonaduncum; order: Araneae; family: Phrurolithidae; genus: Plynnon; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Yunnan; county: Tengchong; municipality: Baoshan; locality: Shangying Village; verbatimElevation: 1479; verbatimLatitude: 25.018151°N; verbatimLongitude: 98.687632°E; Event: year: 2017; month: 6; day: 11Male (holotype) Fig. A–C. TotaPalp as illustrated Fig. A–C. FemuFemale Fig. D–E. TotaEpigyne Fig. D: poorlyPlynnonzborowskii in having a pyriform palpal tegulum and the long oval spermathecae that have similar position, but can be distinguished by: 1) embolus beak-shaped  Fig. .Plynnon is correctly assigned to Phrurolithidae rather than Trachelidae, considering the spination pattern in both sexes: the presence of pairs of strong ventral spines on the anterior tibiae and metatarsi and combination of the absence of any ventral spines or cusps on the anterior tarsi. By contrast, in Trachelidae, there are three conditions: 1) the anterior legs without any spines and cusps, such as Trachelasminor O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872, the type species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1866  the on, 1897 ; 3) the ad, 2006  and Cetond, 1929 .


Fiorinia Targioni Tozzetti species occurring in the USA. Species treated are F.externa Ferris, F.fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti), F.japonica Kuwana, F.pinicola Maskell, F.phantasma Cockerell & Robinson, F.proboscidaria Green, and F.theae Green. New descriptions of second-instar males and females of all seven species in addition to first-instar nymphs and adult females of F.phantasma and F.proboscidaria are presented. Taxonomic keys to second-instar males and females are developed for the first time and previously available taxonomic keys to first-instar nymphs and adult females are improved. DNA sequences were used to further evaluate the monophyly of Fiorinia and provide additional diagnostic tools for Fiorinia species. Multigene phylogenetic analyses, COI barcoding methods, and examination of type material indicate that F.yongxingensis Liu, Cai & Feng, 2020, syn. nov. is a junior synonym of F.phantasma. A morphological survey of the genus demonstrates, for the first time, the utility of second-instar males for diagnostics. This study will help inform regulatory and pest management decisions by facilitating morphological and molecular identification of adventive Fiorinia species occurring in the USA.This work provides general descriptions, illustrations, molecular diagnostic data, taxonomic keys, slide mounting recommendations, and Florida distribution records for  Fiorinia  comprises 70 species   , F.japonna, 1902 , F.phanton, 1915 , F.pinicll, 1897 , F.proboen, 1900 , and F.ten, 1900 . UnfortuFioriniaphantasma, commonly known as phantasma scale, was described from the Philippine Islands in 1915. Subsequently, a major global expansion of F.phantasma occurred over the last decade through movement of nursery stock , France, French Polynesia, Grenada, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Nauru, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Reunion, Saint Barthelemy and Saint Martin, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Thailand, United States , and Vietnam). In some areas, F.phantasma may reach heavy infestations causing serious plant damage  along both sides of a road in Miami-Dade County , either by wind, or via infested plant material or garden tools because crawlers constitute the only mobile stage besides adult males, which do not feed. Crawlers settle on plant parts and molt into second-instar males and females within a few days.The first North American continental report of e County . The pop Florida . FioriniF.phantasma infestations. Fioriniaphantasma occurs in two Florida counties, Miami-Dade and Palm Beach, and is usually found on palms  were collected from Florida . Fioriniapinicola specimens were provided to us by Natalia von Ellenrieder  . All samples were initially mounted in Hoyer’s medium for visibility during illustration and were transferred to balsam medium for permanent preservation. This was done by placing the Hoyer’s slide in a petri dish filled with water, just enough that the slide is slightly submerged, for a few hours depending on the age of the Hoyer’s slide. Once the slide cover is detached and loosened, it can easily be removed. The specimen can then be removed from the slide without being damaged. Specimens were soaked in a watch glass filled with water overnight to rinse Hoyer’s media out of the specimen. After soaking, specimens were placed on a new slide with a drop of balsam and covered with a new coverslip. Illustrations were made using a Leica DMRB compound microscope and a camera lucida. Morphological terminology follows that of Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville (FSCA) unless otherwise indicated. Other depositories included USNM , UMEC , and Entomology Museum, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Shaanxi, China.Four species of Fiorinia specimens described above, additional specimens and sequences were included in analyses of DNA sequences  collected in Florida; ethanol-preserved specimens of Fiorinia sp. collected in Lambir Hills National Park, Malaysia, in 2013; cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences of Diaspididae from the BOLD database  as an outgroup; and cytochrome oxidase I and II (COI-II), elongation factor 1a (EF1a), and large ribosomal subunit (28S) sequences of the genus Fiorinia reported in Fioriniina and one sequence of Unaspisyanonensis (Kuwana) as an outgroup.In addition to the freshly collected database , along wFiorinia species.Slide mounting is considered mandatory for morphological identification of armored scale insects because it is nearly impossible to identify taxonomic features without doing so. Moreover, for museum curation purposes, slide mounting is the best way to archive scale insects in a reference collection. There are studies available on methods for mounting hemipterans , but manKOH) was used in step 1 for heating and maceration. Following this step, specimens were placed into a Humboldt mesh (Replacement Mesh Disk 5 cm dia. No. 325H-3807.325) container that was then placed inside the watch glass, eliminating the need for the micro spatula in the following steps until the final mount. Forceps (Bioquip Swiss style #4) were used to remove the mesh from the 4.8 cm watch glass  while switching between steps. Glacial acetic acid (Fisher) was used in step 2 for removal of the remaining 10% KOH from step 1. Acid fuchsin stain (Bioquip) was used with a 3:7 dye to acetic acid ratio in step 3 to stain the specimens. For dehydration of the cuticle in the 4th step, 75% and 95% EtOH were used. Clove oil  was used in step 5 to remove any remaining wax from the specimens. A disposable transfer pipette  which holds 3.2 ml, was used in steps 2–5. In the final step 6 filtered Canada balsam  was used as the medium and placed on a glass slide . A glass coverslip  was placed on the specimen in balsam to complete the mount. The 6 steps required for the standard slide mounting method are as follows:Initially, a 67 mm beveled-edge watch glass (Prolab Scientific) and micro spatula were used. Fisher 10% potassium hydroxide  and legs and antennae were positioned properly. A coverslip was placed on the balsam, and the slide was placed on a hot plate at 30 °C for 10 mins to remove any bubbles.Due to the multiple steps in this method, which require each specimen to be moved from 5 different watch glasses before mounting, many first-instar nymphs were lost or damaged. Additionally, this method was time consuming. In an attempt to reduce the loss of first-instar nymphs, minimize damage, reduce the amount of chemical usage, and save time, we subsequently developed alternative methods – see below.For fresh specimens (not preserved in ethanol).Mounting: on a labeled slide, a drop of Hoyer’s medium was placed in the center and spread to avoid specimen drift. Fresh specimens picked from plant material were placed in a Hoyer’s medium dorsoventrally and legs and antennae were positioned properly. In this protocol, we omitted steps 1–5 of the standard method and mounted specimens directly into Hoyer’s medium. This was effective in preventing loss of specimens and reducing the amount of chemical usage.For ethanol-preserved specimens.Heating: specimens were placed in a watch glass filled with 10% KOH and heated for 5 mins at 85 °C.Rehydrating: specimens were placed in water and left to soak for 5–10 mins. We found that heating the specimens prior to submerging them in water aided in the rehydration process.Cleaning: specimens were moved to a watch glass filled with Hoyer’s medium. Because Hoyer’s medium is a self-cleaning fluid , specimeMounting: on a labeled slide, a drop of Hoyer’s medium was placed in the center and spread to avoid specimen drift. The specimen was placed in the Hoyer’s medium dorsoventrally and legs and antennae were positioned properly.For fresh specimens and ethanol-preserved specimens.Heating and cleaning: specimens were placed in a watch glass filled with 10% KOH and heated at 85 °C for 5–10 mins. After heating, cavity contents were teased out using a micro-spatula. Once this step was completed, specimens were moved to a container modified using mesh placed in a watch glass  for 10 mins.Staining: after removing 95% acetic EtOH, acid fuchsin stain was added and let sit for 5 mins.Stain correction and dehydration: specimens were moved to a watch glass of 75% EtOH for 10 mins. Specimens were then placed in 95% EtOH for another 10 mins to dehydrate the cuticles.Wax removal: specimens were soaked in clove oil for 5 to 10 mins.Mounting: on a labeled slide, a drop of balsam was placed in a center and spread to avoid specimen drift. The specimen was placed in the balsam and legs and antennae were positioned properly. A coverslip was placed on the balsam and the slide was placed on a hot plate at 30 °C to remove any bubbles.Although the mesh is effective in keeping first- and second-instar nymphs in the container without damage, a few problems were noted. The mesh does not sit flat against the glass bottom of the watch glass, so the cleaning step cannot be done in the mesh. Cleaning must be done in a watch glass and then specimens must be moved back into the mesh for the remaining steps. Due to the smaller size of the mesh container, range of motion using microtools throughout this process can be limited. Similar to processing in a watch glass without mesh, specimens can get stuck on the upper sides of the modified dish. Visibility of first-instar nymphs can be hampered by the reflective coloration of the mesh.There are several steps involved in traditional slide-mounting protocols (method i) that require each specimen to be moved to and from at least five different watch glasses before eventually being slide mounted. Many first-instar nymphs can be lost or damaged during these steps. We recommend using the mesh container during the slide-mounting protocol (method iv). Use of this container will decrease mounting time, reduce specimen loss, decrease the quantity of chemical reagents, and generate quality slides. All steps can easily be performed using the mesh container except for the cleaning step. Unfortunately, the cleaning step must be done in a watch glass and then the specimens should be moved back into the mesh container to finish the mounting process. Although this procedure is laborious, we recommend it when the aim is to make permanent mounts for deposit in archival collections. The other mounting procedure is to place first-instar specimens directly into Hoyer’s mounting medium on a slide . This protocol has fewer steps and less chance of specimen loss, and yields specimens with superior visibility. We recommend this protocol for rapid species diagnosis. Unfortunately, the mounts are only temporary unless slides are ringed to prevent deterioration.Fiorinia and Thysanofiorinia specimens using the Qiagen Blood and Tissue Kit per the manufacturer’s protocol. Extractions were non-destructive, and recovery of individual scale vouchers was attempted. DNA was quantified on a Nanodrop 2000 and PCRs had a target input of at least 5 ng of genomic DNA. PCRs were performed using the Kapa HiFi HotStart PCR Kit, in a total volume of 25 uL.DNA was extracted from individual COI) barcode region was targeted for each species using the primer pair PCOF1  initial denaturing at 95 °C for two mins, 2) 98 °C for 30 secs, 3) 50 °C for 30 secs, 4) 72 °C for 40 secs [32 cycles of steps 2–5], 5) final extension at 72 °C for seven mins, and 6) a final hold of 4 °C.The standard cytochrome oxidase I (ir PCOF1  and HCO2ir PCOF1 . Park et28S D2/D3 expansion region) and elongation factor 1α (EF1α) were also targeted, for comparison with the results of EF1α was EF-1α (a)   and EF2 F-1α (a) . The prias s3660  and a335as s3660 . ThermocCOI: MW883907–MW883949; 28S: MW883848–MW883886; EF1α: MW893442–MW893456).PCRs were visualized on 1.5% agarose gels. Positive PCRs were purified and prepared for sequencing using BigDye Terminator v3.1 chemistry. Amplicons were sequenced bidirectionally on the ABI SeqStudio platform at FDACS-DPI. Sequence chromatograms were trimmed and assembled in Sequencher 5.4.6. Newly generated sequences were deposited in GenBank  were initially aligned using an online version of MAFFT 7 (Cytochrome oxidase I barcode sequences (5’- MAFFT 7  with theCOI), 226 bp (3’-COI), 504 bp (COII), 708 bp , and 425 bp . Alignments were concatenated as a single nexus file in Mesquite 3.51 , elongation factor 1a (EF1α), and the large ribosomal subunit (28S), as well as the 5’-COI region. The aim was to assess the monophyly of Fiorinia and the relationship of Fiorinia species to other species of Fioriniina.Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using 3 sequence regions reported in ML) phylogenetic analyses were conducted on the XSEDE computing cluster as part of the CIPRES Science Gateway  + 55% (61/111) for EF1a: 646–1353 (708 bp) + 38% (42/111) for COII: 1354–1857 (504 bp) and COI-3P: 1858–2083 (226 bp) + 100% (111/111) for 28S: 2084–2508 (425 bp)] and by codon position for EF1α (2 partitions: positions 1 & 2 vs. position 3). Best fit models of sequence evolution were assessed using Bayesian Information Criteria by ModelFinder (COI & 3’-COI (TIM+F+I+G4), EF1α positions 1 & 2 (TIM3e+I+G4), EF1α position 3 (TPM3+F+G4), COII (TN+F+I+G4) and 28S (TVM+F+I+G4). Maximum parsimony tree searches were conducted in MPBoot  support for nodes was assessed using 10,000 ultrafast bootstraps in MPBoot (ML standard BS (> 75), ML ultrafast BS (> 95), SH-aLRT (> 80), and MP ultrafast BS (> 95)  , b.28S tree  was recovered, but the node was only weakly supported  were recovered as a clade by likelihood and parsimony methods, but with relatively higher support in some analyses . These Australasian Fioriniina were sister to a clade of Fiorinia + Lineaspis MacGillivray + Pseudaulacaspis in part, with weak support except for SH-aLRT (92). The clade of Fiorinia + Lineaspis + Pseudaulacaspis was found by likelihood and parsimony, with some strong support   which were represented only by 28S data. These two isolates belong to an undescribed Fiorinia species from Malaysia. The remaining Fiorinia isolates formed a clade in likelihood analyses (SH-aLRT 99). Relationships among Fiorinia species were generally weakly supported. A terminal group of Fioriniaphantasma + F.yongxingensis was present in every analysis with strong support suggesting synonymy  clade in the ML phylogenetic tree using only 28S data  with strong support , and one species of Pellucidaspis (P.epiphytidis) were also placed within this Fiorinia clade.The slide-mounted cuticle of D4815B and other specimens in the same lot have been re-examined by BBN and they clearly belong to a pupillarial species whose morphology is completely consistent with the genus COI barcode region, 37 of which represent nine Fiorinia species , along with a sequence assigned to the genus Aulacaspis (subtribe Chionaspidina).  in the neighbor-joining tree, with one exception: F.theae. Fioriniatheae forms two well supported clusters whose relationship to each other is not resolved in this analysis  number of marginal macroducts; b) arrangement of gland spines; c) arrangement of microducts; d) presence or absence of cicatrices; e) presence or absence of lobes on head; f) relative size of median lobes compared to medial lobule of second lobe; g) shape of median lobes.Fiorinia species can be distinguished from most similar genera by having the following: median lobes yoked, usually divergent, medial margin longer than lateral, with one pair of setae between; dorsal macroducts confined to body margin, with four or five on each side of pygidium; with two pairs of definite lobes, second pair bilobular. However, we have been unable to distinguish between second-instar females of the Fiorinia species treated here and Pseudaulacaspiscockerelli (Comstock) and P.pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti). There are consistent differences in the distribution of the gland spines in most species of Fiorinia, but F.proboscidaria and F.theae are identical to P.cockerelli and P.pentagona. It is remarkable that the second-instars are so similar, but the adult females are quite different.Second-instar females of F.externa and F.theae. Macroducts barrel shaped, of two sizes: larger ducts grouped into communal ducts  arrangement and number of communal ducts b) organization of duct clusters c) arrangement of microducts; d) arrangement of gland spines. Second-instar males of al ducts . PseudauF.phantasma and F.proboscidaria.Fiorinia species can be recognized by having the following combination of characters: antennae five segmented; apical segment annulate; large duct on each side of dorsum of head; submedial longitudinal line of microducts on each side of thorax; second lobes bilobulate. First-instar nymphs of Fiornia species are similar to some species of Pseudaulacaspis (P.cockerelli and P.pentagona) but differ by normally having a submedial longitudinal line of microducts on each side of thorax, whereas these ducts are absent from P.cockerelli and P.pentagona . Cluster of small microducts with sclerotized orifice laterad of anterior spiracle. Fewer than five large-sized gland spines on each side of body between anterior and posterior spiracles. Antennae each with one enlarged seta.Abiesfraseri, also does not occur naturally in Florida. It has been found on imported Christmas trees in the following localities in Florida: Broward Co., Miramar, November 20, 2013, on Abiesfraseri, S. Alspach (2013-8494); Broward Co., Davie, December 10, 2013, on Abiesfraseri, S. Beidler (2013-8906); Citrus Co., Inverness, December 4, 2013, on Abiesfraseri, S. Jenner (2013-9766); Hamilton Co., White Springs, December 11, 2012, on Abiesfraseri, H. Randolphs (2012-9239); Hillsborough Co., Tampa, November 20, 2012, on Abiesfraseri, T. Streeter (2012-8844); Marion Co., Ocala, December 2, 2013, on Abiesfraseri, S. Wayte (2013-8755); Monroe Co., Tavernier, November 28, 2012, on Abiesfraseri, J. Farnum (2012-8924); Volusia Co., Port Orange, November 27, 2017, on Abiesfraseri, K. Coffey (2017-4496).All records are on Christmas trees imported from states outside of Florida. This species is not established in Florida, and its common host, Abiesfraseri, A. Bartlett, 5 2nd ♀, 5 2nd ♂, 10 ad ♀ (2019-6449), Alleghany Co., Laurel Springs, North Carolina, December 8, 2020 on Abiesfraseri, L. Milton, 10 ad ♀ (2020-4778).Alleghany Co., Glade Creek, North Carolina, November 22, 2019 on Tsuga?sieboldii, S. Lyon 7 2nd ♀ (0606537). United States, Connecticut, Danbury, September 7, 1944, on hemlock, S.W. Bromley 3 1st ♀ (JOH 07-77); Connecticut, Fairfield Co., New Canaan, November 3, 1950, on Nordman fir, S.W. Bromley 1 1st ♀, 18 2nd ♀, 20 ad ♀. New York, Nassau Co., Oyster Bay, May 17, 1947, on hemlock, B.F. Maker 2 1st ♂ (JOH 10-77); New York, Suffolk Co., Brookhaven, November 25, 1985, on leaves of hemlock, T. Kowalsick (ek-01-86); Pennsylvania, Radnor, July 26, 1946, on hemlock, S.W. Bromley 1 1st ♀ (JOH 08-77).Japan, Kobe, Arboretum, May 8, 2006, on Taxon classificationAnimaliaHemipteraDiaspididaeTargioni Tozzetti, 186731442326-FF12-5C51-95C6-EDF04CAD90C5First-instar exuviae overlapping second-instar exuviae. Without indentation formed between attachment of first- and second-instar exuviae. Second-instar exuviae oval, convex marginally; yellow to light brown; longitudinal ridge conspicuous. Posterior end of adult female within second-instar exuviae rounded. Heavily infested leaves with slight white secretion.Described in Median lobes broad, equal to or wider than medial lobule of second lobe, projecting ca. same or slightly less than medial lobule of second lobes. With five pairs of marginal macroducts. Swelling of body margin adjacent to macroduct usually rounded. With four large gland spines on margin of each side of body from abdominal segments II–V; usually without small gland spine on each side of abdominal segment VI; with small gland spines on margin or submargin of abdominal segment I. With three microducts on each side of head. Longitudinal line of microducts present submarginally on venter of abdominal segments II–VI, normally with one microduct on each side of each segment. Cicatrices absent.Submargin of abdominal segments II–VI with scattered small-sized macroducts, not in clusters; communal ducts absent. Medial longitudinal line of microducts absent. Cluster of small microducts with sclerotized orifice laterad of anterior spiracle absent. Fewer than five gland spines on each side of body between anterior and posterior spiracles. Antennae each with several enlarged setae.Fioriniafioriniae have been reported to be parthenogenetic  (2 slides); Brevard Co., Sharpes, January 19, 1972, on Callistemon sp., H.C. Levan (1972-005–008) (4 slides); Broward Co., Dania, January 4, 1966, on Howea sp., J.W. Shirah (1966-7369); Broward Co., Dania, June 26, 1981, on Mangiferaindica, M. McDonald (1981-1606) (2 slides); Broward Co., Dania, August 24, 2011, on Persea sp., G. Azone (2011-5990); Broward Co., Davie, April 3, 1962, on Ilex sp., D.P. McLean (1962-2896) (2 slides); Broward Co., Davie, October 12, 1978, on Camellia sp., R. Gaskalla (1978-2879) (2 slides); Broward Co., Coral Springs, October 5, 2011, on Perseaamericana, L. Charlton (2011-7789) (2 slides); Broward Co., Fort Lauderdale, February 5, 1968, on Callistemon sp., D.C. Clinton (1968-2883) (2 slides); Broward Co., Fort Lauderdale, February 6, 1970, on Callistemon sp., D.C. Clinton (1970-2878) (2 slides); Broward Co., Fort Lauderdale, May 2, 1974, on Sabal sp., J.A. Reinert (1974-2915) (2 slides); Broward Co., Fort Lauderdale, November 13, 1979, on Callistemonciternus, K. Tyson (1979-7500) (2 slides); Broward Co., Fort Lauderdale, February 25, 1988, on Howeaforsteriana, J. McCluskie (1985-2925) (2 slides); Broward Co., Fort Lauderdale, February 25, 1988, on Manilkararoxburghiana, J. Hickey (1988-005); Broward Co., Fort Lauderdale, January 8, 1984, on Manilkararoxburghiana, J. Hickey (1984-3287) (3 slides); Broward Co., Fort Lauderdale, December 26, 2003, on Leucospermum sp., G. Farina (2003-6693); Broward Co., Fort Lauderdale, June 4, 2004, on Laurusnobilis, F.W. Howard (2004-4142) (3 slides); Broward Co., Hollywood, February 19, 1979, on Perseaamericana, R. Gaskalla (1978-3264) (2 slides); Broward Co., Hollywood, June 1986, on Howeaforsteriana, D. Fenster (1986-008) (3 slides); Broward Co., Hollywood, December 5, 1997, on Ravenearivularis, M.S. Quintanilla (1997-2912) (3 slides); Broward Co., North Lauderdale, May 28, 1981, on Dicytospermaalbum, D. Clinton and J. Aubry  (2 slides); Broward Co., Tamarac, March 21, 2012, on Perseaamericana, C. Millan (2012-1986); Broward Co., on unknown host, June 4, 2004, on Laurusnobilis, F.W. Howard (2004-4142-301); Charlotte Co., Punta Gorda, August 9, 2007, on Camelliajaponica, D. Renz (2007-5759); Collier Co., Naples, August 28, 2013, on Palmae, R. Nanneman (2013-6323); Duval Co., Nocatee, April 4, 1978, on Perseaamericana, L.J. Chambliss (1978-3288) (2 slides); Escambia Co., Pensacola, November 3, 1988, on Prunusangustifolia, G. Corbitt and R. Burns (1988-2899); Glades Co., Moore Haven, October 4, 2006, on Celtislaevigata, L. Richards (2006-7213); Hendry Co., Devils Garden, November 20, 2014, on Perseapalustris, M. Terrell (2014-788) (2 slides); Highlands Co., April 28, 1975, on Camellia sp., R.F. Denno, J.A. Davidson, D.R. Miller (1975-2886); Highlands Co., on unknown host, July 24, 1987 on Perseaborbonia, R. Payne (1987-2988) (2 slides); Highlands Co., Lake Placid, November 1970, on Camellia sp. J.A. Weidhaas  (2 slides); Hillsborough Co., Sun City, November 14, 1994, on Phoradendronleucarpum, M. Runnals  (2 slides); Hillsborough Co., Tampa, April 10, 1964, on Sabal sp., S.A. Fuller (1964-2901); Hillsborough Co., Tampa, March 25, 1983, on Hedera sp., E.R. Simmons  (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Homestead, June 9, 1979, on Manilkararoxburghiana, P. Chobrda (1979-011); Indian River Co., Vero Beach, December 16, 1970, on Callistemon sp., R.H. Kendrick (1970-012–016) (5 slides); Lake Co., Tavares, September 9, 2012, on Hedera sp., M. Sellers (2012-6901); Lee Co., Sanibel Island, April 4, 1978, on Zamia sp., R. Driggers (1978-2936); Leon Co., Tallahassee, February 3, 1916, on Camellia sp. A.C.M. (1916-017); Leon Co., Tallahassee, February 3, 1916, on Camellia sp., A.C.M. (1916-2850) (4 slides); Leon Co., Tallahassee, October 31, 1919, on Camellia sp., P.F. Robertson (1919-021); Levy Co., Bronson, January 4, 2011, on Camellia sp., W. Bailey (2011-29); Lucie Co., Fort Pierce, January 16, 1980, on Dracaena sp., E.W. Campbell (1980-2944); Lucie Co., Lakewood Park, July 16, 1980, on Acoelorrhaphewrightii, E.W. Campbell  (2 slides); Madison Co., Greenville, March 12, 1993, Ilex sp., F. Bennett (1993-2903); Manatee Co., Oneco, December 17, 1987, on Callistemon sp., A. Waters (1987-014); Manatee Co., Snead Island, April 3, 1991, on Schinus sp., Runnals M. (1991-2922); Manatee Co., Snead Island, April 3, 1991, on Schinus sp. Runnals M. (1991-006–007) (2 slides); Marion Co., Weirsdale, December 22, 1985, on Hederacanarensis, F.J. McHenry  (2 slides); Martin Co., Hobe Sound, April 21, 1980, on Perseaamericana, E.W. Campbell (1980-2959); Martin Co., Hobe Sound, June 9, 1981, on Callistemonviminalis, S. Hakala (1981-418); Martin Co., Jensen Beach, September 27, 1978, on Dictyosperma sp., E.W. Campbell (1978-7502) (2 slides); Martin Co., Palm City, February 8, 2012, on Magnoliavirginiana, L. West (2012-833) (2 slides); Martin Co., Palm City, October 17, 2012, on Perseapalustris, L. West (2012-7964) (2 slides); Martin Co., Palm City, September 1, 1977, on Magnolia sp., E.W. Campbell  (2 slides); Martin Co., Stuart, January 31, 1978, on Eugenia sp., E.W. Campbell  (2 slides); Martin Co., Stuart, November 17, 1978, on Myrica sp., E.W. Campbell (1978-021); Miami-Dade Co., Big Cypress National Preserve, February 16, 1978, on Magnolia sp., A. Harmon and D. Martinelli (1978-2910); Miami-Dade Co., Big Cypress National Preserve, February 16, 1978, on Magnoliavirginiana, A. Hamon and D. Martinelli (1978-006–007) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Coral Gables, August 13, 2010, on Gymnantheslucida, K. Griffiths (2010-4926); Miami-Dade Co., Florida City, November 19, 1986, on Mimusopsroxburghiana, L.D. Howerton (1986-962); Miami-Dade Co., Florida City, November 19, 1986, on Mimusopsroxburghiana, L.D. Howerton  (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Hialeah, March 28, 1979, on Callistemonviminalis, D. Stocks  (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Hialeah, January 1, 1980, on Callistemon sp., D. Stocks and W. James (1980-2952); Miami-Dade Co., Homestead, January 24, 1962, on Macadamia sp., R.J. McMillan (1962-3276) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Homestead, October 16, 1962, on Melaleuca sp., J.H. Knowles (1962-2897) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Homestead, February 2, 1969, on Persea sp., D.O. Wolfenbarger (1969-491) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Homestead, March 28, 1969, on Persea sp. D.O. Wolfenbarger (1969-026–031) (4 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Homestead, February 2, 1978, on Hedera sp., W.E. Wyles (1978-488); Miami-Dade Co., Homestead, February 27, 1978, on Hedera sp., W.E. Wyles (1978-7522) (5 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Homestead, June 8, 1979, on Manilkararoxburghiana, P. Chobrda (1979-0146) (4 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Homestead October 3, 1979, on Perseaamericana, W.E. Wyles (1979-2928); Miami-Dade Co., Homestead, September 11, 2007, on Perseaamericana, B. Saunders (2007-6958); Miami-Dade Co., Homestead, July 31, 2018, on Gymnantheslucida, W. Mazuk (2018-4092) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Kendall, February 24, 1989, on Camellia sp., W. Francillon (1989-2855) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, April 22, 1966, on Chamaedora sp., C.F. Dowling (1966-2876) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, June 6, 1967, on Chamaerops sp., J.S. Sloan (1967-2907) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, October 26, 1967 on Callistemonviminalis, J.F. Dillon (1967-3305) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, October 26, 1967, on Callistemonviminalis, J.F. Dillon (1967-038); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, March 3, 1969, on Howea sp., J.F. Dillon  (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, March 7, 1969, on Howea sp., J.F. Dillon (1969-3267) (4 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, September 5, 1969, on Macadamiaternifolia, J.F. Dillon (1969-045–047) (3 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, January 22, 1975, on Callistemonviminalis, D. Sager (1975-2885) (3 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, July 27, 1978, on Mangifera sp., M. Corman (1978-3308) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, April 5, 1979, on Kigeliapinnata, P. Chobrda (1979-2913); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, November 5, 1979, on Callistemon sp., H. VonWald (1979-3003); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, April 1, 1980, on Callistemonviminalis, G. Webster and E. Pena (1980-014); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, April 1, 1980, on Callistemonviminalis, G. Webster and E. Pena (1980-2881); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, April 2, 1980, on Santalumalbum, H. Von Wald and C. Dowling (1980-2935) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, April 3, 1981, on Perseaamericana, K. Martin (1981-016 –020) (5 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, March 3, 1981, on Macadamiaternifolia, W. James (1981-2934) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, March 25, 1981, on Macadamiaternifolia, W. James (1981-2984); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, February 10, 1982, on Diospyroslotus, H. VonWald (1982-017–019) (3 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, April 8, 1982, on Eucalyptus sp., P. Perun  (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, April 8, 1982, on Eucalyptus sp., P. Perun (1982-2853); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, November 15, 1985, on Howeaforsteriana, D. Chalot (1985-3009) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, September 19, 29, 1986, on Perseaamericana, D. Storch  (3 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, January 17, 2001, Manilkararoxburghiana, E. Putland (2001-189) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, March 14, 2002, on Perseaamericana, L. Davis (2002-870); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, August 14, 2007, on Manilkararoxburghiana, O. Garcia (2002-5912); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, May 11, 2012, on Laurusnobilis, M. Figueroa (2012-3720) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., North Beach, January 20, 1981, on Amyriselemfera, E.W. Campbell and R. Kendrick (1981-2947) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Opa Locka, October 5, 1977, on Callistemon sp., M. Corman  (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Opa Locka, May 22, 1978, on Perseaamericana, J. Hilderbrandt (1978-3313) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., West Miami, November 22, 1977, on Camellia sp., D. Martinelli  (2 slides); Monroe Co., Little Torch Key, April 10, 2018, on Bidensalba, P. Corogin, J. Hayden, E. Talamas, B. Danner, J. Farnum (2018-1780); Orange Co., Apopka, Jan 10, 2001, on Ravenearivularis, K. Gonzalez (2001-116) (2 slides); Orange Co., Belle Isle, January 20, 2006, on Garcinialivingstonei, T. Williams (2006-268); Orange Co., Orlando, February 2013, on Theaceae, A. Puppelo (2013-1127); Orange Co., Orlando, May 27, 2008, on Magnoliavirginiana, A. Puppelo (2008-3337); Orange Co., Winter Garden, October 31, 2008, on Machilusthunbergii, G. Warden (2008-7478); Orange Co., Zellwood, March 7, 2019, Laurusnobilis, K. Gonzalez (2019-1006) (2 slides); Palm Beach Co., Boca Raton, May 19, 1982, on Chamaeropshumilis, D.C. Clinton (1982-487) (3 slides); Palm Beach Co., Boynton Beach, October 10, 1973, on Ficus sp., K. Geyer (1973-3284) (3 slides); Palm Beach Co., Delray Beach, May 12, 1978, on Diospyros sp., K.C. Stolley (1978-2852) (2 slides); Palm Beach Co., Boynton Beach, June 7, 1978, on Mimusops sp., K. Stolley (1978-3307); Palm Beach Co., Boynton Beach, September 27, 1991, on Camelliajaponica, E. Tannehill (1991-2906); Palm Beach Co., Boynton Beach, January 13, 1988, on Mimusopsroxburghiana, D. Leone (1988-2880) (2 slides); Palm Beach Co., Boynton Beach, November 2, 1989, on Sisyrinchiumsolstitiale, E. Tannehill  (2 slides); Palm Beach Co., Delray Beach, February 23, 1988, on Melaleuca sp., E. Tannehill and A. Hamon (1988-2851) Palm Beach Co., Jupiter, May 8, 2013, on Magnolia sp., L. West (2013-3217) Palm Beach Co., Lake Park, June 14, 1978, on Chrysalidocarpuslutescens, J. Bennet (1978-3567) (2 slides); Palm Beach Co., Lake Park, April 24, 1979, on Chrysalidocarpuslutescens, J.E. Bennet (1979-2920) (2 slides); Palm Beach Co., Lake Worth, March 7, 1978, on Kentia sp., J, Bennett (1978-3285); Palm Beach Co., Lake Worth, October 8, 1981, on Magnoliavirginiana, J. Fellers and R. Buchholz (1981-026–027) (2 slides); Palm Beach Co., Lake Worth, July 13, 1995, on Chrysalidocarpuslutescens, Cook S.H., Clinton D.C. (1995-3024); Palm Beach Co., Lake Worth, July 13, 1995, on Chrysalidocarpuslutescens, S.H. Cook, D.C. Clinton (1995-3024); Palm Beach Co., Lake Worth, March 25, 2004, on Calophylluminophyllum, L. Smith (2004-2103); Palm Beach Co., Pahokee, February 22, 1980, on Chrysalidocarpuslutescens, N. Miles and B. Walsh (1980-2955) (2 slides); Palm Beach Co., South Bay, November 14, 2018, on Magnoliavirginiana, J. Farnum (2018-5955); Palm Beach Co., West Palm Beach, January 14, 1991, on Mangiferaindica, R.T. Doll (1991-3566) (2 slides); Pinellas Co., Clearwater, January 11, 2013, on Perseapalustris, W. Salway (2013-575) (2 slides); Pinellas Co., Indian Rocks, October 3, 1972, on Perseaamericana, K.C. Lowery (1972-2860); Pinellas Co., Largo, November 8, 1978, on Persea sp., P. Pullara (1978-3306); Pinellas Co., St. Petersburg, August 15, 1967, on Persea sp., C.K. Hickman (1967-2854) (3 slides); Pinellas Co., St. Petersburg, February 2, 2008, on Perseaborbonia, M. Spearman (2004-724); Pinellas Co., St. Petersburg, May 28, 2009, on Perseaborbonia, M. Spearman (2009-3632); Polk Co., Cypress Gardens, January 16, 1962, on Tetrapanax sp., J.N. Pott (1962-3266) (2 slides); Polk Co., Cypress Gardens, August 13, 1964, on Magnolia sp. W.P. Henderson (1964-2905) (2 slides); Polk Co., Lake Wales, October 25, 1962, on Ficus sp., Ralph E. Brown (1962-2857); Polk Co., Winter Haven, April 8, 1980, on PerseaAmericana, H.G. Schmidt (1980-2938) (2 slides); Polk Co., Winter Haven, July 26, 2018, on Laurusnobilis, J. Bryan (2018-4054); St. Lucie Co., Fort Pierce, March 23, 1978, on Paurotis sp., E.W. Campbell (1978-032–033) (2 slides); St. Lucie Co., Fort Pierce, January 17, 1979, on Persea sp., E.W. Campbell (1979-2893); St. Lucie Co., Fort Pierce, March 23, 1979, on Paurotis sp., E.W. Campbell (1979-2900); St. Lucie Co., Fort Pierce, February 24, 1984, on Bumeliatenax, K. Hibbard and E.W. Campbell  (2 slides); St. Lucie Co., Fort Pierce, November 6, 1985, on Paurotis sp., K Hibbard and E.W. Campbell  (2 slides); St. Lucie Co., Fort Pierce, March 13, 2003, on Phoradendronleucarpum, K. Hibbard (2003-927); St. Lucie Co., Fort Pierce, February 21, 2005, on Ilexcornuta, D. Vazquez (2005-4069); St. Lucie Co., Hutchinson, Isle, April 18, 1980, on Eugeniasimpsonii, E.W. Campbell (1980-2990); St. Lucie Co., Port St. Lucie, May 17, 1978, on Perseaborbonia, E.W. Campbell (1978-2858) (2 slides); St. Lucie Co., Port St. Lucie, February 20, 1980, on Perseaborbonia, E.W. Campbell and R.H. Kendrick  (2 slides); St. Lucie Co., White City, May 30, 1980, on Perseaborbonia, E.W. Campbell (1980-2961) (2 slides); Volusia Co., Allandale, March 16, 1983, on Hederahelix, J.N. Pott (1983-486) (2 slides); Volusia Co., Daytona Beach, August 16, 1984, on Howeaforsteriana, J.N. Pott (1984-2994); Volusia Co., Holly Hill, March 15, 1956, on Chamaedorea sp., C.R. Roberts (1956-2877) (3 slides); Volusia Co., New Smyrna Beach, April 8, 1985, on Palm, J.N. Pott (19852942); Volusia Co., New Smyrna Beach, September 27, 1971, on Camellia sp., J.N. Pott  (8 slides); Walton Co., Walton, February 12, 1980, on Mangiferaindica, E.W. Campbell (1980-2946) (2 slides).Brevard Co., Melbourne, February 22, 1984, on Chamaeropshumilis, T. Gordon, 5 2nd ♀, 5 2nd ♂, 10 ad ♀ (2019-4546).Marion Co., Ocala, August 13, 2019 on Mangiferaindica, S. Sanner 6 2nd ♀ (El Paso 032924). Peru: May 7, 1977, on Mangiferaindica, R. Narkaus 5 2nd ♀ (Los Angeles 19190); August 21, 1972, on Camellia sp., E.B. Lee 1 1st ♀, 4 2nd ♀, 3 ad ♀. Portugal: Azores, August 20, 1928, on Camellia sp., C.A. Davis 1 1st ♀ . United States: California, San Diego, San Diego Zoo, August 19, 2002, D. Kellum, J.F. Miller, D.R. Miller, on Camellia sp. 3 1st ♀, 18 2nd ♀, 7 ad ♀; Georgia, Camden Co., June 14, 1969, on Ruscus sp., R.J. Beashear 1 1st ♀.Mexico: July 11, 1988, on Taxon classificationAnimaliaHemipteraDiaspididaeKuwana, 190211964313-1155-590A-8A4B-27CDEE550E64First-instar exuviae overlapping second-instar exuviae. Without indentation or with slight indentation formed between attachment of first- and second-instar exuviae. Second-instar exuviae oval, convex marginally; medium to dark brown; longitudinal ridge inconspicuous. Posterior end of adult female within second-instar exuviae rounded. Heavily infested leaves with white secretion . Cluster of small microducts with sclerotized orifice laterad of anterior spiracle absent. Fewer than five gland spines on each side of body between anterior and posterior spiracles. Antennae each with one enlarged seta.Fioriniajaponica has not been collected in Florida.nd ♀, 5 2nd ♂.Virginia, Chesterfield Co., Southside Nursey, July 27, 1974, on blue spruce, R. Sears, 5 2Pinus sp., W.B. Wood 2 1st ♀ (JOH 55-76 F). Taiwan: Maruyama, near Taihoku, June 3, 1928, on Pinusthunbergi, R. Takahashi 1 1st ♂ (JOH 58-76); Taihoku, June 7, 1929, on Pinus sp., R. Takahashi 1 1st ♀ (JOH 54-76). United States: Virginia, Chesterfield Co., Southside Nursey, July 27, 1974, on blue spruce, R. Sears 2 1st ♀, 1 1st ♂, 5 2nd ♀, 5 2nd ♂, 4 ad ♀; Washington, D.C., August 27, 1991, on national Christmas tree, Horton 3 1st ♀, 4 2nd ♀, 3 ad ♀ (93-09742).China; “Hsifeushang” January 23, 1933, on Taxon classificationAnimaliaHemipteraDiaspididaeCockerell & Robinson, 1915E6A47FC2-0C6B-5E69-B4E5-3AD16F1AFCACFirst-instar exuviae overlapping second-instar exuviae. Without indentation formed between attachment of first- and second-instar exuviae. Second-instar exuviae oval, convex marginally; light to dark brown, longitudinal ridge weakly developed. Posterior end of adult female within second-instar exuviae constricted and pointed : pattern of derm surrounding large duct on head serpentine (globular); inner apex of large duct on head flat (rounded or mushroom like).Similar to Median lobes broad, as wide as or slightly narrower than medial lobule of second lobe, projecting ca. same amount or slightly less than medial lobule of second lobes. With five pairs of marginal macroducts. Swelling of body margin adjacent to macroduct usually pointed. With three large gland spines on margin of each side of body from abdominal segments II–IV, without gland spine on abdominal segment VI; with small gland spines on margin or submargin of abdominal segment I. With three microducts on each side of head. Longitudinal line of microducts absent submarginally on venter of abdomen. Cicatrices absent.One duct cluster on each side of body, composed of several small ducts and one communal duct. Five longitudinal lines of microducts on venter of abdomen , medial line sometimes incomplete. Cluster of small microducts with sclerotized orifice laterad of anterior spiracle absent. Fewer than five gland spines on each side of body between anterior and posterior spiracles. Antennae each with one enlarged seta.Body tapering at segment III to narrow pygidium. With three or four pairs of dorsal macroducts on each side of body, ducts similar in shape and size to microducts. Projection between antennae with many spicules. Antennae close together, with distinct projection.Phoenixcanariensis, Olga Garcia (2018-789) (3 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Coral Gables, April 2, 2018, on Phoenix sp., J. Farnum (2018-1499) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Pinecrest, April 2, 2018, on Phoenix sp., J. Farnum  (20 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Palmetto Bay, April 2, 2018, on Phoenix sp., J. Farnum  (8 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Pinecrest, May 22, 2018, on Phoenix sp., J. Farnum and J. Vergel  (6 slides); Palm Beach Co., Boynton Beach, January 23, on Cocosnucifera, L. Smith (2018-304) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Coral Gables, Miami-Dade Co., Palmetto Bay, May 22, 2018, on Phoenix sp., J. Farnum and J. Vergel  (6 slides); May 22, 2018, on Dypsislutescens, J. Miller, H. Mayer, M.Z. Phoenixreclinata, H. Mayer, J. Miller, M.Z. Phoenix sp., J. Farnum and J. Vergel  (6 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, May 22, 2018, on Phoenixroebelenii, E. Talamas, V. de Campover, C. Mannion (2018-2779); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, May 22, 2018, on Phoenix sp., L. Osborne, Y. Hernandez, P. Perez (2018-2794); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, May 22, 2018, on Cycasrevoluta, L. Osborne, Y. Hernandez, P. Perez (2018-2854) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, May 22, 2018, on Phoenix sp., J. Farnum and J. Vergel (2018-2784); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, May 22, 2018, on Phoenix sp., L. Osborne and Y. Hernandez (2018-2785); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, May 23, 2018, on Phoenix sp., J. Farnum and J. Vergel  (6 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, May 23, 2018, on Phoenix sp., J. Farnum, C.M. Twyford (2018-2766) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, May 24, 2018, on Phoenixroebelenii, J. Farnum and C.C. Twyford (2018-2795); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, May 24, 2018, on Phoenix sp., C.M. Twyford  (12 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Coral Gables, May 24, 2018, on Strelitzia sp., O. Garcia and M.Z. Cocosnucifera, O. Garcia and M.Z. Tahinaspectabilis, C.T. Allen, J. Farnum, S. Durand, A. Roda (2018-5459) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Coral Gables, October 26, 2018, on Pittosporumtobira, J. Farnum, C.T. Allen, A. Roda (2018-5679) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Coral Gables, October 26, 2018, on Livistonachinensis, J. Farnum, C.T. Allen, A. Roda (2018-5680) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Coral Gables, December 3, 2018, on Sabalmexicana, J. Farnum, L. Noblick (2018-6221) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Coral Gables, December 3, 2018, on Nypafruticans, J. Farnum and L. Noblick (2018-6222) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Coral Gables, December 3, 2018, on Tahinaspectabilis, J. Farnum, L. Noblick (2018-6218); Miami-Dade Co., Coral Gables, December 3, 2018, on Howeaforsteriana, J. Farnum and L. Noblick (2018-6219) (3 slides); Palm Beach Co., Boynton Beach, February 8, 2019, on Pandanus sp., L. Smith (2018-481) (2 slides); Palm Beach Co., Delray Beach, March 4, 2019, on unknown host, J. Farnum and L. Smith (2018-903) (2 slides).Miami-Dade Co., Miami, March 1, 2018, on Wodyetiabifurcata, L. Smith, 5 1st (2019-5998); Palm Beach Co., Boynton Beach, April 6, 2020, on Ligustrumjaponicum, L. Smith, 10 ad ♀ (2020-1365); Palm Beach Co., Boynton Beach, November 6, 2019, on Wodyetiabifurcata, 5 2nd ♀ (2019-6182); Philippines, June 28, 1996 on Plumeria sp., 2nd ♀ (SF023635); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, November 9, 2019, on Palmae, O. Garcia, 5 2nd ♂ (2019-6149); Palm Beach Co., Boca Raton, December 29, 2020, on Phoenixcanariensis, L. Smith, 10 ad ♀ (2020-4958).Palm Beach Co., Boynton Beach, October 30, 2019, on Phoenixdactylifera, S.W. Evans (E-2012-2099); Guam, Tamuning, June 4, 1984, on Cocosnucifera, R. Muniappan; Hawaii: Oahu, Kapahulu area, March 27, 2009, on Ligustrum sp., M. Ramadan (0904651); Hawaii, Hilo ?, date ?, on Pittosporum sp., B. Kumashiro 5 2nd ♀,5 2nd ♀; Philippines, April 7, 1965, on Cocosnucifera, J.I. Mason; Philippines, November 15, 1971, on palm leaf, R.F. Goodall (Seattle 8910); Philippines, March 13, 1975, on Mangiferaindica, M. Yoshinaga (Hawaii 28847); Philippines, August 26, 1975, on Cocosnucifera, A. Buchanan (LA 015303); Philippines, November 30, 1975, on palm leaf, Ozuka & Richardson (Hawaii 32858); Philippines, June 8, 1977, on palm leaf, Tamiya (Hawaii 39130); Philippines, August 17, 1977, on Areca sp., J. Sato (Honolulu 42721); Philippines, October 19, 1978, on Areca sp., Takeda, (Honolulu 43108); Philippines, November 4, 1978, on palm leaf, Jodoi, (Honolulu 42704); Philippines, May 26, 1981, on Tamarindusindica, D.O. Wienhee & F.G. Walisen (Seattle 17304); Philippines, May 12, 1985, on Philippines, Clauseniaanisum, C. Dollopf (Chicago 009312); Philippines, June 28, 1996, on Plumeria sp. (SF 023635); Philippines, October 19, 1978, on Areca sp., Takeda (Honolulu 43108); Taiwan, May 10, 1981, on leaf, J.L. Levitt (Seattle 17328); Taiwan, April 8, 1988, on Ficus sp., V. McDonald (JFK 100609); Thailand, August 31, 1982, on leaf, G. Hinsdale (Anchorage 017131); Thailand, July 19, 1985, on Murrayakoenigii, J. Alabu (LA 052785); Thailand, November 15,1987, on Areca sp., J. Elridge (Atlanta 003471); Thailand, March 20, 2003, on Arecaceae, F. Hadded; Thailand, March 27, 2006, on palm, M. Hanzlik (ANC 060060); Vietnam, April 26, 2007, on Cocos sp., A. Coronel (LA 207977 CA); Vietnam, October 26, 2012, on unknown host, D. Gregory (SF 1301449).Grenada, Calivingy Island, March 2012, on F.coronata Williams & Watson from Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands deposited in the USNM collection at Beltsville, Maryland. Most of the specimens were punctured in the middle of the body between the posterior spiracles during the mounting process. However, we could still see that all had microducts between the posterior spiracles which were small and less numerous than specimens from elsewhere, but they definitely are there.We examined four paratype slides of F.phantasma in the same collection, but it is in such poor condition that only half of the pygidium is useful for diagnosis. It is impossible to even find the posterior spiracles, let alone microducts between them. In addition, the holotype of F.phantasma deposited in The Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK) was loaned to and examined by one of us (DL). It also was in poor condition; microducts close to anterior and posterior spiracles and in prepygidial abdominal segments were not visible. All of the examined specimens of F.phantasma that were in good condition had easily discernable microducts between the posterior spiracles.We also examined a paratype slide of Taxon classificationAnimaliaHemipteraDiaspididaeMaskell, 1897AD947CA6-2C15-5487-B08E-06069C806CDDFirst-instar exuviae overlapping second-instar exuviae. With indentation formed between attachment of first- and second-instar exuviae. Second-instar exuviae oval, convex marginally; medium to dark brown; longitudinal ridge conspicuous. Posterior end of adult female within second-instar exuviae rounded. Heavily infested leaves with white secretion . Cluster of small microducts with sclerotized orifice laterad of anterior spiracle absent. Five or more gland spines on each side of body between anterior and posterior spiracles. Antennae each with one enlarged seta.Pinussinensis, A. Koebele 2nd ♀, ♂ (1529); United States, California, Los Angeles Co., Los Angeles, August 11, 2020, on Podocarpusmacrophyllus, N. Ellenrieder, 3 2nd ♀, 2 ad ♀ (2020-3174).China, Hong Kong, December 1895, on Pinussinensis, A. Koebele (1529) mounted from type material, 2 2nd ♀, 2 2nd ♂, 2 ad ♀; Japan, Yokohama, Yamashita-cho, October 15, 1941, on Pittosporumtobira, K. Soto 1 1st ♀, 2 2nd ♀ (Yokohama 199); Japan, November 2, 1977, on Podocarpus sp., 1 1st ♀, 7 ad ♀; United States, California, Orange Co., October 2002, on Pittosporum sp., H. Mitchell 1 1st ♂ embryo, 1 1st ♀ embryo, 7 2nd ♀, 6 ad ♀.China, Hong Kong, December 1895, on Taxon classificationAnimaliaHemipteraDiaspididaeGreen, 19008F18EAE1-24E1-582B-853E-E317E0408028First-instar exuviae overlapping second-instar exuviae. Without indentation formed between attachment of first- and second-instar exuviae. Second-instar exuviae oval, convex marginally or parallel sided; light to medium dark brown; longitudinal ridge conspicuous and thick. Posterior end of adult female within second-instar exuviae rounded. Heavily infested leaves with white secretion.F.fioriniae and F.phantasma in having gland spines on abdominal segment VI at least half as long as gland spine on segment VII. Fioriniafioriniae differs by having (characters in parentheses are those of P.proboscidaria): inner apex of large duct on head flat (rounded or mushroom like). Fioriniaphantasma differs by having (characters in parentheses are those of F.proboscidaria): pattern of derm surrounding large duct on head globular (serpentine); inner apex of large duct on head rounded or mushroom like (flat).Similar to Process between antennae without spicules, often clubbed. Head conical. Antennae close together. Macroducts usually 3–5 on each side of pygidium, thin, longer than wide, resembling microducts. Gland spines barely projecting from body margin. Gland tubercles nearly continuous along body margin from head to abdominal segment III. Microducts in medial areas of prepygidial segments dorsally and ventrally. Lateral margin of head with cluster of circular tubercles possibly representing eye.Fiorinia species from China. Only a few have an unusually elongate interantennal process and a conical head. Fioriniaproboscidaria resembles F.biakana Williams and Watson but differs by (characters in parentheses are those of F.biakana): space between median lobes less than width of median lobe (greater than width of lobe); macroducts ca. same width as gland spine ducts (wider than gland spine ducts); gland spines slightly protruding from derm surface ; gland tubercles continuous along body margin (grouped in clusters). This species also resembles F.turpiniae Takahashi but differs by (characters in parentheses are those of F.turpiniae): trilocular pores present near the anterior spiracle (absent); gland spines short, shorter than gland spine duct . Fioriniaproboscidaria differs from F.randiae Takahashi by (characters in parentheses are those of F.randiae): gland spines short, shorter than gland spine duct ; median lobes nearly parallel (divergent). Florida specimens of F.proboscidaria are consistent with the description of There are a number of species with processes between the antennae; Median lobes broad, as wide as or wider than medial lobule of second lobe, projecting ca. same amount or slightly less than medial lobule of second lobes. With four pairs of marginal macroducts. Swelling of body margin adjacent to macroduct usually rounded. With three large gland spines on margin of each side of body from abdominal segments II–IV; usually with small gland spine on each side of abdominal segments V and VI; without small gland spines on abdominal segment I. With three microducts on each side of head. Longitudinal line of microducts present submarginally on venter of abdominal segments II–VI, normally with 1–5 microducts on each side of each segment. Small lobular projections on anterior of head sometimes present. Cicatrix present on dorsal submargin of abdominal segment I.Two duct clusters on each side of body, anterior cluster without communal duct, posterior cluster composed of communal duct without associated smaller ducts. Normally, three longitudinal lines of microducts on venter of abdomen  occasionally with two medially forming four longitudinal lines. Without cluster of small microducts with sclerotized orifice laterad of anterior spiracle. Fewer than five gland spines on each side of body between anterior and posterior spiracles. Antennae each with one enlarged seta.Citrus sp., J. Hoffman (2013-9087) (7 slides); Hillsborough Co., Tampa, November 19, 2014, on Citrus sp., M. Briceno (2014-859) (6 slides); Hillsborough Co., Tampa, October 23, 2014, on Citrus sp., M. Briceno (2014-7431) (2 slides); Hillsborough Co., Tampa, October 30, 2014, on Citrus sp., M. Briceno (2014-7574) (7 Slides); Hillsborough Co., Valrico, September 17, 2018, on Citrus×paradisi, P. Barker (2018-4907) (2 slides); Putnam Co., Palatka, October 25, 2018, on Ilexcornuta, M. Cain, T. Wright, and C. Hall (2018-5664) (2 slides); Santa Rosa Co., Gulf Breeze, January 3, 2014, on Citrus sp., M. Anderson (2014-46) (3 slides).Hillsborough Co., Tampa, December 16, 2013, on Citrus sp., M. Cain, 5 2nd ♀, (2020-2353); Hillsborough Co., Tampa, December 16, 2013, on Citrus sp., J. Hoffman 5 ad ♀ (2013-9087); Manatee Co., Bradenton, January 6, 2021, on Citrus sp., P. Kumar, 10 ad ♀ (2021-67); Pinellas Co., Palm Harbor, September 16, 2019, on Citrus sp. B. Rose, 2 ad ♀ (2019-5124); Putnam Co., Crescent City, October 2, 2019, on Citrus sp., D. Rigby, M. Cain, 5 1st (2018-5548); Putnam Co., Crescent City, October 2, 2019, on Citrus sp., D. Rigby, M. Cain, 5 2nd ♂ (2018-5548).Flagler Co., Palm Coast, June 18, 2020, on Podocarpus sp., J. Dooley 1 2nd ♂, 1 prepupa, 4 ad ♀ (Los Angeles 25002). Martinique, February 8, 2000, on Citrusaurantifolia, K. Stewart 1 2nd ♀, 1 ad ♀ (St. Thomas 010770).China, Hong Kong, September 2, 1980, on Taxon classificationAnimaliaHemipteraDiaspididaeGreen, 190006798ADC-EED1-54A6-AEF2-4DB1C23C42BCFirst-instar exuviae overlapping second-instar exuviae. Without indentation between attachment of first- and second-instar exuviae. Second-instar exuviae oval, convex marginally; light gray to nearly black; longitudinal ridge conspicuous. Posterior end of adult female within second-instar exuviae rounded. Heavily infested leaves with extensive white secretion . Without cluster of small microducts with sclerotized orifice laterad of anterior spiracle (sometimes with one duct present). Fewer than five gland spines on each side of body between anterior and posterior spiracles. Antennae each with one enlarged seta. Some specimens with small protrusions that are remnants of legs.Camellia sp., C. Jones, (2012-7479) (2 slides); Alachua Co., Gainesville, February 10, 1965, on Camelliajaponica, A.E. Graham (1965-0345); Alachua Co., Gainesville, October 16, 1973, on Citrusmitis, F. Collins (1973-3065); Alachua Co., Gainesville, October 25, 1979, on Citrus sp., R.I. Sailer (1979-1513); Alachua Co., Gainesville, March 20, 1991, on Ilex sp., F. Bennet (1991-2953); Alachua Co., Gainesville, March 20, 1991, on Ilex sp., F. Bennett (1991-001–002) (2 slides); Alachua Co., Gainesville, July 19, 1991, on Ilex sp., F. Bennett (1991-0383) (3 Slides); Alachua Co., Gainesville, December 3, 1991, on Ilex sp., F. Bennet (1991-002–003) (2 slides); Alachua Co., Gainesville, October 16, 1992, Ilex sp., F. Bennett (1992-001); Alachua Co., Gainesville, April 15, 1999, on Ilex sp., D. Strosnider (1999-383) (2 slides); Alachua Co., Gainesville, July 2011, on Ilexcornuta, Shirley Vogel (2011-4847); Alachua Co., Gainesville, February 2012, on Camelliasasanqua, D. Feiber (2012-1006) (3 slides); Alachua Co., Gainesville, January 8, 2013, on Illiciumfloridanum, M. Frank (2013-102) (2 slides); Alachua Co., Gainesville, December 1, 2013, on Camellia sp., T. Harris (2013-8692); Alachua Co., Hawthorne, February 26, 1971, on Aucubajaponica, E.W. Holder (1971-2976) (5 slides); Baker Co., Macclenny, March 14, 1968, on Ilexlatifolia, H.W. Collins (1968-351) (2 slides); Baker Co., Macclenny, October 21, 1975, on Ilexcornuta, C. Webb (1975-411); Bay Co., Panama City, March 8, 1978, on Euonymussp., A.E. Graham (1978-003); Brevard Co., Grant, June 15, 1962, on Camellia sp., H.C. Levan (1962-0388); Citrus Co., Hernando, August 15, 1979, on Ilexcornuta, R.H. Phillips (1979-1604) (2 slides); Collier Co., Naples, November 13, 2012, on Ilex sp., S. Krueger (2012-8615) (2 slides); Collier Co., Naples, November 13, 2012, on Ilex sp., S. Krueger (2012-8618) (2 slides); Dixie Co., Old Town, November 19, 1979, on Euonymus sp., F. McHenry (1979-1664) (3 slides); Dixie Co., Suwannee, May 22, 1978, on Citrusnobilis, A.E. Graham and A. Hamon (1978-1601) (3 slides); Duval Co., Jacksonville, February 17, 1981, on Ilexcassine, H. Collins (1981-0352) (2 slides); Duval Co., Jacksonville, October 13, 1981, on Citrussinensis, G. Virgona  (3 slides); Duval Co., Jacksonville, January 25, 2005, on Camelliajaponica, J. Smith (2005-464); Duval Co., Jacksonville, October 26, 2010, on Ilexvomitoria, J. Brambila (2010-6593); Duval Co., Jacksonville, October 15, 2012, on Camellia sp., K. Theriault (2012-7841–7842) (4 slides); Duval Co., Jacksonville, October 25, 2012, on Citrus sp., K.Coffey, Lisa Hassell (2012-8102) (2 slides); Duval Co., Jacksonville, April 15, 2013, on Ilex sp., K. Theriault (2013-2501) (2 slides); Duval Co., Jacksonville, March 26, 2014, on Camelliasasanqua, L. Hassel (2014-2025) (2 slides); Escambia Co., Pensacola, March 10, 1991, on Camellia sp., F.D. Bennett  (2 slides); Flagler Co., Bunnell, January 11, 2012, on Ilexcornuta (2012-369) (4 slides); Gadsden Co., Chattahoochee, December 13, 1990, on Camellia sp., F. Bennett (1990-011–013) (3 slides); Gadsden Co., Quincy, January 28, 2005, on Ilex sp., B. Cecil (2005-901); Gadsden Co., Quincy, March 20, 2012, on Poncirus sp., M. Bentley (2012-1944) (2 slides); Hillsborough Co., Brandon, May 29, 1986, on Ilex sp., J. Felty (1986-0453); Hillsborough Co., Tampa, March 13, 2018, on Citrus×paradisi, M. Briceno (2018-1035) (3 slides); Indian River Co., Vero Beach, August 26, 2013, on Ilex sp., J. Kennedy (2013-6273); Jefferson Co., Monticello, November 29, 1973, on Citrus sp., W.H. Pierce (19730348) (2 slides); Lake Co., Clermont, February 7, 2012, on Camellia sp., H. Alred (2012-793) (3 slides); Lake Co., Eustis, January 22, 1965, on Camellia sp., A.L. Bentley (1965-1655) (4 slides); Lake Co., Eustis, April 29, 2010, on Ilex sp., M. Sellers (2010-2438) (2 slides); Lake Co., Eustis, May 3, 2018, on Camelliajaponica, M. Sellers (2018-2334) (2 slides); Leon Co., Tallahassee October 13, 1919, on Camelliajaponica, P.F. Robertson (1919-1619) (2 Slides); Leon Co., Tallahassee, August 8, 1976, on Citrus×paradisi, S. Beidler (1976-0423) (3 slides); Leon Co., Tallahassee, October 2, 1978, on Euonymus sp., Q. Anglin (1978-3073) (3 slides); Leon Co., Tallahassee, December 13, 1991, on Camelliajaponica, F. Bennett (1991-0445) (3 slides); Leon Co., Tallahassee, April 6, 2015, on Camellia sp., M. Bentley (2015-1687) (3 slides); Madison Co., Pinetta, October 22, 1985, on Poncirustrifoliata, J. Thomas (1985-1596); Manatee Co., Duette, March 2, 2005, on Ilexcornuta, K. Pippenger (2005-1077); Manatee Co., Oneco, October 19, 1923, on Camelliajaponica, D.F. Schwarts (1923-1594) (2 slides); Marion Co., Citra, March 2, 2007, on Ilex sp., F. McHenry (2007-1335); Marion Co., Citra, March 2, 2007, on Ilex sp., F. McHenry (2007-1335) (2 slides); Marion Co., November 15, 2010, on Camellia sp. (2010-7091); Marion Co., Reddick, November 15, 2010, on Camellia sp., S. Wayte (2010-7091); Martin Co., Jensen Beach, April 23, 2014, on Ilexopaca, L. West (2014-2807) (2 slides); Martin Co., Stuart, December 13, 1979, on Raphiolepisumbellata, R. Gaskalla (1979-2966) (3 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Miami, December 6, 2012, Ilex sp., O. Garcia (2012-9157) (2 slides); Miami-Dade Co., Surfside, March 1, 2018, on Citrus sp., O. Garcia (2018-788) (2 slides); Nassau Co., Fernandina Beach, November 7, 2017, on Citrus sp., R. Leahy (2017-4261) (2 slides); Nassau Co., Yulee, September 21, 2012, on Ilex sp., R. Traya (2012-7169) (2 slides); Nassau Co., Yulee, March 14, 2013, on Ilexvomitoria, R. Traya (2013-1586) (2 slides); Nassau Co., Yulee, July 25, 2016, on Ilexcornuta, R. Traya (2016-3604); Orange Co., April 30, 2002, on Citrusreticulata, L. Brown (2002-1644); Orange Co., Apopka, January 30, 1990, on Ilexvomitoria, C. Murphy (1990-0353) (4 slides); Orange Co., Apopka, November 17, 1998, on Camelliajaponica, L. Wilber (1998-3011) (5 slides); Orange Co., Apopka, April 20, 2002, on Citrusreticulata, L. Brown (2002-1644) (2 slides); Orange Co., Apopka, March 8, 2012, on Ilex sp., K. Gonzalez (2012-1575) (2 slides); Orange Co., Orlando, February 3, 1977, on Camelliasp., D.A. Graddy (1977-1514) (6 slides); Orange Co., Orlando, April 19, 2010, on Citrusreticulata, L. Russe (2010-2055); Orange Co., Orlando, February 16, 2012, on Ilex sp., R. Lopez (2012-1048) (3 slides); Orange Co., Orlando, February 2013, on Theaceae, A. Puppelo (2013-1127); Orange Co., Orlando, August 20, 2014, on Camelliajaponica, T. Lyons (2014-5856) (2 slides); Orange Co., Pine Castle, February 5, 1962, on Camelliasp., A.C. Crews (1962-0333) (2 slides); Orange Co., Maitland, July 30, 1970, on Camelliajaponica, E.R. Simmons (1970-1516) (2 slides); Palm Beach Co., West Palm Beach, October 9, 1979, on Perseaamericana, N. Miles (1979-029–032) (4 slides); Palm Beach Co., West Palm Beach, October 17, 2012, on Citrus sp., M. Clark (2012-7966) (2 slides); Pasco Co., Lutz, November 3, 2011, on Citrussinensis, L. Osbeck (2011-8420) (2 slides); Pasco Co., Odessa, December 21, 2011, on Ilexcornuta (2011-9392); Pinellas Co., Clearwater, November 15, 1962, on Senecioconfusus, C.E. Bingaman (1962-1623); Pinellas Co., Gulfport, December 14, 1977, on Citrusaurantifolia, K. Hickman (1977-0370) (2 slides); Pinellas Co., Oldsmar, May 5, 2005, on Citrus sp., D. Albritton (2005-2337); Pinellas Co., Palm Harbor, February 2012, on Citrusmaxima, G. Campani and J. Hawk (2012-1112) (3 slides); Pinellas Co., Palm Harbor, November 16, 2010, on Citruslimon, J. Brownstein (2010-7134); Pinellas Co., Safety Harbor, April 11, 2012, on Syzygiumjambos, L. Alston (2012-2672) (2 slides); Pinellas Co., St. Petersburg, May 4, 1979, on Citrusreticulata, K. Hickman (1979-0469) (2 slides); Pinellas Co., St. Petersburg, March 25, 2010, on Illiciumfloridanum, G. Bernard (2010-1506); Pinellas Co., Tarpon Springs, February 18, 2012, on Citrus sp., K. Edgerton (2012-1039) (2 slides); Pinellas Co., Tarpon Springs, March 3, 2015, on Cinnamomumcamphora, B. Rose (2015-928) (2 slides); Polk Co., Haines City, January 22, 2013, on Ilex sp., S, Distelberg (2013-0328) (3 slides); Polk Co., Winter Haven, December 12, 1960, on Camelliajaponica, A.C. McAulay and V.K. Norton (1960-0374); Polk Co., Winter Haven, September 9, 1963, on Gardenia sp., L.H. Heeb (1963-1653); Polk Co., Winter Haven, December 2, 2013, Camellia sp., C. Gibbard (2013-8729); Putnam Co., East Palaka, August 1, 2018, on Citrus sp., M. Cain (2018-4101) (2 slides); Putnam Co., Pomona Park, December 12, 1968, on Euonymusamericanus, A.E. Graham (1968-0454) (6 slides); Santa Rosa Co., Bagdad, January 29, 1970, on Euryajaponica, R.W. Albritton (1970-1654) (7 slides); Santa Rosa Co., March 5, 2012, on Camelliajaponica, M. Anderson (2012-1534); Seminole Co., Longwood, July 30, 1970, Camelliajaponica, E.R. Simmons (1970-3068); Seminole Co., Oviedo, January 31, 2013, on Cleyerajaponica, J. Krok (2013-640) (2 slides); Seminole Co., Oviedo, March 13, 2013, on Ilexopaca, J. Krok (2013-1691); Seminole Co., Sanford, July 16, 2012, on Myrtaceae, J. Krok, (2012-5308) (2 slides); St. Johns Co., St. Augustine, May 24, 2013, on Ilex sp., K. Theriault (2013-3667) (2 slides); St. Lucie Co., Ft. Pierce, February 21, 2005, on Ilexcornuta, D. Vazquez (2005-4069) (3 slides); Sumter Co., Bushnell, January 12, 2012, on Camellia sp., H. Alred (2012-377) (3 slides); Sumter Co., Bushnell, May 7, 2010, on Camelliasasanqua, H. Alred (2010-2501); Sumter Co., Center Hill, April 17, 2012, on Camelliajaponica, H. Alred (2012-2752) (4 slides); Suwannee Co., Brandford, November 22, 2010, on Camelliajaponica, W.W. Bailey (2010-7236); Suwannee Co., Live Oak, December 22, 2004, on Camelliajaponica, Wayne Bailey (2004-8133); Suwannee Co., Live Oak, February 19, 2008, on Camelliajaponica, W. Wayne Bailey (2008-209); Suwannee Co., Live Oak, February 28, 2012, on Ilexcornuta, D. Ruseell-Hughes and K. Collins (2012-1341) (3 slides); Suwannee Co., Live Oak, February 28, 2012, on Ilexcornuta, K. Collins (2012-1329) (2 slides); Suwannee Co., Live Oak, July 24, 2012, on Aquifoliaceae, D. Russell-Hughes (2012-5483) (2 slides); Suwannee Co., Live Oak, February 19, 2013, Camellia sp., W. Wayne Bailey (2013-1082); Taylor Co., November 18, 2010, on Camelliajaponica, W. Wayne Bailey (2010-7155); Taylor Co., Perry, March 6, 1978, on Citruslimon, Q. Anglin (1978-0397); Taylor Co., Perry, March 6, 1978, on Citruslimon, Q. Anglin (1978-034); Taylor Co., Perry, March 6, 1978, on Citruslimon, Q. Anglin (1978-035); Taylor Co., Perry, March 8, 1979, on Euonymussp., Q. Anglin (1979-037); Taylor Co., Perry, March 8, 1979, on Euonymussp., Q. Anglin (1979-1599); Taylor Co., Perry, February 7, 2007, on Camelliajaponica, Wayne Bailey (2007-748); Taylor Co., Perry, November 18, 2010, on Ilexcornuta, W.W. Bailey (2010-7155); Taylor Co., Steinhatchee, May 24, 2010, on Ilexcornuta, W. Wayne Bailey (2010-2993); Volusia Co., Daytona Beach, FL, March 14, 1963, on Malpighiasp., J.N. Pott (1963-2963) (2 slides); Volusia Co., Orange Mills, October 6, 1964, on Fortunellasp., A.E. Graham (1964-0470) (16 slides); Volusia Co., Holly Hill, November 16, 1971, on Fortunellasp., J.N. Pott (1971-0366) (2 slides); Volusia Co., Daytona Beach, November 23, 1976, on Ilexcornuta, J.N. Pott (1976-0378) (4 slides); Volusia Co., Ormond Beach, April 18, 2008, on Ilexcornuta, K. Coffey (2008-2272) (3 slides); Volusia Co., Edgewater January 13, 2012, on Ilexcornuta (2012-263) (3 slides).Alachua Co., Alachua, October 1, 2012, nd ♀; Alachua Co., Gainesville, October 9, 2019, January 24, 2020 on Ilex sp., M. Borden, D. Miller 5 2nd ♂ .Little Rock, Arkansas, February 15, 1972, on Bradford Holly, 2Fiorinia species was published more than four decades ago , a junior synonym of F.phantasma (see F.yongxingensis compared with F.coronata (= F.phantasma) are gland tubercles on the prothorax, microducts between the posterior spiracles, a gland spine on the prepygidium, and 0–3 pores near each anterior spiracle. Unfortunately, the type series of F.coronata did not contain the variation that we discovered in the Florida populations of F.phantasma. We have seen material with or without gland tubercles on the prothorax, a gland spine on the prepygidium, and 0–3 pores near each anterior spiracle. All specimens in the Florida populations have microducts between the posterior spiracles. Based on this information it appeared that the presence of these microducts was the key diagnostic character for F.yongxingensis. Because we needed to know the correct identity of the species introduced to Florida, several more steps were required. The next step was to examine the type series of F.phantasma and F.coronata. DL and JF borrowed the type specimens of F.phantasma from NHMUK and DRM examined another specimen from the type series deposited in USNM, but in each case the specimens were in such poor condition that it was impossible to see if microducts are present between the posterior spiracles. Type material of F.coronata also was studied; a type specimen deposited in the USNM has microducts between the posterior spiracles. A further step was to examine other relevant slides in the USNM. We studied slides from thirteen F.phantasma populations taken in quarantine from the Philippines, the type locality of F.phantasma, between 1965 and 1996, that are deposited in the USNM. We also examined slides taken in quarantine from Grenada, Hawaii, Thailand, Taiwan, and Vietnam. In all cases, microducts were present between the posterior spiracles, and there was overlapping variation in the other characters used to diagnose F.yongxingensis. We have yet to examine any adult female specimens of F.phantasma that lack these microducts and conclude that they are most likely a fixed character of the species.Recently, asma see . CharactF.yongxingensis are within the range of variation that occurs in F.phantasma. Therefore, we here treat F.yongxingensis as a junior synonym of F.phantasma.The final step was to compare the results of multigene molecular analyses of the Florida population, the Chinese population, and two Malaysian populations (D1184 and D1185). The results clearly show that these populations are the same species. The morphological differences suggested as diagnostic of COI barcodes representing nine Fiorinia species in this study. Overall, low intraspecific genetic distances and high interspecific genetic distances ranging from 9.1% to 15.2% between Fiorinia species emphasize the reliability of 5’-COI barcodes in molecular diagnostics of armored scale species. Our rapid slide-mounting protocol and the morphological keys to immatures and adults can provide time- and cost-effective diagnostics of Fiorinia species in the USA. However, for instances where specimens are damaged and cannot be mounted and where molecular diagnostics is the only option, barcodes will help to identify the species of Fiorinia. All of our DNA extractions are vouchered by permanently archived specimens in FSCA. This provides the opportunity for other researchers to validate the identifications of our specimens. We found an example of apparently misidentified specimens that were submitted to Genbank: the barcode of Aulacaspisrosarum Borchsenius  was placed with 35 samples of Pseudaulacaspiscockerelli (Cooley) in our molecular analysis. A subtler discrepancy between DNA sequence and morphological identification, also seen in F.vacciniae Kuwana  together with three samples of F.hymenanthis Takagi. Our study accentuates the importance of depositing morphological voucher specimen in an accessible collection.We obtained 37 5’-Fiorinia species , collected from Lambir Hills National Park, Malaysia, September 26, 2013 from an undetermined host, identified as F.phantasma by BBN, were found to be genetically different from the F.phantasma populations from China, Florida and Malaysia. We reexamined the skins of the specimens used in our molecular analyses. The slides of isolates D4674F and D4778A are in poor condition and covered with fog, but we can see processes between the antennae and the shape of the pygidium, and they are consistent with the morphology of F.phantasma. The slide of isolate D4682A appears to have most characters of F.phantasma including the microducts between the posterior spiracles. This isolate is ca. 9% genetically distant from F.phantasma (based on COI) and is placed far from the subclade of F.phantasma  in the concatenated phylogenetic tree  and P.prunicola (Maskell) are placed in the same clade as Fiorinia in the case of the 5’-COI phylogenetic tree  fall out of the Fiorinia clade and placed with five Pseudaulacaspis species including P.biformis Takagi, P.cockerelli, P.momi (Kuwana), P.pentagona, and P.prunicola, with strong clade support . They were collected from Malaysia in 2013 and determined as Fiorinia sp. by BBN. Given that the pupillarial habit has been gained and lost frequently in the history of Diaspididae  with P.simplex Takagi in the sister subclade that joins the subclade of Pseudaulacaspis/Fiorinia with strong clade support . Fiorinia from Pseudaulacaspis and placed them in different tribes due to their pupillarial habit. However, Pseudaulacaspis and Fiorinia. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that additional sampling of Fiorinia and Pseudaulacaspis from Asia will further clarify the monophyly of the genus Fiorinia.Recently phylogenetic analyses in ree Fig. : Fig. S4spididae , a seconF.externa, the first-instar exuviae are barely touching the second-instar exuviae and form a distinct indentation between the attachment of the first- and second-instar exuviae  The new keys in this study demonstrate that the USA species of Fiorinia can be identified using immature specimens. 3) Second-instar male morphology provided a reliable suite of characters for species-level identification. 4) Based on our comparative analysis of morphological characters and multigene molecular sequencing of specimens of F.phantasma and F.yongxinensis, it is clear that the latter is a junior synonym. 5) Of the different protocols tested for mounting immature specimens of Fiorinia, Hoyer’s mounting medium was the best for discerning delicate morphological characters but it was not desirable for permanent slide preparations. Balsam was the best for permanent mounts but did not provide the morphological clarity of Hoyer’s mounts. 6) The use of a mesh container in the process of mounting immatures is an effective method for preventing the loss of specimens. Overall, the use of the morphological and molecular data provides effective methods for early detection of new infestations and assists regulators in making control decisions.There are six main conclusions of our study. 1) The utilization of molecular barcodes is highly beneficial in diagnosing species of


Ceftibuten (CTB) is an oral cephalosporin active against ENT approved by the US FDA in 1995. Avibactam (AVI) is a potent inhibitor of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), serine carbapenemases, and AmpC that can be administered orally. We evaluated the n=1,584; 29 centers) and Europe , but included E. coli isolates from Latin America  and Japan (n=100). A proposed CTB-AVI breakpoint (≤ 2 mg/L) and the current CLSI breakpoint for CTB (≤ 8 mg/L) were applied for comparison.3,216 isolates (1/patient) were consecutively collected from patients with cUTI in 72 hospitals from 25 countries in 2021 then susceptibility (S) tested by CLSI broth microdilution. Isolates were mainly from the US , levofloxacin , and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . Only CTB-AVI, CAZ-AVI, MEM, and AMK were active against >90% of ESBL-phenotype isolates; only CTB-AVI, CAZ-AVI, and AMK were active against > 70% of CRE isolates. CRE rates were 1.8%/1.9% in US/EU; CTB-AVI inhibited 79.3%/81.5% of CRE isolates from US/EU at ≤ 8 mg/L (75.9%/77.8% at ≤ 2 mg/L). The second most active oral agent against CRE was TMP-SMX (24.6%S). Only 17 isolates (0.5%) showed CTB-AVI MICs ≥8 mg/L; these were from the US , EU , and LATAM . Among these 17 isolates, 23.5% were MEM-S, 41.2% were TMP-SMX-S, and 82.4% were AMK-S.The most active agents against ENT were CTB-AVI (99.1%/99.6% inhibited at ≤ 2/≤ 8 mg/L), ceftazidime (CAZ)-AVI (99.6%S), amikacin , and meropenem . CTB-AVI was 4-fold more potent than CAZ-AVI based on MICCTB-AVI was highly active against a large collection of contemporary ENT isolated from patients with cUTIs and exhibited a similar spectrum to CAZ-AVI. CTB-AVI may represent a valuable option for oral treatment of cUTI caused by resistant ENT.Helio S. Sader, MD, PhD, AbbVie: Grant/Research Support|Cidara: Grant/Research Support|Melinta: Grant/Research Support|Nabriva Therapeutics: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Cecilia G. Carvalhaes, MD, PhD, AbbVie: Grant/Research Support|Cidara: Grant/Research Support|Melinta: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Michael D. Huband, BS, Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Rodrigo E. Mendes, PhD, AbbVie: Grant/Research Support|Cidara: Grant/Research Support|GSK: Grant/Research Support|Melinta: Grant/Research Support|Nabriva Therapeutics: Grant/Research Support|Office for Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Shionogi: Grant/Research Support|Spero Therapeutics: Grant/Research Support Mariana Castanheira, PhD, AbbVie: Grant/Research Support|Cidara: Grant/Research Support|GSK: Grant/Research Support|Melinta: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Shionogi: Grant/Research Support.


Cefiderocol (CFDC) is a siderophore cephalosporin with activity against a wide variety of Gram-negative bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales and non-fermenters. We evaluated the In vitro susceptibility of cefiderocol and comparator agents to DTR isolatesSusceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution according to CLSI guidelines. All antibiotics were tested in cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB) except for CFDC, for which iron-depleted CAMHB was used. Susceptibility rate (%) was determined according to CLSI breakpoints, and DTR pathogens were defined as being resistant to cefepime, ceftazidime ceftriaxone , imipenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin according to CLSI/FDA breakpoints.Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 586 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex (ACB) clinical isolates from the United States, 50 Enterobacterales (0.6%), 36 P. aeruginosa (1.6%) and 114 ACB (19.5%) isolates showed a DTR phenotype, respectively. CFDC demonstrated its potent in vitro activity against these DTR isolates with MIC90 of ≤4 μg/mL with a susceptibility rate of ≥92% except for DTR ACB based on FDA breakpoint (75.4%). In contrast, MIC90s of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination drugs showed lower activity (Table).Among a total of 8,328 Enterobacterales, 2,241 in vitro activity against DTR isolates of Enterobacterales, P. aeruginosa and ACB, indicating cefiderocol has high potential for treating infections caused by these difficult-to-treat strains.Cefiderocol demonstrated potent Yoshinori Yamano, PhD, Shionogi: Employee Miki Takemura, n/a, Shionogi: Employee Dee Shortridge, PhD, AbbVie: Grant/Research Support|JMI Laboratory: Employee|Melinta: Grant/Research Support|Menarini: Grant/Research Support|Shionogi: Grant/Research Support Christine M. Slover, PharmD, Shionogi: Employee Christopher M. Longshaw, PhD, Shionogi: Employee Roger Echols, MD, Shionogi: Advisor/Consultant Roger Echols, MD, Shionogi: Advisor/Consultant Roger Echols, MD, Shionogi: Advisor/Consultant.


Regional susceptibility of CFDC and comparators were investigated against US GN isolates collected in 2020-2021 as part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program.Cefiderocol (CFDC) is a siderophore-conjugated cephalosporin with broad activity against Gram-negative (GN) bacteria, including multidrug-resistant organisms. GN bacteria such as Enterobacterales (ENT)GN pathogens were consecutively collected from 32 US hospitals between 2020 to 2021. Susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method. CFDC was tested in iron-depleted cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth. FDA or CLSI breakpoints were used where available. Other agents tested included the beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor (BL/BLI) combinations ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, imipenem-relebactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ampicillin-sulbactam. CR-PsA, or CRAB was defined as meropenem resistant while CRE was defined as imipenem or meropenem resistant by CLSI breakpoints.Table 1). Amongst the BL/BLI combinations, the majority had >90% susceptibility across regions except for piperacillin-tazobactam with 79.7% for ENT and 65.9% for PsA in the MidAtlantic by FDA breakpoints. For ABC and StM, CFDC susceptibility was > 88% across all regions. For CR pathogens, 96 CRE, 327 CR-PsA, and 199 CRAB were collected. CFDC had >87.5% susceptibility in all regions for CRE and CR-PSA. For CRAB, 4 regions were > 87.5% by FDA breakpoints and the lowest was 63.6% in 11 isolates in the Mountain region (Table 2). For CRAB, every BL/BLI had susceptibility ≤27.3% in every region. Ampicillin-sulbactam had 27.3% susceptibility in the Mountain region.A total of 8328 ENT, 2241 PsA, 586 ABC, and 404 StM were collected. For ENT and PsA, CFDC susceptibility between the 9 US Census regions remained above 98% susceptible by CLSI or FDA breakpoints in all regions , Cidara: Grant/Research Support|GSK: Grant/Research Support|Melinta: Grant/Research Support|Shionogi: Grant/Research Support Roger Echols, MD, Shionogi: Advisor/Consultant Roger Echols, MD, Shionogi: Advisor/Consultant Roger Echols, MD, Shionogi: Advisor/Consultant Miki Takemura, n/a, Shionogi: Employee Yoshinori Yamano, PhD, Shionogi: Employee.