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-# pyenv -# For a library or package, you might want to ignore these files since the code is -# intended to run in multiple environments; otherwise, check them in: -# .python-version - -# pipenv -# According to pypa/pipenv#598, it is recommended to include Pipfile.lock in version control. -# However, in case of collaboration, if having platform-specific dependencies or dependencies -# having no cross-platform support, pipenv may install dependencies that don't work, or not -# install all needed dependencies. -#Pipfile.lock - -# poetry -# Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include poetry.lock in version control. -# This is especially recommended for binary packages to ensure reproducibility, and is more -# commonly ignored for libraries. -# https://python-poetry.org/docs/basic-usage/#commit-your-poetrylock-file-to-version-control -#poetry.lock - -# pdm -# Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include pdm.lock in version control. -#pdm.lock -# pdm stores project-wide configurations in .pdm.toml, but it is recommended to not include it -# in version control. -# https://pdm.fming.dev/#use-with-ide -.pdm.toml - -# PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow and github.com/pdm-project/pdm -__pypackages__/ - -# Celery stuff -celerybeat-schedule -celerybeat.pid - -# SageMath parsed files -*.sage.py - -# Environments -.env -.venv -env/ -venv/ -ENV/ -env.bak/ -venv.bak/ - -# Spyder project settings -.spyderproject -.spyproject - -# Rope project settings -.ropeproject - -# mkdocs documentation -/site - -# mypy -.mypy_cache/ -.dmypy.json -dmypy.json - -# Pyre type checker -.pyre/ - -# pytype static type analyzer -.pytype/ - -# Cython debug symbols -cython_debug/ -huggingface_hub/ -# PyCharm -# JetBrains specific template is maintained in a separate JetBrains.gitignore that can -# be found at https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/main/Global/JetBrains.gitignore -# and can be added to the global gitignore or merged into this file. For a more nuclear -# option (not recommended) you can uncomment the following to ignore the entire idea folder. -.idea/ -results/ -data/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/BENCHMARKING.md b/BENCHMARKING.md deleted file mode 100644 index 107af2c417979c2e63d3da17263e76ae8e88ea41..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/BENCHMARKING.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,190 +0,0 @@ -## Benchmarking -We provide our trained models on the HuggingFace models [hub](https://huggingface.co/models?search=scirepeval) to replicate the results in Table 2 from the paper. - -|Model|In-Train|Out-of-Train|SciDocs|Average| -|--|--|--|--|--| -|[SciBERT](https://huggingface.co/allenai/scibert_scivocab_uncased)|51.5|52.5|69.0|58.2| -|[SPECTER](https://huggingface.co/allenai/specter)|54.7|57.4|89.1|68.0| -|[SciNCL](https://huggingface.co/malteos/scincl)|55.6|57.8|**90.8**|69.0| -|SciNCL + MTL CLS|60.1|56.6|89.6|69.3| -|[SciNCL + MTL CTRL](https://huggingface.co/allenai/scirepeval_ctrl)|62.1|57.7|89.9|70.3| -|[SciNCL PALs](https://huggingface.co/allenai/scirepeval_pals)|62.3|58.4|90.0|70.7| -|SciNCL Adapters ([CLF](https://huggingface.co/allenai/scirepeval_adapters_clf), [QRY](https://huggingface.co/allenai/scirepeval_adapters_qry), [RGN](https://huggingface.co/allenai/scirepeval_adapters_rgn), [PRX](https://huggingface.co/allenai/scirepeval_adapters_prx))|61.9|**59.0**|90.3|70.9| -|[SciNCL Adapters Fusion](https://us-east-1.console.aws.amazon.com/s3/buckets/ai2-s2-research-public?region=us-west-2&prefix=scirepeval/adapters/&showversions=false)|62.0|58.6|89.9|70.6| -|SciNCL Adapters + MTL CTRL|**62.5**|58.9|**90.7**|**71.2**| - -The detailed, task-wise results for all our experiments can be found [here](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1JMq-jR4M8KU119cvglUDmMwwzd60Z3vyvn3VqhPn9EY/view#gid=1450677429?usp=sharing). - -We provide a test script - [scirepeval.py](https://github.com/allenai/scirepeval/blob/main/scirepeval.py) to evaluate one of the above models or a custom trained model on all the tasks in the benchmark. -The tasks can be configured as required in [scirepeval_tasks.jsonl](https://github.com/allenai/scirepeval/blob/main/scirepeval_tasks.jsonl). - -The following are used as task ids in the code and serve as either control codes or module identifiers for each task type: - -``TASK_IDS = {"classification": "[CLF]", "regression": "[RGN]", "proximity": "[PRX]", - "adhoc_search": {"query": "[QRY]", "candidates": "[PRX]"}}`` - -Execute one of the following commands to evaluate a model on SciRepEval: - - -**Base/MTL CLS** -```bash -python scirepeval.py -m allenai/specter -``` -**MTL CTRL** -```bash -python scirepeval.py -m allenai/scirepeval_ctrl --ctrl-tokens -``` -**PALs** -```bash -python scirepeval.py --mtype pals -m allenai/scirepeval_pals -``` -**Adapters** -```bash -python scirepeval.py --mtype adapters -m malteos/scincl --adapters-dir - OR -python scirepeval.py --mtype adapters -m malteos/scincl --adapters-chkpt '{"[CLF]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_clf", "[QRY]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_qry", "[RGN]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_rgn", "[PRX]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_prx"}' -``` - -**Fusion** -```bash -python scirepeval.py --mtype fusion -m --adapters-dir --fusion-dir - OR -python scirepeval.py --mtype fusion -m --adapters-chkpt '{"[CLF]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_clf", "[QRY]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_qry", "[RGN]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_rgn", "[PRX]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_prx"}' --fusion-dir - -``` - -**Open AI Embeddings** - -We provide additional option for evaluating [Open AI](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/embeddings/use-cases) embeddings on SciRepEval. -If you have an Open AI license key, set it as an environment variable. -```bash -export OPENAI_API_KEY= -python scirepeval.py --gpt3-model text-embedding-ada-002 -``` - -**Instructor** - -You can also evaluate the [Instructor](https://instructor-embedding.github.io/) models available on Hugging Face. -The prompts for each task format are present in [instructor.py](https://github.com/allenai/scirepeval/blob/main/evaluation/instructor.py). - -```bash -python scirepeval.py --instructor -m hkunlp/instructor-large -``` - - -The script generates embeddings and evaluates on each task as per the metric mentioned in the paper. By default the result report is created in `/scirepeval_results.json` - -### Sample Report -```json -{ - "Biomimicry": { - "complete": { - "f1": 71.18 - }, - "few_shot": [ - { - "sample_size": 64, - "results": { - "f1": 38.514 - } - }, - { - "sample_size": 16, - "results": { - "f1": 22.3444 - } - } - ] - }, - "DRSM": { - "complete": { - "f1_macro": 76.36 - }, - "few_shot": [ - { - "sample_size": 64, - "results": { - "f1_macro": 61.842000000000006 - } - }, - { - "sample_size": 24, - "results": { - "f1_macro": 53.21420000000001 - } - } - ] - }, - "Feeds-1": { - "map": 81.03 - }, - "Feeds Title": { - "map": 78.85 - } -} -``` - - -### S2AND evaluation -S2AND evaluation requires the data to be cached locally in a specific format. We provide a helper script to generate the document representations for S2AND before evaluating them. - -**Step 1** - -Obtain the data from AWS S3: -```bash -mkdir s2and && cd s2and -aws s3 --no-sign-request sync s3://ai2-s2-research-public/scirepeval/test/s2and . -``` -**Step 2** - -Generate Embeddings for all the paper blocks. The various model parameters are same as scirepeval.py, provide those to initialize the required model type. -```bash -python s2and_embeddings.py --mtype -m --adapters-dir --data-dir --suffix -``` -**Step 3** - -Run S2AND evaluation. -Setup S2AND as in [repo](https://github.com/allenai/S2AND) and change the configuration to point to your data location. - -Run the following command: -```bash -python scripts/custom_block_transfer_experiment_seed_paper.py --custom_block_path /blocks --experiment_name mini_customblock_phantasm_v1 --exclude_medline --emb_suffix _.pkl -``` -### Filtering Tasks -#### By Name -```python -from scirepeval import SciRepEval -from evaluation.encoders import Model - -#Base/MTL CLS -model = Model(variant="default", base_checkpoint="allenai/specter") - -#MTL CTRL -model = Model(variant="default", base_checkpoint="allenai/scirepeval_ctrl", use_ctrl_codes=True) - -#PALs -model = Model(variant="pals", base_checkpoint="allenai/scirepeval_pals", all_tasks=["[CLF]", "[QRY]", "[RGN]", "[PRX]"]) - -#Adapters/Fusion -adapters_dict = {"[CLF]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_clf", "[QRY]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_qry", "[RGN]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_rgn", "[PRX]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_prx"} -model = Model(variant=<"adapters"|"fusion">, base_checkpoint="malteos/scincl", adapters_load_from=adapters_dict, all_tasks=["[CLF]", "[QRY]", "[RGN]", "[PRX]"]) - -#Choose the task names from scirepeval_tasks.jsonl -evaluator = SciRepEval(task_list=["Biomimicry", "DRSM", "TREC-CoVID", "Feeds-1"]) -evaluator.evaluate(model, "scirepeval_results.json") -``` - -#### By Task Type -```python -from scirepeval import SciRepEval -from evaluation.encoders import Model - -#Create a model instance as in previous example -model = Model(variant="default", base_checkpoint="allenai/specter") - -#Choose the task types from (classification, regression, proximity and adhoc_search) -evaluator = SciRepEval(task_formats=["classification", "regression"]) -evaluator.evaluate(model, "scirepeval_results.json") -``` - - diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE deleted file mode 100644 index dc6990c3a6d803b274e233dfb67c87c1aea367f8..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/LICENSE +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21 +0,0 @@ -MIT License - -Copyright (c) 2023 Autonomous Vision Group - -Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy -of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal -in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights -to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell -copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is -furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: - -The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all -copies or substantial portions of the Software. - -THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR -IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, -FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. 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However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only - on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf - of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify, - defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability - incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason - of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability. - - END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS - - APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work. - - To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following - boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]" - replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include - the brackets!) The text should be enclosed in the appropriate - comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a - file or class name and description of purpose be included on the - same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier - identification within third-party archives. - - Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner] - - Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); - you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. - You may obtain a copy of the License at - - http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 - - Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software - distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, - WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. - See the License for the specific language governing permissions and - limitations under the License. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 19653aee97d5a11f0bb846bf4c88447ff3ef6432..c7ce8f2ea0b1a545b4933801a57d705eecea3ed2 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,98 +1,3 @@ -# SciRepEval: A Multi-Format Benchmark for Scientific Document Representations -This repo contains the code to train, evaluate and reproduce the representation learning models and results on the benchmark introduced in [SciRepEval](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254018137). +# SuperSciRep: A Multi-Format Benchmark for Full-text Scientific Document Representations -## Quick Setup -Clone the repo and setup the environment as follows: -```bash -git clone git@github.com:allenai/scirepeval.git -cd scirepeval -conda create -n scirepeval python=3.8 -conda activate scirepeval -pip install -r requirements.txt -``` -## Usage -Please refer to the following for further usage: - -[Training](https://github.com/allenai/scirepeval/blob/main/training/TRAINING.md) - Train multi-task/multi-format transformer models or adapter modules - -[Inference](https://github.com/allenai/scirepeval/blob/main/evaluation/INFERENCE.md) - Using the trained SciRepEval models to generate embeddings. - -[Evaluation](https://github.com/allenai/scirepeval/blob/main/evaluation/EVALUATION.md) - Evaluate trained models on custom tasks OR customize existing evaluation config for SciRepEval benchmark tasks - -[Benchmarking](https://github.com/allenai/scirepeval/blob/main/BENCHMARKING.md) - Simply evaluate models(pretrained from HuggingFace/local checkpoints) on SciRepEval and generate a report - -## Benchmark Details -SciRepEval consists of 25 scientific document tasks to train and evaluate scientific document representation models. The tasks are divided across 4 task formats- classification **CLF**, regression **RGN**, proximity (nearest neighbors) retrieval **PRX** and ad-hoc search **SRCH**. The table below gives a brief overview of the tasks with their HuggingFace datasets config names, if applicable. -The benchmark dataset can be downloaded from AWS S3 or HuggingFace as follows: -#### AWS S3 via CLI -```bash -mkdir scirepeval_data && mkdir scirepeval_data/train && mkdir scirepeval_data/test && cd scirepeval_data -aws s3 --no-sign-request sync s3://ai2-s2-research-public/scirepeval/train train -aws s3 --no-sign-request sync s3://ai2-s2-research-public/scirepeval/test test -``` -The AWS CLI commands can be run with the `--dryrun` flag to list the files being copied. The entire dataset is ~24 GB in size. - -#### HuggingFace Datasets -The training, validation and raw evaluation data is available at [allenai/scirepeval](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval), while the labelled test examples are available at [allenai/scirepeval_test](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test). - -```python -import datasets -#training/validation/eval metadata -dataset = datasets.load_dataset(allenai/scirepeval, ) - -#labelled test examples -dataset = datasets.load_dataset(allenai/scirepeval_test, ) -``` - -Since we want to evaluate document representations, every dataset consists of two parts: test metadata (text for representation generation available under allenai/scirepeval) and labelled examples (available under allenai/scirepeval_test) - -|Format|Name|Train|Metric|HF Config| HF Test Config| -|--|--|--|--|--|--| -|CLF|[MeSH Descriptors](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions_mesh.html)|Y|F1 Macro|[mesh_descriptors](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/mesh_descriptors)|[mesh_descriptors](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/mesh_descriptors)| -|CLF|Fields of study|Y|F1 Macro|[fos](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/fos)|[fos](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/fos)| -|CLF|[Biomimicry](https://github.com/nasa-petal/PeTaL-db)|N|F1 Binary|[biomimicry](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/biomimicry)|[biomimicry](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/biomimicry)| -|CLF|[DRSM](https://github.com/chanzuckerberg/DRSM-corpus)|N|F1 Macro|[drsm](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/drsm)|[drsm](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/drsm)| -|CLF|[SciDocs-MAG](https://github.com/allenai/scidocs)|N|F1 Macro|[scidocs_mag_mesh](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/scidocs_mag_mesh)|[scidocs_mag](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/scidocs_mag)| -|CLF|[SciDocs-Mesh Diseases](https://github.com/allenai/scidocs)|N|F1 Macro|[scidocs_mag_mesh](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/scidocs_mesh)|[scidocs_mesh](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/scidocs_mag_mesh)| -|RGN|Citation Count|Y|Kendall's Tau|[cite_count](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/cite_count)|[cite_count](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/cite_count)| -|RGN|Year of Publication|Y|Kendall's Tau|[pub_year](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/pub_year)|[pub_year](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/pub_year)| -|RGN|[Peer Review Score](https://api.openreview.net)|N|Kendall's Tau|[peer_review_score_hIndex](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/peer_review_score_hIndex)|[peer_review_score](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/peer_review_score)| -|RGN|[Max Author hIndex](https://api.openreview.net)|N|Kendall's Tau|[peer_review_score_hIndex](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/peer_review_score_hIndex)|[hIndex](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/hIndex)| -|RGN|[Tweet Mentions](https://github.com/lingo-iitgn/TweetPap)|N|Kendall's Tau|[tweet_mentions](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/tweet_mentions)|[tweet_mentions](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/tweet_mentions)| -|PRX|Same Author Detection|Y|MAP|[same_author](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/same_author)|[same_author](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/same_author)| -|PRX|Highly Influential Citations|Y|MAP|[high_influence_cite](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/high_influence_cite)|[high_influence_cite](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/high_influence_cite)| -|PRX|Citation Prediction|Y|-|[cite_prediction](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/cite_prediction)|-| -|PRX|S2AND*|N|B^3 F1|-|-| -|PRX|Paper-Reviewer Matching**|N|Precision@5,10|[paper_reviewer_matching](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/paper_reviewer_matching)|[paper_reviewer_matching](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/paper_reviewer_matching), [reviewers](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/reviewers)| -|PRX|Feeds-1|N|MAP|[feeds_1](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/feeds_1)|[feeds_1](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/feeds_1)| -|PRX|Feeds-M|N|MAP|[feeds_m](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/feeds_m)|[feeds_m](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/feeds_m)| -|PRX|[SciDocs-Cite](https://github.com/allenai/scidocs)|N|MAP, NDCG|[scidocs_view_cite_read](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/scidocs_view_cite_read)|[scidocs_cite](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/scidocs_cite)| -|PRX|[SciDocs-CoCite](https://github.com/allenai/scidocs)|N|MAP, NDCG|[scidocs_view_cite_read](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/scidocs_view_cite_read)|[scidocs_cocite](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/scidocs_cocite)| -|PRX|[SciDocs-CoView](https://github.com/allenai/scidocs)|N|MAP, NDCG|[scidocs_view_cite_read](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/scidocs_view_cite_read)|[scidocs_view](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/scidocs_view)| -|PRX|[SciDocs-CoRead](https://github.com/allenai/scidocs)|N|MAP, NDCG|[scidocs_view_cite_read](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/scidocs_view_cite_read)|[scidocs_read](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/scidocs_read)| -|SRCH|Search|Y|NDCG|[search](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/search)|[search](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/search)| -|SRCH|Feeds-Title|N|MAP|[feeds_title](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/feeds_title)|[feeds_title](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/feeds_title)| -|SRCH|[TREC-CoVID](https://ir.nist.gov/trec-covid/data.html)|N|NDCG|[trec_covid](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval/viewer/trec_covid)|[trec_covid](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/scirepeval_test/viewer/trec_covid)| - -*S2AND requires the evaluation dataset in a specific format so to evaluate your model on the task please follow [these](https://github.com/allenai/scirepeval/blob/main/BENCHMARKING.md#s2and) instructions. - -**Combinations of multiple datasets - [1](https://mimno.infosci.cornell.edu/data/nips_reviewer_data.tar.gz), [2](https://web.archive.org/web/20211015210300/http://sifaka.cs.uiuc.edu/ir/data/review.html), [3](https://ieee-dataport.org/open-access/retrorevmatchevalicip16-retrospective-reviewer-matching-dataset-and-evaluation-ieee-icip), also dataset of papers authored by potential reviewers is required for evaluation; hence the multiple dataset configs. - -## License -The aggregate benchmark is released under [ODC-BY](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/) license. By downloading this data you acknowledge that you have read and agreed to all the terms in this license. -For constituent datasets, also go through the individual licensing requirements, as applicable. - -## Citation - -Please cite the SciRepEval work as: - -```bibtex -@article{Singh2022SciRepEvalAM, - title={SciRepEval: A Multi-Format Benchmark for Scientific Document Representations}, - author={Amanpreet Singh and Mike D'Arcy and Arman Cohan and Doug Downey and Sergey Feldman}, - journal={ArXiv}, - year={2022}, - volume={abs/2211.13308} -} -``` diff --git a/adapter_fusion.py b/adapter_fusion.py deleted file mode 100644 index 5d5271b4c676a7c4ed0fc1d700f0642b2b34b546..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/adapter_fusion.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,105 +0,0 @@ -from typing import List, Optional, Union, Dict -from transformers.adapters import AutoAdapterModel -from transformers.adapters.composition import Fuse -from abc import ABC, abstractmethod -import torch -import os - - -class AdapterFactory: - @staticmethod - def get_adapter(checkpoint_name: str, task_ids: List[str], fuse_adapters: bool, - adapters_dir: Union[str, Dict] = None): - print(task_ids) - if not fuse_adapters: - return AdapterEncoder(checkpoint_name, task_ids) - else: - return AdapterFusion(checkpoint_name, task_ids, adapters_dir) - - -class AbstractAdapter(torch.nn.Module, ABC): - def __init__(self, checkpoint_name): - super(AbstractAdapter, self).__init__() - self.model = AutoAdapterModel.from_pretrained(checkpoint_name) # checkpoint - - @abstractmethod - def save_pretrained(self, save_path: str): - self.model.save_all_adapters(save_path) - - def resize_token_embeddings(self, new_num_tokens: Optional[int] = None): - return self.model.resize_token_embeddings(new_num_tokens) - - -class AdapterEncoder(AbstractAdapter): - def __init__(self, checkpoint_name, task_ids: List[str], load_as=None): - super(AdapterEncoder, self).__init__(checkpoint_name) - # Add a new adapter - for t_id in task_ids: - if not load_as: - self.model.add_adapter(t_id, config="pfeiffer") - else: - # load_as can str for a local path or dict to be loaded from adapters hub - if type(load_as) == str: - self.model.load_adapter(f"{load_as}/{t_id}/", load_as=t_id) - else: - self.model.load_adapter(load_as[t_id], load_as=t_id) - self.model.train_adapter(adapter_setup=task_ids, train_embeddings=False) - - def forward(self, input_ids, attention_mask, task_id): - self.model.base_model.set_active_adapters(task_id) - return self.model(input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask) - - def save_pretrained(self, save_path: str, adapter_names: List[str] = None): - # self.model.save_pretrained(save_path) - save_path = f'{save_path}/adapters/' - os.makedirs(save_path, exist_ok=True) - if not adapter_names: - self.model.save_all_adapters(save_path) - else: - for a_name in adapter_names: - self.model.save_adapter(f"{save_path}/{a_name}/", a_name) - - -class AdapterFusion(AbstractAdapter): - def __init__(self, checkpoint_name, task_ids: List[str], load_adapters_as: Union[str, dict], fusion_dir: str = None, - inference=False): - super(AdapterFusion, self).__init__(checkpoint_name) - # Add a new adapter - # load_adapters_as can str for a local path with adapters and fusion dirs or dict to be loaded from adapters hub, - # the adapters hub version of single adapters should have the suffix _fusion - if not fusion_dir: - fusion_dir = load_adapters_as.replace("/adapters/", "") if inference and type( - load_adapters_as) == str else None - load_adapters_as = load_adapters_as.replace("fusion", "adapters") if type( - load_adapters_as) == str else load_adapters_as - for t_id in task_ids: - if type(load_adapters_as) == str and os.path.isdir(load_adapters_as): - self.model.load_adapter(f"{load_adapters_as}/{t_id}/", load_as=t_id) - else: - self.model.load_adapter(load_adapters_as[t_id], load_as=t_id) - self.fusion_mods_dict = dict() - for i, t_id in enumerate(task_ids): - task_fuse = Fuse(*([t_id] + task_ids[:i] + task_ids[i + 1:])) - self.fusion_mods_dict[t_id] = task_fuse - if not inference: - self.model.add_adapter_fusion(task_fuse) - else: - if fusion_dir: - self.model.load_adapter_fusion(f"{fusion_dir}/{t_id}_fusion/") - else: - self.model.load_adapter_fusion(f"{load_adapters_as[t_id]}_fusion") - self.model.train_adapter_fusion(list(self.fusion_mods_dict.values())) - print(self.model.active_adapters) - # self.model.get_input_embeddings().train() - # self.model.train_adapter(adapter_setup=task_ids, train_embeddings=True) - - def forward(self, input_ids, attention_mask, task_id): - self.model.base_model.set_active_adapters(self.fusion_mods_dict[task_id]) - return self.model(input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask) - - def save_pretrained(self, save_path: str): - # self.model.save_pretrained(save_path) - from pathlib import Path - Path(save_path).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) - for t_id, t_fuse in self.fusion_mods_dict.items(): - self.model.save_adapter_fusion(f'{save_path}/{t_id}_fusion/', t_fuse) diff --git a/benchmark.sh b/benchmark.sh deleted file mode 100644 index 906525f914e03c58d566f54c7a97042aa6a6e3a6..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/benchmark.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2 +0,0 @@ -python scirepeval.py --tasks-config full_scirepeval_tasks.jsonl -m allenai/longformer-base-4096 --batch-size 1 --output longformer_results.json --document -python scirepeval.py --tasks-config full_scirepeval_tasks.jsonl -m /home/haoyu/code/academic-budget-LMs/logs/htrans/runs/2023-05-02_23-18-37/huggingface_saved --batch-size 2 --output 32_32_8_6_results.json --htrans --document \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bert_pals.py b/bert_pals.py deleted file mode 100644 index ef765309a55e159246f82e12c9b0d507ea49041b..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/bert_pals.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,861 +0,0 @@ -# coding=utf-8 -# Copyright 2018 The Google AI Language Team Authors and The HugginFace Inc. team. -# -# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); -# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. -# You may obtain a copy of the License at -# -# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 -# -# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software -# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, -# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. -# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and -# limitations under the License. -"""PyTorch BERT model.""" - -from __future__ import absolute_import -from __future__ import division -from __future__ import print_function - -import copy -import json -import math -from typing import List, Optional - -import os -import six -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -import torch.nn.functional as F -from torch.nn import CrossEntropyLoss, MSELoss -from torch.nn.parameter import Parameter -from transformers.models.bert.modeling_bert import BertPreTrainedModel -from transformers.models.bert.configuration_bert import BertConfig - - -def gelu(x): - """Implementation of the gelu activation function. - For information: OpenAI GPT's gelu is slightly different (and gives slightly different results): - 0.5 * x * (1 + torch.tanh(math.sqrt(2 / math.pi) * (x + 0.044715 * torch.pow(x, 3)))) - """ - return x * 0.5 * (1.0 + torch.erf(x / math.sqrt(2.0))) - - -class BertPalConfig(BertConfig): - """Configuration class to store the configuration of a `BertModel`. - """ - - def __init__(self, vocab_size, hidden_size=768, num_hidden_layers=12, num_attention_heads=12, - intermediate_size=3072, hidden_act="gelu", hidden_dropout_prob=0.1, attention_probs_dropout_prob=0.1, - max_position_embeddings=512, type_vocab_size=16, initializer_range=0.02, pals=False, mult=False, - top=False, lhuc=False, houlsby=False, bert_lay_top=False, num_tasks=1, extra_dim=None, - hidden_size_aug=204, **kwargs): - """Constructs BertConfig. - - Args: - vocab_size: Vocabulary size of `inputs_ids` in `BertModel`. - hidden_size: Size of the encoder layers and the pooler layer. - num_hidden_layers: Number of hidden layers in the Transformer encoder. - num_attention_heads: Number of attention heads for each attention layer in - the Transformer encoder. - intermediate_size: The size of the "intermediate" (i.e., feed-forward) - layer in the Transformer encoder. - hidden_act: The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the - encoder and pooler. - hidden_dropout_prob: The dropout probabilitiy for all fully connected - layers in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler. - attention_probs_dropout_prob: The dropout ratio for the attention - probabilities. - max_position_embeddings: The maximum sequence length that this model might - ever be used with. Typically set this to something large just in case - (e.g., 512 or 1024 or 2048). - type_vocab_size: The vocabulary size of the `token_type_ids` passed into - `BertModel`. - initializer_range: The sttdev of the truncated_normal_initializer for - initializing all weight matrices. - """ - super().__init__(vocab_size, hidden_size, num_hidden_layers, num_attention_heads, intermediate_size, hidden_act, - hidden_dropout_prob, attention_probs_dropout_prob, max_position_embeddings, type_vocab_size, - initializer_range, **kwargs) - self.vocab_size = vocab_size - self.hidden_size = hidden_size - self.num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers - self.num_attention_heads = num_attention_heads - self.hidden_act = hidden_act - self.intermediate_size = intermediate_size - self.hidden_dropout_prob = hidden_dropout_prob - self.attention_probs_dropout_prob = attention_probs_dropout_prob - self.max_position_embeddings = max_position_embeddings - self.type_vocab_size = type_vocab_size - self.initializer_range = initializer_range - self.hidden_size_aug = hidden_size_aug - self.pals = pals - self.extra_dim = extra_dim - self.houlsby = houlsby - self.mult = mult - self.top = top - self.bert_lay_top = bert_lay_top - self.lhuc = lhuc - self.num_tasks = num_tasks - - @classmethod - def from_json_file(cls, json_file): - """Constructs a `BertConfig` from a json file of parameters.""" - with open(json_file, "r") as reader: - text = reader.read() - return cls.from_dict(json.loads(text)) - - def to_dict(self): - """Serializes this instance to a Python dictionary.""" - output = copy.deepcopy(self.__dict__) - return output - - @classmethod - def from_dict(cls, json_object): - """Constructs a `BertConfig` from a Python dictionary of parameters.""" - config = BertPalConfig(vocab_size=None) - for (key, value) in six.iteritems(json_object): - config.__dict__[key] = value - return config - - def to_json_string(self, use_diff: bool = True): - """Serializes this instance to a JSON string.""" - return json.dumps(self.to_dict(), indent=2, sort_keys=True) + "\n" - - -class BERTLayerNorm(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config, multi_params=None, variance_epsilon=1e-12): - """Construct a layernorm module in the TF style (epsilon inside the square root). - """ - super(BERTLayerNorm, self).__init__() - if multi_params is not None: - self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(config.hidden_size_aug)) - self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(config.hidden_size_aug)) - else: - self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(config.hidden_size)) - self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(config.hidden_size)) - self.variance_epsilon = variance_epsilon - - def forward(self, x): - u = x.mean(-1, keepdim=True) - s = (x - u).pow(2).mean(-1, keepdim=True) - x = (x - u) / torch.sqrt(s + self.variance_epsilon) - return self.weight * x + self.bias - - -class BERTEmbeddings(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super(BERTEmbeddings, self).__init__() - """Construct the embedding module from word, position and token_type embeddings. - """ - self.word_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, config.hidden_size) - self.position_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.max_position_embeddings, config.hidden_size) - self.token_type_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.type_vocab_size, config.hidden_size) - - # self.LayerNorm is not snake-cased to stick with TensorFlow model variable name and be able to load - # any TensorFlow checkpoint file - self.LayerNorm = BERTLayerNorm(config) - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) - - def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None): - seq_length = input_ids.size(1) - position_ids = torch.arange(seq_length, dtype=torch.long, device=input_ids.device) - position_ids = position_ids.unsqueeze(0).expand_as(input_ids) - if token_type_ids is None: - token_type_ids = torch.zeros_like(input_ids) - - words_embeddings = self.word_embeddings(input_ids) - position_embeddings = self.position_embeddings(position_ids) - token_type_embeddings = self.token_type_embeddings(token_type_ids) - - embeddings = words_embeddings + position_embeddings + token_type_embeddings - embeddings = self.LayerNorm(embeddings) - embeddings = self.dropout(embeddings) - return embeddings - - -class BERTSelfAttention(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config, multi_params=None): - super(BERTSelfAttention, self).__init__() - if config.hidden_size % config.num_attention_heads != 0: - raise ValueError( - "The hidden size (%d) is not a multiple of the number of attention " - "heads (%d)" % (config.hidden_size, config.num_attention_heads)) - if multi_params is not None: - self.num_attention_heads = multi_params - self.attention_head_size = int(config.hidden_size_aug / self.num_attention_heads) - self.all_head_size = self.num_attention_heads * self.attention_head_size - hidden_size = config.hidden_size_aug - else: - self.num_attention_heads = config.num_attention_heads - self.attention_head_size = int(config.hidden_size / config.num_attention_heads) - self.all_head_size = self.num_attention_heads * self.attention_head_size - hidden_size = config.hidden_size - - self.query = nn.Linear(hidden_size, self.all_head_size) - self.key = nn.Linear(hidden_size, self.all_head_size) - self.value = nn.Linear(hidden_size, self.all_head_size) - - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.attention_probs_dropout_prob) - - def transpose_for_scores(self, x): - new_x_shape = x.size()[:-1] + (self.num_attention_heads, self.attention_head_size) - x = x.view(*new_x_shape) - return x.permute(0, 2, 1, 3) - - def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask): - mixed_query_layer = self.query(hidden_states) - mixed_key_layer = self.key(hidden_states) - mixed_value_layer = self.value(hidden_states) - - query_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(mixed_query_layer) - key_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(mixed_key_layer) - value_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(mixed_value_layer) - - # Take the dot product between "query" and "key" to get the raw attention scores. - attention_scores = torch.matmul(query_layer, key_layer.transpose(-1, -2)) - attention_scores = attention_scores / math.sqrt(self.attention_head_size) - # Apply the attention mask is (precomputed for all layers in BertModel forward() function) - attention_scores = attention_scores + attention_mask - - # Normalize the attention scores to probabilities. - attention_probs = nn.Softmax(dim=-1)(attention_scores) - - # This is actually dropping out entire tokens to attend to, which might - # seem a bit unusual, but is taken from the original Transformer paper. - attention_probs = self.dropout(attention_probs) - - context_layer = torch.matmul(attention_probs, value_layer) - context_layer = context_layer.permute(0, 2, 1, 3).contiguous() - new_context_layer_shape = context_layer.size()[:-2] + (self.all_head_size,) - context_layer = context_layer.view(*new_context_layer_shape) - return context_layer - - -class BERTMultSelfOutput(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config, multi_params=None): - super(BERTMultSelfOutput, self).__init__() - self.LayerNorm = BERTLayerNorm(config, multi_params) - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) - - def forward(self, hidden_states, input_tensor): - hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states) - hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states + input_tensor) - return hidden_states - - -class BERTSelfOutput(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config, multi_params=None, houlsby=False): - super(BERTSelfOutput, self).__init__() - if houlsby: - multi = BERTLowRank(config) - self.multi_layers = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(multi) for _ in range(config.num_tasks)]) - if multi_params is not None: - self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size_aug, config.hidden_size_aug) - else: - self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size) - self.LayerNorm = BERTLayerNorm(config, multi_params) - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) - self.houlsby = houlsby - - def forward(self, hidden_states, input_tensor, attention_mask=None, i=0): - hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states) - hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states) - if self.houlsby: - hidden_states = hidden_states + self.multi_layers[i](hidden_states, attention_mask) - hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states + input_tensor) - return hidden_states - - -class BERTAttention(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config, multi_params=None, houlsby=False): - super(BERTAttention, self).__init__() - self.self = BERTSelfAttention(config, multi_params) - self.output = BERTSelfOutput(config, multi_params, houlsby) - - def forward(self, input_tensor, attention_mask, i=0): - self_output = self.self(input_tensor, attention_mask) - attention_output = self.output(self_output, input_tensor, attention_mask, i=i) - return attention_output - - -class BERTPals(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config, extra_dim=None): - super(BERTPals, self).__init__() - # Encoder and decoder matrices project down to the smaller dimension - self.aug_dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size_aug) - self.aug_dense2 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size_aug, config.hidden_size) - # Attention without the final matrix multiply. - self.attn = BERTSelfAttention(config, 6) - self.config = config - self.hidden_act_fn = gelu - - def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask=None): - hidden_states_aug = self.aug_dense(hidden_states) - hidden_states_aug = self.attn(hidden_states_aug, attention_mask) - hidden_states = self.aug_dense2(hidden_states_aug) - hidden_states = self.hidden_act_fn(hidden_states) - return hidden_states - - -class BERTLowRank(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config, extra_dim=None): - super(BERTLowRank, self).__init__() - # Encoder and decoder matrices project down to the smaller dimension - if config.extra_dim: - self.aug_dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.extra_dim) - self.aug_dense2 = nn.Linear(config.extra_dim, config.hidden_size) - else: - self.aug_dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size_aug) - self.aug_dense2 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size_aug, config.hidden_size) - self.config = config - self.hidden_act_fn = gelu - - def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask=None): - hidden_states_aug = self.aug_dense(hidden_states) - hidden_states_aug = self.hidden_act_fn(hidden_states_aug) - hidden_states = self.aug_dense2(hidden_states_aug) - return hidden_states - - -class BERTIntermediate(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super(BERTIntermediate, self).__init__() - self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.intermediate_size) - self.config = config - self.intermediate_act_fn = gelu - - def forward(self, hidden_states): - hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states) - hidden_states = self.intermediate_act_fn(hidden_states) - return hidden_states - - -class BERTLhuc(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super(BERTLhuc, self).__init__() - self.lhuc = Parameter(torch.zeros(config.hidden_size)) - - def forward(self, hidden_states): - hidden_states = hidden_states * 2. * nn.functional.sigmoid(self.lhuc) - return hidden_states - - -class BERTOutput(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config, houlsby=False): - super(BERTOutput, self).__init__() - self.dense = nn.Linear(config.intermediate_size, config.hidden_size) - self.LayerNorm = BERTLayerNorm(config) - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) - if houlsby: - if config.pals: - multi = BERTPals(config) - else: - multi = BERTLowRank(config) - self.multi_layers = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(multi) for _ in range(config.num_tasks)]) - self.houlsby = houlsby - - def forward(self, hidden_states, input_tensor, attention_mask=None, i=0): - hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states) - hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states) - if self.houlsby: - hidden_states = hidden_states + self.multi_layers[i](input_tensor, attention_mask) - hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states + input_tensor) - return hidden_states - - -class BERTLayer(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config, mult=False, houlsby=False): - super(BERTLayer, self).__init__() - self.attention = BERTAttention(config, houlsby=houlsby) - self.intermediate = BERTIntermediate(config) - self.output = BERTOutput(config, houlsby=houlsby) - if config.lhuc: - lhuc = BERTLhuc(config) - self.multi_lhuc = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(lhuc) for _ in range(config.num_tasks)]) - if mult: - if config.pals: - multi = BERTPals(config) - else: - multi = BERTLowRank(config) - self.multi_layers = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(multi) for _ in range(config.num_tasks)]) - self.mult = mult - self.lhuc = config.lhuc - self.houlsby = houlsby - - def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask, i=0): - attention_output = self.attention(hidden_states, attention_mask, i) - intermediate_output = self.intermediate(attention_output) - if self.lhuc and not self.mult: - layer_output = self.output(intermediate_output, attention_output) - layer_output = self.multi_lhuc[i](layer_output) - elif self.mult: - extra = self.multi_layers[i](hidden_states, attention_mask) - if self.lhuc: - extra = self.multi_lhuc[i](extra) - layer_output = self.output(intermediate_output, attention_output + extra) - elif self.houlsby: - layer_output = self.output(intermediate_output, attention_output, attention_mask, i) - else: - layer_output = self.output(intermediate_output, attention_output) - return layer_output - - -class BERTEncoder(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super(BERTEncoder, self).__init__() - self.config = config - if config.houlsby: - # Adjust line below to add PALs etc. to different layers. True means add a PAL. - self.multis = [True if i < 999 else False for i in range(config.num_hidden_layers)] - self.layer = nn.ModuleList([BERTLayer(config, houlsby=mult) for mult in self.multis]) - elif config.mult: - # Adjust line below to add PALs etc. to different layers. True means add a PAL. - self.multis = [True if i < 999 else False for i in range(config.num_hidden_layers)] - self.layer = nn.ModuleList([BERTLayer(config, mult=mult) for mult in self.multis]) - else: - layer = BERTLayer(config) - self.layer = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(layer) for _ in range(config.num_hidden_layers)]) - - if config.top: - if config.bert_lay_top: - multi = BERTLayer(config) - else: - # Projection matrices and attention for adding to the top. - mult_dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size_aug) - self.mult_dense = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(mult_dense) for _ in range(config.num_tasks)]) - mult_dense2 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size_aug, config.hidden_size) - self.mult_dense2 = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(mult_dense2) for _ in range(config.num_tasks)]) - multi = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(BERTAttention(config, 12)) for _ in range(6)]) - - self.multi_layers = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(multi) for _ in range(config.num_tasks)]) - self.gelu = gelu - - if config.mult and config.pals: - dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size_aug) - # Shared encoder and decoder across layers - self.mult_aug_dense = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(dense) for _ in range(config.num_tasks)]) - dense2 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size_aug, config.hidden_size) - self.mult_aug_dense2 = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(dense2) for _ in range(config.num_tasks)]) - for l, layer in enumerate(self.layer): - if self.multis[l]: - for i, lay in enumerate(layer.multi_layers): - lay.aug_dense = self.mult_aug_dense[i] - lay.aug_dense2 = self.mult_aug_dense2[i] - if config.houlsby and config.pals: - dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size_aug) - # Shared encoder and decoder across layers - self.mult_aug_dense = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(dense) for _ in range(config.num_tasks)]) - dense2 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size_aug, config.hidden_size) - self.mult_aug_dense2 = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(dense2) for _ in range(config.num_tasks)]) - dense3 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size_aug) - for l, layer in enumerate(self.layer): - if self.multis[l]: - for i, lay in enumerate(layer.output.multi_layers): - lay.aug_dense = self.mult_aug_dense[i] - lay.aug_dense2 = self.mult_aug_dense2[i] - - def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask, i=0): - all_encoder_layers = [] - for layer_module in self.layer: - hidden_states = layer_module(hidden_states, attention_mask, i) - all_encoder_layers.append(hidden_states) - if self.config.top: - if self.config.bert_lay_top: - all_encoder_layers[-1] = self.multi_layers[i](hidden_states, attention_mask) - else: - hidden_states = self.mult_dense[i](hidden_states) - for lay in self.multi_layers[i]: - hidden_states = lay(hidden_states, attention_mask) - all_encoder_layers[-1] = self.mult_dense2[i](hidden_states) - return all_encoder_layers - - -class BERTPooler(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super(BERTPooler, self).__init__() - - dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size) - self.activation = nn.Tanh() - self.pool = False - if self.pool: - self.mult_dense_layers = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(dense) for _ in range(config.num_tasks)]) - else: - self.dense = dense - self.mult = config.mult - self.top = config.top - - def forward(self, hidden_states, i=0): - # We "pool" the model by simply taking the hidden state corresponding - # to the first token. - first_token_tensor = hidden_states[:, 0] - if (self.mult or self.top) and self.pool: - pooled_output = self.mult_dense_layers[i](first_token_tensor) - else: - pooled_output = self.dense(first_token_tensor) - pooled_output = self.activation(pooled_output) - return pooled_output - - -class BertModel(BertPreTrainedModel): - """BERT model ("Bidirectional Embedding Representations from a Transformer"). - - Example usage: - ```python - # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids - input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]]) - input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]]) - token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[0, 0, 1], [0, 2, 0]]) - - config = modeling.BertConfig(vocab_size=32000, hidden_size=512, - num_hidden_layers=8, num_attention_heads=6, intermediate_size=1024) - - model = modeling.BertModel(config=config) - all_encoder_layers, pooled_output = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask) - ``` - """ - - def __init__(self, config: BertPalConfig): - """Constructor for BertModel. - - Args: - config: `BertConfig` instance. - """ - super(BertModel, self).__init__(config) - self.embeddings = BERTEmbeddings(config) - self.encoder = BERTEncoder(config) - self.pooler = BERTPooler(config) - - def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None, attention_mask=None, i=0): - if attention_mask is None: - attention_mask = torch.ones_like(input_ids) - if token_type_ids is None: - token_type_ids = torch.zeros_like(input_ids) - - # We create a 3D attention mask from a 2D tensor mask. - # Sizes are [batch_size, 1, 1, from_seq_length] - # So we can broadcast to [batch_size, num_heads, to_seq_length, from_seq_length] - # this attention mask is more simple than the triangular masking of causal attention - # used in OpenAI GPT, we just need to prepare the broadcast dimension here. - extended_attention_mask = attention_mask.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(2) - - # Since attention_mask is 1.0 for positions we want to attend and 0.0 for - # masked positions, this operation will create a tensor which is 0.0 for - # positions we want to attend and -10000.0 for masked positions. - # Since we are adding it to the raw scores before the softmax, this is - # effectively the same as removing these entirely. - extended_attention_mask = extended_attention_mask.float() - extended_attention_mask = (1.0 - extended_attention_mask) * -10000.0 - - embedding_output = self.embeddings(input_ids, token_type_ids) - all_encoder_layers = self.encoder(embedding_output, extended_attention_mask, i) - sequence_output = all_encoder_layers[-1] - pooled_output = self.pooler(sequence_output, i) - return all_encoder_layers, pooled_output - - def get_input_embeddings(self): - return self.embeddings.word_embeddings - - def set_input_embeddings(self, value): - self.embeddings.word_embeddings = value - - -class BertForMultiTask(nn.Module): - """BERT model for classification or regression on GLUE tasks (STS-B is treated as a regression task). - This module is composed of the BERT model with a linear layer on top of - the pooled output. - - ``` - """ - - def __init__(self, config, tasks): - super(BertForMultiTask, self).__init__() - self.bert = BertModel(config) - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) - self.classifier = nn.ModuleList([nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, num_labels) - for i, num_labels in enumerate(tasks)]) - - def init_weights(module): - if isinstance(module, (nn.Linear, nn.Embedding)): - # Slightly different from the TF version which uses truncated_normal for initialization - # cf https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/5617 - module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range) - elif isinstance(module, BERTLayerNorm): - module.beta.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range) - module.gamma.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range) - if isinstance(module, nn.Linear): - if module.bias is not None: - module.bias.data.zero_() - - self.apply(init_weights) - - def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask, task_id, name='cola', labels=None): - _, pooled_output = self.bert(input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask, task_id) - pooled_output = self.dropout(pooled_output) - logits = self.classifier[task_id](pooled_output) - - if labels is not None and name != 'sts': - loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss() - loss = loss_fct(logits, labels) - return loss, logits - # STS is a regression task. - elif labels is not None and name == 'sts': - loss_fct = MSELoss() - loss = loss_fct(logits, labels.unsqueeze(1)) - return loss, logits - else: - return logits - - -class BertForSequenceClassification(nn.Module): - """BERT model for classification. - This module is composed of the BERT model with a linear layer on top of - the pooled output. - - Example usage: - ```python - # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids - input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]]) - input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]]) - token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[0, 0, 1], [0, 2, 0]]) - - config = BertConfig(vocab_size=32000, hidden_size=512, - num_hidden_layers=8, num_attention_heads=6, intermediate_size=1024) - - num_labels = 2 - - model = BertForSequenceClassification(config, num_labels) - logits = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask) - ``` - """ - - def __init__(self, config, num_labels): - super(BertForSequenceClassification, self).__init__() - self.bert = BertModel(config) - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) - self.classifier = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, num_labels) - - def init_weights(module): - if isinstance(module, (nn.Linear, nn.Embedding)): - # Slightly different from the TF version which uses truncated_normal for initialization - # cf https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/5617 - module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range) - elif isinstance(module, BERTLayerNorm): - module.beta.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range) - module.gamma.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range) - if isinstance(module, nn.Linear): - if module.bias is not None: - module.bias.data.zero_() - - self.apply(init_weights) - - def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask, labels=None): - _, pooled_output = self.bert(input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask) - pooled_output = self.dropout(pooled_output) - logits = self.classifier(pooled_output) - - if labels is not None: - loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss() - loss = loss_fct(logits, labels) - return loss, logits - else: - return logits - - -class BertForQuestionAnswering(nn.Module): - """BERT model for Question Answering (span extraction). - This module is composed of the BERT model with a linear layer on top of - the sequence output that computes start_logits and end_logits - - Example usage: - ```python - # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids - input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]]) - input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]]) - token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[0, 0, 1], [0, 2, 0]]) - - config = BertConfig(vocab_size=32000, hidden_size=512, - num_hidden_layers=8, num_attention_heads=6, intermediate_size=1024) - - model = BertForQuestionAnswering(config) - start_logits, end_logits = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask) - ``` - """ - - def __init__(self, config): - super(BertForQuestionAnswering, self).__init__() - self.bert = BertModel(config) - # TODO check with Google if it's normal there is no dropout on the token classifier of SQuAD in the TF version - # self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) - self.qa_outputs = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 2) - - def init_weights(module): - if isinstance(module, (nn.Linear, nn.Embedding)): - # Slightly different from the TF version which uses truncated_normal for initialization - # cf https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/5617 - module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range) - elif isinstance(module, BERTLayerNorm): - module.beta.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range) - module.gamma.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range) - if isinstance(module, nn.Linear): - module.bias.data.zero_() - - self.apply(init_weights) - - def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask, start_positions=None, end_positions=None): - all_encoder_layers, _ = self.bert(input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask) - sequence_output = all_encoder_layers[-1] - logits = self.qa_outputs(sequence_output) - start_logits, end_logits = logits.split(1, dim=-1) - start_logits = start_logits.squeeze(-1) - end_logits = end_logits.squeeze(-1) - - if start_positions is not None and end_positions is not None: - # If we are on multi-GPU, split add a dimension - if not this is a no-op - start_positions = start_positions.squeeze(-1) - end_positions = end_positions.squeeze(-1) - # sometimes the start/end positions are outside our model inputs, we ignore these terms - ignored_index = start_logits.size(1) - start_positions.clamp_(0, ignored_index) - end_positions.clamp_(0, ignored_index) - - loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss(ignore_index=ignored_index) - start_loss = loss_fct(start_logits, start_positions) - end_loss = loss_fct(end_logits, end_positions) - total_loss = (start_loss + end_loss) / 2 - return total_loss - else: - return start_logits, end_logits - - -class BertForMultipleChoice(nn.Module): - """BERT model for multiple choice tasks. - This module is composed of the BERT model with a linear layer on top of - the pooled output. - Params: - `config`: a BertConfig class instance with the configuration to build a new model. - `num_choices`: the number of classes for the classifier. Default = 2. - Inputs: - `input_ids`: a torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, num_choices, sequence_length] - with the word token indices in the vocabulary(see the tokens preprocessing logic in the scripts - `extract_features.py`, `run_classifier.py` and `run_squad.py`) - `token_type_ids`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, num_choices, sequence_length] - with the token types indices selected in [0, 1]. Type 0 corresponds to a `sentence A` - and type 1 corresponds to a `sentence B` token (see BERT paper for more details). - `attention_mask`: an optional torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size, num_choices, sequence_length] with indices - selected in [0, 1]. It's a mask to be used if the input sequence length is smaller than the max - input sequence length in the current batch. It's the mask that we typically use for attention when - a batch has varying length sentences. - `labels`: labels for the classification output: torch.LongTensor of shape [batch_size] - with indices selected in [0, ..., num_choices]. - Outputs: - if `labels` is not `None`: - Outputs the CrossEntropy classification loss of the output with the labels. - if `labels` is `None`: - Outputs the classification logits of shape [batch_size, num_labels]. - Example usage: - ```python - # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids - input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]], [[12, 16, 42], [14, 28, 57]]]) - input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]],[[1,1,0], [1, 0, 0]]]) - token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[[0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]],[[0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 1]]]) - config = BertConfig(vocab_size_or_config_json_file=32000, hidden_size=768, - num_hidden_layers=12, num_attention_heads=12, intermediate_size=3072) - num_choices = 2 - model = BertForMultipleChoice(config, num_choices) - logits = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask) - ``` - """ - - def __init__(self, config, num_choices=2): - super(BertForMultipleChoice, self).__init__() - self.num_choices = num_choices - self.bert = BertModel(config) - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) - self.classifier = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 1) - - def init_weights(module): - if isinstance(module, (nn.Linear, nn.Embedding)): - # Slightly different from the TF version which uses truncated_normal for initialization - # cf https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/5617 - module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range) - elif isinstance(module, BERTLayerNorm): - module.beta.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range) - module.gamma.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range) - if isinstance(module, nn.Linear): - module.bias.data.zero_() - - self.apply(init_weights) - - def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None, attention_mask=None, labels=None): - flat_input_ids = input_ids.view(-1, input_ids.size(-1)) - flat_token_type_ids = token_type_ids.view(-1, token_type_ids.size(-1)) - flat_attention_mask = attention_mask.view(-1, attention_mask.size(-1)) - _, pooled_output = self.bert(flat_input_ids, flat_token_type_ids, flat_attention_mask) - pooled_output = self.dropout(pooled_output) - logits = self.classifier(pooled_output) - reshaped_logits = logits.view(-1, self.num_choices) - - if labels is not None: - loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss() - loss = loss_fct(reshaped_logits, labels) - return loss - else: - return reshaped_logits - - -class BertPalsEncoder(torch.nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config: str, task_ids: List[str], checkpoint): - super(BertPalsEncoder, self).__init__() - self.bert_config = BertPalConfig.from_json_file(config) if type(config) == str else config - self.bert_config.num_tasks = len(task_ids) - if type(checkpoint) != str: - self.bert_config.vocab_size = checkpoint.config.vocab_size - self.bert = BertModel(self.bert_config) if type(config) == str else checkpoint - self.task_idx = {task: i for i, task in enumerate(task_ids)} - print(self.task_idx) - - def init_weights(module): - if isinstance(module, (torch.nn.Linear, torch.nn.Embedding)): - # Slightly different from the TF version which uses truncated_normal for initialization - # cf https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/5617 - module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=self.bert_config.initializer_range) - elif isinstance(module, BERTLayerNorm): - module.bias.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=self.bert_config.initializer_range) - module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=self.bert_config.initializer_range) - if isinstance(module, torch.nn.Linear): - if module.bias is not None: - module.bias.data.zero_() - - if type(config) == str: - if type(checkpoint) == str: - chk = torch.load(checkpoint, map_location='cpu') - update = {k.replace("bert.", ""): v for k, v in chk.items()} - else: - self.apply(init_weights) - partial = checkpoint.state_dict() - model_dict = self.bert.state_dict() - update = {} - for n, p in model_dict.items(): - if 'aug' in n or 'mult' in n: - update[n] = p - if 'pooler.mult' in n and 'bias' in n: - update[n] = partial['pooler.dense.bias'] - if 'pooler.mult' in n and 'weight' in n: - update[n] = partial['pooler.dense.weight'] - else: - update[n] = partial[n] - self.bert.load_state_dict(update) - - def forward(self, input_ids, attention_mask=None, task_id=None): - embedding = self.bert(input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask, i=self.task_idx[task_id]) - return embedding[0][-1] - - def resize_token_embeddings(self, new_num_tokens: Optional[int] = None): - return self.bert.resize_token_embeddings(new_num_tokens) - - def save_pretrained(self, save_path: str): - os.makedirs(save_path, exist_ok=True) - torch.save(self.bert.state_dict(), f'{save_path}/pytorch_model.bin') - torch.save(self.bert.config.save_pretrained(save_path)) diff --git a/evaluation/EVALUATION.md b/evaluation/EVALUATION.md deleted file mode 100644 index dfb6469b73fe215ac9d0ba8d5543e19631d6b498..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/evaluation/EVALUATION.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,131 +0,0 @@ -## Evaluation - - - SciRepEval can be used to evaluate scientific document representations on 4 task types - classification, regression, proximity based retrieval ( a document is the query) and ad-hoc search ( raw text query). - - The evaluation process for each task consists of 2 steps - representation generation with a model and raw metadata; and evaluating these representation as features of the labelled test examples using a suitable metric. - -To reproduce the results in the paper for all or a collection of tasks in SciRepEval, follow the steps in [BENCHMARKING.md](https://github.com/allenai/scirepeval/blob/main/BENCHMARKING.md). - - -### Custom Evaluation -#### SciRepEval config -The evaluation setup for the existing tasks in SciRepEval can be configured in [scirepeval_tasks.jsonl](https://github.com/allenai/scirepeval/blob/main/scirepeval_tasks.jsonl). -These config parameters are internally parsed by the evaluators to generate the document representations and compute the relevant metric. - -**Example task config**: -```json -{ - "name": "Biomimicry", - "type": "classification", - "data": - { - "meta": - { - "name": "allenai/scirepeval", - "config": "biomimicry" - }, - "test": - { - "name": "allenai/scirepeval_test", - "config": "biomimicry" - } - }, - "metrics": - [ - "f1" - ], - "few_shot": - [ - { - "sample_size": 64, - "iterations": 50 - }, - { - "sample_size": 16, - "iterations": 100 - } - ] -} -``` -**Notes** - - 1. `"name"` - identifier for the task, can be utilized when filtering the tasks for evaluation. - 2. `"type"`- can be one of `{"classification", "regression", "proximity", "adhoc_search"}`, for multi-label classification, provide additional `"multi_label"=true` flag. - 3. `"data"` is required and expects at-least two entries: `"meta"` for the raw test data with title and abstracts for representation generation and `"test"` for the labelled examples. These can be local file paths or HuggingFace datasets. - 4. `"metrics"` is a list of the metrics to be computed for the task. These can be customized based on task type as follows: - ```python - if "type" == "classification": - metrics can be {"f1", "accuracy", "precision", "recall", "{f1|precision|recall}_{macro|micro}"} -elif "type" == "regression": - metrics can be {"mse", "r2", "pearsonr","kendalltau"} -else: - metrics can be anything allowed in pytrec_eval* - ``` - *[pytrec_eval](https://github.com/cvangysel/pytrec_eval) - - 5. Classification tasks can be additionally evaluated in few shot mode, provide a list of `"sample_size"` and `"iterations"`. - 6. To avoid generating embeddings in every run, these can be cached and re-loaded in future runs by providing the `"embedding"` config as- - ```json - "embeddings":{"save":"/.jsonl"} - ``` - - OR - - ```json - "embeddings":{"load":"/.jsonl"} - ``` - -#### Custom Tasks -For evaluating on new tasks from any of the four task types in SciRepEval, create the task config json as above and either append it to **scirepeval_tasks.jsonl** or add it to a new config file. - -To evaluate on all tasks: -Select model parameters as in [here](https://github.com/allenai/scirepeval/blob/main/BENCHMARKING.md#models). eg. -```bash -python scirepeval.py -m allenai/scirepeval_ctrl --ctrl-tokens --tasks-config scirepeval_tasks.jsonl --output scirepeval_results.json -``` -OR - -```python -from scirepeval import SciRepEval -from evaluation.encoders import Model - -#Base/MTL CLS -model = Model(variant="default", base_checkpoint="allenai/specter") - -#MTL CTRL -model = Model(variant="default", base_checkpoint="allenai/scirepeval_ctrl", use_ctrl_codes=True) - -#PALs -model = Model(variant="pals", base_checkpoint="allenai/scirepeval_pals", all_tasks=["[CLF]", "[QRY]", "[RGN]", "[PRX]"]) - -#Adapters -adapters_dict = {"[CLF]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_clf", "[QRY]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_qry", "[RGN]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_rgn", "[PRX]": "allenai/scirepeval_prx"} -model = Model(variant="adapters", base_checkpoint="malteos/scincl", adapters_load_from=adapters_dict, all_tasks=["[CLF]", "[QRY]", "[RGN]", "[PRX]"]) - -#Fusion -model = Model(variant="fusion", base_checkpoint="malteos/scincl", adapters_load_from=adapters_dict, fusion_load_from=, all_tasks=["[CLF]", "[QRY]", "[RGN]", "[PRX]"]) - -#Choose the task names from scirepeval_tasks.jsonl -evaluator = SciRepEval(tasks_config="scirepeval_tasks.jsonl", task_list:Optional=[...], task_format:Optional=[...]) -evaluator.evaluate(model, "scirepeval_results.json") -``` - -#### Mean Pool Ensemble - -To generate and evaluate the mean of multiple models, provide a list of models to the `evaluate method`. -```python -from scirepeval import SciRepEval -from evaluation.encoders import Model - -#MTL CTRL -model1 = Model(variant="default", base_checkpoint="malteos/scincl", use_ctrl_codes=True) - -#Adapters -adapters_dict = {"[CLF]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_clf", "[QRY]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_qry", "[RGN]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_rgn", "[PRX]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_prx"} -model2 = Model(variant="adapters", base_checkpoint="malteos/scincl", adapters_load_from=adapters_dict, all_tasks=["[CLF]", "[QRY]", "[RGN]", "[PRX]"]) - -models = [model1, model2] -evaluator = SciRepEval(tasks_config="scirepeval_tasks_adapters.jsonl", batch_size=16) -evaluator.evaluate(models, "scirepeval_results.json") - -``` - diff --git a/evaluation/INFERENCE.md b/evaluation/INFERENCE.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2f4b01a7ec833a047c26d9d4ff3f3cc3e95a56e6..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/evaluation/INFERENCE.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,98 +0,0 @@ - -## Inference - -This guide provides the steps to generate relevant document embeddings with SciRepEval models. - - ### Step 1 Create a Model instance - ```python -from evaluation.encoders import Model - -#Base/MTL CLS -model = Model(variant="default", base_checkpoint="allenai/specter") - -#MTL CTRL -model = Model(variant="default", base_checkpoint="allenai/scirepeval_ctrl", use_ctrl_codes=True) - -#PALs -model = Model(variant="pals", base_checkpoint="allenai/scirepeval_pals", all_tasks=["[CLF]", "[QRY]", "[RGN]", "[PRX]"]) - -#Adapters -adapters_dict = {"[CLF]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_clf", "[QRY]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_qry", "[RGN]": "allenai/scirepeval_adapters_rgn", "[PRX]": "allenai/scirepeval_prx"} -model = Model(variant="adapters", base_checkpoint="malteos/scincl", adapters_load_from=adapters_dict, all_tasks=["[CLF]", "[QRY]", "[RGN]", "[PRX]"]) - -#Fusion -model = Model(variant="fusion", base_checkpoint="malteos/scincl", adapters_load_from=adapters_dict, fusion_load_from=, all_tasks=["[CLF]", "[QRY]", "[RGN]", "[PRX]"]) - -``` - -### Step 2 Determine task type -Choose the relevant task id value from the below python dict keyed on task type -``TASK_IDS = {"classification": "[CLF]", "regression": "[RGN]", "proximity": "[PRX]", - "adhoc_search": {"query": "[QRY]", "candidates": "[PRX]"}}`` - -```python -model.task_id = "[CLF]" #OR "[RGN]"/"[PRX]"/{{"query": "[QRY]", "candidates": "[PRX]"}}} -``` - -For feeding raw text input to the model, follow step 3. If working with a specific dataset jump to Step 4. - -### Step 3 Generate embeddings for raw text -Use the model object as a callable. -```python -embeddings = model("Attention is all you need[SEP]Attention is all you need") -``` - -### Step 4 Generate embeddings for a dataset - -- If data instances consists of records with fields: eg. -```json -{ - "corpus_id": 22715986, - "title": "Accuracy of MRI for treatment response assessment after taxane- and anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-negative breast cancer.", - "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nStudies suggest that MRI is an accurate means for assessing tumor size after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). However, accuracy might be dependent on the receptor status of tumors. MRI accuracy for response assessment after homogenous NAC in a relative large group of patients with stage II/III HER2-negative breast cancer has not been reported before.\n\n\nMETHODS\n250 patients from 26 hospitals received NAC (docetaxel, adriamycin and cyclophosphamide) in the context of the NEOZOTAC trial. MRI was done after 3 cycles and post-NAC. Imaging (RECIST 1.1) and pathological (Miller and Payne) responses were recorded." -} -``` -```python -from evaluation.eval_datasets import SimpleDataset -from evaluation.evaluator import Evaluator - -dataset = ("allenai/scirepeval", "biomimicry") #OR path like "scirepeval/biomimicry/test.json" -evaluator = Evaluator(name="biomimcry", dataset, SimpleDataset, model, batch_size=32, fields=["title", "abstract"], key="paper_id") -embeddings = evaluator.generate_embeddings(save_path="embeddings.json") -``` -- If data instances consists of query-candidate pairs: eg. -```json -{ - "dataset": "aminer", - "query": - { - "corpus_id": 24254880, - "title": "[Characteristics of heavy metal elements and their relationship with magnetic properties of river sediment from urban area in Lanzhou].", - "abstract": "The contents of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn in the surface sediments from 8 rivers in urban area in Lanzhou were monitored by ecological risk which was assessed by the potential ecological Håkanson index, and the index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), sediment enrichment factor (R), and environmental magnetism. The results showed that: (1) the potential ecological risk of heavy metals of As, Co, Ni, V in surface sediments from 8 rivers were low, which belonged to low ecological risk. But the risk of heave metals Cr, Pb, Zn in surface sediments from Yuer river was high, which belonged to middle ecological risk, and in downstream of Yuer river, the element of Cu belonged to high ecological risk. (2) The rivers in Lanzhou could be divided into four groups according to the heavy mental pollution degree: first type, such as Paihong river, Shier river, Yuer river and Shuimo river, called downstream concentrate type; second type, such as Qili river, called upstream concentrate type; third type, such as Luoguo river and Dasha river, called less affected type; fourth type, Lanni river, which polluted heavily in up and downstream; (3) The correlation analysis between magnetic parameters and element contents show that the parameters which mainly reflect the concentration of the magnetic minerals (X, SIRM, Ms) have close association with Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, So we can infer that the magnetic minerals in deposits samples mainly came from electroplating effluent, motor vehicle emission, and domestic sewage. SIRM/X shows a strong correlation with Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, indicating the distribution of anthropogenic particulates. (4) The magnetic minerals(X, SIRM, Ms) have a strong correlation with the geoaccumulation (Igeo) than potential ecological risk index and enrichment factor (R). These results suggest a possible approach for source identification of magnetic material in pollution studies and the validity of using magnetic measurements to mapping the polluted area." - }, - "candidates": - [ - { - "corpus_id": 12540419, - "title": "Combination of magnetic parameters and heavy metals to discriminate soil-contamination sources in Yinchuan--a typical oasis city of Northwestern China.", - "abstract": "Various industrial processes and vehicular traffic result in harmful emissions containing both magnetic minerals and heavy metals. In this study, we investigated the levels of magnetic and heavy metal contamination of topsoils from Yinchuan city in northwestern China. The results demonstrate that magnetic mineral assemblages in the topsoil are dominated by pseudo-single domain (PSD) and multi-domain (MD) magnetite. The concentrations of anthropogenic heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) and the magnetic properties of χlf, SIRM, χARM, and 'SOFT' and 'HARD' remanence are significantly correlated, suggesting that the magnetic minerals and heavy metals have common sources. Combined use of principal components and fuzzy cluster analysis of the magnetic and chemical data set indicates that the magnetic and geochemical properties of the particulates emitted from different sources vary significantly. Samples from university campus and residential areas are mainly affected by crustal material, with low concentrations of magnetic minerals and heavy metals, while industrial pollution sources are characterized by high concentrations of coarse magnetite and Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. Traffic pollution is characterized by Pb and Zn, and magnetite. Magnetic measurements of soils are capable of differentiating sources of magnetic minerals and heavy metals from industrial processes, vehicle fleets and soil parent material.", - "score": 1 - } - ]... -} -``` - -```python -from evaluation.eval_datasets import IRDataset -from evaluation.evaluator import Evaluator - -dataset = ("allenai/scirepeval", "feeds_1") #OR path like "scirepeval/feeds_1/test.json" -evaluator = Evaluator(name="biomimcry", dataset, IRDataset, model, batch_size=32, fields=["title", "abstract"], key="doc_id") -embeddings = evaluator.generate_embeddings(save_path="embeddings.json") -``` - - - - - - diff --git a/evaluation/embeddings_generator.py b/evaluation/embeddings_generator.py deleted file mode 100644 index f4f591bf700135714e7b268c3ea3c4a08c3bcd73..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/evaluation/embeddings_generator.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,53 +0,0 @@ -from typing import Dict, List, Union - -from evaluation.encoders import Model -from tqdm import tqdm -import numpy as np -import json -import pathlib -import logging - -logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) - - -class EmbeddingsGenerator: - def __init__(self, datasets, models: Union[Model, List[Model]]): - self.datasets = datasets - self.models = models - - def generate_embeddings(self, save_path: str = None, htrans=False, document=False) -> Dict[str, np.ndarray]: - results = dict() - try: - for dataset, model in zip(self.datasets, self.models): - for batch, batch_ids in tqdm(dataset.batches(htrans, document), total=len(dataset) // dataset.batch_size): - emb = model(batch, batch_ids) - for paper_id, embedding in zip(batch_ids, emb.unbind()): - if type(paper_id) == tuple: - paper_id = paper_id[0] - if paper_id not in results: - results[paper_id] = embedding.detach().cpu().numpy() - else: - results[paper_id] += embedding.detach().cpu().numpy() - del batch - del emb - results = {k: v/len(self.models) for k, v in results.items()} - except Exception as e: - print(e) - finally: - if save_path: - pathlib.Path(save_path).parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) - with open(save_path, 'w') as fout: - for k, v in results.items(): - fout.write(json.dumps({"doc_id": k, "embedding": v.tolist()}) + '\n') - logger.info(f"Generated {len(results)} embeddings") - return results - - @staticmethod - def load_embeddings_from_jsonl(embeddings_path: str) -> Dict[str, np.ndarray]: - embeddings = {} - with open(embeddings_path, 'r') as f: - for line in tqdm(f, desc=f'reading embeddings from {embeddings_path}'): - line_json = json.loads(line) - embeddings[line_json['doc_id']] = np.array(line_json['embedding'], dtype=np.float16) - logger.info(f"Loaded {len(embeddings)} embeddings") - return embeddings \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/evaluation/encoders.py b/evaluation/encoders.py deleted file mode 100644 index aeab13098d5ae0142c4d4cf4bdd99c0310335031..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/evaluation/encoders.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,320 +0,0 @@ -from typing import Dict, Union, List -import numpy as np -from transformers import AutoModel, AutoTokenizer -import os -from bert_pals import BertPalsEncoder, BertPalConfig, BertModel -from adapter_fusion import AdapterEncoder, AdapterFusion -from htrans.model import HTransModel, HTransConfig -from nltk.tokenize import sent_tokenize -import torch -import logging -from collections import OrderedDict,abc -from itertools import chain -from fvcore.nn import FlopCountAnalysis - -logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) - - -class EncoderFactory: - def __init__(self, base_checkpoint: str = None, adapters_load_from: Union[str, Dict] = None, - fusion_load_from: str = None, all_tasks: list = None): - self.base_checkpoint = f"{base_checkpoint}/model" if os.path.isdir(base_checkpoint) else base_checkpoint - self.all_tasks = all_tasks - self.adapters_load_from = f"{adapters_load_from}/model/adapters" if (type( - adapters_load_from) == str and os.path.isdir( - adapters_load_from)) else adapters_load_from - self.fusion_load_from = f"{fusion_load_from}/model" - - def get_encoder(self, variant: str): - if variant == "default": - return AutoModel.from_pretrained(self.base_checkpoint) - elif variant == "pals": - # needs all task names and a local checkpoint path - if os.path.isdir(self.base_checkpoint): - return BertPalsEncoder(config=f"{self.base_checkpoint}/config.json", task_ids=self.all_tasks, - checkpoint=f"{self.base_checkpoint}/pytorch_model.bin") - else: - pals_config = BertPalConfig.from_pretrained(self.base_checkpoint) - pals_model = BertModel.from_pretrained(self.base_checkpoint) - return BertPalsEncoder(config=pals_config, task_ids=self.all_tasks, - checkpoint=pals_model) - elif variant == "adapters": - # needs a base model checkpoint and the adapters to be loaded from local path or dict of (task_id, - # adapter) from adapters hub - return AdapterEncoder(self.base_checkpoint, self.all_tasks, load_as=self.adapters_load_from) - elif variant == "fusion": - # needs a base model and list of adapters/local adapter checkpoint paths to be fused - return AdapterFusion(self.base_checkpoint, self.all_tasks, load_adapters_as=self.adapters_load_from, - fusion_dir=self.fusion_load_from, inference=True) - else: - raise ValueError("Unknown encoder type: {}".format(variant)) - - -class Model: - def __init__(self, variant: str = "default", base_checkpoint: str = None, - adapters_load_from: Union[str, Dict] = None, fusion_load_from: str = None, - use_ctrl_codes: bool = False, task_id: Union[str, Dict] = None, - all_tasks: list = None, hidden_dim: int = 768, max_len: int = 512, use_fp16=False, document=False): - self.variant = variant - self.encoder = EncoderFactory(base_checkpoint, adapters_load_from, fusion_load_from, all_tasks).get_encoder( - variant) - if torch.cuda.is_available(): - self.encoder.to('cuda') - self.encoder.eval() - tokenizer_checkpoint = f"{base_checkpoint}/tokenizer" if os.path.isdir(base_checkpoint) else base_checkpoint - self.tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(tokenizer_checkpoint) - self.use_ctrl_codes = use_ctrl_codes - self.reqd_token_idx = 0 if not use_ctrl_codes else 1 - self._task_id = task_id - self.document = document - if self._task_id: - if use_ctrl_codes: - logger.info(f"Control code used: {self._task_id}") - elif variant != "default": - logger.info(f"Task id used: {self._task_id}") - - self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim - self.max_length = max_len - self.use_fp16 = use_fp16 - - @property - def task_id(self): - return self._task_id - - @task_id.setter - def task_id(self, value): - if self.use_ctrl_codes: - logger.info(f"Control code used: {value}") - elif self.variant != "default": - logger.info(f"Task id used: {value}") - self._task_id = value - - def __call__(self, batch, batch_ids=None): - def append_ctrl_code(batch, batch_ids): - if type(self._task_id) == dict: - batch = [f"{self.task_id['query']} {text}" if bid[1] == "q" else f"{self.task_id['candidates']} {text}" - for text, bid in zip(batch, batch_ids)] - else: - batch = [f"{self.task_id} {text}" for text in batch] - return batch - - batch = [batch] if type(batch) == str else batch - batch_ids = [] if not batch_ids else batch_ids - if self.use_ctrl_codes: - batch = append_ctrl_code(batch, batch_ids) - if self.document: - batch = ["".join([list(chain.from_iterable(i))[0]] + [" [SEP] "] + list(chain.from_iterable(i))[1:]) for i in batch] - input_ids = self.tokenizer(batch, padding=True, truncation=True, - return_tensors="pt", return_token_type_ids=False, max_length=self.max_length) - input_ids.to('cuda') - if self.variant == "default": - output = self.encoder(**input_ids) - elif type(self._task_id) != dict: - output = self.encoder(task_id=self._task_id, **input_ids) - else: - x = input_ids["input_ids"] - output = torch.zeros(x.shape[0], x.shape[1], self.hidden_dim).to("cuda") - q_idx = torch.tensor([i for i, b in enumerate(batch_ids) if b[1] == "q"]) - c_idx = torch.tensor([i for i, b in enumerate(batch_ids) if b[1] == "c"]) - - if not q_idx.shape[0]: - output = self.encoder(task_id=self._task_id["candidates"], **input_ids) - elif not c_idx.shape[0]: - output = self.encoder(task_id=self._task_id["query"], **input_ids) - else: - for i, v in enumerate(sorted(self._task_id.values())): - curr_input_idx = q_idx if v == "[QRY]" else c_idx - curr_input = x[curr_input_idx] - curr_output = self.encoder(task_id=v, input_ids=curr_input, - attention_mask=input_ids["attention_mask"][curr_input_idx]) - try: - output[curr_input_idx] = curr_output # adapters - except: - output[curr_input_idx] = curr_output.last_hidden_state # pals - try: - embedding = output.last_hidden_state[:, self.reqd_token_idx, :] # cls token - except: - embedding = output[:, self.reqd_token_idx, :] # cls token - return embedding.half() if self.use_fp16 else embedding - - -class HModel: - def __init__(self, variant: str = "default", base_checkpoint: str = None, - adapters_load_from: Union[str, Dict] = None, fusion_load_from: str = None, - use_ctrl_codes: bool = False, task_id: Union[str, Dict] = None, - all_tasks: list = None, use_fp16=False): - self.variant = variant - # self.encoder = EncoderFactory(base_checkpoint, adapters_load_from, fusion_load_from, all_tasks).get_encoder( - # variant) - self.config = HTransConfig.from_pretrained(base_checkpoint) - self.encoder = HTransModel.from_pretrained(base_checkpoint, config=self.config) - if torch.cuda.is_available(): - self.encoder.to('cuda') - self.encoder.eval() - # tokenizer_checkpoint = f"{base_checkpoint}/tokenizer" if os.path.isdir(base_checkpoint) else base_checkpoint - self.tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(base_checkpoint) - if self.config.max_doc_length > 1: - self.head_ids = torch.tensor([self.tokenizer.get_vocab()[""], self.tokenizer.get_vocab()[""]], dtype=torch.int) - self.use_ctrl_codes = use_ctrl_codes - self.reqd_token_idx = 0 if not use_ctrl_codes else 1 - self._task_id = task_id - if self._task_id: - if use_ctrl_codes: - logger.info(f"Control code used: {self._task_id}") - elif variant != "default": - logger.info(f"Task id used: {self._task_id}") - - self.use_fp16 = use_fp16 - - @property - def task_id(self): - return self._task_id - - @task_id.setter - def task_id(self, value): - if self.use_ctrl_codes: - logger.info(f"Control code used: {value}") - elif self.variant != "default": - logger.info(f"Task id used: {value}") - self._task_id = value - - def __call__(self, batch, batch_ids=None): - def append_ctrl_code(batch, batch_ids): - if type(self._task_id) == dict: - batch = [f"{self.task_id['query']} {text}" if bid[1] == "q" else f"{self.task_id['candidates']} {text}" - for text, bid in zip(batch, batch_ids)] - else: - batch = [f"{self.task_id} {text}" for text in batch] - return batch - - batch = [batch] if type(batch) == str else batch - batch_ids = [] if not batch_ids else batch_ids - if self.use_ctrl_codes: - batch = append_ctrl_code(batch, batch_ids) - inputs = [] - pad_input_ids = np.ones((1, self.config.max_sent_length), dtype=np.int64) * self.tokenizer.pad_token_id - pad_attention_mask = np.zeros((1, self.config.max_sent_length), dtype=np.int64) - # pad_token_type_ids = np.zeros((1, self.config.max_sent_length), dtype=np.int64) - def tokenize_document(tokenizer, document, max_sent_length, max_sec_length, max_doc_length=1): - if max_doc_length != 1: - document = document[:max_doc_length] - document = [i[:max_sec_length] for i in document] - text = list(chain.from_iterable(document)) - sec_length = [0] + [len(i) for i in document] - inputs = tokenizer(text, return_special_tokens_mask=False, return_tensors="np", - padding="max_length", truncation=True) - pad_input_ids = np.ones((1, max_sent_length), dtype=np.int64) * tokenizer.pad_token_id - pad_attention_mask = np.zeros((1, max_sent_length), dtype=np.int64) - pad_token_type_ids = np.zeros((1, max_sent_length), dtype=np.int64) - sec_inputs = [{"input_ids": np.column_stack( - [np.expand_dims( - np.concatenate(inputs["input_ids"][sum(sec_length[:i]): sum(sec_length[:i]) + sec_length[i + 1]], - axis=0), axis=0)] + [pad_input_ids] * ( - max_sec_length - sec_length[i + 1])), - "attention_mask": np.column_stack( - [np.expand_dims(np.concatenate( - inputs["attention_mask"][sum(sec_length[:i]): sum(sec_length[:i]) + sec_length[i + 1]], axis=0), - axis=0)] + [ - pad_attention_mask] * (max_sec_length - sec_length[i + 1]))} for i in - range(len(sec_length) - 1)] - - if max_doc_length > 1: - pad_sec_input_ids = np.ones((1, max_sent_length * max_sec_length), - dtype=np.int64) * tokenizer.pad_token_id - pad_sec_attention_mask = np.zeros((1, max_sent_length * max_sec_length), dtype=np.int64) - pad_sec_token_type_ids = np.zeros((1, max_sent_length * max_sec_length), dtype=np.int64) - return {"input_ids": np.column_stack( - [i["input_ids"] for i in sec_inputs] + [pad_sec_input_ids] * (max_doc_length - len(sec_inputs))), - "attention_mask": np.column_stack( - [i["attention_mask"] for i in sec_inputs] + [pad_sec_attention_mask] * ( - max_doc_length - len(sec_inputs))), - "sec_mask": np.column_stack([np.ones((1, inputs["input_ids"].shape[0]), dtype=np.int64)] + ( - max_doc_length * max_sec_length - inputs["input_ids"].shape[0]) * [ - np.zeros((1, 1), dtype=np.int64)]), - "doc_mask": np.column_stack( - [np.ones((1, len(sec_inputs)), dtype=np.int64)] + (max_doc_length - len(sec_inputs)) * [ - np.zeros((1, 1), dtype=np.int64)]), - "head_ids": np.array([[self.tokenizer.get_vocab()[""], self.tokenizer.get_vocab()[""]]], - dtype=np.int64) - } - return dict(zip(sec_inputs[0].keys(), - [np.concatenate([d[key] for d in sec_inputs]) for key in sec_inputs[0].keys()])) - if self.config.max_doc_length > 1: - for sample in batch: - if type(sample) == str: - sample = [[sample]] - inputs.append(tokenize_document(self.tokenizer,sample, self.config.max_sent_length, self.config.max_sec_length, self.config.max_doc_length)) - input_ids = dict(zip(inputs[0].keys(), [torch.tensor(np.concatenate([d[key] for d in inputs])) for key in inputs[0].keys()])) - - else: - for sample in batch: - if type(sample) == str: - sample = [sample] - else: - sample = list(chain.from_iterable(sample)) - sentences = sample[:self.config.max_sec_length] - tokenized_sample = self.tokenizer(sentences, padding="max_length", truncation=True, - return_tensors="np", return_token_type_ids=False) - inputs.append({"input_ids": np.row_stack([tokenized_sample["input_ids"]] + [pad_input_ids] * (self.config.max_sec_length - len(sentences))).reshape((1, self.config.max_sent_length*self.config.max_sec_length)), - "attention_mask": np.row_stack([tokenized_sample["attention_mask"]] + [pad_attention_mask] * (self.config.max_sec_length - len(sentences))).reshape((1, self.config.max_sent_length*self.config.max_sec_length)), - "sec_mask": np.column_stack( - [np.ones((1, tokenized_sample["input_ids"].shape[0]), dtype=np.int64)] + ( - self.config.max_sec_length - tokenized_sample["input_ids"].shape[0]) * [ - np.zeros((1, 1), dtype=np.int64)]), - "head_ids": np.array( - [[self.tokenizer.get_vocab()[""], self.tokenizer.get_vocab()[""]]], - dtype=np.int64) - }) - input_ids = dict(zip(inputs[0].keys(), [torch.tensor(np.concatenate([d[key] for d in inputs])) for key in inputs[0].keys()])) - input_ids = move_to_device(input_ids, "cuda") - - if self.variant == "default": - output = self.encoder(**input_ids) - elif type(self._task_id) != dict: - output = self.encoder(task_id=self._task_id, **input_ids) - else: - x = input_ids["input_ids"] - output = torch.zeros(x.shape[0], x.shape[1], self.config.hidden_size).to("cuda") - q_idx = torch.tensor([i for i, b in enumerate(batch_ids) if b[1] == "q"]) - c_idx = torch.tensor([i for i, b in enumerate(batch_ids) if b[1] == "c"]) - - if not q_idx.shape[0]: - output = self.encoder(task_id=self._task_id["candidates"], **input_ids) - elif not c_idx.shape[0]: - output = self.encoder(task_id=self._task_id["query"], **input_ids) - else: - for i, v in enumerate(sorted(self._task_id.values())): - curr_input_idx = q_idx if v == "[QRY]" else c_idx - curr_input = x[curr_input_idx] - curr_output = self.encoder(task_id=v, input_ids=curr_input, - attention_mask=input_ids["attention_mask"][curr_input_idx]) - try: - output[curr_input_idx] = curr_output # adapters - except: - output[curr_input_idx] = curr_output.last_hidden_state # pals - try: - if self.config.pool_scheme == "first-token": - # embedding = output.last_hidden_state[:, self.reqd_token_idx, :] # cls token - embedding = output.last_hidden_state[:, [i * self.config.max_sent_length + self.reqd_token_idx for i in - range(self.config.max_sec_length)], :].mean(dim=1) # cls token - elif self.config.pool_scheme == "avg": - # embedding = output.last_hidden_state.mean(dim=1) - embedding = output.last_hidden_state[:, [i*self.config.max_sent_length+self.reqd_token_idx for i in range(self.config.max_sec_length)], :].mean(dim=1) # cls token - # embedding = output.last_hidden_state[:, self.reqd_token_idx, :] # cls token - elif self.config.pool_scheme == "max": - embedding = output.last_hidden_state.max(dim=1)[0] - except: - embedding = output[:, self.reqd_token_idx, :] # cls token - return embedding.half() if self.use_fp16 else embedding - - -def move_to_device(batch, device): - r"""Puts each data field to the device""" - if isinstance(batch, torch.Tensor): - return batch.to(device) - elif isinstance(batch,(list,tuple)): - return tuple(move_to_device(item,device) for item in batch) - elif isinstance(batch, abc.Mapping): - return {key: move_to_device(value,device) for key, value in batch.items()} - else: - return batch \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/evaluation/eval_datasets.py b/evaluation/eval_datasets.py deleted file mode 100644 index 5209b5c6077ba8e84e1c89a7ce0faf107a6e355f..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/evaluation/eval_datasets.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -import logging -import os -from typing import Union, List -from nltk import sent_tokenize -import datasets - -logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) - - -class SimpleDataset: - - def __init__(self, data_path: Union[str, tuple], sep_token: str, batch_size=32, - fields: List = None, key: str = None, processing_fn=None): - self.batch_size = batch_size - self.sep_token = sep_token - if not fields: - fields = ["title", "abstract"] - self.fields = fields - logger.info(f"Loading test metadata from {data_path}") - if not processing_fn: - if type(data_path) == str and os.path.isfile(data_path): - self.data = datasets.load_dataset("json", data_files={"test": data_path})["test"] - else: - self.data = datasets.load_dataset(data_path[0], data_path[1], split="evaluation") - else: - self.data = processing_fn(data_path) - logger.info(f"Loaded {len(self.data)} documents") - self.seen_ids = set() - self.key = key - def __len__(self): - return len(self.data) - - def batches(self, htrans=False, document=False): - return self.process_batches(self.data, htrans=htrans, document=document) - - def process_batches(self, data: Union[datasets.Dataset, List], htrans=False, document=False): - # create batches - batch = [] - batch_ids = [] - batch_size = self.batch_size - i = 0 - key = "doc_id" if not self.key else self.key - for d in data: - if key in d and d[key] not in self.seen_ids: - bid = d[key] - self.seen_ids.add(bid) - if htrans: - text = [[d["title"]] + sent_tokenize(d["abstract"])] - text += [[i["title"]] + i["sentences"] for i in d["full_text"]] - else: - text = [] - for field in self.fields: - if d.get(field): - text.append(str(d[field])) - text = (f" {self.sep_token} ".join(text)).strip() - if document: - for sec in d.get("full_text", []): - text += (sec["title"] + " ") - text += "".join(sec["sentences"]) - if (i) % batch_size != 0 or i == 0: - batch_ids.append(bid) - batch.append(text) - else: - yield batch, batch_ids - batch_ids = [bid] - batch = [text] - i += 1 - if len(batch) > 0: - yield batch, batch_ids - - -class IRDataset(SimpleDataset): - def __init__(self, data_path, sep_token, batch_size=32, fields=None, key=None, processing_fn=None): - super().__init__(data_path, sep_token, batch_size, fields, key, processing_fn) - self.queries, self.candidates = [], [] - self.search = False - for d in self.data: - if type(d["query"]) == str: - self.search = True - self.queries.append({"title": d["query"], "doc_id": d["doc_id"]}) - else: - self.queries.append(d["query"]) - self.candidates += (d["candidates"]) - - def __len__(self): - return len(self.queries) + len(self.candidates) - - def batches(self, htrans=False, document=False): - query_gen = self.process_batches(self.queries, htrans=htrans and self.search, document=document and self.search) - cand_gen = self.process_batches(self.candidates, htrans=htrans, document=document) - for q, q_ids in query_gen: - q_ids = [(v, "q") for v in q_ids] - yield q, q_ids - for c, c_ids in cand_gen: - c_ids = [(v, "c") for v in c_ids] - yield c, c_ids \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/evaluation/evaluator.py b/evaluation/evaluator.py deleted file mode 100644 index b10ffffb1fc72cb9a84260c6f4d749970e22146b..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/evaluation/evaluator.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,228 +0,0 @@ -from typing import Union, Dict, Tuple - -import numpy as np -from lightning.classification import LinearSVC -from lightning.regression import LinearSVR -from sklearn.metrics import f1_score, accuracy_score, precision_score, recall_score, mean_squared_error, r2_score -from scipy.stats import kendalltau, pearsonr -from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV -from sklearn.multiclass import OneVsRestClassifier - -from evaluation.embeddings_generator import EmbeddingsGenerator -from abc import ABC, abstractmethod -from evaluation.encoders import Model -from evaluation.eval_datasets import SimpleDataset, IRDataset -import logging -import datasets -import os -from enum import Enum -from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import euclidean_distances -import pytrec_eval - -logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO) -logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) -RANDOM_STATE = 42 - - -class Evaluator: - def __init__(self, name: str, meta_dataset: Union[str, tuple], dataset_class, model: Model, batch_size: int, - fields: list, key: str = None, process_fn=None): - if model: - if type(model) != list: - model = [model] - # for m in model: - # if not m.tokenizer.pad_token: - # m.tokenizer.add_special_tokens({'pad_token': '[PAD]'}) - # m.tokenizer.padding_side = "left" - # m.tokenizer.sep_token = m.tokenizer.eos_token - # m.encoder.resize_token_embeddings(len(m.tokenizer)) - datasets = [dataset_class(meta_dataset, m.tokenizer.sep_token, batch_size, fields, key, - process_fn) for m in model] - self.embeddings_generator = EmbeddingsGenerator(datasets, model) - self.name = name - - def generate_embeddings(self, save_path: str = None, htrans=False, document=False): - logger.info("Generating embeddings... this might take a while") - return self.embeddings_generator.generate_embeddings(save_path, htrans, document) - - @abstractmethod - def evaluate(self, embeddings: Union[str, Dict[str, np.ndarray]], **kwargs) -> Dict[str, float]: - pass - - @abstractmethod - def calc_metrics(self, test, preds) -> Dict[str, float]: - pass - - def print_results(self, results: Dict[str, float]): - if results: - print("*****************************************************") - print(f" {self.name}") - print("*****************************************************") - for k, v in results.items(): - print(f" {k}: {v}") - print("*****************************************************") - - -class SupervisedTask(Enum): - CLASSIFICATION = 1 - MULTILABEL_CLASSIFICATION = 2 - REGRESSION = 3 - - -SUPERVISED_TASK_METRICS = { - SupervisedTask.CLASSIFICATION: {"f1": f1_score, "accuracy": accuracy_score, "precision": precision_score, - "recall": recall_score}, - SupervisedTask.REGRESSION: {"mse": mean_squared_error, "r2": r2_score, "pearsonr": pearsonr, - "kendalltau": kendalltau} -} - - -class SupervisedEvaluator(Evaluator): - def __init__(self, name: str, task: SupervisedTask, meta_dataset: Union[str, tuple], - test_dataset: Union[str, tuple], - model: Model, metrics: tuple, batch_size: int = 16, fields: list = None): - super(SupervisedEvaluator, self).__init__(name, meta_dataset, SimpleDataset, model, batch_size, fields) - self.test_dataset = test_dataset - self.metrics = metrics - self.task = task - - def evaluate(self, embeddings, **kwargs): - logger.info(f"Loading labelled data from {self.test_dataset}") - if type(self.test_dataset) == str and os.path.isdir(self.test_dataset): - split_dataset = datasets.load_dataset("csv", data_files={"train": f"{self.test_dataset}/train.csv", - "test": f"{self.test_dataset}/test.csv"}) - else: - split_dataset = datasets.load_dataset(self.test_dataset[0], self.test_dataset[1]) - logger.info(f"Loaded {len(split_dataset['train'])} training and {len(split_dataset['test'])} test documents") - if type(embeddings) == str and os.path.isfile(embeddings): - embeddings = EmbeddingsGenerator.load_embeddings_from_jsonl(embeddings) - x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = self.read_dataset(split_dataset, embeddings) - eval_fn = self.regression if self.task == SupervisedTask.REGRESSION else self.classify - preds = eval_fn(x_train, x_test, y_train) - results = self.calc_metrics(y_test, preds) - self.print_results(results) - return results - - @staticmethod - def read_dataset(data: datasets.DatasetDict, embeddings: Dict[str, np.ndarray]) -> Tuple[ - np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray]: - train, test = data["train"], data["test"] - x_train, x_test = np.array( - [embeddings[str(paper["paper_id"])] for paper in train if str(paper["paper_id"]) in embeddings]), np.array( - [embeddings[str(paper["paper_id"])] for paper in test if str(paper["paper_id"]) in embeddings]) - y_train, y_test = np.array( - [paper["label"] for paper in train if str(paper["paper_id"]) in embeddings]), np.array( - [paper["label"] for paper in test if str(paper["paper_id"]) in embeddings]) - return x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test - - def classify(self, x_train: np.ndarray, x_test: np.ndarray, y_train: np.ndarray, cv: int = 3, - n_jobs: int = 5): - - Cs = np.logspace(-2, 2, 5) - if self.task == SupervisedTask.MULTILABEL_CLASSIFICATION: - estimator = LinearSVC(max_iter=10000) - svm = GridSearchCV(estimator=estimator, cv=cv, param_grid={'C': Cs}, n_jobs=10) - svm = OneVsRestClassifier(svm, n_jobs=1) - else: - estimator = LinearSVC(loss="squared_hinge", random_state=RANDOM_STATE) - if cv: - svm = GridSearchCV(estimator=estimator, cv=cv, param_grid={'C': Cs}, verbose=1, n_jobs=n_jobs) - else: - svm = estimator - svm.fit(x_train, y_train) - preds = svm.predict(x_test) - return preds - - def regression(self, x_train: np.ndarray, x_test: np.ndarray, y_train: np.ndarray, cv: int = 3, - n_jobs: int = 5): - svm = LinearSVR(random_state=RANDOM_STATE) - Cs = np.logspace(-4, 2, 7) - svm = GridSearchCV(estimator=svm, cv=cv, param_grid={'C': Cs}, verbose=1, n_jobs=n_jobs) - svm.fit(x_train, y_train) - preds = svm.predict(x_test) - return preds - - def calc_metrics(self, test, preds): - results = dict() - if self.task == SupervisedTask.REGRESSION: - for m in self.metrics: - if m in SUPERVISED_TASK_METRICS[self.task]: - result = tuple(SUPERVISED_TASK_METRICS[self.task][m](test, preds))[0] - if m != "mse": - result = np.round(100 * result, 2) - results[m] = result - else: - logger.warning( - f"Metric {m} not found...skipping, try one of {SUPERVISED_TASK_METRICS[self.task].keys()}") - else: - metric_task = SupervisedTask.CLASSIFICATION - for m in self.metrics: - split_m = m.split("_") - if split_m[0] in SUPERVISED_TASK_METRICS[metric_task]: - if len(split_m) > 1: - result = SUPERVISED_TASK_METRICS[metric_task][split_m[0]](test, preds, average=split_m[1]) - else: - result = SUPERVISED_TASK_METRICS[metric_task][split_m[0]](test, preds) - results[m] = np.round(100 * result, 2) - else: - logger.warning( - f"Metric {m} not found...skipping, try one of {SUPERVISED_TASK_METRICS[metric_task].keys()}") - return results - - -class IREvaluator(Evaluator): - def __init__(self, name: str, meta_dataset: Union[str, tuple], test_dataset: Union[str, tuple], model: Model, - metrics: tuple, dataset_class=IRDataset, batch_size: int = 16, fields: list = None, key=None): - super(IREvaluator, self).__init__(name, meta_dataset, dataset_class, model, batch_size, fields, key) - self.test_dataset = test_dataset - self.metrics = metrics - - def get_qc_pairs(self, dataset): - pairs = dict() - for row in dataset: - if row["query_id"] not in pairs: - pairs[row["query_id"]] = dict() - pairs[row["query_id"]][row["cand_id"]] = row["score"] - return pairs - - def calc_metrics(self, qrels, run): - evaluator = pytrec_eval.RelevanceEvaluator(qrels, set(self.metrics)) - results = evaluator.evaluate(run) - - metric_values = {} - for measure in sorted(self.metrics): - res = pytrec_eval.compute_aggregated_measure( - measure, - [query_measures[measure] for query_measures in results.values()] - ) - metric_values[measure] = np.round(100 * res, 2) - return metric_values - - def evaluate(self, embeddings, **kwargs): - logger.info(f"Loading labelled data from {self.test_dataset}") - if type(self.test_dataset) == str and os.path.isdir(self.test_dataset): - split_dataset = datasets.load_dataset("json", data_files={"test": f"{self.test_dataset}/test_qrel.jsonl"}) - else: - split_dataset = datasets.load_dataset(self.test_dataset[0], self.test_dataset[1]) - logger.info(f"Loaded {len(split_dataset['test'])} test query-candidate pairs") - if type(embeddings) == str and os.path.isfile(embeddings): - embeddings = EmbeddingsGenerator.load_embeddings_from_jsonl(embeddings) - - qrels = self.get_qc_pairs(split_dataset["test"]) - preds = self.retrieval(embeddings, qrels) - results = self.calc_metrics(qrels, preds) - self.print_results(results) - return results - - def retrieval(self, embeddings, qrels: Dict[str, Dict[str, int]]) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, float]]: - run = dict() - for qid in qrels: - if qid in embeddings: - query = np.array([embeddings[qid]]) - cids = [cid for cid in qrels[qid] if cid in embeddings] - cands = np.array([embeddings[cid] for cid in qrels[qid] if cid in embeddings]) - scores = euclidean_distances(cands, query).flatten() - run[qid] = dict() - for i, cid in enumerate(cids): - run[qid][cid] = float(-scores[i]) - return run diff --git a/evaluation/few_shot_evaluator.py b/evaluation/few_shot_evaluator.py deleted file mode 100644 index 670e4045ef87b937262c283518ba861962147744..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/evaluation/few_shot_evaluator.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -import math -from typing import Union - -import numpy as np -from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold - -import evaluation.evaluator -from evaluation.encoders import Model -from evaluation.evaluator import SupervisedEvaluator, SupervisedTask -from tqdm import tqdm - - -class FewShotEvaluator(SupervisedEvaluator): - def __init__(self, name: str, task: SupervisedTask, meta_dataset: Union[str, tuple], - test_dataset: Union[str, tuple], sample_size: int, num_iterations: int, - model: Model, metrics: tuple = None, batch_size: int = 16, fields: list = None): - super(FewShotEvaluator, self).__init__(name, task, meta_dataset, test_dataset, model, metrics, batch_size, - fields) - self.sample_size = sample_size - self.num_iterations = num_iterations - - def classify(self, x, x_test, y, cv=3, n_jobs=1): - stage_preds = [] - if self.task == SupervisedTask.MULTILABEL_CLASSIFICATION: - for k in tqdm(range(self.num_iterations)): - idx_set = set() - np.random.seed(evaluation.evaluator.RANDOM_STATE + k) - for yi in range(y.shape[1]): - idx_set.update( - np.random.choice(np.where(y[:, yi] == 1)[0], self.sample_size, replace=False).tolist()) - req_idx = list(idx_set) - x_train, y_train = x[req_idx], y[req_idx] - preds = super().classify(x_train, x_test, y_train) - stage_preds.append(preds) - np.random.seed(evaluation.evaluator.RANDOM_STATE) - else: - skf = StratifiedKFold(n_splits=math.ceil(x.shape[0] / self.sample_size)) - count = 0 - for _, train in tqdm(skf.split(x, y), total=self.num_iterations): - x_train, y_train = x[train], y[train] - res = super().classify(x_train, x_test, y_train, cv=0) - stage_preds.append(res) - count += 1 - if count == self.num_iterations: - break - return stage_preds - - def calc_metrics(self, test, preds_list): - stage_results = dict() - for preds in preds_list: - res = super().calc_metrics(test, preds) - for k, v in res.items(): - if k not in stage_results: - stage_results[k] = [] - stage_results[k].append(v) - - results = {k: np.mean(v) for k, v in stage_results.items()} - return results diff --git a/evaluation/gpt3_encoder.py b/evaluation/gpt3_encoder.py deleted file mode 100644 index e40a1031c7a21404c2dfa45430fdac0941ce5ffa..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/evaluation/gpt3_encoder.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -import os -import openai -import torch -from transformers import GPT2TokenizerFast - - -class GPT3Model: - def __init__(self, embed_model: str): - openai.api_key = os.getenv("OPENAI_API_KEY") - self.embed_model = embed_model - self.tokenizer = GPT2TokenizerFast.from_pretrained("gpt2") - - def __call__(self, batch, batch_ids=None): - batch_embed = [] - for iptext in batch: - try: - response = openai.Embedding.create( - input=iptext, - model=self.embed_model - ) - embeddings = response['data'][0]['embedding'] - batch_embed.append(embeddings) - except: - response = openai.Embedding.create( - input=" ".join(iptext.split(" ")[:450]), - model=self.embed_model - ) - embeddings = response['data'][0]['embedding'] - batch_embed.append(embeddings) - return torch.tensor(batch_embed) diff --git a/evaluation/instructor.py b/evaluation/instructor.py deleted file mode 100644 index 441f7146d223cde7656de46d49496e5c3a72215b..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/evaluation/instructor.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ -from InstructorEmbedding import INSTRUCTOR -from transformers import AutoTokenizer - -instr_format = "Represent the Scientific documents for " - - -class InstructorModel: - def __init__(self, embed_model: str): - self.encoder = INSTRUCTOR(embed_model) - self.task_id = None - self.instruction_map = {"[CLF]": f"{instr_format} classification: ", "[RGN]": f"{instr_format} regression: ", - "[PRX]": f"{instr_format} retrieving similar similar documents: ", - "[SRCH]": {"q": "Represent the Scientific query for retrieving relevant documents: ", - "c": f"{instr_format} for retrieval: "}} - self.tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(embed_model) - self.tokenizer.sep_token = self.tokenizer.eos_token - - def __call__(self, batch, batch_ids=None): - if type(self.task_id) != dict: - batch = [[self.instruction_map[self.task_id], b] for b in batch] - else: - instructions = [f"{self.instruction_map['[SRCH]'][b[1]]}{batch[i]}" for i, b in enumerate(batch_ids)] - batch = [[ins, b] for ins, b in zip(instructions, batch)] - batch_embed = self.encoder.encode(batch, convert_to_numpy=False, convert_to_tensor=True, device="cuda") - return batch_embed diff --git a/examples/classification.py b/examples/classification.py deleted file mode 100644 index 902b85b58b51d037085015a1a01a8bd16af30caa..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/examples/classification.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -import sys - -sys.path.append('../') - -from evaluation.encoders import Model -from evaluation.evaluator import SupervisedEvaluator, SupervisedTask -from adapter_fusion import AdapterEncoder - -# default no control codes -# model = Model(base_checkpoint="allenai/specter") - -# default control codes -# model = Model(base_checkpoint="../lightning_logs/full_run/scincl_ctrl/checkpoints/", task_id="[CLF]", use_ctrl_codes=True) -# single adapters -model = Model(base_checkpoint="malteos/scincl", variant="adapters", - adapters_load_from="../../phantasm/phantasm_new/lightning_logs/full_run/scincl_adapters/checkpoints/model/adapters", - task_id="[CLF]") - -evaluator = SupervisedEvaluator("biomimicry", SupervisedTask.CLASSIFICATION, ("allenai/scirepeval", "biomimicry"), - ("allenai/scirepeval_test", "biomimicry"), model, metrics=("f1",)) - -embeddings = evaluator.generate_embeddings() - -evaluator.evaluate(embeddings) diff --git a/examples/fewshot_classification.py b/examples/fewshot_classification.py deleted file mode 100644 index 324efb19c8a3461952c2f829c333ba382b70adf3..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/examples/fewshot_classification.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -import sys - -sys.path.append('../') - -from evaluation.encoders import Model -from evaluation.few_shot_evaluator import FewShotEvaluator, SupervisedTask - -# default no control codes -model = Model(base_checkpoint="allenai/specter") - -# default control codes -# model = Model(base_checkpoint="../lightning_logs/full_run/scincl_ctrl/checkpoints/", task_id="[CLF]", use_ctrl_codes=True) - -# single adapters -# model = Model(base_checkpoint="malteos/scincl", variant="adapters", -# adapters_load_from="../lightning_logs/full_run/scincl_adapters/checkpoints/", task_id="[CLF]") -evaluator = FewShotEvaluator("drsm", SupervisedTask.CLASSIFICATION, ("allenai/scirepeval", "drsm"), - ("allenai/scirepeval_test", "drsm"), model=model, metrics=("f1_macro",), - sample_size=16, num_iterations=50) - -embeddings = evaluator.generate_embeddings() - -evaluator.evaluate(embeddings) diff --git a/examples/regression.py b/examples/regression.py deleted file mode 100644 index df744643123f90f549b8a92167bded759c02619a..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/examples/regression.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -import sys - -sys.path.append('../') - -from evaluation.encoders import Model -from evaluation.evaluator import SupervisedEvaluator, SupervisedTask - -#default no control codes -model = Model(base_checkpoint="allenai/specter") - -#default control codes -# model = Model(base_checkpoint="../lightning_logs/full_run/scincl_ctrl/checkpoints/", task_id="[RGN]", use_ctrl_codes=True) - -#single adapters -# model = Model(base_checkpoint="malteos/scincl", variant="adapters", -# adapters_load_from="../lightning_logs/full_run/scincl_adapters/checkpoints/", task_id="[RGN]") - -evaluator = SupervisedEvaluator("max hIndex", SupervisedTask.REGRESSION, ("allenai/scirepeval", "peer_review_score_hIndex"), - ("allenai/scirepeval_test", "hIndex"), model, metrics=("pearsonr","kendalltau")) - -embeddings = evaluator.generate_embeddings() - -evaluator.evaluate(embeddings) diff --git a/examples/retrieval.py b/examples/retrieval.py deleted file mode 100644 index 26e7d5e58841fe46da1f6923a86d0cf0e06621cd..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/examples/retrieval.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,39 +0,0 @@ -import sys - -sys.path.append('../') -from evaluation.evaluator import IREvaluator -from evaluation.encoders import Model -from adapter_fusion import AdapterEncoder -from reviewer_matching import ReviewerMatchingEvaluator - -# default no control codes -# model = Model(base_checkpoint="allenai/specter") - -# default control codes -# model = Model(base_checkpoint="../lightning_logs/full_run/scincl_ctrl/checkpoints/", task_id="[PRX]", use_ctrl_codes=True) - - -model = Model(base_checkpoint="malteos/scincl", variant="adapters", - adapters_load_from="../../../phantasm/phantasm_new/lightning_logs/full_run/scincl_adapters/checkpoints/", - task_id="[PRX]", all_tasks=["[PRX]"]) -encoder = AdapterEncoder("malteos/scincl", ["[PRX]"], - "../../../phantasm/phantasm_new/lightning_logs/full_run/scincl_adapters/checkpoints/model/adapters") -model.encoder = encoder -model.encoder.cuda() -model.encoder.eval() -evaluator = IREvaluator("feeds_1", ("allenai/scirepeval", "feeds_1"), ("allenai/scirepeval_test", "feeds_1"), model, - metrics=("map", "ndcg",)) -# -# embeddings = evaluator.generate_embeddings() -# -# evaluator.evaluate(embeddings) - -# evaluator = IREvaluator("feeds_1", ("allenai/scirepeval", "feeds_title"), ("allenai/scirepeval_test", "feeds_title"), -# model, metrics=("map", "ndcg",)) -# evaluator = ReviewerMatchingEvaluator("paper reviewer evaluation", ("allenai/scirepeval", "paper_reviewer_matching"), -# ("allenai/scirepeval_test", "paper_reviewer_matching"), -# ("allenai/scirepeval_test", "reviewers"), model, metrics=("map", "ndcg",)) - -embeddings = evaluator.generate_embeddings() - -evaluator.evaluate(embeddings) diff --git a/full_scirepeval_tasks.jsonl b/full_scirepeval_tasks.jsonl deleted file mode 100644 index a64862367d4247d8651e68c87d7848c55f61447c..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/full_scirepeval_tasks.jsonl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,17 +0,0 @@ -{"name":"Feeds-1","type":"proximity","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"feeds_1"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"feeds_1"}},"metrics":["map"]} -{"name":"Feeds-M","type":"proximity","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"feeds_m"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"feeds_m"}},"metrics":["map"]} -{"name":"Highly Influential Citations","type":"proximity","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"high_influence_cite"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"high_influence_cite"}},"metrics":["map"]} -{"name":"SciDocs Cite","type":"proximity","data":{"simple_format":true, "meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"scidocs_view_cite_read"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"scidocs_cite"}},"embeddings":{"save":"embeddings/scidocs_view_cite_read.jsonl"},"metrics":["map","ndcg"]} -{"name":"SciDocs CoCite","type":"proximity","data":{"simple_format":true, "meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"scidocs_view_cite_read"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"scidocs_cocite"}},"embeddings":{"load":"embeddings/scidocs_view_cite_read.jsonl"},"metrics":["map","ndcg"]} -{"name":"Fields of study","type":"classification","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"fos"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"fos"}},"metrics":["f1_macro"],"few_shot":[{"sample_size":10,"iterations":50},{"sample_size":5,"iterations":100}],"multi_label":true} -{"name":"Publication Year","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"pub_year"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"pub_year"}},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} -{"name":"Search","type":"adhoc_search","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"search"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"search"}},"fields":["title","abstract","venue","year"],"metrics":["ndcg"]} -{"name":"Feeds Title","type":"adhoc_search","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"feeds_title"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"feeds_title"}},"metrics":["map"]} -{"name":"Paper-Reviewer Matching","type":"proximity","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"paper_reviewer_matching"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"paper_reviewer_matching"},"reviewers":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"reviewers"}},"metrics":["P_5", "P_10"]} -{"name":"SciDocs CoView","type":"proximity","data":{"simple_format":true, "meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"scidocs_view_cite_read"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"scidocs_view"}},"embeddings":{"load":"embeddings/scidocs_view_cite_read.jsonl"},"metrics":["map","ndcg"]} -{"name":"SciDocs CoRead","type":"proximity","data":{"simple_format":true, "meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"scidocs_view_cite_read"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"scidocs_read"}},"embeddings":{"load":"embeddings/scidocs_view_cite_read.jsonl"},"metrics":["map","ndcg"]} -{"name":"Peer Review Score","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"peer_review_score_hIndex"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"peer_review_score"}},"embeddings":{"save":"embeddings/peer_review_score_hIndex.jsonl"},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} -{"name":"Max hIndex","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"peer_review_score_hIndex"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"hIndex"}},"embeddings":{"load":"embeddings/peer_review_score_hIndex.jsonl"},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} -{"name":"Tweet Mentions","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"tweet_mentions"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"tweet_mentions"}},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} -{"name":"Citation Count","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"cite_count"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"cite_count"}},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} - diff --git a/htrans/__init__.py b/htrans/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 diff --git a/htrans/act_fns.py b/htrans/act_fns.py deleted file mode 100644 index da2ddab8705dd4455ba81f3ad4c4c167ec87cd96..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/htrans/act_fns.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,205 +0,0 @@ -# Copyright 2020 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved. -# -# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); -# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. -# You may obtain a copy of the License at -# -# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 -# -# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software -# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, -# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. -# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and -# limitations under the License. - -import math -from collections import OrderedDict - -import torch -from packaging import version -from torch import Tensor, nn -import logging - -logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) - -class PytorchGELUTanh(nn.Module): - """ - A fast C implementation of the tanh approximation of the GeLU activation function. See - https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08415. - - This implementation is equivalent to NewGELU and FastGELU but much faster. However, it is not an exact numerical - match due to rounding errors. - """ - - def __init__(self): - super().__init__() - if version.parse(torch.__version__) < version.parse("1.12.0"): - raise ImportError( - f"You are using torch=={torch.__version__}, but torch>=1.12.0 is required to use " - "PytorchGELUTanh. Please upgrade torch." - ) - - def forward(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor: - return nn.functional.gelu(input, approximate="tanh") - - -class NewGELUActivation(nn.Module): - """ - Implementation of the GELU activation function currently in Google BERT repo (identical to OpenAI GPT). Also see - the Gaussian Error Linear Units paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08415 - """ - - def forward(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor: - return 0.5 * input * (1.0 + torch.tanh(math.sqrt(2.0 / math.pi) * (input + 0.044715 * torch.pow(input, 3.0)))) - - -class GELUActivation(nn.Module): - """ - Original Implementation of the GELU activation function in Google BERT repo when initially created. For - information: OpenAI GPT's GELU is slightly different (and gives slightly different results): 0.5 * x * (1 + - torch.tanh(math.sqrt(2 / math.pi) * (x + 0.044715 * torch.pow(x, 3)))) This is now written in C in nn.functional - Also see the Gaussian Error Linear Units paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08415 - """ - - def __init__(self, use_gelu_python: bool = False): - super().__init__() - if use_gelu_python: - self.act = self._gelu_python - else: - self.act = nn.functional.gelu - - def _gelu_python(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor: - return input * 0.5 * (1.0 + torch.erf(input / math.sqrt(2.0))) - - def forward(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor: - return self.act(input) - - -class FastGELUActivation(nn.Module): - """ - Applies GELU approximation that is slower than QuickGELU but more accurate. See: https://github.com/hendrycks/GELUs - """ - - def forward(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor: - return 0.5 * input * (1.0 + torch.tanh(input * 0.7978845608 * (1.0 + 0.044715 * input * input))) - - -class QuickGELUActivation(nn.Module): - """ - Applies GELU approximation that is fast but somewhat inaccurate. See: https://github.com/hendrycks/GELUs - """ - - def forward(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor: - return input * torch.sigmoid(1.702 * input) - - -class ClippedGELUActivation(nn.Module): - """ - Clip the range of possible GeLU outputs between [min, max]. This is especially useful for quantization purpose, as - it allows mapping negatives values in the GeLU spectrum. For more information on this trick, please refer to - https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09602. - - Gaussian Error Linear Unit. Original Implementation of the gelu activation function in Google Bert repo when - initially created. - - For information: OpenAI GPT's gelu is slightly different (and gives slightly different results): 0.5 * x * (1 + - torch.tanh(math.sqrt(2 / math.pi) * (x + 0.044715 * torch.pow(x, 3)))). See https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08415 - """ - - def __init__(self, min: float, max: float): - if min > max: - raise ValueError(f"min should be < max (got min: {min}, max: {max})") - - super().__init__() - self.min = min - self.max = max - - def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor: - return torch.clip(gelu(x), self.min, self.max) - - -class SiLUActivation(nn.Module): - """ - See Gaussian Error Linear Units (Hendrycks et al., https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08415) where the SiLU (Sigmoid Linear - Unit) was originally introduced and coined, and see Sigmoid-Weighted Linear Units for Neural Network Function - Approximation in Reinforcement Learning (Elfwing et al., https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.03118) and Swish: a Self-Gated - Activation Function (Ramachandran et al., https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05941v1) where the SiLU was experimented with - later. - """ - - def forward(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor: - return nn.functional.silu(input) - - -class MishActivation(nn.Module): - """ - See Mish: A Self-Regularized Non-Monotonic Activation Function (Misra., https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.08681). Also - visit the official repository for the paper: https://github.com/digantamisra98/Mish - """ - - def __init__(self): - super().__init__() - if version.parse(torch.__version__) < version.parse("1.9.0"): - self.act = self._mish_python - else: - self.act = nn.functional.mish - - def _mish_python(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor: - return input * torch.tanh(nn.functional.softplus(input)) - - def forward(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor: - return self.act(input) - - -class LinearActivation(nn.Module): - """ - Applies the linear activation function, i.e. forwarding input directly to output. - """ - - def forward(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor: - return input - - -class ClassInstantier(OrderedDict): - def __getitem__(self, key): - content = super().__getitem__(key) - cls, kwargs = content if isinstance(content, tuple) else (content, {}) - return cls(**kwargs) - - -ACT2CLS = { - "gelu": GELUActivation, - "gelu_10": (ClippedGELUActivation, {"min": -10, "max": 10}), - "gelu_fast": FastGELUActivation, - "gelu_new": NewGELUActivation, - "gelu_python": (GELUActivation, {"use_gelu_python": True}), - "gelu_pytorch_tanh": PytorchGELUTanh, - "linear": LinearActivation, - "mish": MishActivation, - "quick_gelu": QuickGELUActivation, - "relu": nn.ReLU, - "relu6": nn.ReLU6, - "sigmoid": nn.Sigmoid, - "silu": SiLUActivation, - "swish": SiLUActivation, - "tanh": nn.Tanh, -} -ACT2FN = ClassInstantier(ACT2CLS) - - -def get_activation(activation_string): - if activation_string in ACT2FN: - return ACT2FN[activation_string] - else: - raise KeyError(f"function {activation_string} not found in ACT2FN mapping {list(ACT2FN.keys())}") - - -# For backwards compatibility with: from activations import gelu_python -gelu_python = get_activation("gelu_python") -gelu_new = get_activation("gelu_new") -gelu = get_activation("gelu") -gelu_fast = get_activation("gelu_fast") -quick_gelu = get_activation("quick_gelu") -silu = get_activation("silu") -mish = get_activation("mish") -linear_act = get_activation("linear") diff --git a/htrans/embedding.py b/htrans/embedding.py deleted file mode 100644 index 1afda95357fea23b7755edabcf82b28553625ef2..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/htrans/embedding.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,272 +0,0 @@ -import math -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -from htrans.norms import get_norm_fn -from typing import Tuple -from einops import repeat - -class EmbeddingComponent(nn.Module): - """Component embedding including token embedding, positional embedding and (token type embedding)""" - def __init__(self, config): - # where is token type embds? - super(EmbeddingComponent, self).__init__() - self.token_embedding = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, config.emb_dim, padding_idx=config.pad_token_id) - if config.pos_emb == "learned": - self.positional_embedding = LearnedPositional(config.emb_dim, config.max_seq_length) - elif config.pos_emb == "sinusoidal": - self.positional_embedding = SinusoidalPositional(config.emb_dim, config.max_seq_length) - elif config.pos_emb == "scaled-sinusoidal": - self.positional_embedding = ScaledSinosoidal(config.emb_dim, config.max_seq_length) - else: - self.positional_embedding = None - - self.dropout = torch.nn.Dropout(p=config.dropout_prob) - if config.normalization: - self.norm = get_norm_fn(config.norm)(config.emb_dim, eps=config.norm_eps) - else: - self.norm = torch.nn.Identity() - - def forward(self, input_ids): - embeds = self.token_embedding(input_ids) - if self.positional_embedding is not None: - embeds += self.positional_embedding(input_ids) - return self.dropout(self.norm(embeds)) - - -class SinusoidalPositional(nn.Module): - """ - The original positional embedding used in 'Attention is all you need' - """ - def __init__(self, emb_dim, max_seq_length=512): - super(SinusoidalPositional, self).__init__() - pe = torch.zeros(max_seq_length, emb_dim) - position = torch.arange(0, max_seq_length, dtype=torch.float).unsqueeze(1) - div_term = torch.exp(torch.arange(0, emb_dim, 2) * (-math.log(10000) / emb_dim)) - pe[:, 0::2] = torch.sin(position * div_term) - pe[:, 1::2] = torch.cos(position * div_term) - # return a 3D pe so it can be broadcasting on the batch_size dimension - self.register_buffer("pe", pe.unsqueeze(0), persistent=False) - - def forward(self, input_ids): - r"""Inputs of forward function - Args: - input_ids: the sequence fed to the positional encoder model (required). - Shape: - input_ids: [batch size, sequence length] - output: [batch size, sequence length, embed dim] - Examples: - >>> output = pos_encoder(x) - """ - return self.pe[:, : input_ids.shape[1], :] - - -class ScaledSinosoidal(SinusoidalPositional): - """Sinusoidal with scaling (see FLASH paper).""" - - def __init__(self, embedding_dim, max_seq_length): - super().__init__(embedding_dim, max_seq_length) - self.scale_factor = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.tensor([1.0 / embedding_dim**0.5])) - - def forward(self, input_ids): - r"""Inputs of forward function - Args: - x: the sequence fed to the positional encoder model (required). - Shape: - x: [batch size, sequence length, embed dim] - output: [batch size, sequence length, embed dim] - Examples: - >>> output = pos_encoder(x) - """ - return self.scale_factor * self.pe[:, : input_ids.shape[1], :] - -class LearnedPositional(nn.Module): - """Shorthand for a learnable embedding.""" - def __init__(self, emb_dim, max_seq_length): - super(LearnedPositional, self).__init__() - self.emb = nn.Embedding(max_seq_length, emb_dim) - self.register_buffer("position_ids", torch.arange(0, max_seq_length).expand(1, -1)) - - def forward(self, input_ids): - position_ids = self.position_ids[:, : input_ids.shape[1]] - return self.emb(position_ids) - - -# Code stolen from GPT-X: -class Rotary(torch.nn.Module): - def __init__(self, dim, base=10000, def_seq_length=128, seq_dim: int = 0): - super().__init__() - inv_freq = 1.0 / (base ** (torch.arange(0, dim, 2).float() / dim)) - self.register_buffer("inv_freq", inv_freq, persistent=True) - self.seq_len_cached = def_seq_length - self.seq_dim = seq_dim - cos_cache, sin_cache = self._get_cos_sin() - self.register_buffer("cos_cached", cos_cache, persistent=False) - self.register_buffer("sin_cached", sin_cache, persistent=False) - - # Force fusions on batched version - def rotate_half(x: torch.Tensor): - x1, x2 = x[..., : x.shape[-1] // 2], x[..., x.shape[-1] // 2 :] # torch.split(x, x.shape[-1] // 2, dim=-1) # not faster - return torch.cat((-x2, x1), dim=-1) - - def rope_fn(cos: torch.Tensor, sin: torch.Tensor, query_layer: torch.Tensor, key_layer: torch.Tensor): - QK = torch.cat([query_layer, key_layer], dim=1) - rotated = QK * cos + rotate_half(QK) * sin - return torch.split(QK, query_layer.shape[1], dim=1) - - self.rope_fn = rope_fn # handle fusion on module level - - @torch.no_grad() - def get_cos_sin_cache(self, x: torch.Tensor): - seq_len = x.shape[self.seq_dim] - if seq_len != self.seq_len_cached: - self.seq_len_cached = x.shape[self.seq_dim] - cos_cache, sin_cache = self._get_cos_sin() - self.cos_cached = cos_cache.to(x.device) - self.sin_cached = sin_cache.to(x.device) - return self.cos_cached, self.sin_cached - - def _get_cos_sin(self): - t = torch.arange(self.seq_len_cached).type_as(self.inv_freq) - freqs = torch.einsum("i,j->ij", t, self.inv_freq) - emb = torch.cat((freqs, freqs), dim=-1) - if self.seq_dim == 0: - return emb.cos()[:, None, None, :].detach(), emb.sin()[:, None, None, :].detach() - else: - return emb.cos()[None, :, None, :].detach(), emb.sin()[None, :, None, :].detach() - - def forward(self, query_layer: torch.Tensor, key_layer: torch.Tensor): - return self.rope_fn(self.cos_cached, self.sin_cached, query_layer, key_layer) - - @torch.jit.export - def single_forward(self, inputs: torch.Tensor): - """For cases where shapes of Q and K do not match.""" - cos, sin = self.cos_cached[: inputs.shape[0]], self.sin_cached[: inputs.shape[0]] - return inputs * cos + self.rotate_half(inputs) * sin - - def rotate_half(self, x: torch.Tensor): - x1, x2 = x[..., : x.shape[-1] // 2], x[..., x.shape[-1] // 2 :] - return torch.cat((-x2, x1), dim=-1) # torch.split(x, x.shape[-1] // 2, dim=-1) # not faster - - -class RotarySanityCheck(torch.nn.Module): - """not again...""" - - def __init__(self, dim, base=10000, def_seq_length=128, seq_dim: int = 0): - super().__init__() - inv_freq = 1.0 / (base ** (torch.arange(0, dim, 2).float() / dim)) - self.register_buffer("inv_freq", inv_freq, persistent=True) - self.seq_len_cached = def_seq_length - self.seq_dim = seq_dim - cos_cache, sin_cache = self._get_cos_sin() - self.register_buffer("cos_cached", cos_cache, persistent=False) - self.register_buffer("sin_cached", sin_cache, persistent=False) - - @torch.no_grad() - def get_cos_sin_cache(self, x: torch.Tensor): - seq_len = x.shape[self.seq_dim] - if seq_len != self.seq_len_cached: - self.seq_len_cached = x.shape[self.seq_dim] - cos_cache, sin_cache = self._get_cos_sin() - self.cos_cached = cos_cache.to(x.device) - self.sin_cached = sin_cache.to(x.device) - return self.cos_cached, self.sin_cached - - def _get_cos_sin(self): - t = torch.arange(self.seq_len_cached).type_as(self.inv_freq) - freqs = torch.einsum("i,j->ij", t, self.inv_freq) - emb = torch.cat((freqs, freqs), dim=-1) - if self.seq_dim == 0: - return emb.cos()[:, None, None, :].detach(), emb.sin()[:, None, None, :].detach() - else: - return emb.cos()[None, :, None, :].detach(), emb.sin()[None, :, None, :].detach() - - def forward(self, query_layer: torch.Tensor, key_layer: torch.Tensor): - # cos, sin = self.get_cos_sin_cache(key_layer) - # cos, sin = (cos[offset : query_layer.shape[0] + offset, ...], sin[offset : query_layer.shape[0] + offset, ...]) - cos, sin = self.cos_cached, self.sin_cached - return (query_layer * cos) + (self.rotate_half(query_layer) * sin), (key_layer * cos) + (self.rotate_half(key_layer) * sin) - - def rotate_half(self, x: torch.Tensor): - x1, x2 = x[..., : x.shape[-1] // 2], x[..., x.shape[-1] // 2 :] - return torch.cat((-x2, x1), dim=-1) # torch.split(x, x.shape[-1] // 2, dim=-1) # not faster - - @torch.jit.export - def single_forward(self, inputs: torch.Tensor): - """For cases where shapes of Q and K do not match.""" - cos, sin = self.cos_cached[: inputs.shape[0]], self.sin_cached[: inputs.shape[0]] - return inputs * cos + self.rotate_half(inputs) * sin - - -# Adapted from https://github.com/HazyResearch/flash-attention/blob/main/flash_attn/rotary.py who adapted from -# Adapted from https://github.com/facebookresearch/xformers/blob/main/xformers/components/positional_embedding/rotary.py -class RotaryEleutherAI(torch.nn.Module): - """ - The rotary position embeddings from RoFormer_ (Su et. al). - A crucial insight from the method is that the query and keys are - transformed by rotation matrices which depend on the relative positions. - Other implementations are available in the Rotary Transformer repo_ and in - GPT-NeoX_, GPT-NeoX was an inspiration - .. _RoFormer: https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.09864 - .. _repo: https://github.com/ZhuiyiTechnology/roformer - .. _GPT-NeoX: https://github.com/EleutherAI/gpt-neox - """ - - _seq_len_cached: int - # _cos_cached: Optional[torch.Tensor] - # _sin_cached: Optional[torch.Tensor] - - def __init__(self, dim_model: int, *_, **__): - super().__init__() - # Generate and save the inverse frequency buffer (non trainable) - inv_freq = 1.0 / (10000 ** (torch.arange(0, dim_model, 2).float() / dim_model)) - self.register_buffer("inv_freq", inv_freq) - - _cos_cached, _sin_cached = self._update_cos_sin_tables(torch.randn(1, 128, 1), seq_dimension=-2) - self.register_buffer("_cos_cached", _cos_cached, persistent=False) - self.register_buffer("_sin_cached", _sin_cached, persistent=False) - - @torch.jit.ignore - def _update_cos_sin_tables(self, x: torch.Tensor, seq_dimension: int = -2) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]: - seq_len = x.shape[seq_dimension] - - # Reset the tables if the sequence length has changed, - # or if we're on a new device (possibly due to tracing for instance) - # if seq_len != self._seq_len_cached: # or self._cos_cached.device != x.device or self._cos_cached.dtype != x.dtype: - self._seq_len_cached = seq_len - t = torch.arange(x.shape[seq_dimension], device=x.device, dtype=self.inv_freq.dtype) - # Don't do einsum, it converts fp32 to fp16 - # freqs = torch.einsum("i,j->ij", t, self.inv_freq) - freqs = torch.outer(t, self.inv_freq) - cos_cached = repeat(torch.cos(freqs).to(x.dtype), "... d -> ... (d 2)") - sin_cached = repeat(torch.sin(freqs).to(x.dtype), "... d -> ... (d 2)") - - return cos_cached, sin_cached - - def forward(self, q: torch.Tensor, k: torch.Tensor, seq_dimension: int = -2) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]: - # assert seq_dimension in [-2, -3] # Either (bs, h, s, d) or (bs, s, h, d) - # self._cos_cached, self._sin_cached = self._update_cos_sin_tables(k, seq_dimension=seq_dimension) - - return ( - apply_rotary_pos_emb(q, self._cos_cached, self._sin_cached, seq_dimension), - apply_rotary_pos_emb(k, self._cos_cached, self._sin_cached, seq_dimension), - ) - - -def rotate_half(x: torch.Tensor): - x = x.unflatten(dim=-1, sizes=(-1, 2)) - x1, x2 = x.unbind(dim=-1) - rotated_x = torch.stack((-x2, x1), dim=-1) - return rotated_x.flatten(start_dim=-2) - - -@torch.jit.script -def apply_rotary_pos_emb(x: torch.Tensor, cos: torch.Tensor, sin: torch.Tensor, seq_dimension: int = -2): - # NOTE: This could probably be moved to Triton - - # Handle a possible sequence length mismatch in between q and k - cos = cos[: x.shape[seq_dimension], :] - sin = sin[: x.shape[seq_dimension], :] - if seq_dimension == -3: - cos = cos[:, None, :] - sin = sin[:, None, :] - return (x * cos) + (rotate_half(x) * sin) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/htrans/model/__init__.py b/htrans/model/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index 3493a84854f5f845e93eb84144c8a2225c278573..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/htrans/model/__init__.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2 +0,0 @@ -from .modeling_htrans import HTransForPreTraining, HTransModel, HTransForSequenceClassification -from .configuration_htrans import HTransConfig \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/htrans/model/configuration_htrans.py b/htrans/model/configuration_htrans.py deleted file mode 100644 index b636beccb3bcd2b8d2c1d7f690119a76eb09acaa..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/htrans/model/configuration_htrans.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,130 +0,0 @@ -from transformers import PretrainedConfig - - -class HTransConfig(PretrainedConfig): - r""" - This is the configuration class to store the configuration of a [`BertModel`] or a [`TFBertModel`]. It is used to - instantiate a BERT model according to the specified arguments, defining the model architecture. Instantiating a - configuration with the defaults will yield a similar configuration to that of the BERT - [bert-base-uncased](https://huggingface.co/bert-base-uncased) architecture. - - Configuration objects inherit from [`PretrainedConfig`] and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the - documentation from [`PretrainedConfig`] for more information. - - - Args: - vocab_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 30522): - Vocabulary size of the BERT model. Defines the number of different tokens that can be represented by the - `inputs_ids` passed when calling [`BertModel`] or [`TFBertModel`]. - hidden_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 768): - Dimensionality of the encoder layers and the pooler layer. - num_hidden_layers (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 12): - Number of hidden layers in the Transformer encoder. - num_attention_heads (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 12): - Number of attention heads for each attention layer in the Transformer encoder. - intermediate_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 3072): - Dimensionality of the "intermediate" (often named feed-forward) layer in the Transformer encoder. - hidden_act (`str` or `Callable`, *optional*, defaults to `"gelu"`): - The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the encoder and pooler. If string, `"gelu"`, - `"relu"`, `"silu"` and `"gelu_new"` are supported. - hidden_dropout_prob (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.1): - The dropout probability for all fully connected layers in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler. - attention_probs_dropout_prob (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.1): - The dropout ratio for the attention probabilities. - max_position_embeddings (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 512): - The maximum sequence length that this model might ever be used with. Typically set this to something large - just in case (e.g., 512 or 1024 or 2048). - type_vocab_size (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 2): - The vocabulary size of the `token_type_ids` passed when calling [`BertModel`] or [`TFBertModel`]. - initializer_range (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.02): - The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices. - layer_norm_eps (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 1e-12): - The epsilon used by the layer normalization layers. - position_embedding_type (`str`, *optional*, defaults to `"absolute"`): - Type of position embedding. Choose one of `"absolute"`, `"relative_key"`, `"relative_key_query"`. For - positional embeddings use `"absolute"`. For more information on `"relative_key"`, please refer to - [Self-Attention with Relative Position Representations (Shaw et al.)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.02155). - For more information on `"relative_key_query"`, please refer to *Method 4* in [Improve Transformer Models - with Better Relative Position Embeddings (Huang et al.)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.13658). - is_decoder (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`): - Whether the model is used as a decoder or not. If `False`, the model is used as an encoder. - use_cache (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `True`): - Whether or not the model should return the last key/values attentions (not used by all models). Only - relevant if `config.is_decoder=True`. - classifier_dropout (`float`, *optional*): - The dropout ratio for the classification head. - - Examples: - - ```python - >>> from transformers import BertConfig, BertModel - - >>> # Initializing a BERT bert-base-uncased style configuration - >>> configuration = BertConfig() - - >>> # Initializing a model (with random weights) from the bert-base-uncased style configuration - >>> model = BertModel(configuration) - - >>> # Accessing the model configuration - >>> configuration = model.config - ```""" - model_type = "bert" - - def __init__( - self, - vocab_size=32768, - hidden_size=768, - num_hidden_layers=12, - num_attention_heads=12, - intermediate_size=3072, - hidden_act="gelu", - hidden_dropout_prob=0.1, - attention_probs_dropout_prob=0.1, - max_position_embeddings=512, - type_vocab_size=2, - initializer_range=0.02, - layer_norm_eps=1e-12, - position_embedding_type="absolute", - use_cache=True, - classifier_dropout=0.1, - use_bias=True, - norm_scheme="post", - pool_scheme="first-token", - pos_emb="sinusoidal", - prediction_head=True, - max_sent_length=64, - max_sec_length=8, - max_doc_length=1, - **kwargs, - ): - super().__init__(**kwargs) - - self.vocab_size = vocab_size - self.hidden_size = hidden_size - self.num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers - self.num_attention_heads = num_attention_heads - self.hidden_act = hidden_act - self.intermediate_size = intermediate_size - self.hidden_dropout_prob = hidden_dropout_prob - self.attention_probs_dropout_prob = attention_probs_dropout_prob - self.type_vocab_size = type_vocab_size - self.initializer_range = initializer_range - self.layer_norm_eps = layer_norm_eps - self.position_embedding_type = position_embedding_type - self.use_cache = use_cache - self.classifier_dropout = classifier_dropout - self.use_bias = use_bias - self.norm_scheme = norm_scheme - self.pool_scheme = pool_scheme - self.pos_emb = pos_emb - self.prediction_head = prediction_head - self.max_sec_length = max_sec_length - self.max_sent_length = max_sent_length - self.max_doc_length = max_doc_length - self.max_position_embeddings = max_sec_length * max_sent_length * max_doc_length - self.bos_token_id = kwargs.pop("bos_token_id", None) - self.pad_token_id = kwargs.pop("pad_token_id", None) - self.eos_token_id = kwargs.pop("eos_token_id", None) - self.sep_token_id = kwargs.pop("sep_token_id", None) - - diff --git a/htrans/model/modeling_htrans.py b/htrans/model/modeling_htrans.py deleted file mode 100644 index 06df336ae2b1e2fc999a48dd0b1267f931c2c1e4..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/htrans/model/modeling_htrans.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1283 +0,0 @@ -"""This is a script for modeling bert under our (huggingface) scheme. Most of the code is directly copied from huggingface transformers for reference""" -import os -import math -import torch -import logging -import torch.nn as nn -from ..act_fns import ACT2FN -from transformers import PreTrainedModel -from ..pytorch_utils import find_pruneable_heads_and_indices, prune_linear_layer, apply_chunking_to_forward -from ..embedding import SinusoidalPositional, ScaledSinosoidal, LearnedPositional -from transformers.modeling_outputs import BaseModelOutputWithPastAndCrossAttentions, ModelOutput, BaseModelOutputWithPoolingAndCrossAttentions, SequenceClassifierOutput -from .configuration_htrans import HTransConfig -from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union, List -from torch.nn import BCEWithLogitsLoss, CrossEntropyLoss, MSELoss - -logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) - - -def load_tf_weights_in_bert(model, config, tf_checkpoint_path): - """Load tf checkpoints in a pytorch model.""" - try: - import re - - import numpy as np - import tensorflow as tf - except ImportError: - logger.error( - "Loading a TensorFlow model in PyTorch, requires TensorFlow to be installed. Please see " - "https://www.tensorflow.org/install/ for installation instructions." - ) - raise - tf_path = os.path.abspath(tf_checkpoint_path) - logger.info(f"Converting TensorFlow checkpoint from {tf_path}") - # Load weights from TF model - init_vars = tf.train.list_variables(tf_path) - names = [] - arrays = [] - for name, shape in init_vars: - logger.info(f"Loading TF weight {name} with shape {shape}") - array = tf.train.load_variable(tf_path, name) - names.append(name) - arrays.append(array) - - for name, array in zip(names, arrays): - name = name.split("/") - # adam_v and adam_m are variables used in AdamWeightDecayOptimizer to calculated m and v - # which are not required for using pretrained model - if any( - n in ["adam_v", "adam_m", "AdamWeightDecayOptimizer", "AdamWeightDecayOptimizer_1", "global_step"] - for n in name - ): - logger.info(f"Skipping {'/'.join(name)}") - continue - pointer = model - for m_name in name: - if re.fullmatch(r"[A-Za-z]+_\d+", m_name): - scope_names = re.split(r"_(\d+)", m_name) - else: - scope_names = [m_name] - if scope_names[0] == "kernel" or scope_names[0] == "gamma": - pointer = getattr(pointer, "weight") - elif scope_names[0] == "output_bias" or scope_names[0] == "beta": - pointer = getattr(pointer, "bias") - elif scope_names[0] == "output_weights": - pointer = getattr(pointer, "weight") - elif scope_names[0] == "squad": - pointer = getattr(pointer, "classifier") - else: - try: - pointer = getattr(pointer, scope_names[0]) - except AttributeError: - logger.info(f"Skipping {'/'.join(name)}") - continue - if len(scope_names) >= 2: - num = int(scope_names[1]) - pointer = pointer[num] - if m_name[-11:] == "_embeddings": - pointer = getattr(pointer, "weight") - elif m_name == "kernel": - array = np.transpose(array) - try: - if pointer.shape != array.shape: - raise ValueError(f"Pointer shape {pointer.shape} and array shape {array.shape} mismatched") - except AssertionError as e: - e.args += (pointer.shape, array.shape) - raise - logger.info(f"Initialize PyTorch weight {name}") - pointer.data = torch.from_numpy(array) - return model - -class PositionEmbeddings(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__() - if config.pos_emb == "learned": - self.position_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.max_position_embeddings, config.hidden_size) - elif config.pos_emb == "sinusoidal": - self.position_embeddings = SinusoidalPositional(config.hidden_size, config.max_position_embeddings) - elif config.pos_emb == "scaled-sinusoidal": - self.position_embeddings = ScaledSinosoidal(config.hidden_size, config.max_position_embeddings) - else: - raise NotImplementedError(f"Positional embedding {config.pos_emb} is not a valid choice") - self.position_embedding_type = getattr(config, "position_embedding_type", "absolute") - self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) - self.register_buffer("sec_position_ids", torch.arange(config.max_sec_length*config.max_doc_length+config.max_doc_length).expand((1, -1))) - self.register_buffer("doc_position_ids", torch.arange(config.max_doc_length).expand((1, -1))) - - def forward(self, embeddings, hierarchy="sec"): - if self.position_embedding_type == "absolute": - position_embeddings = self.position_embeddings(self.sec_position_ids if hierarchy=="sec" else self.doc_position_ids) - embeddings += position_embeddings - embeddings = self.LayerNorm(embeddings) - embeddings = self.dropout(embeddings) - return embeddings - -class HTransEmbeddings(nn.Module): - """Construct the embeddings from word, position and token_type embeddings.""" - - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__() - self.word_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, config.hidden_size, padding_idx=config.pad_token_id) - if config.pos_emb == "learned": - self.position_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.max_position_embeddings, config.hidden_size) - elif config.pos_emb == "sinusoidal": - self.position_embeddings = SinusoidalPositional(config.hidden_size, config.max_position_embeddings) - elif config.pos_emb == "scaled-sinusoidal": - self.position_embeddings = ScaledSinosoidal(config.hidden_size, config.max_position_embeddings) - else: - raise NotImplementedError(f"Positional embedding {config.pos_emb} is not a valid choice") - # self.position_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.max_position_embeddings, config.hidden_size) - # For now we don't use token type embeddings but might need it back in the future - # self.token_type_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.type_vocab_size, config.hidden_size) - - # self.LayerNorm is not snake-cased to stick with TensorFlow model variable name and be able to load - # any TensorFlow checkpoint file - self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) - # position_ids (1, len position emb) is contiguous in memory and exported when serialized - self.position_embedding_type = getattr(config, "position_embedding_type", "absolute") - self.register_buffer("position_ids", torch.arange(config.max_position_embeddings).expand((1, -1))) - self.register_buffer( - "token_type_ids", torch.zeros(self.position_ids.size(), dtype=torch.long), persistent=False - ) - - def forward( - self, - input_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, - token_type_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, - position_ids: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None, - inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - past_key_values_length: int = 0, - ) -> torch.Tensor: - if input_ids is not None: - input_shape = input_ids.size() - else: - input_shape = inputs_embeds.size()[:-1] - - seq_length = input_shape[1] - - if position_ids is None: - position_ids = self.position_ids[:, past_key_values_length : seq_length + past_key_values_length] - - # Setting the token_type_ids to the registered buffer in constructor where it is all zeros, which usually occurs - # when its auto-generated, registered buffer helps users when tracing the model without passing token_type_ids, solves - # issue #5664 - # if token_type_ids is None: - # if hasattr(self, "token_type_ids"): - # buffered_token_type_ids = self.token_type_ids[:, :seq_length] - # buffered_token_type_ids_expanded = buffered_token_type_ids.expand(input_shape[0], seq_length) - # token_type_ids = buffered_token_type_ids_expanded - # else: - # token_type_ids = torch.zeros(input_shape, dtype=torch.long, device=self.position_ids.device) - - if inputs_embeds is None: - inputs_embeds = self.word_embeddings(input_ids) - # token_type_embeddings = self.token_type_embeddings(token_type_ids) - - # embeddings = inputs_embeds + token_type_embeddings - embeddings = inputs_embeds - if self.position_embedding_type == "absolute": - position_embeddings = self.position_embeddings(position_ids) - embeddings += position_embeddings - embeddings = self.LayerNorm(embeddings) - embeddings = self.dropout(embeddings) - return embeddings - - -class HTransSelfAttention(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config, position_embedding_type=None, sent_length=512, sec_length=1, doc_length=1): - super().__init__() - if config.hidden_size % config.num_attention_heads != 0 and not hasattr(config, "embedding_size"): - raise ValueError( - f"The hidden size ({config.hidden_size}) is not a multiple of the number of attention " - f"heads ({config.num_attention_heads})" - ) - - self.num_attention_heads = config.num_attention_heads - self.attention_head_size = int(config.hidden_size / config.num_attention_heads) - self.all_head_size = self.num_attention_heads * self.attention_head_size - - self.query = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.all_head_size, bias=config.use_bias) - self.key = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.all_head_size, bias=config.use_bias) - self.value = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.all_head_size, bias=config.use_bias) - - self.sent_length = sent_length - self.sec_length = sec_length - self.doc_length = doc_length - - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.attention_probs_dropout_prob) - self.position_embedding_type = position_embedding_type or getattr( - config, "position_embedding_type", "absolute" - ) - if self.position_embedding_type == "relative_key" or self.position_embedding_type == "relative_key_query": - self.max_position_embeddings = config.max_position_embeddings - self.distance_embedding = nn.Embedding(2 * config.max_position_embeddings - 1, self.attention_head_size) - - self.is_decoder = config.is_decoder - - def transpose_for_scores(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: - if self.sec_length == 1: - new_x_shape = x.size()[:-1] + (self.num_attention_heads, self.attention_head_size) - x = x.view(new_x_shape) - return x.permute(0, 2, 1, 3) - elif self.doc_length == 1: - new_x_shape = x.size()[:-2] + (self.sec_length, self.sent_length, self.num_attention_heads, self.attention_head_size) - x = x.view(new_x_shape) - return x.permute(0, 1, 3, 2, 4) - else: - new_x_shape = x.size()[:-2] + (self.doc_length, self.sec_length, self.sent_length, self.num_attention_heads, self.attention_head_size) - x = x.view(new_x_shape) - return x.permute(0, 1, 2, 4, 3, 5) - def forward( - self, - hidden_states: torch.Tensor, - attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - head_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - encoder_hidden_states: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - encoder_attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - past_key_value: Optional[Tuple[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]]] = None, - output_attentions: Optional[bool] = False, - ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor]: - mixed_query_layer = self.query(hidden_states) - - # If this is instantiated as a cross-attention module, the keys - # and values come from an encoder; the attention mask needs to be - # such that the encoder's padding tokens are not attended to. - is_cross_attention = encoder_hidden_states is not None - - if is_cross_attention and past_key_value is not None: - # reuse k,v, cross_attentions - key_layer = past_key_value[0] - value_layer = past_key_value[1] - attention_mask = encoder_attention_mask - elif is_cross_attention: - key_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(self.key(encoder_hidden_states)) - value_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(self.value(encoder_hidden_states)) - attention_mask = encoder_attention_mask - elif past_key_value is not None: - key_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(self.key(hidden_states)) - value_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(self.value(hidden_states)) - key_layer = torch.cat([past_key_value[0], key_layer], dim=2) - value_layer = torch.cat([past_key_value[1], value_layer], dim=2) - else: - key_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(self.key(hidden_states)) - value_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(self.value(hidden_states)) - - query_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(mixed_query_layer) - - use_cache = past_key_value is not None - if self.is_decoder: - # if cross_attention save Tuple(torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor) of all cross attention key/value_states. - # Further calls to cross_attention layer can then reuse all cross-attention - # key/value_states (first "if" case) - # if uni-directional self-attention (decoder) save Tuple(torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor) of - # all previous decoder key/value_states. Further calls to uni-directional self-attention - # can concat previous decoder key/value_states to current projected key/value_states (third "elif" case) - # if encoder bi-directional self-attention `past_key_value` is always `None` - past_key_value = (key_layer, value_layer) - - # Take the dot product between "query" and "key" to get the raw attention scores. - attention_scores = torch.matmul(query_layer, key_layer.transpose(-1, -2)) - # if self.seg_num == 1: - # attention_scores = torch.matmul(query_layer, key_layer.transpose(-1, -2)) - # else: - # attention_scores = torch.concatenate([torch.matmul(query_layer[:, :, j * self.seg_length: (j + 1) * self.seg_length, :], key_layer[:, :, j * self.seg_length: (j + 1) * self.seg_length, :].transpose(-1, -2)) for j in range(self.seg_num)], dim=-1) - if self.position_embedding_type == "relative_key" or self.position_embedding_type == "relative_key_query": - # TODO: relative positional embedding for hierarchical attention - query_length, key_length = query_layer.shape[2], key_layer.shape[2] - if use_cache: - position_ids_l = torch.tensor(key_length - 1, dtype=torch.long, device=hidden_states.device).view( - -1, 1 - ) - else: - position_ids_l = torch.arange(query_length, dtype=torch.long, device=hidden_states.device).view(-1, 1) - position_ids_r = torch.arange(key_length, dtype=torch.long, device=hidden_states.device).view(1, -1) - distance = position_ids_l - position_ids_r - - positional_embedding = self.distance_embedding(distance + self.max_position_embeddings - 1) - positional_embedding = positional_embedding.to(dtype=query_layer.dtype) # fp16 compatibility - - if self.position_embedding_type == "relative_key": - relative_position_scores = torch.einsum("bhld,lrd->bhlr", query_layer, positional_embedding) - attention_scores = attention_scores + relative_position_scores - elif self.position_embedding_type == "relative_key_query": - relative_position_scores_query = torch.einsum("bhld,lrd->bhlr", query_layer, positional_embedding) - relative_position_scores_key = torch.einsum("bhrd,lrd->bhlr", key_layer, positional_embedding) - attention_scores = attention_scores + relative_position_scores_query + relative_position_scores_key - attention_scores = attention_scores / math.sqrt(self.attention_head_size) - if attention_mask is not None: - if self.sec_length > 1: - if self.doc_length > 1: - new_mask_shape = (attention_mask.shape[0], self.doc_length, self.sec_length, 1, 1, self.sent_length) - else: - new_mask_shape = (attention_mask.shape[0], self.sec_length, 1, 1, self.sent_length) - attention_mask = attention_mask.view(new_mask_shape) - # Apply the attention mask is (precomputed for all layers in BertModel forward() function) - attention_scores = attention_scores + attention_mask - - # Normalize the attention scores to probabilities. - attention_probs = nn.functional.softmax(attention_scores, dim=-1) - - # This is actually dropping out entire tokens to attend to, which might - # seem a bit unusual, but is taken from the original Transformer paper. - attention_probs = self.dropout(attention_probs) - - # Mask heads if we want to - if head_mask is not None: - if self.sec_length > 1: - if self.doc_length > 1: - new_mask_shape = (head_mask.shape[0], self.doc_length, self.sec_length, 1, 1, self.sent_length) - else: - new_mask_shape = (head_mask.shape[0], self.sec_length, 1, 1, self.sent_length) - head_mask = head_mask.view(new_mask_shape) - attention_probs = attention_probs * head_mask - - context_layer = torch.matmul(attention_probs, value_layer) - if self.doc_length > 1: - context_layer = context_layer.permute(0, 1, 2, 4, 3, 5).contiguous() - new_context_layer_shape = context_layer.size()[:-5] + (self.doc_length * self.sec_length * self.sent_length, self.all_head_size,) - elif self.sec_length > 1: - context_layer = context_layer.permute(0, 1, 3, 2, 4).contiguous() - new_context_layer_shape = context_layer.size()[:-4] + (self.sec_length * self.sent_length, self.all_head_size,) - else: - context_layer = context_layer.permute(0, 2, 1, 3).contiguous() - new_context_layer_shape = context_layer.size()[:-2] + (self.all_head_size,) - - context_layer = context_layer.view(new_context_layer_shape) - - outputs = (context_layer, attention_probs) if output_attentions else (context_layer,) - - if self.is_decoder: - outputs = outputs + (past_key_value,) - return outputs - - -class HTransSelfOutput(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__() - self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size, bias=config.use_bias) - if config.norm_scheme == "post": - self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) - self.norm_scheme = config.norm_scheme - - def forward(self, hidden_states: torch.Tensor, input_tensor: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: - hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states) - hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states) - hidden_states = hidden_states + input_tensor - if self.norm_scheme == "post": - hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states) - - return hidden_states - - -class HTransAttention(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config, position_embedding_type=None, sent_length=512, sec_length=1, doc_length=1): - super().__init__() - self.self = HTransSelfAttention(config, position_embedding_type=position_embedding_type, sent_length=sent_length, sec_length=sec_length, doc_length=doc_length) - self.output = HTransSelfOutput(config) - self.pruned_heads = set() - self.norm_scheme = config.norm_scheme - if self.norm_scheme == "pre": - self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) - - def prune_heads(self, heads): - if len(heads) == 0: - return - heads, index = find_pruneable_heads_and_indices( - heads, self.self.num_attention_heads, self.self.attention_head_size, self.pruned_heads - ) - - # Prune linear layers - self.self.query = prune_linear_layer(self.self.query, index) - self.self.key = prune_linear_layer(self.self.key, index) - self.self.value = prune_linear_layer(self.self.value, index) - self.output.dense = prune_linear_layer(self.output.dense, index, dim=1) - - # Update hyper params and store pruned heads - self.self.num_attention_heads = self.self.num_attention_heads - len(heads) - self.self.all_head_size = self.self.attention_head_size * self.self.num_attention_heads - self.pruned_heads = self.pruned_heads.union(heads) - - - def forward( - self, - hidden_states: torch.Tensor, - attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - head_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - encoder_hidden_states: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - encoder_attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - past_key_value: Optional[Tuple[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]]] = None, - output_attentions: Optional[bool] = False, - ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor]: - if self.norm_scheme == "pre": - input_tensors = hidden_states - hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states) - else: - input_tensors = hidden_states - self_outputs = self.self( - hidden_states, - attention_mask, - head_mask, - encoder_hidden_states, - encoder_attention_mask, - past_key_value, - output_attentions, - ) - attention_output = self.output(self_outputs[0], input_tensors) - outputs = (attention_output,) + self_outputs[1:] # add attentions if we output them - return outputs - - -class HTransIntermediate(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__() - self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.intermediate_size, bias=config.use_bias) - self.norm_scheme = config.norm_scheme - if self.norm_scheme == "pre": - self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) - if isinstance(config.hidden_act, str): - self.intermediate_act_fn = ACT2FN[config.hidden_act] - else: - self.intermediate_act_fn = config.hidden_act - - def forward(self, hidden_states: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: - if self.norm_scheme == "pre": - hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states) - hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states) - hidden_states = self.intermediate_act_fn(hidden_states) - return hidden_states - - -class HTransOutput(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__() - self.dense = nn.Linear(config.intermediate_size, config.hidden_size, bias=config.use_bias) - self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob) - self.norm_scheme = config.norm_scheme - - def forward(self, hidden_states: torch.Tensor, input_tensor: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: - hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states) - hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states) - hidden_states = hidden_states + input_tensor - if self.norm_scheme == "post": - hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states) - return hidden_states - - -class HTransLayer(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config, sent_length=512, sec_length=1, doc_length=1): - super().__init__() - self.chunk_size_feed_forward = config.chunk_size_feed_forward - self.seq_len_dim = 1 - self.attention = HTransAttention(config, sent_length=sent_length, sec_length=sec_length, doc_length=doc_length) - self.is_decoder = config.is_decoder - self.add_cross_attention = config.add_cross_attention - if self.add_cross_attention: - if not self.is_decoder: - raise ValueError(f"{self} should be used as a decoder model if cross attention is added") - self.crossattention = HTransAttention(config, position_embedding_type="absolute", sent_length=sent_length, sec_length=sec_length, doc_length=doc_length) - self.intermediate = HTransIntermediate(config) - self.output = HTransOutput(config) - - def forward( - self, - hidden_states: torch.Tensor, - attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - head_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - encoder_hidden_states: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - encoder_attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - past_key_value: Optional[Tuple[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]]] = None, - output_attentions: Optional[bool] = False, - ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor]: - # decoder uni-directional self-attention cached key/values tuple is at positions 1,2 - self_attn_past_key_value = past_key_value[:2] if past_key_value is not None else None - self_attention_outputs = self.attention( - hidden_states, - attention_mask, - head_mask, - output_attentions=output_attentions, - past_key_value=self_attn_past_key_value, - ) - attention_output = self_attention_outputs[0] - - # if decoder, the last output is tuple of self-attn cache - if self.is_decoder: - outputs = self_attention_outputs[1:-1] - present_key_value = self_attention_outputs[-1] - else: - outputs = self_attention_outputs[1:] # add self attentions if we output attention weights - - cross_attn_present_key_value = None - if self.is_decoder and encoder_hidden_states is not None: - if not hasattr(self, "crossattention"): - raise ValueError( - f"If `encoder_hidden_states` are passed, {self} has to be instantiated with cross-attention layers" - " by setting `config.add_cross_attention=True`" - ) - - # cross_attn cached key/values tuple is at positions 3,4 of past_key_value tuple - cross_attn_past_key_value = past_key_value[-2:] if past_key_value is not None else None - cross_attention_outputs = self.crossattention( - attention_output, - attention_mask, - head_mask, - encoder_hidden_states, - encoder_attention_mask, - cross_attn_past_key_value, - output_attentions, - ) - attention_output = cross_attention_outputs[0] - outputs = outputs + cross_attention_outputs[1:-1] # add cross attentions if we output attention weights - - # add cross-attn cache to positions 3,4 of present_key_value tuple - cross_attn_present_key_value = cross_attention_outputs[-1] - present_key_value = present_key_value + cross_attn_present_key_value - - layer_output = apply_chunking_to_forward( - self.feed_forward_chunk, self.chunk_size_feed_forward, self.seq_len_dim, attention_output - ) - outputs = (layer_output,) + outputs - - # if decoder, return the attn key/values as the last output - if self.is_decoder: - outputs = outputs + (present_key_value,) - - return outputs - - def feed_forward_chunk(self, attention_output): - intermediate_output = self.intermediate(attention_output) - layer_output = self.output(intermediate_output, attention_output) - return layer_output - - -# class HTransLayer(nn.Module): -# def __init__(self, config): -# super().__init__() -# self.sent_trans_layer_1 = TransformerLayer(config) -# self.sent_trans_layer_2 = TransformerLayer(config) -# self.sec_trans_layer = TransformerLayer(config) -# self.max_sent_length = config.max_sent_length -# self.max_sec_length = config.max_sec_length -# -# def forward( -# self, -# hidden_states: torch.Tensor, -# attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, -# head_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, -# encoder_hidden_states: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, -# encoder_attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, -# past_key_value: Optional[Tuple[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]]] = None, -# output_attentions: Optional[bool] = False, -# ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor]: -# # TODO: adapt head_mask, encoder_hidden_states, encoder_attention_mask, past_key_value -# sent_outputs = [self.sent_trans_layer_1( -# hidden_states[:, i*self.max_sent_length: (i+1)*self.max_sent_length, :], -# attention_mask[:, :, :, i*self.max_sent_length: (i+1)*self.max_sent_length] if attention_mask is not None else None, -# output_attentions=output_attentions -# )[0] for i in range(self.max_sec_length)] -# sec_outputs = self.sec_trans_layer(torch.concatenate([i[:, 0:1, :] for i in sent_outputs], axis=1))[0] -# hidden_sec_states = hidden_states.clone() -# hidden_sec_states[:, [i*self.max_sent_length for i in range(self.max_sec_length)]] = sec_outputs -# layer_outputs = [self.sent_trans_layer_2( -# hidden_sec_states[:, i * self.max_sent_length: (i + 1) * self.max_sent_length, :], -# attention_mask[:, :, :, -# i * self.max_sent_length: (i + 1) * self.max_sent_length] if attention_mask is not None else None, -# output_attentions=output_attentions -# )[0] for i in range(self.max_sec_length)] -# return (torch.concatenate(layer_outputs, axis=1), ) - -class HTransEncoder(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__() - self.config = config - self.hi_position_embeddings = PositionEmbeddings(config) - self.sent_layer = nn.ModuleList([HTransLayer(config, sent_length=config.max_sent_length, sec_length=config.max_sec_length, doc_length=config.max_doc_length) for _ in range(config.num_hidden_layers)]) - if config.max_doc_length > 1: - self.doc_layer = nn.ModuleList( - [HTransLayer(config, sent_length=config.max_doc_length) for _ in range(config.num_hidden_layers)]) - self.sec_layer = nn.ModuleList([HTransLayer(config, sent_length=self.config.max_sec_length + 1, sec_length=config.max_doc_length) for _ in range(config.num_hidden_layers)]) - self.gradient_checkpointing = False - - def forward( - self, - hidden_states: torch.Tensor, - attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - head_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - sec_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - doc_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - encoder_hidden_states: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - encoder_attention_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - past_key_values: Optional[Tuple[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]]] = None, - use_cache: Optional[bool] = None, - output_attentions: Optional[bool] = False, - output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = False, - return_dict: Optional[bool] = True, - sec_head_emb: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - doc_head_emb: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - ) -> Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor], BaseModelOutputWithPastAndCrossAttentions]: - all_hidden_states = () if output_hidden_states else None - all_self_attentions = () if output_attentions else None - all_cross_attentions = () if output_attentions and self.config.add_cross_attention else None - - next_decoder_cache = () if use_cache else None - if self.config.max_doc_length > 1: - sec_head_emb = sec_head_emb.unsqueeze(1).expand(-1, self.config.max_doc_length, -1, -1) - sec_new_shape = (hidden_states.shape[0], self.config.max_doc_length, self.config.max_sec_length, hidden_states.shape[-1]) - - for i, layer_module in enumerate(self.sent_layer): - if output_hidden_states: - all_hidden_states = all_hidden_states + (hidden_states,) - - layer_head_mask = head_mask[i] if head_mask is not None else None - past_key_value = past_key_values[i] if past_key_values is not None else None - - if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training: - # TODO: add gradient checkpointing support for hierarchical attention - if use_cache: - logger.warning( - "`use_cache=True` is incompatible with gradient checkpointing. Setting `use_cache=False`..." - ) - use_cache = False - - def create_custom_forward(module): - def custom_forward(*inputs): - return module(*inputs, past_key_value, output_attentions) - - return custom_forward - - layer_outputs = torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint( - create_custom_forward(layer_module), - hidden_states, - attention_mask, - layer_head_mask, - encoder_hidden_states, - encoder_attention_mask, - ) - else: - layer_outputs = layer_module( - hidden_states, - attention_mask, - layer_head_mask, - encoder_hidden_states, - encoder_attention_mask, - past_key_value, - output_attentions, - ) - - hidden_states = layer_outputs[0] - if self.config.pool_scheme == "first-token": - # sec_inputs = torch.select(hidden_states, -2, 0) - sec_inputs = hidden_states[:, range(0, self.config.max_doc_length*self.config.max_sec_length*self.config.max_sent_length, self.config.max_sent_length) ,:] - elif self.config.pool_scheme == "avg": - sec_inputs = torch.mean(hidden_states.view((hidden_states.shape[0], self.config.max_sec_length, self.config.max_sent_length, hidden_states.shape[-1])), dim=-2) - elif self.config.pool_scheme == "max": - sec_inputs = torch.max(hidden_states.view((hidden_states.shape[0], self.config.max_sec_length, self.config.max_sent_length, hidden_states.shape[-1])), dim=-2)[0] - else: - raise NotImplementedError(f"Pooling method {self.config.pool_scheme} is not implemented") - - if self.config.max_doc_length > 1: - sec_inputs = torch.concat( - [sec_head_emb, - sec_inputs.view(sec_new_shape)], - dim=-2) - else: - sec_inputs = torch.concat([sec_head_emb, sec_inputs], dim=-2) - sec_outputs = self.sec_layer[i](self.hi_position_embeddings(sec_inputs.view(hidden_states.shape[0], -1, hidden_states.shape[-1]), "sec"), attention_mask=sec_mask)[0] - if self.config.max_doc_length > 1: - doc_inputs, token_head_embedding = torch.split(sec_outputs.view(hidden_states.shape[0], self.config.max_doc_length, self.config.max_sec_length+1, hidden_states.shape[-1]), (1, self.config.max_sec_length), -2) - doc_inputs = doc_inputs.squeeze(-2).clone() - else: - token_head_embedding = sec_outputs[:, 1:, :] - hidden_sec_states = hidden_states.clone() - hidden_sec_states[:, range(0, self.config.max_sec_length * self.config.max_sent_length * self.config.max_doc_length, self.config.max_sent_length), - :] = token_head_embedding.contiguous().view(hidden_states.shape[0], self.config.max_sec_length * self.config.max_doc_length, hidden_states.shape[-1]) - hidden_states = hidden_sec_states - - - if self.config.max_doc_length > 1: - doc_outputs = self.doc_layer[i](self.hi_position_embeddings(doc_inputs, "doc"), attention_mask=doc_mask)[0] - sec_head_emb = doc_outputs.unsqueeze(-2) - - if use_cache: - next_decoder_cache += (layer_outputs[-1],) - if output_attentions: - all_self_attentions = all_self_attentions + (layer_outputs[1],) - if self.config.add_cross_attention: - all_cross_attentions = all_cross_attentions + (layer_outputs[2],) - - if output_hidden_states: - all_hidden_states = all_hidden_states + (hidden_states,) - - if not return_dict: - return tuple( - v - for v in [ - hidden_states, - next_decoder_cache, - all_hidden_states, - all_self_attentions, - all_cross_attentions, - ] - if v is not None - ) - return BaseModelOutputWithPastAndCrossAttentions( - last_hidden_state=hidden_states, - past_key_values=next_decoder_cache, - hidden_states=all_hidden_states, - attentions=all_self_attentions, - cross_attentions=all_cross_attentions, - ) - - -class HTransPooler(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__() - self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size) - self.activation = nn.Tanh() - self.pool_scheme = config.pool_scheme - - def forward(self, hidden_states: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: - # We "pool" the model by simply taking the hidden state corresponding - # to the first token. - if self.pool_scheme == "first-token": - first_token_tensor = hidden_states[:, 0] - elif self.pool_scheme == "avg": - first_token_tensor = hidden_states.mean(dim=1) - elif self.pool_scheme == "max": - first_token_tensor = hidden_states.max(dim=1)[0] - else: - raise NotImplemented(f"{self.pool_scheme} is not a valid pooling scheme") - pooled_output = self.dense(first_token_tensor) - pooled_output = self.activation(pooled_output) - return pooled_output - - -class HTransPredictionHeadTransform(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__() - self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size) - if isinstance(config.hidden_act, str): - self.transform_act_fn = ACT2FN[config.hidden_act] - else: - self.transform_act_fn = config.hidden_act - self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) - - def forward(self, hidden_states: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: - hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states) - hidden_states = self.transform_act_fn(hidden_states) - hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states) - return hidden_states - - -class HTransLMPredictionHead(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__() - self.prediction_head = config.prediction_head - if self.prediction_head: - self.transform = HTransPredictionHeadTransform(config) - - # The output weights are the same as the input embeddings, but there is - # an output-only bias for each token. - self.decoder = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.vocab_size, bias=False) - - self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(config.vocab_size)) - self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps) - # Need a link between the two variables so that the bias is correctly resized with `resize_token_embeddings` - self.decoder.bias = self.bias - - def forward(self, hidden_states): - hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states) - if self.prediction_head: - hidden_states = self.transform(hidden_states) - hidden_states = self.decoder(hidden_states) - return hidden_states - - -class HTransOnlyMLMHead(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__() - self.predictions = HTransLMPredictionHead(config) - - def forward(self, sequence_output: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: - prediction_scores = self.predictions(sequence_output) - return prediction_scores - - -class HTransOnlyNSPHead(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__() - self.seq_relationship = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 2) - - def forward(self, pooled_output): - seq_relationship_score = self.seq_relationship(pooled_output) - return seq_relationship_score - - -class HTransPreTrainingHeads(nn.Module): - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__() - self.predictions = HTransLMPredictionHead(config) - self.seq_relationship = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 2) - - def forward(self, sequence_output, pooled_output): - prediction_scores = self.predictions(sequence_output) - seq_relationship_score = self.seq_relationship(pooled_output) - return prediction_scores, seq_relationship_score - - -class HTransPreTrainedModel(PreTrainedModel): - """ - An abstract class to handle weights initialization and a simple interface for downloading and loading pretrained - models. - """ - - config_class = HTransConfig - load_tf_weights = load_tf_weights_in_bert - base_model_prefix = "bert" - supports_gradient_checkpointing = True - _keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing = [r"position_ids"] - - def _init_weights(self, module): - """Initialize the weights""" - if isinstance(module, nn.Linear): - # Slightly different from the TF version which uses truncated_normal for initialization - # cf https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/5617 - module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=self.config.initializer_range) - if module.bias is not None: - module.bias.data.zero_() - elif isinstance(module, nn.Embedding): - module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=self.config.initializer_range) - if module.padding_idx is not None: - module.weight.data[module.padding_idx].zero_() - elif isinstance(module, nn.LayerNorm): - module.bias.data.zero_() - module.weight.data.fill_(1.0) - - def _set_gradient_checkpointing(self, module, value=False): - if isinstance(module, HTransEncoder): - module.gradient_checkpointing = value - - -class HTransForPreTrainingOutput(ModelOutput): - """ - Output type of [`BertForPreTraining`]. - - Args: - loss (*optional*, returned when `labels` is provided, `torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(1,)`): - Total loss as the sum of the masked language modeling loss and the next sequence prediction - (classification) loss. - prediction_logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)`): - Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax). - seq_relationship_logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, 2)`): - Prediction scores of the next sequence prediction (classification) head (scores of True/False continuation - before SoftMax). - hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, *optional*, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`): - Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of - shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`. - - Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs. - attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, *optional*, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`): - Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, - sequence_length)`. - - Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention - heads. - """ - - loss: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None - prediction_logits: torch.FloatTensor = None - seq_relationship_logits: torch.FloatTensor = None - hidden_states: Optional[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]] = None - attentions: Optional[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]] = None - - -class HTransModel(HTransPreTrainedModel): - """ - - The model can behave as an encoder (with only self-attention) as well as a decoder, in which case a layer of - cross-attention is added between the self-attention layers, following the architecture described in [Attention is - all you need](https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762) by Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, - Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin. - - To behave as an decoder the model needs to be initialized with the `is_decoder` argument of the configuration set - to `True`. To be used in a Seq2Seq model, the model needs to initialized with both `is_decoder` argument and - `add_cross_attention` set to `True`; an `encoder_hidden_states` is then expected as an input to the forward pass. - """ - - def __init__(self, config, add_pooling_layer=True): - super().__init__(config) - self.config = config - - self.embeddings = HTransEmbeddings(config) - self.encoder = HTransEncoder(config) - - self.pooler = HTransPooler(config) if add_pooling_layer else None - - # Initialize weights and apply final processing - self.post_init() - - def get_input_embeddings(self): - return self.embeddings.word_embeddings - - def set_input_embeddings(self, value): - self.embeddings.word_embeddings = value - - def _prune_heads(self, heads_to_prune): - """ - Prunes heads of the model. heads_to_prune: dict of {layer_num: list of heads to prune in this layer} See base - class PreTrainedModel - """ - for layer, heads in heads_to_prune.items(): - self.encoder.layer[layer].attention.prune_heads(heads) - - def forward( - self, - input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - token_type_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - sec_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - doc_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - head_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - encoder_hidden_states: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - encoder_attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - past_key_values: Optional[List[torch.FloatTensor]] = None, - use_cache: Optional[bool] = None, - output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, - output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, - return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, - head_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None - ) -> Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor], BaseModelOutputWithPoolingAndCrossAttentions]: - r""" - encoder_hidden_states (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, *optional*): - Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the encoder. Used in the cross-attention if - the model is configured as a decoder. - encoder_attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*): - Mask to avoid performing attention on the padding token indices of the encoder input. This mask is used in - the cross-attention if the model is configured as a decoder. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`: - - - 1 for tokens that are **not masked**, - - 0 for tokens that are **masked**. - past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))` of length `config.n_layers` with each tuple having 4 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length - 1, embed_size_per_head)`): - Contains precomputed key and value hidden states of the attention blocks. Can be used to speed up decoding. - - If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `decoder_input_ids` (those that - don't have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all - `decoder_input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`. - use_cache (`bool`, *optional*): - If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see - `past_key_values`). - """ - output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions - output_hidden_states = ( - output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states - ) - return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict - - if self.config.is_decoder: - use_cache = use_cache if use_cache is not None else self.config.use_cache - else: - use_cache = False - - if input_ids is not None and inputs_embeds is not None: - raise ValueError("You cannot specify both input_ids and inputs_embeds at the same time") - elif input_ids is not None: - input_shape = input_ids.size() - elif inputs_embeds is not None: - input_shape = inputs_embeds.size()[:-1] - else: - raise ValueError("You have to specify either input_ids or inputs_embeds") - - batch_size, seq_length = input_shape - device = input_ids.device if input_ids is not None else inputs_embeds.device - - # past_key_values_length - past_key_values_length = past_key_values[0][0].shape[2] if past_key_values is not None else 0 - - if attention_mask is None: - attention_mask = torch.ones(((batch_size, seq_length + past_key_values_length)), device=device) - - if token_type_ids is None: - if hasattr(self.embeddings, "token_type_ids"): - buffered_token_type_ids = self.embeddings.token_type_ids[:, :seq_length] - buffered_token_type_ids_expanded = buffered_token_type_ids.expand(batch_size, seq_length) - token_type_ids = buffered_token_type_ids_expanded - else: - token_type_ids = torch.zeros(input_shape, dtype=torch.long, device=device) - - # We can provide a self-attention mask of dimensions [batch_size, from_seq_length, to_seq_length] - # ourselves in which case we just need to make it broadcastable to all heads. - extended_attention_mask: torch.Tensor = self.get_extended_attention_mask(attention_mask, input_shape) - if sec_mask is None: - sec_mask = torch.ones(((batch_size, self.config.max_sec_length * self.config.max_doc_length)), device=device) - if doc_mask is None: - doc_mask = torch.ones(((batch_size, self.config.max_doc_length)), device=device) - if self.config.max_doc_length > 1: - sec_mask = torch.concat([doc_mask.unsqueeze(-1), sec_mask.view((batch_size, self.config.max_doc_length, self.config.max_sec_length))], dim=-1).view((batch_size,-1)) - else: - sec_mask = torch.column_stack([torch.ones((batch_size, 1)), sec_mask]) - extended_sec_attention_mask: torch.Tensor = self.get_extended_attention_mask(sec_mask, (batch_size, self.config.max_sec_length * self.config.max_doc_length + self.config.max_doc_length)) - extended_doc_attention_mask: torch.Tensor = self.get_extended_attention_mask(doc_mask, (batch_size, self.config.max_doc_length)) - # If a 2D or 3D attention mask is provided for the cross-attention - # we need to make broadcastable to [batch_size, num_heads, seq_length, seq_length] - if self.config.is_decoder and encoder_hidden_states is not None: - encoder_batch_size, encoder_sequence_length, _ = encoder_hidden_states.size() - encoder_hidden_shape = (encoder_batch_size, encoder_sequence_length) - if encoder_attention_mask is None: - encoder_attention_mask = torch.ones(encoder_hidden_shape, device=device) - encoder_extended_attention_mask = self.invert_attention_mask(encoder_attention_mask) - else: - encoder_extended_attention_mask = None - - # Prepare head mask if needed - # 1.0 in head_mask indicate we keep the head - # attention_probs has shape bsz x n_heads x N x N - # input head_mask has shape [num_heads] or [num_hidden_layers x num_heads] - # and head_mask is converted to shape [num_hidden_layers x batch x num_heads x seq_length x seq_length] - head_mask = self.get_head_mask(head_mask, self.config.num_hidden_layers) - - embedding_output = self.embeddings( - input_ids=input_ids, - position_ids=position_ids, - token_type_ids=token_type_ids, - inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds, - past_key_values_length=past_key_values_length, - ) - head_embeddings = self.embeddings.word_embeddings(head_ids) - encoder_outputs = self.encoder( - embedding_output, - attention_mask=extended_attention_mask, - head_mask=head_mask, - encoder_hidden_states=encoder_hidden_states, - encoder_attention_mask=encoder_extended_attention_mask, - past_key_values=past_key_values, - use_cache=use_cache, - output_attentions=output_attentions, - output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, - return_dict=return_dict, - sec_head_emb=head_embeddings[:, 0:1, :], - doc_head_emb=head_embeddings[:, 1:2, :], - sec_mask=extended_sec_attention_mask, - doc_mask=extended_doc_attention_mask - ) - sequence_output = encoder_outputs[0] - pooled_output = self.pooler(sequence_output) if self.pooler is not None else None - - if not return_dict: - return (sequence_output, pooled_output) + encoder_outputs[1:] - - return BaseModelOutputWithPoolingAndCrossAttentions( - last_hidden_state=sequence_output, - pooler_output=pooled_output, - past_key_values=encoder_outputs.past_key_values, - hidden_states=encoder_outputs.hidden_states, - attentions=encoder_outputs.attentions, - cross_attentions=encoder_outputs.cross_attentions, - ) - - -class HTransForPreTraining(HTransPreTrainedModel): - _keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing = [r"position_ids", r"predictions.decoder.bias", - r"cls.predictions.decoder.weight"] - - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__(config) - - self.bert = HTransModel(config) - self.cls = HTransPreTrainingHeads(config) - - # Initialize weights and apply final processing - self.post_init() - - def get_output_embeddings(self): - return self.cls.predictions.decoder - - def set_output_embeddings(self, new_embeddings): - self.cls.predictions.decoder = new_embeddings - - def forward( - self, - input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - sec_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - doc_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, - token_type_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - head_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - labels: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - next_sentence_label: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, - output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, - return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, - head_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None - ) -> Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor], HTransForPreTrainingOutput]: - r""" - labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, *optional*): - Labels for computing the masked language modeling loss. Indices should be in `[-100, 0, ..., - config.vocab_size]` (see `input_ids` docstring) Tokens with indices set to `-100` are ignored (masked), - the loss is only computed for the tokens with labels in `[0, ..., config.vocab_size]` - next_sentence_label (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*): - Labels for computing the next sequence prediction (classification) loss. Input should be a sequence - pair (see `input_ids` docstring) Indices should be in `[0, 1]`: - - - 0 indicates sequence B is a continuation of sequence A, - - 1 indicates sequence B is a random sequence. - kwargs (`Dict[str, any]`, optional, defaults to *{}*): - Used to hide legacy arguments that have been deprecated. - - Returns: - - Example: - - ```python - >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, BertForPreTraining - >>> import torch - - >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased") - >>> model = BertForPreTraining.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased") - - >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt") - >>> outputs = model(**inputs) - - >>> prediction_logits = outputs.prediction_logits - >>> seq_relationship_logits = outputs.seq_relationship_logits - ``` - """ - return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict - - outputs = self.bert( - input_ids, - attention_mask=attention_mask, - sec_mask=sec_mask, - doc_mask=doc_mask, - token_type_ids=token_type_ids, - position_ids=position_ids, - head_mask=head_mask, - inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds, - output_attentions=output_attentions, - output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, - return_dict=return_dict, - head_ids=head_ids - ) - - sequence_output, pooled_output = outputs[:2] - prediction_scores, seq_relationship_score = self.cls(sequence_output, pooled_output) - - total_loss = None - if labels is not None: - loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss() - masked_lm_loss = loss_fct(prediction_scores.view(-1, self.config.vocab_size), labels.view(-1)) - total_loss = masked_lm_loss - - if next_sentence_label is not None: - loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss() - next_sentence_loss = loss_fct(seq_relationship_score.view(-1, 2), next_sentence_label.view(-1)) - if total_loss is not None: - total_loss += next_sentence_loss - else: - total_loss = next_sentence_loss - - if not return_dict: - output = (prediction_scores, seq_relationship_score) + outputs[2:] - return ((total_loss,) + output) if total_loss is not None else output - - return HTransForPreTrainingOutput( - loss=total_loss, - prediction_logits=prediction_scores, - seq_relationship_logits=seq_relationship_score, - hidden_states=outputs.hidden_states, - attentions=outputs.attentions, - ) - - -class HTransForSequenceClassification(HTransPreTrainedModel): - def __init__(self, config): - super().__init__(config) - self.num_labels = config.num_labels - self.config = config - - self.bert = HTransModel(config) - classifier_dropout = ( - config.classifier_dropout if config.classifier_dropout is not None else config.hidden_dropout_prob - ) - self.dropout = nn.Dropout(classifier_dropout) - self.classifier = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.num_labels) - - # Initialize weights and apply final processing - self.post_init() - - def forward( - self, - input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - token_type_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - head_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - inputs_embeds: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - labels: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, - output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None, - output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None, - return_dict: Optional[bool] = None, - ) -> Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor], SequenceClassifierOutput]: - r""" - labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*): - Labels for computing the sequence classification/regression loss. Indices should be in `[0, ..., - config.num_labels - 1]`. If `config.num_labels == 1` a regression loss is computed (Mean-Square loss), If - `config.num_labels > 1` a classification loss is computed (Cross-Entropy). - """ - return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict - - outputs = self.bert( - input_ids, - attention_mask=attention_mask, - token_type_ids=token_type_ids, - position_ids=position_ids, - head_mask=head_mask, - inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds, - output_attentions=output_attentions, - output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states, - return_dict=return_dict, - ) - - pooled_output = outputs[1] - - pooled_output = self.dropout(pooled_output) - logits = self.classifier(pooled_output) - - loss = None - if labels is not None: - if self.config.problem_type is None: - if self.num_labels == 1: - self.config.problem_type = "regression" - elif self.num_labels > 1 and (labels.dtype == torch.long or labels.dtype == torch.int): - self.config.problem_type = "single_label_classification" - else: - self.config.problem_type = "multi_label_classification" - - if self.config.problem_type == "regression": - loss_fct = MSELoss() - if self.num_labels == 1: - loss = loss_fct(logits.squeeze(), labels.squeeze()) - else: - loss = loss_fct(logits, labels) - elif self.config.problem_type == "single_label_classification": - loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss() - loss = loss_fct(logits.view(-1, self.num_labels), labels.view(-1)) - elif self.config.problem_type == "multi_label_classification": - loss_fct = BCEWithLogitsLoss() - loss = loss_fct(logits, labels) - if not return_dict: - output = (logits,) + outputs[2:] - return ((loss,) + output) if loss is not None else output - - return SequenceClassifierOutput( - loss=loss, - logits=logits, - hidden_states=outputs.hidden_states, - attentions=outputs.attentions, - ) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/htrans/norms.py b/htrans/norms.py deleted file mode 100644 index 8aeaddd91390c5c8f2466da617b90ccc8e58b43a..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/htrans/norms.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,52 +0,0 @@ -import torch - -def ScriptedScaleNorm(hidden_size: int, eps: float = 1e-5): - return torch.jit.script(ScaleNorm(hidden_size, eps)) - - -def ScriptedRMSNorm(hidden_size: int, eps: float = 1e-8): - return torch.jit.script(RMSNorm(hidden_size, eps)) - - -class ScaleNorm(torch.nn.Module): - """Quick and simple scale norm implementation. - - Do we also need FixNorm (cosine in the last layer)? It's a maybe here: - https://github.com/lucidrains/performer-pytorch/issues/55#issuecomment-762544686 - """ - - def __init__(self, hidden_size: int, eps: float = 1e-5): - super().__init__() - self.eps = eps - self.learnable_scale = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(float(hidden_size) ** -0.5)) - - def forward(self, inputs): - """This is the same eps clipping as in the original ScaleNorm implementation.""" - return inputs * self.learnable_scale / torch.norm(inputs, dim=-1, keepdim=True).clamp(min=self.eps) - - -class RMSNorm(torch.nn.Module): - """The RMS variant of scaling norms.""" - - def __init__(self, hidden_size: int, eps: float = 1e-8): - super().__init__() - self.eps = eps - self.learnable_scale = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.ones(hidden_size) ** -0.5) - - def forward(self, inputs): - """This is the same eps clipping as in the original ScaleNorm implementation.""" - return inputs * self.learnable_scale / torch.norm(inputs, dim=-1, keepdim=True).clamp(min=self.eps) - - -def get_norm_fn(norm_name): - if norm_name == "ScaleNorm": - norm_fn = ScriptedScaleNorm - elif norm_name == "RMSNorm": - norm_fn = ScriptedRMSNorm - elif norm_name == "ApexLayerNorm": - from apex.normalization import FusedLayerNorm - - norm_fn = FusedLayerNorm - else: - norm_fn = getattr(torch.nn, norm_name) - return norm_fn \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/htrans/pytorch_utils.py b/htrans/pytorch_utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index 6cfa5d6101e6fc552389a95bd376a6f1b4ca20f5..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/htrans/pytorch_utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,276 +0,0 @@ -# Copyright 2022 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved. -# -# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); -# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. -# You may obtain a copy of the License at -# -# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 -# -# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software -# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, -# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. -# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and -# limitations under the License. -import inspect -from typing import Callable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union - -import torch -from packaging import version -from torch import nn -import logging - - -ALL_LAYERNORM_LAYERS = [nn.LayerNorm] - -logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) - -parsed_torch_version_base = version.parse(version.parse(torch.__version__).base_version) - -is_torch_less_than_1_8 = parsed_torch_version_base < version.parse("1.8.0") -is_torch_less_than_1_9 = parsed_torch_version_base < version.parse("1.9.0") -is_torch_greater_or_equal_than_1_10 = parsed_torch_version_base >= version.parse("1.10") -is_torch_less_than_1_11 = parsed_torch_version_base < version.parse("1.11") - - -def torch_int_div(tensor1, tensor2): - """ - A function that performs integer division across different versions of PyTorch. - """ - if is_torch_less_than_1_8: - return tensor1 // tensor2 - else: - return torch.div(tensor1, tensor2, rounding_mode="floor") - - -def prune_linear_layer(layer: nn.Linear, index: torch.LongTensor, dim: int = 0) -> nn.Linear: - """ - Prune a linear layer to keep only entries in index. - - Used to remove heads. - - Args: - layer (`torch.nn.Linear`): The layer to prune. - index (`torch.LongTensor`): The indices to keep in the layer. - dim (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 0): The dimension on which to keep the indices. - - Returns: - `torch.nn.Linear`: The pruned layer as a new layer with `requires_grad=True`. - """ - index = index.to(layer.weight.device) - W = layer.weight.index_select(dim, index).clone().detach() - if layer.bias is not None: - if dim == 1: - b = layer.bias.clone().detach() - else: - b = layer.bias[index].clone().detach() - new_size = list(layer.weight.size()) - new_size[dim] = len(index) - new_layer = nn.Linear(new_size[1], new_size[0], bias=layer.bias is not None).to(layer.weight.device) - new_layer.weight.requires_grad = False - new_layer.weight.copy_(W.contiguous()) - new_layer.weight.requires_grad = True - if layer.bias is not None: - new_layer.bias.requires_grad = False - new_layer.bias.copy_(b.contiguous()) - new_layer.bias.requires_grad = True - return new_layer - - -class Conv1D(nn.Module): - """ - 1D-convolutional layer as defined by Radford et al. for OpenAI GPT (and also used in GPT-2). - - Basically works like a linear layer but the weights are transposed. - - Args: - nf (`int`): The number of output features. - nx (`int`): The number of input features. - """ - - def __init__(self, nf, nx): - super().__init__() - self.nf = nf - w = torch.empty(nx, nf) - nn.init.normal_(w, std=0.02) - self.weight = nn.Parameter(w) - self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(nf)) - - def forward(self, x): - size_out = x.size()[:-1] + (self.nf,) - x = torch.addmm(self.bias, x.view(-1, x.size(-1)), self.weight) - x = x.view(size_out) - return x - - -def prune_conv1d_layer(layer: Conv1D, index: torch.LongTensor, dim: int = 1) -> Conv1D: - """ - Prune a Conv1D layer to keep only entries in index. A Conv1D work as a Linear layer (see e.g. BERT) but the weights - are transposed. - - Used to remove heads. - - Args: - layer ([`~pytorch_utils.Conv1D`]): The layer to prune. - index (`torch.LongTensor`): The indices to keep in the layer. - dim (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 1): The dimension on which to keep the indices. - - Returns: - [`~pytorch_utils.Conv1D`]: The pruned layer as a new layer with `requires_grad=True`. - """ - index = index.to(layer.weight.device) - W = layer.weight.index_select(dim, index).clone().detach() - if dim == 0: - b = layer.bias.clone().detach() - else: - b = layer.bias[index].clone().detach() - new_size = list(layer.weight.size()) - new_size[dim] = len(index) - new_layer = Conv1D(new_size[1], new_size[0]).to(layer.weight.device) - new_layer.weight.requires_grad = False - new_layer.weight.copy_(W.contiguous()) - new_layer.weight.requires_grad = True - new_layer.bias.requires_grad = False - new_layer.bias.copy_(b.contiguous()) - new_layer.bias.requires_grad = True - return new_layer - - -def prune_layer( - layer: Union[nn.Linear, Conv1D], index: torch.LongTensor, dim: Optional[int] = None -) -> Union[nn.Linear, Conv1D]: - """ - Prune a Conv1D or linear layer to keep only entries in index. - - Used to remove heads. - - Args: - layer (`Union[torch.nn.Linear, Conv1D]`): The layer to prune. - index (`torch.LongTensor`): The indices to keep in the layer. - dim (`int`, *optional*): The dimension on which to keep the indices. - - Returns: - `torch.nn.Linear` or [`~pytorch_utils.Conv1D`]: The pruned layer as a new layer with `requires_grad=True`. - """ - if isinstance(layer, nn.Linear): - return prune_linear_layer(layer, index, dim=0 if dim is None else dim) - elif isinstance(layer, Conv1D): - return prune_conv1d_layer(layer, index, dim=1 if dim is None else dim) - else: - raise ValueError(f"Can't prune layer of class {layer.__class__}") - - -def apply_chunking_to_forward( - forward_fn: Callable[..., torch.Tensor], chunk_size: int, chunk_dim: int, *input_tensors -) -> torch.Tensor: - """ - This function chunks the `input_tensors` into smaller input tensor parts of size `chunk_size` over the dimension - `chunk_dim`. It then applies a layer `forward_fn` to each chunk independently to save memory. - - If the `forward_fn` is independent across the `chunk_dim` this function will yield the same result as directly - applying `forward_fn` to `input_tensors`. - - Args: - forward_fn (`Callable[..., torch.Tensor]`): - The forward function of the model. - chunk_size (`int`): - The chunk size of a chunked tensor: `num_chunks = len(input_tensors[0]) / chunk_size`. - chunk_dim (`int`): - The dimension over which the `input_tensors` should be chunked. - input_tensors (`Tuple[torch.Tensor]`): - The input tensors of `forward_fn` which will be chunked - - Returns: - `torch.Tensor`: A tensor with the same shape as the `forward_fn` would have given if applied`. - - - Examples: - - ```python - # rename the usual forward() fn to forward_chunk() - def forward_chunk(self, hidden_states): - hidden_states = self.decoder(hidden_states) - return hidden_states - - - # implement a chunked forward function - def forward(self, hidden_states): - return apply_chunking_to_forward(self.forward_chunk, self.chunk_size_lm_head, self.seq_len_dim, hidden_states) - ```""" - - assert len(input_tensors) > 0, f"{input_tensors} has to be a tuple/list of tensors" - - # inspect.signature exist since python 3.5 and is a python method -> no problem with backward compatibility - num_args_in_forward_chunk_fn = len(inspect.signature(forward_fn).parameters) - if num_args_in_forward_chunk_fn != len(input_tensors): - raise ValueError( - f"forward_chunk_fn expects {num_args_in_forward_chunk_fn} arguments, but only {len(input_tensors)} input " - "tensors are given" - ) - - if chunk_size > 0: - tensor_shape = input_tensors[0].shape[chunk_dim] - for input_tensor in input_tensors: - if input_tensor.shape[chunk_dim] != tensor_shape: - raise ValueError( - f"All input tenors have to be of the same shape: {tensor_shape}, " - f"found shape {input_tensor.shape[chunk_dim]}" - ) - - if input_tensors[0].shape[chunk_dim] % chunk_size != 0: - raise ValueError( - f"The dimension to be chunked {input_tensors[0].shape[chunk_dim]} has to be a multiple of the chunk " - f"size {chunk_size}" - ) - - num_chunks = input_tensors[0].shape[chunk_dim] // chunk_size - - # chunk input tensor into tuples - input_tensors_chunks = tuple(input_tensor.chunk(num_chunks, dim=chunk_dim) for input_tensor in input_tensors) - # apply forward fn to every tuple - output_chunks = tuple(forward_fn(*input_tensors_chunk) for input_tensors_chunk in zip(*input_tensors_chunks)) - # concatenate output at same dimension - return torch.cat(output_chunks, dim=chunk_dim) - - return forward_fn(*input_tensors) - - -def find_pruneable_heads_and_indices( - heads: List[int], n_heads: int, head_size: int, already_pruned_heads: Set[int] -) -> Tuple[Set[int], torch.LongTensor]: - """ - Finds the heads and their indices taking `already_pruned_heads` into account. - - Args: - heads (`List[int]`): List of the indices of heads to prune. - n_heads (`int`): The number of heads in the model. - head_size (`int`): The size of each head. - already_pruned_heads (`Set[int]`): A set of already pruned heads. - - Returns: - `Tuple[Set[int], torch.LongTensor]`: A tuple with the remaining heads and their corresponding indices. - """ - mask = torch.ones(n_heads, head_size) - heads = set(heads) - already_pruned_heads # Convert to set and remove already pruned heads - for head in heads: - # Compute how many pruned heads are before the head and move the index accordingly - head = head - sum(1 if h < head else 0 for h in already_pruned_heads) - mask[head] = 0 - mask = mask.view(-1).contiguous().eq(1) - index: torch.LongTensor = torch.arange(len(mask))[mask].long() - return heads, index - - -def meshgrid( - *tensors: Union[torch.Tensor, List[torch.Tensor]], indexing: Optional[str] = None -) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, ...]: - """ - Wrapper around torch.meshgrid to avoid warning messages about the introduced `indexing` argument. - - Reference: https://pytorch.org/docs/1.13/generated/torch.meshgrid.html - """ - if is_torch_greater_or_equal_than_1_10: - return torch.meshgrid(*tensors, indexing=indexing) - else: - if indexing != "ij": - raise ValueError('torch.meshgrid only supports `indexing="ij"` for torch<1.10.') - return torch.meshgrid(*tensors) diff --git a/mdcr.py b/mdcr.py deleted file mode 100644 index 9f1943c1116283d874c1751a277a102381b85be7..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/mdcr.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -import json -from typing import Union, Dict - -import logging -import os -import datasets -import numpy as np -from tqdm import tqdm - -from evaluation.embeddings_generator import EmbeddingsGenerator -from evaluation.encoders import Model -from evaluation.eval_datasets import SimpleDataset -from evaluation.evaluator import IREvaluator - -logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) - - -class MDCREvaluator(IREvaluator): - def __init__(self, name: str, meta_dataset: Union[str, tuple], test_dataset: Union[str, tuple], model: Model, - metrics: tuple = None, batch_size: int = 16, fields: list = None, key="paper_id"): - super(MDCREvaluator, self).__init__(name, meta_dataset, test_dataset, model, metrics, SimpleDataset, - batch_size, fields, key) - - def get_qc_pairs(self, dataset): - qrpairs = dict() - for fos_dict in dataset: - for fos in fos_dict: - for query in fos_dict[fos]: - qrpairs[query] = dict() - for model in fos_dict[fos][query]: - cands = fos_dict[fos][query][model] - qrpairs[query].update({v: 1 if model == "true" else 0 for v in cands}) - return qrpairs - - def evaluate(self, embeddings, **kwargs): - logger.info(f"Loading test dataset from {self.test_dataset}") - split_dataset = datasets.load_dataset("json", - data_files={"test": self.test_dataset}) - logger.info(f"Loaded {len(split_dataset['test'])} test query-candidate pairs") - if type(embeddings) == str and os.path.isfile(embeddings): - embeddings = EmbeddingsGenerator.load_embeddings_from_jsonl(embeddings) - - qrels_hard = self.get_qc_pairs(split_dataset["test"]) - preds = self.retrieval(embeddings, qrels_hard) - results = dict() - for q, cscores in tqdm(preds.items()): - for c in cscores: - results[f"{q}_{c}"] = cscores[c] - json.dump(results, open("scirepeval_mdcr.json", "w")) - return dict() - -import sys -if __name__ == "__main__": - mname = sys.argv[1] - model = Model(variant="default", base_checkpoint=mname) - evaluator = MDCREvaluator("mcdr", "../mdcr/mdcr_test_data.jsonl", "../mdcr/mdcr_test.json", model, batch_size=32) - embeddings = evaluator.generate_embeddings(save_path="mdcr_embeddings.json") - evaluator.evaluate(embeddings) diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt deleted file mode 100644 index cde4a5c78eac42c3eacc156e01b57f8404f91f4e..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/requirements.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,100 +0,0 @@ -absl-py==1.2.0 -adapter-transformers==3.0.1 -aiohttp==3.8.1 -aiosignal==1.2.0 -antlr4-python3-runtime==4.8 -async-timeout==4.0.2 -attrs==22.1.0 -bitarray==2.6.0 -boto==2.49.0 -boto3==1.24.90 -botocore==1.27.90 -cachetools==5.2.0 -certifi==2022.6.15 -cffi==1.15.1 -charset-normalizer==2.1.1 -click==8.1.3 -colorama==0.4.5 -Cython==0.29.32 -datasets==2.5.2 -dill==0.3.5.1 -fairseq==0.12.2 -filelock==3.8.0 -frozenlist==1.3.1 -fsspec==2022.7.1 -google-auth==2.11.0 -google-auth-oauthlib==0.4.6 -grpcio==1.47.0 -huggingface-hub==0.9.0 -hydra-core==1.0.7 -idna==3.3 -ijson==3.1.4 -importlib-metadata==4.12.0 -importlib-resources==5.9.0 -install==1.3.5 -jmespath==1.0.1 -joblib==1.1.0 -lxml==4.9.1 -Markdown==3.4.1 -MarkupSafe==2.1.1 -multidict==6.0.2 -multiprocess==0.70.13 -numpy==1.23.2 -oauthlib==3.2.0 -omegaconf==2.0.6 -packaging==21.3 -pandas==1.5.0 -Pillow==9.2.0 -pip==22.1.2 -portalocker==2.5.1 -protobuf==3.19.4 -psycopg2-binary==2.9.4 -pyarrow==9.0.0 -pyasn1==0.4.8 -pyasn1-modules==0.2.8 -pycparser==2.21 -pyDeprecate==0.3.2 -pyparsing==3.0.9 -python-dateutil==2.8.2 -pytorch-lightning==1.7.2 -pytrec-eval==0.5 -pytz==2022.4 -PyYAML==6.0 -regex==2022.8.17 -requests==2.28.1 -requests-oauthlib==1.3.1 -responses==0.18.0 -rsa==4.9 -s3transfer==0.6.0 -sacrebleu==2.2.0 -sacremoses==0.0.53 -scikit-learn==1.1.2 -scikit-multilearn==0.2.0 -scipy==1.9.0 -setuptools==63.4.1 -six==1.16.0 -sklearn==0.0 -sklearn-contrib-lightning==0.6.2.post0 -tabulate==0.8.10 -tensorboard==2.10.0 -tensorboard-data-server==0.6.1 -tensorboard-plugin-wit==1.8.1 -tensorboardX==2.5.1 -threadpoolctl==3.1.0 -tokenizers==0.12.1 -torch==1.12.1 -torchaudio==0.12.1 -torchmetrics==0.9.3 -torchvision==0.13.1 -tqdm==4.64.0 -transformers==4.21.1 -typing_extensions==4.3.0 -urllib3==1.26.12 -Werkzeug==2.2.2 -wheel==0.37.1 -xxhash==3.0.0 -yarl==1.8.1 -zipp==3.8.1 -openai==0.26.1 -InstructorEmbedding==1.0.0 -sentence_transformers==2.2.2 diff --git a/reviewer_matching.py b/reviewer_matching.py deleted file mode 100644 index 3688bf8d5c84b02685e781d02572e99e71d1d77a..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/reviewer_matching.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,65 +0,0 @@ -from typing import Union, Dict - -import logging -import os -import datasets -import numpy as np -from tqdm import tqdm - -from evaluation.embeddings_generator import EmbeddingsGenerator -from evaluation.encoders import Model -from evaluation.eval_datasets import SimpleDataset -from evaluation.evaluator import IREvaluator -from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import cosine_similarity - -logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) - - -class ReviewerMatchingEvaluator(IREvaluator): - def __init__(self, name: str, meta_dataset: Union[str, tuple], test_dataset: Union[str, tuple], - reviewer_metadata: Union[str, tuple], model: Model, - metrics: tuple = ("P_5", "P_10"), batch_size: int = 16, fields: list = None): - super(ReviewerMatchingEvaluator, self).__init__(name, meta_dataset, test_dataset, model, metrics, SimpleDataset, - batch_size, fields, ) - self.reviewer_metadata = reviewer_metadata - - def evaluate(self, embeddings, **kwargs): - logger.info(f"Loading test dataset from {self.test_dataset}") - if type(self.test_dataset) == str and os.path.isdir(self.test_dataset): - split_dataset = datasets.load_dataset("json", - data_files={"test_hard": f"{self.test_dataset}/test_hard_qrel.jsonl", - "test_soft": f"{self.test_dataset}/test_soft_qrel.jsonl"}) - else: - split_dataset = datasets.load_dataset(self.test_dataset[0], self.test_dataset[1]) - logger.info(f"Loaded {len(split_dataset['test_hard'])} test query-candidate pairs for hard and soft tests") - if type(embeddings) == str and os.path.isfile(embeddings): - embeddings = EmbeddingsGenerator.load_embeddings_from_jsonl(embeddings) - - qrels_hard = self.get_qc_pairs(split_dataset["test_hard"]) - qrels_soft = self.get_qc_pairs(split_dataset["test_soft"]) - preds = self.retrieval(embeddings, qrels_hard) - results = {f"hard_{k}": v for k, v in self.calc_metrics(qrels_hard, preds).items()} - results.update({f"soft_{k}": v for k, v in self.calc_metrics(qrels_soft, preds).items()}) - self.print_results(results) - return results - - def retrieval(self, embeddings, qrels: Dict[str, Dict[str, int]]) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, float]]: - logger.info("Loading reviewer metadata...") - if type(self.reviewer_metadata) == str and os.path.isdir(self.reviewer_metadata): - reviewer_dataset = datasets.load_dataset("json", data_files={ - "metadata": f"{self.reviewer_metadata}/reviewer_metadata.jsonl"})["metadata"] - else: - reviewer_dataset = datasets.load_dataset(self.reviewer_metadata[0], self.reviewer_metadata[1], - split="metadata") - logger.info(f"Loaded {len(reviewer_dataset)} reviewer metadata") - reviewer_papers = {d["r_id"]: d["papers"] for d in reviewer_dataset} - - run = dict() - for qid in tqdm(qrels): - query = np.array([embeddings[qid]]) - cand_papers = {cid: np.array([embeddings[pid] for pid in reviewer_papers[cid]]) for cid in qrels[qid] if - cid in reviewer_papers} - scores = {cid: cosine_similarity(cand_papers[cid], query).flatten() for cid in cand_papers} - sorted_scores = {cid: sorted(scores[cid], reverse=True) for cid in scores} - run[qid] = {cid: float(np.mean(sorted_scores[cid][:3])) for cid in sorted_scores} - return run diff --git a/s2and_embeddings.py b/s2and_embeddings.py deleted file mode 100644 index dd5c67b505ef62122bf6cda1dab97c4c7d8a5132..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/s2and_embeddings.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,56 +0,0 @@ -import pickle - -import numpy as np - -from evaluation.encoders import Model -from evaluation.eval_datasets import SimpleDataset -from evaluation.evaluator import Evaluator -import argparse -from tqdm import tqdm - -import json - - -def read_data(file_path): - task_data = json.load(open(file_path, "r")) - task_data = list(task_data.values()) - return task_data - - -class S2ANDEvaluator: - - def __init__(self, data_dir: str, model: Model, batch_size: int = 16): - blocks = ["arnetminer", "inspire", "kisti", "pubmed", "qian", "zbmath"] - self.data_dir = data_dir - self.evaluators = [ - Evaluator(block, f"{data_dir}/{block}/{block}_papers.json", SimpleDataset, model, batch_size, [], - "paper_id", process_fn=read_data) for block in blocks] - - def generate_embeddings(self, suffix: str): - for evaluator in tqdm(self.evaluators): - print(evaluator.name) - results = evaluator.generate_embeddings() - paper_ids, embs = np.array([str(k) for k in results]), np.array( - [results[k] for k in results]) - pickle.dump((embs, paper_ids), - open(f"{self.data_dir}/{evaluator.name}/{evaluator.name}_{suffix}.pkl", "wb")) - - -if __name__ == "__main__": - parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() - parser.add_argument('--mtype', help='Model variant to be used (default, pals, adapters, fusion)', default="default") - parser.add_argument('--model', '-m', help='HuggingFace model to be used') - parser.add_argument('--ctrl-tokens', action='store_true', default=False, help='use control codes for tasks') - parser.add_argument('--adapters-dir', help='path to the adapter checkpoints', default=None) - parser.add_argument('--adapters-chkpt', help='hf adapter names keyed on tasks', default=None, type=json.loads) - parser.add_argument('--fusion-dir', help='path to the fusion checkpoints', default=None) - parser.add_argument("--data-dir", help="path to the data directory") - parser.add_argument("--suffix", help="suffix for output embedding files") - - args = parser.parse_args() - adapters_load_from = args.adapters_dir if args.adapters_dir else args.adapters_chkpt - model = Model(variant=args.mtype, base_checkpoint=args.model, adapters_load_from=adapters_load_from, - fusion_load_from=args.fusion_dir, use_ctrl_codes=args.ctrl_tokens, - task_id="[PRX]", all_tasks=["[CLF]", "[PRX]", "[RGN]", "[QRY]"]) - evaluator = S2ANDEvaluator(args.data_dir, model) - evaluator.generate_embeddings(args.suffix) diff --git a/scirepeval.py b/scirepeval.py deleted file mode 100644 index 6c8b1f43af357354eaf796e68301758bc5a8ec2b..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/scirepeval.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,159 +0,0 @@ -import os -import argparse -import json -from typing import List, Union -from tqdm import tqdm -from evaluation.encoders import Model, HModel -from evaluation.evaluator import IREvaluator, SupervisedEvaluator, SupervisedTask -from evaluation.few_shot_evaluator import FewShotEvaluator -from evaluation.gpt3_encoder import GPT3Model -from evaluation.instructor import InstructorModel -from reviewer_matching import ReviewerMatchingEvaluator -from evaluation.eval_datasets import SimpleDataset, IRDataset - -TASK_IDS = {"classification": "[CLF]", "regression": "[RGN]", "proximity": "[PRX]", - "adhoc_search": {"query": "[QRY]", "candidates": "[PRX]"}} -import pytorch_lightning as pl - -pl.seed_everything(42, workers=True) - - -class SciRepEval: - - def __init__(self, tasks_config: str = "super_scirep.jsonl", task_list: List[str] = None, - task_formats: List[str] = None, batch_size: int = 32, document=False): - tasks_dict = dict() - task_by_formats = dict() - with open(tasks_config, encoding="utf-8") as f: - for line in f: - d = json.loads(line) - tasks_dict[d["name"]] = d - if d["type"] not in task_by_formats: - task_by_formats[d["type"]] = [] - task_by_formats[d["type"]].append(d["name"]) - if not task_list and not task_formats: - self.tasks = tasks_dict - elif task_list: - self.tasks = {k: tasks_dict[k] for k in task_list} - elif task_formats: - self.tasks = dict() - for task_format in task_formats: - self.tasks.update({k: tasks_dict[k] for k in task_by_formats[task_format]}) - self.batch_size = batch_size - self.document=document - - def evaluate(self, model: Union[Model, List[Model]], output: str): - final_results = dict() - if type(model) != list: - model = [model] - for task_name, task in tqdm(self.tasks.items(), total=len(self.tasks)): - for m in model: - m.task_id = TASK_IDS[task["type"]] - kwargs = dict() - task_data = task["data"] - if not task_data.get("meta"): - raise ValueError(f"Task {task_name} has no test metadata") - if task_data.get("meta"): - metadata = task_data["meta"] - kwargs["meta_dataset"] = metadata if type(metadata) != dict else (metadata["name"], metadata["config"]) - - if not task_data.get("test"): - if type(metadata) == dict: - kwargs["test_dataset"] = (metadata["name"], metadata["config"]) - else: - raise ValueError(f"Task {task_name} has no test data") - if task_data.get("test"): - testdata = task_data["test"] - kwargs["test_dataset"] = testdata if type(testdata) != dict else (testdata["name"], testdata["config"]) - - kwargs["metrics"] = tuple(task["metrics"]) - - kwargs["batch_size"] = task["batch_size"] if "batch_size" in task else self.batch_size - - if "fields" in task: - kwargs["fields"] = task["fields"] - save_path, load_path = None, None - if "embeddings" in task: - save_path = task["embeddings"].get("save") - load_path = task["embeddings"].get("load") - few_shot_evaluators = [] - if task["type"] in {"classification", "regression"}: - subtype = SupervisedTask.CLASSIFICATION if task[ - "type"] == "classification" else SupervisedTask.REGRESSION - if task.get("multi_label"): - subtype = SupervisedTask.MULTILABEL_CLASSIFICATION - evaluator = SupervisedEvaluator(task_name, subtype, model=model, - **kwargs) - if task.get("few_shot"): - for run in task["few_shot"]: - few_shot_evaluators.append( - FewShotEvaluator(f"{task_name} {run['sample_size']} shot", subtype, model=model, - sample_size=run["sample_size"], num_iterations=run["iterations"], - **kwargs)) - else: - if task_name == "Paper-Reviewer Matching": - if not task_data.get("reviewers") and not task_data.get("hf_reviewers"): - raise ValueError(f"Task {task_name} has no reviewer metadata locally or hf_metadata") - if task_data.get("reviewers"): - reviewers = task_data["reviewers"] - kwargs["reviewer_metadata"] = reviewers if type(reviewers) != dict else ( - reviewers["name"], reviewers["config"]) - evaluator = ReviewerMatchingEvaluator(task_name, model=model, **kwargs) - else: - data_class = SimpleDataset if task_data.get("simple_format") else IRDataset - evaluator = IREvaluator(task_name, model=model, dataset_class=data_class, **kwargs) - embeddings = evaluator.generate_embeddings(save_path, htrans=args.htrans, document=args.document) if not load_path else load_path - results = evaluator.evaluate(embeddings) - if not few_shot_evaluators: - final_results[task_name] = results - else: - final_results[task_name] = dict() - final_results[task_name]["complete"] = results - final_results[task_name]["few_shot"] = [] - - for few_shot in few_shot_evaluators: - final_results[task_name]["few_shot"].append( - {"sample_size": few_shot.sample_size, "results": few_shot.evaluate(embeddings)}) - final_results[task_name]["task_name"] = task_name - with open(output, "a") as f: - json.dump(final_results[task_name], f, indent=4) - f.write("\n") - - -if __name__ == "__main__": - parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() - parser.add_argument('--tasks-config', help='path to the task config file', default="super_scirep.jsonl") - parser.add_argument('--mtype', help='Model variant to be used (default, pals, adapters, fusion)', default="default") - parser.add_argument('--gpt3-model', help='Name of embedding model in case of using openai api', default=None) - parser.add_argument('--model', '-m', help='HuggingFace model to be used') - parser.add_argument('--max_len', default=512, type=int) - parser.add_argument('--batch-size', type=int, default=32, help='batch size') - parser.add_argument('--ctrl-tokens', action='store_true', default=False, help='use control codes for tasks') - parser.add_argument('--adapters-dir', help='path to the adapter checkpoints', default=None) - parser.add_argument('--fusion-dir', help='path to the fusion checkpoints', default=None) - parser.add_argument('--adapters-chkpt', help='hf adapter names keyed on tasks', default=None, type=json.loads) - parser.add_argument('--output', help="path to the output file", default="scirepeval_results.json") - parser.add_argument('--fp16', action='store_true', default=False, help='use floating point 16 precision') - parser.add_argument('--htrans', action='store_true', default=False, help='use hierarchical model') - parser.add_argument('--instructor', action='store_true', default=False, help='use an instructor model for eval') - parser.add_argument('--document', action='store_true', default=False) - - args = parser.parse_args() - adapters_load_from = args.adapters_dir if args.adapters_dir else args.adapters_chkpt - os.environ["TOKENIZERS_PARALLELISM"] = "false" - if args.gpt3_model: - model = GPT3Model(embed_model=args.gpt3_model) - elif args.instructor: - model = InstructorModel(args.model) - elif args.htrans: - model = HModel(variant=args.mtype, base_checkpoint=args.model, adapters_load_from=adapters_load_from, - fusion_load_from=args.fusion_dir, - use_ctrl_codes=args.ctrl_tokens, - task_id="", all_tasks=["[CLF]", "[QRY]", "[RGN]", "[PRX]"], use_fp16=args.fp16) - else: - model = Model(variant=args.mtype, base_checkpoint=args.model, adapters_load_from=adapters_load_from, - fusion_load_from=args.fusion_dir, - use_ctrl_codes=args.ctrl_tokens, - task_id="", all_tasks=["[CLF]", "[QRY]", "[RGN]", "[PRX]"], use_fp16=args.fp16, document=args.document) - evaluator = SciRepEval(tasks_config=args.tasks_config, batch_size=args.batch_size, document=args.document) - evaluator.evaluate(model, args.output) diff --git a/scirepeval_tasks.jsonl b/scirepeval_tasks.jsonl deleted file mode 100644 index cbea2451142aebdbdfaa9437f3216c43e5ed0b95..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/scirepeval_tasks.jsonl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -{"name":"Biomimicry","type":"classification","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"biomimicry"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"biomimicry"}},"metrics":["f1"],"few_shot":[{"sample_size":64,"iterations":50},{"sample_size":16,"iterations":100}]} -{"name":"DRSM","type":"classification","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"drsm"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"drsm"}},"metrics":["f1_macro"],"few_shot":[{"sample_size":64,"iterations":50},{"sample_size":24,"iterations":100}]} -{"name":"Feeds-1","type":"proximity","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"feeds_1"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"feeds_1"}},"metrics":["map"]} -{"name":"Feeds-M","type":"proximity","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"feeds_m"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"feeds_m"}},"metrics":["map"]} -{"name":"Feeds Title","type":"adhoc_search","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"feeds_title"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"feeds_title"}},"metrics":["map"]} -{"name":"TREC-CoVID","type":"adhoc_search","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"trec_covid"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"trec_covid"}},"metrics":["ndcg"]} -{"name":"Peer Review Score","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"peer_review_score_hIndex"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"peer_review_score"}},"embeddings":{"save":"embeddings/peer_review_score_hIndex.jsonl"},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} -{"name":"Max hIndex","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"peer_review_score_hIndex"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"hIndex"}},"embeddings":{"load":"embeddings/peer_review_score_hIndex.jsonl"},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} -{"name":"Tweet Mentions","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"tweet_mentions"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"tweet_mentions"}},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} -{"name":"SciDocs MAG","type":"classification","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"scidocs_mag_mesh"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"scidocs_mag"}},"embeddings":{"save":"embeddings/scidocs_mag_mesh.jsonl"},"metrics":["f1_macro"]} -{"name":"SciDocs MeSH","type":"classification","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"scidocs_mag_mesh"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"scidocs_mesh"}},"embeddings":{"load":"embeddings/scidocs_mag_mesh.jsonl"},"metrics":["f1_macro"]} -{"name":"SciDocs Cite","type":"proximity","data":{"simple_format":true, "meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"scidocs_view_cite_read"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"scidocs_cite"}},"embeddings":{"save":"embeddings/scidocs_view_cite_read.jsonl"},"metrics":["map","ndcg"]} -{"name":"SciDocs CoView","type":"proximity","data":{"simple_format":true, "meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"scidocs_view_cite_read"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"scidocs_view"}},"embeddings":{"load":"embeddings/scidocs_view_cite_read.jsonl"},"metrics":["map","ndcg"]} -{"name":"SciDocs CoCite","type":"proximity","data":{"simple_format":true, "meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"scidocs_view_cite_read"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"scidocs_cocite"}},"embeddings":{"load":"embeddings/scidocs_view_cite_read.jsonl"},"metrics":["map","ndcg"]} -{"name":"SciDocs CoRead","type":"proximity","data":{"simple_format":true, "meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"scidocs_view_cite_read"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"scidocs_read"}},"embeddings":{"load":"embeddings/scidocs_view_cite_read.jsonl"},"metrics":["map","ndcg"]} -{"name":"Same Author Detection","type":"proximity","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"same_author"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"same_author"}},"metrics":["map"]} -{"name":"Highly Influential Citations","type":"proximity","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"high_influence_cite"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"high_influence_cite"}},"metrics":["map"]} -{"name":"Search","type":"adhoc_search","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"search"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"search"}},"fields":["title","abstract","venue","year"],"metrics":["ndcg"]} -{"name":"Citation Count","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"cite_count"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"cite_count"}},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} -{"name":"Publication Year","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"pub_year"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"pub_year"}},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} -{"name":"Fields of study","type":"classification","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"fos"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"fos"}},"metrics":["f1_macro"],"few_shot":[{"sample_size":10,"iterations":50},{"sample_size":5,"iterations":100}],"multi_label":true} -{"name":"MeSH","type":"classification","data":{"meta":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval","config":"mesh_descriptors"},"test":{"name":"allenai/scirepeval_test","config":"mesh_descriptors"}},"metrics":["f1_macro"]} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/super_scirep.jsonl b/super_scirep.jsonl deleted file mode 100644 index 37be2fc822a9f0711101f5bea332dd09aa54abe9..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/super_scirep.jsonl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -{"name":"Feeds-1","type":"proximity","data":{"meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"feeds_1"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"feeds_1"}},"metrics":["map"]} -{"name":"Feeds-M","type":"proximity","data":{"meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"feeds_m"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"feeds_m"}},"metrics":["map"]} -{"name":"Highly Influential Citations","type":"proximity","data":{"meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"high_influence_cite"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"high_influence_cite"}},"metrics":["map"]} -{"name":"SciDocs Cite","type":"proximity","data":{"simple_format":true, "meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"scidocs_view_cite_read"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"scidocs_cite"}},"embeddings":{"save":"embeddings/scidocs_view_cite_read.jsonl"},"metrics":["map","ndcg"]} -{"name":"SciDocs CoCite","type":"proximity","data":{"simple_format":true, "meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"scidocs_view_cite_read"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"scidocs_cocite"}},"embeddings":{"load":"embeddings/scidocs_view_cite_read.jsonl"},"metrics":["map","ndcg"]} -{"name":"Fields of study","type":"classification","data":{"meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"fos"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"fos"}},"metrics":["f1_macro"],"few_shot":[{"sample_size":10,"iterations":50},{"sample_size":5,"iterations":100}],"multi_label":true} -{"name":"Publication Year","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"pub_year"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"pub_year"}},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} -{"name":"Search","type":"adhoc_search","data":{"meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"search"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"search"}},"fields":["title","abstract","venue","year"],"metrics":["ndcg"]} -{"name":"Feeds Title","type":"adhoc_search","data":{"meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"feeds_title"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"feeds_title"}},"metrics":["map"]} -{"name":"Paper-Reviewer Matching","type":"proximity","data":{"meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"paper_reviewer_matching"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"paper_reviewer_matching"},"reviewers":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"reviewers"}},"metrics":["P_5", "P_10"]} -{"name":"SciDocs CoView","type":"proximity","data":{"simple_format":true, "meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"scidocs_view_cite_read"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"scidocs_view"}},"embeddings":{"load":"embeddings/scidocs_view_cite_read.jsonl"},"metrics":["map","ndcg"]} -{"name":"SciDocs CoRead","type":"proximity","data":{"simple_format":true, "meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"scidocs_view_cite_read"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"scidocs_read"}},"embeddings":{"load":"embeddings/scidocs_view_cite_read.jsonl"},"metrics":["map","ndcg"]} -{"name":"Peer Review Score","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"peer_review_score_hIndex"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"peer_review_score"}},"embeddings":{"save":"embeddings/peer_review_score_hIndex.jsonl"},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} -{"name":"Max hIndex","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"peer_review_score_hIndex"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"hIndex"}},"embeddings":{"load":"embeddings/peer_review_score_hIndex.jsonl"},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} -{"name":"Tweet Mentions","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"tweet_mentions"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"tweet_mentions"}},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} -{"name":"Citation Count","type":"regression","data":{"meta":{"name":"howey/super_scirep","config":"cite_count"},"test":{"name":"howey/super_scirep_test","config":"cite_count"}},"metrics":["kendalltau"]} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/training/TRAINING.md b/training/TRAINING.md deleted file mode 100644 index 00257965f564cce85e6e792599097194155d0a62..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/training/TRAINING.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,138 +0,0 @@ -## Training -The code available as part of this sub-directory can be used to train a general purpose multi-task model or the multi-format based models introduced in [SciRepEval]([https://openreview.net/pdf?id=zfiYcbeQkH](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.13308)). - -Post the quick setup step in ReadMe, you can choose to train the following base models: -(Parenthesis denote how they are referred in the paper) - 1. General multi task model (MTL CLS) - \[CLS\] token embedding is considered document representation - 2. Multi-task training w. Control Codes (MTL CTRL) - Control codes prepended to input and their embedding is considered document representation - 3. [BERT PALs](https://github.com/AsaCooperStickland/Bert-n-Pals) (PALs) - Task specific modules - 4. [Adapters and Fusion](https://github.com/adapter-hub/adapter-transformers) - Task specific adapters - -#### Step 1 -```bash -cd ${ROOT}/training -``` - -Define the tasks and associated metadata as a list in a json config file. Refer to [sample_data/tasks_config.json](https://github.com/allenai/scirepeval/blob/main/training/sample_data/tasks_config.json) for SciRepEval training config**. - -** The example config below assumes the training data has been downloaded locally and uses the `"data_files"` property. For using HuggingFace datasets please follow the notes following the example config and use the `"dataset"` property. - -*Example config:* -```json -[ - { - "name": "fos", - "type": "classification", - "multi_label": true, - "data_files": - { - "train": "/train/fos/train.jsonl", - "dev": "/train/fos/val.jsonl" - }, - "labels": "sample_data/fos_labels.txt", - "labels_field": "labels_text", - "ctrl_token": "[CLF]", - "sample_size": - { - "train": 600000, - "dev": 40000 - } - } -] - -``` -**Note** - - - `"type"` can be one of `["classification", "regression", "ir", "triplet"]`. - - `"classification"` is suitable for tasks with categorical (discrete) labels,;`"regression"` for tasks with continuous labels; `"ir"` for retrieval tasks formatted as `{"query": X, "candidates": [{}]}` and `"triplet"` for contrastive learning tasks formatted as `{"query": q, "pos": p, "neg": n}`. - - For multi label classification, add `"multi_label": true` as in the above example. - - By default the pre-processing code expects "title" and "abstract" in every example. To process specific fields, provide additional property as `"input_fields": ["title", "abstract", "venue", "year"]`. - - For models apart from MTL CLS, provide the `"ctrl_token"` associated with each task, for MTL CTRL it works as the special control code and for PALs and Adapters it acts as the task id to determine the module to be used in the forward pass. - - Some "ir" tasks like ad-hoc search \[SRCH\] might require different control codes forthe query and candidates which can be provided as `"ctrl_token": {"query": "[QRY]", "candidates": "[PRX]"}`. For PALs and Adapters, this task id is internally resolved to feed the queries and candidates to their relevant modules. - - `"sample_size"` is not required if all the samples are to be processed for the splits. - - If loading data from Huggingface datsets, instead of `"data_files"`, you can provide parameters for `load_dataset` method as - `"dataset": {"path": , "name": }`. - - ``if "type"=="regresion": elif "type" =="classification": `` - - Losses associated with each task type: - -|Type|Loss | -|--|--| -| Classification |Cross Entropy | -|Multi-label Classification|Binary Cross Entropy| -|Regression|Mean Squared Error| -|IR/Triplet|Triplet or Contrastive Loss| - - -#### Step 2 -To run the training script with default params, based upon the type of models you want to train run one of the following commands: -**MTL CLS** -```bash -python pl_training.py --gpu 2 --tasks-config sample_data/tasks_config.json -``` - -**MTL CTRL** -```bash -python pl_training.py --gpu 2 --ctrl-tokens --tasks-config sample_data/tasks_config.json -``` - -**PALs** - -Requires pals config file for additional model configuration. Files present under `bert_pals_config` directory. -```bash -python pl_training.py --gpu 2 --pals-config pals.config.json --tasks-config sample_data/tasks_config.json -``` -**Adapters** -```bash -python pl_training.py --gpu 2 --adapter-type single --tasks-config sample_data/tasks_config.json -``` -**Fusion** - - python pl_training.py --gpu 2 --adapter-type fusion --tasks-config sample_data/tasks_config.json - -### Additional Parameters - -```positional arguments: - -model HuggingFace model to be used - -version experiment version - - - -optional arguments: - --h, --help show this help message and exit - ---tasks-config TASKS_CONFG path to the task config file - ---tokenizer TOKENIZER HuggingFace tokenizer to be used (same as model name if not supplied) - ---output OUTPUT dir to save checkpoints and finetuned model - ---pals-config PALS_CONFIG name of config file for PALS architecture - ---adapter-type ADAPTER_TYPE type of adapter architecture (single/fusion) - ---batch-size BATCH_SIZE batch size - ---lr LR initial learning rate - ---peak-lr PEAK_LR initial learning rate - ---warmup WARMUP number of warmup steps - ---epochs EPOCHS number of epochs - ---grad-accum GRAD_ACCUM grad accumulation steps - ---ctrl-tokens use control codes for tasks - ---gpu GPU number of gpus - ---max-len MAX_LEN max sequence length - ---val-check-interval VAL_CHECK_INTERVAL validation loop interval - ---checkpoint CHECKPOINT resume from checkpoint path -``` - -TensorBoard logs and checkpoints are written to `/full_run/` directory, by default `./lightning_logs/full_run/`. diff --git a/training/bert_pals_config/low_rank_config.json b/training/bert_pals_config/low_rank_config.json deleted file mode 100644 index 495f3145f8da63969562d6edd3f9da8637bcbbd0..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/training/bert_pals_config/low_rank_config.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ -{ - "hidden_size_aug": 100, - "mult": true, - "attention_probs_dropout_prob": 0.1, - "hidden_act": "gelu", - "hidden_dropout_prob": 0.1, - "hidden_size": 768, - "initializer_range": 0.02, - "intermediate_size": 3072, - "max_position_embeddings": 512, - "num_attention_heads": 12, - "num_hidden_layers": 12, - "type_vocab_size": 2, - "vocab_size": 30522 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/training/bert_pals_config/pals.config.json b/training/bert_pals_config/pals.config.json deleted file mode 100644 index 1ac2778f3be5e6245c772de3c9cfddfec7f5fd82..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/training/bert_pals_config/pals.config.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -{ - "hidden_size_aug": 204, - "mult": true, - "pals": true, - "attention_probs_dropout_prob": 0.1, - "hidden_act": "gelu", - "hidden_dropout_prob": 0.1, - "hidden_size": 768, - "initializer_range": 0.02, - "intermediate_size": 3072, - "max_position_embeddings": 512, - "num_attention_heads": 12, - "num_hidden_layers": 12, - "type_vocab_size": 2, - "vocab_size": 31116 -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/training/mtl_datasets.py b/training/mtl_datasets.py deleted file mode 100644 index 82037774af437e5d26d615deeeaca0f7e923d4a1..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/training/mtl_datasets.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,311 +0,0 @@ -import decimal -from typing import Iterator, Tuple, List, Dict, Union, Any, Iterable -import torch -from torch.utils.data import IterableDataset, DataLoader, ChainDataset, get_worker_info -from torch.utils.data.dataset import T_co, Dataset -from transformers import PreTrainedTokenizer, BatchEncoding, AutoTokenizer -import datasets -import numpy as np -from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split -from sklearn.preprocessing import MultiLabelBinarizer -from skmultilearn.model_selection import IterativeStratification -from abc import ABC, abstractmethod -import itertools -from torch.utils.data._utils.collate import default_collate -from collections import defaultdict -from strategies import BatchingStrategy -import random - -datasets.logging.set_verbosity_error() - - -class AbstractMultiTaskDataset(ABC, IterableDataset): - def __init__(self, task_name: str, data: datasets.Dataset, tokenizer: PreTrainedTokenizer, - fields: List[str], - sample_size, ctrl_token: str, max_len: int): - self.task_name = task_name - self.data = data - self.tokenizer = tokenizer - self.fields = fields - self.sample_size = sample_size - self.ctrl_token = ctrl_token - self.max_len = max_len - self._effective_sample_size = sample_size - - def sub_sample(self, json_parse: Iterator[Dict]) -> Iterator: - curr_len = 0 - try: - for _ in range(self.effective_sample_size): - curr_len += 1 - yield next(json_parse) - except StopIteration: - print( - f"Reqd sample size {self.effective_sample_size} greater than {self.task_name} dataset size {curr_len}, using complete dataset") - - @abstractmethod - def preprocess(self, line: Dict[str, str]) -> Union[ - Tuple[str, BatchEncoding, torch.Tensor], List[Tuple[str, List[BatchEncoding]]]]: - pass - - def postprocess_iter(self, curr_iter): - return curr_iter - - @property - def effective_sample_size(self): - return self._effective_sample_size - - @effective_sample_size.setter - def effective_sample_size(self, val): - self._effective_sample_size = val - - def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T_co]: - json_parse = iter(self.data) - if self.sample_size == -1: - map_itr = map(self.preprocess, json_parse) - else: - map_itr = map(self.preprocess, self.sub_sample(json_parse)) - return self.postprocess_iter(map_itr) - - def tokenized_input(self, input_data: Union[Dict[str, str], str], ctrl_token_key: str = None) -> BatchEncoding: - text = [] - if type(input_data) == dict: - for field in self.fields: - if input_data[field]: - if type(input_data[field]) in set([decimal.Decimal, float]): - input_data[field] = str(int(input_data[field])) - text.append(input_data[field]) - text = (f" {self.tokenizer.sep_token} ".join(text)).strip() - else: - text = input_data - if self.ctrl_token: - ctrl_token = self.ctrl_token if not ctrl_token_key else self.ctrl_token[ctrl_token_key] - text = ctrl_token + " " + text - input_ids = self.tokenizer(text, padding="max_length", truncation=True, return_tensors="pt", - max_length=self.max_len) - # if self.ctrl_token: - # input_ids["input_ids"] = input_ids["input_ids"][:,1:] - # input_ids["attention_mask"] = input_ids["attention_mask"][:,1:] - return {"input_ids": input_ids["input_ids"].flatten(), "attention_mask": input_ids["attention_mask"].flatten()} - - -class ClassificationDataset(AbstractMultiTaskDataset): - def __init__(self, task_name: str, data: datasets.Dataset, tokenizer: PreTrainedTokenizer, - fields: List[str], - label_field: str, labels: Dict[str, int], sample_size=-1, ctrl_token: str = None, max_len: int = 512): - super().__init__(task_name, data, tokenizer, fields, sample_size, ctrl_token, max_len) - self.labels = labels - self.label_field = label_field - - def label_transform(self, label_raw: str) -> Union[int, np.ndarray]: - return self.labels[label_raw] - - def preprocess(self, line: Dict[str, str]) -> Tuple[str, BatchEncoding, int]: - # Splits the line into text and label and applies preprocessing to the text - label = line[self.label_field] - input_ids = self.tokenized_input(line) - return self.task_name, input_ids, self.label_transform(label) - - def sub_sample(self, json_parse: Iterator[Dict]) -> Iterator: - # json_itr_list = itertools.tee(json_parse, 2) - # json_parse = json_itr_list[0] - X, y = zip(*[(d, self.labels[d[self.label_field]]) for d in json_parse]) - X, y = np.array(X), np.array(y) - if X.shape[0] < self.effective_sample_size: - print( - f"Reqd sample size {self.effective_sample_size} greater than {self.task_name} dataset size {X.shape[0]}, using complete dataset") - X_sub = X - else: - X_sub, _, _, _ = train_test_split(X, y, train_size=self.effective_sample_size, random_state=42, stratify=y) - for d in X_sub: - yield d - - -class MultiLabelClassificationDataset(ClassificationDataset): - def __init__(self, task_name: str, data: datasets.Dataset, tokenizer: PreTrainedTokenizer, - fields: List[str], - label_field: str, labels: Dict[str, int], sample_size=-1, ctrl_token: str = None, max_len: int = 512): - super().__init__(task_name, data, tokenizer, fields, label_field, labels, sample_size, ctrl_token, max_len) - self.labels = dict(sorted(labels.items())) - self.mlb = MultiLabelBinarizer() - self.mlb.fit([list(self.labels.keys())]) - - def label_transform(self, label_raw: List[str]) -> Union[int, np.ndarray]: - return self.mlb.transform([label_raw]).flatten().astype(float) - - def sub_sample(self, json_parse: Iterator[Dict]) -> Iterator: - X, y = zip(*[(d, tuple(d[self.label_field])) for d in json_parse]) - X, y = np.array(X), self.mlb.transform(y) - if X.shape[0] < self.effective_sample_size: - print( - f"Reqd sample size {self.effective_sample_size} greater than {self.task_name} dataset size {X.shape[0]}, using complete dataset") - X_sub = X - else: - sub_sample_ratio = self.effective_sample_size / X.shape[0] - stratifier = IterativeStratification(n_splits=2, order=1, - sample_distribution_per_fold=[sub_sample_ratio, - 1 - sub_sample_ratio, ]) - _, indices = next(stratifier.split(X, y)) - X_sub = X[indices] - for d in X_sub: - yield d - - -class IRDataset(AbstractMultiTaskDataset): - def __init__(self, task_name: str, data: datasets.Dataset, tokenizer: PreTrainedTokenizer, - fields: List[str], - sample_size=-1, ctrl_token: str = None, max_len: int = 512): - super().__init__(task_name, data, tokenizer, fields, sample_size, ctrl_token, max_len) - self.effective_sample_size //= 5 - - def preprocess(self, line: Dict[str, str]) -> List[Tuple[str, List[BatchEncoding]]]: - # Splits the line into text and label and applies preprocessing to the text - query, candidates = line["query"], line["candidates"] - pos_candidates, neg_candidates = [c for c in candidates if c["score"]], [c for c in candidates if - not c["score"]] - num_trips = min(5, len(neg_candidates)) - new_pos_candidates = pos_candidates.copy() - if pos_candidates: - pos_candidates = itertools.cycle(pos_candidates) - while len(new_pos_candidates) < num_trips: - new_pos_candidates.append(next(pos_candidates)) - query_ctrl_key, cand_ctrl_key = None, None - if type(self.ctrl_token) == dict: - query_ctrl_key = "query" - cand_ctrl_key = "candidates" - tokenized_query = self.tokenized_input(query, query_ctrl_key) - - for pos in new_pos_candidates[:num_trips]: - neg = neg_candidates.pop() - tokenized_pos = self.tokenized_input(pos, cand_ctrl_key) - tokenized_neg = self.tokenized_input(neg, cand_ctrl_key) - yield (self.task_name, [tokenized_query, tokenized_pos, tokenized_neg]) - - def postprocess_iter(self, curr_iter): - # chained_iter = itertools.chain(*curr_iter) - batched_list = [] - try: - while True: - while len(batched_list) < 1000: - batched_list += next(curr_iter) - random.shuffle(batched_list) - for x in batched_list: - yield x - batched_list.clear() - except StopIteration: - random.shuffle(batched_list) - for x in batched_list: - yield x - - -class TripletDataset(AbstractMultiTaskDataset): - def __init__(self, task_name: str, data: datasets.Dataset, tokenizer: PreTrainedTokenizer, - fields: List[str], - sample_size=-1, ctrl_token: str = None, max_len: int = 512): - super().__init__(task_name, data, tokenizer, fields, sample_size, ctrl_token, max_len) - - def preprocess(self, line: Dict[str, str]) -> Union[ - Tuple[str, BatchEncoding, torch.Tensor], List[Tuple[str, List[BatchEncoding]]]]: - triplet = [] - for key in ("query", "pos", "neg"): - triplet.append(self.tokenized_input(line[key])) - return self.task_name, triplet - - -class CustomChainDataset(ChainDataset): - def __init__(self, datasets: Iterable[Dataset], batch_size, device_rank=0, num_devices=1, - batching_strategy=BatchingStrategy.SEQUENTIAL): - super().__init__(datasets) - self.batch_size = batch_size - self.batching = batching_strategy - self.device_rank = device_rank - self.num_devices = num_devices - self.effective_batch_size = batch_size * num_devices - - def iter_slice(self, curr_iter, worker_info): - curr_batch, idx = dict(), 0 - try: - while True: - for _ in range(self.effective_batch_size): - curr_batch[idx] = next(curr_iter) - idx += 1 - for i, x in curr_batch.items(): - if (i // self.batch_size) % self.num_devices == self.device_rank: - if (i // self.effective_batch_size) % worker_info.num_workers == worker_info.id: - yield x - curr_batch.clear() - except StopIteration: - curr_batch.clear() - - def __iter__(self): - batch_itr = self.batching.value.get_batch_iter(self.datasets, self.effective_batch_size) - worker_info = get_worker_info() - if worker_info: - batch_itr = self.iter_slice(batch_itr, worker_info) - - return batch_itr - - -class RegressionDataset(AbstractMultiTaskDataset): - def __init__(self, task_name: str, data: datasets.Dataset, tokenizer: PreTrainedTokenizer, - fields: List[str], - label_field: str, sample_size=-1, ctrl_token: str = None, max_len: int = 512): - super().__init__(task_name, data, tokenizer, fields, sample_size, ctrl_token, max_len) - self.label_field = label_field - - def preprocess(self, line: Dict[str, str]) -> Tuple[str, Dict[str, BatchEncoding], Union[int, float]]: - # Splits the line into text and label and applies preprocessing to the text - label = np.float32(line[self.label_field]) - input_ids = self.tokenized_input(line) - return self.task_name, input_ids, label - - -def multi_collate(batch: List[Any]) -> Dict[str, List[Any]]: - task_sub_batch = defaultdict(list) - for b in batch: - task_sub_batch[b[0]].append(b[1:]) - return {task: default_collate(sub_batch) for task, sub_batch in task_sub_batch.items()} - - -if __name__ == '__main__': - tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("allenai/specter") - tokenizer.add_special_tokens({'additional_special_tokens': ["[CLF]"]}) - with open("sample_data/mesh_descriptors.txt", "r") as f: - labels = f.readlines() - labels = {l.strip(): i for i, l in enumerate(labels)} - cls_dataset = ClassificationDataset(task_name="mesh", data= - datasets.load_dataset("json", data_files="../../scidocs/data/mesh_plus/train.json", streaming=True)["train"], - tokenizer=tokenizer, - fields=["title", "abstract"], - label_field="descriptor", labels=labels, sample_size=400000) - trip_dataset = IRDataset(task_name="s2and", data= - datasets.load_dataset("json", data_files="sample_data/s2and_small.json", streaming=True)["train"], - tokenizer=tokenizer, - fields=["title", "abstract"], sample_size=400000) - specter_dataset = TripletDataset(task_name="specter", data= - datasets.load_dataset("json", data_files="../../scidocs/data/specter_triplets/train.json", streaming=True)["train"], - tokenizer=tokenizer, - fields=["title", "abstract"], sample_size=400000) - search_dataset = IRDataset(task_name="search", data= - datasets.load_dataset("json", data_files="sample_data/search_small.jsonl", streaming=True)["train"], - tokenizer=tokenizer, - fields=["title", "abstract", "venue", "year"], sample_size=100) - with open("sample_data/fos_labels.txt", "r") as f: - mlc_labels = f.readlines() - mlc_labels = {l.strip(): i for i, l in enumerate(mlc_labels)} - - ml_cls_dataset = MultiLabelClassificationDataset(task_name="fos", data_src="sample_data/fos_small.json", - tokenizer=tokenizer, - fields=["title", "abstract"], - label_field="labels_text", labels=mlc_labels, sample_size=100, - ctrl_token="[CLF]") - - batch_size = 16 - multi_dataset = CustomChainDataset([ml_cls_dataset], batch_size=batch_size, - batching_strategy=BatchingStrategy.MIXED_PROPORTIONAL) - dataloader = DataLoader(multi_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, collate_fn=multi_collate, num_workers=8) - for i, data in enumerate(dataloader): - print(i) - for task, batch in data.items(): - d = batch[-1][-1] if task in ("s2and", "specter", "search") else batch[-1] - print(task, d.shape[0]) - print(batch) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/training/pl_training.py b/training/pl_training.py deleted file mode 100644 index c38a5ba7f224357140211e4e71feeeced2e6e42f..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/training/pl_training.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,325 +0,0 @@ -import json -import sys - -# setting path -sys.path.append('../') - -import argparse -from typing import Dict, Optional, Any -import datasets -import pytorch_lightning as pl -import torch -import torch.nn -from pytorch_lightning.callbacks import ModelCheckpoint -from pytorch_lightning.loggers import TensorBoardLogger -from pytorch_lightning.utilities.distributed import rank_zero_only -from pytorch_lightning.utilities.distributed import sync_ddp_if_available -from pytorch_lightning.utilities.types import TRAIN_DATALOADERS, EVAL_DATALOADERS, STEP_OUTPUT -from torch.distributed import ReduceOp -from torch.utils.data import DataLoader -from transformers import AdamW, get_linear_schedule_with_warmup -from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel, AutoConfig - -from adapter_fusion import AdapterFactory -from bert_pals import BertPalsEncoder -from mtl_datasets import ClassificationDataset, multi_collate, MultiLabelClassificationDataset, IRDataset, \ - CustomChainDataset, TripletDataset, RegressionDataset -from schedulers import InverseSquareRootSchedule, InverseSquareRootScheduleConfig -from strategies import BatchingStrategy -from tasks import TaskFamily, load_tasks - -pl.seed_everything(42, workers=True) - - -def init_weights(modules): - for module in modules: - module.linear.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=0.02) - if module.linear.bias is not None: - module.linear.bias.data.zero_() - - -pl_to_split_map = {"fit": "train", "validate": "dev", "test": "test", "predict": "test"} - - -class SciRepTrain(pl.LightningModule): - def __init__(self, batch_size: int, init_lr: float, peak_lr: float, tokenizer: str, model: str, warmup_steps: int, - log_dir: str, - use_ctrl_tokens=False, - task_dict: Dict[str, TaskFamily] = None, - pals_cfg: str = None, adapter_type: str = None, max_len: int = 512, load_adapters_as=None): - super().__init__() - self.task_dict = load_tasks() if not task_dict else task_dict - print(self.task_dict.keys()) - self.heads = torch.nn.ModuleDict( - {t.name: t.head for t in self.task_dict.values() if t.head} - ) - self.init_loss = None - self.task_idx = {t: i for i, t in enumerate(self.task_dict)} - self.loss_wt = torch.ones(len(self.task_dict)).float() - init_weights(self.heads.values()) - self.warmup_steps = warmup_steps - self.multi_train = None - self.multi_test = None - self.multi_val = None - self.pals = pals_cfg is not None - self.adapters = adapter_type is not None - self.use_ctrl_tokens = use_ctrl_tokens - spl_ctrl_tokens = set() - for t in self.task_dict.values(): - if type(t.ctrl_token) == str: - spl_ctrl_tokens.add(t.ctrl_token) - else: - spl_ctrl_tokens.update(t.ctrl_token.values()) - spl_ctrl_tokens = sorted(list(spl_ctrl_tokens)) - task_ids = spl_ctrl_tokens - self.tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(tokenizer) - - if self.adapters: - adapters_dir = f'{log_dir}/model/adapters/' if not load_adapters_as else load_adapters_as - try: - adapters_dir = json.loads(adapters_dir) - except: - pass - self.encoder = AdapterFactory.get_adapter(model, task_ids, - adapter_type == "fusion", adapters_dir) - else: - self.encoder = AutoModel.from_pretrained(model) - if self.pals: - self.encoder = BertPalsEncoder(f"bert_pals_config/{pals_cfg}", task_ids, self.encoder) - if self.use_ctrl_tokens: - print("Using Control Tokens", spl_ctrl_tokens) - special_tokens_dict = {'additional_special_tokens': spl_ctrl_tokens} - num_added_toks = self.tokenizer.add_special_tokens(special_tokens_dict) - self.encoder.resize_token_embeddings(len(self.tokenizer)) - self.batch_size = batch_size - self.init_lr = init_lr - self.peak_lr = peak_lr - self.max_len = max_len - self.save_hyperparameters(ignore=["task_dict"]) - - def forward(self, input_ids, attention_mask=None, token_idx=0, task_id=None): - if not self.pals: - embedding = self.encoder(input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask) if not self.adapters else self.encoder( - input_ids, - attention_mask=attention_mask, - task_id=task_id) - return embedding.last_hidden_state[:, token_idx, :] - else: - embedding = self.encoder(input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask, task_id=task_id) - return embedding[:, token_idx, :] - - def configure_optimizers(self): - """Prepare optimizer and schedule (linear warmup and decay)""" - no_decay = ["bias", "LayerNorm.weight"] - optimizer_grouped_parameters = [ - { - "params": [p for n, p in self.named_parameters() if - p.requires_grad and not any(nd in n for nd in no_decay)], - "weight_decay": 0.0, - }, - { - "params": [p for n, p in self.named_parameters() if - p.requires_grad and any(nd in n for nd in no_decay)], - "weight_decay": 0.0, - } - ] - optimizer = AdamW( - optimizer_grouped_parameters, lr=self.init_lr, eps=1e-8 - ) - - self.opt = optimizer - if self.pals or self.adapters: - scheduler = get_linear_schedule_with_warmup(optimizer, self.warmup_steps, 77500) - else: - scheduler_config = InverseSquareRootScheduleConfig(warmup_updates=self.warmup_steps, - warmup_init_lr=self.init_lr, - lr=self.peak_lr) - scheduler = InverseSquareRootSchedule(scheduler_config, optimizer) - - return { - "optimizer": optimizer, - "lr_scheduler": { - "scheduler": scheduler, - "interval": "step", - "frequency": 1} - } - - def calc_loss(self, train_batch, batch_idx): - losses, loss_per_task = [], torch.zeros(len(self.task_dict)).cuda() - scl = torch.tensor(0.0) - for name, batch in train_batch.items(): - task = self.task_dict[name] - idx = 0 if not self.use_ctrl_tokens else 1 - task_id = task.ctrl_token - if task.type not in set(["classification", "regression"]): - query, pos, neg = batch[0][0], batch[0][1], batch[0][2] - query_ctrl = cand_ctrl = task_id - if type(task_id) == dict: - query_ctrl = task_id["query"] - cand_ctrl = task_id["candidates"] - query_emb, pos_emb, neg_emb = self(query['input_ids'], query['attention_mask'], idx, query_ctrl), self( - pos['input_ids'], pos['attention_mask'], idx, cand_ctrl), self(neg['input_ids'], - neg['attention_mask'], idx, - cand_ctrl) - curr_loss = task.loss(query_emb, pos_emb, neg_emb) - else: - x, y = batch[0], batch[1] - encoding = self(x['input_ids'], x['attention_mask'], idx, task_id) - logits = self.heads[name](encoding) - if task.type == "regression": - logits = logits.squeeze() - curr_loss = task.loss(logits, y) - if task.multi_label: - curr_loss = torch.mean(curr_loss, dim=1) - elif task.contrastive_loss: - scl = task.contrastive_loss(encoding, y, self.heads[name].num_labels) - curr_loss = 0.1 * curr_loss + 0.9 * scl - loss_per_task[self.task_idx[name]] = torch.mean(curr_loss) - return loss_per_task - - def training_step(self, train_batch, batch_idx): - loss_per_task = self.calc_loss(train_batch, batch_idx) - loss = torch.sum(loss_per_task) - self.log("train_loss", loss, prog_bar=True, on_step=True, on_epoch=True, batch_size=self.batch_size) - self.log("lr", self.lr_schedulers().get_last_lr()[-1], on_step=True, on_epoch=False, prog_bar=True, logger=True) - return {"loss": loss} - - def validation_step(self, train_batch, batch_idx) -> Optional[STEP_OUTPUT]: - loss_per_task = self.calc_loss(train_batch, batch_idx) - # loss_per_task = torch.mul(self.loss_wt.cuda(), loss_per_task) - loss = torch.sum(loss_per_task) - dist_loss_per_task = loss_per_task.clone().data - dist_loss_per_task = sync_ddp_if_available(dist_loss_per_task, reduce_op=ReduceOp.SUM) - for task in self.task_dict: - self.log(f"val_loss_{task}", dist_loss_per_task[self.task_idx[task]], on_step=True, on_epoch=True, - prog_bar=False, - batch_size=self.batch_size, rank_zero_only=True) - self.log("val_loss", loss, on_step=True, on_epoch=False, prog_bar=True) - self.log("avg_val_loss", loss, on_epoch=True, prog_bar=True, sync_dist=True, batch_size=self.batch_size) - return {"val_loss": loss} - - def load_data(self, split) -> CustomChainDataset: - hf_split = "validation" if split == "dev" else "train" - dataset_list = [] - task_dataset_map = {"classification": ClassificationDataset, "regression": RegressionDataset, "ir": IRDataset} - for t_name, task in self.task_dict.items(): - data_file = {hf_split: task.data_files[split]} if task.data_files else None - dataset_name = (task.dataset, hf_split) - data_src = data_file if data_file else dataset_name - op_token = task.ctrl_token if self.use_ctrl_tokens else None - if type(data_src) == dict: - data = datasets.load_dataset("json", data_files=data_src, streaming=True)[ - next(iter(data_src.keys()))] - else: - data = datasets.load_dataset(**data_src[0], split=data_src[1], streaming=True) - kwargs = {"data": data, "ctrl_token": op_token, "max_len": self.max_len, "task_name": t_name, - "tokenizer": self.tokenizer, "fields": task.input_fields, - "sample_size": task.sample_size[split] if type(task.sample_size) == dict else task.sample_size} - - if task.type == "classification": - kwargs.update({"label_field": task.labels_field, "labels": task.labels}) - elif task.type == "regression": - kwargs.update({"label_field": task.labels_field}) - if task.multi_label: - dataset_list.append(MultiLabelClassificationDataset(**kwargs)) - else: - dataset_list.append(task_dataset_map.get(task.type, TripletDataset)(**kwargs)) - multi_dataset = CustomChainDataset(dataset_list, batch_size=self.batch_size, - device_rank=self.trainer.global_rank, num_devices=self.trainer.world_size, - batching_strategy=BatchingStrategy.MIXED_PROPORTIONAL) - if split == "train": - self.multi_train = multi_dataset - elif split == "dev": - self.multi_val = multi_dataset - - def setup(self, stage: Optional[str] = None) -> None: - self.load_data("train") - - def train_dataloader(self) -> TRAIN_DATALOADERS: - return DataLoader(self.multi_train, batch_size=self.batch_size, collate_fn=multi_collate, num_workers=8, - pin_memory=True) - - def val_dataloader(self) -> EVAL_DATALOADERS: - self.load_data("dev") - return DataLoader(self.multi_val, batch_size=self.batch_size, collate_fn=multi_collate, num_workers=8) - - @rank_zero_only - def on_save_checkpoint(self, checkpoint: Dict[str, Any]) -> None: - try: - logger = self.logger - log_dir = f'{logger.save_dir}/{logger.name}/{logger.version}/checkpoints' - self.tokenizer.save_pretrained(f'{log_dir}/tokenizer/') - self.tokenizer.save_vocabulary(f'{log_dir}/tokenizer/') - self.encoder.save_pretrained(f'{log_dir}/model') - except: - print("Exception encountered while saving, try agin from checkpoint") - - -if __name__ == '__main__': - torch.multiprocessing.set_sharing_strategy('file_system') - parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() - parser.add_argument('--tasks-config', help='path to the task config file', default="sample_data/tasks_config.json") - parser.add_argument('model', help='HuggingFace model to be used') - parser.add_argument('--tokenizer', help='HuggingFace tokenizer to be used (same as model name if not supplied)', - default=None) - parser.add_argument('--output', help='dir to save checkpoints and finetuned model', default="./lightning_logs/") - parser.add_argument('version', help='experiment version') - parser.add_argument('--pals-config', default=None, help='path to config file for PALS architecture') - parser.add_argument('--adapter-type', default=None, help='type of adapter architecture (single/fusion)') - parser.add_argument('--adapters-chkpt', default=None, - help='Adapters to be loaded either from a directory path or a dictionary of pretrained huggingface adapters with id') - parser.add_argument('--batch-size', type=int, default=16, help='batch size') - parser.add_argument('--lr', type=float, default=1e-4, help='initial learning rate') - parser.add_argument('--peak-lr', type=float, default=5e-5, help='initial learning rate') - parser.add_argument('--warmup', type=int, default=700, help='number of warmup steps') - parser.add_argument('--epochs', type=int, default=2, help='number of epochs') - parser.add_argument('--grad-accum', type=int, default=8, help='grad accumulation steps') - parser.add_argument('--ctrl-tokens', action='store_true', default=False, help='use control codes for tasks') - parser.add_argument('--gpu', type=int, default=None, help='number of gpus') - parser.add_argument('--max-len', type=int, default=512, help='max sequence length') - parser.add_argument('--val-check_interval', type=float, default=1.0, help='validation loop interval') - parser.add_argument('--checkpoint', default=None, help='resume from checkpoint path') - - args = parser.parse_args() - mconfig = AutoConfig.from_pretrained(args.model) - tasks_dict = load_tasks(args.tasks_config, mconfig.hidden_size) - log_dir = args.output - logger = TensorBoardLogger( - save_dir=log_dir, - version=args.version, - name='full_run', - ) - - # second part of the path shouldn't be f-string - filepath = f'{log_dir}/{logger.name}/{logger.version}/checkpoints/' - checkpoint_callback = ModelCheckpoint( - dirpath=filepath, - filename='ep-{epoch}_avg_val_loss-{avg_val_loss:.3f}', - save_top_k=4, - verbose=True, - monitor='avg_val_loss', # monitors metrics logged by self.log. - mode='min' - ) - - model = SciRepTrain(batch_size=args.batch_size, init_lr=args.lr, - peak_lr=args.peak_lr, - tokenizer=args.tokenizer if args.tokenizer else args.model, - model=args.model, - warmup_steps=args.warmup, - use_ctrl_tokens=args.ctrl_tokens, task_dict=tasks_dict, pals_cfg=args.pals_config, - adapter_type=args.adapter_type, log_dir=filepath, max_len=args.max_len, - load_adapters_as=args.adapters_chkpt) - - hparams = {"gpus": args.gpu, "val_check_interval": args.val_check_interval, "num_sanity_val_steps": 4, - "max_epochs": args.epochs, - "accumulate_grad_batches": args.grad_accum, "resume_from_checkpoint": args.checkpoint} - - trainer = pl.Trainer(logger=logger, - strategy="ddp" if hparams["gpus"] > 1 else None, - enable_checkpointing=True, - callbacks=[checkpoint_callback], - precision=16, - **hparams) - logger.log_hyperparams(hparams) - logger.log_hyperparams({"tasks": {k: str(v) for k, v in tasks_dict.items()}}) - trainer.fit(model) diff --git a/training/sample_data/fos_labels.txt b/training/sample_data/fos_labels.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 3f4b859d5e3d4604a7e1758ef5f3f1bfc2b259b6..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/training/sample_data/fos_labels.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -Agricultural and Food sciences -Art -Biology -Business -Chemistry -Computer science -Economics -Education -Engineering -Environmental science -Geography -Geology -History -Law -Linguistics -Materials science -Mathematics -Medicine -Philosophy -Physics -Political science -Psychology -Sociology diff --git a/training/sample_data/fos_small.json b/training/sample_data/fos_small.json deleted file mode 100644 index 4ddf5f1990f096df6284f0a286b29e1415a2c9c2..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/training/sample_data/fos_small.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -[{"corpus_id": 121676082, "title": "Estimating quantiles using optimally selected order statistics", "abstract": "This expository paper deals with the linear estimation of quantiles of location-scale families of distributions using a few selected order statistics.The general theory for the problem i s reviewed for the exact as well as the asymptotic cases.", "labels": [16], "labels_text": ["Mathematics"]}, {"corpus_id": 140720144, "title": "Distributed deformation around the eastern tip of the Kunlun fault", "abstract": "Whether active strain within the Indo-Asian collision zone is primarily localized along major strike-slip fault systems or is distributed throughout the intervening crust between faults remains uncertain. Despite refined estimates of slip rates along many of the major fault zones, relatively little is known about how displacement along these structures is accommodated at fault terminations. Here, we show that a systematic decrease in left-lateral slip rates along the eastern ~200\u00a0km of the Kunlun fault, from >10\u00a0mm/year to <1\u00a0mm/year, is coincident with high topography in the Anyemaqen Shan and with a broad zone of distributed shear and clockwise vorticity within the Tibetan Plateau. Geomorphic analysis of river longitudinal profiles, coupled with inventories of cosmogenic radionuclides in fluvial sediment, reveal correlated variations in fluvial relief and erosion rate across the Anyemaqen Shan that reflect ongoing differential rock uplift across the range. Our results imply that the termination of the Kunlun fault system is accommodated by a combination of distributed crustal thickening and by clockwise rotation of the eastern fault segments.", "labels": [9], "labels_text": ["Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 100323873, "title": "On the Formation Temperatures of Minerals by Thermal Microscope (Heating Microscope Stage) and Decrepitation Method", "abstract": "", "labels": [11], "labels_text": ["Geology"]}, {"corpus_id": 211194732, "title": "Carbon Fibers Loaded Composites for Microwave Absorbing Application: Effect of Fiber Length and Dispersion Process on Dielectric Properties", "abstract": "In this work, a new composite for microwave absorption applications, especially for anechoic chambers, is studied. We propose to substitute carbon black loaded polyurethane foam, currently used in commercial absorbers, by epoxy foam filled with carbon fibers. The purpose of the present paper is to study the influence of three dispersion methods (spatula, shear mixer and ultrasound probe) and four fiber lengths (1\u00a0mm, 3\u00a0mm, 6\u00a0mm and 12\u00a0mm) on the homogeneity and dielectric properties (permittivity \u03b5 \u2032 and dielectric losses tan \u03b4 ) of achieved composites. Long fibers dispersed with spatula have shown higher dielectric properties than short fibers. However, such a soft dispersion method was revealed to be inefficient to disperse properly the long fibers. Although a homogenous dispersion was obtained with the shear mixer (mechanical dispersion), we noticed an important degradation of the fibers which lead to a decrease of the dielectric properties. Dispersion with ultrasounds appears to be a good compromise between homogeneity and dielectric properties of composites. Finally, electromagnetic simulation predicted a high absorption performance for pyramidal absorber made with the 12\u00a0mm-carbon fibers loaded composite with reflection loss lower than \u2212\u200950\u00a0dB for frequencies ranging between 8\u00a0GHz and 18\u00a0GHz.", "labels": [15], "labels_text": ["Materials science"]}, {"corpus_id": 55336113, "title": "Late Quaternary coastal evolution and aeolian sedimentation in the tectonically-active southern Atacama Desert, Chile", "abstract": "Abstract Analyses of aeolianites and associated dune, surficial carbonate and marine terrace sediments from north-central Chile (27\u00b0 54\u2032 S) yield a record of environmental change for the coastal southern Atacama Desert spanning at least the last glacial-interglacial cycle. Optically stimulated luminescence dating indicates phases of aeolian dune construction at around 130, 111\u201398, 77\u201369 and 41\u201328\u00a0ka. Thin-section and stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses suggest a predominantly marine sediment source for the three oldest dune phases. Aeolianites appear to have accumulated mainly from tectonically-uplifted interglacial marine sediments that were deflated during windier and/or stormier intervals. Bedding orientations indicate that sand-transporting winds varied in direction from S-ESE during MIS 5e and WNW-ESE during MIS 5c-5a. Winds from the southeast quadrant are unusual today in this region of the Atacama, suggesting either major shifts in atmospheric circulation or topographic airflow modification. Thin-section evidence indicates that the aeolianites were cemented by two phases of vadose carbonate, tentatively linked to wetter periods around 70 and 45\u00a0ka. Tectonic uplift in the area has proceeded at an average rate of 305\u2013542\u00a0mm\u00a0kyr\u2212\u00a01. The study illustrates the complexity of understanding onshore-offshore sediment fluxes in the context of Late Quaternary sea-level fluctuations for an area undergoing rapid tectonic uplift.", "labels": [9, 10], "labels_text": ["Environmental science", "Geography"]}, {"corpus_id": 28539376, "title": "Transient Radiation Upset Simulations of CMOS Memory Circuits", "abstract": "A computer simulation technique has identified and modeled a dominant mechanism for transient ionizing radiation induced logic upset in certain CMOS integrated circuits. This mechanism, termed 'rail span collapse' here, has accounted for the discrepancy between simulated upsets of these circuits using only local radiation induced photocurrents and the experimentally observed upset dose-rate levels.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 58803384, "title": "Sequential Internal Mammary Artery Conduits in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting", "abstract": "The results of sequential internal mammary artery (IMA) grafting in myocardial revascularization, with special emphasis on IMA-related morbidity, have been evaluated over a 2-year period. Between June 1,1991 and July 1,1993,638 patients underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) at our institution, using the IMA as a conduit. In 541 patients, one or both IMAs were used as a single coronary artery bypass conduit (group 1) and, in the remaining 97 patients, sequential IMA grafting was performed (group 2). The mean age was 60.1 \u00b1 9.2 years and 82% of the patients were male. There were 16.6% repeat CABG in group 1 compared to 3.1% in group 2 (p", "labels": [17], "labels_text": ["Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 145310138, "title": "Maderismo or Mixtec Empire? Class and Ethnicity in the Mexican Revolution, Costa Chica of Oaxaca, 1911 *", "abstract": "On 18 May 1911, the indigenous Mixtec peasants of Pinotepa Nacional, Oaxaca, rose up against the local cacique and ranchers who had dispossessed them of their ancient communal lands. Thus began not only the lone agrarian rebellion in the state of Oaxaca but also the only attempt to revive a pre-Columbian indigenous empire during the Mexican Revolution. The study of this remarkable episode situates Oaxaca, a state previously thought to be peripheral to this major social upheaval, within the main currents of revolutionary activity. As in the case of other revolutionary movements, the arrival of Maderista revolutionaries from a neighboring state, in this case Guerrero, triggered the peasant mobilization in Pinotepa Nacional, unleashing social tensions in the area. Although an overwhelmingly rural state in 1910, the Revolution in Oaxaca has generally been characterized by the absence of agrarian protest. Recent studies have found the precursor and Maderista movements in Oaxaca to be predominantly middle class, either urban or rural, seeking social mobility, wider political participation, and greater local autonomy. Nevertheless, the study of the events of May 1911 on the Oaxacan coast reveals a struggle that pitted an agrarian, indigenous movement against a middle class, rancher-style revolution.", "labels": [12], "labels_text": ["History"]}, {"corpus_id": 103169694, "title": "\u201cDoughnut\u201d-like Clay Microparticles Fabricated Using a Hybrid Method of Spray Drying and Centrifugal Disc Atomization", "abstract": "Change in the shape of clay microparticles is essential for applications such as adsorption of toxic elements, microencapsulation, and liquid chromatography. To increase the surface area of the hec...", "labels": [4], "labels_text": ["Chemistry"]}, {"corpus_id": 153554207, "title": "Der Nationale Besitzstand in Bohmen.", "abstract": "", "labels": [20], "labels_text": ["Political science"]}, {"corpus_id": 190139521, "title": "Word 'n Boer se beste vriend : handel", "abstract": "Om te boer is nie maklik nie. As jou hart egter in die landbou le, maar jy nie noodwendig 'n produsent wil word of in pa en oupa se voetspore kan of wil volg nie, is daar steeds vele ander opsies in die landbou.\nBenewens persoonlike voorkeure en talente is die ekonomiese klimaat van so 'n aard dat jong boere wat wil toetree tot die bedryf, genoeg ervaring (of 'n ervare ondersteuningsbasis) moet he om 'n kans op sukses te staan. Hiermee saam val 'n stewige finansiele fondasie en tipies sou pa en seun saamboer, totdat dit aftreetyd vir pa is en oorneemtyd vir seun.", "labels": [0], "labels_text": ["Agricultural and Food sciences"]}, {"corpus_id": 15366280, "title": "On polarization of strange baryons in reactions p + p\u21a6p + \u039b0 + K+ and p + p\u21a6p + \u03a30 + K+ near thresholds", "abstract": "Abstract:Polarization properties of strange baryons produced in pp reactions, p + p\u21a6p + \u039b0 + K+ and p + p\u21a6p + \u03a30 + K+, near thresholds of the final states p\u039b0K+ and p\u03a30K+ are analysed relative to polarizations of colliding protons. The cross-sections for pp reactions are calculated within the effective Lagrangian approach accounting for strong pp rescattering in the initial state of colliding protons with a dominant contribution of the one-pion exchange and strong final-state interaction of daughter hadrons (Eur. Phys. J. A 9, 425 (2000)).", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 88256365, "title": "Study on genotyping profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae\u2032s ESBL by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography", "abstract": "", "labels": [2], "labels_text": ["Biology"]}, {"corpus_id": 33130714, "title": "A study of unpredictability in fault-tolerant middleware", "abstract": "In enterprise applications relying on fault-tolerant middleware, it is a common engineering practice to establish service-level agreements (SLAs) based on the 95th or the 99th percentiles of the latency, to allow a margin for unexpected variability. However, the extent of this unpredictability has not been studied systematically. We present an extensive empirical study of unpredictability in 16 distributed systems, ranging from simple transport protocols to fault-tolerant, middleware-based enterprise applications, and we show that the inherent unpredictability in the systems examined arises from at most 1% of the remote invocations. In the normal, fault-free operating mode most remote invocations have a predictable end-to-end latency, but the maximum latency follows unpredictable trends and is comparable with the time needed to recover from a fault. The maximum latency is not influenced by the system's workload, cannot be regulated through configuration parameters and is not correlated with the system's resource consumption. The high-latency outliers (up to three orders of magnitude higher than the average latency) have multiple causes and may originate in any component of the system. However, after filtering out 1% of the invocations with the highest recorded response-times, the latency becomes bounded with high statistical confidence (p<0.01). We have verified this result on different operating systems (Linux 2.4, Linux 2.6, Linux-rt, TimeSys), middleware platforms (CORBA and EJB), programming languages (C, C++ and Java), replication styles (active and warm passive) and applications (e-commerce and online gaming). Moreover, this phenomenon occurs at all the layers of middleware-based systems, from the communication protocols to the business logic.", "labels": [5], "labels_text": ["Computer science"]}, {"corpus_id": 161799338, "title": "Strange Revelations: Magic, Poison, and Sacrilege in Louis XIV's France (review)", "abstract": "disputes in 1566 and fighting in Catholic armies in 1567 and 1568. He was openly disgusted with the 1570 peace with the Huguenots and was present at the infamous royal council meeting on the eve of the Saint Bartholomew\u2019s Day Massacre in 1572. A detailed examination of the duc de Nevers\u2019s religious-political advocacy for an anti-Calvinist crusade in France in the 1570s and 1580s reveals religious motivations in a complexity rarely so perceptible in contemporary sources. Les ducs de Nevers et l\u2019\u00e9tat royal contributes to the growing new historical literature on the French Wars of Religion by revealing the religious motivations and political approaches of Louis de Gonzague through a unique combination of manuscript sources. Ariane Boltanski concludes that the duc de Nevers\u2019s religiouspolitical positions represented compromises with the monarch, as his program gradually transformed from a campaign of outright holy warfare into an aggressive spiritual crusade to convert the roi de Navarre and the French Calvinists. Such a transformation may have been unique to the duc de Nevers, yet one wonders whether such a spiritual crusade might have had broader connections with the growing Catholic Reformation movement, with lasting consequences for the possibilities of confessional coexistence in early modern France. BRIAN SANDBERG Northern Illinois University", "labels": [12], "labels_text": ["History"]}, {"corpus_id": 71615420, "title": "Angle closure glaucoma following non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy", "abstract": "Non-arteritic\u00a0anterior\u00a0ischemic\u00a0optic\u00a0neuropathy\u00a0(NAION)\u00a0is\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0acute\u00a0hemodynamic\u00a0instability\u00a0of optic\u00a0nerve\u00a0vessels,\u00a0resulting\u00a0in\u00a0infarction\u00a0which\u00a0may\u00a0give\u00a0rise\u00a0\u00a0to\u00a0sudden\u00a0and\u00a0painless\u00a0loss\u00a0of\u00a0vision.\u00a0In\u00a0this\u00a0case, we\u00a0report\u00a0an\u00a0angle\u00a0closure\u00a0glaucoma\u00a0condition\u00a0occured\u00a0in\u00a0right\u00a0eye\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0female\u00a0patient\u00a0with\u00a0NAION. Keywords: Glaucoma, optic neuropathy DOI: 10.12973/ejms.2014.114p", "labels": [17], "labels_text": ["Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 233655172, "title": "Severity of drought and heatwave crop losses tripled over the last five decades in Europe", "abstract": "Extreme weather disasters (EWDs) can jeopardize domestic food supply and disrupt commodity markets. However, historical impacts on European crop production associated with droughts, heatwaves, floods, and cold waves are not well understood\u2014especially in view of potential adverse trends in the severity of impacts due to climate change. Here, we combine observational agricultural data (FAOSTAT) with an extreme weather disaster database (EM-DAT) between 1961 and 2018 to evaluate European crop production responses to EWD. Using a compositing approach (superposed epoch analysis), we show that historical droughts and heatwaves reduced European cereal yields on average by 9% and 7.3%, respectively, associated with a wide range of responses (inter-quartile range +2% to \u221223%; +2% to \u221217%). Non-cereal yields declined by 3.8% and 3.1% during the same set of events. Cold waves led to cereal and non-cereal yield declines by 1.3% and 2.6%, while flood impacts were marginal and not statistically significant. Production losses are largely driven by yield declines, with no significant changes in harvested area. While all four event frequencies significantly increased over time, the severity of heatwave and drought impacts on crop production roughly tripled over the last 50 years, from \u22122.2% (1964\u20131990) to \u22127.3% (1991\u20132015). Drought-related cereal production losses are shown to intensify by more than 3% yr\u22121. Both the trend in frequency and severity can possibly be explained by changes in the vulnerability of the exposed system and underlying climate change impacts.", "labels": [9], "labels_text": ["Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 14821075, "title": "Accurate Spatial Resolution Estimates for Reactive Supersonic Flow with Detailed Chemistry", "abstract": "Ar obust method is developed and used to provide rational estimates of reaction zone thicknesses in onedimensional steady gas-phase detonations in mixtures of inviscid ideal reacting gases whose chemistry is described by detailed kinetics of the interactions of N molecular species constituted from L atomic elements. The conservation principles are cast as a set of algebraic relations giving pressure, temperature, density, velocity, and L species mass fractions as functions of the remaining N\u2010L species mass fractions. These are used to recast the N\u2010L species evolution equations as a self-contained system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations of the form dYi/dx = fi (Y1 ,..., YN\u2010L). These equations are numerically integrated from a shock to an equilibrium end state. The eigenvalues of the Jacobian of fi are calculated at every point in space, and their reciprocals give local estimates of all length scales. Application of the method to the standard problem of a stoichiometric Chapman\u2010Jouguet hydrogen\u2010air detonation in a mixture with ambient pressure of 1 atm and temperature of 298 K reveals that the finest length scale is on the order of 10 \u22125 cm; this is orders of magnitude smaller than both the induction zone length, 10 \u22122 cm, and the overall reaction zone length, 10 0 cm. To achieve numerical stability and convergence of the solution at a rate consistent with the order of accuracy of the numerical method as the spatial grid is refined, it is shown that one must employ a grid with a finer spatial discretization than the smallest physical length scale. It is shown that published results of detonation structures predicted by models with detailed kinetics are typically underresolved by one to five orders of magnitude.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 23312089, "title": "A Developmental Model of Vulnerability to Suicide: Consistency with Some Recurrent Findings", "abstract": "Converging evidence from family, twin, adoption, brain biochemistry, and nuclear biological studies suggests that vulnerability to suicide may be genetically determined. Secondly, there is evidence that the predisposition to suicide remains latent until it becomes activated during puberty. Thirdly, for a suicide attempt to occur, the activated predisposition must be triggered by a stressor. This three-stage developmental model is shown to be consistent with some major demographic, epidemiological, and other correlates of suicide.", "labels": [21], "labels_text": ["Psychology"]}, {"corpus_id": 159195169, "title": "No. 29883. Federal Republic of Germany and Turkey", "abstract": "", "labels": [20], "labels_text": ["Political science"]}, {"corpus_id": 118769240, "title": "Character correspondences induced by magic representations", "abstract": "Let G be a finite group, K a normal subgroup of G and H a subgroup such that G = HK, and set L = H \\cap K. Suppose \\theta \\in Irr K and \\phi \\in Irr L, and \\phi\\ occurs in \\theta_L with multiplicity n > 0. A projective representation of degree n on H/L is defined in this situation; if this representation is ordinary, it yields a bijection between Irr(G | \\theta) and Irr(H | \\phi). The behavior of fields of values and Schur indices under this bijection is described. A modular version of the main result is proved. We show that the theory applies if n and the order of H/L are coprime. Finally, assume that P <= G is a p-group with P \\cap K = 1 and PK normal in G, that H = N_G(P), and that \\theta\\ and \\phi\\ belong to blocks of p-defect zero which are Brauer correspondents with respect to the group P. Then every block of F_p[G] or Q_p[G] lying over \\theta\\ is Morita-equivalent to its Brauer correspondent with respect to P. This strengthens a result of Turull [Above the Glauberman correspondence, Advances in Math. 217 (2008), 2170--2205].", "labels": [16], "labels_text": ["Mathematics"]}, {"corpus_id": 122270457, "title": "\u00dcber die Bestimmung des Widerstandsgesetzes kleiner Goldkugeln von der Gr\u00f6\u00dfenordnung 1 bis 2.10\u22125cm in Gasen", "abstract": "ZusammenfassungEs wurden nach der Evakuierungsmethode Goldteilchen im Ehrenhaftschen Kondensator untersucht, und es ergab sich ein f\u00fcr diese Teilchen g\u00fcltiges Widerstandsgesetz. Die auf diese Weise ermittelten A2 \u03c3 weisen normale Werte auf; aus dieser Tatsache wird auf die Kugelgestalt der Teilchen und auf eine normale Dichte derselben geschlossen. Die elektrischen Ladungen ergeben Unterschreitungen des Elementarquantums und erreichen einen h\u00f6chsten Wert von 3,96. 10\u221210 elst. Einh. und einen tiefsten von 1,04. 10\u221210 elst. Einh.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 222336739, "title": "O minotauro imperial : a burocratiza\u00e7\u00e3o do estado patrimonial brasileiro no s\u00e9culo XIX", "abstract": "", "labels": [12], "labels_text": ["History"]}, {"corpus_id": 201845409, "title": "Evaluate the Fatigue Life of CFRC Subjected to Coupled Thermo\u2013Mechanical Loading", "abstract": "Mechanical properties of composites manufactured by high-temperature polymer polyether ether ketone (PEEK) with continuous reinforced fibers are closely dependent on ambient temperature variations. In order to effectively study fatigue failure behaviors of composites under the coupled thermo\u2013mechanical loading, a well-established microscopic model based on a representative volume element (RVE) is proposed in this paper. Stiffness degradation behaviors of the composite laminates at room and elevated temperatures are firstly investigated, and their failure strengths are compared with experimental data. To describe the fatigue behaviors of composites with respect to complex external loading and ambient temperature variations, a new fatigue equation is proposed. A good consistency between theoretical results and experimental data was found in the cases. On this basis, the temperature cycling effects on the service life of composites are also discussed. Microscopic stress distributions of the RVE are also discussed to reveal their fatigue failure mechanisms.", "labels": [15], "labels_text": ["Materials science"]}, {"corpus_id": 39187325, "title": "Does proactive biodiversity conservation save costs?", "abstract": "Ecologists usually argue for a proactive approach to species conservation\u2014it should start before a species is endangered and under substantial risk of extinction. In reality, however, conservation often only starts when species populations are already in a critical state. This may be the result of a policy process in which those actors who see only little or no benefits from conserving species try to delay conservation as long as possible to avoid its cost. A frequent consequence is that populations decline to critical levels so that once conservation policies set in due to legal obligations, political pressure or any other reason, additional conservation measures are required to re-establish the populations. We show that the costs associated with this policy process may be higher than those of a proactive policy. This is somewhat surprising because the costs of maintaining populations at a level at which they are not endangered may occur over a longer period. However, the costs of bringing species populations back to those levels may be so high that they outweigh the costs of the proactive approach. We develop simple cost functions that capture the main economic and ecological parameters relevant to our argument and apply them for an assessment of the costs of common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) conservation in the region of Mannheim, Germany. We find that a proactive approach would have saved between \u20ac17.2 and \u20ac36.4\u00a0mn compared to the existing policy where conservation was delayed until legal requirements forced local policy makers to implement a comprehensive hamster protection programme.", "labels": [9], "labels_text": ["Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 3995416, "title": "Access Strategies in Packet Mobile Radio Data Networks", "abstract": "Abstract This paper examines alternative shared channel access procedures for mobile packet radio data/voice systems. Natural pauses in speech allow the possibility of bandwidth savings through interleaving of talkspurts from many sources, as is done in packet data systems. The acceptability of such schemes lies in the resulting performance level; inevitable degradation through delay and blocking should be small. Access procedures are outlined for a two hop virtual circuit in which a fixed base station acts as a relay transmitter. Analysis shows that a reduction of 30\u201335% in bandwidth requirements can be obtained without serious performance loss.", "labels": [5], "labels_text": ["Computer science"]}, {"corpus_id": 124195788, "title": "SUMS OF PRODUCTS OF SOME ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS ON THE SEMIGROUP GK", "abstract": "Let K be an algebraic number field of degree n over the rational number field Q. Denote by GK the multiplicative semigroup of all non-zero integral ideals of K. We shall use n for non-zero integral ideals and p for the prime ideals in GKThe norm of an dement of GK will be denoted by N (n). For the algebraic background the reader may consult NEUKIRCH [9]. Let / and F be two functions defined on GK satisfying some conditions. GRYT CZ UK [5, 6] and W u [13] studied the following functions", "labels": [18], "labels_text": ["Philosophy"]}, {"corpus_id": 143186743, "title": "A ATIVIDADE F\u00cdSICA EM ADOLESCENTES DE DIFERENTES N\u00cdVEIS S\u00d3CIO-ECON\u00d4MICOS", "abstract": "The purpose of this study was to analyze the scholar Habitual Physical Activity of different social economic levels belonging to the Londrina Public High School, Parana State, Brasil. The sample was selected randomly involving 95 adolescents, with 17,6 (\u00b10,7) years of age. The physical activity level (PAL) was analyzed through the Habitual Physical Activity from PATE (1988), and the social economic level (SEL) by the Brazilian Association of Market Research -ABIPEME Questionnaire. The Descriptive statistics, Spearman Correlation Coefficient (r), and the Student \u201ct\u201d Test were used in the analysis of the study variables. A high proportion of adolescents was classified as moderately active and very active physically (59%), and the SEL did not influence in the PAL (p < 0,05) between economic classes. The C class presented a higher proportion in the categories moderately active and very active in relation to the B and A classes. However, 41% of adolescents were classified as inactive and less active, have a greater proportion in the A and B classes.", "labels": [7], "labels_text": ["Education"]}, {"corpus_id": 90876693, "title": "\u6790\u51fa\u3068\u30dc\u30a4\u30c9\u6392\u9664\u9670\u30a4\u30aa\u30f3\u4ea4\u63db\u30af\u30ed\u30de\u30c8\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u3068\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u3057\u305f\u30af\u30ed\u30de\u30c1\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d30\u80de\u57f9\u990a\u6e05\u6f84\u5316\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u305f\u30e2\u30ce\u30af\u30ed\u30fc\u30ca\u30eb\u6297\u4f53\u7523\u751f\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u7c21\u5358\u3067\u52b9\u7387\u7684\u306a\u7cbe\u88fd\u30d7\u30e9\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e0\u3010Powered by NICT\u3011", "abstract": "", "labels": [2, 8], "labels_text": ["Biology", "Engineering"]}, {"corpus_id": 143993590, "title": "Epidemic (Lethargic) Encephalitis: Cultural and Experimental Studies; Preliminary Communication. (Arch. of Neur. and Psychiat., February, 1921.) Thalhimer, W.", "abstract": "", "labels": [17, 21], "labels_text": ["Medicine", "Psychology"]}, {"corpus_id": 98642721, "title": "Consecutive Online Separation and Determination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Phthalate Esters and Bisphenol A in Human Serum by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry", "abstract": "Abstract A method was developed for the consecutive online separation of several environmental estrogens, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), phthalate esters (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BPA), in human serum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After denaturation of protein by concentrated hydrochloride acid, extraction by ether, separation by silica flash chromatograph, several group components including PBDEs, PAEs and BPA in human serum were separated and purified. Then these group components were detected by GC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode. The standard calibration curves of PBDEs, PAEs and BPA were linear over the assayed range with correlation coefficients equal or higher than 0.99. The detection limitations of the targeted compounds ranged from 0.005 to 0.048 \u03bcg L\u22121 for PBDEs, 0.103-0.833 \u03bcg L\u22121 for PAEs, and 0.035 \u03bcg L\u22121 for BPA. In standard duplicated samples, the relative standard deviations were 2.8%-10.9% for PBDEs, 5.6%\u22129.9% for PAEs, and 3.0% for BPA. The surrogate recoveries in these 7 samples ranged from 74.8% to 88.5% for PCB-209 (polychloride diphenyl ether 209) in PBDEs, from 78.7% to 97.0% for DBP-D4 (dibutyl phthalate-deutorium 4) in PAEs, and from 76.3 % to 93.1% for BPA-D16 (Bisphenol A-Deutorium 16) in BPA, respectively. This method for detecting multiple environmental estrogens in human serum is sensitive, high reproducible with satisfied recoveries.", "labels": [4], "labels_text": ["Chemistry"]}, {"corpus_id": 84948416, "title": "Biomechanical Properties of the Gastrocnemius Tendon in Broilers Experimentally Infected with Avian Reovirus", "abstract": "The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship of infection with S1133 avian reovirus to tendon integrity in male broilers. Reovirus-infected broilers had histopathological lesions consisting initially of a light infiltrate of heterophils and a more diffuse infiltrate of lymphocytes in the peritendenal tissues and tendon sheath. Subsequently, the lymphocytic infiltrate extended to the epitenon and tendon proper with fibrosis at 10, 14, and 18 weeks post-infection (PI). Ruptured tendons were present at necropsy in 12 of 26 fourteen-week-old infected birds and in 7 of 26 eighteen-week-old infected birds. At six weeks PI, the gastrocnemius tendon of infected birds had significantly (P = 0.05) lower bioyield and ultimate tensile strength than the controls. At 10 and 18 weeks of age, the gastrocnemius tendons of infected birds that had gross tendon lesions had significantly (P = 0.05) lower bioyield and ultimate tensile strength than both the controls and infected birds without gross tendon lesions. The gastrocnemius tendons of infected broilers tended to have a greater resistance to stretch than the controls and were significantly (P = 0.05) more resistant to stretch at 18 weeks.", "labels": [0], "labels_text": ["Agricultural and Food sciences"]}, {"corpus_id": 18709729, "title": "An SEIQR model for childhood diseases", "abstract": "It has been shown that the inclusion of an isolated class in the classical SIR model for childhood diseases can be responsible for self-sustained oscillations. Hence, the recurrent outbreaks of such diseases can be caused by autonomous, deterministic factors. We extend the model to include a latent class (i.e. individuals who are infected with the disease, but are not yet able to pass the disease to others) and study the resulting dynamics. The existence of Hopf bifurcations is shown for the model, as well as a homoclinic bifurcation for a perturbation to the model. For historical data on scarlet fever in England, our model agrees with the epidemiological data much more closely than the model without the latent class. For other childhood diseases, our model suggests that isolation is unlikely to be a major factor in sustained oscillations.", "labels": [2, 16], "labels_text": ["Biology", "Mathematics"]}, {"corpus_id": 204481158, "title": "\u201cWeil es ein Zierlich vnd lieblich ja Nobilitiert Instrument ist\u201d: Der Resonanzraum der Laute und die musikalische Repr\u00e4sentation am Wolfenb\u00fctteler Herzogshof 1580\u20131625. Sigrid Wirth. Wolfenb\u00fctteler Abhandlungen zur Renaissanceforschung 34. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2017. 384 pp. \u20ac92.", "abstract": "sounds. Taking readers through the time spaces of historic houses, churches, theaters, and city streets, the essays collected here capture the multifaceted dimensions of early modern aurality, providing perhaps the most significant collection of essays to date on the subject of sound in early modern cities. The volume does not only offer a varied sampling of current approaches to historical soundscapes but also sketches valuable directions in which to take future scholarship. An important contribution to broader scholarly trajectories exploring the multisensorial experiences of early modern worlds, it promises to become essential reading for all those who wish to embark on historical soundscape studies.", "labels": [12], "labels_text": ["History"]}, {"corpus_id": 29281357, "title": "Trajectory matching of ozonesondes and MOZAIC measurements in the UTLS \u2013 Part 2: Application to the global ozonesonde network", "abstract": "Abstract. Both balloon-borne electrochemical ozonesondes and MOZAIC (measurements of ozone, water vapour, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides by in-service Airbus aircraft) provide very valuable data sets for ozone studies in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS). Although MOZAIC's highly accurate UV-photometers are regularly inspected and recalibrated annually, recent analyses cast some doubt on the long-term stability of their ozone analysers. To investigate this further, we perform a 16 yr comparison (1994\u20132009) of UTLS ozone measurements from balloon-borne ozonesondes and MOZAIC. The analysis uses fully three-dimensional trajectories computed from ERA-Interim (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-analysis) wind fields to find matches between the two measurement platforms. Although different sensor types (Brewer-Mast and Electrochemical Concentration Cell ozonesondes) were used, most of the 28 launch sites considered show considerable differences of up to 25% compared to MOZAIC in the mid-1990s, followed by a systematic tendency to smaller differences of around 5\u201310% in subsequent years. The reason for the difference before 1998 remains unclear, but observations from both sondes and MOZAIC require further examination to be reliable enough for use in robust long-term trend analyses starting before 1998. According to our analysis, ozonesonde measurements at tropopause altitudes appear to be rather insensitive to changing the type of the Electrochemical Concentration Cell ozonesonde, provided the cathode sensing solution strength remains unchanged. Scoresbysund (Greenland) showed systematically 5% higher readings after changing from Science Pump Corporation sondes to ENSCI Corporation sondes, while a 1.0% KI cathode electrolyte was retained.", "labels": [9], "labels_text": ["Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 2746410, "title": "A Sparse-Interpolated Scheme for Implementing Adaptive Volterra Filters", "abstract": "In most practical applications, the major drawback for using adaptive Volterra filters is the large number of coefficients to cope with. Several research works discussing strategies to reduce the computational burden of these structures have been presented in the open literature. For such, a common approach has been the use of some type of sparseness in Volterra filter kernels. In this work, a sparse-interpolated approach, with the interpolation having the purpose of recreating (in an approximate way) the elements disregarded for obtaining sparse kernels, is presented and discussed. Thus, for the adaptive sparse-interpolated Volterra filter, coefficient update expressions considering both least-mean-square (LMS) and normalized LMS (NLMS) algorithms are derived by using a constrained approach. In general, the proposed strategy outperforms other sparse schemes in terms of the tradeoff between computational complexity and mean-square error (MSE) performance, as shown through numerical simulations.", "labels": [8], "labels_text": ["Engineering"]}, {"corpus_id": 143660080, "title": "On the Methods of Examining the Conditioned Food Reflexes in Children and in Mental Disorders. (Brain, June, 1927.) Ivanov-Smolensky, A. G.", "abstract": "", "labels": [17, 21], "labels_text": ["Medicine", "Psychology"]}, {"corpus_id": 129241820, "title": "Observations on Stream Discharge and Competence at Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley, California", "abstract": "", "labels": [11], "labels_text": ["Geology"]}, {"corpus_id": 150576444, "title": "Certain Leaseback Transactions Invite IRS Scrutiny", "abstract": "Giving or selling income-producing property to children provides opportunities for family tax savings, but only if the transactions can withstand Internal Revenue Service scrutiny. Like family loans and loan guarantees, the IRS almost always will challenge the substance of such transactions. This article examines gift-leaseback and sale-leaseback transactions among family members and offers suggestions to avoid IRS attacks. GIFT-LEASEBACK TRANSACTIONS A gift-leaseback of income-producing property to children usually is structured to help donors * Shift high-bracket income to lowbracket children over 13 years of age. * Continue to manage a property and collect rents as the children's guardian. * Deduct rent payments made to themselves as the children's guardian. * Create a source of funds from the rental income to pay for a variety of items for the children, such as education. * Immunize the gift properties from possible estate tax through lifetime transfers. A typical gift-leaseback arrangement structured with these objectives in mind might go like this: Jason Smith purchased a building several years ago for his business at a cost of $487,500. The building's depreciated basis is $437,500 with an annual depreciation deduction of $12,500 (39-year life, no salvage value, straight-line depreciation). Assuming a fair rental value for the building of $20,000 annually, Smith can get a larger deduction by transferring the building to a trust and then leasing it from the trust at the fair rental value ($20,000 rent deduction versus $12,500 depreciation deduction). Smith structures the trust arrangement so the trust period is 12 years; the trust's net income is payable to his daughter, Mary, who is over 13 years of age and whom Smith is not legally obligated to support. The trust instrument requires the trustee to build up a depreciation reserve at the rate of $12,500 per year; the building will go to Smith's son, Albert, when the trust terminates at the end of 12 years. What has Smith accomplished? The $20,000 of rent will be divided between the trust and Smith's daughter. The trust will escrow $12,500 each year as a depreciation reserve and thus will pay no tax on this amount. Mary will receive and pay taxes on the remaining $7,500 each year (a total of $90,000 over the 12-year period) - less than her father would have paid in his higher tax bracket. At the end of 12 years, Smith's son will receive the building with an adjusted basis of $287,500 ($437,500 less depreciation of $12,500 for each of 12 years). Albert also will receive the $150,000 built up as a depreciation reserve (on which no income taxes have been paid). All of these tax benefits are realized while keeping the property in the immediate family. IRS CHALLENGE The IRS generally uses one or more arguments to challenge family gift-leaseback transactions such as the Smith's. * The donor maintains an equity interest in the property. * The transaction lacks a business purpose or defies economic reality. * The trustee is not independent. * The donor fails to transfer a sufficient property interest. If the courts uphold an IRS challenge to Jason Smith's gift-leaseback transaction, Smith would lose the annual rental deduction and thus may have to increase his taxable income by $20,000. Denial of the rental deduction does not automatically lead to Smith's including the trust's income in his because different standards determine eligibility for the deduction. Smith's daughter will either pay tax on the $7,500 the trust distributes to her if the arrangement is upheld, or will treat it as a gift. To ensure Smith's intentions are realized, he obviously should be prepared to counter each of the IRS's expected arguments. Fortunately, except for the business purpose test, the courts have been fairly consistent in showing what will and will not counter each argument. \u2026", "labels": [3], "labels_text": ["Business"]}, {"corpus_id": 85963959, "title": "Environmental and genetic control of crassulacean acid metabolism in two crassulacean species and an F1 hybrid with differing biomass \u03b413C values", "abstract": "Abstract The growth, biomass \u03b413C values, and ability to accumulate titratable acidity at night were compared in eight environmental treatments for Cremnophila linguifolia, Sedum greggii, and their F1 hybrid. In the phytotron, differences in treatment daylength, day/night temperature and water availability were all found to have effects on total plant dry weight, nocturnal accumulation of titratable acidity and biomass \u03b413C value of at least some of the genotypes. However, there were differences between the genotypes both in the magnitude and direction of response of the phenotypic properties to the treatment variables. The phytotron \u03b413C values ranged from -12.9 to -19.2\u2030 for C. linguifolia, from -22.2 to -33.4\u2030 for S. greggii, and from -19.2 to -24.9\u2030 for the hybrid. After with-holding water for 76 h both C. linguifolia and the hybrid had midday \u03a8leaf values of -0.23 MPa; however, S. greggii had a value of -1.05 MPa. In contrast to past observations of other species, the daily watered plants of C. linguifolia had less negative \u03b413C values than did the plants watered only weekly.", "labels": [9], "labels_text": ["Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 11987044, "title": "Domain II plays a crucial role in the function of ribosome recycling factor.", "abstract": "RRF (ribosome recycling factor) consists of two domains, and in concert with EF-G (elongation factor-G), triggers dissociation of the post-termination ribosomal complex. However, the function of the individual domains of RRF remains unclear. To clarify this, two RRF chimaeras, EcoDI/TteDII and TteDI/EcoDII, were created by domain swaps between the proteins from Escherichia coli and Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis. The ribosome recycling activity of the RRF chimaeras was compared with their wild-type RRFs by using in vivo and in vitro activity assays. Like wild-type TteRRF (T. tengcongensis RRF), the EcoDI/TteDII chimaera is non-functional in E. coli, but both wild-type TteRRF, and EcoDI/TteDII can be activated by coexpression of T. tengcongensis EF-G in E. coli. By contrast, like wild-type E. coli RRF (EcoRRF), TteDI/EcoDII is fully functional in E. coli. These findings suggest that domain II of RRF plays a crucial role in the concerted action of RRF and EF-G for the post-termination complex disassembly, and the specific interaction between RRF and EF-G on ribosomes mainly depends on the interaction between domain II of RRF and EF-G. This study provides direct genetic and biochemical evidence for the function of the individual domains of RRF.", "labels": [2, 5], "labels_text": ["Biology", "Computer science"]}, {"corpus_id": 120499848, "title": "Indiumantimonid mit gerichtet eingebauten, elektrisch gut leitenden Einschl\u00fcssen: System InSb-NiSb", "abstract": "ZusammenfassungNiSb l\u00f6st sich in geschmolzenem InSb bei gen\u00fcgend hohen Temperaturen unter Bildung einer homogenen Schmelze. L\u00e4\u00dft man diese erstarren, so erh\u00e4lt man ein zweiphasiges Material. Bei gerichteter Kristallisation oder beim Zonenschmelzen von InSb mit 1,8 Gew.-% NiSb bildet sich ein Eutektikum, in dem sich das NiSb in Form von durchschnittlich etwa 50 \u03bc langen Nadeln von etwa 1 \u03bc Durchmesser ausscheidet. Die L\u00e4ngsachsen der NiSb-Nadeln sind parallel zur Erstarrungsrichtung angeordnet. Die elektrischen Eigenschaften des Eutektikums sind stark anisotrop. Bei zueinander senkrechten Orientierungen von Strom, Magnetfeld und NiSb-Nadeln erh\u00f6ht sich bei 10000 Gau\u00df und Zimmertemperatur der elektrische Widerstand bis auf den zwanzigfachen Wert. Da von der im Prozentbereich vorhandenen NiSb-Phase keine Dotierung des InSb erfolgt, l\u00e4\u00dft sich durch Zugabe von Tellur zur Schmelze die Leitf\u00e4higkeit beliebig einstellen.F\u00fcr das Studium der physikalischen Eigenschaften von Halbleitern sowie f\u00fcr Bauelemente in der Technik w\u00fcnscht man Kristalle mit einem definierten Gehalt an Fremdatomen als Donatoren, Akzeptoren, Rekombinationszentren oder Haftstellen. Unabh\u00e4ngig davon, welche Methode man f\u00fcr die Herstellung der Kristalle w\u00e4hlt, ist es nicht m\u00f6glich, eine vollkommen statistische Verteilung der Fremdatome zu erhalten. Inhomogenit\u00e4ten verursachen unerw\u00fcnschte Effekte wie schlechte Kennlinien bei Gleichrichtern und Transistoren oder eine anisotrope Widerstands\u00e4nderung im Magnetfeld bei Substanzen mit hoher Elektronenbeweglichkeit der Ladungstr\u00e4ger. Inhomogenit\u00e4ten existieren beispielsweise in der Form von periodisch angeordneten Schichten im Kristall, in denen Fremdatome angereichert sind. Inhomogenit\u00e4ten sind deshalb unerw\u00fcnscht, weil sie im allgemeinen auch als Inhomogenit\u00e4ten nicht definiert sind und beim Herstellen der Kristalle nicht reproduzierbar beherrscht werden.Die ausgepr\u00e4gteste Art von Inhomogenit\u00e4ten zeigen Halbleiter mit Einschl\u00fcssen von zweiten Phasen, die im Grundmaterial nicht l\u00f6slich sind. Hier kann man in gewissen F\u00e4llen definierte anisotrope Strukturen herstellen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird am Beispiel des Eutektikums InSb-NiSb gezeigt, da\u00df der gerichtete Einbau elektrisch sehr gut leitender Phasen in einen Halbleiter mit hoher Elektronenbeweglichkeit zu interessanten anisotropen elektrischen Eigenschaften f\u00fchrt.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 111873395, "title": "FIRE RESISTANCE LIMIT AND SAFETY ANALYSIS OF STEEL FRAME ASSEMBLIES", "abstract": "Based on the upper bound theorem, the fire resistance limit of steel frames in petrochemical equipments is studied. In the study, the fundamental collapse mechanisms are assumed to be superposed, and the nonlinear programming method is used. Both two-dimensional frame structures and three-dimensional frame structures are analyzed, and computer programs are developed with FORTRAN. The comparison with the experimental results shows that the proposed method is simple and efficient. It can be used in fire design of steel frame assemblies.", "labels": [8], "labels_text": ["Engineering"]}, {"corpus_id": 36131281, "title": "Ect and cerebral damage.", "abstract": "", "labels": [17, 21], "labels_text": ["Medicine", "Psychology"]}, {"corpus_id": 140799284, "title": "Psychological Sense of Community in University Classrooms: Do Achievement Goal Orientations Matter?", "abstract": "Studies of Psychological Sense of Community (PSOC) have been conducted in association with various settings, and evidence has shown the impact of PSOC in local neighborhoods and communities, community organizations, and industrial organizations. On the other hand, relatively little is known about the effect of PSOC in student learning situations--more specifically, achievement goal orientations (AGO) in the university settings. This study examined how different types and degrees of AOO were predictive of PSOC in university classrooms. Responses from 1801 college students recruited from 92 classes were analyzed via multilevel regression models. Results indicated that the mastery-approach and performance-approach goals had positive relations with PSOC. A negative relationship was found between the mastery-avoidance goal and PSOC. ********** Psychological sense of community (PSOC) is important in promoting the well-being of both individuals and communities. Because of its relevance in understanding human behavior embedded in ecological and cultural contexts, PSOC has become one of the core factors in explaining the relationship among individuals, communities, and societies. Past studies of PSOC have been conducted in association with various settings and levels and examined the impact of PSOC in neighborhoods and local communities (e.g., Chavis & Wandersman, 1990; Perkins, Florin, Rich, Wandersman, & Chavis, 1990), community organizations (e.g., Hughey, Speer, & Peterson, 1999), and industrial organizations (e.g., Pretty, Conroy, Dugay, Fowler, & Williams, 1996). These studies have advanced the understanding of communities and other extraindividual phenomena that are known to promote the well-being of individuals. However, little attention has been paid to the impact of PSOC on student learning (e.g., Ames, 1992). Because relatively little is known about how PSOC in the university classroom is created, and how it can be influenced by the students' individual learning goals, it is important to understand the relationship between PSOC and students' learning goals. The role of extraindividual processes, such as the learning environment and classroom communities (e.g., Ames, 1992; Church, Elliot, & Gable, 2001), in their learning experiences can thus be clarified. The main purpose of this study is to examine the differential roles of students' achievement goals on PSOC in the university settings. Psychological Sense of Community PSOC generally refers to \"interdependent with others, a willingness to maintain this interdependence by giving to or doing for others what one expects from them, the feeling that one is part of a larger dependable and stable structure\" (Sarason, 1974, p. 157). PSOC is seen as an intraindividual or a psychological resource that one can obtain from the structures and functions that exist extraindividually. Note that the word community does not appear in the definition, but rather such concepts as interdependence and dependable and stable structure refer to characteristics of the community. PSOC can thus be experienced by not only individuals in relationship to a particular geographical community (e.g., neighborhoods and cities) but also in many types of relational or functional communities (e.g., school settings and work environments). Adapting the above definition, the construct of PSOC was specified and a series of psychological instruments were developed (e.g., Chavis, Hogge, McMillan, & Wandersman, 1986; Perkins et al., 1990). Because communities can be determined either locally or relationally, the boundaries by which a certain community is defined are not of central concern (Dalton, Elias, & Wandersman, 2001). Instead, the psychological experiences of individuals about extraindividual phenomena are most relevant when forming the construct of PSOC. By following Sarason's (1974) formulation, in particular, McMillan & Chavis (1986) developed a 4-factor model of PSOC defined as \"a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that members matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members' needs will be met though their commitment to be together\" (p. \u2026", "labels": [7], "labels_text": ["Education"]}, {"corpus_id": 120552883, "title": "The Small Sample Distribution of $n\\omega^2_n$", "abstract": "", "labels": [16], "labels_text": ["Mathematics"]}, {"corpus_id": 97675650, "title": "Photoluminescence Wavelength Control of Fluorene Derivatives through H-bonding and Protonation", "abstract": "A fluorene monomer, which comprised 4-pyridylcyanovinyl groups (FL-CNPy), was synthesized, and the photoluminescence (PL) properties of FL-CNPy combined with various (di)acids were evaluated. Due to hydrogen (H)-bonding or protonation between the pyridine end groups and acids, the PL emission maxima varied from 460 to 557 nm according to the acidity (pK a ) and type of (di)acid. Additionally, adjusting the ratio of FL-CNPy/(di)acid tuned the PL emission wavelength without modifying the materials.", "labels": [4], "labels_text": ["Chemistry"]}, {"corpus_id": 222581302, "title": "Proclamas y Discursos del Libertador", "abstract": "", "labels": [12], "labels_text": ["History"]}, {"corpus_id": 15924193, "title": "SPring-8 BL41XU, a high-flux macromolecular crystallography beamline", "abstract": "SPring-8 BL41XU provides a high-flux X-ray beam of size 10\u201350\u2005\u00b5m, and enables high-quality diffraction data to be obtained from various types of protein crystals. Details of this beamline and an upgrade project are described.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 98723285, "title": "Synthesis of (1R,4R,5S)-(+)-Acoradiene, the Structure Proposed for the Aggregation Pheromone of the Broad-Horned Flour Beetle", "abstract": "", "labels": [4], "labels_text": ["Chemistry"]}, {"corpus_id": 98437075, "title": "Charge trapping and built-in field studies in electroreflectance of a GaAs structure", "abstract": "A form of contactless electroreflectance, vacuum electroreflectance (VER), is used to quantitatively compare photoreflectance (PR) with electroreflectance (ER). It is found that the amplitude of the VER signal for a given applied modulation taken under CW laser illumination drastically decreases with increasing laser intensity. This new effect is studied as a function of frequency, and is explained in terms of the screening of the a.c. applied field by the surface charge, due to the presence of extra charge carriers in the depletion region. This effect is not present in contact forms of ER. It is also shown from a systematic comparison of PR and VER data that even for the lowest laser intensities which give an observable PR signal, the nature of the modulation in PR lowers the measured built-in field by an amount well outside the uncertainties in the determination of the field.", "labels": [15], "labels_text": ["Materials science"]}, {"corpus_id": 123104502, "title": "Zur Dynamischen Theorie der R\u00f6ntgenstrahlinterferenzen am nicht eben begrenzten Idealkristall (Zylinder und Kugel)", "abstract": "Scattering of a plane wave (X-ray) from cylinder and sphere with perfect grating is treated by means of an integrodifferential equation. Approximate formulas for the scattered power are derived.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 20925295, "title": "Induction of CXC chemokines in A549 airway epithelial cells by trypsin and staphylococcal proteases\u2003\u2212\u2003a possible route for neutrophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis", "abstract": "While various microorganisms have been recovered from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, the inflammatory impact of virulence factors, in particular proteases from Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci on the nasal epithelium, has not yet been investigated. Expression of CXC chemokines was determined in the epithelium of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis by immunohistochemistry. In a cell culture system of A549 respiratory epithelial cells, chemokine levels were quantified by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after stimulation with supernatants originating from three different staphylococcal strains or with trypsin, representing a serine protease. Inhibition experiments were performed with prednisolone, with the serine protease inhibitor 4\u2010(2\u2010aminoethyl)\u2010benzenesulphonylfluoride (AEBSF) and with the nuclear transcription factor (NF)\u2010\u03ba\u0392 inhibitor (2E)\u20103\u2010[[4\u2010(1,1\u2010dimethylethyl)phenyl]sulphonyl]\u20102\u2010propenenitrite (BAY) 11\u20137085. Electromobility shift assays (EMSA) were used to demonstrate NF\u2010\u03baB\u2010dependent protein synthesis. CXC chemokines interleukin (IL)\u20108, growth\u2010related oncogene alpha (GRO\u2010\u03b1) and granulocyte chemotactic protein\u20102 (GCP\u20102) were expressed in the patients\u2019 epithelium whereas epithelial cell\u2010derived neutrophil attractant 78 (ENA\u201078) was rarely detected. In A549 cells, chemokines IL\u20108, ENA\u201078 and GRO\u2010\u03b1 but not GCP\u20102 were induced by trypsin and almost equal levels were induced by staphylococcal supernatants. IL\u20108, GRO\u2010\u03b1 and ENA\u201078 synthesis was suppressed almost completely by AEBSF and BAY 11\u20137085, whereas prednisolone reduced chemokine levels differentially dependent on the supernatant added. CXC chemokines were detectable in the epithelium of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Staphylococcal serine proteases induced CXC chemokines in A549 cells, probably by the activation of proteases activated receptors, and thus might potentially be involved in neutrophilic inflammation in chronic sinusitis.", "labels": [2, 17], "labels_text": ["Biology", "Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 30280727, "title": "The pathogenesis and significance of the urinary alcohol cycle in rats fed ethanol intragastrically.", "abstract": "The blood alcohol level cycle (BALC) of the intragastric tube feeding model first described by Tsukamoto et al., has three separate essential mechanistic components. The first is the requirement for an intact functioning thyroid. The evidence for this is that propylthiouracil or severance of the pituitary stalk completely prevents the cycle. What happens instead of the cycle is that the blood alcohol level rises to a lethal level when ethanol is given continuously at a dose of 11 g/kg/day by stomach tube. When excess thyroid hormone is given orally it markedly attenuates the cycle because it interferes with the changes in the level of thyroid hormone during the cycle. The second component is norepinephrine. Catecholamines are markedly elevated at the peaks of the cycle. Both propranolol and phenoxybenzamine, which are beta- and alpha-blockers, prevent the cycle. Also, when catecholamines are fed in excess in the form of ephedrine, the cycle is eliminated. The third element essential to the cycle is the generation of NAD to support the oxidation of alcohol by alcohol dehydrogenase. When complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain is inhibited by feeding rotenone, the cycle is totally eliminated and blood alcohol levels remain constant at 200 mg/%. Thus NADH increases and NAD decreases at the peak of the cycle. Without the fluxuation of NAD, ADH activity cannot fluctuate during the cycle and the cycle is prevented. The significance of the BALC in the understanding of alcohol liver disease pathogenesis is that there's a marked difference in the gene expression and liver toxicity when the peaks and troughs of the cycle are compared. The expression of 1000+ genes is either two-fold up or down regulated as determined by microarray analysis. At the peaks there is increased liver pathology, especially inflammatory changes in the liver associated with an increase of iNOS expression. The genes responsive to hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1alpha) regulation are increased including the expression of erythropoietin, adrenomedullin and adrenergic receptor alpha 1a and d. The expression of prolyl hydroxylase, which destabilizes HIF1alpha, increases when the BAL drops to low levels during the cycle. The level of oxygen, as measured on the surface of the liver, is decreased at the peaks, compared to control livers. The NADH/NAD ratio is markedly increased and ATP levels are markedly decreased at the BAL peaks. Also, endotoxin in the blood is very high at the peaks and very low at the troughs. When the blood alcohol levels fall during the cycle, there is an increase in ALT, suggesting that reoxygenation from the hypoxic state at the peaks causes an ischemic reperfusion injury-like lesion in the liver. At this time there is also an increase in expression of many important enzymes such as manganese SOD. Genes such as c-fos and CTGF are increased in expression. These contrasting findings at the peaks and troughs indicate that the blood alcohol levels, which fluctuate up and down, change the gene expression and the pathology of the liver.", "labels": [17], "labels_text": ["Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 145704191, "title": "On the Importance of Self-Determination for Intrinsically-Motivated Behavior", "abstract": "Yoked pairs of subjects solved puzzles such that one member of each pair was given choice about what puzzles to work on and how much time to allot to each, while the yoked subject was assigned the same puzzles and time allotments as those chosen by the first subject. It was predicted and found that subjects who chose the activities and time allotments -in other words, who had additional self-determination--would be more intrinsically motivated than subjects doing the same activity without choice.", "labels": [21], "labels_text": ["Psychology"]}, {"corpus_id": 6393360, "title": "Corrigendum to: \"Convergence analysis of discrete legendre spectral projection methods for hammerstein integral equations of mixed type\" Applied Mathematics and Computation Volume 265, 15 August 2015, Pages 574-601", "abstract": "The authors regret the fact that throughout the paper, we assumed \u2016Q n \u2016 L 2 \u2264 p, where p is a constant independent of n (see estimate (2.45)), which is not true. Although it is true that, \u2016Q n u \u2016 L 2 \u2264 p 1 \u2016 u \u2016 \u221e , where p 1 is a constant independent of n . Since we used \u2016Q n \u2016 L 2 \u2264 p, in the proof of Theorem 3.8, it is not correct to conclude the results of Theorems 3.8 and 3.9. In this corrigendum, we have modified the Theorem 3.8 and provided the result in the infinity norm. To do this, we made an additional assumption that, for j = 1 , 2 , \u2202 j \u2202t j \u03c8 (0 , 1) i (t, x (t)) exists and are Lipschitz continuous in x , i.e., for any x 1 , x 2 \u2208 R , \u2203 d i, 1 , d i, 2 > 0 , i = 1 , 2 , . . . , m such that \u2223\u2223\u2223\u2223 \u2202 j \u2202t j \u03c8 (0 , 1) i (s, x 1 ) \u2212 \u2202 j \u2202t j \u03c8 (0 , 1) i (s, x 2 ) \u2223\u2223\u2223\u2223 \u2264 d i, j | x 1 \u2212 x 2 | , \u2200 s \u2208 [ \u22121 , 1] , j = 1 , 2 , \u2200 s \u2208 [ \u22121 , 1] , and denote l 3 = max i =1 , 2 , ... ,m d i, 1 , l 4 = max i =1 , 2 , ... ,m d i, 2 . To prove the result of Theorem 3.8 in infinity norm, we have modified the", "labels": [16], "labels_text": ["Mathematics"]}, {"corpus_id": 202917663, "title": "Ningaloo Ni\u00f1o/Ni\u00f1a and their regional climate impacts as recorded by corals along the coast of Western Australia", "abstract": "Abstract Ningaloo Nino/Nina is characterized by abnormal warming/cooling of sea surface temperature (SST) along the coast of Western Australia, leading to coastal marine ecosystem disruptions and abnormal climate conditions in the eastern Indian Ocean and Western Australia. Owing to short instrumental records, long-term Ningaloo Nino/Nina variability and its impacts on regional climate are less understood. In this study, coral \u03b418O records with bimonthly resolution from two sites along the Western Australian coast are used to investigate the relationship between coral \u03b418O and local SST. Significant correlations exist between coral \u03b418O and Ningaloo SST with 1-month lag, and thus the former is employed to represent Ningaloo Nino/Nina variability during 1854\u20131993. Coral \u03b418O reveals that the Ningaloo Nino/Nina features interdecadal variations, occurring more frequently in the periods of 1860\u20131890 and 1900\u20131970. Correspondingly, the impacts of Ningaloo Nino/Nina on the northwestern Australian (NWA) rainfall exhibited marked interdecadal variations in the 20th century. Significant correlations between Ningaloo Nino/Nina and NWA rainfall occurred from 1900 to 1970, a period when frequent Ningaloo Nino/Nina events were recorded by coral \u03b418O. An increase in the correlation with rainfall in the recent decades was revealed in the instrumental records. Therefore, our study indicates the potential of using tropical corals to study long-term Ningaloo Nino/Nina variability and their regional impacts.", "labels": [9, 10], "labels_text": ["Environmental science", "Geography"]}, {"corpus_id": 22650947, "title": "Optimizing throughput performance of FMIPv6 over legacy 802.11 networks using iterative scanning", "abstract": "Predictive handover protocols like FMIPv6 have been proposed to provide seamless handover to MNs with minimum handover latency and packet losses. An essential prerequisite of FMIPv6 protocol is the advance discovery of candidate access points while the MN is still connected to its Present Access Router, a process which is carried out by the underlying data link layer protocol. The FMIPv6 standard only specifies the seamless handover operation at the network layer and does not take into consideration the impact of the relevant mechanism, such as the advance access point discovery process, on the overall seamless operation in terms of packet losses. At the data-link layer, the MN may repeatedly preform channel scanning operations to discover the in-range candidate APs. During the scan process, a MN is unable to transmit or receive packets leading to service quality degradation. This paper will analyze the implication of the IEEE 802.11 scanning process, that is carried out in advance to the actual initiation of the FMIPv6 handover process as part of the candidate access points discovery process. The impact of such a scan process is assessed on the overall seamlessness of the FMIPv6 protocol and its impact on the user's QoE. In this regard, an iterative channel scanning solution approach would be described, which has been proposed to offset the adverse affects of 802.11 channel scanning process on the overall seamlessness of the FMIPv6 protocol in a legacy 802.11 network, especially during the candidate AP discovery process. A detailed evaluation of the performance of our proposed scheme will be presented based on extensive simulation analysis.", "labels": [5], "labels_text": ["Computer science"]}, {"corpus_id": 125439831, "title": "Distribution Similarity based Data Partition and Nearest Neighbor Search on Uncertain Data", "abstract": "", "labels": [8], "labels_text": ["Engineering"]}, {"corpus_id": 167730121, "title": "Cut your cost : processing", "abstract": "Various services are required in the different stages of any processing cycle. These include electricity and water supply as well as water treatment. All services and service-related expenditures are direct expenses and the efficient management of these services contributes to a company's bottom line.", "labels": [0], "labels_text": ["Agricultural and Food sciences"]}, {"corpus_id": 163790239, "title": "Opere Scelte.G. M. A. Carrara", "abstract": "", "labels": [12], "labels_text": ["History"]}, {"corpus_id": 154579299, "title": "Middle East Turmoil and Human Rights: How will the \u2018New\u2019 Regimes Expand Civil Liberties", "abstract": "AbstractDuring the spring of 2011, there were a number of significant developments in North Africa and the Middle East. Specifically, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen all experienced levels of civil unrest not seen in more than a generation. Clearly there are cries for democracy and freedom, but what will this mean to groups that have historically been discriminated against or disenfranchised regardless of the type of regime in power? For example, will women fare any better as a result of a new government in Tunisia? Will gays in Cairo find a more tolerant government? Can ethnic or religious minorities in Tripoli endure or flourish? The answers to these questions get to the heart of meaningful transformations in governance structures in MENA states.", "labels": [20], "labels_text": ["Political science"]}, {"corpus_id": 140736711, "title": "Orbital control on Upper Triassic Playa cycles of the Steinmergel-Keuper (Norian): A new concept for ancient playa cycles", "abstract": "Abstract The Norian Steinmergel\u2011Keuper (SMK) represents a low-latitude cyclically-bedded playa system of the Mid-German Basin. We investigated a drilling site (core Morsleben) and sections from marginal positions. Dolomite/red mudstone beds form rhythmic alternations that were associated with varying monsoon activity. Hence, low K/Al ratios of dolomite beds suggest increased chemical weathering of the crystalline hinterland and therefore increased monsoonal rainfall. High K/Al ratios in red mudstone beds reflect increased physical weathering of the hinterlands during dryer periods. Dolomite layers reflect the lake stage (maximum monsoon) while red mudstones indicate the dry phase (minimum monsoon) of the playa cycle. We distinguished five major types of cyclic facies alternations, representing specific facies zones in the playa system. We have implemented spectrophotometry as a tool for high-resolution cyclostratigraphy. The dense sampling increment (up to 1\u00a0cm) allows for the recognition of all orbital frequencies. Sediment colour profiles reveal striking hierarchical cycles from semi-precession (SP, 99\u00a0kyr) over precession (P, 19.8\u00a0kyr) and obliquity (O, 36\u00a0kyr) to eccentricity (E1-2 109\u00a0kyr; E3, 413\u00a0kyr). A significant \u223c 2\u00a0Myr-signal is attributed to the longer-term eccentricity E4. One monsoonal (precession) cycle includes two carbonate precipitation events. We propose that stratified mudstone and red mudstone are associated with maximum and minimum monsoon during the transition of the solstices in perihelion and aphelion, respectively. The two carbonate precipitation events were most likely created when equinoxes were in perihelion and aphelion, respectively. A sedimentary semi-precession response cycle is a novel finding for the Norian strata. The obliquity signal is attributed to incoming atmospheric moisture from the northeast of the SMK basin. The E4 cycle controls lake-level changes over long times. Apparently, E4 is responsible whether or not a threshold value is crossed. Bundles of 109\u00a0kyr and 413\u00a0kyr in red mudstones suggest a dry system with reduced monsoonal activity. In contrast, humid periods reveal thick layers of dolomite beds, indicating that during those intervals the monsoonal activity was strong enough to prevent the playa system from drying out completely.", "labels": [9, 10], "labels_text": ["Environmental science", "Geography"]}, {"corpus_id": 123224455, "title": "Application of Cyclic Collineations to the Construction of Balanced $L$-Restrictional Prime Powered Lattice Designs", "abstract": "", "labels": [16], "labels_text": ["Mathematics"]}, {"corpus_id": 7228288, "title": "Dietary intake of patients with chronic kidney disease entering the LORD trial: adjusting for underreporting.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nThe study objective was to determine the dietary intake of patients with chronic kidney disease before and after filtering for suspected underreporters and to investigate the impact of underreporting on the interpretation of diet data.\n\n\nDESIGN\nThis was a cross-sectional study.\n\n\nSETTING\nThe study included outpatients from hospitals and clinics in Northern Tasmania, Australia.\n\n\nPATIENTS\nData from 113 patients enrolled in the Lipid Lowering and Onset of Renal Disease trial were used in this study. Patients with serum creatinine greater than 120 mmol/L were included, and those taking lipid-lowering medication were excluded.\n\n\nMETHODS\nPatients completed a 4-day self-report diet diary, and FoodWorks software was used to determine their daily intake of energy, macronutrients, and specific micronutrients. Diet diaries were assessed for likely underreporting using the Goldberg cutoff approach with a ratio of energy intake to estimated resting energy expenditure of 1.27. Nutrient intakes were compared with current National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines, World Health Organization recommendations, recommended daily allowances, and daily values adjusted for energy intake.\n\n\nRESULTS\nDemographics of the patients were as follows: male/female, 71/42; age (mean +/- standard deviation), 60 +/- 15 years; body mass index, 28.6 +/- 6.0 kg/m(2), and serum creatinine, 223.4 +/- 110.0 mmol/L. According to the criteria, 80 patients (70.8%) were underreporting their energy intake. Underreporters were more likely to be female and younger, and have a higher body mass index and elevated serum creatinine. In all patients, daily energy intake (89.6 +/- 32.4 kJ/kg) was lower than recommended (125-145 kJ/kg); however, this was not the case for valid reporters (128.3 +/- 23.7 kJ/kg). Protein intake was higher (0.9 +/- 0.3 g/kg) than recommended (0.75 g/kg) in all patients and even higher (1.2 +/- 0.3 g/kg) in valid reporters. Mean calcium, zinc, and dietary fiber intakes were all below recommendations in all patients, but these differences were not apparent in valid reporters.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nInterpreting self-report diet diary data from patients with chronic kidney disease without attempting to exclude underreporters will lead to erroneous conclusions, especially in respect to energy, protein, dietary fiber, calcium, and zinc intakes.", "labels": [17], "labels_text": ["Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 145310579, "title": "Marijuana and LSD: A survey of one college campus.", "abstract": "", "labels": [21], "labels_text": ["Psychology"]}, {"corpus_id": 44761491, "title": "Free-operant avoidance conditioning in individual and paired human subjects.", "abstract": "Male, medical and graduate students were subjected to a non-discriminated avoidance regimen with shock-shock and response-shock intervals of 10 sec. Using a yoked-chair procedure it was found that acquisition of the button-pressing avoidance response was influenced by the social environment in which the conditioning occurred. There was a significantly greater number of \"learners\" among subjects conditioned individually than among those exposed to the conditioning procedures in the presence of a second person.", "labels": [2, 21], "labels_text": ["Biology", "Psychology"]}, {"corpus_id": 119104010, "title": "Systematic Extraction of QGP Properties", "abstract": "We investigate the collision energy dependence of shear viscosity over the entropy density ratio $\\eta/s$ in Au+Au collisions at $\\sqrt{s_{NN}}=19.6, 39$, and $62.4$ GeV, using Bayesian statistical analysis and Gaussian process emulators to explore the full input parameter space of a transport+hydrodynamics hybrid model. The ratio is found to decrease as a function of collision energy, supporting the results from previous studies performed with the same hybrid model.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 154788124, "title": "An economic history of Kenya and Uganda, 1800-1970", "abstract": "", "labels": [6, 12], "labels_text": ["Economics", "History"]}, {"corpus_id": 51923837, "title": "Information-Theoretic Scoring Rules to Learn Additive Bayesian Network Applied to Epidemiology", "abstract": "Bayesian network modelling is a well adapted approach to study messy and highly correlated datasets which are very common in, e.g., systems epidemiology. A popular approach to learn a Bayesian network from an observational datasets is to identify the maximum a posteriori network in a search-and-score approach. Many scores have been proposed both Bayesian or frequentist based. In an applied perspective, a suitable approach would allow multiple distributions for the data and is robust enough to run autonomously. A promising framework to compute scores are generalized linear models. Indeed, there exists fast algorithms for estimation and many tailored solutions to common epidemiological issues. The purpose of this paper is to present an R package abn that has an implementation of multiple frequentist scores and some realistic simulations that show its usability and performance. It includes features to deal efficiently with data separation and adjustment which are very common in systems epidemiology.", "labels": [5], "labels_text": ["Computer science"]}, {"corpus_id": 154996513, "title": "Social choice in economic environments", "abstract": "Abstract This paper considers the consistency of Arrow's axioms in the choice-theoretic version of his impossibility theorem when natural economic restrictions are placed on individual preferences and on the admissible feasible sets. Both pure public goods and pure private goods environments are considered. It is demonstrated that a social choice correspondence exists that satisfies weak Pareto, independence of infeasible alternatives, nondictatorship, and Arrow's choice axiom on these restricted domains. However, a strengthened version of the independence axiom is shown to result in impossibility theorems.", "labels": [6], "labels_text": ["Economics"]}, {"corpus_id": 76826509, "title": "Left ventricular function and intracardiac blood flow in acute myocardial infarction", "abstract": "", "labels": [17], "labels_text": ["Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 129575931, "title": "The southern extension of the East African Rift System and related igneous activity", "abstract": "ZusammenfassungNeue Einzelheiten \u00fcber das Bruchmuster in der Sp\u00e4t- und Post-Karroo im Osten des s\u00fcdlichen Afrikas sowie \u00fcber die damit verbundenen Magmagesteine sind auf einer Karte angegeben. Das Bruchmuster hat eine au\u00dferordentliche \u00c4hnlichkeit mit dem Ostafrikanischen Graben, welcher eine Fortsetzung davon ist.Ein enger Parallelismus besteht zwischen den Br\u00fcchen des tektonischen Grabens und den intrakratonischen, orogenetischen Zonen sowie auch \u00f6rtlich innerhalb der Zonen zwischen den Br\u00fcchen und dem Schieferungsstreichen der Gneise. Der Unterschied im Relief \u00fcber die Verwerfungen hin ist bis zu 2000 feet; viele dieser tektonischen Gr\u00e4ben sind asymmetrisch, und Verschiebungen geschehen nur entlang einer Seite.Obgleich Erdbewegungen durch lange Zeitr\u00e4ume unterbrochen waren, konnten jedoch zwei Hauptepisoden von der Post-Karroo bis zur Kreide und von dem Terti\u00e4r bis zur heutigen Zeit festgestellt werden. Neunundvierzig isotopische Alter f\u00fcr Magmagestein sind in der Literatur zitiert und deuten auf eine eruptive T\u00e4tigkeit von \u00fcber 100 M. J. hin.AbstractNew details of the late- and post-Karroo fracture pattern in eastern southern Africa are shown on a map together with associated igneous rocks. The pattern is remarkably like that of the East African Rift Valleys with which it is continuous.There is a close parallelism between the Rift fractures and intracratonic orogenic belts, and also locally between the fractures and foliation trends of the gneisses in the belts. Relief differences across the faults range up to 2000 feet; many of the Rifts are asymmetrical with displacement only along one side.Although earth movements were intermittent over a long period of time, two main episodes occurred during post-Karroo to Cretaceous and Tertiary to recent times. Forty-nine isotopic ages of igneous material are taken from the literature and indicate eruptive activity over a 100 m. y. period.R\u00e9sum\u00e9Nouveaux d\u00e9tails concernant le dessin de fracture pendant le Karroo Sup\u00e9rieur et le Post-Karroo dans l'est de l'Afrique m\u00e9ridionale ainsi que les roches ign\u00e9es associ\u00e9es sont indiqu\u00e9s sur une carte. On y observe une similarit\u00e9 tr\u00e8s remarquable entre le dessin de fracture de l'Afrique m\u00e9ridionale et celui du foss\u00e9 tectonique de l'Afrique-Est, du quel il est un prolongement.Il y a un parall\u00e9lisme \u00e9troit entre les fractures de foss\u00e9 tectonique et les zones orog\u00e9niques ainsi que localement entre les fractures et la direction de foliation des gneisses dans les zones orog\u00e9niques. La diff\u00e9rence en relief \u00e0 travers les failles se range pr\u00e8s de 2000 feet; beaucoup de foss\u00e9s tectoniques sont asymm\u00e9triques; ils montrent un d\u00e9placement sur un c\u00f4t\u00e9 seulement.Les mouvements de terre \u00e9taient intermittents pendant une longue p\u00e9riode de temps; mais deux \u00e9pisodes principaux se pr\u00e9sentaient pendant le Karroo Sup\u00e9rieur jusqu'au Cr\u00e9tac\u00e9 et pendant le Tertiaire jusqu'au Quaranteneuf \u00e2ges isotopiques de roches ign\u00e9es sont cit\u00e9s de la litt\u00e9rature consult\u00e9e et les \u00e2ges indiquent une activit\u00e9 eruptive plus de 100 m. a.\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449 \u0430\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b \u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u044e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u043c \u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448 \u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0430\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0448\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f \u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432 \u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0445: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435-\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0443 \u0434\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 49 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0438 \u0437\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442 \u043e \u044d\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 100\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b. \u043b\u0435\u0442.", "labels": [9], "labels_text": ["Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 119747683, "title": "Computational/experimental study of the flowfield on a body of revolution at incidence", "abstract": "A joint computational-experimental study of the vortical flowfield on a pointed body of revolution is undertaken. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically for steady flow around an ogive-cylinder at angle of attack. The three-dimensional vortical flow is investigated, with emphasis on the tip and the near-wake region. Comparisons of computational results with results of a companion towing-tank experiment are presented at Re(L) = 1000. Results of a wind tunnel experiment at Re(L) = 820,000, featuring use of a seven-hole pressure probe, also are presented. It was observed that at the low Reynolds number of the towing tank study, the leeside flow was symmetric at the angles of attack considered. For the same configuration at the higher Reynolds number of the wind tunnel study, the flow was asymmetric under equivalenat conditions for some of the angles of attack studied. The topology of the flow is discussed and conclusions are drawn concerning the growth and stability of the primary vortices.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 58543916, "title": "Genetic Influences on the Amount of Cell Death in the Neural Tube of BXD Mice Exposed to Acute Ethanol at Midgestation", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nFetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have a strong genetic component although the genes that underlie this are only beginning to be elucidated. In the present study, one of the most common phenotypes of FASD, cell death within the early developing neural tube, was examined across a genetic reference population in a reverse genetics paradigm with the goal of identifying genetic loci that could influence ethanol (EtOH)-induced apoptosis in the early developing neural tube.\n\n\nMETHODS\nBXD recombinant inbred mice as well as the parental strains were used to evaluate genetic differences in EtOH-induced cell death after exposure on embryonic day 9.5. Dams were given either 5.8\u00a0g/kg EtOH or isocaloric maltose-dextrin in 2 doses via intragastric gavage. Embryos were collected 7\u00a0hours after the initial exposure and cell death evaluated via TUNEL staining in the brainstem and forebrain. Genetic loci were evaluated using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis at GeneNetwork.org.\n\n\nRESULTS\nSignificant strain differences were observed in the levels of EtOH-induced cell death that were due to genetic effects and not confounding variables such as differences in developmental maturity or cell death kinetics. Comparisons between the 2 regions of the developing neural tube showed little genetic correlation with the QTL maps exhibiting no overlap. Significant QTLs were found on murine mid-chromosome 4 and mid-chromosome 14 only in the brainstem. Within these chromosomal loci, a number of interesting candidate genes were identified that could mediate this differential sensitivity including Nfia (nuclear factor I/A) and Otx2 (orthodenticle homeobox 2).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThese studies demonstrate that the levels of EtOH-induced cell death occur in strain- and region-dependent manners. Novel QTLs on mouse Chr4 and Chr14 were identified that modulate the differential sensitivity to EtOH-induced apoptosis in the embryonic brainstem. The genes underlying these QTLs could identify novel molecular pathways that are critical in this phenotype.", "labels": [17], "labels_text": ["Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 88519577, "title": "Optimisation dans la d\\'etection de communaut\\'es recouvrantes et \\'equilibre de Nash", "abstract": "Community detection in graphs has been the subject of many algorithms. Recent methods want to optimize a modularity function which shows a maximum of relationships within communities and found a minimum of inter-community relations. these algorithms are applied to unipartite, multipartite and directed graphs. However, given the NP-completeness of the problem, these algorithms are heuristics that do not guarantee an optimum. In this paper we introduce an algorithm which, based on an approximate solution obtained through a efficient detection algorithm, modifie it to achieve a local optimum based on a function. this reassignment function is a potential function and therefore the computed optimum is a Nash equilibrium. We supplement our method with an overlap function that allows to have simultaneously the two detection modes. Several experiments show the interest of our approach.", "labels": [5], "labels_text": ["Computer science"]}, {"corpus_id": 143320771, "title": "\uc601\uc5b4 \uc6d0\uc5b4\ubbfc \ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4 \ud559\uc2b5\uc790\uc758 \ucd08\ubd84\uc808\uc74c \ud2b9\uc9d5 \uc5f0\uad6c", "abstract": "Both advanced- and beginning-labeled native English learners of Korean and Korean native speakers took part in the production experiment which examined acquiring some selected Korean suprasegmental factors such as F0, speech rate, and boundary cues. In the test, both English groups showed comparatively low mean value of F0, and higher value of F0 in the initial part of the sentences. Beginning-labeled English learners of Korean exhibited a slower declination tilt and slow speech rate, while advanced-labeled English learners of Korean hold a steeper declination tilt and comparatively fast speech rate. The results suggest that (1) L2 developmental patterns of production clearly have been influenced by L1 system, and (2) Each phonetic cue has different developmental stage", "labels": [14], "labels_text": ["Linguistics"]}, {"corpus_id": 140134849, "title": "Complex width-discharge relations in natural river sections", "abstract": "Hydraulic geometry exponents may be used to discriminate between types of river section. This is illustrated by a discriminant analysis of data from riffle and pool sections. The complexity of most natural channels, however, precludes the use of a single index to cover a wide range of discharges. This is demonstrated in an analysis of several width-discharge curves defined up to, but not beyond, bankfull stage.", "labels": [11], "labels_text": ["Geology"]}, {"corpus_id": 227321016, "title": "Don P\u00edo Pico\u2019s Historical Narrative", "abstract": "", "labels": [12], "labels_text": ["History"]}, {"corpus_id": 13009429, "title": "Synergy of gemcitabine and lidamycin associated with NF-\u03baB downregulation in pancreatic carcinoma cells", "abstract": "AbstractAim:To investigate the effects on human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 and SW1990 cells using a combination of lidamycin (LDM) and gemcitabine.Methods:A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to determine the growth inhibition of drugs in PANC-1 and SW1990 cells. The effects on apoptosis were measured by terminal uridine deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay and flow cytometry combined with fluorescein-isothiocyanate-Annexin V/propidium iodide staining. The activity of caspase-3 was measured with a special assay kit. The mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by confocal microscopy analyses. The level of mRNA encoding K-ras in the cells was determined by RT-PCR analysis. The expression of K-ras, NF-\u03baB, and Bcl-2 was detected by Western blotting analysis.Results:There was a significant reduction in proliferation in the pancreatic cancer cell lines treated with a combination of gemcitabine and LDM. The overall growth inhibition directly correlated with apoptotic cell death. LDM potentiated the gemcitabine-induced cell killing by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing the caspase-3 activity. Notably, the K-ras mRNA level was significantly reduced with the combination of gemcitabine and LDM. The results for K-ras, NF-\u03baB, and Bcl-2 proteins also showed downregulation in the combination group relative to the single-agent treatment and the untreated control.Conclusion:LDM can potentiate the growth inhibition induced by gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer cells, and the synergy may be associated with NF-\u03baB downregulation.", "labels": [2, 4, 17], "labels_text": ["Biology", "Chemistry", "Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 155992822, "title": "An Empirical Study on Youth's Preference for Social Networking Sites", "abstract": "Internet has dramatically transformed the way present generation youth interact with one another. The usage of social networking sites is increasing drastically among urban youth in India. Ironically online behaviour among youth as an area of research is understudied. The purpose of this paper was to explore the perception, preference and usage of social network sites among the young population. The data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire through personal survey. Data analysis revealed respondents\u2019 perception and preference for various social networking sites on parameters categorized as functional dimension and association dimension. The finding of the study provides useful insights for web designers regarding web features, design and content that would increase usage and preference. The research finding provides suggestions and directions for making social networking sites attractive, unique, engaging and user\u2019s friendly.", "labels": [3], "labels_text": ["Business"]}, {"corpus_id": 38447834, "title": "Syntheses and a Solid State Structure of a Dinuclear Molybdenum(V) Complex with Pyridine", "abstract": "A mononuclear complex [MoOCl4(H2O)]\u2212 readily forms a metal\u2212metal bonded {Mo2O4}2+ core. A high content of pyridine in the reaction mixture prevents further aggregation of dinuclear cores into larger clusters and a neutral, dinuclear complex with the [Mo2O4Cl2(Py)4] composition is isolated as a product. Solid state structures of two compounds containing this complex, [Mo2O4Cl2(Py)4]\u00b72.25Py (1) and [Mo2O4Cl2(Py)4]\u00b71.5PyHCl (2), were investigated by X-ray crystallography.", "labels": [15], "labels_text": ["Materials science"]}, {"corpus_id": 234081307, "title": "Neon\u2019s electronic blueprint", "abstract": "", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 153416873, "title": "What Keynes Knew", "abstract": "", "labels": [6], "labels_text": ["Economics"]}, {"corpus_id": 142669149, "title": "Book Review: Records of the Courts of Sussex County Delaware 1677-1710. Volume I: 1677- 1689. Volume II: 1690-1710, edited with an introduction by Craig W. Horle", "abstract": "", "labels": [12], "labels_text": ["History"]}, {"corpus_id": 143213939, "title": "The Criminal Procedure (Insanity and Unfitness to Plead) Act 1991", "abstract": "In recent years, the procedures and criteria by which defendants are found unfit to plead or not guilty by reason of insanity (the special verdict) have come in for frequent criticism. Under the Criminal Procedure (Insanity) Act 1964 the automatic consequence of a finding of unfitness to plead or a special verdict has been that the defendant is made subject to a hospital order with restrictions without limit of time under sections 37 and 41 of the Mental Health Act 1983. The effect of a restriction order is that the patient may be detained indefinitely, and may only be discharged by the Home Secretary or a Mental Health Review Tribunal (MHRT). Hence, a defendant found unfit to plead under the 1964 Act lost his right to be tried and faced potentially indefinite detention in hospital for a crime which he might not have committed.l Two cases highlighted the potential injustices. The first was that of Glenn Pearson, a tnentally handicapped man who was found unfit to plead to an indictment of stealing three light bulbs and five pounds. He was ordered to be detained under a restriction order at a mental handicap hospital. His appeal against his detention was heard by a MHRT after three months. His discharge was ordered by the tribunal because, although mentally handicapped, he was not suffering from mental impairment, which requires abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct.2 Because a tribunal has a duty to discharge a patient who is not suffering from mental disorder within the meaning of the Mental Health Act 1983, Glenn Pearson was discharged to his home.3 The second case was that of Valerie Hodgson who is mentally handicapped and lived with her father. One morning she found her father's body. He had been stabbed in the chest. During interviews with the police, she confessed to the murder. She was found unfit to plead and was detained in a secure hospital. Fourteen months later, new evidence emerged, and her nephew was convicted of the murder. The insanity defence lost its attraction after the introduction of the plea of diluinished responsibility to murder,4 and because under the 1964 Act the automtic consequence of a special verdict was the imposition of a hospital order without limit of time.5 Defendants were therefore unlikely to raise the defence. In fact, the", "labels": [13], "labels_text": ["Law"]}, {"corpus_id": 122210057, "title": "Accurate Sequential Tests on the Mean of an Exponential Distribution", "abstract": "", "labels": [16], "labels_text": ["Mathematics"]}, {"corpus_id": 132425246, "title": "No. 41817. Finland and Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic", "abstract": "Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic on the Co-operation in the Sustainable Forestry and Rural Development Project. Bangkok, 3 July 2003 and Vientiane, 3 July 2003", "labels": [20], "labels_text": ["Political science"]}, {"corpus_id": 122262247, "title": "SU\u2010E\u2010E\u201011: Results from the Tomotherapy Daily QA Using the Rotational Therapy Phantom", "abstract": "Purpose: In this study we will present results from the daily QA program used to monitor the tomotherapy machine over a period of eight months. Methods: The daily QA uses the Rotational Therapy Phantom, Gammex 507 (RTP). The RTP system allows for checking the rotational output, energy, gantry speed, gantry position, MLC\u2010Gantry position synchrony and beam profile constancies. All of these tests are done within one five\u2010minute procedure to check these metrics on the tomotherapy machine. The measurements are done using two ion chambers connected to the TomoElectrometer in rate collection mode. Daily QA data is analyzed using the Rotational Therapy Phantom Software(RTPS) to compare the constancy of these metrics relative to a standard set. The Daily QA protocol runs a dynamic MLC, five\u2010identical\u2010rotation procedure with a period of 40 seconds per rotation. Results: Measurements are taken using the TomoElectrometer with a sample time of 200ms, because the procedure utilizes dynamic MLC and rotational gantry, the procedure allows the software to detect variations in the output rate, energy constancies, gantry speed, position and MLC/Gantry position synchrony at the same rate. This work will present examples of these variations including evidence on gantry position/MLC asynchrony of up to 2 seconds. This corresponds to 18 degrees or 2.55 projections. Conclusions: Using the RTPS for daily QA on tomotherapy system shows that the system can run with up to 2 seconds (18 degrees) asynchrony between the MLC and the gantry position. This 18 degree discrepancy between the plan and the actual delivery could result in significant clinical outcome for a wide range of treatment sites, such as prostate, H&N, Lung and Brain treatments. Work is currently being done to expand the application of the RTPS to be applicable on the Varian and Elekta rotational therapy modalities. Kennith Freeman is an employee of Gammex Inc.", "labels": [17, 19], "labels_text": ["Medicine", "Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 88518305, "title": "Sparsity-accuracy trade-off in MKL", "abstract": "We empirically investigate the best trade-off between sparse and uniformly-weighted multiple kernel learning (MKL) using the elastic-net regularization on real and simulated datasets. We find that the best trade-off parameter depends not only on the sparsity of the true kernel-weight spectrum but also on the linear dependence among kernels and the number of samples.", "labels": [5], "labels_text": ["Computer science"]}, {"corpus_id": 53415971, "title": "Tunable graphene-based polarizer", "abstract": "It is shown that an attenuated total reflection structure containing a graphene layer can operate as a tunable polarizer of the electromagnetic radiation. The polarization angle is controlled by adjusting the voltage applied to graphene via external gate. The mechanism is based on the resonant coupling of $p-$polarized electromagnetic waves to the surface plasmon-polaritons in graphene. The presented calculations show that, at resonance, the reflected wave is almost 100% $s-$polarized.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 206571761, "title": "Use of Mobile Device Data To Better Estimate Dynamic Population Size for Wastewater-Based Epidemiology.", "abstract": "Wastewater-based epidemiology is an established approach for quantifying community drug use and has recently been applied to estimate population exposure to contaminants such as pesticides and phthalate plasticizers. A major source of uncertainty in the population weighted biomarker loads generated is related to estimating the number of people present in a sewer catchment at the time of sample collection. Here, the population quantified from mobile device-based population activity patterns was used to provide dynamic population normalized loads of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals during a known period of high net fluctuation in the catchment population. Mobile device-based population activity patterns have for the first time quantified the high degree of intraday, week, and month variability within a specific sewer catchment. Dynamic population normalization showed that per capita pharmaceutical use remained unchanged during the period when static normalization would have indicated an average reduction of up to 31%. Per capita illicit drug use increased significantly during the monitoring period, an observation that was only possible to measure using dynamic population normalization. The study quantitatively confirms previous assessments that population estimates can account for uncertainties of up to 55% in static normalized data. Mobile device-based population activity patterns allow for dynamic normalization that yields much improved temporal and spatial trend analysis.", "labels": [9], "labels_text": ["Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 38350361, "title": "Robust calculation of effective atomic numbers: the Auto-Z(eff) software.", "abstract": "PURPOSE\nThe most appropriate method of evaluating the effective atomic number necessitates consideration of energy-dependent behavior. Previously, this required quite laborious calculation, which is why many scientists revert to over-simplistic power-law methods. The purpose of this work is to develop user-friendly software for the robust, energy-dependent computation of effective atomic numbers relevant within the context of medical physics, superseding the commonly employed simplistic power law approaches.\n\n\nMETHOD\nVisual Basic was used to develop a GUI allowing the straightforward calculation of effective atomic numbers. Photon interaction cross section matrices are constructed for energies spanning 10\u2009keV to 10\u2009GeV and elements Z\u2009=\u20091-100. Coefficients for composite media are constructed via linear additivity of the fractional constituents and contrasted against the precalculated matrices at each energy, thereby associating an effective atomic number through interpolation of adjacent cross section data. Uncertainties are of the order of 1-2%.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAuto-Z(eff) allows rapid (\u223c0.6\u2009s) calculation of effective atomic numbers for a range of predefined or user-specified media, allowing estimation of radiological properties and comparison of different media (for instance assessment of water equivalence). The accuracy of Auto-Z(eff) has been validated against numerous published theoretical and experimental predictions, demonstrating good agreement. The results also show that commonly employed power-law approaches are inaccurate, even in their intended regime of applicability (i.e., photoelectric regime). Furthermore, comparing the effective atomic numbers of composite materials using power-law approaches even in a relative fashion is shown to be inappropriate.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nAuto-Z(eff) facilitates easy computation of effective atomic numbers as a function of energy, as well as average and spectral-weighted means. The results are significantly more accurate than normal power-law predictions. The software is freely available to interested readers, who are encouraged to contact the authors.", "labels": [17, 19], "labels_text": ["Medicine", "Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 118127160, "title": "A Question on Splitting of Metaplectic Covers", "abstract": "Let F be a non-Archimedian local field. Splitting of twofold metaplectic cover of Sp2n(F) restricted to various subgroups of Sp2n(F) is important in application of the Weil representation of the metaplectic group. Let E/F be a quadratic extension. In this paper, we prove the splitting of the metaplectic cover of GL2(E) restricted to the subgroup , where DF is the quaternion division algebra with center F, as a first step in our study of the restriction of representations of metaplectic cover of GL2(E) to GL2(F) and . These results were suggested to the author by Professor Dipendra Prasad.", "labels": [16], "labels_text": ["Mathematics"]}, {"corpus_id": 156271474, "title": "John Bates Clark, 1847-1938", "abstract": "", "labels": [20], "labels_text": ["Political science"]}, {"corpus_id": 27060289, "title": "Structure of the bovine COPI \u03b4 subunit \u03bc homology domain at 2.15 \u00c5 resolution.", "abstract": "The heptameric COPI coat (coatomer) plays an essential role in vesicular transport in the early secretory system of eukaryotic cells. While the structures of some of the subunits have been determined, that of the \u03b4-COP subunit has not been reported to date. The \u03b4-COP subunit is part of a subcomplex with structural similarity to tetrameric clathrin adaptors (APs), where \u03b4-COP is the structural homologue of the AP \u03bc subunit. Here, the crystal structure of the \u03bc homology domain (MHD) of \u03b4-COP (\u03b4-MHD) obtained by phasing using a combined SAD-MR method is presented at 2.15 \u00c5 resolution. The crystallographic asymmetric unit contains two monomers that exhibit short sections of disorder, which may allude to flexible regions of the protein. The \u03b4-MHD is composed of two subdomains connected by unstructured linkers. Comparison between this structure and those of known MHD domains from the APs shows significant differences in the positions of specific loops and \u03b2-sheets, as well as a more general change in the relative positions of the protein subdomains. The identified difference may be the major source of cargo-binding specificity. Finally, the crystal structure is used to analyze the potential effect of the I422T mutation in \u03b4-COP previously reported to cause a neurodegenerative phenotype in mice.", "labels": [4], "labels_text": ["Chemistry"]}, {"corpus_id": 151527856, "title": "Book Review: Cloud by Day: The Story of Coal and Coke and People, by Muriel Earley Sheppard; Out of This Furnace: A Novel of Immigrant Labor in America, by Thomas Bell", "abstract": "", "labels": [12], "labels_text": ["History"]}, {"corpus_id": 167897133, "title": "Analysis of Relationship between Financial Development and Urbanization of Anhui Province Based on VAR Model", "abstract": "Based on the relevant data of financial development and urbanization of Anhui Province from 1980to2012,this paper is aimed to study the relationship between financial development and urbanization via VAR model.The results show that there is a positive correlation between the level of financial development and the level of urbanization.What's more,the scale of financial development is more determining than its efficiency.In this context,we propose that the government should build the diversified financial institutions,improve municipal bond market and enhance the credit support of small and medium-sized enterprise to innovate financing and broaden the financing channels,which could better fund the urbanization development and economic growth.", "labels": [0], "labels_text": ["Agricultural and Food sciences"]}, {"corpus_id": 22751229, "title": "Amphetamine administration does not alter protein levels of the GLT-1 and EAAC1 glutamate transporter subtypes in rat midbrain, nucleus accumbens, striatum, or prefrontal cortex.", "abstract": "Our laboratory and others have previously shown that glutamate transmission is required for chronic amphetamine-induced neuroadaptations, and that glutamate transmission itself is altered by chronic amphetamine administration. For example, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit expression are altered in a region- and withdrawal-specific manner. The goal of this study was to determine whether repeated amphetamine administration influences the expression of two glutamate transporter subtypes, GLT-1 and EAAC1. Rats were treated with saline or 5 mg/kg amphetamine for 5 days (chronic saline and amphetamine groups, respectively), or saline for 4 days and 5 mg/kg amphetamine on day 5 (acute amphetamine group), and decapitated 24 h after the last injection. Tissue was dissected from brain regions involved in the psychomotor effects of amphetamine (nucleus accumbens, striatum, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, and substantia nigra). Levels of GLT-1 and EAAC1 were quantified by Western blotting and normalized to actin levels. We found no significant change in levels of GLT-1 or EAAC1 in response to either acute or chronic amphetamine treatment. These findings suggest that the transporter component of the glutamate system might not play a significant role in the alterations in glutamate transmission observed following repeated amphetamine administration.", "labels": [2], "labels_text": ["Biology"]}, {"corpus_id": 218502457, "title": "Determining the Multiplicative Complexity of Boolean Functions using SAT", "abstract": "We present a constructive SAT-based algorithm to determine the multiplicative complexity of a Boolean function, i.e., the smallest number of AND gates in any logic network that consists of 2-input AND gates, 2-input XOR gates, and inverters. In order to speed-up solving time, we make use of several symmetry breaking constraints; these exploit properties of XAGs that may be useful beyond the proposed SAT-based algorithm. We further propose a heuristic post-optimization algorithm to reduce the number of XOR gates once the optimum number of AND gates has been obtained, which also makes use of SAT solvers. Our algorithm is capable to find all optimum XAGs for representatives of all 5-input affine-equivalent classes, and for a set of frequently occurring 6-input functions.", "labels": [5, 16], "labels_text": ["Computer science", "Mathematics"]}, {"corpus_id": 133986407, "title": "Have climate changes driven the diversity of a Mediterranean coralligenous sponge assemblage on a millennial timescale", "abstract": "Abstract Changes occurring over a pluri-millennial span of time (6207\u20131767\u00a0yr B.P.) within the sponge assemblages present in two coralligenous pillars, about 60\u00a0cm high, collected at 20\u00a0m depth, inside the Marine Protected Area of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea, Mediterranean Sea) have been studied. The sponge diversity has been analyzed at generic level, using as a proxy the siliceous spicules trapped into the sediment present into the crevices of these bioherms. In total, 41 genera of ancient demosponges were identified. The modern sponge fauna of these coralligenous pillars totals 31 genera, 15 of them shared with the ancient assemblages. The sponge biodiversity during the considered span of time showed critical changes, with remarkably similar trends in both the considered pillars. Tentatively, these changes were attributed to different climatic events that affected the Mediterranean area during the studied time span. The number of genera, 6000\u00a0yr B.P., was low and increased between 5500 and 4000\u00a0yr B.P. During the Late Bronze Age (4000\u20133000\u00a0yr B.P.), a new decrease was recorded, followed by a further increase around 2000\u00a0yr B.P. Afterwards, the bioherms stopped growing and no more siliceous spicules were trapped. From a biogeographic point of view, the wide presence of spiny microrhabdose microscleres belonging to the genus Alveospongia (Heteroxyidae), recently described from the tropical Atlantic and still unknown in the Mediterranean Sea, has to be underlined. In addition the trends recorded over time in the Ionian Sea match with those already observed in the Ligurian Sea. The comparison between the past periods and the modern one shows evident changes in biodiversity in both areas. The sharp variations of the seawater temperature - occurred in both the Mediterranean regions - could have driven the changes in genus richness. Using sponges to interpret the effects of climate changes can be a profitable strategy to unravel long term changes in biodiversity, supporting future predictions.", "labels": [9, 10], "labels_text": ["Environmental science", "Geography"]}, {"corpus_id": 30336382, "title": "Normal Zone Propagation Velocity in 2G HTS Coated Conductor With High Interfacial Resistance", "abstract": "A fast normal zone propagation velocity (NZPV) in second-generation (2G) high-temperature superconductor (HTS) coated conductors (CC) is desirable in order to prevent the appearance of destructive hot spots upon a local quench. It was predicted theoretically that an increase of the interfacial resistance between the superconductor and the stabilizer would enhance the NZPV of 2G HTS CC due to the longer current transfer length between the superconductor and the stabilizer. In this paper, the dependence on current amplitude of the NZPV of 2G HTS CC having different interfacial resistances was measured experimentally. Our results indicate that the NZPV is enhanced by two orders of magnitude when the interfacial resistance is increased by three orders of magnitude.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 138447248, "title": "XRD- analysis of alginate- Impregnated Hydroxyapatite Nano- Composites", "abstract": "Different procedures for analysis of particle sizes by the X-ray diffraction method are compared by the example of nanoparticles of alginate-inpregnated-hydroxyapatite . A modified Warren-Averbach method is proposed for the analysis of the X-ray diffraction line profile based on the approximation by the Voigt function, which yields stable solutions, and the efficiency of the method is shown. The analysis within the frame-work of the Warren-Averbach method makes it possible to restore the distribution function of nanoparticles (crystallites) over true diameters, which satisfactorily correlates with electron microscopy data. The applicability of the Warren-Averbach method to the estimation of crystallite sizes by the analysis of a single diffraction line is substantiated. The range of the applicability of the Scherrer, Williamson-Hall, Warren-Averbach, and modified Warren-Averbach methods to the substructure analysis by the X-ray diffraction is determined as depending on the method of nanostructure formation. Key words\u2014Nano particles, alginate-inpregnated hydroxyapatite. X- ray diffraction. I. INTRODUCTION Powder X-ray diffraction study Powder X-ray diffraction has routinely been used as a nondestructive fingerprinting technique in laboratory and industry for several decades. Every solid crystalline compound gives its own unique X-ray diffraction pattern consisting of a set of Bragg peaks. The diffraction pattern for a compound can be considered analogous to a fingerprint, or barcode, with the peak positions determined by the unit cell symmetry and lattice parameters. When we collect XRD data, we can use these fingerprints to identify not only what phases are present in our sample but also index the pattern to obtain information about the unit cell size and shape. Powder diffraction patterns of the title compound has been collected with a SIEMENS D 5000 diffractometer using CuK\u03b11 radiation (\u03bb = 1.5406 A). X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an effective method for identifying the phases present in unknown polycrystalline powders. The analysis is performed by comparing the diffraction pattern collected from an unknown sample with the diffraction patterns of known compounds. The automated process is called Search/Match (S/M) analysis. XRD is an important technique in the manufacture of ceramic materials. It provides phase analysis of materials throughout the manufacturing process,. Standard \u03b8/2\u03b8 data were collected using a Rigaku MiniFlex benchtop diffractometer. The experimental patterns were compared with the diffraction scans of pure compounds maintained in the ICDD Powder Diffraction File (PDF). All scans were smoothed, theta corrected, and the background was removed.", "labels": [8], "labels_text": ["Engineering"]}, {"corpus_id": 24943709, "title": "Calcific bicuspid aortic valve disease in a patient with Cornelia de Lange syndrome: linking altered Notch signaling to aortic valve disease.", "abstract": "We describe a patient with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) and a severely calcified bicuspid aortic valve. Cornelia de Lange syndrome is characterized by altered Notch signaling, and recent studies have provided a link between Notch signaling and heart valve development and calcific bicuspid aortic valve disease. In this case report, we propose that altered Notch signaling in CdLS may be causally linked to the calcific bicuspid aortic valve disease in these patients. Patients with CdLS should undergo routine echocardiographic examination for possible congenital cardiac defects including bicuspid aortic valve.", "labels": [2, 17], "labels_text": ["Biology", "Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 226306919, "title": "Extremely Low Molecular Gas Content in the Vicinity of a Red Nugget Galaxy at z = 1.91", "abstract": "We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Band 5 observations of a galaxy at z = 1.91, GDS24569, in search of molecular gas in its vicinity via the [C i] 3P1\u20133P0 line. GDS24569 is a massive ( ), passively evolving galaxy, characterized by compact morphology with an effective radius of \u223c0.5 kpc. We apply two blind detection algorithms to the spectral data cubes and find no promising detection in or around GDS24569 out to a projected distance of \u223c320 kpc, while a narrow tentative line (4.1\u03c3) is identified at +1200 km s\u22121 by one of the algorithms. From the nondetection of [C i], we place a 3\u03c3 upper limit on molecular hydrogen mass, \u223c 7.1 \u00d7 109 M\u2299, which converts to an extremely low gas-to-stellar mass fraction of \u2272 5%. We conduct a spectral energy distribution modeling by including optical to far-infrared data and find a considerably high ( \u223c 0.1%) dust-to-stellar mass ratio, i.e., \u223c10\u2013100\u00d7 higher than those of local early-type galaxies. In combination with a previous result of an insufficient number of surrounding satellite galaxies, it is suggested that GDS24569 is unlikely to experience significant size evolution via satellite mergers. We discuss possible physical mechanisms that quenched GDS24569.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 144042871, "title": "Church and society : Catholic social and political thought and movements, 1789-1950", "abstract": "", "labels": [20], "labels_text": ["Political science"]}, {"corpus_id": 97118691, "title": "Ab initio heats of formation of medium-sized hydrocarbons-10: Studies of barrelene and related compounds", "abstract": "Bbs_tract Ab initio calculations of bicyclo[2.2.2locta2,5,7-triene (barrelenel, bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-diene, bicyclo[2.2.2loct-2-ene, and bicyclo[2.2.2loctane were performed at the 6-31G* and 6-31G** SCF levels and the 6-31G* RMP2 level. The results for these and model compounds, such as norbornadiene and Dewar benzene, enable comparison with the experimental thermochemistry in the barrelene series and a reassessment of the extent of destabilization in barrelene.", "labels": [4], "labels_text": ["Chemistry"]}, {"corpus_id": 19362173, "title": "Observation of infants with SFU grades 3-4 hydronephrosis: worsening drainage with serial diuresis renography indicates surgical intervention and helps prevent loss of renal function.", "abstract": "PURPOSE\nEarly pyeloplasty is indicated for ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ) obstructions with reduced differential renal function (DRF) and/or no drainage on diuretic renography (DR). Optimal management of Society of Fetal Urology (SFU) Grades 3 and 4hydronephrosis with preservation of DRF and indeterminate drainage is less straightforward. We review our experience using serial DR to guide the management of kidneys with high-grade hydronephrosis, emphasizing preservation of DRF.\n\n\nMETHODS\nAfter IRB approval we reviewed the charts of 1398 patients <1-year-old referred for prenatal hydronephrosis. Only patients with SFU Grades 3 and 4 hydronephrosis without ureterectasis were included in the study. Initial evaluation included a baseline DR. Follow-up included DR or ultrasound (US).\n\n\nRESULTS\n115 patients (125 kidneys) were eligible for study inclusion. 27 kidneys underwent early surgery (median 64 days) due to reduced DRF and/or severely impaired drainage. 98 kidneys were initially observed. Of these, 21 underwent delayed surgery (median 487 days) due to worsening drainage. Only 2 patients had an irreversible decrease in DRF of >5%. 77 kidneys demonstrated improved drainage and stable DRF. Comparison of observation (n = 77) and surgery groups (n = 48) revealed more kidneys with SFU Grade 3 hydronephrosis in the observation group (p = 0.0001).\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nInfants with Grades 3 and 4 hydronephrosis and preserved DRF may be safely followed with serial DR. Patients with SFU Grade 4 hydronephosis are more likely to require surgery. Worsening drainage on serial DR is a useful indicator for surgical intervention which limits the number of pyeloplasties while preserving DRF.", "labels": [17], "labels_text": ["Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 147672073, "title": "Catholicity of Interests: The Diffusion of Knowledge", "abstract": "", "labels": [7], "labels_text": ["Education"]}, {"corpus_id": 124385840, "title": "The Euler \u03c6-function associated to automorphic L-functions", "abstract": "Abstract In this paper, we define the Euler phi function \u03c6\u03c0(n) associated to the automorphic L-function L(s,\u2009\u03c0), where \u03c0 is an automorphic irreductible unitary cuspidal representation of GLN(\u211a). Furthermore, we study the asymptotic properties for \u03c6\u03c0(n) and prove some results on the summation function \u2211n\u2264x\u03c6\u03c0(n).", "labels": [18], "labels_text": ["Philosophy"]}, {"corpus_id": 224827340, "title": "The Influence of Ambient Temperature on High Performance Concrete Properties", "abstract": "This paper presents the results of tests on high performance concrete (HPC) prepared and cured at various ambient temperatures, ranging from 12 \u00b0C to 30 \u00b0C (the compressive strength and concrete mix density were also tested at 40 \u00b0C). Special attention was paid to maintaining the assumed temperature of the mixture components during its preparation and maintaining the assumed curing temperature. The properties of a fresh concrete mixture (consistency, air content, density) and properties of hardened concrete (density, water absorption, depth of water penetration under pressure, compressive strength, and freeze\u2013thaw durability of hardened concrete) were studied. It has been shown that increased temperature (30 \u00b0C) has a significant effect on loss of workability. The studies used the concrete slump test, the flow table test, and the Vebe test. A decrease in the slump and flow diameter and an increase in the Vebe time were observed. It has been shown that an increase in concrete curing temperature causes an increase in early compressive strength. After 3 days of curing, compared with concrete curing at 20 \u00b0C, an 18% increase in compressive strength was observed at 40 \u00b0C, while concrete curing at 12 \u00b0C had a compressive strength which was 11% lower. An increase in temperature lowers the compressive strength after a period longer than 28 days. After two years of curing, concrete curing at 12 \u00b0C achieved a compressive strength 13% higher than that of concrete curing at 40 \u00b0C. Freeze\u2013thaw performance tests of HPC in the presence of NaCl demonstrated that this concrete showed high freeze\u2013thaw resistance and de-icing materials (surface scaling of this concrete is minimal) regardless of the temperature of the curing process, from 12 \u00b0C to 30 \u00b0C.", "labels": [15], "labels_text": ["Materials science"]}, {"corpus_id": 63772393, "title": "The Interface of the Non-standard Keyboard with the PC", "abstract": "Industrial computers have the standard interface with the 101-key keyboard, but most of them usenon-standard. non-coded keyboards. So it is valuable to develop a kind of communication interfacewhich can not only communicate with industrial computers through the standard PC keyboardinterface but also drive non-standard keyboards. In this paper a kind of such interface realized with8051 is introduced.", "labels": [5], "labels_text": ["Computer science"]}, {"corpus_id": 145379940, "title": "The Importance of Distinguishing the Belief in a Just World for Self Versus for Others: Implications for Psychological Well-Being", "abstract": "Studies have shown that the belief in a just world (BJW) is related to psychological well-being. The authors suggest that studies exploring this relationship might benefit by making the distinction between the BJW for self versus for others or in general. In two studies, the authors assessed subjects' perceptions of depression, stress, and life satisfaction for self and for others. Subjects also completed measures of the five-factor model of personality. As predicted, the BJW for self most strongly and consistently predicted decreases in depression and stress, and increases in life satisfaction. When the five personality dimensions were included in the analyses, the BJW for self and for others continued to predict life satisfaction but not depression and stress. The implications of these results concerning the relationship between the BJW and psychological well-being, and how the just world is conceptualized, are discussed.", "labels": [21], "labels_text": ["Psychology"]}, {"corpus_id": 59409831, "title": "Electronic thermal conductivity in 2D topological insulator in a HgTe quantum well", "abstract": "We have measured the differential resistance in a two-dimensional topological insulator (2DTI) in a HgTe quantum well, as a function of the applied dc current. The transport near the charge neutrality point is characterized by a pair of counter propagating gapless edge modes. In the presence of an electric field, the energy is transported by counter propagating channels in the opposite direction. We test a hot carrier effect model and demonstrate that the energy transfer complies with the Wiedemann Franz law near the charge neutrality point in the edge transport regime.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 134100148, "title": "No. 43170. Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Romania", "abstract": "Agreement between the Governments of the Kingdom of Belgium, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, on the one hand, and the Government of Romania, on the other hand, on the readmission of persons in irregular situation (with annexes). Bucharest, 6 June 1995", "labels": [20], "labels_text": ["Political science"]}, {"corpus_id": 124304382, "title": "Multi-scale and multi-fractal characteristics of pressure signals in SCISR", "abstract": "The complexity of pressure fluctuation dynamics in submerged circulative impinging stream reactor (SCISR) with different rotating speeds was studied by using the multi-scale and R/S analysis method.The Daubechies second order wavelet was firstly used to decompose pressure signals at different rotative speeds to 1\u20149 scale detail signals and scale approximation signals.Then, Hurst analysis was used to analyze multi-fractal characteristics of different scale signals.By analyzing the signal profile of different scales, different fractal structures at different scales were found, and there remained the similar trend with increasing rotating speed.Besides, there were some deterministic non-periodic components in the system and similar energy exchange between particles caused the diffusion of turbulence, which was the characteristic of an open system.The vortex with different scales would cause chaos.", "labels": [4, 9], "labels_text": ["Chemistry", "Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 138615691, "title": "Design Criteria for Pseudo-Ductile Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites", "abstract": "", "labels": [8], "labels_text": ["Engineering"]}, {"corpus_id": 159532364, "title": "Rachid Bouchareb\u2019s Outside the Law: Aesthetics and Reception in France", "abstract": "This article is a critical reading of the Franco-Algerian filmmaker Rachid Bouchareb\u2019s films and their reception in France, Algeria, and the United States. Whereas Days of Glory, which deals with African soldiers who fought on behalf of France in World War II, was praised for its realism, Outside the Law, taking the form of a gangster film, failed to garner the label of authenticity in its treatment of the Algerian War of Independence. By analyzing the shift from Day of Glory to Outside the Law in the filmic language that characterizes Bouchareb\u2019s style, and the public response to it, Merkel attempts to construct a language of tropes, forms, and contexts that determine the palatability of African art, notably in metropolitan France.", "labels": [1], "labels_text": ["Art"]}, {"corpus_id": 117393029, "title": "The method of Grothendieck-Ramirez and weak topologies in C(T)", "abstract": "", "labels": [16], "labels_text": ["Mathematics"]}, {"corpus_id": 149882912, "title": "Prediction of default probability by using statistical models for rare events", "abstract": "Prediction models in credit scoring usually involve the use of data sets with highly imbalanced distributions of the event of interest (default). Logistic regression, which is widely used to estimate the probability of default, PD, often suffers from the problem of separation when the event of interest is rare and consequently poor predictive performance of the minority class in small samples. A common solution is to discard majority class examples, to duplicate minority class examples or to use a combination of both to balance the data. These methods may overfit data. It is unclear how penalized regression models such as Firth's estimator, which reduces bias and mean\u2010square error relative to classical logistic regression, performs in modelling PD. We review some methods for class imbalanced data and compare them in a simulation study using the Taiwan credit card data. We emphasize the effect of events per variable for developing an accurate model\u2014an often neglected concept in PD\u2010modelling. The data balancing techniques that are considered are the random oversampling examples and synthetic minority oversampling technique methods. The results indicate that the synthetic minority oversampling technique improved predictive accuracy of PD regardless of sample size. Among the penalized regression models that are analysed, the log\u2010F prior and ridge regression methods are preferred.", "labels": [16], "labels_text": ["Mathematics"]}, {"corpus_id": 18984085, "title": "Enhancing Node Cooperation in Mobile Ad Hoc Network", "abstract": "Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) have been a research interest over the past few years, yet, node cooperation has continually been a recognized issue for researchers. Because of their lack of infrastructure, MANETS depend on the cooperation of intermediate nodes in order to forward or send packets of their own to other nodes in the network. Therefore, nodes located in the central area of the network are used more frequently than the nodes located on the outer boundary. The inner nodes have to forward the packets of other nodes and if there is no payoff for forwarding the packets, the nodes may start to refrain from forwarding the packets of others to save their energy. The Community Enforcement Mechanism has been proposed to force the cooperation of among the nodes and reduce their misbehavior. Although, it provides cooperation among the nodes, it does not essentially increase the network life. In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm to improve the longevity of a MANET based upon more structured nodes cooperation.", "labels": [5], "labels_text": ["Computer science"]}, {"corpus_id": 31735225, "title": "Aortic aneurysm and the split eggshell sign.", "abstract": "A 90-year-old woman presented to our emergency department due to gradually increasing dyspnea over the last 3 days. Her medical history was significant for well-controlled arterial hypertension and pernicious anemia. Physical examination demonstrated blood pressure of 125/64\u2009mmHg, heart rate of 74 beats/minute, bilateral lung crepitations and holosystolic murmur at apex radiating to axilla. Her oxygen saturation was 80% while breathing ambient air. Laboratory tests disclosed moderate anemia \u2026", "labels": [17], "labels_text": ["Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 7696841, "title": "Cortisol up-regulates corticotropin releasing factor gene expression in the fetal ovine brainstem at 0.70 gestation.", "abstract": "Glucocorticoids are important for the development of the central nervous system. In the ovine fetus, increased levels of plasma cortisol at term provide a stimulus to initiate parturition. CRF is central to this event in that it is one of the main modulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of physiological increases in fetal plasma cortisol levels on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) gene expression in the developing ovine brain. Fetal plasma cortisol levels were chronically elevated at 0.70 gestation (100 days) to physiological levels found at 0.90 gestation (130 days; term 145 +/- 2 days) when glucocorticoid-induced maturational changes are known to occur in the HPA axis. The 3' end of the ovine CRF gene encodes 4 putative polyadenylation (poly(A)) signals that may post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression through stability, translation and localization of the mRNA in a temporal and spatial manner. To determine whether CRF mRNA levels or poly(A) site usage are differentially regulated by cortisol in a region-specific manner, we used an RNase protection assay with an antisense CRF RNA probe from the 3' coding and untranslated regions of the gene to quantify changes in mRNA levels in the hypothalamus (Hypo), hippocampal-amygdala complex (H and A), frontal cerebral cortex (FCC) and brainstem. Our novel finding was a 3.5-fold increase in CRF mRNA levels in the medulla oblongata of fetuses from the cortisol group compared to those from the saline group (P = 0.001). CRF mRNA levels in the Hypo, H and A and FCC did not change significantly in fetuses from the cortisol group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "labels": [2], "labels_text": ["Biology"]}, {"corpus_id": 87308965, "title": "Establishment of human islet \u03b2-cell line of FADD deleted mutation (FADDdel) and studying on character of its biology", "abstract": "Objective To construct FADDdel plasmid capable of blocking the Fas triggered intracellular signal transduction and to prepare technology ability for the further inquiring into transplantation by modifying the target cells in gene level. Methods The target gene of FADDdel, designated Fas associated death domain protein(FADD) without N terminal death effective domain(DED), was amplified from human blood lymphocyte by RT PCR and then inserted into the pUC pIC vector. The structure was confirmed by digestion and DNA sequencing. After the transfection of human \u03b2 cell strain(NIT) with pFADDdel, apoptosis of NIT with or without pFADDdel induced by FasL was detected by FACS. The 3 D structure of FADDdel was successfully constructed, analyzed and compared with stereodrawing of the FADD by means of digital molecule mode technology online. Results A 500bp target gene fragment was obtained by RT PCR. Digestion and DNA sequencing showed that the recombinant plasmid pFADDdel was successfully constructed. After transfection, FADDdel high expression cell strain F15 has been built up. pFADDdel prevented the death of F15 induced by sFasL even cultured with IFN \u03b3 and TNF \u03b1. Analyzing of function structure domain of FADD and FADDdel showed molecule mechanism of FADDdel protein in blocking signal transduction pathway of apoptosis. Conclusions In the present study, we have established human \u03b2 islet cells strain which can steadily express the pFADDdel. pFADDdel can block the apoptosis signal of Fas and TNF R1. It is a solid base for the further study of transplantation immunity and organ special autoimmune disease. [", "labels": [2], "labels_text": ["Biology"]}, {"corpus_id": 179366939, "title": "\u041e\u041e\u0411\u0417\u041e\u0420 \u0417\u0410\u0421\u0415\u0414\u0410\u041d\u0418\u0419 \u041f\u0420\u0410\u0412\u0418\u0422\u0415\u041b\u042c\u0421\u0422\u0412\u0410 \u0420\u0424", "abstract": "\u041d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0424 \u0432 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435 2015 \u0433. \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b: \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443- \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 (\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438) \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 (\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c- \u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438) \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.", "labels": [6], "labels_text": ["Economics"]}, {"corpus_id": 163261495, "title": "The School of Prague, Painting at the Court of Rudolf II.Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann", "abstract": "", "labels": [12], "labels_text": ["History"]}, {"corpus_id": 35241436, "title": "Very Low Intensity Storage-Ring Profile Monitor", "abstract": "The Fermilab Colliding Beams Group has now accomplished several cooling experiments (electron and stochastic methods) on proton beams in the ''electron cooling'' synchrotron ring built for this purpose. A key to analyzing the performance of any test cooling system is a complete set of beam diagnostics to measure the beam emittances in all three planes. For longitudinal emittance the authors use Schottky scans (although very low intensities make this difficult, necessitating a departure from the conventional method by bunching the beams). A description is given of the MCP telescope and readout which evolved independently as a complete monitor system using residual gas in lieu of Mg vapor. To date all transverse measurements of coasting beam profiles have been obtained in this mode. 2 refs.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 150473176, "title": "Accountability and the Role of the College Professor in Experimental Programs.", "abstract": "", "labels": [7], "labels_text": ["Education"]}, {"corpus_id": 146713974, "title": "Construct Accessibility and Generalizability Across Response Categories", "abstract": "A study of the effects of construct accessibility on impression formation was conducted to assess the generalizability of priming effects across categories of social judgments. Subjects were primed with positive or negative target-relevant trait terms and were later, in a supposedly unrelated second study, asked to rate a target individual immediately and following a 1-week delay. Priming effects were apparent only after the 1-week delay. There were no effects of prime valence on trait constructs that were related to the semantic content of the prime. Only global impressions were affected by the accessibility manipulation. The effect was discussed in terms of a model that distinguishes the semantic and affective components of constructs. External validity was also addressed. The results generalized to live targets, supporting the external validity of construct accessibility effects. Finally, new evidence was found in support of the consolidation of impressions over time.", "labels": [21], "labels_text": ["Psychology"]}, {"corpus_id": 118541195, "title": "Comment on \"Parametric amplification in Josephson junction embedded transmission lines\"", "abstract": "Recently Yaakobi and co-workers [Phys. Rev. B 87, 144301 (2013)] theoretically studied four-wave mixing and parametric amplification in a nonlinear transmission line consisting of capacitively shunted Josephson junctions. By deriving and solving the coupled-mode equations, they have arrived at the conclusion that in a wide frequency range around the pump frequency exponential parametric gain (in which the signal grows exponentially with distance) can be achieved. However, we have found a mathematical error in their derivation of the coupled-mode equations (Equation (A13)), which leads to the wrong expression of the gain factor and invalidates their conclusions on the gain and bandwidth. In this comment, we present the correct expression for the parametric gain. We show that for a transmission line with weak dispersion or positive dispersion ($\\Delta k>0 $), as is the case discussed by Yaakobi et al, while quadratic (power) gain can occur around the pump frequency, exponential gain is impossible. Furthermore, for a transmission line with proper intrinsic or engineered dispersion, exponential gain occurs at frequencies where the phase matching condition is met, while around the pump frequency the gain is still quadratic.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 129613856, "title": "Pleistocene reef development in the southwest Ryukyu Islands, Japan", "abstract": "Abstract Calcareous nannofossil and sedimentological studies of the Pleistocene Ryukyu Group, based on 13 cores and surface outcrops on Irabu-jima and Shimoji-jima, the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, suggest that these sediments were deposited at 1.5\u20130.3 Ma and unconformably overlie the Pliocene Shimajiri Group. The Ryukyu Group consists mainly of reef complex deposits, which accumulated in a wide range of depositional environments, from shallow reef flat to deep insular shelf. Carbonate lithofacies representing 10 depositional environments were delineated by comparison with the present-day marine sediments and biota around the Ryukyus. Five coral assemblages were defined by species composition and the morphology of fossil forms within the coral limestone, each indicating a particular environment. The Ryukyu Group in the study area is composed of 13 lithologic units. A complete succession of units commences with coral limestone (LST or TST) grading upward into rhodolith and larger foraminiferal limestones (TST) overlain by coral limestone (HST). Episodic subaerial exposure and subordinate karstification commonly occurred after deposition. The study area subsided during the deposition of units 1\u201312 and then was uplifted during deposition of unit 13. Reef development may have been dominated by obliquity or precessional cycles (sixth- and seventh-order cycles, respectively) for the first 0.5 million years (\u223c1.5\u20131 Ma), after which it may have responded to fifth-order (eccentricity) cycles.", "labels": [9, 10], "labels_text": ["Environmental science", "Geography"]}, {"corpus_id": 26947237, "title": "Magnetic Septa For The Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory (SAL)", "abstract": "An unusual design was investigated for two magnets now in permanent use at the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory (SAL). The compact septa incorporated a novel cooling technique for the thin aluminum sheets forming the coils. These magnets have operated successfully for several years. Concepts for improviing the duty factor and peak field of the septa by using power modulators were considered.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 128461602, "title": "Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Rocky Mountain region", "abstract": "Introduction The thesis of this paper is as follows: It is proposed to show that the dinosaur-bearing beds known as \u201cCeratops beds,\u201d \u201cLance Creek beds,\u201d Lance formation, \u201cHell Creek beds,\u201d \u201cSomber beds,\u201d \u201cLower Fort Union,\u201d Laramie of many writers, \u201cUpper Laramie,\u201d Arapahoe, Denver, Dawson, and their equivalents, are above a major unconformity and are Tertiary rather than Cretaceous in age. As this is essentially a stratigraphic problem and not, as some assume, an exclusively paleontologic one, a certain amount of structural data are necessary as a setting for the paleontology. It is proposed, therefore, first, briefly to present the evidence on which this unconformity is predicated. STRATIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE The geological formations here involved are spread widely over the States of New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, the Dakotas, Montana, and adjacent Canadian territory. It is held that the dinosaur-bearing beds above mentioned are separated from underlying beds by a major unconformity which . . .", "labels": [11], "labels_text": ["Geology"]}, {"corpus_id": 109944818, "title": "INFLUENCES OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE AND SUMMER GRAZING ON SOIL COMPACTION IN WHEAT PADDOCKS", "abstract": "Agriculture in the Southern Great Plains (SGP) relies on production systems that combine yearling cattle and grazing of winter wheat. Incorporating summer legumes into the fallow period of wheat would allow longer grazing seasons and potential improvements in livestock gain, but may adversely affect soil conditions. This study examined the impacts of additional grazing during summer on soil compaction within paddocks of grazed wheat. Four 1.6 ha paddocks were used to study two systems of producing forage by conservation tillage during 1999 and 2000. Both systems combined winter and spring grazing of wheat with either grazing of an annual legume during summer (SL) or chemical fallow during summer (SCF). Enclosures (n = 2) were established in each paddock to serve as ungrazed controls. Soil compaction was measured by resistance to a cone penetrometer to 300 mm soil depth on three dates (May and December 1999, June 2000), and measures of bulk density and soil moisture were collected. Regression analyses showed a significant relationship between resistance and bulk density across agricultural practices, and separate relationships for grazing treatments. The SL agricultural practice produced greater compaction of soil than SCF below 75 mm depth, with gradual increases over the last two sampling dates. In contrast, grazing generated increases in compaction at all depths on all dates, with the largest increases noted between 50 and 100 mm. Results suggest that combining grazing of wheat with grazing legumes during the summer, under conservation tillage, may not represent sustainable management in the short term.", "labels": [0], "labels_text": ["Agricultural and Food sciences"]}, {"corpus_id": 101125617, "title": "Synthesis of Perforative Silica Microspheres and Its Application in Fast Separation", "abstract": "The synthesis of a new liquid chromatographic packing of perforative silica gel microspheres was reported.The tetraethoxylsilane,potassium persulfate,hydrochloric acid and methacrylate sodium were mixed together at 60 \u2103 for 4 h.Then the solution was connected to a vacuum pump for 4 h to get rid of by-product of ethanol.After that,it was magnetically dispersed into paraffin oil to undergo sol-gel transition.The as-synthesized silica gel was characterized by scanning electron microscopy,mercury porosimetry and nitrogen sorption measurements.The results shows that the silica gel demonstrates hierarchically porous structure of mesopores and perfusive macropores.The mesopores guarantee high surface area while the macropores,which traverse the microspheres,realize convective mass transfer.The successful application of the perforative silica gel in fast liquid chromatography was well demonstrated in the present work.Five benzene homologues can be baseline separated within 3 min.", "labels": [4], "labels_text": ["Chemistry"]}, {"corpus_id": 156706957, "title": "The Revival of Agriculture--A Constructive Policy for Britain.", "abstract": "", "labels": [6], "labels_text": ["Economics"]}, {"corpus_id": 154088510, "title": "Cordelia Beattie and Matthew Frank Stevens, eds., Married women and the law in premodern northwest Europe ( Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2013. Pp. x + 248, 2 figs. 11 tabs. ISBN 97818438333 Hbk. \u00a360)", "abstract": "", "labels": [6, 12], "labels_text": ["Economics", "History"]}, {"corpus_id": 182830579, "title": "Mental Health Services: The Cross-Cultural Context. Edited by Paul B. Pedersen, Norman Sartorius and Anthony J. Marsella London: Sage Publications. 1984. Pp. 311. \u00a326.50.", "abstract": "", "labels": [17, 21], "labels_text": ["Medicine", "Psychology"]}, {"corpus_id": 73480544, "title": "Substance-P Prevents Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Modulating Stem Cell Mobilization and Causing Early Suppression of Injury-Mediated Inflammation.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND/AIMS\nTherapies using stem/progenitor cells have been experimentally and clinically investigated to regenerate damaged hearts. Substance-P (SP) induces bone marrow (BM) stem cell mobilization and suppresses inflammation in ischemic injuries. This study investigated the role of SP in BM stem cell mobilization and immune responses for tissue repair after ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI), in comparison with that of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF).\n\n\nMETHODS\nSP was intravenously injected into IRI rats and its affect was evaluated by determining colony forming efficiency, immune cell/ cytokine profiles, histological changes, and heart function through echocardiography.\n\n\nRESULTS\nIn the rat cardiac IRI model, SP suppressed IRI-mediated tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 induction, but increased the levels of interleukin-10, CD206+ monocytes, and regulatory T cells in the blood; reduced myocardial apoptosis at day 1 post-IRI; and markedly stimulated colony forming unit (CFU)-e and (CFU)-f cell mobilization. Efficacy of SP in the recovery of cardiac function after IRI was demonstrated by increased cardiac contractility, accompanied by reduced infarction sizes and fibrosis, and increased revascularization of vessels covered with alpha smooth muscle actin. These effects of SP were confirmed in an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model. All effects mediated by SP were superior to those mediated by GCSF.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nSystemic injection of SP decreased early inflammatory responses and promoted stem cell mobilization, leading to a compact vasculature and improved cardiac function in cardiac IRI and AMI.", "labels": [2, 4], "labels_text": ["Biology", "Chemistry"]}, {"corpus_id": 135519783, "title": "Theory of amorphous semiconductors", "abstract": "\u201cPotential\u201d is the word that first comes to my mind in thinking about the field of amorphous semiconductors. The field is potentially very large because of the wide range of phenomena and materials it encompasses. The phenomena lend themselves to a multitude of potential technological applications (see box). What I am concerned with here, however, is the challenge offered by amorphous semiconductors to our theoretical understanding.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 34634431, "title": "Fate of parathion in artificially fortified grape juice processed into wine.", "abstract": "\"Semellon\" grape juice fortified with a high level of 25 ppm parathion was fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus. After 12 days inte parathion levels in the wine and lees were 10.3 and 156 ppm, respectively; the paraoxon, aminoparathion, and p-nitrophenol levels in the wine were 0.16, 0.20, and 4.5 ppm, respectively, and in the lees were 0.04, 3.1 and 10 ppm, respectively. Thus, hydrolysis of parathion to p-nitrophenol and parathion sorption to sedimented particulate matter were important pathways for parathion residue reduction in the wine. The 56-day-old finished wine just prior to bottling contained 8.8 ppm parathion, 0.04 ppm paraoxon, 0.21 ppm aminoparathion, and 3.0 ppm p-nitrophenol. Two months storage at 24 degrees, 12 degrees, 4 degrees, and -20 degrees C had no effect on paraoxon and aminoparathion residue levels in the wine; parathion residues in wine decreased at all storage temperatures.", "labels": [0], "labels_text": ["Agricultural and Food sciences"]}, {"corpus_id": 153697067, "title": "Philadelphia--the Federalist city : a study of urban politics, 1789-1801", "abstract": "with backgrounds in school administration and little formal training in economics and public finance. They had little interest in and even less understanding of matters such as intergovernmental relations and taxation policy. Today, the awesome dollar amounts involved in school support, increased reliance upon state revenues, efforts to achieve greater equity in the administration of the property tax, attempts to preserve local decision-making discretion, and the desire to enhance school efficiency, have recast the study and practice of public school finance. Increasingly, it is a legitimate branch of public finance and the new breed of scholarly practitioners is not only sensitive to schools and politics, but also knowledgeable about subjects such as computers, simulation techniques, tax policies, development economics, and production-function analysis. Pincus' book nicely represents the transition of school finance from an intellectually narrow \"Old Boy\" network to a modern branch of the overall field of public administration. Pincus himself is illustrative of the new outlook; he is trained as an economist and employed by the Rand Corporation. Of the remaining contributors, five are economists, five are trained in public administration, two are lawyers, one is an intellectual historian, and one is a school finance analyst. Half the contributors are from universities and the remainder from other institutions. The topics are equally broad in scope, with sections dealing with the technical mechanics of school finance reform, as well as interesting chapters on political complexity, school efficiency, taxation policy, intergovernmental relations, and the linkage of school finance to social policy. In general, the topics are well chosen, the authors able, and the writing understandable. The book is valuable both for its content and for representing the transition of school finance to a sophisticated field of study. JAMES W. GUTHRIE University of California, Berkeley", "labels": [20], "labels_text": ["Political science"]}, {"corpus_id": 113148758, "title": "Fracture Analysis of Steering Knuckle Pin for Front Axle in Heavy Trucks", "abstract": "The materials,microstructure and hardness,and macroscopic fracture morphology of the broken-off pins were comprehensively analyzed.The analysis results show that,the events of broken-off pins are not the causes of material and heat treatment.In addition to overloading and poor road conditions,the broken-off mainly relates to the vehicle models equipped improperly.", "labels": [15], "labels_text": ["Materials science"]}, {"corpus_id": 40748079, "title": "A crack in an anisotropic elastic slab", "abstract": "", "labels": [16], "labels_text": ["Mathematics"]}, {"corpus_id": 23245048, "title": "Multiple nuclear factors interact with the promoter of the human neurofilament M gene.", "abstract": "In order to identify potential regulatory elements of the human mid-sized (M) neurofilament (NF) gene we preformed DNase I footprinting, gel mobility shift assays and methylation interference studies with probes from the NF(M) immediate 5' flanking region. These studies identified multiple sites for DNA-binding proteins including four Sp1 sites, and single sites each for members of the NF-1 and AP-1 families of DNA binding proteins. In addition a binding site within a pyrimidine tract likely binds a novel DNA-binding protein which also interacts with the human NF(H) gene promoter. Factors that bind to these sites are found in both neural and non-neural cells suggesting that the NF(M) promoter may not contain tissue specific regulatory signals. In transient assays, addition of these binding sites to an NF(M) minimal promoter containing only a TATA box lead to a greater than 40-fold activation of transcription over background. Progressive 5' deletions reduced expression in a step wise manner suggesting that all the factors likely act synergistically as positive regulators of transcription.", "labels": [2], "labels_text": ["Biology"]}, {"corpus_id": 115725541, "title": "Instability of Slopes with Nonassociated Flow", "abstract": "Experimental investigations of the conditions for instability have shown that granular materials may become unstable inside the failure surface. For states of stress below the failure surface and above the instability line, loose granular soils may exhibit 'spontaneous' instability in response to transition from drained to undrained conditions. An example of a submarine slope, which should have remained stable according to conventional stability analyses, is presented to show that it could become unstable due to small disturbances and proceed to fail catastrophically.", "labels": [8], "labels_text": ["Engineering"]}, {"corpus_id": 85827296, "title": "Seasonal development of hypolimnetic ciliate communities in a eutrophic pond", "abstract": "The ciliated protozoan communities in the hypolimnion of a highly produtive pond were investigated over two years. Three physiological groups could be distinguished: stratified water column; (b) anaerobic ciliates with endosymbiotic methanogens; and (c) anaerobes without endosymbiotic methanogens. Both groups of anaerobes were confined to the anoxic zone of the hypolimnion. Community biomass was dominated by microaerobic ciliates which had on average 20 times larger cells than anaerobic ciliates. Abundance and biomass of microaerobic ciliates decreased over the summer, while anaerobic ciliates increased. This reflected a spatial shift in the availability of inorganic nutrients and, as a result, of ciliate food from the epi- and metalimnion to the hypolimnion. The low biomass production of anaerobic ciliates was consistent with the low theoretical growth efficiency of anaerobic metabolism. Ciliate species displayed characteristic spatial and seasonal distribution patterns within the water column which were similar in both years investigated. Spatial and temporal distribution was mainly governed by two factors: (1) the distribution of dissolved oxygen; and (2) the availability of food. Distribution patterns were not related to chemical gradients other than the oxygen gradient, but they were correlated with the distribution of major food sources.", "labels": [2, 9], "labels_text": ["Biology", "Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 204744124, "title": "A Unified Framework for Tuning Hyperparameters in Clustering Problems", "abstract": "Selecting hyperparameters for unsupervised learning problems is challenging in general due to the lack of ground truth for validation. Despite the prevalence of this issue in statistics and machine learning, especially in clustering problems, there are not many methods for tuning these hyperparameters with theoretical guarantees. In this paper, we provide a framework with provable guarantees for selecting hyperparameters in a number of distinct models. We consider both the subgaussian mixture model and network models to serve as examples of i.i.d. and non-i.i.d. data. We demonstrate that the same framework can be used to choose the Lagrange multipliers of penalty terms in semi-definite programming (SDP) relaxations for community detection, and the bandwidth parameter for constructing kernel similarity matrices for spectral clustering. By incorporating a cross-validation procedure, we show the framework can also do consistent model selection for network models. Using a variety of simulated and real data examples, we show that our framework outperforms other widely used tuning procedures in a broad range of parameter settings.", "labels": [5], "labels_text": ["Computer science"]}, {"corpus_id": 95579502, "title": "Fluorescent Recognition for Single- and Double-Stranded Oligonucleotides Based on Rhodamine B-Modified Self-assembled Bilayers", "abstract": "Abstract Rhodamine B (RB) was assembled onto the surface of quartz substrate by electrostatic interaction between the fluorescence reagent RB and \u03b3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APES), and the Quartz/APES/RB film was constructed. The fluorescence spectra and binding interaction of Quartz/APES/RB with single- and double- stranded oligonucleotides (ssDNA and dsDNA) in Tris-HCl buffer solution of pH 7.4 were studied. The conditions of establishment, fluorescent characterization of self-assembled bilayers, binding reaction mechanism between DNA and Quartz/APES/RB were discussed in detail. The experiment results show that the Quartz/APES/RB was allowed for an extremely highly sensitive fluorescent recognition for ssDNA and dsDNA with the detection limit of 2.4 ng l \u22121 and 0.85 ng l \u22121 , respectively.", "labels": [4], "labels_text": ["Chemistry"]}, {"corpus_id": 143449044, "title": "Pornography and Deceptive Advertising: What Is the Role of Government in a Free Society?", "abstract": "ne of the most perplexing realities concerning the attitudes of American citizens toward the proper or desired role of government in society has been an almost schizophrenic mindset for demanding less government, at least in the abstract, while at the same time asking more of that same government in the particular. If, for example, one asks the average citizen whether government is too big or taxes are too high, one will most likely get an affirmative response\u2014 often an emphatically affirmative response. Usually, that same average citizen also wants good roads, superior schools, timely garbage pick-ups, and police and fire protection when needed. One finds a similar schizophrenic mindset if one attempts to evaluate the views of the average American about questions related to civil rights and liberties. Public opinion researchers have consistently found that respondents to surveys overwhelmingly assert that they are strong supporters of freedom of speech and of the press, as long as one is speaking in generalities. Move to specific circumstances, however, and that support will quickly dissipate. In short, the views of the average American citizen about a host of important questions regarding the appropriate role of government, from both a positive and negative perspective, display what can only charitably be called a conspicuous lack of consistency and sophistication. In this context, positive refers to questions germane to what is the proper role of government in establishing and carrying out policies designed to further the common good and the public interest. Negative refers to formalized limitations on governmental power, such as protecting individual citizens from governmental intrusion into areas involving freedom of speech, press, and religion. Social science teachers have a responsibility to address that reality if their students are going to become genuinely informed participants in the political process. Too frequently, discussions of political decision making and the role and responsibilities of the individual citizen in that process take on something of a disconnected approach in the social studies classroom. Hennessy (1985) spoke directly to this reality when he wrote that \u201cdemocratic values . . . in the abstract may be discussed and perhaps even learned about (again abstractly)\u201d (198). He quotes Kent Jennings in noting, however, that what is not achieved is \u201c any thorough understanding of . . . [the] concepts, their philosophical underpinnings . . . the conditions giving rise to or threatening them, and their translation from belief into action\u201d (198). How, one needs to ask, can social studies teachers bring the realities of constitutional democratic government to a level of reality to which students can genuinely relate? How can teachers help students come to appreciate that the subject matter under consideration is vitally important? One means to bring this reality home\u2014at a level to which students can relate\u2014centers around focusing on two topics directly related to mass communication: the regulation of commercial advertising and governmental control (censorship) of pornographic materials.", "labels": [22], "labels_text": ["Sociology"]}, {"corpus_id": 124093074, "title": "OPTICAL TURBULENCE IN THE SURFACE LAYER OVER COMPLEX TERRAIN", "abstract": "The experimental data of atmospheric refractive index structure parameter (RISP) in thesurface layer over the complex terrian measured at the top of a peninsula in Hefei were analysed. It is shownthat because of a large area of water possessing large thermal capacity existing, the variation of (RISP) iscomplicated and variety. Experience formulas used for estimation of (RISP) in the surface layer over waterand land were obtained. A method used for estimation of (RISP) in the surface layer over complex terrain was presented.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 172280383, "title": "Decision-making process and the constraints about the sport participation from the angle of the strategic marketing.", "abstract": "This article mainly applies the sociological surveys,research and documentation,and the mathematical statistics method,using the sports marketing theory on the eight cities in Shandong province 1,106 middle-aged sports participation,the decision-making process and the constraints were studied and the players consumer behavior model were developed,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the sports operators on the middle-aged partici-pants in the success of sports marketing activities and developing consumer market further.The results show that: the process that the middle-aged crowd to participate in decision-making sports is a complex process,which consist of the identified the problem-the information search-the evaluation of choice-participation\u2013evaluation.Different ages,education,occupations on the middle-aged participants in the decision-making process is basically the same recognition rate(X2 = 68.79,P 0.05;X2 = 82.37,P 0.05;X2 = 143.26,P 0.05).the constraints of the decision-making process by factor analysis(eigenvalue greater than 1,a total contribution rate of 74.83%)consist of three factors,namely: psychological factors,social factors,scenarios factor.The core of the model is the deci-sion-making process of the participant.", "labels": [7], "labels_text": ["Education"]}, {"corpus_id": 19204998, "title": "The Physician and the Rights of the Unborn", "abstract": "", "labels": [17, 18], "labels_text": ["Medicine", "Philosophy"]}, {"corpus_id": 110127233, "title": "Application studies of superconducting fault current limiters in electric power systems", "abstract": "In power systems, superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) can limit the prospective short-circuit currents to lower levels, so that the underrated switchgear can be operated safely. This paper presents a detailed theoretical analysis of improving power system stability by using SFCLs. Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) simulation results based on a model system also show that SFCLs are effective for enhancing the transient stability of electric power systems by restraining the generator rotors from accelerating after faults and improving power quality. This paper outlines the basic application guidelines for using superconducting fault current limiters in different voltage-level power systems. In order to insure the safe and proper usage of SFCLs, some future considerations on the interaction between SFCLs and power systems are presented as well.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 223927409, "title": "El otro Rosas", "abstract": "", "labels": [12], "labels_text": ["History"]}, {"corpus_id": 95720365, "title": "Growth study of AlGaAs using dimethylethylamine alane as the aluminum precursor", "abstract": "We present a comprehensive study on the growth of AlGaAs by using an alternative Al precursor, dimethylethylamine alane (DMEAA), and a Ga coprecursor, either triethylgallium (TEG) or trimethylgallium (TMG). The growth rate of AlAs determined by using in situ reflectometry was studied as a function of the growth temperature, V/III ratio, growth pressure, and rotation speed of the substrate. The presence of gas phase reactions of DMEAA with arsine and TEG was indicated, and their reduction was achieved at a lower growth pressure, lower V/III ratio, or a lower growth temperature. Negligible pre-reaction of DMEAA with TMG was observed. Excellent material uniformity of AlGaAs was achieved on a 2\u2033 diameter wafer. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements revealed extremely low C and O contents in the AlAs layer grown by DMEAA. Photoluminescence measurements suggested the presence of some non-radiative defects in the as-grown DMEAA AlGaAs layers.", "labels": [15], "labels_text": ["Materials science"]}, {"corpus_id": 144916552, "title": "Stands Larceny Where it Did", "abstract": "", "labels": [13], "labels_text": ["Law"]}, {"corpus_id": 157935841, "title": "A New Era Unfolds", "abstract": "In early 1992, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society of London issued a joint report that began: \"If current predictions of population growth prove accurate and patterns of human activity on the planet remain unchanged, science and technology may not be able to prevent either irreversible degradation of the environment or continued poverty for much of the world.\" It was a remarkable statement an admission that", "labels": [6], "labels_text": ["Economics"]}, {"corpus_id": 23155479, "title": "Thyroid autoantigens and human T cell responses", "abstract": "We investigated the ability of T cells from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and with Graves' disease as well as control donors to proliferate in response to thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin using (i) lymphoid cells from different lymphoid organs; (ii) unfractionated or CD8\u2010depleted lymphoid suspensions or T cells+autologous low density cells (LDC); (iii) 200\u2010\u03bcI well cultures and 20\u2010\u03bcl hanging\u2010drop microcultures; and (iv) intact TPO and thyroglobulin, denatured thyroglobulin and 12 synthetic peptides predicted on the basis of the amino acid sequence of TPO to be T cell epitopes. In 200\u2010\u03bcl well cultures, proliferative responses (assessed in terms of 3H\u2010thymidine uptake) to intact TPO or thyroglobulin, digested thyroglobulin or synthetic TPO peptides were not significantly different in unfractionated or CD8\u2010depleted lymphoid suspensions from blood, thyroid or lymph nodes of TPO/thyroglobulin autoantibody\u2010positive patients, autoantibody\u2010negative patients or control donors. In contrast, blood T cells from some high titre patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (but not from healthy individuals) proliferated in response to intact thyroglobulin or TPO presented by autologous LDC in hanging\u2010drop microcultures. Heat denatured thyroglobulin (with which thyroglobulin autoantibodies do not interact) did not stimulate proliferation and this observation, together with the ability of T cells from some patients to respond to intact thyroglobulin in the absence of LDC, indicated that thyroglobulin\u2010specific B cells may be involved in antigen presentation. As we were unable to demonstrate proliferation by blood T cells + LDC from all thyroglobulin antibody\u2010positive patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, our studies suggest that the presence of sufficient precursor T cells, as well as the number and type of antigen\u2010presenting cells, are critical for T cell proliferative responses to human TPO and thyroglobulin.", "labels": [2, 17], "labels_text": ["Biology", "Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 119279854, "title": "Electronic structure of the ferromagnetic superconductor UCoGe from first principles", "abstract": "The superconductor UCoGe is analysed with electronic structure calculations using a linearized augmented plane wave method based on density functional theory. Ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic calculations with and without correlations (via LDA+UH) were done. In this compound the Fermi level is situated in a region where the main contribution to DOS comes from the U-5f orbital. The magnetic moment is mainly due to the Co-3d orbital with a small contribution from the U-5f orbital. The possibility of fully non-collinear magnetism in this compound seems to be ruled out. These results are compared with the isostructural compound URhGe; in this case the magnetism comes mostly from the U-5f orbital.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 151740551, "title": "Arlene D\u00e1vila and Yeidy Rivero (eds.), Contemporary Latina/o Media: Production, Circulation, Politics (New York: New York University Press, 2016), pp. vi + 365, $79.00, $25.00 pb.", "abstract": "", "labels": [20], "labels_text": ["Political science"]}, {"corpus_id": 15000557, "title": "Performance and Environmental Correction of a Low-Cost NDIR CO2 Sensor", "abstract": "..................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................... iv List of Symbols ............................................................................................. v", "labels": [9], "labels_text": ["Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 1407345, "title": "A User Authentication Protocol based on Multiple Factors", "abstract": "In this paper, we propose a novel user authentication protocol which is based on multiple factors. The main idea is to improve the security of the authentication protocol by combining multiple authentication factors including biological characteristics, smart card and password together. On one hand, the protocol can provide a better security than that of single factor and double factor authentication protocols. Even if these three authentication factors mentioned above are leaked simultaneously, adversaries cannot break the protocol as long as the keys of the server and the collector are safe. On the other hand, this protocol also provides a better protection for biometric template which is based on the secure multi-party computation technique. It solves the leakage problem caused by storing biometric template on the server and it can also solve the invalidation problem caused by the misuse of hash function as well", "labels": [5], "labels_text": ["Computer science"]}, {"corpus_id": 93361402, "title": "Bioimaging and Distribution of Cd,P, S, K, Ca,Cu and Zn Elements in Indian Mustard Stem", "abstract": "Abstract Imaging of trace metal distribution in the cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator Indian mustard stem by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was typically performed using spatial resolutions of 25 \u03bcm. The plant of Indian mustard was exposed to 50 \u03bcM Cd for14 days and analyzed using Nd:YAG laser (213 nm). Intensities of 13 C, 34 S, 39 K, 44 Ca, 66 Zn, 111 Cd, 65 Cu and 31 P were measured by ICP-MS to study elemental distribution. Preferential Cd accumulation in vascular bundles was observed in stem tissue, large amount of Cd accumulated in the epidermis, cortex and the vascular tissues composed of phloem and xylem, while less Cd distributed in parenchyma consisting of many parenchyma cells. The high relationship between Ca and Cd distribution indicated that the two elements have very similar pathways. In vivo analysis method developed in this work proved that LA-ICP-MS was useful to study spatial element distribution across stem samples and had great potential for the applications in other areas of plant pathology research.", "labels": [4], "labels_text": ["Chemistry"]}, {"corpus_id": 122729795, "title": "Analyses of Fish Species Richness with Spatial Covariate", "abstract": "Abstract Legislation passed in 1990 reducing the allowable sulfur dioxide emission levels in the United States is expected to reduce acidity in the Adirondack region of New York State. The number of fish species in a lake (species richness) depends on a number of physical and chemical factors, including the area, elevation, and acidity of the lake. Data on these and other factors are available for 1,166 Adirondack lakes. The data are analyzed with the goal of quantifying the effects of acid deposition on species richness after controlling for other important factors. A plot of the residuals from a standard multiple regression model against spatial location reveals a strong nonlinear relationship between species richness and lake location. With only one realization of the data, it is difficult, if not impossible, to tell whether this dependence should be modeled as deterministic spatial trend or as a spatial covariance structure. Two models are thus considered. The first is a multiple linear regression mod...", "labels": [16], "labels_text": ["Mathematics"]}, {"corpus_id": 115716024, "title": "Structure of the Excited Band in 24Mg", "abstract": "", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 28424696, "title": "The first use of lithium?", "abstract": "", "labels": [17, 21], "labels_text": ["Medicine", "Psychology"]}, {"corpus_id": 155042926, "title": "Welthandelsbrauche (1480-1540). Deutsche Handelsakten des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit.", "abstract": "", "labels": [6, 12], "labels_text": ["Economics", "History"]}, {"corpus_id": 93519385, "title": "Wide-bandgap heterojunction field-effect transistors", "abstract": "Wide-bandgap semiconductors have been used as a gate in field effect transistors (FETS). For FET applications GaAlAs-GaAs and ZnSe-GaAs combinations provide convenient heterointerfaces. In the first part of this work the authors describe the role of high-bandgap discontinuities on the gate of FETS. The transistor was mainly fabricated on a GaAs semi-insulating substrate. The design and current-voltage characteristics and the electrical parameters such as access resistances and transconductances are given. Following an analysis method for semiconductor characterization they plot the drain resistance Ron in terms of the gate voltage and diffusion potential. The resistance of the source and the drain electrodes equals 79.3 Omega and the transconductance reaches 25 mA V-1 mm-1.", "labels": [15], "labels_text": ["Materials science"]}, {"corpus_id": 220963361, "title": "Wheat Disease Resistance Genes and Their Diversification Through Integrated Domain Fusions", "abstract": "Plants are in a constant evolutionary arms race with their pathogens. At the molecular level, the plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) family has coevolved with rapidly evolving pathogen effectors. While many NLRs utilize variable leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) to detect effectors, some have gained integrated domains (IDs) that may be involved in receptor activation or downstream signaling. The major objectives of this project were to identify NLR genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and assess IDs associated with immune signaling (e.g., kinase and transcription factor domains). We identified 2,151 NLR-like genes in wheat, of which 1,298 formed 547 gene clusters. Among the non-toll/interleukin-1 receptor NLR (non-TNL)-like genes, 1,552 encode LRRs, 802 are coiled-coil (CC) domain-encoding (CC-NBS-LRR or CNL) genes, and three encode resistance to powdery mildew 8 (RPW8) domains (RPW8-NBS-LRR or RNL). The expansion of the NLR gene family in wheat is attributable to its origin by recent polyploidy events. Gene clusters were likely formed by tandem duplications, and wheat NLR phylogenetic relationships were similar to those in barley and Aegilops. We also identified wheat NLR-ID fusion proteins as candidates for NLR functional diversification, often as kinase and transcription factor domains. Comparative analyses of the IDs revealed evolutionary conservation of more than 80% amino acid sequence similarity. Homology assessment indicates that these domains originated as functional non-NLR-encoding genes that were incorporated into NLR-encoding genes through duplication events. We also found that many of the NLR-ID genes encode alternative transcripts that include or exclude IDs, a phenomenon that seems to be conserved among species. To verify this, we have analyzed the alternative transcripts that include or exclude an ID of an NLR-ID from another monocotyledon species, rice (Oryza sativa). This indicates that plants employ alternative splicing to regulate IDs, possibly using them as baits, decoys, and functional signaling components. Genomic and expression data support the hypothesis that wheat uses alternative splicing to include and exclude IDs from NLR proteins.", "labels": [2], "labels_text": ["Biology"]}, {"corpus_id": 41675083, "title": "Natural variation in flavonol and anthocyanin metabolism during cold acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions.", "abstract": "In plants from temperate climates such as Arabidopsis thaliana, low, non-freezing temperatures lead to increased freezing tolerance in a process termed cold acclimation. During cold acclimation, massive changes in gene expression and in the content of primary metabolites and lipids have been observed. Here, we have analysed the influence of cold acclimation on flavonol and anthocyanin content and on the expression of genes related to flavonoid metabolism in 54 Arabidopsis accessions covering a wide range of freezing tolerance. Most flavonols and anthocyanins accumulated upon cold exposure, but the extent of accumulation varied strongly among the accessions. This was also true for most of the investigated transcripts. Correlation analyses revealed a high degree of coordination among metabolites and among transcripts, but only little correlation between metabolites and transcripts, indicating an important role of post-transcriptional regulation in flavonoid metabolism. Similarly, levels of many flavonoid biosynthesis genes were correlated with freezing tolerance after cold acclimation, but only the pool sizes of a few flavonols and anthocyanins. Collectively, our data provide evidence for an important role of flavonoid metabolism in Arabidopsis freezing tolerance and point to the importance of post-transcriptional mechanisms in the regulation of flavonoid metabolism in response to cold.", "labels": [9], "labels_text": ["Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 123116854, "title": "Der Polarisationsgrad der Neutronen aus der ReaktionD(d,n)3He f\u00fcrEd=80 bis 140keV", "abstract": "The polarization of neutrons from thed-d-reaction was investigated in the energy regionEd=80 to 140keV at an angle of\u03981=50\u00b0lab. Using a polarimeter consisting of a He-gasscintillation detector and two plastic detectors it was possible to reduce the background to a negligible amount. A maximum of neutron polarization of (\u221214.9 \u00b12.2)% was found atEd=100 keV. The resonancelike behavior is a further indication of an unknown excited level in4He at 23.9 MeV as given in ref.14.", "labels": [19], "labels_text": ["Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 889116, "title": "Characterization of T cells and cytokines in the aqueous humour (AH) in patients with Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis (FHC) and idiopathic anterior uveitis (IAU)", "abstract": "FHC and IAU are two forms of anterior uveitis which are localized to the eyes with no evidence of systemic involvement. However, FHC has distinct clinical features and differs from IAU in that the inflammation is low grade, steroid non\u2010responsive, and has a less aggressive clinical course. To try to dissect the mechanism for this difference the phenotypes of the cells in the AH and blood (PB) and the cytokines present in the AH in patients with FHC and IAU were compared. Three\u2010colour flow cytometry was performed on the cells isolated from the AH and PB. Percentage of cells bearing the following markers were determined: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD25, CD8/CD25, CD19 and CD14. The cytokines IL\u20104, IL\u201010, IL\u201012 and interferon\u2010gamma (IFN\u2010\u03b3) were assayed by ELISA. In both groups T cell numbers were higher in the AH than PB, although the distribution of T cell subsets in PB was similar. In the AH, CD8+ T cell numbers were higher in FHC than in IAU (P\u2003=\u20030.003), whilst CD4+ numbers were higher in IAU than FHC (P\u2003=\u20030.01). AH cytokine profiles were different in the two groups: IFN\u2010\u03b3 levels were higher and IL\u201012 levels lower in the FHC group than IAU (P\u2003=\u20030.02), whilst IL\u201010 levels tended to be higher in the FHC group (P\u2003=\u20030.5). We suggest that different local mechanisms governing the balance of T cell/cytokine\u2010mediated inflammation in the anterior segment may underlie clinical differences such as chronicity and response to steroids in these disorders.", "labels": [2, 17], "labels_text": ["Biology", "Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 222398075, "title": "Historia cr\u00edtica de la novela chilena (1843-1956)", "abstract": "", "labels": [12], "labels_text": ["History"]}, {"corpus_id": 55675999, "title": "Evaluation and Selection Model of Strategic Emerging Industries in Guangdong Province of China Based on AHP-TOPSIS", "abstract": "Considering the regional characteristics of strategic emerging industries, we proposed a strategic emerging industry selection model based on AHP-TOPSIS and used the model to do a comprehensive evaluation in order to achieve a development selection of strategic emerging industries of a certain region. We build the industrial competitiveness evaluation indicator system based on technological innovation perspective, and then we use analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to make indicators empowerment. Finally, we use TOPSIS method to evaluate strategic emerging industries in Guangdong Province of China. Instance analysis shows that the basic conclusions are identical with the actual status quo in Guangdong, and it verifies the validity and rationality of the model.", "labels": [3], "labels_text": ["Business"]}, {"corpus_id": 10409400, "title": "Relationship of single-stranded DNA-binding proteins of Ehrlich ascites tumour to cell growth phase and DNA replications.", "abstract": "The possible involvement of SSB-proteins in DNA replication in Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) has been investigated. A direct relation (the computer-generated correlation coefficient was 0.9) between the SSB-proteins content in chromatin and intensity of the replicative synthesis of DNA in various preparation of EAT in vivo and in vitro is observed. Addition of exogenous SSB-proteins to the permeable EAT cells has been found to increase the replicative synthesis. Although eukaryotic SSB-proteins are not complete analogs of the prokaryotic SSB-proteins, they evidently participate in DNA replication in eukaryotic cells and possibly are intracellular regulators of proliferation.", "labels": [2, 4, 19], "labels_text": ["Biology", "Chemistry", "Physics"]}, {"corpus_id": 138751416, "title": "Research on Phase Components and Mechanism of Electrolysis Al-Ti Alloy", "abstract": "A new method,forming Al alloy with small amount of Ti directly in the process of electrolysis,was adopted to refine Al alloy.The effect of the different content of Ti and second phase on refinement efficiency was studied.The results show that the efficiency of the electrolysis method's refinement is better than that of the Al-Ti master alloy's.Function of Ti in Al alloy was mainly heterogeneous nucleation and retarding the growth of crystal.", "labels": [15], "labels_text": ["Materials science"]}, {"corpus_id": 138831206, "title": "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FRACTURE PROPERTY OF CEMENT STABILIZED MACADAM REINFORCED WITH POLYPROPYLENE FIBER", "abstract": "By the three-point bending test on the 30 specimens of common cement stabilized macadam and cement stabilized macadam reinforced with polypropylene fiber of size 100mm\u00d7100mm\u00d7515mm, the impacts of polypropylene fiber upon the fracture properties of cement stabilized macadam were studied, such as fracture toughness (KIC), fracture energy (GF ), critical crack mouth opening displacement (CMODC), critical crack tip opening displacement (CTODC), ultimate crack mouth opening displacement (CMODmax), and ultimate crack tip opening displacement (CTODmax). The test results indicate that the addition of polypropylene fiber can increase the fracture toughness, fracture energy, critical crack mouth opening displacement, critical crack tip opening displacement, ultimate crack mouth opening displacement and ultimate crack tip opening displacement of cement stabilized macadam. As the increase of polypropylene fiber volume ratio, the varying of fracture toughness, critical crack mouth opening displacement and critical crack tip opening displacement has no disciplinarian. However, fracture energy, ultimate crack mouth opening displacement and ultimate crack tip opening displacement are increasing in linearity.", "labels": [8], "labels_text": ["Engineering"]}, {"corpus_id": 226650951, "title": "Premodern Ecologies in the Modern Literary Imagination. Vin Nardizzi and Tiffany Jo Werth, eds. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019. xvi + 340 pp. $75.", "abstract": "", "labels": [12], "labels_text": ["History"]}, {"corpus_id": 91733970, "title": "ALKYLATION OF HETARYL METHYL KETONES BY PROPARGYL BROMIDE UNDER PHASE-TRANSFER CATALYSIS CONDITIONS", "abstract": "The alkylation of aryl and hetaryl methyl ketones by propargyl bromide using the phase-transfer catalysis system KOH (s)/18-crown-6/benzene is studied. The corresponding C-trialkylated products are selectively obtained in 34-78% yields. Authors: E. Abele, R. Abele, Yu. Popelis, I. Mazheika, and E. Lukevics. English Translation in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds , 1999, 35 (4), pp 436-438 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02319330", "labels": [4], "labels_text": ["Chemistry"]}, {"corpus_id": 28098627, "title": "Design and application of a mobile ground-based observatory for continuous measurements of atmospheric trace gas and criteria pollutant species", "abstract": "Abstract. Ground-based measurements of atmospheric trace gas species and criteria pollutants are essential for understanding emissions dynamics across space and time. Gas composition in the lower 50 m of the atmosphere has the greatest direct impacts on human health as well as ecosystem processes; hence data at this level are necessary for addressing carbon-cycle- and public-health-related questions. However, such surface data are generally associated with stationary measurement towers, where spatial representation is limited due to the high cost of establishing and maintaining an extensive network of measurement stations. We describe here a compact mobile laboratory equipped to provide high-precision, high-frequency, continuous, on-road synchronous measurements of CO2, CO, CH4, H2O, NOx, O3, aerosol, meteorological, and geospatial position data. The mobile laboratory has been deployed across the western USA. In addition to describing the vehicle and its capacity, we present data that illustrate the use of the laboratory as a powerful tool for investigating the spatial structure of urban trace gas emissions and criteria pollutants at spatial scales ranging from single streets to whole ecosystem and regional scales. We assess the magnitude of known point sources of CH4 and also identify fugitive urban CH4 emissions. We illustrate how such a mobile laboratory can be used to better understand emissions dynamics and quantify emissions ratios associated with trace gas emissions from wildfire incidents. Lastly, we discuss additional mobile laboratory applications in health and urban metabolism.", "labels": [9], "labels_text": ["Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 112429029, "title": "Ecofriendly management of cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon and cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae in cabbage", "abstract": "In cabbage, field studies were conducted to evaluate the bioefficacy of entomopathogenic microbes, botanical pesticides, insect growth regulators and natural insecticides in the management of cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon and cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae. Application of emamectin benzoate (0.002%) significantly reduced damage of A. ipsilon, while spinosad (0.002%) and emamectin benzoate (0.002%) provided a superior control over the larval population of P. brassicae. The biopesticides were found to be significantly superior to the standard check, chlorpyrifos (0.05%) in controlling both the insect pests. Both the pesticides recorded a significant increase in marketable yield of cabbage at harvest.", "labels": [2], "labels_text": ["Biology"]}, {"corpus_id": 46968956, "title": "Outcomes of Student-Driven, Faculty-Mentored Research and Impact on Postgraduate Training and Career Selection", "abstract": "Objective. To evaluate scholarly deliverables from student-driven research and explore the impact on postgraduate training placement rates, pharmacy faculty appointments and lifetime publications. Methods. A retrospective analysis of Doctor of Pharmacy graduates who conducted student research between the academic years of 2002 and 2015 was performed. Data were collected on research participation, abstracts, presentations, postgraduate training, full-time faculty appointments, and publications. Results. Of 1229 graduates, 300 participated in research during pharmacy school. Fifty-six percent (n=167) submitted at least one abstract and 68 students (23%) published their research. Research participation was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of postgraduate training and specialty training. Research participation positively affected the likelihood of faculty appointment and lifetime publication rate. Conclusion. Students who engaged in elective research had significant scholarly deliverables, including peer-reviewed publications, and were more likely to successfully match in a postgraduate position and achieve full-time academic appointments.", "labels": [7, 17], "labels_text": ["Education", "Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 139046123, "title": "RATCHETING OF CYCLICALLY STABLE MATERIALS: I. EXPERIMENTS AND A VISCO-PLASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODEL", "abstract": "Based on experimental results, uniaxial and nonproportionally multiaxial ratcheting of cyclically stable materials is described constitutively at room temperature. A new visco-plastic constitutive model feasible for engineering application is established in the framework of unified visco-plasticity. The determination of material parameters used in the model is elaborated in detail, and the values of material parameters for U71Mn rail steel are obtained directly from the experimental inelastic uniaxial tensile stress strain data. The capability of the proposed constitutive model is verified by simulating the corresponding experiments of U71Mn rail steel at room temperature. It is shown that the simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.", "labels": [8], "labels_text": ["Engineering"]}, {"corpus_id": 63763363, "title": "Design and Implementation of OQPSK Demodulator Based on VHDL Language", "abstract": "According to software defined radio,designs and realizes a VHDL-Based all-digital OQPSK demodulator back grounded all-digital OQPSK demodulator of the receiver.The demodulator includes digital down converter,carrier recovery and timing recovery,et al.Using the ISE7.1 of Xilinx Company,VHDL language has been adopted for simulating and implementing each module and whole demodulator.Via testing,the OQPSK demodulator achieves scheduled object.", "labels": [5], "labels_text": ["Computer science"]}, {"corpus_id": 87439208, "title": "Study of the relationship between morphous and c-erbB-2 of the gastric carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation", "abstract": "Objective:To discuss the relationship between the morphous and c-erbB-2 of the gastric carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation.Methods:168 paraffin embedding specimens with gastric carcinoma were marked with CgA,Syn and NSE,and positive cases were investigated by electron microscope.The ones which had found the neuroendocrine(NE) granules under the electron microscope belong to the positive group,the others belong to the negative.All the cases are detected using the immunohistochemistry.Results:In 168 cases with gastric carcinoma,39 cases(23.4%) had positive NE granules.Gastric carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation has no clear relationship with histological type,histological grading,infiltrative depth,vessel metastasis,the amount of lymphocytes infiltration,lymph nodes metastasis and the high expression of c-erbB-2(P0.05) ,the ratio of gastric carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation in the cases of \u2162 stage and \u2163 stage(25/81) is higher than the ratio of\u2160\uff5e\u2161stage(13/86) ,the difference is significant(P0.05) .The cases of NE differentiation with c-erbB-2 expression have no significant differences(P0.05) .Conclusions:Gastric carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation has relationship with the clinical stage,but no obvious relationship with histological type,histological grading and so on(P0.05) .", "labels": [17], "labels_text": ["Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 144697042, "title": "The Commissioner's Authority to List Accrediting Agencies and Associations: Necessity for an Eligibility Issue.", "abstract": "The commissioner of education, in exercising the authority to recognize and list accrediting agencies, has exercised this authority to list both regional institutional and national specialized accrediting agencies. The specialized accrediting agencies generally limit their activity to subject matter program review and are not usually concerned with institutional accreditation. Concern has been expressed whether, under such circumstances, the commissioner has legal authority to grant recognition to an accrediting agency whose activities do not immediately relate to the eligibility of the institution or its students to participate in programs of federal financial assistance. A response to this question requires a review of a complex of legal and factual situations spanning the period of a quarter century.", "labels": [7], "labels_text": ["Education"]}, {"corpus_id": 198687086, "title": "The contrasting effects of farm size on farm incomes and food production", "abstract": "", "labels": [9], "labels_text": ["Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 222406536, "title": "Researches on pyrazoles: LIII. UV and fluorescent spectra of some 1-phenylpyrazoles. The ortho ? effect of substituents at position 5", "abstract": "", "labels": [4], "labels_text": ["Chemistry"]}, {"corpus_id": 38461074, "title": "Adenosine A2A receptor mRNA expression is increased in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens after memantine administration.", "abstract": "Quantitative in situ hybridization revealed a significant increase (23-43%) of A(2A) receptor mRNA levels 8-48 h after administration of memantine (25 mg/kg, i.p.) in the striatum and nucleus accumbens regions of rat brain. These results indicate an effect on adenosine A(2A) receptors at the molecular level by a NMDA receptor antagonist.", "labels": [2], "labels_text": ["Biology"]}, {"corpus_id": 114020219, "title": "Parameter Optimization of Multi-machine PSS Using Improved ABC Algorithms", "abstract": "For the parameter optimization of multi-machine Power System Stabilizer (PSS), a new method is proposed in this paper, which uses Improved Artificial Bee Colony (IABC) algorithm to coordinate the parameters of PSS. IABC aims to model the behavior of foragers of artificial bee colony more accurately and improve the performance of ABC algorithm in terms of local search ability. Simulation of IEEE four-machine two-area system verifies that, the PSS optimized by IABC has better performance than other algorithm in two typical modes.", "labels": [8], "labels_text": ["Engineering"]}, {"corpus_id": 170003771, "title": "On the ramp for dairy", "abstract": "The new television advertisement of the Consumer Education Project of Milk SA (CEP) has made headlines. Aimed at teenagers, the advertisement repositions dairy in the mind of young adults by using a fictional fashion model, Loretta Rush, who drinks milk, is boisterous and bounds onto the ramp and knocks things and people over.", "labels": [0], "labels_text": ["Agricultural and Food sciences"]}, {"corpus_id": 23168469, "title": "Reconstruction of unicoronal plagiocephaly with a hypercorrection surgical technique.", "abstract": "OBJECT Successful surgical repair of unicoronal plagiocephaly remains a challenge for craniofacial surgeons. Many of the surgical techniques directed at correcting the stigmata associated with this craniofacial deformity (for example, ipsilateral supraorbital rim elevation [vertical dystopia], ipsilateral temporal constriction, C-shaped deformity of the face, and so on) are not long lasting and often result in deficient correction and the need for secondary revision surgery. The authors posit that the cause of this relapse was intrinsic deficiencies of the current surgical techniques. The aim of this study was to determine if correction of unilateral coronal plagiocephaly with a novel hypercorrection surgical technique could prevent the relapse of the characteristics associated with unicoronal plagiocephaly. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 40 consecutive patients who underwent surgical repair of unicoronal plagiocephaly at their institution between 1999 and 2009. In all cases, the senior author (S.R.B.) used a hypercorrection technique for surgical reconstruction. Hypercorrection consisted of significant overcorrection of the affected ipsilateral frontal and anterior temporal areas in the sagittal and coronal planes. Demographic, perioperative, and follow-up data were collected for comparison. The postsurgical appearance of the forehead was documented clinically and photographically and then evaluated and scored by 2 independent graders using the expanded Whitaker scoring system. A relapse was defined as a recurrence of preoperative features that required secondary surgical correction. RESULTS The mean age of the patients at the time of the operation was 13 months (range 8-28 months). The mean follow-up duration was 57 months (range 3 months to 9.8 years). The postsurgical hypercorrection appearance persisted on average 6-8 months but gradually dissipated and normalized. No patients exhibited a relapse of unicoronal plagiocephalic characteristics that required surgical correction. In all cases the aesthetic results were excellent. Only 3 patients required reoperation for the management of persistent calvarial bone defects (2 cases) and removal of a symptomatic granuloma (1 case). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that patients who undergo unicoronal plagiocephaly repair with a hypercorrection surgical technique avoid long-term relapse. Our results suggest that the surgical technique used in the correction of unilateral coronal synostosis is strongly associated with the prevention of postsurgical relapse and that the use of this novel method decreases the need for surgical revision.", "labels": [17], "labels_text": ["Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 206474586, "title": "Objective measurement of quality of life changes after ACE Malone using the FICQOL survey.", "abstract": "PURPOSE\nThere is little objective data demonstrating improved quality of life after a Malone antegrade continence enema (ACE) despite the dramatic subjective improvements seen by physicians and caretakers.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe utilized the FICQOL survey, a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the impact of fecal incontinence and constipation on quality of life (FICQOL) of caregivers and children with spina bifida. Between 2002 and 2009, 23 families were evaluated prospectively before and after an ACE procedure. Items on the survey were compared with Wilcoxon rank sum or signed rank test.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAfter an ACE Malone the mean number of bowel movements (BM) per day decreased along with a decrease in number of accidents per week from 3.9 to 0.3. There was no change in the time committed to bowel care. The percentage of patients taking oral laxatives decreased from 44% to 6%. Both parent and child were less often prevented from leaving the house and the caretakers' bother, anxiety and depression due to bowel care decreased. Although factors regarding the child's social issues and parent's employment improved, the changes were not statistically significant.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nAmong patients with spina bifida and fecal incontinence who underwent the ACE procedure at our institution, a significant improvement in fecal incontinence and QOL scores was observed using a validated instrument, FICQOL. Without changing the amount of time necessary for bowel care, the ACE procedure decreases the families' worries and anxieties and allows them to leave home with the confidence that their child will not have leakage of stool.", "labels": [17], "labels_text": ["Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 124436178, "title": "A PERIODIC SOLUTION OF RAILWAY VEHICLE SYSTEM USING CONTINUATION METHOD", "abstract": "The periodic solution of the ordinary differential equations is discretized using the finite difference method and the nonlinear algebraic equations with a parameter are obtained. The equations are solved continuously using the DERPAR algorithm and the stable and unstable periodic solutions are calculated. The feasibility of the method is verified by calculating the van de Pol equation and Lorenz equations. A railway passenger car model with 17 degrees of freedom is set up and the periodic solutions of the system are obtained. The solution diagram of the vehicle system in a large area is obtained which includes the stable and unstable periodic solutions. The Hopf bifurcation point and the nonlinear critical speed of the vehicle system are determined. The relations of vehicle system period and lateral displacement amplitude of wheelset with respect to the vehicle speed are investigated.", "labels": [8], "labels_text": ["Engineering"]}, {"corpus_id": 129097971, "title": "Comment on: Paleoclimatic inference from stable isotope profiles of accretionary biogenic hardparts\u2014a quantitative approach to the evaluation of incomplete data, by Wilkinson, B.H., Ivany, L.C., 2002. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. Palaeoecol. 185, 95\u2013114", "abstract": "The time base reconstruction method proposed by Wilkinson and Ivany [Paleoclimatic inference from stable isotope profiles of accretionary biogenic hardparts - a quantitative approach to the evaluation of incomplete data. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. Palaeoecol. 185 (2002), 95-114] can be further refined. They have shown that variations in accretion rate can be reconstructed from variations in the period of the measured signal. Here, it is shown that such variations influence not only the period, but also the phase of the signal. So, a refined estimator for the time base is constructed, which takes both period and phase variations into account.", "labels": [9, 10], "labels_text": ["Environmental science", "Geography"]}, {"corpus_id": 138957715, "title": "Effect of golf play on intensifying bone", "abstract": "Walking is primary activity during golf play. Bone mineral content can be increased by both exercise of moving body weight and resist exercise of strength training.Because of golf play is moving on the soft greensward playingfield, which is insufficiency to stimulate bone mineral density. It is possible that golf exercise not may play an important role of bone mineral content.", "labels": [7], "labels_text": ["Education"]}, {"corpus_id": 46739212, "title": "TNF&agr; and IL\u20101&bgr; in the synovial fluid facilitate mucosal\u2010associated invariant T (MAIT) cell migration", "abstract": "Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that primarily affect the joints and inflammatory cell migration into inflamed articular sites contribute to this disease. Among the inflammatory cells, human mucosal\u2010associated invariant T (MAIT) cells were recently recognized as critical cellular component with a pathological role in RA. However, their migratory characteristics are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether human MAIT cells preferentially traffick to inflamed synovial sites in rheumatoid arthritis patients and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. First, we found that TNF&agr; and IL\u20101&bgr; were elevated in synovial fluid (SF) of RA patients, which resulted in increased expression of E\u2010selectin, ICAM\u20101 and V\u2010CAM\u20101 on blood vessel endothelial cells. To understand whether TNF&agr; and IL\u20101&bgr; in the SF facilitated MAIT cell migration, we analyzed CD161+ TCR&agr;7.2+ MAIT and other CD3+ T cells for differences in migratory capacity. Collectively, our results demonstrate that TNF&agr; and IL\u20101&bgr; in the SF facilitated MAIT cell migration dependent on expression of selectin ligand, sialyl LewisX (sLeX) and CCR6 on MAIT cells. We also showed that MAIT cells in the SF from RA patients equipped upregulated sLeX compared to the peripheral blood of RA patients and healthy persons, which suggest that TNF&agr; and IL\u20101&bgr; mediated expression of E\u2010selectin preferentially attract sLeX mediated MAIT cell migration into the SF of RA patients.", "labels": [17], "labels_text": ["Medicine"]}, {"corpus_id": 25016802, "title": "Novel sensor technologies towards environmental health monitoring in urban environments: a case study in the Niger Delta (Nigeria).", "abstract": "The Niger Delta (Nigeria) is an exemplar of a legacy of environmental pollution. Limited knowledge on spatial and temporal pollutant distributions in the region highlights the need for biomonitoring approaches to study impacts on sentinel organisms. This study evaluated whether infrared (IR) spectroscopy and multivariate analysis could detect alterations in biomolecules in samples in differing exposure scenarios, i.e., spatial and temporal using African catfish (Heterobranchus bidorsalis) or water spinach (Ipomea aquatica). Significant spectral differences between tissues isolated from African catfish based on site or season were observed; in a region where fish appeared not to be present, water spinach was used as a surrogate sentinel organism. Using one-way ANOVA, the spectral categories were significant (P\u00a0<\u00a00.0001). The applicability of IR spectroscopy to detect subtle changes in target biological molecules within sentinel organisms along with its low-cost yet high-throughput potential suggests that biospectroscopy permits real-time evaluation of environmental exposure effects.", "labels": [9], "labels_text": ["Environmental science"]}, {"corpus_id": 110799703, "title": "A methodology for modelling energy-related human behaviour: Application to window opening behaviour in residential buildings", "abstract": "An energy simulation of a building is a mathematical representation of its physical behaviour considering all the thermal, lighting, acoustics aspects. However, a simulation cannot precisely replicate a real construction because all the simulations are based on a number of key assumptions that affect the results accuracy. Above all, the real energy performance can be affected by the actual behaviour of the building occupants. Thus, there are great benefits to be derived from improving models that simulate the behaviour of human beings within the context of engineered complex systems. The occupant behaviour related to the building control potentialities is a very complex process that has been studied only in the last years with some focuses related to natural ventilation (window opening behaviour), space heating energy demand (in particular the adjustments in the temperature set-point) and natural light (focusing on window blinds adjustments). In this paper, a methodology is presented to model the user behaviour in the context of real energy use and applied to a case study. The methodology, based on a medium/long-term monitoring, is aimed at shifting towards a probabilistic approach for modelling the human behaviour related to the control of indoor environment. The procedure is applied at models of occupants\u2019 interactions with windows (opening and closing behaviour). Models of occupants\u2019 window opening behaviour were inferred based on measurements and implemented in a simulation program. Simulation results were given as probability distributions of energy consumption and indoor environmental quality depending on user behaviour.", "labels": [8], "labels_text": ["Engineering"]}, {"corpus_id": 143559779, "title": "Application of the Changing-Criterion Design in Special Education", "abstract": "Educator accountability has been a major theme in special education for the past decade. While it is primarily important that an educator evaluate and substantiate the progress of a student over a school year, it is also important that progress be attributable to specific educational procedures. The ability of the educator to make valid statement regarding the efficacy of educational procedures in developing specific skills is central to a diagnostic-prescriptive orientation. The present paper presents a rationale for use of the changing-criterion design in special education. This single-subject research strategy is designed to establish valid causal statements regarding the association between educational treatments and behavior change. A changing-criterion design by a special education teacher in the public schools is presented in the paper; it is discussed with particular reference to its applications in special education settings.", "labels": [7], "labels_text": ["Education"]}, {"corpus_id": 148283557, "title": "The Exploration of the Chinese Department's Origin", "abstract": "Under the historical context that western knowledge spread to the East in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,the late-model Chinese university'Chinese department gestated from the linguistics,transforming from a kind of tools of learning which looked as an inheritance and public to a teleological knowledge which was professional and innovative,from a most basic level to a platform which trained senior specialized talents,eventually developing into one of the important organizational system for departments of the Chinese modern university.During the transformation of modernization,the native language in Chinese departments had developed roughly,rebuilding from inheritance to innovation,preserving the historical tradition and opening up a new civilization.", "labels": [7], "labels_text": ["Education"]}, {"corpus_id": 144293392, "title": "Potential Futures and Institutional Research", "abstract": "This article focuses on some potential future trends in postsecondary education and their implications for institutional planners and researchers. The four projections are: increased enrollment of the nontraditional student, rise of alternative educational institutions, decreased undergraduate vocational preparation and certification accompanied by increased short-term preparation in skills, and diminution of compulsory education. It is becoming increasingly clear that the survival of large portions of higher education is dependent upon our ability to anticipate and deal with the future. Recently, much has been written about collegiate enrollment and its inevitable decline in the 1980s. This paper will examine five emerging directions in higher education, how they relate to enrollment, and their implications for institutional research. Our understanding of enrollment must be a dynamic process; it must take into account potential futures and suggest institutional responses to them. This paper attempts to examine one set of responses, that of institutional research.", "labels": [7], "labels_text": ["Education"]}, {"corpus_id": 144441658, "title": "Enhancing the Expository Approach for Teaching History.", "abstract": "", "labels": [22], "labels_text": ["Sociology"]}, {"corpus_id": 111274344, "title": "An experimental study of 1.5 keV X-ray radiation effects on CMOS devices", "abstract": "Abstract The total dose radiation effects are studied on CMOS devices consisting of n- and p-MOSFETs and logic circuits. The devices on a test chip were designed in two micron, double metal, single polysilicon, p-well CMOS technology and fabricated through the Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Implementation System (MOSIS) foundry. Effects of 1.5 keV Al\ue5f8K a X-ray irradiation on the threshold voltage of n- and p-MOSFETs, propagation delay time and voltage transfer characteristic of an inverter were observed and the results are presented. Degradation in performance of an inverter chain, a three stage ring oscillator and a four-by-four shift register was also observed with increasing radiation dose levels. The devices were unbiased during the irradiation. The samples were radiated at a dose rate of 1 \u00d7 10 5 rads(SiO 2 )/min.", "labels": [8], "labels_text": ["Engineering"]}] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/training/sample_data/mesh_descriptors.txt b/training/sample_data/mesh_descriptors.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0d0757812baa7200f2918ac5f0b07c7c9793117f..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/training/sample_data/mesh_descriptors.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -Brain -Neoplasms -Breast Neoplasms -Liver -Anti-Bacterial Agents -Neurons -Antineoplastic Agents -HIV Infections -DNA -Proteins -Calcium -Hypertension -Postoperative Complications -Escherichia coli -Lung Neoplasms -Bacterial Proteins -Aging -Obesity -Kidney -Myocardial Infarction -Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 -Lung -Liver Neoplasms -Mental Disorders -Asthma -Prostatic Neoplasms -Skin Neoplasms -Cardiovascular Diseases -Carcinoma, Squamous Cell -Adenocarcinoma \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/training/sample_data/mesh_small.json b/training/sample_data/mesh_small.json deleted file mode 100644 index bdd658882877c1f486515207abe61b4b4d881322..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/training/sample_data/mesh_small.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -[{"mag_id": 2469651880, "corpus_id": 7571069, "title": "[Extended hepatic pedicle occlusion in major hepatectomy for primary liver cancer].", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo evaluate the influence of extended hepatic pedicle occlusion (HPO) on hepatic ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury and intraoperative blood loss in major hepatectomy for primary liver cancer (PLC).\n\n\nMETHODS\nBetween June 2001 and December 2005, a total number of 843 patients with PLC had been operated on. Those whose hepatic pedicle were occluded continuously for or longer than 30 min during hepatectomy were retrospectively reviewed (continuous HPO group) and compared to the patients whose hepatic pedicle were occluded for the same length of time but intermittently (intermittent HPO group). The amount of intraoperative blood loss, the percentage of the patients who needed blood transfusion and postoperative liver biochemical tests were compared between the two groups.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThere were 35 cases in continuous HPO group and 38 cases in intermittent HPO group with occlusion time between 30 min and 45 min. The two groups were matched for underlying liver disease ,preoperative liver function, tumor size and location, major intrahepatic vessel involvements and the types and extensions of the hepatectomies. The mean intraoperative blood loss in continuous HPO group was significantly less than that in intermittent HPO group (660 ml vs. 1054 ml, P < 0.05); accordingly, the percentage of patients who need blood transfusion in continuous HPO group was significantly lower than that in intermittent HPO group (48.6% vs. 78.9%, P < 0.01). Patients in both of the groups were recovered smoothly after operation, with no occurrence of liver failure.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe hepatic pedicle can be continuously occluded for 3045 min in cirrhotic patients with well compensated liver function, and when compared to routine intermittent HPO, continuous HPO significantly decreases the intraoperative blood loss and reduces the need for transfusion. Meanwhile it does not increase the hepatic I/R injury.", "descriptor": "Liver Neoplasms", "qualifier": "surgery"}, {"mag_id": 2128734851, "corpus_id": 22715986, "title": "Accuracy of MRI for treatment response assessment after taxane- and anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-negative breast cancer.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nStudies suggest that MRI is an accurate means for assessing tumor size after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). However, accuracy might be dependent on the receptor status of tumors. MRI accuracy for response assessment after homogenous NAC in a relative large group of patients with stage II/III HER2-negative breast cancer has not been reported before.\n\n\nMETHODS\n250 patients from 26 hospitals received NAC (docetaxel, adriamycin and cyclophosphamide) in the context of the NEOZOTAC trial. MRI was done after 3 cycles and post-NAC. Imaging (RECIST 1.1) and pathological (Miller and Payne) responses were recorded. Accuracy measures were calculated and MRI and pathologically assessed tumor sizes were correlated. Tumor size over- and underestimation were quantified.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAccuracy of MRI for determining pathological complete response (pCR) was 76%. The ROC-curve of MRI response and pCR had an area under the curve value of 0.63 (95% C.I. 0.52-0.74). The correlation coefficient of MRI and histopathological tumor measurements was 0.46 (p < 0.001). Correlations were different for ER-positive (r = 0.40, p < 0.001) and ER-negative (r = 0.76, p < 0.001) breast tumors. MRI under- and overestimated the tumor size in 47% and 40% of all patients. In cases of substantial tumor size underestimation (>2 cm), surgical margins were more often tumor positive compared to the rest of the patients (33% vs.12%, p = 0.005).\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nMRI measurements correlated moderately with tumor size on the surgical specimen. Only in ER-negative breast tumors, MRI tumor sizes correlated sufficiently with residual tumor size on the pathological specimen. Therefore, post-NAC MRI should be interpreted with caution.", "descriptor": "Breast Neoplasms", "qualifier": "pathology"}, {"mag_id": 2065216512, "corpus_id": 18299466, "title": "Quantitative Study of Liver Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Quality at 3T Using Body and Phased Array Coils with Physical Analysis and Clinical Evaluation", "abstract": "This study aims to investigate the quality difference of short echo time (TE) breathhold 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the liver at 3.0T using the body and phased array coils, respectively. In total, 20 pairs of single-voxel proton spectra of the liver were acquired at 3.0T using the phased array and body coils as receivers. Consecutive stacks of breathhold spectra were acquired using the point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) technique at a short TE of 30 ms and a repetition time (TR) of 1500 ms. The first spectroscopy sequence was \u201ccopied\u201d for the second acquisition to ensure identical voxel positioning. The MRS prescan adjustments of shimming and water suppression, signal-to noise ratio (SNR), and major liver quantitative information were compared between paired spectra. Theoretical calculation of the SNR and homogeneity of the region of interest (ROI, 2 cm\u00d72 cm\u00d72 cm) using different coils loaded with 3D liver electromagnetic model of real human body was implemented in the theoretical analysis. The theoretical analysis showed that, inside the ROI, the SNR of the phase array coil was 2.8387 times larger than that of body coil and the homogeneity of the phase array coil and body coil was 80.10% and 93.86%, respectively. The experimental results showed excellent correlations between the paired data (all r > 0.86). Compared with the body coil group, the phased array group had slightly worse shimming effect and better SNR (all P values < .01). The discrepancy of the line width because of the different coils was approximately 0.8 Hz (0.00625 ppm). No significant differences of the major liver quantitative information of Cho/Lip2 height, Cho/Lip2 area, and lipid content were observed (all P values >0.05). The theoretical analysis and clinical experiment showed that the phased array coil was superior to the body coil with respect to 3.0T breathhold hepatic proton MRS.", "descriptor": "Liver", "qualifier": "anatomy & histology"}, {"mag_id": 2808109470, "corpus_id": 49301382, "title": "Circulating Tumor Cells Undergoing EMT Provide a Metric for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma.", "abstract": "To clarify the significance of circulating tumor cells (CTC) undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we used an advanced CanPatrol CTC-enrichment technique and in situ hybridization to enrich and classify CTC from blood samples. One hundred and one of 112 (90.18%) patients with HCC were CTC positive, even with early-stage disease. CTCs were also detected in 2 of 12 patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV), both of whom had small HCC tumors detected within 5 months. CTC count \u226516 and mesenchymal-CTC (M-CTC) percentage \u22652% prior to resection were significantly associated with early recurrence, multi-intrahepatic recurrence, and lung metastasis. Postoperative CTC monitoring in 10 patients found that most had an increased CTC count and M-CTC percentage before clinically detectable recurrence nodules appeared. Analysis of HCC with high CTC count and high M-CTC percentage identified 67 differentially expressed cancer-related genes involved in cancer-related biological pathways (e.g., cell adhesion and migration, tumor angiogenesis, and apoptosis). One of the identified genes, BCAT1, was significantly upregulated, and knockdown in Hepg2, Hep3B, and Huh7 cells reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while promoting apoptosis. A concomitant increase in epithelial marker expression (EpCAM and E-cadherin) and reduced mesenchymal marker expression (vimentin and Twist) suggest that BCAT1 may trigger the EMT process. Overall, CTCs were highly correlated with HCC characteristics, representing a novel marker for early diagnosis and a prognostic factor for early recurrence. BCAT1 overexpression may induce CTC release by triggering EMT and may be an important biomarker of HCC metastasis.Significance: In liver cancer, CTC examination may represent an important \"liquid biopsy\" tool to detect both early disease and recurrent or metastatic disease, providing cues for early intervention or adjuvant therapy. Cancer Res; 78(16); 4731-44. \u00a92018 AACR.", "descriptor": "Liver Neoplasms", "qualifier": "blood"}, {"mag_id": 2052590949, "corpus_id": 12951093, "title": "Interactions between ionic liquid surfactant [C12mim]Br and DNA in dilute brine.", "abstract": "Interactions between ionic liquid surfactant [C(12)mim]Br and DNA in dilute brine were investigated in terms of various experimental methods and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. It was shown that the aggregation of [C(12)mim]Br on DNA chains is motivated not only by electrostatic attractions between DNA phosphate groups and [C(12)mim]Br headgroups but also by hydrophobic interactions among [C(12)mim]Br alkyl chains. Isothermal titration calorimetry analysis indicated that the [C(12)mim]Br aggregation in the presence and absence of DNA are both thermodynamically favored driven by enthalpy and entropy. DNA undergoes size transition and conformational change induced by [C(12)mim]Br, and the charges of DNA are neutralized by the added [C(12)mim]Br. Various microstructures were observed such as DNA with loose coil conformation in nature state, necklace-like structures, and compact spherical aggregates. MD simulation showed that the polyelectrolyte collapses upon the addition of oppositely charged surfactants and the aggregation of surfactants around the polyelectrolyte was reaffirmed. The simulation predicted the gradual neutralization of the negatively charged polyelectrolyte by the surfactant, consistent with the experimental results.", "descriptor": "DNA", "qualifier": "chemistry"}, {"mag_id": 1981798983, "corpus_id": 36428819, "title": "Exclusion in liver by polymerase chain reaction of hepatitis B and C viruses in acute liver failure attributed to sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis.", "abstract": "Hepatitis B and C viruses have been implicated in a few cases of acute liver failure attributed to sporadic (community acquired) non-A, non-B hepatitis, but reports are conflicting. We determined whether hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus were detectable in prospectively stored hepatectomies from seven British patients grafted for acute liver failure attributed to sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis. For hepatitis B virus, we used nested polymerase chain reaction with primers to the core and surface regions. For hepatitis C virus, we used one round of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with primers to the 5' untranslated region and Southern hybridization using an internal oligonucleotide probe as well as nested PCR for the E1 region. Positive controls were native livers from two patients with unequivocal fulminant hepatitis B and from four patients with cirrhosis attributed to hepatitis C virus. Our negative findings suggest that, in the UK, acute liver failure attributed to sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis most likely is caused by agent/s other than hepatitis B and C viruses.", "descriptor": "Liver", "qualifier": "virology"}, {"mag_id": 2745937803, "corpus_id": 13704746, "title": "End-of-Life Intensity for Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer: A Californian Population-Based Study That Shows Disparities.", "abstract": "PURPOSE\nCancer is the leading cause of nonaccidental death among adolescents and young adults (AYAs). High-intensity end-of-life care is expensive and may not be consistent with patient goals. However, the intensity of end-of-life care for AYA decedents with cancer-especially the effect of care received at specialty versus nonspecialty centers-remains understudied.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe conducted a retrospective, population-based analysis with the California administrative discharge database that is linked to death certificates. The cohort included Californians age 15 to 39 years who died between 2000 and 2011 with cancer. Intense end-of-life interventions included readmission, admission to an intensive care unit, intubation in the last month of life, and in-hospital death. Specialty centers were defined as Children's Oncology Group centers and National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer centers.\n\n\nRESULTS\nOf the 12,938 AYA cancer decedents, 59% received at least one intense end-of-life care intervention, and 30% received two or more. Patients treated at nonspecialty centers were more likely than those at specialty-care centers to receive two or more intense interventions (odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.62). Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with two or more intense interventions included minority race/ethnicity (Black [OR, 1.35, 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.56]; Hispanic [OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.36]; non-Hispanic white: reference), younger age (15 to 21 years [OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.56; 22 to 29 years [OR,1.26; 95% CI,1.14 to 1.39]; \u2265 30 years: reference), and hematologic malignancies (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.41 to 1.66; solid tumors: reference).\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThirty percent of AYA cancer decedents received two or more high-intensity end-of-life interventions. In addition to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, hospitalization in a nonspecialty center was associated with high-intensity end-of-life care. Additional research is needed to determine if these disparities are consistent with patient preference.", "descriptor": "Neoplasms", "qualifier": "mortality"}, {"mag_id": 2001660913, "corpus_id": 25774071, "title": "Beyond internalised stigma: daily moralities and subjectivity among self-identified kothis in Karnataka, South India", "abstract": "The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has poured a tremendous amount of resources into epidemic prevention in India's high HIV prevalence zones, through their Avahan initiative. These community-centred programmes operate under the assumption that fostering community-based organisational development and empowering the community to take charge of HIV prevention and education will help to transform the wider social inequalities that inhibit access to health services. Focusing on the South Indian state of Karnataka, this paper explores a troubling set of local narratives that, we contend, hold broader implications for future programme planning and implementation. Although confronting stigma and discrimination has become a hallmark in community mobilisation discourse, communities of self-identified kothis (feminine men) who were involved in Avahan programme activities continued to articulate highly negative attitudes about their own sexualities in relation to various spheres of social life. Rather than framing an understanding of these narratives in psychological terms of \u2018internalized stigma\u2019, we draw upon medical anthropological approaches to the study of stigma that emphasise how social, cultural and moral processes create stigmatising conditions in the everyday lives of people. The way stigma continues to manifest itself in the self-perceptions of participants points to an area that warrants critical public health attention.", "descriptor": "HIV Infections", "qualifier": "prevention & control"}, {"mag_id": 2018722125, "corpus_id": 2067264, "title": "Complications, functional outcome and quality of life after intensive preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer.", "abstract": "AIMS\nTo investigate early and late complications in 44 patients with locally advanced mid-low rectal cancer enrolled in a phase I-II study, who had received an aggressive chemoradiation treatment (50.4Gy/28F; 5-FU continuous infusion and weekly Oxaliplatin) followed by total mesorectal excision and 5-FU based postoperative chemotherapy. The aim of the present study is also to evaluate functional outcome and quality of life (QoL) in a sub-group of 22 patients.\n\n\nMETHODS\nStandardized forms for early and late surgical complications were completed for all patients. Anorectal function and QoL were also investigated in 22 patients who underwent surgery in the same surgical unit, using the fecal incontinence scoring system (FIS) and EORTC-QLQ-CR38 questionnaires, compiled before and after radiotherapy and at least 8 months after surgery. The differences over time in scores were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe median age of patients (25 males and 19 females) was 58 (range: 34-73) years. A low anterior resection was performed in 39 cases, radical resection in 41, and 12 patients had a pathological complete response. There were no operative deaths; 4 and 9 patients required re-operation for early and late complications, respectively. FIS score did not present a significant worsening over time. According to data in the EORTC-QLQ-CR38 questionnaire, a significant improvement over time was found only for \"future perspective\".\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nOur findings seem to indicate that this aggressive 5-FU-Oxalipaltin-based treatment implies no impairment of QoL and anorectal function, even if a high rate of late major complications was observed. Studies on larger series are required to confirm these results.", "descriptor": "Adenocarcinoma", "qualifier": "surgery"}, {"mag_id": 2125939309, "corpus_id": 33392241, "title": "Generalized connective tissue nevi and ichthyosis in Down's syndrome.", "abstract": "The first description of a localized connective tissue nevus with a decreased amount of elastic tissue is credited to Lewandowsky in 1921. Various authors designated these localized hamartomas as nevus anelasticus according to the histologic presentation of the nevus. Sachs1reported a generalized process that developed after furunculosis and Loewenthal2described a case in which the lesions became generalized over a ten-year period. We report a case of generalized connective tissue nevi with a decrease in elastic tissue in a patient with Down's syndrome. Report of a Case A 47-year-old man who had Down's syndrome was admitted to Bronx Municipal Medical Center, New York, for treatment of sepsis. His family related a history of crops of boils that appeared approximately ten years ago. After draining a whitish material, there were residual nodules. Simultaneously, a \"mossy appearance\" of the skin occurred at the periphery of the nodules. There was no", "descriptor": "Skin Neoplasms", "qualifier": "complications"}, {"mag_id": 1987380889, "corpus_id": 25945941, "title": "Mechanisms of [2,3-butanedione bis(N4-dimethylthiosemicarbazone)]zinc (Zn-ATSM2)-induced protection of cultured hippocampal neurons against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated glutamate cytotoxicity.", "abstract": "Hyperexcitation of glutamatergic neurons may play a key role in ischemia-related neurodegeneration. Recent studies have suggested that the zinc ion (Zn2+), which is present in the central nervous system, has a modulatory role in glutamatergic neuron activity. Zinc ions block glutamate-induced depolarizing currents and neuronal damage by binding with zinc sites on the NMDA subtypes. Therefore, we examined the usefulness of zinc as a therapeutic agent for the prevention of ischemic neuronal damage in the brain. In our previous study, 2,3-butanedione bis(N4-dimethylthiosemicarbazonato) zinc complex (Zn-ATSM2), with high brain uptake, showed significant neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia in rats when administered systemically. In this study, to elucidate the mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of Zn-ATSM2, we first examined its in vitro protective effects against glutamate-, NMDA- and kainite-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. Zn-ATSM2 elicited protective effects against this glutamate- and NMDA-induced neurotoxicity, but did not affect kainite-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, we studied the effects of Zn-ATSM2 on influx of Ca2+, which undergoes modification subsequent to NMDA activation. Zn-ATSM2 significantly decreased glutamate-induced 45Ca2+ uptake. Thus, Zn-ATSM2 protected against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity and its protective effect was, at least in part, due to the blockage of NMDA receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx.", "descriptor": "Neurons", "qualifier": "drug effects"}, {"mag_id": 2029365371, "corpus_id": 1578952, "title": "Biotransformation of nicotine by microorganism: the case of Pseudomonas spp.", "abstract": "Several bacterial species are capable of using nicotine, the main alkaloid in tobacco plants, as a substrate for growth. The dominant species include members of two genera, Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter. The degradation pathway and genetic structure of nicotine catabolism in Arthrobacter nicotinovorans were recently reviewed (Brandsch Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 69:493\u2013498, 2006). Here, we present up-to-date information on biodegradation of nicotine by Pseudomonas spp. Species in this genus capable of degrading nicotine are summarized and analyzed phylogenetically. Their metabolic intermediates and nicotine degradation-related genes were summarized, and the nicotine-biotransformation pathways were compared and discussed.", "descriptor": "Bacterial Proteins", "qualifier": "genetics"}, {"mag_id": 2984463798, "corpus_id": 58654765, "title": "Upregulation of long noncoding RNA ANRIL correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.", "abstract": "PURPOSE\nEsophageal cancer (EC) is the 9th most common carcinoma worldwide with poor prognosis. Specific biomarkers can help predicting the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), which can improve the assessment of prognosis. This study aimed to explore long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) ANRIL expression and its potential value in ESCC prognosis.\n\n\nMETHODS\nQuantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was utilized to detect lncRNA ANRIL expression in 50 pairs of ESCC and matched normal samples in order to explore the role of lncRNA ANRIL in ESCC. Moreover, the association was investigated between clinical characteristics of ESCC and the expression level of ANRIL.\n\n\nRESULTS\nDisease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly shorter in ESCC patients with higher expression level of lncRNA ANRIL. ESCC tissues examined showed an obvious increment in ANRIL expression when compared to normal tissues. Furthermore, ANRIL was positively related to lymph nodes metastasis, TNM stage and tumor clinical stage. Moreover, upregulated ANRIL expression was remarkably associated with shorter survival in ESCC patients,which was also an independent prognostic factor for both OS and DFS.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThis study suggested that lncRNA ANRIL could be a potential oncogene of ESCC. ANRIL expression might be served as another potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for ESCC.", "descriptor": "Carcinoma, Squamous Cell", "qualifier": "secondary"}, {"mag_id": 2040608333, "corpus_id": 1951469, "title": "Solubilization and reconstitution of chick renal mitochondrial 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase.", "abstract": "Chick kidney mitochondrial 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase has been solubilized with sodium cholate and reconstituted with NADPH, beef adrenal ferredoxin, and beef adrenal ferredoxin reductase, each component being essential for maximal 24-hydroxylase activity. The product 24(R),25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was identified by cochromatography with synthetic compound on straight-phase and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and by periodate oxidation. The enzyme has an apparent Km for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 of 0.67 microM. At 1 microM 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production is linear with time for up to 15 min and with protein concentrations of up to 2 mg/mL. The antioxidant diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (1.3 X 10(-4) M) has no effect on this reaction. Reconstituted 24-hydroxylase activity is enhanced by the addition of NaCl and KCl up to 100 mM, with higher concentrations having an inhibitory effect. 1 alpha-Hydroxylase is not present in this preparation from vitamin D replete chicks. The similarities of this reconstituted system to the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1 alpha-hydroxylase and the adrenal systems suggest that the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase is also a cytochrome P-450 type mixed-function oxidase.", "descriptor": "Kidney", "qualifier": "enzymology"}, {"mag_id": 2411382587, "corpus_id": 41176992, "title": "Effect of serum on cell membrane Na-K transport of vascular smooth muscle in culture--a comparative study between normotensive and hypertensive rats.", "abstract": "In order to elucidate the effect of serum and its differential characteristics in primary hypertension, we investigated the influence of serum from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) on the cell membrane Na-K pump, Na-H antiport and passive K permeability of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). In the absence of serum, the Na-K pump activity, described as ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake (OS), was greater in the VSMC of the SHR than that of the WKY. Addition of serum to the quiescent VSMC stimulated the OS, of which activation was significantly greater with the SHR serum than with the WKY serum. Determination of intracellular Na concentrations in the presence of 1 mM ouabain showed that Na uptake in the absence of serum of the SHR VSMC was greater than that of the WKY VSMC. Subjecting the VSMC to rat serum stimulated Na uptake, which effect was more profound with SHR serum than with WKY serum. A greater stimulation of 5-(N,N-hexamethylene) amiloride(HMA)-sensitive Na uptake by SHR serum accounted for this difference. When the Na-K pump was active, intracellular Na concentrations were unchanged in the presence of serum. Furthermore, serum from either of the two strains produced a substantial increase in the washout rate constant of 86Rb washout (Ke), which effect was also larger in SHR serum than in WKY serum. In the absence of serum, basal Ke of the SHR VSMC was greater than that of the WKY VSMC. It is concluded that serum from SHR produced a more pronounced activation of the Na-K pump, Na-H antiport and passive K permeability in cultured VSMC. The study suggests that in addition to an innate augmented activity of Na-K transporters in the VSMC of SHR, there are humoral factors in SHR serum which elicit the stimulation of the Na-H antiport, leading to either the activation of the Na-K pump or secondary stimulation of passive K permeability across the cell membrane.", "descriptor": "Hypertension", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 1536796647, "corpus_id": 729808, "title": "Hypocretin/orexin\u2010containing neurons are produced in one sharp peak in the developing ventral diencephalon", "abstract": "The birth date of hypocretin\u2010containing neurons was analysed using the bromodeoxyuridine method in the rat. The results indicate that these neurons are generated between embryonic days 11 (E11) and E14, with a sharp peak on E12. This spatiotemporal pattern of genesis contrasts with that of the co\u2010distributed neurons producing the melanin\u2010concentrating hormone in the lateral hypothalamic area, which have been described as generated in one large peak from E10 to E16. These observations may be linked to the relative distribution area of both populations.", "descriptor": "Neurons", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 1972179043, "corpus_id": 205889946, "title": "Hepatic loss of survivin impairs postnatal liver development and promotes expansion of hepatic progenitor cells in mice", "abstract": "Hepatocytes possess a remarkable capacity to regenerate and reconstitute the parenchyma after liver damage. However, in the case of chronic injury, their proliferative potential is impaired and hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are activated, resulting in a ductular reaction known as oval cell response. Proapoptotic and survival signals maintain a precise balance to spare hepatocytes and progenitors from hyperplasia and cell death during regeneration. Survivin, a member of the family of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), plays key roles in the proliferation and apoptosis of various cell types. Here, we characterized the in vivo function of Survivin in regulating postnatal liver development and homeostasis using mice carrying conditional Survivin alleles. Hepatic perinatal loss of Survivin causes impaired mitosis, increased genome ploidy, and enlarged cell size in postnatal livers, which eventually leads to hepatocyte apoptosis and triggers tissue damage and inflammation. Subsequently, HPCs that retain genomic Survivin alleles are activated, which finally differentiate into hepatocytes and reconstitute the whole liver. By contrast, inducible ablation of Survivin in adult hepatocytes does not affect HPC activation and liver homeostasis during a long\u2010life period. Conclusion: Perinatal Survivin deletion impairs hepatic mitosis in postnatal liver development, which induces HPC activation and reconstitution in the liver, therefore providing a novel HPC induction model. (Hepatology 2013; 58:2109\u20132121)", "descriptor": "Liver", "qualifier": "growth & development"}, {"mag_id": 1974971881, "corpus_id": 37298950, "title": "Serum lipids and lipoproteins are less powerful predictors of extracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis than are cigarette smoking and hypertension.", "abstract": "The effect of serum lipids and lipoproteins on extracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis (CAS) was studied in patients who underwent carotid arteriography. Serum lipid and lipoprotein values along with data on other potential predictors of extracranial CAS were determined in 240 patients who had at least one extracranial carotid artery visualized. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, the independently significant predictors of the presence of extracranial CAS were, in decreasing order of significance, duration of smoking of cigarettes, hypertension, age, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I did not show an independent effect. Although low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was an independent predictor of the presence of extracranial CAS, its effect as a predictor was far outweighed by the effects of the duration of smoking of cigarettes and a history of hypertension.", "descriptor": "Hypertension", "qualifier": "complications"}, {"mag_id": 2591954093, "corpus_id": 35444181, "title": "dUTPase inhibition augments replication defects of 5-Fluorouracil", "abstract": "The antimetabolite 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is used in the treatment of various forms of cancer and has a complex mode of action. Despite 6 decades in clinical application the contribution of 5-FdUTP and dUTP [(5-F)dUTP] and 5-FUTP misincorporation into DNA and RNA respectively, for 5-FU-induced toxicity is still under debate. This study investigates DNA replication defects induced by 5-FU treatment and how (5-F)dUTP accumulation contributes to this effect. We reveal that 5-FU treatment leads to extensive problems in DNA replication fork progression, causing accumulation of cells in S-phase, DNA damage and ultimately cell death. Interestingly, these effects can be reinforced by either depletion or inhibition of the deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase, also known as DUT), highlighting the importance of (5-F)dUTP accumulation for cytotoxicity. With this study, we not only extend the current understanding of the mechanism of action of 5-FU, but also contribute to the characterization of dUTPase inhibitors. We demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of dUTPase is a promising approach that may improve the efficacy of 5-FU treatment in the clinic.", "descriptor": "Neoplasms", "qualifier": "drug therapy"}, {"mag_id": 2107133784, "corpus_id": 23051933, "title": "Inhibition of hepatic lipase by m-aminophenylboronate. Application of phenylboronate affinity chromatography for purification of human postheparin plasma lipases.", "abstract": "Phenylboronates are competitive inhibitors of serine. hydrolases including lipases. We studied the effect of m-aminophenylboronate on triglyceride-hydrolyzing activity of hepatic lipase (EC 3.1,1.3). m-Aminophenylboronate inhibited hepatic lipase activity with a Ki value of 55 microM. Furthermore, m-aminophenylboronate protected hepatic lipase activity from inhibition by di-isopropyl fluorophosphate, an irreversible active site inhibitor of serine hydrolases. Inhibition of hepatic lipase activity by m-aminophenylboronate was pH-dependent. The inhibition was maximal at pH 7.5, while at pH 10 it was almost non-existent. These data were used to develop a purification procedure for postheparin plasma hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase. The method is a combination of m-aminophenylboronate and heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatographies. Hepatic lipase was purified to homogeneity as analyzed on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specific activity of purified hepatic lipase was 5.46 mmol free fatty acids h-1 mg-1 protein with a total purification factor of 14,400 and a final recovery of approximately 20%. The recovery of hepatic lipase activity in m-aminophenylboronate affinity chromatography step was 95%. The purified lipoprotein lipase was a homogeneous protein with a specific activity of 8.27 mmol free fatty acids h-1 mg-1. The purification factor was 23,400 and the final recovery approximately 20%. The recovery of lipoprotein lipase activity in the m-aminophenylboronate affinity chromatography step was 87%. The phenylboronate affinity chromatography step can be used for purification of serine hydrolases which interact with boronates.", "descriptor": "Liver", "qualifier": "enzymology"}, {"mag_id": 2012525905, "corpus_id": 5767513, "title": "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV-positive patients predisposes for acute-on-chronic liver failure: two cases.", "abstract": "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a prominent feature in HIV-positive patients. We present two patients with long-lasting HIV-infection who suffered from this disease, as induced by highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The patients developed acute-on-chronic (AOC) liver failure after either (case 1) acute infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) or (case 2) methamphetamine abuse ('Ecstasy'). Approximately 1 week after visiting an area endemic for HAV, case 1, a male patient, presented with icterus, elevated liver transaminases and HAV IgM. Previous examinations had demonstrated normal liver transaminase activities while hepatic steatosis had been suspected. He developed complications associated with liver failure including renal failure as well as pleural and pericardial effusions. Case 2, a second male patient, developed both liver failure and lactic acidosis 24 h after methamphetamine abuse. Both patients suffered from fatty liver in the pre-acute stage as indicated by ultrasound examination. After developing symptoms of liver failure, HAART was discontinued in both patients. Follow-up visits demonstrated that the patients recovered clinically with almost normalized laboratory parameters. In HIV infection, HAART-induced hepatopathological alterations may exist despite the absence of relevant laboratory parameters. These patients are likely to develop AOC liver failure when subjected to acute risk factors such as hepatitis viruses and narcotics or other drugs. In patients treated with HAART, we thus highly recommend hepatitis A and B virus vaccinations, and close monitoring of liver parameters.", "descriptor": "HIV Infections", "qualifier": "complications"}, {"mag_id": 2554941292, "corpus_id": 5777824, "title": "Cortical Arousal With Deep Brain Stimulation After General Anesthesia for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.", "abstract": "To JNA Readers: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established treatment for Parkinson disease (PD) and other movement disorders.1 There are approximately over 100,000 patients with such devices in North America, and it is likely that these patients will require anesthesia care for non-neurological procedures.2 In this report, we present a patient with DBS in situ who showed a clinical and electro-encephalogram evidence of cortical arousal upon turning \u201con\u201d the DBS device after general anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A 62-year-old man (height 182 cm, weight 92kg) was scheduled for an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. He was diagnosed PD 18 years ago, and underwent bilateral subthalamic nucleus DBS insertion 4 years ago for refractory bradykinesia and tremors. Patient was recently seen in the movement disorder clinic and his DBS was checked to be functioning well. General anesthesia was induced using standard doses of propofol, fentanyl and rocuronium, and maintained with oxygen nitrous oxide and desflurane mixture. Depth of surgical anesthesia was monitored using entropy (Datex-Ohmeda, GE Healthcare, Helsinki, Finland), titrated to values between 40 and 50. The DBS was switched off following induction of anesthesia, and remained off during the whole procedure. To minimize electrical interference, the surgeons used harmonic scalpel exclusively. Intraoperative course was unremarkable. At the end of the surgery, the neuromuscular blockade was reversed. The inhaled anesthetics were stopped, and the end-tidal desflurane concentration was 0.4 volume% (minimum alveolar concentration 0.1). However, entropy values were (response entropy/state entropy) 14/13 and the patient was not awakening. The DBS was switched on at this time. We noticed an instantaneous increase in entropy values from 14/13 to 98/85 (Fig. 1) along with spontaneous eye opening. The patient was extubated within the next few minutes and his postoperative course was uneventful. To our knowledge this is the first report of cortical arousal with subthalamic nucleus stimulation. A previous case report has described a similar phenomenon of cortical arousal during globus pallidus internus stimulation during DBS insertion for dystonia.3 In addition to the transthalamic arousal system, cortical arousal is regulated by an interplay of different subcortical arousal-promoting and sleep-promoting systems involving cholinergic and/or orexinergic neurotransmission. Emergence from anesthesia in patients with PD can be variable depending upon the disease progression, interaction between PD and anesthetic medications. It is recommend that the DBS device be switched off following induction of general anesthesia to prevent electrical injury to the pulse generator as well neural structures in the brain.1,5 Patients with DBS device in situ are a special subset of population where delayed recovery from anesthesia may result if the DBS device is inadvertently left in the \u201coff\u201d position after surgery. We found that there were no clinical or electrical signs of emergence despite using short acting anesthetic agents (propofol and fentanyl), and ensuring adequate elimination of inhaled anesthetics and reversal of neuromuscular blockade. It is important to be aware of this cortical arousal phenomenon with DBS activation to ensure a timely and complete recovery from general anesthesia.", "descriptor": "Postoperative Complications", "qualifier": "therapy"}, {"mag_id": 1984455211, "corpus_id": 37329360, "title": "Human papillomavirus entry into NK cells requires CD16 expression and triggers cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion", "abstract": "Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections account for more than 50% of infection\u2010linked cancers in women worldwide. The immune system controls, at least partially, viral infection and around 90% of HPV\u2010infected women clear the virus within two years. However, it remains unclear which immune cells are implicated in this process and no study has evaluated the direct interaction between HPVs and NK cells, a key player in host resistance to viruses and tumors. We demonstrated an NK\u2010cell infiltration in HPV\u2010associated preneoplastic cervical lesions. Since HPVs cannot grow in vitro, virus\u2010like particles (VLPs) were used as a model for studying the NK\u2010cell response against the virus. Interestingly, NK cells displayed higher cytotoxic activity and cytokine production (TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IFN\u2010\u03b3) in the presence of HPV\u2010VLPs. Using flow cytometry and microscopy, we observed that NK\u2010cell stimulation was linked to rapid VLP entry into these cells by macropinocytosis. Using CD16+ and CD16\u2212 NK\u2010cell lines and a CD16\u2010blocking antibody, we demonstrated that CD16 is necessary for HPV\u2013VLP internalization, as well as for degranulation and cytokine production. Thus, we show for the first time that NK cells interact with HPVs and can participate in the immune response against HPV\u2010induced lesions.", "descriptor": "Carcinoma, Squamous Cell", "qualifier": "virology"}, {"mag_id": 1565711667, "corpus_id": 2738288, "title": "Escherichia coli SspA is a transcription activator for bacteriophage P1 late genes", "abstract": "The stringent starvation protein A (SspA), an Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP)\u2010associated protein, has been reported to be essential for lytic growth of bacteriophage P1. Unlike P1 early promoters, P1 late promoters are not recognized by RNAP alone. A phage\u2010encoded early protein, Lpa (late promoter activator protein, formerly called gp10), has been shown to be required for P1 late transcription in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that SspA is a transcription activator for P1 late genes. Our results indicated that Lpa is not limiting in an sspA mutant. However, the transcription of P1 late genes was deficient in an sspA mutant in vivo. We demonstrated that SspA/Lpa are required for transcription activation of the P1 late promoter Ps in vitro. In addition, SspA and Lpa were shown to facilitate the binding of RNAP to Ps late promoter DNA. Activation of late transcription by SspA/Lpa was dependent on holoenzyme containing \u03c370 but not \u03c3S, indicating that the two activators discriminate between the two forms of the holoenzyme. Furthermore, P1 early gene expression was downregulated in the wild\u2010type background, whereas it persisted in the sspA mutant background, indicating that SspA/Lpa mediate the transcriptional switch from the early to the late genes during P1 lytic growth. Thus, this work provides the first evidence for a function of the E. coli RNAP\u2010associated protein SspA.", "descriptor": "Escherichia coli", "qualifier": "virology"}, {"mag_id": 2564097348, "corpus_id": 31171055, "title": "Dietary polychlorinated biphenyls, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and incidence of malignant melanoma.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nFor malignant melanoma, other risk factors aside from sun exposure have been hardly explored. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)-mainly from fatty fish- may affect melanogenesis and promote melanoma progression, while long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids seem to exert antineoplastic actions in melanoma cells.\n\n\nOBJECTIVES\nWe aimed to assess the association of validated estimates of dietary PCB exposure as well as the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid\u00a0(EPA-DHA), accounting for sun habits and skin type, with the risk of malignant melanoma in middle-aged and elderly women.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe included 20,785 women at baseline in 2009 from the prospective population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort. Validated estimates of dietary PCB exposure and EPA-DHA intake were obtained via a food frequency questionnaire. Incident melanoma cases were ascertained through register-linkage.\n\n\nRESULTS\nDuring 4.5 years of follow-up, we ascertained 67 incident cases of melanoma. After multivariable adjustments, exposure to dietary PCBs was associated with four-fold increased risk of malignant melanoma (hazard ratio [HR], 4.0 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.2-13; P for trend\u00a0=\u00a00.02]), while EPA-DHA intake was associated with 80% lower risk (HR, 0.2 [95% CI, 0.1-0.8; P for trend\u00a0=\u00a00.03]), comparing the highest exposure tertiles with the lowest.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nWhile we found a direct association between dietary PCB exposure and risk of melanoma, EPA-DHA intake showed to have a substantial protective association. Question of benefits and risk from fish consumption is very relevant and further prospective studies in the general population verifying these findings are warranted.", "descriptor": "Skin Neoplasms", "qualifier": "epidemiology"}, {"mag_id": 2334237725, "corpus_id": 13587988, "title": "Acute otitis media in pediatrics: are there rational issues for empiric therapy?", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nAcute otitis media in children is a significant clinical problem that requires a rational approach to treatment. The condition is extremely common and has important economic implications. At present there is considerable controversy over the most appropriate strategy and over the use and choice of antibiotics.\n\n\nOBJECTIVES\nTo analyze the various factors that influence therapeutic decisions and consider how these may assist in the formulation of a rational approach to therapy.\n\n\nDISCUSSION\nOtitis media has a multifactorial etiology but it is extremely difficult to differentiate between bacterial and viral causes on clinical grounds. Culture of the middle ear fluid is rarely practicable; however, nasal swabs are relatively noninvasive and can provide useful microbiologic information, especially in excluding a bacterial cause. Published information provides little guidance on the most appropriate therapy; a rational approach to treatment is based on many considerations including the local epidemiology. The minimum criteria for the empiric choice of an antibiotic for acute otitis media are that it should be rapidly bactericidal and reach adequate concentrations in the middle ear fluid. In areas where beta-lactamase-producing strains are prevalent, a beta-lactamase-stable antibiotic should be chosen; good absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and high and consistent penetration into the middle ear are important characteristics. Compliance-enhancing factors such as fewer doses per day and good palatability are also important.", "descriptor": "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "qualifier": "therapeutic use"}, {"mag_id": 2468486553, "corpus_id": 3158690, "title": "[Experiences of liver retransplantation for postoperative diffuse biliary strictures].", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo investigate the feasibility and management of retransplantation for diffuse biliary strictures occurring after initial liver transplantation.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThe clinical data of 53 consecutive liver retransplantation patients at our hospital from January 2001 to December 2009 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Among them, 20 (37.7%) were due to diffuse biliary strictures.\n\n\nRESULTS\nDiffuse biliary strictures appeared at 3 - 16 months after initial transplantation. The mean time was 6.3 months. The specific types included intra-hepatic diffuse biliary strictures (n = 16) and multi-strictures involving both intra- & extra-hepatic biliary ducts (n = 4). Retransplantation was performed after a failure of intervention or/and other comprehensive treatments. Among them, 14 were cured and 6 died from peri-operative complications including serious abdominal infection & MODS (multiple organ dysfunction syndrome) (n = 3, 50%), biliary fistula (n = 2, 33.3%) and hepatic artery embolism (n = 1, 16.7%). These patients were followed up for a mean time of 1.8 years (range: 1 - 5 years). The accumulative survival rates at 1, 3 and 6 months were 80.0%, 75.0% and 70.0% respectively.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nLiver retransplantation is the ultimate treatment for diffuse biliary strictures after liver transplantation. The survival rate is associated with operative timing, surgical techniques and peri-operative management.", "descriptor": "Postoperative Complications", "qualifier": "surgery"}, {"mag_id": 2008876371, "corpus_id": 38902968, "title": "Role of manidipine in the management of patients with hypertension", "abstract": "Manidipine is a third-generation dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, which causes systemic vasodilation by inhibiting the voltage-dependent calcium inward currents in smooth muscle cells. In clinical studies, manidipine has been shown to significantly lower office and 24-h blood pressure compared with placebo in patients with essential hypertension. The resulting reduction in blood pressure is maintained over 24 h, with preservation of the circadian blood pressure pattern; its blood pressure-lowering capacity appears to be similar to that of other calcium antagonists. In elderly patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension, manidipine is able to significantly decrease blood pressure compared with placebo for up to 3 years of treatment. The drug also significantly lowers blood pressure in patients with hypertension and concomitant Type 2 diabetes mellitus or renal impairment, and is devoid of adverse metabolic effects. It is well-tolerated with few untoward adverse effects related to vasodilation. In particular, manidipine appears to have less potential for pedal edema than other calcium channel blockers.", "descriptor": "Hypertension", "qualifier": "drug therapy"}, {"mag_id": 2130371350, "corpus_id": 34623102, "title": "Age-Dependent Postdiapause Development in the Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Life Stage Model", "abstract": "ABSTRACT \n For the last \u224810 yr, the Gypsy Moth Life Stage (GLS) model has been used by pest managers to predict when important events in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., life cycle will occur (e.g., peak second larval instar population and male moth flight). Although the GLS model has been shown to outperform other gypsy moth phenology models, its predictions have not always been as accurate as desired. Differences between predicted and observed egg hatch phenology prompted a re-examination of the original experimental data that were used in the construction of the egg hatch submodels of the original GLS model, and a data processing error was discovered to have truncated the postdiapause experimental data. Analysis of the complete data set confirmed that developmental rates in the postdiapause phase were age and temperature dependent but that the developmental response to temperature is distinctly nonlinear at postdiapause initiation, in contrast to the indeterminate response previously reported. By incorporating the new estimates of developmental rate patterns and parameters into the GLS model, errors in the GLS-simulated egg hatch period were reduced by 33\u201371% and error in date of 50% cumulative egg hatch by 25\u2013100%.", "descriptor": "Aging", "qualifier": "physiology"}, {"mag_id": 2410663629, "corpus_id": 40716988, "title": "Endocervical involvement by endometrial carcinoma on fractional curettage: a clinicopathological study of 37 cases.", "abstract": "This is a retrospective study of 37 patients with endometrial carcinoma and presence of tumor on endocervical curettage (clinical Stage II). We intended to correlate the presence or absence of endocervical stromal invasion with the clinical behavior and other prognostic factors. Based on the endocervical curettage, three categories (CAT) were defined: CAT I: tumor fragments only (seven cases); CAT II: endocervical tissue and free-floating tumor fragments (13 cases); and CAT III: endocervical tissue and tumor with evidence of stromal invasion (17 cases). Five tumors were partly of clear cell and/or papillary serous types and three of them belonged to CAT I. Six of seven tumors with a nuclear Grade 3 were in CAT III (p less than 0.05). Nine patients had local recurrence, metastases, or died of their disease (median follow-up: 56 mo) and seven of them were in the CAT III (p less than 0.05). We conclude that despite the presence of tumor on the endocervical curettage, the lack of endocervical tissue invasion is associated with a lower nuclear grade and a less aggressive behavior. These tumors should be regarded and treated as Stage I disease. Special attention must be paid to staging of clear cell and papillary serous adenocarcinomas because of the tendency for these tumors to contaminate the endocervical curettage.", "descriptor": "Adenocarcinoma", "qualifier": "pathology"}, {"mag_id": 2617982897, "corpus_id": 3629378, "title": "FOLFOXIRI Plus Bevacizumab as Conversion Therapy for Patients With Initially Unresectable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis", "abstract": "Importance The combination of fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan plus bevacizumab (FOLFOXIRI-Bev) is an established and effective first-line chemotherapy regimen for metastatic colorectal cancer. However, resection rates of metastases and overall survival with this schedule have never been systematically evaluated in published studies including, but not limited to, the TRIBE (TRIplet plus BEvacizumab) trial. Objective To assess the clinical efficacy of FOLFOXIRI-Bev, including outcomes and rates of surgical conversions. Data Sources A systematic review was conducted in October 2016 in concordance with the PRISMA guidelines of PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Ovid, and EMBASE using the terms FOLFOXIRI and bevacizumab and (colorectal cancer). Study Selection Clinical trials, retrospective case series, and prospective case series that used FOLFOXIRI-Bev for the treatment of initially unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer in humans were included. Individual case reports and retrospective case series with fewer than 10 patients were excluded. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data were extracted independently by 2 reviewers on a predesigned, standardized form. Ultimately, data were aggregated to obtain the pooled effect size of efficacy, according to the random-effects model and weighted for the number of patients included in each trial. Main Outcomes and Measures Median overall survival and progression-free survival, overall response rates, and rates of R0 surgical conversions and overall surgical conversions. Results Eleven FOLFOXIRI-Bev studies published between 2010 and 2016 met the inclusion criteria and were pooled for analysis. The studies included 889 patients, with 877 patients clinically evaluable for overall response rates. The objective response rate to FOLFOXIRI-Bev was 69% (95% CI, 65%-72%; I2\u2009=\u200925%). The rate of overall surgical conversions was 39.1% (95% CI, 26.9%-52.8%), and the rate of R0 surgical conversions was 28.1% (95% CI, 18.1%-40.8%). Median pooled overall survival was 30.2 months (95% CI, 26.5-33.7 months) in 6 trials with data available, and progression-free survival was 12.4 months (95% CI, 10.0-14.3 months) in 9 trials with data available. In meta-regression analysis, variables significantly associated with conversion surgery were disease limited to the liver and a higher median number of cycles (close to 12). Conclusions and Relevance For patients with surgically unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer, FOLFOXIRI-Bev is associated with a significant overall response rate. Such an effective regimen leads to a probability of surgical conversion of distant metastases approaching 40%, with more than one-fourth of patients having an R0 resection.", "descriptor": "Liver Neoplasms", "qualifier": "secondary"}, {"mag_id": 2473469715, "corpus_id": 2348872, "title": "Multistrain models predict sequential multidrug treatment strategies to result in less antimicrobial resistance than combination treatment", "abstract": "BackgroundCombination treatment is increasingly used to fight infections caused by bacteria resistant to two or more antimicrobials. While multiple studies have evaluated treatment strategies to minimize the emergence of resistant strains for single antimicrobial treatment, fewer studies have considered combination treatments. The current study modeled bacterial growth in the intestine of pigs after intramuscular combination treatment (i.e. using two antibiotics simultaneously) and sequential treatments (i.e. alternating between two antibiotics) in order to identify the factors that favor the sensitive fraction of the commensal flora.Growth parameters for competing bacterial strains were estimated from the combined in vitro pharmacodynamic effect of two antimicrobials using the relationship between concentration and net bacterial growth rate. Predictions of in vivo bacterial growth were generated by a mathematical model of the competitive growth of multiple strains of Escherichia coli.ResultsSimulation studies showed that sequential use of tetracycline and ampicillin reduced the level of double resistance, when compared to the combination treatment. The effect of the cycling frequency (how frequently antibiotics are alternated in a sequential treatment) of the two drugs was dependent upon the order in which the two drugs were used.ConclusionSequential treatment was more effective in preventing the growth of resistant strains when compared to the combination treatment. The cycling frequency did not play a role in suppressing the growth of resistant strains, but the specific order of the two antimicrobials did. Predictions made from the study could be used to redesign multidrug treatment strategies not only for intramuscular treatment in pigs, but also for other dosing routes.", "descriptor": "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "qualifier": "pharmacology"}, {"mag_id": 160165132, "corpus_id": 7443004, "title": "[A sudden redness and swelling of the face].", "abstract": "Two patients were referred to a department of oral and maxillofacial surgery with a redness and swelling of the face which had suddenly developed together with a mild illness. The diagnosis of erysipelas was made clinically. This skin infection is generally caused by betahaemolytic streptococci group-A. Treatment is generally in the first instance medicinal. The drugs of choice for treating erysipelas in the vast majority of cases are narrow-spectrum penicillins.", "descriptor": "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "qualifier": "therapeutic use"}, {"mag_id": 1991417725, "corpus_id": 3386859, "title": "Canine superficial bacterial pyoderma: evaluation of skin surface sampling methods and antimicrobial susceptibility of causal Staphylococcus isolates.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo evaluate three easily performed methods of skin surface sampling for bacterial culture of Staphylococcus isolates obtained from dogs with superficial bacterial pyoderma (SBP) presenting to two veterinary teaching hospitals in Sydney, Australia, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates.\n\n\nDESIGN\nProspective study of 27 dogs with SBP. Cytologically confirmed SBP lesions were sampled for bacterial culture using a dry cotton swab, a saline-moistened cotton swab and a skin surface scraping. Isolates were identified by standard discriminatory phenotypic and biochemical analyses, and confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Susceptibilities to 14 antimicrobials were determined by disk diffusion and by detection of the mecA gene using PCR. Sampling methods were compared according to bacterial yield, antibiograms and bacterial phenotypic analysis. Location of causative bacteria was evaluated via 8-mm punch skin biopsies using haematoxylin and eosin, Gram-Twort and Giemsa staining, and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH).\n\n\nRESULTS\nStaphylococcus sp. were isolated from lesions in all dogs, either S. pseudintermedius (24 dogs) or S. schleiferi (3 dogs). Susceptibility was highest to cephalexin (96%) and amoxycillin clavulanate (96%). Methicillin resistance assessed by mecA real-time PCR and phenotypic oxacillin resistance was found in one dog (4.3%). Routine histology and FISH revealed bacteria within superficial stratum corneum.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nStaphylococcal isolates from canine SBP demonstrated high susceptibility to common empirical antimicrobials. Histological techniques confirmed presence of bacteria at superficial sites, likely to be accessed by the sampling techniques. The three techniques afforded similar results and may be equally suitable for obtaining samples for culture.", "descriptor": "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "qualifier": "pharmacology"}, {"mag_id": 1995197542, "corpus_id": 13014668, "title": "In vitro study of cysteine oxidase in rat brain", "abstract": "Effects of some cysteine analogs and other compounds on in vitro cysteine oxidase were studied in rat brain microsomes. Among the tested compounds, maximum inhibition of microsomal cysteine oxidase was by \u03b1,\u03b1\u2032-dipyridyl and the least inhibition by dithiothreitol. Kinetic and dialysis studies foundl-homocysteine to be a competitive and reversible inhibitor of cysteine oxidase. Epinephrine was shown to inhibit cysteine oxidase, whereas pyridoxal HCl activated cysteine oxidase at the same concentration. Except for the Mg2+ ion, other metallic ions inhibited cysteine oxidase activity in the following order: Zn2+>Cu2+>Li+ >Ca2+>Co2+>K+>Mn2+. A 12 mM concentration of Mg2+ ion was required to obtain maximum cysteine oxidase activity.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "enzymology"}, {"mag_id": 2014098233, "corpus_id": 20656466, "title": "Surgical Management of Normocalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism", "abstract": "BackgroundPrimary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT), typically defined as elevated serum calcium levels associated with inappropriately elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, can occur also in patients with normal serum calcium levels. This study investigated the characteristics, workup, and surgical management of patients with normocalcemic pHPT.MethodsA retrospective chart review of a prospectively collected, single-institution parathyroid database was performed on patients with sporadic pHPT who underwent parathyroidectomy between 12/99 and 12/08.ResultsIn all, 93 of 771 (12%) pHPT patients had normal serum calcium levels 3\u00a0months prior to surgery. Ionized calcium (iCa) levels were available for 58 patients and were elevated in 50 (86%). Among those with elevated iCa levels 90% had single-gland disease (SGD), whereas 63% with normal iCa levels had SGD (p\u00a0=\u00a00.07). Preoperative imaging identified SGD in 60% of patients with normal iCa and in 66% with elevated iCa levels. Intraoperative PTH (IOPTH) monitoring identified cure in 51 of 58 (88%) patients including 6 (75%) with normal iCa. At a median follow-up of 358\u00a0days, postoperative calcium and PTH levels were similar in the groups. One (1%) patient had recurrent disease.ConclusionsMost patients with apparent normocalcemic pHPT have elevated ionized calcium levels. For patients with normocalcemic pHPT, we recommend measuring iCa levels preoperatively, performing localization studies, and utilizing IOPTH monitoring to guide a successful operation.", "descriptor": "Calcium", "qualifier": "blood"}, {"mag_id": 2904808248, "corpus_id": 54470774, "title": "Lung cancer screening: assessment of health literacy and readability of online educational resources", "abstract": "BackgroundLung cancer screening can reduce mortality but can be a complex, multi-step process. Poor health literacy is associated with unfavorable outcomes and decreased use of preventative services, so it is important to address barriers to care through efficient and practical education. The readability of lung cancer screening materials for patients is unknown and may not be at the recommended 6th grade reading level set by the American Medical Association. Our goals were to: (1) measure the health literacy of a lung cancer screening population from an urban academic medical center, and (2) examine the readability of online educational materials for lung cancer screening.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cross sectional study at a single urban academic center. Health literacy was assessed using three validated screening questions. To assess the readability of educational materials, we performed a Google search using the phrase, \u201cWhat is lung cancer screening?\u201d and the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) formula was used to estimate the grade level required to understand the text.ResultsThere were 404 patients who underwent lung cancer screening during the study period. The prevalence of inadequate/marginal health literacy was 26.7\u201338.0%. Fifty websites were reviewed and four were excluded from analysis because they were intended for medical providers. The mean FKGL for the 46 websites combined was 10.6\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2.ConclusionsLow health literacy was common and is likely a barrier to appropriate education for lung cancer screening. The current online educational materials regarding lung cancer screening are written above the recommended reading level set by the American Medical Association.", "descriptor": "Lung Neoplasms", "qualifier": "diagnosis"}, {"mag_id": 2020334067, "corpus_id": 21915555, "title": "A sporulation-induced sigma-like regulatory protein from b. subtilis", "abstract": "We have isolated a sigma-like regulatory protein termed sigma 29 whose synthesis or association with Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase was induced during spore formation. sigma 29 is a sporulation-specific component of RNA polymerase as it was absent in enzyme from an early-blocked sporulation mutant (SpoOA). We have demonstrated specific RNA synthesis by sigma 29-RNA polymerase using as a DNA template a cloned cluster of vegetative and sporulation genes from the purA-cysA region of the B. subtilis chromosome. The pattern of gene recognition by sigma 29-RNA polymerase was distinct from that observed for RNA polymerases containing sigma 55 or sigma 37, species of sigma factor that are present in vegetative cells of B. subtilis. A reconstitution experiment in which purified sigma 29 was added to core RNA polymerase demonstrates that sigma 29 was directly responsible for the altered transcriptional specificity of sporulation RNA polymerase. We propose that sigma 29 is a regulatory protein that controls developmental gene transcription at an early stage of spore formation.", "descriptor": "Bacterial Proteins", "qualifier": "physiology"}, {"mag_id": 2019812803, "corpus_id": 2867533, "title": "Basic Symptoms, Temperament and Character in Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders", "abstract": "Objective: Basic symptoms are early subtle changes in thinking, feeling and perception that are subjectively experienced and precede the onset of a psychotic illness. In adult samples, high basic symptom scores are regarded as specific risk factors for the development of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to explore the relevance of basic symptoms of psychiatric disorders in adolescent patients with special focus on early detection of psychosis. Furthermore, the association between basic symptoms and personality traits has been investigated. Method: From89 adolescents, who were consecutive inpatients with different psychiatric disorders in 1995 and 1997, 54 were followed up 4.7 years later. Patients were examined with the Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms at the time of the first presentation and follow-up. Additionally, personality traits were assessed at follow-up using the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory. Results: Noneof the subjects made the transition to schizophrenia, despite high baseline scores of basic symptoms at the initial assessment. Indirect minus symptoms were found to be the most valid predictor of a persisting psychiatric diagnosis. In addition, this specific category was strongly associated with the personality traits harm avoidance and self-directedness. Conclusion: Inadolescents, basic symptomsin association with personality traitspresent as a nonspecificindicator of psychopathology rather than as an indicator of vulnerability to schizophrenia.", "descriptor": "Mental Disorders", "qualifier": "diagnosis"}, {"mag_id": 2048878567, "corpus_id": 34528760, "title": "Prostate cancer: The growing evidence supporting mid-life PSA testing", "abstract": "Serum PSA testing remains controversial as the data regarding its utility are conflicting. However, a recent study adds to the growing body of evidence supporting its usefulness in middle-aged men, especially in the determination of the long-term risk of metastasis and death from prostate cancer.", "descriptor": "Prostatic Neoplasms", "qualifier": "mortality"}, {"mag_id": 3038248843, "corpus_id": 220253194, "title": "Genetic risk of dementia modifies obesity effects on white matter myelin in cognitively healthy adults", "abstract": "APOE-\u03b54 is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease that interacts with other risk factors, but the nature of such combined effects remains poorly understood. We quantified the impact of\u00a0APOE-\u03b54, family history (FH) of dementia, and obesity on white matter (WM) microstructure in 165 asymptomatic adults (38-71 years old) using quantitative magnetization transfer and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging. Microstructural properties of the fornix, parahippocampal cingulum, and uncinate fasciculus were compared with those in motor and whole-brain WM regions. Widespread interaction effects between APOE, FH, and waist-hip ratio were found in the myelin-sensitive macromolecular proton fraction from quantitative magnetization transfer. Among individuals with the highest genetic risk (FH+ and\u00a0APOE-\u03b54), obesity was associated with reduced macromolecular proton fraction in the right parahippocampal cingulum, whereas no effects were present for those without FH. Risk effects on apparent myelin were moderated by hypertension and inflammation-related markers. These findings suggest that genetic risk modifies the impact of obesity on WM myelin consistent with neuroglia models of aging and late-onset Alzheimer's disease.", "descriptor": "Obesity", "qualifier": "genetics"}, {"mag_id": 2053872736, "corpus_id": 72743254, "title": "Progression of a Pedunculated Polyp", "abstract": "A 56-year-old man underwent a colonoscopy after a positive fecal occult-blood test. Colonoscopy revealed two pedunculated polyps, one in the ascending colon and one in the transverse colon. One polyp was removed with a polypectomy snare (Panel A), but removal of the other was deferred owing to procedural difficulties. Unfortunately, the patient did not return for follow-up, for personal reasons. Five years later, he returned to our hospital after another positive fecal occult-blood test. Colonoscopy revealed a lesion, 15 mm in diameter, at the site of the previously detected pedunculated polyp (Panel B); no additional polyps were found. Complete surgical .\u00a0.\u00a0.", "descriptor": "Adenocarcinoma", "qualifier": "pathology"}, {"mag_id": 2411292440, "corpus_id": 8367700, "title": "Diagnostic techniques in head and neck cancer.", "abstract": "The evaluation of a patient with a cancer in the head and neck should begin with a complete history. A thorough physical examination will aid in determining the tumor extent. Finally, diagnostic techniques have been outlined that can help in determining the extent of the primary tumor and metastases.", "descriptor": "Carcinoma, Squamous Cell", "qualifier": "diagnosis"}, {"mag_id": 2399108376, "corpus_id": 38142885, "title": "Effect of DL-ethionine and S-ethyl-L-cysteine on rat liver regeneration.", "abstract": "The administration of diets containing 0.05\u20130.40% dl-ethionine to partially hepatectomized rats decreases the extent of liver regeneration over a period of 10.5 days. Body weight losses and definite liver pathology are noted for animals of either sex fed the rations with 0.30% or 0.40% ethionine. The effect is neutralized by the simultaneous feeding of methionine but not by choline, thereby reflecting definite amino acid antagonism. S-ethyl-l-cysteine, a homolog of ethionine, at a dietary level of 0.40% is without effect on the rate of liver regeneration.", "descriptor": "Liver", "qualifier": "drug effects"}, {"mag_id": 2008256611, "corpus_id": 1999423, "title": "Asbestos exposure among Finnish lung cancer patients: occupational history and fiber concentration in lung tissue.", "abstract": "In a series of 65 surgically treated lung cancer patients, past exposure to asbestos was evaluated by personal interviews, and by scanning electron microscopy analyses of the mineral fibers in lung tissue. Lung tissue samples of 17 autopsied male office workers were analyzed as referents. According to occupational history, 37% of the lung cancer patients had definite or probable, 31% possible, and 32% unlikely exposure to asbestos. The fiber concentration in the lung tissue ranged from < 0.1 to 65 million fibers per gram dry tissue in the lung cancer group, and from < 0.1 to 0.8 million fibers per gram dry tissue in the reference group. In 26% of the lung cancer patients, but in none of the referents, the fiber concentration exceeded 1 million fibers per gram dry tissue. Most of the exposed patients had been employed in various construction jobs, and valuable information about the exposure levels could be obtained by the mineral fiber analyses. In general, there was a good accord between the exposure categorization and the fiber burden measured in the lung.", "descriptor": "Lung", "qualifier": "pathology"}, {"mag_id": 2043537498, "corpus_id": 40542361, "title": "Partial degradation of transfer RNAs by sheep kidney nuclease.", "abstract": "Abstract Sheep kidney nuclease attacks, in the presence of Mg2+, several tRNAs exclusively or primarily at the 3\u2032-side of the double-stranded acceptor stem. Accordding to oligonucleotide analysis the products formed from yeast tRNAPhe were a mixture of 80 % Phe 1\u201369 with 20 % Phe 1\u201370 and small oligonucleotides from the 3\u2032-terminal sequence. The degradations of wheat germ tRNAPhe, yeast tRNAVal, tRNATyr and tRNASer were studied by disc electrophoretic methods. In the absence of Mg2+ the tRNAs were degraded rather fast to several fragments and oligonucleotides. Mixtures of Phe 1\u201369/70 with Phe 21\u201376 possessed significant acceptor activity for phenylalanine. Poly(A), poly(U) and poly(C) could be degraded by sheep kidney nuclease to homologous series of oligo- and polynucleotides. Oligo- and polyadenylic acids up to a chain length of about 40 nucleotides were separated by disc electrophoresis.", "descriptor": "Kidney", "qualifier": "enzymology"}, {"mag_id": 2091826796, "corpus_id": 29978311, "title": "S-100 in the central nervous system of rat, rabbit and guinea pig during postnatal development", "abstract": "The accumulation of the brain-specific S-100 protein has been studied during postnatal development of rat, rabbit and guinea pig quantitatively, using immunoelectrophoresis, and qualitatively, by immunoelectron microscopy. Newborn guinea pigs show high levels of S-100. The distribution was similar to that of adult animals with an enrichment of S-100 to the postsynaptic membranes and to the astrocytic filaments. The neuronal plasma membranes as well as the neuronal nuclear membranes, astrocytic and oligodendroglial plasma membranes, also showed a specific activity for S-100. The amount of S-100 increased linearly from birth until the 3rd and 4th postnatal week of rabbit and rat, respectively. During the 2nd and 3rd week rabbit and rat nervous systems showed an accumulation of S-100, especially in the postsynaptic membranes and in the astrocytic filaments. In this study we present evidence that the S-100 protein quantitatively and ultrastructurally appears according to a pattern which parallels the muturation of brain, showing adult characteristics already at birth in early developing brains (guinea pig) and a change towards adult pattern after birth in late developing brains (rat and rabbit). In the latter two species change towards an adult S-100 distribution pattern proceeds during the postnatal period concomitant with the enzymatic and electrophysiogical maturation of the brain.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "growth & development"}, {"mag_id": 68672169, "corpus_id": 5737324, "title": "Status of the \u201cProtein Kinase CK2\u2013HMG14\u201d System in Age-Related Amnesia in Rats", "abstract": "The experiments described here demonstrate that disruption of the phosphorylation of transcription factors of the HMG cAMP/Ca-independent protein kinase CK2 class may be the cause of decreased gene expression in age-related cognitive deficits. Amnesia for a conditioned passive avoidance reaction (CPAR) in aged rats (24 months old) was accompanied by decreases in the synthesis of synaptosomal proteins and transcription in nuclei isolated from cortical, hippocampal, and striatal neurons. There was a decrease in chromatin protein kinase CK2 activity and a significant decrease in the phosphorylation of HMG14 by protein kinase CK2. Selective activators of protein kinase CK2 (1-ethyl-4-carbamoyl-5-methylcarbamoylimidazole and 1-ethyl-4,5-dicarbamoylimidazole) increased HMG14 phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2, increased transcription, increased the synthesis of synaptosomal proteins, and decreased amnesia for the CPAR in aged rats. Thus, activation of the \u201cprotein kinase CK2\u2013HMG14\u201d system is accompanied by optimization of synaptic plasticity in aged animals. The results provide evidence for the high therapeutic potential of protein kinase CK2 activators.", "descriptor": "Aging", "qualifier": "physiology"}, {"mag_id": 1993622445, "corpus_id": 26850348, "title": "The treatment of shock complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "abstract": "FTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, the clinical course of approximately 12 per cent of patients is complicated by manifestations of circulatory shock. 1-4 With supportive treatment, including oxygen breathing and analgesic drugs, fewer than 1 of 5 patients survive. ~ The initial enthusiasm for \"vasopressor\" drugs, introduced 15 years ago, has been sustained by reports that the survival rate was doubled after introduction of these drugs2 Yet, others find no definitive evidence that these drugs have improved survival. 2,7's Since our understanding of both mechanisms and treatment of acute myocardial infarction and its complications is still very meager, convention rather than proved efficacy guides much of current practice in this field. After greater understanding of mechanisms is achieved, the rational basis for treatment will undoubtedly be greatly improved. Even modest improvement would profoundly alter the dismal outlook. A decrease in mortality of but 15 per cent would essentially double the number of survivors. The conscientious clinician, however, is alerted not only to the potential benefits of newer drugs and other innovations of management but he is properly suspicious that innovations are likely to entail greater risks before their ultimate value is established. With these considerations in mind, we reviewed experimental and clinical data on the treatment of shock complicating myocardial infarction, aided by the results of our own investigations in the University of Southern California Shock Research Unit at the Los Angeles County General Hospital. 9 This contribution is intended as a guide or, preferably, a resource to aid in the planning of bedside treatment.", "descriptor": "Myocardial Infarction", "qualifier": "complications"}, {"mag_id": 2052765198, "corpus_id": 9417052, "title": "WAVE2\u2010 and microtubule\u2010dependent formation of long protrusions and invasion of cancer cells cultured on three\u2010dimensional extracellular matrices", "abstract": "Invadopodia, small protrusions formed at ventral membranes of several types of invasive cancer cells upon contact with the extracellular matrix (ECM), are implicated in cell invasion; however, the relationship between invadopodia formation and cell invasion through the ECM is still unknown. To correlate the formation of membrane protrusions and cell invasion, a three\u2010dimensional (3\u2010D) gel culture system with native collagen type\u2010I matrix overlaid with a thin basement membrane equivalent (Matrigel) was made. Human breast cancer cell line MDA\u2010MB\u2010231 formed long protrusions in addition to small protrusions reminiscent of invadopodia and migrated into the collagen layer. Comparative analyses with other cancer cell lines indicate that cellular ability to form long protrusions, but not small protrusions or invadopodia, correlates with cellular invasiveness in the 3\u2010D culture. Some of the long protrusions in MDA\u2010MB\u2010231 cells appeared to extend from the adherence membrane, implying that they are derived from small protrusions. The formation of long protrusions and invasion, as well as the formation of invadopodia, required WAVE2 in MDA\u2010MB\u2010231 cells. Accumulation of tubulin was observed in long protrusions but not in invadopodia. Correspondingly, a microtubule\u2010stabilizing agent, paclitaxel, suppressed the formation of long protrusions and invasion, but not the formation of invadopodia, in MDA\u2010MB\u2010231 cells. These results suggest that long protrusions formed in a WAVE2\u2010 and microtubule\u2010dependent manner may identify the cells at the later stage of invasion, possibly after the formation of invadopodia in the 3\u2010D cultures. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 2252\u20132259)", "descriptor": "Neoplasms", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 2991667416, "corpus_id": 45732404, "title": "[Severe right-ventricular heart failure due to malignant pericardial mesothelioma].", "abstract": "A case of a 63-year old female with symptomatic advanced right-ventricular (RV) heart failure due to malignant pericardial mesothelioma is presented. Echocardiography revealed that RV failure was due to the tumour-induced compression of the right atrium and not due to metastatic mesothelioma involving pericardial sac.", "descriptor": "Myocardial Infarction", "qualifier": "etiology"}, {"mag_id": 2159327390, "corpus_id": 9847609, "title": "A geometry-based generic predictor for catalytic and allosteric sites.", "abstract": "An important aspect of understanding protein allostery, and of artificial effector design, is the characterization and prediction of substrate- and effector-binding sites. To find binding sites in allosteric enzymes, many of which are oligomeric with allosteric sites at domain interfaces, we devise a local centrality measure for residue interaction graphs, which behaves well for both small/monomeric and large/multimeric proteins. The measure is purely structure based and has a clear geometrical interpretation and no free parameters. It is not biased towards typically catalytic residues, a property that is crucial when looking for non-catalytic effector sites, which are potent drug targets.", "descriptor": "Proteins", "qualifier": "chemistry"}, {"mag_id": 2128331836, "corpus_id": 35946043, "title": "The identification and localization of a human gene with sequence similarity to Polycomblike of Drosophila melanogaster.", "abstract": "The Drosophila Polycomb group (PcG) of genes is required for the epigenetic regulation of a number of important developmental genes, including the homeotic (Hox) genes. The members of this gene family encode proteins that do not share sequence similarity, implying that each plays a unique role in this epigenetic repression mechanism. Polycomblike (Pcl) was the second PcG gene to be identified. We report here the isolation and characterization of a human cDNA, termed PHF1, which encodes a protein with significant sequence similarity to Drosophila Polycomblike (PCL). The region of similarity between PHF1 and PCL includes the two PHD fingers (C4-H-C3 motif), the region between them, and sequences C-terminal to the PHD fingers. PHF1 and PCL are 34% identical over this 258-residue region. PHF1 was mapped to 6p21.3 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. While several genetic diseases that are likely to result from developmental abnormalities map to this region, PHF1 is not a clear candidate gene for any of them.", "descriptor": "Proteins", "qualifier": "genetics"}, {"mag_id": 2143467551, "corpus_id": 2131888, "title": "Views on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease - an interview study with Swedish GPs", "abstract": "BackgroundGeneral practitioners (GPs) have gradually become more involved in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), both through more frequent prescribing of pharmaceuticals and by giving advice regarding lifestyle factors. Most general practitioners are now faced with decisions about pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical treatment for primary prevention every day. The aim of this study was to explore, structure and describe the views on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice among Swedish GPs.MethodsIndividual interviews were conducted with 21 GPs in southern Sweden. The interview transcripts were analysed using a qualitative approach, inspired by phenomenography.ResultsTwo main categories of description emerged during the analysis. One was the degree of reliance on research data regarding the predictability of real risk and the opportunities for primary prevention of CVD. The other was the allocation of responsibility between the patient and the doctor. The GPs showed different views, from being convinced of an actual and predictable risk for the individual to strongly doubting it; from relying firmly on protection from disease by pharmaceutical treatment to strongly questioning its effectiveness in individual cases; and from reliance on prevention of disease by non-pharmaceutical interventions to a total lack of reliance on such measures.ConclusionsThe GPs' different views, regarding the rationale for and practical management of primary prevention of CVD, can be interpreted as a reflection of the complexity of patient counselling in primary prevention in clinical practice. The findings have implications for development and implementation of standard treatment guidelines, regarding long-time primary preventive treatment.", "descriptor": "Cardiovascular Diseases", "qualifier": "prevention & control"}, {"mag_id": 2049488766, "corpus_id": 46597595, "title": "Skin disorders in organ transplant recipients. External anogenital lesions.", "abstract": "SINCE THE early 1960s, more than 400 000 transplantations of various organs have been performed worldwide. Dermatologists play an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and management of the common skin problems experienced by these patients. Some kind of dermatologic lesion has been found in 45% to 100% of patients examined. 1-3 Four major categories of skin lesions can be identified. The first category includes side effects of the immunosuppressive agents, mainly cushingoid effects of prednisone therapy (buffalo hump, moon face, acne, striae, facial erythema, increased hair growth, dry skin, atrophic and friable skin, purpura, and telangiectasia), and hypertrichosis, sebaceous hyperplasia, epidermal cysts, pilar keratosis, and gum hypertrophy caused by cyclosporine administration. 1-6 The second category includes various types of bacterial infection that, at times, may be life-threatening; fungal infections (pityriasis versicolor, candidiasis, tinea, and onychomycosis); and viral infections (herpes simplex, herpes zoster, varicella, and warts). 1,3-6 Warts are", "descriptor": "Skin Neoplasms", "qualifier": "etiology"}, {"mag_id": 2231014272, "corpus_id": 8596433, "title": "High Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Diabetic Patients Concomitant with Metabolic Syndrome", "abstract": "Objective To evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Research Design and Methods We conducted a case-controlled study, with data obtained from 2,551 Chinese participants between 18\u201379 years of age (representing a population of 1,660,500 in a district of Beijing). 74 cases of DR were found following data assessment by two 45\u00b0 digital retinal images. Subjects without DR (NDR group) selected from the remaining 2,477 subjects were matched 1:1 to the DR group by HbA1c. MetS was defined by incorporating diagnostic criteria of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Results There were no statistical differences between the DR group and NDR group in a number of biological or laboratory tests. However, the percentage of patients with DR increased vs. patients without DR with the number of MetS components from 1 to 5 (14.3% vs. 85.7%, 38.9% vs. 61.1%, 49.1% vs. 50.9%, 61.4% vs. 38.6% and 83.3% vs. 16.7%, respectively) (Pearson \u03c72 = 9.938, P = 0.037). The trend to develop DR with MetS was significantly higher than that without MetS (NMetS) (\u03c72 = 5.540, P = 0.019). MetS was an independent statistical indicator of the presence of DR after adjusting for age and sex [odds ratio (95% CI): 2.701(1.248\u20135.849), P = 0.012], which is still the case with an additional adjustment for WC, SBP, TC, HbA1c and duration of diabetes [odds ratio (95% CI): 2.948(1.134\u20137.664), P = 0.027]. Conclusion DR is one of the diabetic microvascular complications. Apart from poor glycemic control, the concomitance of other metabolic factors can also influence DR. MetS, defined as a cluster of metabolic risk factors, is a strong and independent indicator of DR, even to the same extent as glycemic control.", "descriptor": "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "qualifier": "pathology"}, {"mag_id": 1953266920, "corpus_id": 205819169, "title": "Knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS amongst Kuwait University dental students.", "abstract": "The HIV and AIDS have emerged as complex health threats to the world population. As future dentists, it is pertinent that the dental students have sufficient knowledge and a positive approach towards the disease. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to assess the HIV/AIDS related knowledge and attitudes amongst clinical dental students at Kuwait University. A cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst the clinical dental students using a structured questionnaire with 60 questions to examine their knowledge under various categories and 13 questions to examine their attitudes towards the disease. The survey revealed that almost 58% of the respondents demonstrated a high level of knowledge (mean score: 45.23 \u00b1 4.35 SD). Majority of the students (63.6%) expressed negative attitude (mean score: 5.36 \u00b1 2.56 SD). The mean knowledge score of the fifth year dental students was significantly higher (P = 0.022) than that of the final year dental students regarding the knowledge of virus and disease process. However, no significant difference was observed with respect to other knowledge categories. Despite their high level of knowledge, the majority displayed a negative attitude towards HIV/AIDS. Hence, the findings imply that there is a need to address, more clearly, the students' misconceptions and attitudes towards the disease.", "descriptor": "HIV Infections", "qualifier": "psychology"}, {"mag_id": 2040148020, "corpus_id": 21303641, "title": "Detecting Functional Connectivity During Audiovisual Integration with MEG: A Comparison of Connectivity Metrics", "abstract": "In typical magnetoencephalography and/or electroencephalography functional connectivity analysis, researchers select one of several methods that measure a relationship between regions to determine connectivity, such as coherence, power correlations, and others. However, it is largely unknown if some are more suited than others for various types of investigations. In this study, the authors investigate seven connectivity metrics to evaluate which, if any, are sensitive to audiovisual integration by contrasting connectivity when tracking an audiovisual object versus connectivity when tracking a visual object uncorrelated with the auditory stimulus. The authors are able to assess the metrics' performances at detecting audiovisual integration by investigating connectivity between auditory and visual areas. Critically, the authors perform their investigation on a whole-cortex all-to-all mapping, avoiding confounds introduced in seed selection. The authors find that amplitude-based connectivity measures in the beta band detect strong connections between visual and auditory areas during audiovisual integration, specifically between V4/V5 and auditory cortices in the right hemisphere. Conversely, phase-based connectivity measures in the beta band as well as phase and power measures in alpha, gamma, and theta do not show connectivity between audiovisual areas. The authors postulate that while beta power correlations detect audiovisual integration in the current experimental context, it may not always be the best measure to detect connectivity. Instead, it is likely that the brain utilizes a variety of mechanisms in neuronal communication that may produce differential types of temporal relationships.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "physiology"}, {"mag_id": 2416292494, "corpus_id": 21316564, "title": "[Possibilities of hemosorption in the compensation of cardiac dysfunction in patients with ischemic heart disease associated with diabetes mellitus].", "abstract": "A total of 36 patients with unstable angina and type II diabetes mellitus were studied in the dynamic. All the patients underwent extracorporeal hemocarboperfusion. Marked improvement in the inotropic function of the myocardium was noted with the increase in the rate of relaxation and contraction of the posterior wall of the myocardium. A decrease in the pressure in the lesser circulation and specific peripheral resistance were registered. Using radiometry technique a corresponding decrease in the volume of extravascular fluid in the lungs was observed.", "descriptor": "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "qualifier": "complications"}, {"mag_id": 2365395319, "corpus_id": 24634382, "title": "[Study on early change features of microRNA in the peripheral blood of Sophorae tonkinensis radix et rhizoma induced liver injury rats].", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo study early change features of microRNA (miRNA) in the peripheral blood of Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma induced liver injury rats, and to look for the miRNA biomarkers in the peripheral blood of early liver injury.\n\n\nMETHODS\nSixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control group and the Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma (abbreviated as STRR) group, 30 in each group. Rats in the STRR group was administered with STRR decoction at 12 g/kg (2 mL/100 g), while equal volume of the distilled water was given to those in the control group. Rats were anesthetized on day 3, 7, 14, and 28, and 28 days after withdrawal. The serum samples were withdrawn. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total bile (TBIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), and albumin (ALB) were detected. The globulin (GLO) level was calculated. HE staining was performed on the liver tissue to observe the pathomorphological changes. The whole blood was collected on day 7, 14, and 28 to perform the microarray test. The differentially expressed miRNAs were screened and verified by RT-PCR.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe ALT activity obviously increased on day 7 - 28 in the STRR group (P <0.05). The histopathological results showed the degeneration and swelling of the liver cells on day 28. In the microarray test, there were 11, 22, and 13 up regulated expressed miRNAs on day 7, 14, and 28, respectively. There were 1, 13, 2 down regulated expressed miRNAs on day 7, 14, and 28, respectively. By target gene prediction and pathway analysis of differentially expressed miRNA on day 7, 14, and 28, they involved in regulating and controlling signal transduction, cellular interaction, cytoskeleton. Differentially expressed miRNA might possibly participate in the process of liver injury. The RT-PCR result of the expression of miR-291a-5p with the peak time efficiency on day 7 showed that the expressions of miR-291a-5p in the peripheral blood and the liver tissue were basically identical.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nmiR-291a-5p could early indicate the liver injury, which could be taken as one of an early marker in STRR induced liver injury.", "descriptor": "Liver", "qualifier": "pathology"}, {"mag_id": 2014260912, "corpus_id": 189884646, "title": "A non-local gap-penalty for profile alignment", "abstract": "The length of an alignment of biological sequences is typically longer than the mean length of its component sequences. (This arises from the insertion of gaps in the alignment.) When such an alignment is used as a profile for the alignment of further sequences (or profiles), it will have a bias toward additional sequences that match the length of the profile, rather than the mean length of sequences in the profile, as the alignment of these well entail fewer (or smaller) insertions) so avoiding gap-penalties). An algorithm is described to correct this bias that entails monitoring the correspondence, for every pair of positions, of the mean separations in both profiles as they are aligned. The correction was incorporated into a standard dynamic programming algorithm through a modification of the gap-penalty, but, unlike other approaches, this modification is not local and takes into consideration the overall alignment of the sequences. This implies that the algorithm cannot guarantee to find the optimal alignment, but tests suggest that close approximations are obtained. The method was tested on protein families by measuring the area in the parameter space of the phase containing the correct multiple alignment. No improvement (increase in phase area) was found with a family that required few gaps to be aligned correctly. However, for highly gapped alignments, a 50% increase in area was obtained with one family and the correct alignment was found for another that could not be aligned with the unbiased method.", "descriptor": "Proteins", "qualifier": "chemistry"}, {"mag_id": 2908632726, "corpus_id": 58611751, "title": "Systems-based approaches for investigation of inter-tissue communication[S]", "abstract": "Secreted proteins serve as crucial mediators of many physiology processes, and beginning with the discovery of insulin, studies have revealed numerous context-specific regulatory networks across various cell types. Here, we review \u201comics\u201d approaches to deconvolute the complex milieu of proteins that are released from the cell. We emphasize a novel \u201csystems genetics\u201d approach our laboratory has developed to investigate mechanisms of tissue-tissue communication using population-based datasets. Finally, we highlight potential future directions for these studies, discuss several caveats, and propose new ways to investigate modes of endocrine communication. Graphical Abstract", "descriptor": "Proteins", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 2570677492, "corpus_id": 42608121, "title": "Outcomes Bronchoscopic Evaluation in A University Hospital.", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION\nStudy of clinical profile of the patients and diagnostic yield of the selected bronchoscopic procedures gives us important information in clinical decision making and better patient care. There are hardly very few studies regarding these entities. Therefore, we decided to study clinical characteristics and outcomes of the patients who underwent bronchoscopic evaluation in our setting.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThis was a cross-sectional study the consecutive patients who underwent bronchoscopy from 1st May 2013- 30th April 2015 in division of pulmonary, critical care and sleep medicine. The main procedure performed was bronchoalveolar lavage.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe mean age was 54.71 years with 76 (76%) males. Recurrent hemoptysis in 58 (58%) patients were the commonest indication. Total 95 (95%) patients have chest X-ray abnormalities. The commonest bronchoscopic finding was bronchiectasis 23 (23%) of patients followed by chronic bronchitis in 18 (18%) and endobronchial tuberculosis in 16 (16%). Total 10 (71%) of the 14 bronchoscopically suspected lung cancer patients have intraluminal lesions. Bronchoalveolar lavage culture for tuberculosis showed growth in 46 (46%), positive for malignancy in 7 (7%) positive Ziehl Neelson stain for tuberculosis in 6 (6%).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nBronchoscopic evaluation of patients with pulmonary diseases gives us a lot of information that may help us in better patient care and bronchoalveolar lavage has high diagnostic yield in diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis.", "descriptor": "Lung Neoplasms", "qualifier": "diagnosis"}, {"mag_id": 2946230544, "corpus_id": 152283182, "title": "Exosomal PD-L1 Retains Immunosuppressive Activity and is Associated with Gastric Cancer Prognosis", "abstract": "BackgroundA recent study showed that circulating exosomal PD-L1 is an effective predictor for anti-PD-1 therapy in melanomas. Exosomal PD-L1 induced immunosuppression microenvironments in cancer patients. However, its prognostic value and immunosuppressive effect in gastric cancer (GC) were poorly understood.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated the prognostic value of exosomal PD-L1 and soluble PD-L1 in preoperative plasma of 69 GC patients. The correlation between exosomal PD-L1 and the T cell counts or cytokine in the plasma was evaluated in 31 metastatic GC patients before chemotherapy.ResultsOverall survival (OS) was significantly lower in the high exosomal PD-L1 group compared with the low exosomal PD-L1 group (P\u2009=\u20090.004). Exosomal PD-L1 was an independent prognostic factor in GC (n\u2009=\u200969, 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20091.142\u20137.669, P\u2009=\u20090.026). However, soluble PD-L1 showed no correlation with OS (P\u2009=\u20090.139). Additionally, exosomal PD-L1 in the plasma samples of 31 metastatic GC patients was negatively associated with CD4+ T cell count (P\u2009=\u20090.001, R\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.549), CD8+ T-cell count (P\u2009=\u20090.054, R\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.349), and granzyme B (P\u2009=\u20090.002, R\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.537), indicating that exosomal PD-L1 was associated with immunosuppressive status of GC patients. GC cells also secreted exosomal PD-L1 and were positively associated with the amount of PD-L1 in corresponding GC cell lines. Besides, exosomal PD-L1 significantly decreased T-cell surface CD69 and PD-1 expressions compared with soluble PD-L1 due to its stable and MHC-I expression.ConclusionsOverall, exosomal PD-L1 predicts the worse survival and reflects the immune status in GC patients, resulting from a stronger T-cell dysfunction due to its stable and MHC-I expression.", "descriptor": "Adenocarcinoma", "qualifier": "secondary"}, {"mag_id": 2469200161, "corpus_id": 22869324, "title": "Weight reduction interventions for persons with a chronic illness: findings and factors for consideration.", "abstract": "Obesity in persons with a concomitant chronic illness poses complex issues relating to the choice of appropriate interventions. More recent emphasis on modification of risk factors has resulted in the need to prescribe complex therapeutic regimens with multiple treatment goals. The traditional approach to weight reduction in such persons has been nutrition education. Studies have shown, however, that knowledge alone does not translate into self-care behaviors that in turn result in weight loss and weight maintenance. Although the latter outcomes continue to be primary goals of therapy in obese individuals with a chronic illness, improvement in the physiologic parameters associated with the illness is also a desired outcome. Behavior therapy and group support appear to be enabling factors that go beyond knowledge to facilitate behavior change and subsequent changes in health-related indexes. This article describes various approaches to the problem of combined interventions for patients education and weight reduction. Findings and factors are discussed about whether the primary goal of weight reduction interventions for persons with a chronic illness should focus on pounds lost or improvement in metabolic or physiologic status.", "descriptor": "Obesity", "qualifier": "therapy"}, {"mag_id": 2982874394, "corpus_id": 207891798, "title": "Prevalence and correlates of early-onset menopause among women living with HIV in Canada.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nMenopause is a pivotal transition for women. Previous studies have suggested increased risk of early menopause (40-45 years) and premature menopause (<40 years) for women with HIV. We aimed to determine age of menopause, prevalence of early menopause and premature menopause, and risk factors for menopause <45 years in Canadian women with HIV.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThis was a cross-sectional analysis from the Canadian HIV Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study. Analyses were restricted to biologically female participants reporting being postmenopausal (regardless of etiology). Primary outcome was median age at menopause. Predetermined variables, and those with P\u200a<\u200a0.10 in univariable analyses were considered for inclusion into multivariable logistic regression model, to determine independent correlates of menopause <45 years.\n\n\nRESULTS\n229 women were included. Median age of menopause was 48 years (interquartile range 43, 51); 29.7% of women experienced menopause <45 years: 16.6% with early menopause and 13.1% with premature menopause. In univariable analyses, menopause <45 years was more likely (P\u200a<\u200a0.05) with birth in Canada, white ethnicity, less than high-school education, smoking, recreational drug use, and hepatitis C co-infection. In multivariable modeling, less than high-school education (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-4.93) and hepatitis C co-infection (aOR 1.90, 95% CI 1.04-3.50) were independently associated with menopause <45 years.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nIn Canadian women with HIV, median age of menopause was 48 years; 3 years younger than the general population. Only lower education and hepatitis C co-infection were independently associated with menopause <45 years, highlighting importance of socioeconomic factors and comorbidities. These findings have implications for counseling and management of women with HIV.", "descriptor": "HIV Infections", "qualifier": "epidemiology"}, {"mag_id": 1978268820, "corpus_id": 22392969, "title": "Short latency activation of local circuit neurons in the cat somatosensory cortex", "abstract": "Intracellular horseradish peroxidase (HRP) study was performed in the cat primary somatosensory cortex (SI) under Nembutal anesthesia. Response properties of neurons were analysed with stimulation of the peripheral nerve (superficial radial nerve; SR) and thalamic ventrobasal nucleus (VB). A total number of 23 cells (15 in layers III and IV, 6 in layer V and 2 in layer VI) were identified morphologically as local circuit neurons with intracellular HRP staining. The latencies of SR-induced (7.7-8.5 ms) as well as VB-induced excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) (1.3-1.5 ms) were significantly shorter than those of pyramidal neurons (9.1-10.6 ms for SR and 1.6-2.8 ms VB EPSPs). Morphological features of identified local circuit neurons are all, except one in layer VI, aspiny and presumed to be inhibitory in nature. The present study indicates that presumed inhibitory interneurons in the cat SI could be activated first by thalamic inputs among cortical neurons and set to inhibit the output cells for the sharp contrast in the sensory processing.", "descriptor": "Neurons", "qualifier": "physiology"}, {"mag_id": 2085229244, "corpus_id": 45636293, "title": "Effects of repeated low calcium perfusion on the rat heart: a gradual induction of calcium related damage.", "abstract": "The calcium paradox occurs immediately upon perfusion with calcium-containing medium after a period of calcium-free perfusion. The sequence of events occur so rapidly that it is difficult to distinguish causal factors from resultant. The present study describes a model in which calcium induced damage is produced more gradually. Isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to brief periods of hypocalcium perfusion (less than 50 microM) alternated with normal calcium perfusion (1.25 mM) over 60 min. Changes in high energy phosphate content were monitored using 31P-NMR. With repeated sequential 2-min periods of alternate hypo- and normocalcium perfusion, there was a gradual reduction in ATP and phosphocreatine with a concomitant loss of function and decline in coronary flow. There was no change in inorganic phosphate content and a small degree of acidosis. Increasing the hypocalcium concentration from 5 to 40 microM resulted in a more gradual depletion in energy stores. Trifluoroperazine (a calmodulin inhibitor) had no effect on the energetic changes. Electron microscopic studies reveal that this model of damage induced by repeated low and normal calcium perfusion has some features in common with the calcium paradox. The extent of damage induced is greater when lower calcium concentrations (5 microM) are used.", "descriptor": "Calcium", "qualifier": "toxicity"}, {"mag_id": 2167882009, "corpus_id": 6193574, "title": "Adjusting for global effects in voxel-based morphometry: Gray matter decline in normal aging", "abstract": "Results from studies that have examined age-related changes in gray matter based on structural MRI scans have not always been consistent. Reasons for this variability likely include small or unevenly-distributed samples, different methods for tissue class segmentation and spatial normalization, and the use of different statistical models. Particularly relevant to the latter is the method of adjusting for global (total) gray matter when making inferences about regionally-specific changes. In the current study, we use voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to explore the impact of these methodological choices in assessing age-related changes in gray matter volume in a sample of 420 adults evenly distributed between the ages of 18\u201377 years. At a broad level, we replicate previous findings, showing age-related gray matter decline in nearly all parts of the brain, with particularly rapid decline in inferior regions of frontal cortex (e.g., insula and left inferior frontal gyrus) and the central sulcus. Segmentation was improved by increasing the number of tissue classes and using less age-biased templates, and registration was improved by using a diffeomorphic flow-based algorithm (DARTEL) rather than a \u201cconstrained warp\u201d approach. Importantly, different approaches to adjusting for global effects \u2013 not adjusting, Local Covariation, Global Scaling, and Local Scaling \u2013 significantly affected regionally-specific estimates of age-related decline, as demonstrated by ranking age effects across anatomical ROIs. Split-half cross-validation showed that, on average, Local Covariation explained a greater proportion of age-related variance across these ROIs than did Global Scaling. Nonetheless, the appropriate choice for global adjustment depends on one's assumptions and specific research questions. More generally, these results emphasize the importance of being explicit about the assumptions underlying key methodological choices made in VBM analyses and the inferences that follow.", "descriptor": "Aging", "qualifier": "physiology"}, {"mag_id": 3001006296, "corpus_id": 210883154, "title": "Morphological alterations of the reticular thalamic nucleus in Engrailed\u20102 knockout mice", "abstract": "The reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt) is a sheet of neurons that surrounds the dorsal thalamus laterally, along its dorso\u2010ventral and rostro\u2010caudal axes. It consists of inhibitory neurons releasing gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA). This nucleus participates in the circuitry between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex, and its impairment is associated with neuro\u2010psychiatric disorders. In this study, we investigated the Rt anatomy of Engrailed\u20102 knockout mice (En2\u2212/\u2212), a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), using parvalbumin as an immunohistochemical marker. We compared 4\u2010 and 6\u2010week\u2010old wild type (WT) and En2\u2212/\u2212 mice using various morphometric parameters: cell area, shape factor, circularity and cell density. Significant differences were present in 6\u2010week\u2010old male mice with different genetic background (WT vs. En2\u2212/\u2212): the Rt neurons of En2\u2212/\u2212 mice showed a bigger cell area, shape factor and circularity when compared with WT. Age (4 weeks vs. 6 weeks) influenced the shape factor of WT females, the circularity and cell density of En2\u2212/\u2212 males, and the shape factor and circularity of En2\u2212/\u2212 females. Gender affected cell density in 4\u2010week\u2010old WT mice, shape factor and cellularity of 6\u2010week\u2010old WT mice, and cell area, shape factor and cell density of En2\u2212/\u2212 at 6 weeks. Intrasubject (left\u2013right) asymmetry of Rt was never observed. These results show for the first time that sex\u2010 and age\u2010related changes occur in the Rt GABAergic neurons of the En2\u2212/\u2212 ASD mouse model.", "descriptor": "Neurons", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 2000105889, "corpus_id": 29772601, "title": "The Colorado mental retardation and developmental disabilities research center", "abstract": "The Colorado MRRC was one of the original MRRCs funded and has maintained its focus on genetic and nutritional causes of mental retardation and developmental disabilities. Significant discoveries of the center have included a number of metabolic disorders, including glutaric academia types I and II, electron transport flavoprotein (ETF) deficiency, ETF dehydrogenase deficiency, glycerol kinase deficiency, sphingolipidoses, genetic linkages in dyslexia, phonological deficits in dyslexia, and the importance of the trace mineral Zn in early development. Current research at the center is supported by program of projects grants on inborn errors of metabolism, Down syndrome (DS), autism, and dyslexia.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "physiopathology"}, {"mag_id": 2093770018, "corpus_id": 24162488, "title": "Cyclic AMP\u2010Dependent Protein Phosphorylation in Chemosensory Neurons: Identification of Cyclic Nucleotide\u2010Regulated Phosphoproteins in Olfactory Cilia", "abstract": "Abstract Chemosensory dendritic membranes (olfactory cilia) contain protein kinase activity that is stimulated by cyclic AMP and more efficiently by the nonhydrolyzable GTP analog guanosine\u20105\u2032\u2010O\u2010(3\u2010thio)triphosphate (GTP\u03b3S). In control nonsensory (respiratory) cilia, the cyclic AMP\u2010dependent protein kinase is practically GTP\u03b3S\u2010insensitive. GTP\u03b3S activation of the olfactory enzyme appears to be mediated by a stimulatory GTP\u2010binding protein (G\u2010pro\u2010tein) and adenylate cyclase previously shown to be enriched in the sensory membranes. Protein kinase C activity cannot be detected in the chemosensory cilia preparation under the conditions tested. Incubation of olfactory cilia with [\u03b3\u201032P]ATP leads to the incorporation of [32P]phosphate into many polypeptides, four of which undergo covalent modification in a cyclic nucleotide\u2010dependent manner. The phosphorylation of one polypeptide, pp24, is strongly and specifically enhanced by cyclic AMP at concentrations lower than 1 \u03bcM. This phosphoprotein is not present in respiratory cilia, but is seen also in membranes prepared from olfactory neuroepithelium after cilia removal. Cyclic AMP\u2010dependent protein kinase and phosphoprotein pp24 may be candidate components of the molecular machinery that transduces odor signals.", "descriptor": "Neurons", "qualifier": "enzymology"}, {"mag_id": 1994897705, "corpus_id": 30393420, "title": "Accumulation of iron oxide nanoparticles by cultured primary neurons", "abstract": "Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are frequently used for biomedical applications. Although nanoparticles can enter the brain, little is known so far on the uptake of IONPs in neurons and on their neurotoxic potential. Hence, we applied dimercaptosuccinate (DMSA)-coated IONPs to cultured primary rat cerebellar granule neurons. These IONPs had average hydrodynamic diameters of around 80\u2009nm and 120\u2009nm when dispersed in incubation medium in the absence and the presence of 10% fetal calf serum, respectively. Acute exposure of neurons with IONPs for up to 6\u2009h did neither alter the cell morphology nor compromise cell viability, although neurons accumulated large amounts of IONPs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner which caused delayed toxicity. For the first 30\u2009min of incubation of neurons at 37\u2009\u00b0C with IONPs the cellular iron content increased proportionally to the concentration of IONPs applied irrespective of the absence and the presence of serum. IONP-exposure in the absence of serum generated maximal cellular iron contents of around 3000\u2009nmol iron/mg protein after 4\u2009h of incubation, while the accumulation in the presence of 10% serum was slower and reached already within 1\u2009h maximal values of around 450\u2009nmol iron/mg protein. For both incubation conditions was the increase in cellular iron contents significantly lowered by reducing the incubation temperature to 4\u2009\u00b0C. Application of inhibitors of endocytotic pathways did not affect neuronal IONP accumulation in the absence of serum, while inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis lowered significantly the IONP accumulation in the presence of serum. These data demonstrate that DMSA-coated IONPs are not acutely toxic to cultured neurons and that a protein corona around the particles strongly affects their interaction with neurons.", "descriptor": "Neurons", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 1859677666, "corpus_id": 34646879, "title": "Germline mutations in the PTEN gene in Israeli patients with Bannayan\u2013Riley\u2013Ruvalcaba syndrome and women with familial breast cancer", "abstract": "Germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 account for the majority of inherited breast cancer cases. Yet, in up to 40% of familial breast cancer cases, no mutations can be detected in either gene. Germline mutations in PTEN underlie two inherited syndromes: Cowden disease (CD) and Bannayan\u2013Riley\u2013Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS). The known association of CD with breast cancer risk made it plausible that germline mutations within PTEN may play a role in inherited predisposition to breast cancer. The nine coding exons of the PTEN gene were screened for harboring germline mutations using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) complemented by sequencing, in two subsets of Israeli patients: 12 patients clinically diagnosed with BRRS, and 89 women with an apparent inherited predisposition to breast cancer, some with salient features of CD. Two of three familial BRRS patients exhibited novel germline mutations in PTEN: a missense mutation changing methionine to arginine at codon 134, and insertion of two nucleotides (CA) at cDNA position 1215 resulting in a frameshift at codon 61 and a premature stop at codon 99. Among 89 high\u2010risk women, two missense mutations were detected in exon 4: A to C change at cDNA position 1279 resulting in a change of aspargine to threonine at codon 82 (N82T), and a G to an A alteration in 1269 which alters threonine to alanine at codon 78 (T78A), a non\u2010conservative missense mutation. This study suggests that PTEN does not play a major role in predisposing to hereditary breast cancer in Israeli women, and that detection of PTEN mutations in BRRS patients is more likely in familial cases.", "descriptor": "Breast Neoplasms", "qualifier": "genetics"}, {"mag_id": 2073620228, "corpus_id": 5684719, "title": "Significance of micrometastases on the survival of women with T1 breast cancer", "abstract": "The most important factor in predicting survival among women with newly diagnosed breast cancer is the status of the axillary lymph nodes. Although straightforward to define, the impact of micrometastases on survival remains to be completely determined.", "descriptor": "Breast Neoplasms", "qualifier": "pathology"}, {"mag_id": 1579734689, "corpus_id": 27780027, "title": "Cloning and expression of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction center H gene", "abstract": "The Rhodobacter sphaeroides structural gene (puhA) for the reaction center H polypeptide has been identified and cloned by using restriction fragements specific for the analogous Rhodobacter capsulatus gene as a heterologous hybridization probe. The presence of puhA on a 1.45-kilobase BamHI restriction fragment was confirmed by partial DNA sequence analysis and by the synthesis of an immunoreactive Mr-28,000 reaction center H polypeptide in an R. sphaeroides coupled transcription-translation system. Approximately 450 base pairs of DNA upstream of the puhA gene were sufficient for expression of this protein in vitro. Northern RNA-DNA blot analysis with an internal puhA-specific probe identified at least two, apparently monocistronic, transcripts present at different cellular levels under physiological conditions known to affect the cellular content of both reaction center complexes and photosynthetic membrane. Northern blot analysis with specific upstream restriction fragment probes revealed that the 1,400-nucleotide puhA-specific mRNA had a 5' terminus upstream of the 1,130-nucleotide transcript. Both puhA-specific mRNA and immunoreactive reaction center H protein were detectable in chemoheterotrophically grown cells which lacked detectable bacteriochlorophyll and photosynthetic membrane.", "descriptor": "Bacterial Proteins", "qualifier": "genetics"}, {"mag_id": 1988764681, "corpus_id": 42743895, "title": "Targeted therapy for multiple myeloma.", "abstract": "Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable with conventional treatment approaches, and novel biologically based therapies are therefore urgently needed. Targeted therapies are either under development or already undergoing clinical evaluation predicated upon: identifying genetic abnormalities in myeloma cells to enhance chemoradiosensitivity; interrupting growth or triggering apoptotic signaling cascades in tumor cells; treating both the tumor cell and its microenvironment; enhancing allogeneic and autologous antimyeloma immunity; and characterizing new myeloma antigens for serotherapy. These therapies, alone or in combination with conventional treatments, offer great promise to improve the outcome for patients with MM.", "descriptor": "Antineoplastic Agents", "qualifier": "pharmacology"}, {"mag_id": 2051582749, "corpus_id": 20235801, "title": "Treatment of acute organophosphate poisoning: evidence of a direct effect on central nervous system by 2-PAM (pyridine-2-aldoxime methyl chloride).", "abstract": "Management of acute organophosphate poisoning in man includes rapid treatment with atropine and oximes. Oximes are thought to be unable to enter the central nervous system. We describe a case of parathion poisoning in a 3-1/2 year-old child and the effect of treatment with oxime 2-PAM (34 mg/kg) on EEG activity and clinical symptoms. The prompt improvement of cortical electrical activity documented by EEG could not be explained by any improvement of circulatory or respiratory function and has to be considered a direct effect of oximes on the central nervous system.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "drug effects"}, {"mag_id": 2170231988, "corpus_id": 14339846, "title": "In Situ Activation of Helper T Cells in the Lung", "abstract": "ABSTRACT To better understand the lung and systemic responses of helper T cells mediating memory immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we used three- and four-color flow cytometry to study the surface phenotype of CD4+ lymphocytes. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and peripheral blood (PB) samples were obtained from a total of 25 subjects, including 10 tuberculosis (TB)-infected subjects, 8 purified-protein-derivative-negative subjects, and 7 purified-protein-derivative-positive subjects. In marked contrast to CD4+ lymphocytes from PB (9% \u00b1 5% expressing CD45RA and CD29), the majority (55% \u00b1 16%) of CD4+ lymphocytes in BAL (ALs) simultaneously expressed CD45RA, a na\u0131\u0308ve T-cell marker, and CD29, members of the very late activation family. Further evaluation revealed that CD4+ ALs expressed both CD45RA and CD45RO, a memory T-cell marker. In addition, the proportion of CD4+ lymphocytes expressing CD69, an early activation marker, was drastically increased in BAL fluid (83% \u00b1 9%) compared to PB (1% \u00b1 1%), whereas no significant difference was seen in the expression of CD25, the low-affinity interleukin 2 receptor (34% \u00b1 15% versus 40% \u00b1 16%). More importantly, we identified a minor population of CD69bright CD25bright CD4+lymphocytes in BAL (10% \u00b1 6%) that were consistently absent from PB (1% \u00b1 1%). Thus, CD4+ lymphocytes in the lung paradoxically coexpress surface molecules characteristic of na\u0131\u0308ve and memory helper T cells as well as surface molecules commonly associated with early and late stages of activation. No difference was observed for ALs obtained from TB-infected and uninfected lung segments in this regard. It remains to be determined if these surface molecules are induced by the alveolar environment or if CD4+ lymphocytes coexpressing this unusual combination of surface molecules are selectively recruited from the circulation. Our data suggest that ex vivo experiments on helper T-cell subsets that display distinctive phenotypes may be pivotal to studies on the human immune response to potential TB vaccines.", "descriptor": "Lung", "qualifier": "immunology"}, {"mag_id": 2089497400, "corpus_id": 85111878, "title": "Protein kinase C\u2010independent sensitization of contractile proteins to Ca2+ in \u03b1\u2010toxin\u2010permeabilized smooth muscle cells from the guinea\u2010pig stomach", "abstract": "Involvement of protein kinase C in receptor\u2010operated Ca2+ sensitization of cell shortening was investigated by use of \u03b1\u2010toxin\u2010permeabilized smooth muscle cells from the fundus of the guinea\u2010pig. Most of the isolated cells responded to 0.6 \u03bcm Ca2+ with a maximal shortening to approximately 65% of the resting cell length. Addition of acetylcholine (ACh) at a maximal concentration (10 \u03bcm) resulted in a marked decrease in the concentration of Ca2+ required to trigger a threshold response from 0.6 \u03bcm to 0.2 \u03bcm. The augmentation of Ca2+ sensitivity by ACh was not inhibited by specific protein kinase C inhibitors, calphostin C and K\u2010252b at a concentration of 1 \u03bcm. These findings suggest that protein kinase C is not involved in the muscarinic receptor\u2010operated augmentation of Ca2+ sensitivity.", "descriptor": "Calcium", "qualifier": "pharmacology"}, {"mag_id": 2039197495, "corpus_id": 24452136, "title": "Animal models of chronic anxiety and \u201cfearlessness\u201d", "abstract": "Three behavioral animal models have been described: a feline and a rodent model of chronic anxiety, and a rodent model of \"fearless\" behavior. The models have been obtained by pre- or perinatal exposure to diazepam (DZ) or RO 15-1788 which produced enduring postnatal deficits or enrichment, respectively, of brain benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors. The receptor-deficient one-year-old cat progenies showed hyperarousal, unabated restless behavior, delayed acquisition of instrumentally conditioned behavior, bizarre escape responses and absence or reduced alpha-like EEG activity. The receptor-deficient rat progencies, studied at the age of 5-6 months, showed a reduction of time spent in deep slow wave sleep, and inability to habituate to novel environment, such as the radial arm maze. In the maze, the behavior of these progenies was characterized by delayed and incomplete exploratory activity often terminated by sudden escape, numerous fecal deposits and significantly more frequent than normal errors of \"working memory.\" On the other hand, in all aspects, the receptor-enriched progenies were superior to the control animals as well as to the receptor-deficient group, particularly when the animals were challenged by novel and \"intimidating\" visual and/or auditory stimuli. In addition, 12 out of 51 receptor-deficient rats reared for 18 months developed mammary fibroadenomas, while no such tumors were found in the group of 44 vehicle-exposed control animals. Increased density and affinity of BDZ brain receptors was also observed after adult rats were treated with RO 15-1788 administered water for 7 or 14 days.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "physiopathology"}, {"mag_id": 1998882362, "corpus_id": 46904, "title": "Recent advances in genetic code engineering in Escherichia coli.", "abstract": "The expansion of the genetic code is gradually becoming a core discipline in Synthetic Biology. It offers the best possible platform for the transfer of numerous chemical reactions and processes from the chemical synthetic laboratory into the biochemistry of living cells. The incorporation of biologically occurring or chemically synthesized non-canonical amino acids into recombinant proteins and even proteomes via reprogrammed protein translation is in the heart of these efforts. Orthogonal pairs consisting of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and its cognate tRNA proved to be a general tool for the assignment of certain codons of the genetic code with a maximum degree of chemical liberty. Here, we highlight recent developments that should provide a solid basis for the development of generalist tools enabling a controlled variation of chemical composition in proteins and even proteomes. This will take place in the frame of a greatly expanded genetic code with emancipated codons liberated from the current function or with totally new coding units.", "descriptor": "Escherichia coli", "qualifier": "genetics"}, {"mag_id": 2097653018, "corpus_id": 24048434, "title": "Optimization of the primary recovery of human interferon alpha2b from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies.", "abstract": "The human interferon alpha2b (hu-IFNalpha2b) gene was cloned in Escherichia coli JM109(DE3) and the recombinant protein was expressed as cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IB). The present work discusses the recovery of hu-IFNalpha2b IB from the E. coli cells. An optimized protocol is proposed based on the sequential evaluation of recovery steps and parameters: (i) cell disruption, (ii) IB recovery and separation from cell debris, (iii) IB washing, and (iv) IB solubilization. Parameters such as hu-IFNalpha2b purity and recovery yield were measured after each step. The optimized recovery protocol yielded 60% of hu-IFNalpha2b with a purity of up to 80%. The protein was renatured at high concentration after recovery and it was found to display biological activity.", "descriptor": "Escherichia coli", "qualifier": "genetics"}, {"mag_id": 1992968278, "corpus_id": 40344953, "title": "Pulmonary chondroma in a dog", "abstract": "PRIMARY pulmoniary tumours of mesenichymal origini are unIcomMOnII in dogs (Moulton 1990, Watson and others 1993). Those of cartilagiinous origin are rare even in humain beiings, and there are fewv reports in domestic animals; pulmonary chondrosar-comiia has previously been described in two dogs (Patnaik 1990, WXeller and others 1992). This short communication describes a case of pulmonary chondroma in a dog. A five-year-old, neutered, female greyhound wvas presenited wvith a four-week history of lethargy, inappetenice and mild sporadic coughing. The dog wvas depressed and pyrexic (39 $8C) with mlode-ate tachvpnoea. Sercni biochemistry, complete blood cell counts and urinalysis results were within normal ranges. Thoracic radiography confirmed the presence of a soft tissuCe I1ass of 10.5 cm diameter in the right dorsal lung field, wvhich exteinded from the sixth to the l0th rib and contained gas lucenciCes suggestive of cavitation. Lateral thoracotomy via the right fifth intercostal spacc revealed the mass in the right caLidal lulng lobe. A right caLidal luing lobectomy was perform-led anid ani enlarged bronchial lymph node was also excised; both secre stored in 10 per cenit neutral buffterecd forimialiin. 'ITlhe lung lobe wsas cccipiecd aind expainded by a firm, wvhite 1 1 x 10 x 7 cIm1 mass adjacent to the Im1ain bronchus, which lhad irregular bLit sWell circucmscribed mai-gins and extended to the pleural SUIrfaCeS (Fig 1). OIn sectioning, the centre of the imiass wvas cavTitatecd aind contained small amIounI1tS of soft, taln debris. RepresentatiWe specimenis wvere processed by routinIe methods and emiibedded in paraffin Wtax. Glass slide-mounted sectioIns (5 pmn) ssere staiined wvith haematoxvlin anid cosill. Histologically, the imiass wvas comiipriscd of miultiple ir'regLilarly-shaped chonidroicd lobules with rouindecd margins. The mass occupiecd onie side of the maiinsteimi bronchus, separated soIm1e of the cartilagte rings and extended into the scirrounldiIng parenchyma. It protruded into the bronchial lumein. Numiierous cluisters of moderately siz'ed lacunae vere observed within the clroicd1ld imiatrix, each of which conitaiined a small, roucid, m1onlon0uclear or occasionally bincucleate tcImOcir cell (Fig 2). The tuLm1ocLr cells had a small amount of vacUlOlatecd, pale-staining, eosinophilic cytoplasimi, wvhich staiined positivelvr for S 1()(). The nuclcei were smI1all, cenitral and ovoid, with finely stippled chromatin and a simiall, central, deeply eosinophilic IucleolCIs. Towards the centre of the mass, incrIotic lobuiles lined a large, cavitated spacc conItaining sim1all am11ouInts of cellulardebris. Bronchioles and alveolar spaces surrounding the tuLm1lour mass contaiined large nimbers of nLeutrophils aind inicr-eased nuimbers of macrophages, with fibrous thickening of the alveolar septa. There swas reactive hyperplasia of the bronchial lymnph node wvith iiiultifocal suppurative inflammiiiiationi and anthracosis. A diaginosis of parenchymal puilmiioniary chondroma wvith associated pneum1o1nia aInd regiOIal lymphadenitis was made on the basis of gross, histological and imimiuinohistochemlical findinigs. Pulmonary choiidroimias are rare tuLmuLirs, which may be parenchymnal or involve the cartilaginous airways, as in this dog. In human beiings they occuir as solitary or multiple lesions in older individuals of either genider, or in yOunlg xvomen with Carney's triad in associatioin with gastric simiootlh muiscle tumouirs anid extra-adrenal pai-againgliomas (Colby aind others 1995). Choindroimias are wvell circumiiscribed, loblulated tumours comprised of benigcn crtilaginois tissue. B3oth proximity to a bronclhus and necrotic cystic degeierationi, as in this casc, are comimiioin features (( olby anid others 1995). FIG 1: Formalin-fixed sample from the right caudal lung lobe containing the pulmonary chondroma, which has been bisected and the two halves placed beside each other", "descriptor": "Lung Neoplasms", "qualifier": "veterinary"}, {"mag_id": 2883371940, "corpus_id": 51702939, "title": "Predictors of Pathological Complete Response in Women with Clinical Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Carcinoma", "abstract": "Objective: There is insufficient information on predictors of pathologic complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast carcinoma that also presented clinical complete response (cCR) evaluated in breast, axilla and breast and axilla. Methods: This retrospective study included 310 women with breast carcinoma who received NAC from 1/1/13 to 12/31/15 with follow-up until 8/31/16. The factors analyzed to predict pCR and cCR were menopausal status, Ki67, estrogen receptor, histologic grade, molecular subtype, tumor size, axilla status, and stage. Results: The cCR/pCR rates were 53.2/16.5% (breast), 76.3/36.8% (axilla) and 50.6/13.9% (breast and axilla). Molecular subtype and HER2-positive were independent predictors to confirm pCR in women with cCR, mainly triple negative (TN) in breast (OR 22.81, 95% CI 7.13\u201372.96) and breast and axilla (OR 36.06, 95% CI 8.77\u2013148.26), but not in axilla. Ki67 \u226550% expression was predictor of cCR in breast (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.31\u20133.06) and breast and axilla (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.10\u20131.45). Conclusion: TN subtype and HER2-positive were the main independent predictors of pCR in women who also had cCR to NAC in breast and breast and axilla, but none was predictor in axilla. The Ki67 \u226550% was the independent predictor of cCR in breast and breast and axilla.", "descriptor": "Breast Neoplasms", "qualifier": "drug therapy"}, {"mag_id": 2045893592, "corpus_id": 25813164, "title": "Substrate profiling of Finegoldia magna SufA protease, inhibitor screening and application to prevent human fibrinogen degradation and bacteria growth in vitro.", "abstract": "SufA, which belongs to the subtilisin-like serine protease family, contains a non-canonical Asp-His-Ser catalytic triad. Under in vitro conditions, SufA is capable of human fibrinogen hydrolysis leading to inhibition of fibrin network formation, thus suggesting its important role in the development and progression of Finegoldia magna infections. In addition, it has been demonstrated that SufA can hydrolyze antibacterial peptides such as LL-37 and the chemokine MIG/CXCL 9, hence evading host defence mechanisms. Although the SufA protease from F. magna was discovered several years ago, its optimal substrate preference has not yet been identified. Considering the role of SufA, we have focused on the profiling of its substrate sequence preference spanning S1-S3 binding pockets using the FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) approach. Next, based on the structure of the P1 residue of the developed substrate, we narrowed the inhibitor screening to the phosphonic analogues of amino acids containing an arginine-like side chain. Among all the compounds tested, only Cbz-6-AmNphth(P)(OPh)2 showed any inhibitory activity against SufA displaying k2/Ki value of 10,800 M(-1) s(-1). In addition, it prevented SufA-mediated human fibrinogen hydrolysis in vitro and exhibited potent antibacterial activity against F. magna, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Herein, we report on the substrate specificity, synthesis and kinetic evaluation of phosphonic inhibitors of SufA protease from F. magna which could help to establish its function in pathogenesis development and may lead to the elaboration of new antibacterial drugs.", "descriptor": "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "qualifier": "pharmacology"}, {"mag_id": 2407224156, "corpus_id": 9744552, "title": "Chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. Part 1: Early-stage disease.", "abstract": "Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 80% of all lung tumors. Patients diagnosed with early-stage disease generally undergo surgery, but up to 50% develop local or distant recurrences. The benefit of chemotherapy in this disease is modest, but new drugs and combined strategies offer hope of improved survival rates. Because the disease recurs outside the chest in 70% of cases, one of the foremost goals of therapy is to prevent distant dissemination. To this end, chemotherapy may be administered preoperatively or after resection of the tumor. The first part of this article, which concludes next month, will address adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer.", "descriptor": "Lung Neoplasms", "qualifier": "drug therapy"}, {"mag_id": 2266599206, "corpus_id": 23801603, "title": "Prognosis and role of postmastectomy radiotherapy in patients with T1-T2 breast cancer with one to three positive axillary nodes.", "abstract": "PURPOSE\nTo evaluate the prognosis and role of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in T1-T2 breast cancer with one to three positive axillary nodes.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThe 10-year Kaplan-Meier locoregional recurrence (LRR), distant recurrence (DR), disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between the NO and 1-3N+ cohorts. The role of PMRT was evaluated in the 1-3N+ cohort.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe 10-year LRR, DR, DFS, OS rates in NO and the 1-3N+ cohorts were as follows: LRR 7.5% vs 19.4% (p = 0.011); DR 14.4% vs 23.0% (p = 0.029); DFS 71.3% vs 51.2% (p = 0.001) and OS 77.0% vs 58.7% (p = 0.001). Of the 192 1-3N+ patients not treated and treated with PMRT, the outcomes were: LRR 20.1% vs 18.4% (p = 0.047); DR 26.4% vs 21.5% (p = 0.743); DFS 40.2% vs 55.4% (p = 0.260) and OS 40.7% vs 66.0% (p = 0.344), respectively.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nPMRT reduces the 10-year LRR rate for such patients, but further examination is needed.", "descriptor": "Breast Neoplasms", "qualifier": "radiotherapy"}, {"mag_id": 2286631010, "corpus_id": 32707452, "title": "Clinical Characteristics and Surgical Outcome of Revision Surgery in Patients with Cervical Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo investigate the clinical characteristics and surgical outcome of revision surgery after first surgical decompression of cervical ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament.\n\n\nMETHODS\nA retrospective analysis was performed of 913 patients who underwent surgical decompression of cervical ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament from 1998 to 2012. Of these patients, 35 underwent revision surgery. Neurologic and surgical outcomes, radiologic findings, surgical procedures, and complications were evaluated. Indications for revision surgery were compared between early (\u226424 months after the first surgery) and delayed (>24 months after the first surgery) revision surgery.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThere was a higher prevalence of male patients with revision surgery (89%) compared with patients without revision surgery (71.2%, P\u00a0= 0.033). Preoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association score was significantly lower in patients with revision surgery (11.5 vs. 12.7, P < 0.01). Visual analog scale score for neck pain was improved both without revision surgery (from 3.0 to 2.1, P < 0.001) and with revision surgery (from 3.0 to 2.2, P < 0.001) patients. Symptomatic residual stenosis was a more frequent cause of revision surgery in early revision surgery than in delayed revision surgery (75% vs. 25%, P < 0.001). In delayed revision surgery, growth of ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (50%) was the primary cause of revision surgery.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nClinical outcomes (Japanese Orthopaedic Association and visual analog scale scores) of revision surgery are similar to the outcomes of patients who did not require revision surgery. Residual stenosis after the index surgery is the most common indication for early revision surgery. To avoid early revision surgery, surgeons should carefully consider achieving circumferential decompression of the spinal canal during initial surgery.", "descriptor": "Postoperative Complications", "qualifier": "epidemiology"}, {"mag_id": 2782736912, "corpus_id": 3633939, "title": "Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in perennial allergic rhinitis and comorbid asthma", "abstract": "Background: Dupilumab, an anti\u2013IL\u20104 receptor &agr; mAb, inhibits IL\u20104/IL\u201013 signaling, key drivers of type 2/TH2 immune diseases (eg, atopic/allergic disease). In a pivotal, phase 2b study (NCT01854047), dupilumab reduced severe exacerbations, improved lung function and quality of life, and was generally well tolerated in patients with uncontrolled persistent asthma despite using medium\u2010to\u2010high\u2010dose inhaled corticosteroids plus long\u2010acting &bgr;2\u2010agonists. Objective: To examine dupilumab's effect on the 22\u2010item Sino\u2010Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT\u201022) total score and its allergic rhinitis (AR)\u2010associated items in asthma patients with comorbid perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR). Methods: A post hoc analysis reporting data from the phase 2b study for the 200 and 300 mg every 2 week (q2w) doses under investigation in phase 3 (NCT02414854) was carried out. PAR was defined at study entry as a specific response to typical perennial antigens (IgE \u22650.35 Ku/L). Results: Overall, 241 (61%) patients had PAR. In asthma patients with PAR, dupilumab 300 mg q2w versus placebo significantly improved SNOT\u201022 total score (least squares mean difference, \u22125.98; 95% CI, \u221210.45 to \u22121.51; P = .009) and all 4 AR\u2010associated symptoms evaluated (nasal blockage, \u22120.60; 95% CI, \u22120.96 to \u22120.25; runny nose, \u22120.67; 95% CI, \u22121.04 to \u22120.31; sneezing, \u22120.55; 95% CI, \u22120.89 to \u22120.21; postnasal discharge, \u22120.49; 95% CI, \u22120.83 to \u22120.16; all P < .01). Dupilumab 200 mg q2w demonstrated numerical, but not statistically significant, decreases in SNOT\u201022 total score (\u22121.82; 95% CI, \u22126.46 to 2.83; P = .443 vs placebo) and in each AR\u2010associated symptom. In patients without PAR, no differences were observed for these measures versus placebo. Conclusions: Dupilumab 300 mg q2w significantly improved AR\u2010associated nasal symptoms in patients with uncontrolled persistent asthma and comorbid PAR.", "descriptor": "Asthma", "qualifier": "drug therapy"}, {"mag_id": 2895922639, "corpus_id": 52972031, "title": "The influence of quaternary structure on the stability of Fenna\u2013Matthews\u2013Olson (FMO) antenna complexes", "abstract": "The trimeric nature of the Fenna\u2013Matthews\u2013Olson (FMO) protein antenna complex from green sulfur phototrophic bacteria was investigated. Mutations were introduced into the protein at positions 142 and 198, which were chosen to destabilize the intra-trimer salt bridges between adjacent monomers. Strains bearing the mutations R142L, R198L, or their combination, exhibited altered optical absorption spectra of purified membranes and fluoresced more intensely than the wild type. In particular, the introduction of the R142L mutation\u00a0resulted in slower culture growth rates, as well as an FMO complex that was not able to be isolated in appreciable quantities, while the R198L mutation yielded an FMO complex with increased sensitivity to sodium thiocyanate and Triton X-100 treatments. Native and denaturing PAGE experiments suggest that much of the FMO complexes in the mutant strains pool with the insoluble material upon membrane solubilization with n-dodecyl \u03b2-d-maltoside, a mild nonionic detergent. Taken together, our results suggest that the quaternary structure of the FMO complex, the homotrimer, is an important factor in the maintenance of the complex\u2019s tertiary structure.", "descriptor": "Bacterial Proteins", "qualifier": "chemistry"}, {"mag_id": 2002090206, "corpus_id": 14842356, "title": "Selenium for the Prevention of Cutaneous Melanoma", "abstract": "The role of selenium (Se) supplementation in cancer prevention is controversial; effects often depend on the nutritional status of the subject and on the chemical form in which Se is provided. We used a combination of in vitro and in vivo models to study two unique therapeutic windows for intervention in the process of cutaneous melanomagenisis, and to examine the utility of two different chemical forms of Se for prevention and treatment of melanoma. We studied the effects of Se in vitro on UV-induced oxidative stress in melanocytes, and on apoptosis and cell cycle progression in melanoma cells. In vivo, we used the HGF transgenic mouse model of UV-induced melanoma to demonstrate that topical treatment with l-selenomethionine results in a significant delay in the time required for UV-induced melanoma development, but also increases the rate of growth of those tumors once they appear. In a second mouse model, we found that oral administration of high dose methylseleninic acid significantly decreases the size of human melanoma xenografts. Our findings suggest that modestly elevation of selenium levels in the skin might risk acceleration of growth of incipient tumors. Additionally, certain Se compounds administered at very high doses could have utility for the treatment of fully-malignant tumors or prevention of recurrence.", "descriptor": "Skin Neoplasms", "qualifier": "prevention & control"}, {"mag_id": 113695330, "corpus_id": 24959157, "title": "Old and new peptide receptor targets in cancer: future directions.", "abstract": "A precise definition of the tumor tissue targets to be selected for in vivo peptide receptor targeting, namely to know which peptide receptor is expressed in which type of cancer, is an important prerequisite for successful clinical application of this technology. In this short review, I give three selected examples of new and promising peptide receptor targets. In the somatostatin receptor field, based on in vitro receptor autoradiography experiments showing that much more sst(2) binding sites are detected in tumors using a (177)Lu-labeled sst(2) antagonist than a (177)Lu-labeled agonist, it can be proposed that, in addition to neuroendocrine tumors, nonneuroendocrine tumors with lower sst(2) levels such as breast carcinomas, renal cell carcinomas, and non-Hodgkin lymphomas may become potential candidates for sst(2) antagonist targeting. In the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor field, recent in vitro data show that not only tumor cells may overexpress gastrin-releasing peptide receptors but also neoangiogenic tumoral vessels, making tumors expressing high levels of gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in tumor vessels, such as ovarian or urinary tract cancers, attractive new candidates for gastrin-releasing peptide receptor targeting. In the incretin receptor field, it was found in vitro that, apart from glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors overexpressed in benign insulinomas, incretin receptors, especially the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptors, can be overexpressed in medullary thyroid cancers, an unexpected finding making also these tumors potential novel candidates for incretin receptor targeting. Due to the abundance of peptide receptors in various cancers, it may be possible in the future to define for each tumor type a corresponding overexpressed peptide receptor suitable for targeting.", "descriptor": "Neoplasms", "qualifier": "radiotherapy"}, {"mag_id": 2076834185, "corpus_id": 11107399, "title": "SNP improves cerebral hemodynamics during normotension but fails to prevent sex dependent impaired cerebral autoregulation during hypotension after brain injury", "abstract": "Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity in children and boys are disproportionately represented. Hypotension is common and worsens outcome after TBI. Previous studies show that adrenomedullin, a cerebrovasodilator, prevented sex dependent impairment of autoregulation during hypotension after piglet fluid percussion brain injury (FPI). We hypothesized that this concept was generalizable and that administration of another vasodilator, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), may equally improve CBF and cerebral autoregulation in a sex dependent manner after FPI. SNP produced equivalent percent cerebrovasodilation in male and female piglets. Reductions in pial artery diameter, cortical CBF, and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) concomitant with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) after FPI were greater in male compared to female piglets during normotension which was blunted by SNP. During hypotension, pial artery dilation (PAD) was impaired more in the male than the female after FPI. However, SNP did not improve hypotensive PAD after FPI in females and paradoxically caused vasoconstriction in males. SNP did not prevent reductions in CBF, CPP or autoregulatory index during combined hypotension and FPI in either sex. SNP aggravated ERK MAPK upregulation after FPI. These data indicate that despite prevention of reductions in CBF after FPI, SNP does not prevent impairment of autoregulation during hypotension after FPI. These data suggest that therapies directed at a purely hemodynamic increase in CPP will fail to improve outcome during combined TBI and hypotension.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "drug effects"}, {"mag_id": 2054274394, "corpus_id": 22239278, "title": "Mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics.", "abstract": "Microbial resistance to antibiotics is manifested by changes in antibiotic permeability, alteration of target molecules, enzymatic degradation of the antibiotics, and efflux of antimicrobials from the cytosol. Bacteria and other microorganisms use all of these mechanisms to evade the toxic effects of antibiotics. Recent research on the molecular aspects of these mechanisms, often informed by atomic resolution structures of proteins, enzymes and nucleic acids involved in these processes, has deepened our understanding of antibiotic action and resistance and, in several cases, spurred the development of strategies to overcome resistance in vitro and in vivo.", "descriptor": "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "qualifier": "pharmacology"}, {"mag_id": 2103500761, "corpus_id": 25895320, "title": "Stimulation of Capacitative Calcium Entry in HL-60 Cells by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields*", "abstract": "Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) are hypothesized to affect intracellular structures in living cells providing a new means to modulate cell signal transduction mechanisms. The effects of nsPEFs on the release of internal calcium and activation of calcium influx in HL-60 cells were investigated by using real time fluorescent microscopy with Fluo-3 and fluorometry with Fura-2. nsPEFs induced an increase in intracellular calcium levels that was seen in all cells. With pulses of 60 ns duration and electric fields between 4 and 15 kV/cm, intracellular calcium increased 200\u2013700 nm, respectively, above basal levels (\u223c100 nm), while the uptake of propidium iodide was absent. This suggests that increases in intracellular calcium were not because of plasma membrane electroporation. nsPEF and the purinergic agonist UTP induced calcium mobilization in the presence and absence of extracellular calcium with similar kinetics and appeared to target the same inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate- and thapsigargin-sensitive calcium pools in the endoplasmic reticulum. For cells exposed to either nsPEF or UTP in the absence of extracellular calcium, there was an electric field-dependent or UTP dose-dependent increase in capacitative calcium entry when calcium was added to the extracellular media. These findings suggest that nsPEFs, like ligand-mediated responses, release calcium from similar internal calcium pools and thus activate plasma membrane calcium influx channels or capacitative calcium entry.", "descriptor": "Calcium", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 2045158313, "corpus_id": 42201128, "title": "Non\u2010operative management of blunt hepatic trauma", "abstract": "Non\u2010operative management is currently considered the treatment of choice in over 50 per cent of adult patients with blunt liver injury. This report reviews the criteria for non\u2010operative management and its potential downside.", "descriptor": "Liver", "qualifier": "injuries"}, {"mag_id": 2045990252, "corpus_id": 32883057, "title": "Localization and properties of respiratory neurons in the rostral pons of the newborn rat", "abstract": "The distribution and discharge pattern of respiratory neurons in the 'pneumotaxic center' of the rostral pons in the rat has remained unknown. We performed optical recordings and whole-cell patch clamp recordings to clarify respiratory neuron activity in the rostral pons of a brainstem-spinal cord preparation from a newborn rat. Inspiratory nerve activity was recorded in the 4th cervical nerve and used as a trigger signal for optical recordings. Respiratory neuron activity was detected in the limited region of the rostral-lateral pons. The main active region was presumed to be primarily the K\u00f6lliker-Fuse nucleus. The location of respiratory neurons was further confirmed by Lucifer Yellow staining after conducting whole-cell recordings. From a membrane potential analysis of the respiratory neurons in the rostral pons, the respiratory neurons were divided into four types: inspiratory neuron (71.9%), pre-inspiratory neuron (5.3%), post-inspiratory neuron (19.3%), and expiratory neuron (3.5%). A noticeable difference between pontine and medullary respiratory neurons was that post-inspiratory neurons were more frequently encountered in the pons. Application of a mu-opioid agonist, [d-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin, transformed the burst pattern of post-inspiratory neurons into that of pre-inspiratory neurons. The electrical stimulation of the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve induced three types of responses in 85% of pontine respiratory neurons: inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (42.7%), excitatory postsynaptic potentials (37.7%) and no response (15.1%). Our findings provide the first evidence in the rat for the presence of respiratory neurons in the rostral pons, with localization in the lateral region approximately overlapping with the K\u00f6lliker-Fuse nucleus.", "descriptor": "Neurons", "qualifier": "physiology"}, {"mag_id": 2100524895, "corpus_id": 1200650, "title": "The Role of Central and Peripheral \u03bc Opioid Receptors in Inflammatory Pain and Edema: A Study Using Morphine and DiPOA ([8-(3,3-Diphenyl-propyl)-4-oxo-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]-acetic Acid)", "abstract": "The role of opioid receptors located in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system in inflammatory pain is well established. In contrast, although it is has been shown that \u03bc agonists can reduce other manifestations of inflammation, such as edema, the mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we have activated \u03bc receptors located centrally, those located peripherally, and those located both centrally and peripherally and compared the effects on pain and edema using the rat carrageenan model of acute inflammation. Activation of \u03bc receptors located only in the periphery, by administration of the peripheralized \u03bc agonist [8-(3,3-diphenyl-propyl)-4-oxo-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]-acetic acid (DiPOA) or local administration of morphine, resulted in antihyperalgesia (30 mg/kg DiPOA, 83% inhibition; 100 \u03bcg/rat morphine, 75% inhibition) without affecting edema. In contrast, activation of both central and peripheral \u03bc receptors using systemically administered morphine resulted in antihyperalgesia (1 mg/kg, 80% inhibition) and inhibition of edema (10 mg/kg, 54% inhibition). Finally, activation of only receptors located in the CNS, by central administration of DiPOA or systemic administration of morphine after block of only the peripheral \u03bc receptors using q-naltrexone, resulted in a significant reduction in edema. Our findings confirm the role of peripheral \u03bc receptors in the pathology of pain associated with acute inflammation and argue against the involvement of these receptors in edema formation. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that activation of \u03bc receptors in the brain inhibits carrageenan-induced edema and suggest that the antiedematous effect of morphine is due to action at central receptors alone.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "physiology"}, {"mag_id": 1470416423, "corpus_id": 37688859, "title": "Age-related progressive increase of lower back pain among male dance sport competitors.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nOccurrence of musculoskeletal pain in dance sport dancers is often a cause for longer discontinuation of training, which affects the competition results.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nThe aim of the research project was to determine the age-specific pain experience among male dance sport competitors by defining the proportions of pain status of fourteen body regions.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThe subject sample of 200 male dancers from 44 different countries and with international competitive experience was divided into three subsamples according to age. Three online questionnaires translated into eight world languages were used for data collection: (1) basic data questionnaire, (2) self-estimated functional inability because of pain questionnaire designed for dancers, and (3) health care-related questionnaire.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAfter examining the 14 topological regions, it was established that dancers most often report pain in the lower back region (53.5%), followed by knee (43%) and toe regions (40.5%). Significant differences were found using the Chi-square test between the groups of dancers of different ages in the prevalence of pain in the lower back (\u03c7 2 = 12.6), shoulders (\u03c7 2 = 9.7), and hip region (\u03c7 2 = 7), with the highest, age-related progressive differences in the lower back region (36.2-54.9-63.4%) so older dancers had more pain. Often reported reasons for discontinuation of training increased with age are overuse syndrome/tendinitis (6.4-15.9-22.5%) and strain (14.9-29.3-31%). Most common causes for longer discontinuation of training are absence of partner (37%), injuries (24%), and overuse syndrome (10%).\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nLower back pain is propounding health problem in male dancers and increases with age that cannot be resolved by decreasing training intensity. This research reveals that only 28% of male dancers will seek medical help because of occurrence of musculoskeletal pain. Multidisciplinary approach with the aim of long-term health protection and prolongation of dancing careers is required in future studies.", "descriptor": "Aging", "qualifier": "physiology"}, {"mag_id": 2896299079, "corpus_id": 53013869, "title": "Natural History of Obesity Subphenotypes: Dynamic Changes Over Two Decades and Prognosis in the Framingham Heart Study", "abstract": "Context\nThe natural histories of obesity subphenotypes are incompletely delineated.\n\n\nObjectives\nTo investigate dynamic changes in obesity subphenotypes and associations with outcomes.\n\n\nDesign, Setting, Participants, and Measurements\nFramingham Offspring Cohort participants (n = 4291) who attended the examination cycles 2 (1979 to 1983) to 7 (1998 to 2001), which included 26,508 participant observations. Obesity subphenotypes [metabolically healthy nonobese (MHNO), metabolically healthy obese (MHO), metabolically unhealthy nonobese (MUNO), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO)] were ascertained based on metabolic health (<2 Adult Treatment Panel III criteria). The outcomes were subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD), incident diseases [diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), CVD], and all-cause mortality.\n\n\nResults\nAt baseline, 4% and 31% of participants exhibited the MHO and MUNO subphenotypes, respectively. Four-year probability of MHO participants becoming MUO was 43% in women and 46% in men. Compared with MHNO, MHO participants had 1.28-fold (95% CI, 0.85 to 1.93) and 1.92-fold (95% CI, 1.38 to 2.68) higher odds of subclinical CVD and coronary artery calcification, respectively; corresponding values for MUNO were 1.95 (1.54 to 2.47) and 1.92 (1.38 to 2.68). During follow-up (median of 14 years), 231 participants developed diabetes, 784 hypertension, 423 CKD, 639 CVD, and 1296 died. Compared with MHNO, MHO conferred higher risks of diabetes [hazard ratio (HR), 4.69; 95% CI, 2.21 to 9.96] and hypertension (HR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.66 to 2.94). Compared with MUO, MHO conferred lower risks of diabetes (0.21; 0.12 to 0.39), CVD (0.64; 0.43 to 0.95), and CKD (0.44; 0.27 to 0.73), but similar hypertension, cardiovascular mortality, and overall mortality risks.\n\n\nConclusion\nOver time, most MHO participants developed metabolic abnormalities and clinical disease. The MHO subphenotype is a harbinger of future risk.", "descriptor": "Obesity", "qualifier": "complications"}, {"mag_id": 2186775488, "corpus_id": 22071662, "title": "Neuroendocrine and oxidoreductive mechanisms of stress-induced cardiovascular diseases.", "abstract": "The review concerns a number of basic molecular pathways that play a crucial role in perception, transmission, and modulation of the stress signals, and mediate the adaptation of the vital processes in the cardiovascular system (CVS). These highly complex systems for intracellular transfer of information include stress hormones and their receptors, stress-activated phosphoprotein kinases, stress-activated heat shock proteins, and antioxidant enzymes maintaining oxidoreductive homeostasis of the CVS. Failure to compensate for the deleterious effects of stress may result in the development of different pathophysiological states of the CVS, such as ischemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis and infarction. Stress-induced dysbalance in each of the CVS molecular signaling systems and their contribution to the CVS malfunctioning is reviewed. The general picture of the molecular mechanisms of the stress-induced pathophysiology in the CVS pointed out the importance of stress duration and intensity as etiological factors, and suggested that future studies should be complemented by the careful insights into the individual factors of susceptibility to stress, prophylactic effects of 'healthy' life styles and beneficial action of antioxidant-rich nutrition.", "descriptor": "Cardiovascular Diseases", "qualifier": "etiology"}, {"mag_id": 2747130347, "corpus_id": 39563745, "title": "Solitary biceps muscle metastasis from breast cancer", "abstract": "Although direct muscle invasion by carcinoma is well recognised, skeletal muscle metastases are rare. Breast cancer very rarely metastasises to skeletal muscles. We present a case of breast cancer that metastasised to the biceps muscle. The woman developed breast cancer in 1990 and then developed axillary subcutaneous metastasis in 2001. In 2015, she presented with pain in the left forearm extending to the hand. Initial imaging showed no abnormalities, but the positron emission tomography-CT scanning revealed a hot spot in the left biceps muscle. Additionally, the nerve conduction study showed feature of carpal tunnel syndrome. The hot spot was deemed inconclusive in the view of normal CT and MRI scans, and the patient was treated with carpal tunnel decompression. A few months later, the patient developed a lump in the left biceps muscle, which appeared to be a metastatic lesion from her primary breast cancer. The patient was treated with radiotherapy and responded satisfactorily.", "descriptor": "Breast Neoplasms", "qualifier": "pathology"}, {"mag_id": 2168859350, "corpus_id": 22013570, "title": "Multilocus sequence typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae clones with unusual drug resistance patterns: genetic backgrounds and relatedness to other epidemic clones.", "abstract": "Six drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clones were previously identified from day care centers in Portugal, primarily on the basis of common pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. These clones were susceptible to penicillin or had only very low-level resistance to it (most MICs, < or =0.25 microg/mL) and accounted for a large proportion (35%) of all drug-resistant pneumococci colonizing the nasopharynx of healthy children attending day care. Five of the 6 clones were identified among pneumococcal clinical isolates collected in other countries. In this study, we applied multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to describe the genetic background of these clones. MLST confirmed previous findings obtained by PFGE and allowed for the extension of the international clonal relationships by showing that each of the 6 clones was internationally disseminated and was able to cause pneumococcal disease.", "descriptor": "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "qualifier": "pharmacology"}, {"mag_id": 2136892414, "corpus_id": 3655835, "title": "European AIDS Clinical Society Standard of Care meeting on HIV and related coinfections: The Rome Statements", "abstract": "The objective of the 1st European AIDS Clinical Society meeting on Standard of Care in Europe was to raise awareness of the European scenario and come to an agreement on actions that could be taken in the future.", "descriptor": "HIV Infections", "qualifier": "complications"}, {"mag_id": 2285157229, "corpus_id": 23634046, "title": "Oxaliplatin: mechanism of action and antineoplastic activity.", "abstract": "Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent with a 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) carrier ligand, has shown in vitro and in vivo efficacy against many tumor cell lines, including some that are resistant to cisplatin and carboplatin. The retention of the bulky DACH ring by activated oxaliplatin is thought to result in the formation of platinum-DNA adducts, which appear to be more effective at blocking DNA replication and are more cytotoxic than adducts formed from cisplatin. Studies by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) have suggested that oxaliplatin has a spectrum of activity different from that of either cisplatin or carboplatin, suggesting that it has different molecular targets and/or mechanisms of resistance. Oxaliplatin has been demonstrated to differ in some mechanisms associated with the development of cisplatin resistance. Compared with cisplatin-conditioned cells, deficiencies in mismatch repair (MMR) and increases in replicative bypass, which appear to contribute to cisplatin resistance, have not been shown to induce a similar resistance to oxaliplatin. A decreased likelihood of resistance development makes oxaliplatin a good candidate for first-line therapy. Studies also demonstrate additive and/or synergistic activity with a number of other compounds, however, suggesting the possible use of oxaliplatin in combination therapies.", "descriptor": "Antineoplastic Agents", "qualifier": "pharmacology"}, {"mag_id": 1972989425, "corpus_id": 207094771, "title": "Structural Zn(II) implies a switch from fully cooperative to partly downhill folding in highly homologous proteins.", "abstract": "In the funneled landscape, proteins fold to their native states through a stochastic process in which the free energy decreases spontaneously and unfolded, transition, native, and possible intermediate states correspond to local minima or saddle points. Atomic description of the folding pathway appears therefore to be essential for a deep comprehension of the folding mechanism. In metallo-proteins, characterization of the folding pathways becomes even more complex, and therefore, despite their fundamental role in critical biological processes, little is known about their folding and assembly. The study of the mechanisms through which a cofactor influences the protein folding/unfolding reaction has been the rationale of the present study aimed at contributing to the search for cofactors' general roles in protein folding reactions. In particular, we have investigated the folding pathway of two homologous proteins, Ros87, which contains a prokaryotic zinc finger domain, and Ml452-151, lacking the zinc ion. Using a combination of CD, DSC and NMR techniques, we determined the thermodynamics and the structural features, at an atomic level, of the thermal unfolding of Ros87 and compared them to the behavior of Ml452-151. Our results, also corroborated by NMR (1)H/(2)H exchange measurements, show that the presence of the structural Zn(II) in Ros87 implies a switch from the Ml452-151 fully cooperative to a two-step unfolding process in which the intermediate converts to the native state through a downhill barrierless transition. This observation, which has never been reported for any metal ion so far, may have a significant role in the understanding of the protein misfolding associated with the presence of metal ions, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases.", "descriptor": "Proteins", "qualifier": "chemistry"}, {"mag_id": 2100387410, "corpus_id": 37194107, "title": "Targeted gene conversion in a mammalian CD34+-enriched cell population using a chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotide", "abstract": "Abstract\u2002Gene conversion of genetically inherited point mutations is a fundamental methodology for treating a variety of diseases. We tested the feasibility of a new approach using an RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotide. The \u03b2-globin gene was targeted at the point mutation causing sickle cell anemia. The chimera is designed to convert an A residue to a T after creating a mismatched basepair. In a CD34+-enriched population of normal cells a 5\u201311% conversion rate was measured using restriction enzyme polymorphism and direct DNA sequence analyses. The closely related \u03b4-globin gene sequence appeared unchanged despite successful conversion at the \u03b2-globin locus.", "descriptor": "DNA", "qualifier": "genetics"}, {"mag_id": 2008683296, "corpus_id": 46462485, "title": "A case of listerial meningitis treated with a regimen containing panipenem-betamipron", "abstract": "Although panipenem-betamipron, which is commercially available only in Japan, is recommended for treatment of pediatric bacterial meningitis by some experts, only a limited number of clinical studies have been reported. In the present report, we describe a 2-year-old boy with meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes who was treated with a regimen containing panipenem-betamipron and recovered without any apparent neurological sequelae. On the basis of our experience and previous reports, panipenem-betamipron appears to be effective for the treatment of listerial meningitis.", "descriptor": "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "qualifier": "therapeutic use"}, {"mag_id": 2972654298, "corpus_id": 202574099, "title": "Dependence of connectivity on geometric distance in brain networks", "abstract": "In any network, the dependence of connectivity on physical distance between nodes is a direct consequence of trade-off mechanisms between costs of establishing and sustaining links, processing rates, propagation speed of signals between nodes. Despite its universality, there are still few studies addressing this issue. Here we apply a recently\u2013developed method to infer links between nodes, and possibly subnetwork structures, to determine connectivity strength as a function of physical distance between nodes. The model system we investigate is brain activity reconstructed on the cortex out of magnetoencephalography recordings sampled on a set of healthy subjects in resting state. We found that the dependence of the time scale of observability of a link on its geometric length follows a power\u2013law characterized by an exponent whose extent is inversely proportional to connectivity. Our method provides a new tool to highlight and investigate networks in neuroscience.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "physiology"}, {"mag_id": 2410785253, "corpus_id": 77023713, "title": "Hepatic metastases in gestational trophoblastic disease.", "abstract": ": From 1975 to 1983, 195 patients were treated for persistent or metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease. Fifteen patients with liver metastases were analyzed. All were treated with chemotherapy alone, none received hepatic irradiation, and no patient bled from her hepatic metastases. Thus, the need for prophylactic hepatic irradiation to prevent hemorrhage is doubtful. The good results obtained in the studied patients emphasize the significance of using vigorous primary multiagent chemotherapy in high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease patients.", "descriptor": "Liver Neoplasms", "qualifier": "secondary"}, {"mag_id": 2921695473, "corpus_id": 78091110, "title": "Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Asthma Mortality.", "abstract": "RATIONALE\nShort-term exposure to air pollution has been associated with asthma exacerbation and increased health-care use due to asthma, but its effect on asthma mortality remains largely unknown.\n\n\nOBJECTIVES\nTo quantitatively assess the association between short-term exposure to air pollution and asthma mortality.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe investigated 4,454 individuals who lived in Hubei province, China and died from asthma between 2013 and 2018. A case-crossover design and conditional logistic regression models were applied for data analyses. Exposures to particulate matter \u2264 2.5 \u00b5m in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) were estimated by inverse distance weighted averages of all monitoring stations within 50 km from each case's home address.\n\n\nMEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS\nEach interquartile range (IQR) increase of PM2.5 (lag 3; IQR: 47.1 \u00b5g/m3), NO2 (lag 03; IQR: 26.3 \u00b5g/m3) and O3 (lag 3; IQR: 52.9 \u00b5g/m3) were positively associated with asthma mortality, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.12), 1.11 (95% CI: 1.01-1.22) and 1.09 (95% CI: 1.01-1.18), respectively. There was no evidence of departure from linearity for these associations. Further adjustment for other pollutants did not change the associations materially. We did not observe significant associations between PM10, SO2, CO exposures and asthma mortality. Overall, the estimates remained consistent in various sensitivity analyses.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nOur results provide new evidence that short-term exposures to PM2.5, NO2 and O3 may increase asthma mortality risk. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings in other populations.", "descriptor": "Asthma", "qualifier": "mortality"}, {"mag_id": 1873178192, "corpus_id": 9844447, "title": "Reduced expression of semaphorin 4D and plexin-B in breast cancer is associated with poorer prognosis and the potential linkage with oestrogen receptor.", "abstract": "Involvement of semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) and the receptor proteins of the plexins B family (plexin-B1, -B2 and -B3) in solid tumours suggests they play a role in breast cancer. In the present study, the expression of Sema4D and plexin-Bs was examined in a breast cancer cohort. The expression of Sema4D and plexin-Bs was examined in 147 tumours together with 22 normal mammary tissues using quantitative PCR along with clinicopathological patient data, as well as in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines treated with selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). The expression of Sema4D, plexin-B1 and -B2 was markedly reduced in tumours with local recurrence, compared to the patients that remained disease-free. The reduced Sema4D expression was associated with poorer disease-free survival (median, 111.6 months, 95% CI, 96.5-126.7), compared to the patients with a higher expression (median, 144.0 months; 95% CI, 130.8-157.3; p=0.033). A reduced expression of plexin-B1 was observed in tumours with poorer differentiation and was associated with poorer overall and disease-free survival. No similar association was identified in relation to plexin-B2 and -B3. A higher expression of Sema4D and plexin-B1 was observed in the ER\u03b1-positive tumours compared to the ER\u03b1-negative tumours. The expression of these molecules was largely regulated in breast cancer cells exposed to SERMs. A decreased expression of Sema4D, plexin-B1 and -B2 was associated with local recurrence and poor prognosis. Response to SERMs indicated potential perspectives of these molecules in clinical assessment and management of diseases.", "descriptor": "Breast Neoplasms", "qualifier": "pathology"}, {"mag_id": 2412605738, "corpus_id": 25026230, "title": "Stimulatory regulation of the large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channel by G proteins in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.", "abstract": "G proteins regulate the electrical activity of various cells through their actions on membrane ion channels. In the present study, the effect of G proteins was examined on unitary, large conductance (BK), Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels measured in excised, inside-out patches of membrane obtained from cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Cytoplasmic application of either guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) or AlF-4 to stimulate G proteins resulted in a > 4-fold increase in the open probability of the BK channel measured at +40 mV in the presence of a 1 microM concentration of Ca2+. A similar stimulatory regulation was observed after the addition of an activated, mixed Gi/Go alpha preparation. The increase in the open probability during G protein stimulation was associated with a large reduction in the duration of a long closed state of the channel and could be observed in the presence of a protein kinase inhibitor. The half-maximal voltage required for steady state activation of the BK channel decreased from +63 mV to +48 mV in the presence of GTP gamma S. In addition, the half-maximal Ca2+ concentration required for channel opening was reduced from 11.7 microM in control measurements to 1.3 microM during regulation by GTP gamma S. Thus, G proteins increase the open probability of the chromaffin BK Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel by shifting the voltage dependence of channel gating to more negative potentials and by enhancing the affinity of the channel for Ca2+. Stimulatory regulation may provide a compensatory mechanism for decreasing the action potential duration during secretagogue-mediated exocytosis.", "descriptor": "Calcium", "qualifier": "pharmacology"}, {"mag_id": 2473113870, "corpus_id": 10827836, "title": "Structural and functional analysis of cationic transfection lipids: the hydrophobic domain.", "abstract": "Cationic lipids (cytofectins) have gained widespread acceptance as pharmaceutical polynucleotide delivery agents for both cultured cell and in vivo transfection, and the cytofectins DOTAP and DC-Cholesterol are being tested in clinical human gene therapy trials. This study reports the effects of modifications in the hydrophobic domain of a prototypic cytofectin (DORI), including modifications in lipid side-chain length, saturation, and symmetry. A panel of related compounds was prepared and analyzed using DNA transfection, electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Lipid formulations were prepared with dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) as unsonicated preparations and sonicated preparations. Transfection analyses were performed using cultured fibroblasts, human bronchial epithelial, and Chinese hamster ovarian cells as well as a mouse model for pulmonary gene delivery. In general, cytofectins containing dissymmetric hydrophobic domains were found to work as well or better than the best symmetric analogs. Optimal side-chain length and symmetry varied with cell type. Compounds with phase transitions (Tc) above and below physiological temperature (37 degrees C) were tested for DNA transfection activity. In contrast to previous reports, cytofectin Tc was not found to be predictive of transfection efficacy. Pulmonary treatment with free DNA was found to be at least as effective as treatment with commonly used cytofectin:DNA complexes. However, cytofectins that incorporate a hydroxyethylammonium moiety in the polar domain were found to enhance in vivo gene delivery relative to free DNA.", "descriptor": "DNA", "qualifier": "administration & dosage"}, {"mag_id": 2418619242, "corpus_id": 4576278, "title": "TLR9 expression is required for the development of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice.", "abstract": "The expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9, a pathogen recognition receptor that recognizes unmethylated CpG sequences in microbial DNA molecules, is linked to the pathogenesis of several lung diseases. TLR9 expression and signaling was investigated in animal and cell models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We observed enhanced TLR9 expression in mouse lungs following exposure to cigarette smoke. Tlr9(-/-) mice were resistant to cigarette smoke-induced loss of lung function as determined by mean linear intercept, total lung capacity, lung compliance, and tissue elastance analysis. Tlr9 expression also regulated smoke-mediated immune cell recruitment to the lung; apoptosis; expression of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), the CXCL5 protein, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2); and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) activity in the lung. PTP1B, a phosphatase with anti-inflammatory abilities, was identified as binding to TLR9. In vivo delivery of a TLR9 agonist enhanced TLR9 binding to PTP1B, which inactivated PTP1B. Ptp1b(-/-) mice had elevated lung concentrations of G-CSF, CXCL5, and MMP-2, and tissue expression of type-1 interferon following TLR9 agonist administration, compared with wild-type mice. TLR9 responses were further determined in fully differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells isolated from nonsmoker, smoker, and COPD donors, and then cultured at air liquid interface. NHBE cells from smokers and patients with COPD expressed more TLR9 and secreted greater levels of G-CSF, IL-6, CXCL5, IL-1\u03b2, and MMP-2 upon TLR9 ligand stimulation compared with cells from nonsmoker donors. Although TLR9 combats infection, our results indicate that TLR9 induction can affect lung function by inactivating PTP1B and upregulating expression of proinflammatory cytokines.", "descriptor": "Lung", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 2435491879, "corpus_id": 33258069, "title": "Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern during chemotherapy in a pregnant woman with acute myelogenous leukemia.", "abstract": "A 22-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of severe anemia in the 20th week of gestation. Acute myelogenous leukemia was diagnosed and she was treated with multiple-agent chemotherapy in the second and third trimesters. Although the patient tolerated the intensive treatment, an intermittent sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern was detected during chemotherapy. Complete remission was achieved at the 35th week of gestation. An underweight baby boy, suffering from pancytopenia, was delivered by cesarean section at 36 weeks' gestation. The baby recovered well and had adequate growth. No abnormalities where found at examination two months after birth. The fetal sinusoidal heart rate pattern may have been induced by severe anemia due to myelosuppression caused by the transplacental receipt of chemotherapeutic agents.", "descriptor": "Antineoplastic Agents", "qualifier": "adverse effects"}, {"mag_id": 2075504739, "corpus_id": 23109060, "title": "Calmodulin-dependent Regulation of Inducible and Neuronal Nitric-oxide Synthase*", "abstract": "Neuronal and endothelial nitric-oxide synthases depend upon Ca2+/calmodulin for activation, whereas the activity of the inducible nitric-oxide synthase is Ca2+-independent, presumably due to tightly bound calmodulin. To study these different mechanisms, a series of chimeras derived from neuronal and inducible nitric- oxide synthases were analyzed. Chimeras containing only the oxygenase domain, calmodulin-binding region, or reductase domain of inducible nitric-oxide synthase did not confer significant Ca2+-independent activity. However, each chimera was more sensitive to Ca2+ than the neuronal isoform. The calmodulin-binding region of inducible nitric-oxide synthase with either its oxygenase or reductase domains resulted in significant, but not total, Ca2+-independent activity. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed no calmodulin associated with the former chimera in the absence of Ca2+. Trifluoperazine also inhibited this chimera in the absence of Ca2+. The combined interactions of calmodulin bound to inducible nitric-oxide synthase calmodulin-binding region with the oxygenase domain may be weaker than with the reductase domain. Thus, Ca2+-independent activity of inducible nitric-oxide synthase appears to result from the concerted interactions of calmodulin with both the oxygenase and reductase domains in addition to the canonical calmodulin-binding region. The neuronal isoform is not regulated by a unique autoinhibitory element in its reductase domain.", "descriptor": "Calcium", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 2113115183, "corpus_id": 44934855, "title": "Screening mammography with computer-aided detection: prospective study of 12,860 patients in a community breast center.", "abstract": "PURPOSE\nTo prospectively assess the effect of computer-aided detection (CAD) on the interpretation of screening mammograms in a community breast center.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nOver a 12-month period, 12,860 screening mammograms were interpreted with the assistance of a CAD system. Each mammogram was initially interpreted without the assistance of CAD, followed immediately by a reevaluation of areas marked by the CAD system. Data were recorded to measure the effect of CAD on the recall rate, positive predictive value for biopsy, cancer detection rate, and stage of malignancies at detection.\n\n\nRESULTS\nWhen comparing the radiologist's performance without CAD with that when CAD was used, the authors observed the following: (a) an increase in recall rate from 6.5% to 7.7%, (b) no change in the positive predictive value for biopsy at 38%, (c) a 19.5% increase in the number of cancers detected, and (d) an increase in the proportion of early-stage (0 and I) malignancies detected from 73% to 78%.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThe use of CAD in the interpretation of screening mammograms can increase the detection of early-stage malignancies without undue effect on the recall rate or positive predictive value for biopsy.", "descriptor": "Breast Neoplasms", "qualifier": "diagnostic imaging"}, {"mag_id": 288297, "corpus_id": 42474472, "title": "The Working Group on Cardiovascular Nursing: a European forum for international collaboration in cardiac care.", "abstract": "The Working Group on Cardiovascular Nursing : a European forum for international collaboration in cardiac care", "descriptor": "Cardiovascular Diseases", "qualifier": "nursing"}, {"mag_id": 1788181016, "corpus_id": 20036202, "title": "The prelymphatic pathways of the brain as revealed by cervical lymphatic obstruction and the passage of particles.", "abstract": "Light and electron microscopy was used to examine portions of the brain, the circle of Willis, and the internal carotid arteries of normal cats and rabbits, of sham-operated ones, and of those whose cervical lymphatics had been ligated. Carbon was injected into the cerebral cortex of some lymphoedematous animals. It was found that lymphatic ligation produced oedema of the brain, and a dilatation of the prelymphatic spaces around the vessels. Carbon was traced in these from the injection site, around the minor and major vessels, in the adventitia of the internal carotid artery, entering lymphatics adjacent to it, and finally in the draining lymph nodes. The oedema and dilated spaces were not present in the control animals. This was taken to indicate that there is a continuous system of non-endothelialized spaces and potential spaces-the prelymphatics-draining the brain into the cervical lymphatics. The protein in these spaces appeared to be increased if the lymph-oedema had lasted three weeks as compared to 24 hours, indicating that one of the major roles of this system is the removal of protein.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "anatomy & histology"}, {"mag_id": 2282572028, "corpus_id": 30667839, "title": "BRAF inhibitor treatment of primary BRAF-mutant ameloblastoma with pathologic assessment of response.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nMolecular characterization of ameloblastoma has indicated a high frequency of driver mutations in BRAF and SMO. Preclinical data suggest that Food and Drug Administration-approved BRAF-targeted therapies may be immediately relevant for patients with ameloblastoma positive for the BRAF V600E mutation.\n\n\nMETHODS\nA neoadjuvant treatment regime of dabrafenib was given to a patient with recurrent BRAF-mutant mandibular ameloblastoma. The patient subsequently underwent left mandible composite resection of the tumor and pathologic evaluation of treatment response.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe ameloblastoma had a slow but dramatic response with >90% tumor volume reduction. The inner areas of the tumor underwent degeneration and squamous differentiation, and intact ameloblastoma was present in the outer areas associated with bone.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nTargeted neoadjuvant therapy for ameloblastoma may be useful in certain clinical settings of primary ameloblastoma. These might include tumors of advanced local stage when a neoadjuvant reduction could alter the extent of surgery and instances of local recurrence when surgical options are limited.", "descriptor": "Antineoplastic Agents", "qualifier": "therapeutic use"}, {"mag_id": 1986194578, "corpus_id": 22832031, "title": "Antibacterial activity and increased bone marrow stem cell functions of Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings on titanium.", "abstract": "In this work, zinc was incorporated into TiO2 coatings on titanium by plasma electrolytic oxidation to obtain the implant with good bacterial inhibition ability and bone-formability. The porous and nanostructured Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings are built up from pores smaller than 5 \u03bcm and grains 20-100 nm in size, in which the element Zn exists as ZnO. The results obtained from the antibacterial studies suggest that the Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings can greatly inhibit the growth of both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the ability to inhibit bacteria can be improved by increasing the Zn content in the coatings. Moreover, the in vitro cytocompatibility evaluation demonstrates that the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells (bMSC) on Zn-incorporated coatings are significantly enhanced compared with Zn-free coating and commercially pure Ti plate, and no cytotoxicity appeared on any of the Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings. Moreover, bMSC express higher level of alkaline phosphatase activity on Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings and are induced to differentiate into osteoblast cells. The better antibacterial activity, cytocompatibility and the capability to promote bMSC osteogenic differentiation of Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings may be attributed to the fact that Zn ions can be slowly and constantly released from the coatings. In conclusion, innovative Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings on titanium with excellent antibacterial activity and biocompatibility are promising candidates for orthopedic and dental implants.", "descriptor": "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "qualifier": "pharmacology"}, {"mag_id": 3004677482, "corpus_id": 211086796, "title": "Innate Immunity: A Common Denominator between Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Diseases", "abstract": "The intricate relationships between innate immunity and brain diseases raise increased interest across the wide spectrum of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Barriers, such as the blood\u2013brain barrier, and innate immunity cells such as microglia, astrocytes, macrophages, and mast cells are involved in triggering disease events in these groups, through the action of many different cytokines. Chronic inflammation can lead to dysfunctions in large-scale brain networks. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, Huntington\u2019s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia, are associated with a substrate of dysregulated immune responses that impair the central nervous system balance. Recent evidence suggests that similar phenomena are involved in psychiatric diseases, such as depression, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The present review summarizes and discusses the main evidence linking the innate immunological response in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, thus providing insights into how the responses of innate immunity represent a common denominator between diseases belonging to the neurological and psychiatric sphere. Improved knowledge of such immunological aspects could provide the framework for the future development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.", "descriptor": "Mental Disorders", "qualifier": "immunology"}, {"mag_id": 2022758533, "corpus_id": 22025234, "title": "HIV-related Eye Disease in Patients Presenting to a Tertiary Care Government Hospital in Turkey", "abstract": "Aim: To document the ocular involvement in HIV-infected individuals in Turkey and to compare the findings with those from other centers throughout the world. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients with HIV infection being monitored in a tertiary hospital in Istanbul were enrolled. Ocular examination was performed, and the prevalence of ocular manifestations determined. Results: In total, 93 patients were enrolled, of whom 37.6% had ocular pathology. HIV retinopathy was the most frequent retinal finding, affecting 8.6% of the enrolled patients, but none of the affected individuals had any ophthalmic complaints. There were no ocular lesions suggestive of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. Discussion: In contrast to the case in the developed world, sight-threatening infections are uncommon in Turkish HIV+ patients. The reasons for this are not clear, but it is possible that there are some genetic or environmental protective factors against CMV retinitis in the population studied.", "descriptor": "HIV Infections", "qualifier": "epidemiology"}, {"mag_id": 2583114732, "corpus_id": 3342296, "title": "Connectivity strength\u2010weighted sparse group representation\u2010based brain network construction for MCI classification", "abstract": "Brain functional network analysis has shown great potential in understanding brain functions and also in identifying biomarkers for brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its early stage, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In these applications, accurate construction of biologically meaningful brain network is critical. Sparse learning has been widely used for brain network construction; however, its l1\u2010norm penalty simply penalizes each edge of a brain network equally, without considering the original connectivity strength which is one of the most important inherent linkwise characters. Besides, based on the similarity of the linkwise connectivity, brain network shows prominent group structure (i.e., a set of edges sharing similar attributes). In this article, we propose a novel brain functional network modeling framework with a \u201cconnectivity strength\u2010weighted sparse group constraint.\u201d In particular, the network modeling can be optimized by considering both raw connectivity strength and its group structure, without losing the merit of sparsity. Our proposed method is applied to MCI classification, a challenging task for early AD diagnosis. Experimental results based on the resting\u2010state functional MRI, from 50 MCI patients and 49 healthy controls, show that our proposed method is more effective (i.e., achieving a significantly higher classification accuracy, 84.8%) than other competing methods (e.g., sparse representation, accuracy\u2009=\u200965.6%). Post hoc inspection of the informative features further shows more biologically meaningful brain functional connectivities obtained by our proposed method. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2370\u20132383, 2017. \u00a9 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "physiopathology"}, {"mag_id": 2120488893, "corpus_id": 37000423, "title": "The impact of the number of cores on tissue microarray studies investigating prostate cancer biomarkers.", "abstract": "Most tissue microarray studies have used a single 0.6-mm tissue core per donor tissue. It has been suggested that multiple cores per donor can increase the representativity of tissue microarray studies. To estimate the potential benefit of multiple cores, we analyzed Ki67 and p53 in triplet cores taken from three different areas of 3,261 prostate cancer tissue blocks. Both p53 and Ki67 labeling index were linked to advanced tumor stage (p<0.0001 each), Gleason score (p<0.0001), and early PSA recurrence (p<0.0001) independently of whether the 3 tissue spots were analyzed separately or combined for a consensus result. The rate of positive findings increased with the amount of analyzed tissue. The average Ki67 labeling index was higher in tumors with 3 interpretable spots (5.3\u00b15.6) as compared to two (4.1\u00b14.7) or one interpretable spot (4.1\u00b14.2, p<0.0001). For p53, tumors with three interpretable spots were positive in 3.8% of cases, and tumors with 1 or 2 interpretable spots in 1.9% only (p=0.003). These data demonstrate that using multiple cores in a tissue microarray does not necessarily increase the ability to identify associations of biomarkers with tumor phenotype and prognosis but has always the disadvantage of additional work and tissue requirements. Multiple cores may even lead to statistical problems if unequal amounts of tissue are analyzed per tumor.", "descriptor": "Prostatic Neoplasms", "qualifier": "chemistry"}, {"mag_id": 3012404803, "corpus_id": 212732652, "title": "Pulmonary CD103+ dendritic cells: key regulators of immunity against infection", "abstract": "Since the discovery of dendritic cells (DCs) by the Nobel laureate Professor Ralph Steinman et al. in 1973, a plethora of literature has accumulated on the functional roles of DCs in humans and animal models. DCs are involved in the innate sensing and modulation of adaptive immunity to pathogens. CD103+ DCs constitute a classical nonlymphoid DC subset that has an important role in generating immunity and maintaining tolerance. Pulmonary CD103+ DCs (CD103+ PDCs), which reside in close association with the airway epithelium, are particularly critical in controlling Tcell immunity against lung infections. In this article, we discuss recent evidence that shines light on the role and mechanism of CD103+ PDCs in modulating CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses against various pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. A deeper understanding of CD103+ PDC function may provide new translational avenues for the development of vaccines and therapeutics against infectious diseases. Mouse CD103+ PDCs are phenotypically characterized by the expression of \u03b1E(CD103)\u03b27, CD11c , CD207, MHC-II, TLR3, XCR1, and Clec9a/DNGR1 but not CD64 and CD11b. The transcription factors Batf3 and Irf8 are critical for the development of CD103+ PDCs, as shown by the lack of these DCs in Batf3or Irf8-deficient mice. Following pulmonary infection, CD103+ PDCs upregulate costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86), produce large quantities of several cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IL-12, IL-10, IL-23, and IL6), migrate to the lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes, and prime naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to induce antigen-specific immune responses. Recent studies indicate that CD103+ DCs, along with lymphoid CD8\u03b1+ DCs, form a new class of DCs referred to as type 1 DCs (DC1s), which express the chemokine receptor XCR1 and perform the unique function of cross-presenting exogenous antigens with MHC-I molecules to CD8+ T cells. Owing to similar phenotypic and functional characteristics, human CD141/BDCA-3+ DCs are considered equivalent to murine DC1s. Overall, these DCs constitute a unified DC subset in mice and humans that is developmentally and functionally related. An accumulating wealth of evidence stemming from mouse studies has focused on the function of CD103+ PDCs during viral and bacterial infections. Upon challenge with respiratory influenza A virus or poxvirus infection, mice that lack CD103+ DCs, such as Batf3 and Clec9A\u2212 diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice, failed to induce protective immunity, in contrast to control mice, suggesting a protective role for CD103+ PDCs in viral infections. Following influenza A virus infection, CD103+ PDCs acquired and processed apoptotic cell-associated viral antigens in their endocytic compartment, migrated to the mediastinal lymph nodes, and cross-presented the antigens on MHC-I molecules to naive CD8+ T cells to elicit protective virusspecific cytotoxic responses. Interestingly, CD103+ PDCs could cross-present antigens from virally infected cells because of their ability to resist infection by influenza virus via a type I interferonmediated antiviral state. On the other hand, ablation of CD103+ PDCs resulted in decreased production of IFN-\u03b3 by CD8+ T cells and reduced expression of the activation and transcription markers Ki67, CD25, and T-bet in these cells after respiratory vaccinia virus infection. Liang Ng et al. have further shown that CD103+ PDCs not only control cross-priming of CD8+ T cells but also regulate their migration, viability, and memory responses during influenza infection. In doing so, CD103+ PDCs induce upregulated levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor, which is important for egress of lymphocytes from the lymph nodes, on activated CD8+ T cells. Moreover, adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived CD103+ DCs in CD103+ DC-ablated mice promoted the survival of virus-specific effector CD8+ T cells. In addition, CD103+ PDCs purified from the lungs of influenza virus-infected mice expressed an enhanced level of IL-15, which is a critical cytokine for the maintenance of naive and memory T cells. Thus, CD103+ PDCs occupy a central position in regulating various aspects of CD8+ T-cell responses against viral infections. Hemann et al. recently elucidated the immune mechanism that directs CD103+ PDCs to modulate antiviral CD8+ T-cell immunity. Mice lacking the receptor (Ifnlr1) of type III interferon (IFN-\u03bb), which is an immune-modulatory cytokine that has the ability to promote CD8+ T-cell immunity against influenza A virus, showed a significant reduction in migratory CD103+ PDCs, along with CD8\u03b1+ DCs, in the mediastinal lymph nodes after influenza A virus infection. Furthermore, specific deletion of IFN-\u03bb receptor 1 in CD11c+ DCs in a conditional knockout mouse model mirrored the global immune phenotype of Ifnlr1 mice, particularly the diminished CD8+ T-cell responses. Taken together, these findings indicate that IFN-\u03bb signaling has an important role in programming CD103+ PDCs for migration from the lungs to the lymph nodes and induction of an optimal CD8+ T-cell response against influenza A virus. Provided the importance of the CD103+ PDC-IFN-\u03bb-CD8+ T-cell axis in adaptive immunity, it may be prudent to exploit IFN-\u03bb as a vaccine adjuvant against influenza infection. Most information on how CD103+ PDCs control CD4+ T-cell responses comes from studies using bacterial and fungal pathogens. Analysis of CD103+ PDCs from Klebsiella pneumoniae-infected mice showed that the PDCs imparted enhanced antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses in an in vitro", "descriptor": "Lung", "qualifier": "pathology"}, {"mag_id": 2060073940, "corpus_id": 33684152, "title": "A core region of the mafK gene IN promoter directs neurone\u2010specific transcription in vivo", "abstract": "MafK serves as a required subunit of erythroid transcription factor NF\u2010E2 and also functions with various heterodimeric CNC family proteins. MafK expression begins in early mesoderm and is observed in mesenchymal and haematopoietic cells, as well as in neurones during mouse development. In mesodermal descendants, MafK mRNA begins with a distal first exon (called IM), whereas the mRNA in neurones begins with a proximal first exon (IN).", "descriptor": "Neurons", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 1907782207, "corpus_id": 23233687, "title": "A first case of protease codon 35 amino acid insertion in a HIV-1 subtype B sequence detected in the Bauru region, state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: case report.", "abstract": "Amino acid insertions in the protease have rarely been described in HIV-infected patients. One of these insertions has recently been described in codon 35, although its impact on resistance remains unknown. This study presents a case of an HIV variant with an insertion in codon 35 of the protease, described for the first time in Bauru, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, circulating in a 38-year-old caucasian male with asymptomatic HIV infection since 1997. The variant isolated showed a codon 35 insertion of two amino acids in the protease: a threonine and an aspartic acid, resulting in the amino acid sequence E35E_TD.", "descriptor": "HIV Infections", "qualifier": "virology"}, {"mag_id": 2058817869, "corpus_id": 11895748, "title": "Weight reduction in adolescents.", "abstract": "A weight reduction diet with 700 kcal (90 g protein, 50 g carbohydrates and 15 g fat) and one to two intermittent fasting days per week proved successful for 15 obese, physically inactive adolescents:", "descriptor": "Obesity", "qualifier": "therapy"}, {"mag_id": 2070901413, "corpus_id": 9844436, "title": "Nanog: A Potential Biomarker for Liver Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer", "abstract": "BackgroundAt present, the relationship between Nanog expression and the biological behavior and prognosis of colorectal cancer is still unclear.AimThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression and regulatory effects of Nanog in colorectal cancer and the correlation between Nanog protein expression and the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer.Materials and MethodsThe differential expression of genes between CD133+ tumor cells and CD133\u2212 tumor cells were detected using RT2 Profiler\u2122 PCR Array. The Nanog mRNA expression level was detected by RT-PCR and the protein level was detected using immunohistochemistry staining. The relationship between Nanog expression and clinicopathological parameters of colorectal cancer was determined.ResultsNanog were expressed significantly higher in CD133+ tumor cells compared to CD133\u2212 tumor cells. It was observed that 72 (20.00\u00a0%) of the 360 cases positively expressed Nanog. Univariate analyses indicated that Nanog expression was related to histological grade, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and liver metastasis (P\u00a0=\u00a00.005, 0.001, 0.001 and 0.012, respectively). Spearman correlation analysis showed that Nanog expression has a linear correlation to liver metastasis (P\u00a0=\u00a00.001). After conducting multivariate analysis, histological grade, TNM stage, and Nanog were found to be related to liver metastasis (P\u00a0=\u00a00.020, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively). In the Cox regression test, the histological grade, Lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, liver metastasis, and Nanog were detected as the independent prognostic factors (P\u00a0=\u00a00.02, 0.045, 0.01, 0.001 and 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsNanog protein may be a potential biomarker for postoperative liver metastasis of colorectal cancer.", "descriptor": "Liver Neoplasms", "qualifier": "secondary"}, {"mag_id": 1997367272, "corpus_id": 205222075, "title": "A stable core region of the tra operon mRNA of plasmid R1-19.", "abstract": "The degradation of the polycistronic tra-mRNA of the resistance plasmid R1-19 leads to the accumulation of a well defined series of stable mRNA species. The majority of the most stable mRNAs contains the message for the traA gene only. The differently sized stable mRNAs possess a common 3'terminus within the traL gene but vary at their 5' ends. The 3'terminus probably results from protection against exoribonucleases by a secondary structural feature. We propose that the 5' ends are generated by endoribonucleolytic cleavage. The stability of this part of the tra-mRNA exceeds 30 minutes and probably increases the rate of expression of the traA gene product propilin, the precursor of the sex pilus subunit. The expression of propilin and its processing into a protein of the molecular weight of mature pilin is demonstrated with the isolated gene. The sequence of the so far unknown genes traL and traE of R1-19 is presented.", "descriptor": "Escherichia coli", "qualifier": "genetics"}, {"mag_id": 2170247437, "corpus_id": 25394897, "title": "Characterization of neurokinin-1 receptors in the submucosal plexus of guinea pig ileum.", "abstract": "This study combined immunohistochemical double-labeling techniques with functional studies to characterize the neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptors mediating neuronal and vasodilator responses in submucosal guinea pig ileum. NK1 receptor distribution in whole mount preparations of the submucosa was examined using a rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against the COOH terminus of the rat NK1 receptor. Results showed that 97% of neuropeptide Y immunoreactive submucosal neurons colocalized NK1 receptor immunoreactivity, whereas vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive neurons were not NK1 immunoreactive. Intracellular recordings were made using neurobiotin-filled electrodes to enable reidentification of recorded neurons for immunohistochemical study. The selective NK1 agonists [Sar9,Met(O2)11]substance P (SP) and septide depolarized S-type submucosal neurons. Of these neurons, 36% were NK1 immunoreactive and 64% were not. NK1 immunoreactivity was not observed on submucosal arterioles, but superfusion of [Sar9,Met(O2)11]SP and septide dilated preconstricted submucosal arterioles. Agonist-evoked responses in both neurons and blood vessels were blocked by the selective NK1 antagonist CP-99994. These findings suggest that NK1 receptors are found on submucosal neurons and arterioles and that electrophysiological and immunohistochemical techniques may identify conformational variants of the receptor.", "descriptor": "Neurons", "qualifier": "physiology"}, {"mag_id": 2808624400, "corpus_id": 49182792, "title": "Generation of HER2-specific antibody immunity during trastuzumab adjuvant therapy associates with reduced relapse in resected HER2 breast cancer", "abstract": "BackgroundResected HER2 breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant trastuzumab and chemotherapy have superior survival compared to patients treated with chemotherapy alone. We previously showed that trastuzumab and chemotherapy induce HER2-specific antibodies which correlate with improved survival in HER2 metastatic breast cancer patients. It remains unclear whether the generation of immunity required trastuzumab and whether endogenous antibody immunity is associated with improved disease-free survival in the adjuvant setting. In this study, we addressed this question by analyzing serum anti-HER2 antibodies from a subset of patients enrolled in the NCCTG trial N9831, which includes an arm (Arm A) in which trastuzumab was not used. Arms B and C received trastuzumab sequentially or concurrently to chemotherapy, respectively.MethodsPre-and post-treatment initiation sera were obtained from 50 women enrolled in N9831. Lambda IgG antibodies (to avoid detection of trastuzumab) to HER2 were measured and compared between arms and with disease-free survival.ResultsPrior to therapy, across all three arms, N9831 patients had similar mean anti-HER2 IgG levels. Following treatment, the mean levels of antibodies increased in the trastuzumab arms but not the chemotherapy-only arm. The proportion of patients who demonstrated antibodies increased by 4% in Arm A and by 43% in the Arms B and C combined (p\u2009=\u20090.003). Cox modeling demonstrated that larger increases in antibodies were associated with improved disease-free survival in all patients (HR\u2009=\u20090.23; p\u2009=\u20090.04).ConclusionsThese results show that the increased endogenous antibody immunity observed in adjuvant patients treated with combination trastuzumab and chemotherapy is clinically significant, in view of its correlation with improved disease-free survival. The findings may have important implications for predicting treatment outcomes in patients treated with trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00005970. Registered on July 5, 2000.", "descriptor": "Breast Neoplasms", "qualifier": "drug therapy"}, {"mag_id": 1818863325, "corpus_id": 14810809, "title": "Selective Immunolesions of Cholinergic Neurons in Mice: Effects on Neuroanatomy, Neurochemistry, and Behavior", "abstract": "The ability to selectively lesion mouse basal forebrain cholinergic neurons would permit experimental examination of interactions between cholinergic functional loss and genetic factors associated with neurodegenerative disease. We developed a selective toxin for mouse basal forebrain cholinergic neurons by conjugating saporin (SAP), a ribosome-inactivating protein, to a rat monoclonal antibody against the mouse p75 nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor (anti-murine-p75). The toxin proved effective and selective in vitro andin vivo. Intracerebroventricular injections of anti-murine-p75-SAP produced a dose-dependent loss of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the hippocampus and neocortex without affecting glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity. Hippocampal ChAT depletions induced by the immunotoxin were consistently greater than neocortical depletions. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a dose-dependent loss of cholinergic neurons in the medial septum (MS) but no marked loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis after intracerebroventricular injection of the toxin. No loss of noncholinergic neurons in the MS was apparent, nor could we detect loss of noncholinergic cerebellar Purkinje cells, which also express p75. Behavioral analysis suggested a spatial learning deficit in anti-murine-p75-SAP-lesioned mice, based on a correlation between a loss of hippocampal ChAT activity and impairment in Morris water maze performance. Our results indicate that we have developed a specific cholinergic immunotoxin for mice. They also suggest possible functional differences in the mouse and rat cholinergic systems, which may be of particular significance in attempts to develop animal models of human diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, which are associated with impaired cholinergic function.", "descriptor": "Neurons", "qualifier": "drug effects"}, {"mag_id": 1529624219, "corpus_id": 10460271, "title": "Revised Interpretation of the Origin of the pSC101 Plasmid", "abstract": "Data are presented indicating that the pSC101 plasmid was not derived by recircularization of a mechanically sheared fragment of R6-5 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid, as was originally believed.", "descriptor": "Escherichia coli", "qualifier": "genetics"}, {"mag_id": 2557261470, "corpus_id": 35244973, "title": "Big Data: Contributions, Limitations, and Implications for Cardiovascular Nurses.", "abstract": "Big data is a catch phrase applied to large volumes of highvelocity, complex, and variable data that require advanced techniques and technologies to enable the capture, storage, distribution, management, and analysis of the information. Applied to healthcare, big data can be defined as combining and analyzing large amounts of data to identify associations and make predictions that can inform improvements in quality of healthcare delivery and patient outcomes. Healthcare data sources include electronic health records, machine-generated information garnered from devices such as cardiac monitors and ActiGraphs, social media including Facebook status updates and Twitter Posts, and genome data. The availability of healthcare data is growing exponentially as electronic health records, the use of wearable devices, social media and Internet use, and genomic information continue to expand. Examining data from real-world clinical care to evaluate therapies is a powerful alternative to costly and often impractical randomized controlled trials. Although big data analytics have the potential to significantly contribute to cardiovascular nursing science and practice, it is important to understand the limitations and how nurses can contribute to ensuring big data findings are effectively used to improve patient care.", "descriptor": "Cardiovascular Diseases", "qualifier": "nursing"}, {"mag_id": 2144225938, "corpus_id": 206097059, "title": "Improvement of vessel visibility in time\u2010of\u2010flight MR angiography of the brain", "abstract": "To improve vessel visibility in time\u2010of\u2010flight MR angiography (TOF\u2010MRA) by careful consideration of coil choice, coil position, and frequency offset and profile of the nonspatially selective chemical shift selective (CHESS) presaturation pulse.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "blood supply"}, {"mag_id": 1966956977, "corpus_id": 31429562, "title": "Adult survivors of childhood cancer employment and insurance issues in different age groups", "abstract": "Survivors of adult forms of cancer have noted discrimination in obtaining employment appropriate to their abilities/training and in securing comprehensive, affordable health and life insurance. Among survivors of childhood cancer, these problems are complicated, because most survivors of childhood cancer have no employment record and only family\u2010related insurance before the onset of cancer. Relative to these issues, adults who are survivors of childhood cancer can be divided into two groups, i.e., those who are younger and those older than 30 years of age. In the older age group (30\u201350 years), the general indicators of economic achievement and insurability are similar to those of control subjects. Exceptions in this age group include denial of entry into the uniformed services and rejection of applications for life insurance. Survivors who are 20\u201329 years of age have a wider range of areas in which there is variance from control subjects, including educational achievement, employment, workplace relationships, and the ability to obtain health and life insurance.", "descriptor": "Neoplasms", "qualifier": "mortality"}, {"mag_id": 1969954895, "corpus_id": 31168828, "title": "Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma of the Pulmonary Vein", "abstract": "Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the lung seen in a 42\u2010year\u2010old female is reported. In the partial pneumonectomy specimen, there was a 3x2.5 cm tumor arising from the pulmonary vein at the level of the right lung hilus, with tumor thrombus formation. The transition between the tumor and venous smooth muscle layer was microscopically confirmed. At autopsy, performed 18 months after surgery, metastases were noted in the left lung and brain. No primary focus was identified in the soft tissue. The alveolus\u2010forming clear tumor cells contained diastase\u2010resistant periodic acid\u2010Schiff\u2010reactive granules. Immunohistochemically, granular cytoplasmic reactivities with monoclonal antibodies against pan\u2010actin and alpha\u2010sar\u2010comeric actin were demonstrated, whereas other muscle markers such as desmin, alpha\u2010smooth muscle actin, myoglobin, fast skeletal myosin, and the mm\u2010isozyme of creatine kinase were negative. Ultrastructurally, crystallized structures were occasionally identified in the membrane\u2010bound, electron lucent granules, which often filled the tumor cell cytoplasm. The muscle cell nature of the neoplasm is discussed. Acta Pathol Jpn 41: 771\u2010777, 1991.", "descriptor": "Lung Neoplasms", "qualifier": "pathology"}, {"mag_id": 2412887281, "corpus_id": 11874888, "title": "Overexpression, purification, and characterization of the ADP-ribosyltransferase (gpAlt) of bacteriophage T4: ADP-ribosylation of E. coli RNA polymerase modulates T4 \"early\" transcription.", "abstract": "The bacteriophage T4 Alt gene product is a component of the phage head and enters the host cell in the process of infection together with the phage DNA. It immediately ADP-ribosylates host RNA polymerase, presumably at only one of the two alpha-subunits. Transcription from T4 \"early\" promoters, therefore, might be catalyzed, at least in part, by an altered RNA polymerase. The T4 alt gene was cloned into the expression vector pBluescript. E. coli cells, transformed with this recombinant vector, overexpressed the 76 kDa Alt gene product, which was purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme not only ADP-ribosylates the alpha-subunit of RNA polymerase, but also subunits beta and beta', as well as the sigma 70-factor. The recombinant enzyme behaved like the native enzyme isolated from mature phage particles. The effect of the ribosylation reaction on the transcription activity of host RNA polymerase was investigated in vivo. It results in a modulation of T4 \"early\" promoter strengths, presumably, in a number of cases, leading to an overexpression of T4 \"early\" genes. The degree of overexpression, in some cases, should reach 50%, and seems to be well dosed for each promoter, controlling an individual transcription unit.", "descriptor": "Escherichia coli", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 2418303856, "corpus_id": 26361100, "title": "Hypertension in Blacks: a literature review.", "abstract": "Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke, the first and third-leading causes of death in the United States. This review discusses the magnitude of the problem, its epidemiology, and the evaluation and management of hypertension as recommended by the reports of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Activities related to the control of this disorder are also highlighted. Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998-1994, (NHANESIII) suggest approximately three-quarters (75%) of Black hypertensives are aware of their diagnosis, but only 57% are treated and just 25% have their blood pressure under control (<140 mm Hg systolic and <90 mm Hg diastolic). Although substantial evidence indicates a significant increase in awareness of hypertension over the past three decades, control rates are remarkably low, particularly among Blacks. This review serves to emphasize and reiterate the burden of hypertension among Blacks and acts as a reminder of the need for additional research to determine if culturally competent interventions are appropriate to prevent, treat, and control this disease within this population.", "descriptor": "Hypertension", "qualifier": "epidemiology"}, {"mag_id": 2003786053, "corpus_id": 24144969, "title": "An experimental assessment of toxic potential of nanoparticle preparation of heavy metals in streptozotocin induced diabetes.", "abstract": "Nanoparticle preparations of heavy metals have attracted enormous scientific and technological interest. Biologically produced nanoparticle preparations of heavy metals are elaborately described in traditional texts and being widely prescribed. The underlying interactions of nano preparations within the physiological fluids are key feature to understand their biological impact. In this perspective, we performed an experimental assessment of the toxicity potential of a marketed metallic preparation named Vasant Kusumakar Ras (VKR), wherein different heavy metals in composite form are reduced to nanoparticle size to produce the desired effect in diabetes and its complications. VKR (50mg/kg) was administered to Albino Wistar rats rendered diabetic using streptozotocin (90mg/kg) in 2 days old neonates. Anti-hyperglycemic effect was observed with VKR along with increased levels of plasma insulin. Renal variables including total proteins and albumin along with glomerular filtration rate were found to improve biochemically. The results were supplemented by effects on different inflammatory and growth factors like TNF-\u03b1, nitric oxide, TGF-\u03b2 and VEGF. However, the results observed in kidney histopathology were not in accordance with the biochemical parameters. Inflammation observed in kidney was confirmed by immunostaining metallothionein, which was due to the accumulation of heavy metals. Furthermore, mercury accumulation in kidney further confirmed by autometallography, which activated mononuclear phagocyte system, which generated an immune response. This was further supported by increase in the extent of apoptosis in kidney tissues. In conclusion, nanoparticle preparations of heavy metals can be toxic to kidney if it is not regulated with respect to its surface chemistry and dosage.", "descriptor": "Kidney", "qualifier": "drug effects"}, {"mag_id": 2044905785, "corpus_id": 23650006, "title": "Hlx homeo box gene is essential for an inductive tissue interaction that drives expansion of embryonic liver and gut.", "abstract": "The divergent murine homeo box gene Hlx is expressed in restricted hematopoietic cell types and, during embryogenesis, prominently in visceral mesenchyme of the developing liver, gall bladder, and gut. Targeted disruption of the gene has now established that it plays a key role in visceral organogenesis. Embryos homozygous for the mutation died around embryonic day 15 with anemia and severe hypoplasia of the liver and gut. Liver ontogeny commenced normally with formation of the liver diverticulum and differentiation of hepatocytes, but the organ failed to expand and reached only 3% of normal size. The apparent liver hypoplasia was not associated with a notable increase in apoptotic cells. Gut development also began normally, but the intestines failed to undergo extensive elongation and looping and reached only a quarter of normal length. The anemia resulted from a deficiency in the fetal form of hematopoiesis, which occurs in the liver, but no intrinsic defect in Hlx-/- hematopoietic cells was observed in vitro, and liver-derived Hlx-/- hematopoietic stem cells that were transplanted to irradiated normal mice could fully reconstitute hematopoiesis. The impaired fetal hematopoiesis therefore reflects insufficient support function provided by the minute liver. Hlx is normally expressed in visceral mesenchyme lying adjacent to the developing liver and gut epithelia affected by the mutation, but not in the epithelia themselves. Hence, Hlx regulates a mesenchymal-epithelial interaction that drives a vital growth phase in visceral organogenesis. Moreover, because mutation of Hlx blocked liver growth but not its specification, early morphogenesis, or differentiation, development of this organ appears to occur by step-wise inductive interactions under separate genetic control.", "descriptor": "Liver", "qualifier": "embryology"}, {"mag_id": 1998174102, "corpus_id": 19821308, "title": "Induction of ZEB Proteins by Inactivation of RB Protein Is Key Determinant of Mesenchymal Phenotype of Breast Cancer*", "abstract": "Background: Inactivation of RB is a key event for induction of EMT in cancers. Results: ZEB proteins are markedly up-regulated through the reduction of miR-200 family of microRNAs in RB-inactive cancer cells. Conclusion: RB/ZEB pathway plays a pivotal role in mesenchymal and aggressive phenotype in breast cancers. Significance: Suppressing ZEB1 by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors provides a novel therapeutic strategy for RB-inactive breast cancers. We previously showed that depletion of the retinoblastoma protein (RB) induces down-regulation of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin and thereby triggers the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. To further characterize the effect of RB inactivation on the phenotype of cancer cells, we have now examined RB expression in human breast cancer cell lines and clinical specimens. We found that RB-inactive cells exhibit a mesenchymal-like morphology and are highly invasive. We also found that ZEB proteins, transcriptional repressors of the E-cadherin gene, are markedly up-regulated in these cells in a manner sensitive to the miR-200 family of microRNAs. Moreover, depletion of ZEB in RB-inactive cells suppressed cell invasiveness and proliferation and induced epithelial marker expression. These results implicate ZEB in induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as well as in maintenance of the mesenchymal phenotype in RB-inactive cells. We also developed a screening program for inhibitors of ZEB1 expression and thereby identified several cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors that blocked both ZEB1 expression and RB phosphorylation. Together, our findings suggest that RB inactivation contributes to tumor progression not only through loss of cell cycle control but also through up-regulation of ZEB expression and induction of an invasive phenotype.", "descriptor": "Breast Neoplasms", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 1859863282, "corpus_id": 30567000, "title": "A protective surface protein from type V group B streptococci shares N-terminal sequence homology with the alpha C protein", "abstract": "Infection by group B streptococci (GBS) is an important cause of bacterial disease in neonates, pregnant women, and nonpregnant adults. Historically, serotypes Ia, Ib, II, and III have been most prevalent among disease cases; recently, type V strains have emerged as important strains in the United States and elsewhere. In addition to type-specific capsular polysaccharides, many GBS strains possess surface proteins which demonstrate a laddering pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and resistance to trypsin digestion. These include the alpha C protein, the R proteins, and protein Rib. Some of these proteins elicit protective antibodies in animals. We demonstrate a trypsin-resistant laddering protein purified from a type V GBS strain by mutanolysin extraction and column chromatography. This protein contains a major 90-kDa band and a series of smaller bands spaced approximately 10 kDa apart on SDS-PAGE. Cross-reactivity of the type V protein with the alpha C protein and with R1 was demonstrated on Western blot (immunoblot). N-terminal sequence analysis of the protein revealed residue identity with 17 of 18 residues at corresponding positions on the alpha protein. Western blot of SDS extracts of 41 clinical type V isolates with rabbit antiserum to the protein demonstrated a homologous protein in 25 isolates (61%); two additional strains exhibited a heterologous pattern which was also demonstrated with 4G8, a monoclonal antibody directed to the alpha C protein repeat region. Rabbit antiserum raised to the type V protein conferred protection in neonatal mice against a type V strain bearing a homologous protein. These data support the hypothesis that there exists a family of trypsin-resistant, laddering GBS surface proteins which may play a role in immunity to GBS infection.", "descriptor": "Bacterial Proteins", "qualifier": "immunology"}, {"mag_id": 2139898424, "corpus_id": 31187741, "title": "Classification of Epithelial Canine Mammary Tumors in a Defined Population", "abstract": "Ductal carcinomas accounted for nearly all metastases seen in epithelial canine mammary tumors submitted to the Tulsa Registry of Canine and Feline Neoplasms in a 4-year period from a defined canine population. Lobular and squamous cell carcinomas were the only other metastatic carcinomas seen. Early ductal carcinoma was used to indicate nonmetastatic ductal carcinoma with a favorable post-surgical prognosis. Benign epithelial tumors were categorized as adenoma, ductal papilloma and squamous cell papilloma. Progressive transformation of well defined adenomas and papillomas to carcinoma was not evident in histologic preparations. Squamous metaplasia was seen in many ductal papillomas and ductal carcinomas. Inclusion of pseudocartilage and pseudoosteoid and osteoid, cartilage and bone with ductal carcinomas, adenomas and ductal papillomas seemed related to secretions escaping from neoplastic epithelial cells into stroma or between proliferating tumor cells. There was proliferation and perhaps even neoplastic transformation of myoepithelial cells in some of these tumors. Changes in myoepithelium, however, appeared to be secondary to neoplastic transformation of epithelium. Bone and cartilage in these tumors were considered heterotopic with no neoplastic potential.", "descriptor": "Neoplasms", "qualifier": "veterinary"}, {"mag_id": 2416775290, "corpus_id": 32321142, "title": "Homocysteine level in patients with established transmural myocardial infarction.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo evaluate the levels of serum total homocysteine in patients suffering from established transmural myocardial infarction and normal healthy subjects of local population.\n\n\nDESIGN\nA case control study.\n\n\nPLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY\nThe present study was carried out at Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Ilyas (HMI) Institute of Pharmacology and Herbal Sciences in collaboration with National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, from June 2001 to December 2001.\n\n\nPATIENTS AND METHODS\nEighty-four persons were included in a case control study. Sixty-three patients were cases suffering from transmural myocardial infarction of anterior wall and 21 normal healthy subjects were controls having no history of IHD ever before. Fasting venous serum was analyzed for total homocysteine using fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) while lipid parameters and plasma glucose were estimated by enzymatic colorimetric method.\n\n\nRESULTS\nMean serum total homocysteine and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels [19.43+/-2.46 umol/L, 124.97+/-45.31 mg/dl respectively] were found to be significantly higher in cases as compared to controls. The mean serum High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [27.57+/-15.31 mg/dl] was found to be significantly lower as compared to control. Mean serum glucose, total cholesterol and serum triacylglycerol [84.32+/-2.46 mg/dl, 174.35+/-27.08 mg/dl and 148.49+/-43.12 mg/dl respectively] were higher in patients as compared to control but difference was insignificant statistically.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nSignificantly high levels of total homocysteine along with high levels of LDL-C and low levels of HDL-C appear to be the factors responsible for the increase risk of coronary artery disease in our local population.", "descriptor": "Myocardial Infarction", "qualifier": "blood"}, {"mag_id": 2006292802, "corpus_id": 2163358, "title": "Effect of age, sex, and hormonal state on tritiated thymidine uptake by rat pituitary.", "abstract": "PITUITARY tumours may arise spontaneously as certain strains of female rat become old, or they may be induced in rodents by a variety of experimental methods, chiefly involving hormonal imbalance. Less is known, however, of the factors which control the magnitude of cell division and growth in the pituitary, for mitotic figures are rare and conventionally the normal gland is regarded as a stable population of cells. A more accurate assessment of normal pituitary cell growth dynamics is obtained if tritiated (3H) thymidine is used to localize by autoradiography nuclei in the DNA synthetic (S) phase of the nuclear cycle. A previous study with this technique showed that age and sex were important variables influencing 3H-thymidine labelling of the rat anterior pituitary, but these results were complicated by the fact that they were obtained from animals with various forms of experimental hypertension (Crane, Dutta and Ingle, 1965). Accordingly the experiments reported here were designed to study the influence of age, sex, the ovary and oestrus cycle, and the adrenal on the numbers of DNAsynthesizing nuclei in the rat pituitary, and to define more precisely the relationship of these factors to pituitary tumour induction.", "descriptor": "DNA", "qualifier": "biosynthesis"}, {"mag_id": 1993669370, "corpus_id": 29042735, "title": "Prostate carcinoma", "abstract": "The development and progression of a prostate carcinoma from prediagnosis to death can be characterized as a series of clinical states. The states are milestones that can be used to assess prognosis, define therapeutic objectives, and assess outcomes. The antitumor effects of hormone therapies and cytotoxic agents in patients with prostate carcinoma are placed in context along with the bidrectional tumor\u2010host interactions that contribute to the growth and resistance of osseous lesions. Identifying the factors that contribute to the growth of the disease at different points in the illness has lead to novel, systemic approaches. Proving the benefit of these approaches requires a series of unique trials with unique endpoints relevant to the clinical state of the patients and the specific therapy under evaluation. Cancer 2003;97(3 Suppl):758\u201371. \u00a9 2003 American Cancer Society.", "descriptor": "Prostatic Neoplasms", "qualifier": "therapy"}, {"mag_id": 1924843208, "corpus_id": 32629082, "title": "Energy behaviour for DNA translocation through graphene nanopores.", "abstract": "Nanoparticles have considerable promise for many applications in electronics, energy storage, bioscience and biotechnologies. Here we use applied mathematical modelling to exploit the basic principles of mechanics and the 6-12 Lennard-Jones potential function together with the continuum approach, which assumes that a discrete atomic structure can be replaced by an average constant atomic surface density of atoms that is assumed to be smeared over each molecule. We identify a circular hole in a graphene sheet as a nanopore and we consider the molecular interaction energy for both single-strand and double-strand DNA molecules assumed to move through the circular hole in a graphene sheet to determine the radius b of the hole that gives the minimum energy. By minimizing the interaction energy, we observe that the single-strand DNA and double-strand DNA molecules penetrate through a graphene nanopore when the pore radii b> 7.8\u00c5 and b> 12.7\u00c5, respectively. Our results can be adopted to offer new applications in the atomic surface processes and electronic sensing.", "descriptor": "DNA", "qualifier": "chemistry"}, {"mag_id": 2017230178, "corpus_id": 20966773, "title": "Spermine selectively inhibits high-conductance, but not low-conductance calcium-induced permeability transition pore.", "abstract": "The permeability transition pore (PTP) is a large channel of the mitochondrial inner membrane, the opening of which is the central event in many types of stress-induced cell death. PTP opening is induced by elevated concentrations of mitochondrial calcium. It has been demonstrated that spermine and other polyamines can delay calcium-induced swelling of isolated mitochondria, suggesting their role as inhibitors of the mitochondrial PTP. Here we further investigated the mechanism by which spermine inhibits the calcium-induced, cyclosporine A (CSA) -sensitive PTP by using three indicators: 1) calcium release from the mitochondria detected with calcium green, 2) mitochondrial membrane depolarization using TMRM, and 3) mitochondrial swelling by measuring light absorbance. We found that despite calcium release and membrane depolarization, indicative of PTP activation, mitochondria underwent only partial swelling in the presence of spermine. This was in striking contrast to the high-amplitude swelling detected in control mitochondria and in mitochondria treated with the PTP inhibitor CSA. We conclude that spermine selectively prevents opening of the high-conductance state, while allowing activation of the lower conductance state of the PTP. We propose that the existence of lower conductance, stress-induced PTP might play an important physiological role, as it is expected to allow the release of toxic levels of calcium, while keeping important molecules (e.g., NAD) within the mitochondrial matrix.", "descriptor": "Calcium", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 1983632922, "corpus_id": 21386842, "title": "Adaptive biological image-guided IMRT with anatomic and functional imaging in pharyngo-laryngeal tumors: impact on target volume delineation and dose distribution using helical tomotherapy.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE\nAdaptive image-guided IMRT appears to be a promising approach for dose escalation in pharyngo-laryngeal tumors. In this framework, we assessed in a proof of concept study the impact of anatomic and functional imaging modalities acquired prior and during radiotherapy on the target volume delineation and the dose distribution using helical tomotherapy.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nTen patients with pharyngo-laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were treated by concomitant chemo-radiation delivered in 7 weeks. CT, T2-MRI, fat suppressed T2-MRI, and static and dynamic FDG-PET were acquired for each patient before the start of treatment and during radiotherapy, after mean prescribed doses of 14, 25, 35 and 45 Gy. GTVs were manually delineated on CT and MRI images while PET images were automatically segmented by means of a gradient-based method. From these volumes, CTVs and PTVs were derived using consistent guidelines. Simultaneous integrated boost IMRT planning was performed using helical tomotherapy.\n\n\nRESULTS\nGTVs significantly decreased throughout the course of RT for all imaging modalities (p<0.001). Clinically non-significant differences and high correlations were found between GTVs delineated on CT and MRI, irrespective of the sequence used. By contrast, FDG-PET-based GTVs segmented from pre- and per-treatment images were significantly smaller compared to anatomical imaging modalities, without any difference existing between static and dynamic acquisition. These differences in GTVs translated into parallel reductions of both prophylactic and therapeutic CTVs and PTVs. Resulting FDG-PET-based and adaptive IMRT planning reduced the irradiated volumes by 15-40% compared to pre-treatment CT planning (V(90), V(95) and V(100)), but did marginally impact on doses to the OAR such as the spinal cord and the parotid glands.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nAdaptive IMRT with FDG-PET images has a significant impact on the delineation of TVs and on the dose distribution in pharyngo-laryngeal tumors. Such an approach might thus be considered for dose escalation strategies.", "descriptor": "Carcinoma, Squamous Cell", "qualifier": "radiotherapy"}, {"mag_id": 1780179166, "corpus_id": 23498440, "title": "Immunological Status of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Patients with Complete Cytogenetic Response after Treatment", "abstract": "Background The aim of this study was to compare the T lymphocyte subsets of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients who had a complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) after treatment with imatinib (IM) or homoharringtonine (HHT). Methods T and Th lymphocyte subsets in CCyR patients treated with HHT (n = 15) or IM (n = 16) were assayed with flow cytometry. Results It was found that there were no differences in T lymphocyte subset proportions at the time of achieving CCyR0 and also no difference in the CD8+T cell proportions at the 12th month after CCyR (CCyR12), between the 2 groups. The values of CD3+T, CD4+T, CD8+T, CD4+T/CD8+T, Th1 and Th2 cells were 54.21% \u00b1 6.12% vs. 44.32% \u00b1 4.85%, 29.83% \u00b1 5.53% vs. 22.27% \u00b1 3.22%, 24.66 \u00b1 4.91 vs. 25.41% \u00b1 5.72%, 1.11 \u00b1 0.23 vs. 0.92 \u00b1 0.19, 10.23% \u00b1 4.24% vs. 8.34% \u00b1 3.45% and 11.12% \u00b1 3.91% vs. 13.67% \u00b1 4.78%, respectively in the HHT group and IM group at CCyR12, which meant that the proportions of CD3+T, CD4+T and Th1 cells and the ratio of CD4+T to CD8+T cells were higher and the CD8+T and Th2 cell proportions were lower in the HHT group than in the IM group. Conclusions HHT has a weaker immunodepression effect on T lymphocyte subsets compared with IM.", "descriptor": "Antineoplastic Agents", "qualifier": "therapeutic use"}, {"mag_id": 2409066819, "corpus_id": 34696909, "title": "OBRA--its effect on the mentally ill in South Dakota nursing homes.", "abstract": "Mental illness is quite prevalent in the nursing home population. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA), as it relates to nursing homes, has many facets including preadmission screening, periodic assessment, formalized patient rights, and gives reviewers a broader list of sanctions for offending facilities. OBRA does away with the designation of skilled and intermediate levels of care. It provides for evaluation of special needs of the mentally retarded and developmentally disabled and expects relocation of residents in need of specialized treatments. Similarly, it requires evaluation of the mentally ill in nursing homes for appropriateness of placement and discourages admission of potential nursing home residents with mental illness. This last aspect of OBRA and its potential effect of the long term care system, the mental health system, and the budget of the state of South Dakota are the subject of this paper.", "descriptor": "Mental Disorders", "qualifier": "diagnosis"}, {"mag_id": 2065299478, "corpus_id": 26195887, "title": "EUS 2008 Working Group document: evaluation of EUS-guided injection therapy for tumors.", "abstract": "The current treatment options for locally advanced pancreatic cancer include supportive care, chemotherapy (single or combination), and chemotherapy plus radiation therapy. Studies of gemcitabine combined with other cytotoxic agents have not shown a survival advantage over gemcitabine alone. A study of gemcitabine combined with the epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist, erlotinib, revealed a statistically significant, albeit modest, survival advantage in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Currently, studies of gemcitabine combined with other targeted therapies (eg, cetuximab and panitumumab) are in progress. For patients with \u2018\u2018borderline\u2019\u2019 resectable pancreatic cancer, the best strategy seems to be aggressive downstaging of the tumor with local, including radiation therapy, and systemic agents. Varadhachary et al concluded that, in their experience, patients with tumors that respond to neoadjuvant therapy have a better chance of R0 resection, which usually translates to increased survival. Local therapy historically has been essentially limited to external-beam radiation. With combination chemoradiation, tumor response is seen in a small number of patients, and the median survival remains disappointing. Brachytherapy (iodine, gold, and iridium) delivered by percutaneous approaches to the pancreatic tumor has not been effective. Percutaneous intratumoral injection with radioactive phosphorus P 32 has also been reported but with disappointing", "descriptor": "Antineoplastic Agents", "qualifier": "administration & dosage"}, {"mag_id": 2055492924, "corpus_id": 33170976, "title": "Value of Clinical Screening for Detection of Asymptomatic Hemodialysis Vascular Access Stenoses", "abstract": "Measurement of recirculation and intradialytic venous line pressures may aid in the detection of hemodialysis vascular access stenoses. The authors screened 29 consecutive asymptomatic patients for recirculation values exceed ing 15% or venous pressures greater than 150 mmHg. All 13 patients requiring and agreeing to angiography on the basis of the screening protocol proved to have high-grade stenoses of their vascular access outflow or inflow. Asympto matic vascular access pathology is common. High-risk asymptomatic popula tions may be detected by simple screening procedures.", "descriptor": "Postoperative Complications", "qualifier": "diagnostic imaging"}, {"mag_id": 2146286061, "corpus_id": 19929992, "title": "Women's views on reminder letters for screening mammography: Mixed methods study of women from 23 family health networks.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo explore women's perspectives on the acceptability and content of reminder letters for screening mammography from their family physicians, as well as such letters' effect on screening intentions.\n\n\nDESIGN\nCross-sectional mailed survey followed by focus groups with a subgroup of respondents.\n\n\nSETTING\nOntario.\n\n\nPARTICIPANTS\nOne family physician was randomly selected from each of 23 family health networks and primary care networks participating in a demonstration project to increase the delivery of preventive services. From the practice roster of each physician, up to 35 randomly selected women aged 50 to 69 years who were due or overdue for screening mammograms and who had received reminder letters from their family physicians within the past 6 months were surveyed.\n\n\nMAIN OUTCOME MEASURES\nRecall of having received reminder letters and of their content, influence of the letters on decisions to have mammograms, and interest in receiving future reminder letters. Focus group interviews with survey respondents explored the survey findings in greater depth using a standardized interview guide.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe response rate to the survey was 55.7% (384 of 689), and 45.1% (173 of 384) of responding women reported having mammograms in the past 6 months. Among women who recalled receiving letters and either making appointments for or having mammograms, 74.8% (122 of 163) indicated that the letters substantially influenced their decisions. Most respondents (77.1% [296 of 384]) indicated that they would like to continue to receive reminders, and 28.9% (111 of 384) indicated that they would like to receive additional information about mammograms. Participants in 2 focus groups (n = 3 and n = 5) indicated that they thought letters reflected a positive attitude of physicians toward mammography screening. They also commented that newly eligible women had different information needs than women who had had mammograms done in the past.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nReminder letters were considered by participants to be useful and appeared to influence women's decisions to undergo mammography screening.", "descriptor": "Breast Neoplasms", "qualifier": "prevention & control"}, {"mag_id": 2912921771, "corpus_id": 73425157, "title": "Evaluation of the impact of waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure on the activity and expression of rat hepatic CYP450: a pharmacokinetic study", "abstract": "Abstract Waterpipe smoke contains many toxic constituents that can alter drug pharmacokinetics. This study assessed the effect of waterpipe smoke exposure on the activity and expression of CYP450 enzymes in rats. Animals (n\u2009=\u200910/group) were exposed to either waterpipe smoke or side-stream cigarette smoke for 1\u2009h/day (6 days/week) for 31 days, or fresh air (control). An intragastric cocktail solution containing three probe drugs, phenacetin, chlorzoxazone and testosterone was administered to assess the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A, respectively. Serum concentrations were determined using LC-MS/MS and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The mRNA expression of hepatic enzymes was also quantified. Waterpipe and cigarette smoke exposure did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of phenacetin, chlorzoxazone and testosterone. For example, the clearance and drug exposure values were comparable among groups for all probe drugs. Additionally, there was no significant effect of waterpipe and cigarette smoke on mRNA expression of hepatic CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A2. The results demonstrate that waterpipe smoke exposure had no effect on the functional expression of three key CYP450 isoforms in rats. Future research is required with longer exposure periods to waterpipe smoke. Such work serves to enhance current understanding of effect of waterpipe smoke exposure on pharmacokinetics.", "descriptor": "Liver", "qualifier": "enzymology"}, {"mag_id": 2172069758, "corpus_id": 15297964, "title": "Three-dimensional digital angiography: new tool for simultaneous three-dimensional rendering of vascular and osseous information during rotational angiography.", "abstract": "Three-dimensional (3D) digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the latest development in the neurovascular imaging armamentarium. 3D-DSA combines the anatomic resolution of DSA with 3D visualization abilities previously offered by only CT or MR angiography. 3D-DSA provides more detailed information than does DSA alone in the evaluation of neurovascular lesions, such as cerebral aneurysms. However, the inability of 3D-DSA to simultaneously image osseous and vascular structures is noted as a weakness of this technique compared with CT angiography. We describe a new 3D digital angiography reconstruction algorithm that allows the concurrent display of the cerebral vasculature and the osseous landmarks.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "blood supply"}, {"mag_id": 2118211999, "corpus_id": 29581192, "title": "Smoking and central blood pressure: a metabolic interaction?", "abstract": "S moking is a well-known major cardiovascular risk factor, which can also influence blood pressure and metabolic profile. In this issue of American Journal of Hypertension, Minami et al.1 investigated the relationship between smoking and blood pressure by evaluating the influence of smoking habits on brachial and central blood pressure and radial augmentation index, a marker of peripheral wave reflection, in a population of Japanese healthy men. Metabolic syndrome incidence according to smoking was also assessed. Augmentation index was found to be higher in current as compared to never smokers and also in current heavy as compared to former smokers. Central systolic blood pressure was lower in never smokers than other groups, while this behavior was less evident for brachial blood pressure. Smoking status was an independent predictor of augmentation index and central systolic blood pressure, but not of peripheral blood pressure. These results might suggest that smoking-associated alteration in wave reflection causes an increased central blood pressure. However, causality for this cannot be concluded upon the cross-sectional design of the study. Furthermore, this hypothesis cannot be completely supported because central arterial stiffness, the other major determinant of central systolic blood pressure,2 was not assessed in this study. Indeed, aortic pulse wave velocity rather than central blood pressure and augmentation index has been suggested to have independent predictive value for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in high risk patients and in the general population.2 It should be also pointed out that differences in peripheral blood pressure varied in parallel with central hemodynamic parameters, although they did not reach statistical significance,1 possibly influencing the changes in central systolic blood pressure and augmentation index.2,3 Another important result of the study is that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found to be higher in smokers as compared to subject who never smoked.1 It is well known that heavy smokers have greater incidence of central obesity and lipid changes typical of insulin resistance.4 Augmentation index and central systolic blood pressure were also independently related to waist circumference or body mass index and high-density lipoprotein levels, which therefore can deeply contribute to the incidence of metabolic syndrome in smokers and/or to the effect of central blood pressure and wave reflection.1 Other risky behaviors, such physical activity inactivity or poor diet, which are associated with smoking4 and not investigated in the study, might also influence the findings. Finally, results are not representative of female gender. However, it has been showed that increased augmentation index is selectively impaired in female hypertensive patients in the presence of the metabolic syndrome.3 Despite these limitations, results of the study of Minami et al.1 are of importance for a possible additive pathogenetic mechanism to explain why metabolic syndrome is a major determinant of ischemic cardiovascular disease among middleaged Japanese men and women, in particular among smokers.5 Future intervention studies in large populations would confirm whether smoking cessation reduce cardiovascular risk by reducing central blood pressure, wave reflection, and metabolic syndrome prevalence.", "descriptor": "Hypertension", "qualifier": "etiology"}, {"mag_id": 2043834785, "corpus_id": 31369727, "title": "Nicotinic autoreceptor function in rat brain during maturation and aging: possible differential sensitivity to organophosphorus anticholinesterases.", "abstract": "Acetylcholine (ACh) release is modulated pre-synaptically by both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor-mediated processes. While muscarinic autoreceptors inhibit ACh release, nicotinic autoreceptors enhance ACh release and thus disruption of these processes could potentially affect cholinergic toxicity following exposure to anticholinesterases. Marked age-related differences in sensitivity to some organophosphorus (OP) anticholinesterases have been reported. We compared nicotinic autoreceptor function (NAF) during maturation and aging and evaluated its potential modulation by the common OP insecticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF). Cortical synaptosomes were pre-loaded with [3H]choline, superfused (0.6 ml/min) with physiological buffer and [3H]ACh release was evoked with potassium (KCl, 9 mM), with or without co-addition of exogenous ACh to stimulate nicotinic autoreceptors. Fractions of perfusate were subsequently collected and area under the curve (AUC) for [3H] was analyzed by scintillation counting. The difference in evoked release due to co-addition of exogenous ACh was defined as NAF. Under these conditions, atropine (ATR, 0.1 microM) appeared requisite for NAF; thus this muscarinic antagonist was subsequently added to all perfusion buffers. In synaptosomes from adult tissues, exogenous ACh (3-100 microM) significantly increased release in a concentration-dependent manner. The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (MEC, 100 microM) substantially reduced the potassium-evoked release elicited by co-addition of ACh (10 microM). Interestingly, the nicotinic agonists nicotine (NIC) and dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP; 0.1-10 microM) had no effect on release. The active metabolite of CPF (i.e. chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO), 1-10 microM) inhibited NAF in vitro. Maturation-related expression of NAF was noted (AUC with co-addition of 10 microM ACh: 7-day rats, 7+/-6; 21-day rats, 44+/-6; 90-day rats, 196+/-37; 24-month rats, 173+/-52). NAF was substantially reduced (67-91%) 96 h after maximum tolerated dosages of CPF in adult and aged rats (279 mg/kg, sc) but not in juveniles (127 mg/kg, sc), even though AChE inhibition was similar among the age groups (>80%). Together these data suggest that NAF is differentially expressed during maturation and that this neuromodulatory process may be selectively altered by some OP insecticides, potentially contributing to age-related differences in response to AChE inhibitors. As NAF has been postulated to be activated under conditions of 'impaired' cholinergic function, selective alteration of this pre-synaptic process by OP anticholinesterases may be also important in age-related conditions associated with cholinergic hypofunction.", "descriptor": "Aging", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 2136260767, "corpus_id": 8491917, "title": "Performance of the Amplicor human immunodeficiency virus type 1 PCR and analysis of specimens with false-negative results", "abstract": "Over a 4-year period, the Roche Amplicor kit was used in a United Kingdom reference laboratory for the detection or confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection, particularly in infants born to HIV-infected mothers. Of 408 specimens from adults and older children tested, the 122 seronegative specimens were all Amplicor negative. Of the 286 seropositive specimens, 268 were Amplicor positive. On the basis of these results, the Amplicor assay has a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 93.7%. In addition, for 247 specimens from infants and young children, serological results may not have been diagnostic because of placental transfer of maternal antibodies. Forty-eight were Amplicor positive, and of the 199 Amplicor-negative specimens, 19 were assumed to be false negative on the basis of clinical data, serological markers (including p24 antigen), and/or results for previous or follow-up specimens. This represents a sensitivity of 75% for the Amplicor test for specimens from patients under 2 years of age. Of these 37 false-negative specimens plus 2 specimens from other laboratories, 31 could be characterized by amplifying extracted material from them by an in-house nested gag PCR spanning the Amplicor target region. The amplicons were sequenced and found to represent subtypes A (35.5%), B (22.6%), C (22.6%), D (16.1%), and G (3.2%). False-negative results by the Amplicor assay may be ascribed to low-target copy number, the physical behavior of one primer (SK462), and sequence variation in the target region of the other primer (SK431).", "descriptor": "HIV Infections", "qualifier": "diagnosis"}, {"mag_id": 2741197011, "corpus_id": 3939900, "title": "Preoperative CT findings of subclinical hernia can predict for postoperative inguinal hernia following robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy", "abstract": "PurposeTo evaluate preoperative CT features that predict the development of postoperative inguinal hernia after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP).MethodsWe enrolled 160 men who underwent CT, subsequent RALRP, and at least three years of follow-up. CT was retrospectively reviewed in consensus by two radiologists for the presence of asymmetric spermatic cord fat and scrotal fluid collection. The diagnostic power of each CT feature for the development of postoperative inguinal hernia was calculated. Multiple logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between CT features, clinical variables, and postoperative inguinal hernia.ResultsSurgically confirmed postoperative inguinal hernia developed in 17 patients. Asymmetric spermatic cord fat was demonstrated in 13 patients, and scrotal fluid collection was seen in 59 patients. The diagnostic values of asymmetric spermatic cord fat and scrotal fluid collection for postoperative inguinal hernia were 58.8% and 88.2% sensitivity, 97.9% and 69.2% specificity, 76.9% and 25.4% positive predictive value, 95.2% and 98.0% negative predictive value, and 93.8% and 71.3% accuracy, respectively. On multiple logistic regression analysis, asymmetric spermatic cord fat, scrotal fluid collection, and low BMI were significant predictive factors for the development of postoperative inguinal hernia (odds ratios: 135.8, 31.6, and 0.7, respectively).ConclusionThe presence of asymmetric spermatic cord fat or scrotal fluid collection was significantly associated with the development of postoperative inguinal hernia.", "descriptor": "Postoperative Complications", "qualifier": "diagnostic imaging"}, {"mag_id": 2419465597, "corpus_id": 8909666, "title": "Association of psychosis and movement disorders in the elderly.", "abstract": "There are a number of different relationships among aging, psychosis and movement disorders, most of which have been proposed to involve the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine content and dopamine receptors have been shown to decrease with age, which may relate to the time of onset of different motor and psychotic disorders, as well as to the appearance of these disorders. For example, some so-called senile movement disorders, such as senile tremor and senile chorea, may relate to alterations in dopaminergic transmission with age, as might the general findings of increased slowing of movements and mildly increased rigidity with age, although it is not clear how common some of these changes are in the medically healthy elderly. Decrease in dopamine with age may also be associated with the findings that choreiform and psychotic disorders (which have been proposed to be related to excess dopaminergic activity) tend to predominate at younger ages, whereas parkinsonism is more common at later ages. Certain findings support this notion, such as the appearance of both dyskinesia and psychosis in patients treated with L-dopa, the finding that psychosis may be less common in patients with later-onset Huntington's disease, and the fact that neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism is often more severe in the elderly. However, the situation is more complicated than this, because there are a number of phenomena that do not fit the pattern, including the observation of an increased incidence of tardive dyskinesia in the elderly. Age-related changes in other transmitters are undoubtedly important in both movements disorders and psychosis, and even dopamine has been proposed to have both trophic and toxic properties over the aging process. In general, care is warranted in the use of any psychotropic medications in the elderly, because there can be widespread and often unpredictable effects of these drugs on both motor and mental function.", "descriptor": "Aging", "qualifier": "physiology"}, {"mag_id": 1968399151, "corpus_id": 39745930, "title": "Efficacy and tolerability of lovastatin in hypercholesterolemia in patients with systemic hypertension.", "abstract": "A previously published study reported on an open-label, multicenter study of the efficacy and tolerability of lovastatin in the management of nonfamilial primary hypercholesterolemia. In the present report the results from the 213 hypercholesterolemic patients with systemic hypertension are presented. At baseline mean +/- SD of total serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and the ratio of total serum cholesterol to HDL cholesterol were 268 +/- 24, 189 +/- 22 and 43 +/- 10 mg/dl and 6.6 +/- 1.6, respectively. Of the 213 hypertensive patients only 24 were not receiving antihypertensive or related cardiac medication. Baseline mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 140 +/- 20 and 84 +/- 9 mm Hg, respectively. Within 1 month of lovastatin therapy the observed significant reductions in total serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol were 19, 27 and 24%, respectively. HDL cholesterol was increased by 6%. Diastolic blood pressure did not change significantly during this 1-month period. The 1-month lipid results were maintained over the full 6 months of the study. The dosage of lovastatin was 20 mg/day for the first month of therapy and could subsequently be adjusted to response, up to a maximum of 80 mg/day. Again, without changes in diastolic blood pressure, lovastatin was generally effective in improving the serum lipids of hypercholesterolemic hypertensive patients regardless of the type of antihypertensive medications received (including diuretics and beta blockers). Lovastatin was generally well tolerated.", "descriptor": "Hypertension", "qualifier": "complications"}, {"mag_id": 2131679191, "corpus_id": 42319377, "title": "Nursing interventions in inpatient psychiatry.", "abstract": "The successful application of the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) in inpatient psychiatry depends on whether the classification adequately describes nursing care in this setting. The present study aimed to identify nursing interventions mentioned in journal articles on psychiatric inpatient nursing care and to compare these with the labels, definitions and activities described in the NIC to elucidate how well the classification covers these interventions. The MedLine, PsychInfo, Cochrane and CINAHL databases were searched for journal articles about nursing care in the adult inpatient setting. A qualitative content analysis approach was used to indentify nursing interventions in the articles. About 84% of the statements (terms and definitions) are encompassed by the interventions listed by the NIC. Very few interventions need to be added to the NIC classification or necessitate a reorganization of the taxonomy. Nevertheless, the further development of the NIC will promote its use in the daily work of psychiatric nurses and enhance the quality of nursing care in the inpatient setting.", "descriptor": "Mental Disorders", "qualifier": "nursing"}, {"mag_id": 2106787867, "corpus_id": 39974335, "title": "Effects of aerosol ipratropium bromide on cardiac vagal tone.", "abstract": "Thirty-one adult asthmatic subjects, aged 18 to 40 years, were administered both ipratropium bromide and placebo, in two sessions, held at least 2 days apart, in balanced order. Pulmonary function, heart period (milliseconds between heart beats), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (a measure of cardiac vagal tone) were assessed before drug administration and 45 min thereafter. Ipratropium bromide had no significant effect on cardiac vagal tone, while it did produce improvement in pulmonary function.", "descriptor": "Asthma", "qualifier": "physiopathology"}, {"mag_id": 2129536258, "corpus_id": 10660906, "title": "Diabetic versus non-diabetic colour vision after cataract surgery", "abstract": "AIMS To examine whether the colour vision abnormalities found in phakic patients with diabetes mellitus is preserved after removal of the lens by cataract surgery. METHODS 21 diabetic (16 IDDM and five NIDDM) and 19 non-diabetic patients of comparable age, postoperative visual acuity, and sex distribution, all aphakic or pseudophakic following cataract surgery, had their monocular colour vision examined using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test. The fundus status of the diabetic patients ranged from no retinopathy to photocoagulation treated proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Patients with macular oedema were specifically excluded from the study. RESULTS The error scores of both the diabetic (mean 146 (SD 94)) and the non-diabetic patients (83 (79)) did not deviate significantly from the age related normal range. The error score in the diabetic group was significantly higher than in the non-diabetic group (p=0.02) but the amplitude of the difference was small in comparison with previous studies of phakic subjects. The error scores in the diabetic group were not correlated with the degree of retinopathy (p>0.2). CONCLUSION After cataract surgery only a minor difference exists between the colour vision scores of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. This indicates that accelerated yellowing of the lens in diabetes is the predominant cause of the colour vision anomaly found in phakic diabetic patients.", "descriptor": "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "qualifier": "complications"}, {"mag_id": 1984268193, "corpus_id": 31708201, "title": "Identification of cancer genes by mutational profiling of tumor genomes", "abstract": "It is now widely accepted that cancer is a genetic disease and that alterations in the DNA sequence underlie the development of every neoplasm. The identification of mutated genes that are causally implicated in oncogenesis (\u2018cancer genes\u2019) has been a major goal in medical sciences for the last two decades. The availability of the human genome sequence coupled to the introduction of high throughput sequencing technologies has created an unprecedented opportunity in this field. It is now possible to perform mutational studies of entire cancer genomes thus providing a complete description of mutations underlying human oncogenesis. The recent identification of high frequency mutations in the BRAF and PI3K genes suggests that many more cancer genes remain to be discovered. In this review, we consider how the systematic mutational analysis of gene families in individual neoplasms has led to the identification of a number of cancer genes and how this information is influencing the treatment of cancer.", "descriptor": "Neoplasms", "qualifier": "genetics"}, {"mag_id": 2979831816, "corpus_id": 203926771, "title": "Long-Term Patterns of Oral Anticancer Agent Adoption, Duration, and Switching in Patients With CML.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nOral tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been the standard of care for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) since 2001. However, few studies have evaluated changes in the treatment landscape of CML over time. This study assessed the long-term treatment patterns of oral anticancer therapies among patients with CML.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThis retrospective cohort study included patients newly diagnosed with CML between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2016, from 10 integrated healthcare systems. The proportion of patients treated with 5 FDA-approved oral TKI agents-bosutinib, dasatinib, imatinib, nilotinib, and ponatinib-in the 12 months after diagnosis were measured, overall and by year, between 2000 and 2017. We assessed the use of each oral agent through the fourth-line setting. Multivariable logistic regression estimated the odds of receiving any oral agent, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAmong 853 patients with CML, 81% received an oral agent between 2000 and 2017. Use of non-oral therapies decreased from 100% in 2000 to 5% in 2005, coinciding with imatinib uptake from 65% in 2001 to 98% in 2005. Approximately 28% of patients switched to a second-line agent, 9% switched to a third-line agent, and 2% switched to a fourth-line agent. Adjusted analysis showed that age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, and comorbidity burden were statistically significantly associated with odds of receiving an oral agent.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nA dramatic shift was seen in CML treatments away from traditional, nonoral chemotherapy toward use of novel oral TKIs between 2000 and 2017. As the costs of oral anticancer agents reach new highs, studies assessing the long-term health and financial outcomes among patients with CML are warranted.", "descriptor": "Antineoplastic Agents", "qualifier": "therapeutic use"}, {"mag_id": 2803746504, "corpus_id": 21731582, "title": "Endoscopic mucosa-sparing lateral dissection for treatment of gastric submucosal tumors: a prospective cohort study.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nIn our previous work, we developed a modified method for the removal of gastric submucosal tumors (SMTs), called endoscopic mucosa-sparing lateral dissection (EMSLD). This prospective study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and postoperative outcomes of EMSLD.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe prospectively enrolled 25 consecutive patients with gastric SMTs, who received EMSLD treatment. Clinicopathological characteristics and operation-related outcomes were analyzed.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe mean age of patients was 49.3\u200a\u00b1\u200a9.7 years, and the mean tumor size was 14.6\u200a\u00b1\u200a6.1\u200amm. En bloc resection was achieved in all cases. The mean procedure time was 47.3 \u00b1 25.9 minutes, and the estimated blood loss was 4.8\u200a\u00b1\u200a3.5\u200amL. Endoscopic full-thickness resection was performed in six patients (24\u200a%) because the tumors originated from the deep muscularis propria layer. All perforations and resection defects were successfully closed by the retained mucosa and endoclips. No serious complications related to EMSLD were encountered during or after the procedure.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nEMSLD was reliable and effective for the removal of gastric SMTs. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed.", "descriptor": "Postoperative Complications", "qualifier": "epidemiology"}, {"mag_id": 1969492598, "corpus_id": 31522622, "title": "Clinical Applications of VEGF\u2010Trap (Aflibercept) in Cancer Treatment", "abstract": "&NA; Angiogenesis is one of the key acquired characteristics or \u201challmarks\u201d essential for the growth and development of all solid tumor types. The antiangiogenic agent vascular endothelial growth factor\u2010Trap (VEGF\u2010Trap) (aflibercept), which is a composite decoy receptor based on VEGF receptor\u20101 and VEGF receptor\u20102 fused to an Fc segment of immunoglobulin G1 that binds specifically to VEGF, has demonstrated preclinical efficacy in a range of different tumor types. VEGF\u2010Trap exerts its antiangiogenic effects through regression of tumor vasculature, remolding or normalization of surviving vascu\u2010lature, and inhibition of new tumor vessel growth. Preclinical and clinical studies have reported that VEGF\u2010Trap can be combined effectively with both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This review examines the main effects of VEGF\u2010Trap on tumor vasculature and on different types of solid tumors, and explores the preclinical and clinical benefits of incorporating VEGF\u2010Trap into anticancer treatment strategies.", "descriptor": "Neoplasms", "qualifier": "drug therapy"}, {"mag_id": 2123426734, "corpus_id": 205426736, "title": "Growth differences between North American and European children at risk for type 1 diabetes", "abstract": "To evaluate the relationships between early growth and regional variations in type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence in an international cohort of children with familial and genetic risk for T1D.", "descriptor": "Obesity", "qualifier": "epidemiology"}, {"mag_id": 2395266652, "corpus_id": 10233553, "title": "[Treatment with nutrition and fluids in patients with non-curable cancer].", "abstract": "Patients with non-curable cancer represent a large and heterogeneous group in which malnutrition and weight loss is a frequent finding. This article is based on relevant literature and our own clinical experience. For every patient a thorough examination of possible underlying causes should be explored and corrected as soon as possible (secondary cachexia). However, in many patients primary cachexia is the cause, a catabolic condition where muscle protein and lipids are degraded and even aggressive nutrition will not reverse the process. This condition is very different from starvation. Metoclopramide, corticosteroids and gestagens can relieve symptoms as anorexia, chronic nausea and asthenia which frequently occur in patients with cachexia. Treatments that may maintain or increase muscle function and modulate inflammatory processes are new approaches, such as eicosapentaneoic acid, adenosine triphosphate, specific amino acids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Nutrition is an integrated part of supportive therapy to all cancer patients, unless expected survival is short. At this time in life, nutrition will not influence survival and focus should be on symptom control.", "descriptor": "Neoplasms", "qualifier": "therapy"}, {"mag_id": 2900130789, "corpus_id": 53248080, "title": "\"As Long as You Ask\": A Qualitative Study of Biobanking Consent-Oncology Patients' and Health Care Professionals' Attitudes, Motivations, and Experiences-the B-PPAE Study.", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION\nConsent to biobanking remains controversial, with little empirical data to guide policy and practice. This study aimed to explore the attitudes, motivations, and concerns of both oncology patients and health care professionals (HCPs) regarding biobanking.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nQualitative interviews were conducted with oncology patients and HCPs purposively selected from five Australian hospitals. Patients were invited to give biobanking consent as part of a clinical trial and/or for future research were eligible. HCPs were eligible if involved in consenting patients to biobanking or to donate specimens to clinical trials.\n\n\nRESULTS\nTwenty-two patients participated, with head and neck (36%) and prostate (18%) the most common cancer diagnoses; all had consented to biobanking. Twenty-two HCPs participated, from across eight cancer streams and five disciplines. Themes identified were (a) biobanking is a \"no brainer\"; (b) altruism or scientific enquiry; (c) trust in clinicians, science, and institutions; (d) no consent-just do it; (e) respecting patient choice (\"opt-out\"); (f) respectful timing of the request; (g) need for emotional/family support; (h) context of the biobanking request matters; and (i) factors for biobanking success.\n\n\nDISCUSSION\nThese findings reinforced previous findings regarding high public trust in, and support for, biobanking. An initial opt-in consent approach with the option of later opt-out was favored by patients to respect and recognize donor generosity, whereas HCPs preferred an upfront opt-out model. Factors impacting biobanking success included the context of the request for use in a trial or specific research question, pre-existing patient and HCP rapport, a local institution champion, and infrastructure.\n\n\nIMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE\nPatients and health care professionals (HCPs) who experienced cancer biobanking consent were overwhelmingly supportive of biobanking. The motivations and approaches to seeking consent were largely mirrored between the groups. The findings of this study support the opt-in model of biobanking favored by patients; however, HCPs preferred an opt-out model. Both groups recognize the importance of making the request for biobanking at an appropriate time, preferably with emotional or family support, and respecting the timing of the request and privacy of the patient. Biobanking success can be promoted by hospital departments with a research focus by identifying an institutional biobanking champion and ensuring local infrastructure is available.", "descriptor": "Neoplasms", "qualifier": "pathology"}, {"mag_id": 2149053200, "corpus_id": 21228890, "title": "Diagnostic Pregnancy Tests in Patients Treated with Tranquillizers", "abstract": "may result from or be the cause of amenorrhoea, and in either case may lead to severe anxiety or more serious psychological illness. D-lusions of pregnancy, with or without signs of pseudopregnancy, are not uncommon, and are a further source of confusion. Diagnosis of pi egnancy may be impossible by physical examination alone for the first few weeks after conception, and speed may be important if serious psychiatric breakdown is to be prevented or therapeutic abortion contemplated. In these cases, therefore, reliance may be placed upon laboratory pregnancy tests. In the past these depended upon the detection of increased chorionic gonadotrophic activity in urine", "descriptor": "Mental Disorders", "qualifier": "drug therapy"}, {"mag_id": 2061087806, "corpus_id": 28109541, "title": "Suppression of asthma, weight gain, and linear growth in children receiving fluprednisolone.", "abstract": "Abstract Fluprednisolone has been employed in the treatment of 45 children with bronchial asthma. Adequate control of asthma was attained in each child. The dose required varied considerably but was, in general, approximately one twentieth that of cortisone, one fourth that of prednisone, and one third that of methylprednisolone. Prominent side effects of prolonged treatment included suppression of rate of both weight gain and linear growth. Retardation of rate of weight gain has not been commonly observed in children receiving prednisone, methylprednisolone, and cortisone and may represent a unique and sometimes useful effect of fluprednisolone.", "descriptor": "Asthma", "qualifier": "therapy"}, {"mag_id": 2792250728, "corpus_id": 3957220, "title": "High-grade atrioventricular block in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Insights from a contemporary multi-center survey.", "abstract": "High-grade atrioventricular block (HAVB) is a frequent complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We aimed to evaluate the incidence, predictors, and prognostic significance of HAVB in a contemporary cohort of patients with AMI, in the recent era of early reperfusion. Patients with acute coronary syndromes (n=11,487) during the years 2000-2010 were included. Patients were divided into two groups: with HAVB (n=308, 2.7%) and without HAVB (n=11,179, 97.3%). The incidence of HAVB decreased from 4.2% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2010 (p for trend<0.01). Patients with HAVB were more likely to develop in-hospital complications. Independent predictors of developing HAVB were older age, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), smoking and Killip class\u22652 on admission. 30-day and 1-year mortality rates were significantly higher in the HAVB as compared to the non-HAVB group (24% vs. 4.9%, p<0.01, 33.5% vs. 10%, p<0.01, respectively). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that, HAVB was associated with increased 30-day (OR - 3.97; 95% CI - 1.96-8.04) and 1-year mortality risk (HR - 2.02; 95% CI - 1.3-3.1). Similar estimates were obtained for STEMI and non-STEMI (NSTEMI). In conclusion, although the incidence of HAVB decreased over the last decade, the associated morbidity and mortality are still high in these patients despite early reperfusion therapy.", "descriptor": "Myocardial Infarction", "qualifier": "complications"}, {"mag_id": 1986200628, "corpus_id": 30023620, "title": "The effect of quinolinic acid on the content and distribution of hepatic metabolites.", "abstract": "Abstract The effect of quinolinic acid treatment on the hepatic metabolite profile and the flux of glucose through the alternative pathways of metabolism have been measured, and the distribution of metabolites between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments has been calculated. Marked increases of the total-cell polycarboxylic anions were found and these were, in order of magnitude: malate, citrate, isocitrate, aspartate, 2-oxoglutarate, and glutamate. Calculation of the compartmented values suggested that the major increase was in the mitochondrial compartment: cytosolic glutamate, 2-oxoglutarate, and oxaloacetate were decreased and only aspartate increased in this compartment. The changes of the mitochondrial/cytosolic anion ratio was most marked, 60-fold, in the case of 2-oxoglutarate. It is suggested that inhibition of transport of 2-oxoglutarate by quinolinic acid could, by blocking the operation of the aspartate shuttle, contribute to the inhibition of gluconeogenesis from lactate. Metabolite and flux data suggest an increase in the rate of lipogenesis in quinolinic acid-treated rats with the decrease of long-chain acyl CoAs, caused by this treatment, being the possible effector for this activation.", "descriptor": "Liver", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 2078004733, "corpus_id": 37008626, "title": "GABA and Bicuculline\u2010Induced Blood Pressure Changes in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats", "abstract": "The brain GAB Aergic system was previously shown to influence blood pressure (BP) maintenance in rats which may in part be accomplished by disruption of the central renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We examined the potential role of GABA in sustaining the high BP exhibited by the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model of human essential hypertension. Intracerebroven-tricular (i.e.v.) infusion of GABA produced decreases in BP in members of three rat strains, including Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Sprague-Dawley normotensive controls and SHR. The SHR were significantly more sensitive to GABA than the normotensive strains. Next, the GABA receptor antagonist bicuculline (BMI) was infused i.e.v. and produced increases in BP in members of each strain. Finally, i.e.v. pretreatment with the specific angiotensin receptor antagonist [Sar1, Thr8]AII (sarthran), blocked subsequent GABA-induced decreases in BP in members of all three strains, and there was a trend toward sarthran attenuation of BMI-induced increases in BP. These results encourage the hypothesis that the hypotensive effects produced by central application of GABA are mediated by the brain angiotensin system.", "descriptor": "Hypertension", "qualifier": "drug therapy"}, {"mag_id": 1992934413, "corpus_id": 15482212, "title": "Diet quality, physical activity, body weight and health-related quality of life among grade 5 students in Canada", "abstract": "Abstract Objective To assess how diet quality, physical activity and body weight are related to health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among children in the Canadian province of Alberta. Design In 2008, we surveyed 3421 grade 5 students and their parents from 148 randomly selected schools. Students completed the Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire, questions on physical activities, and had their height and weight measured. The HRQOL of the students was assessed using the EQ-5D-Y. Parents completed questions on socio-economic background and children's lifestyle. We applied multilevel regression methods to examine the importance of children's diet quality, physical activity and weight status for the EQ-5D-Y Visual Analogue Scale and for the EQ-5D-Y dimensions. Setting The province of Alberta, Canada. Subjects Grade 5 students. Results Students with better diet quality, higher physical activity levels and normal body weights were statistically significantly more likely to report better HRQOL than students who ate less healthily, were less active or were overweight or obese. Conclusions The importance of diet quality, physical activity and body weight status for HRQOL may help justify broader implementation of school health programmes that promote healthy eating and active living, as these programmes will help reduce the burden of childhood obesity and improve quality of life.", "descriptor": "Obesity", "qualifier": "epidemiology"}, {"mag_id": 2236011748, "corpus_id": 6258618, "title": "Training of Attentional Filtering, but Not of Memory Storage, Enhances Working Memory Efficiency by Strengthening the Neuronal Gatekeeper Network", "abstract": "Memory training (MT) in older adults with memory deficits often leads to frustration and, therefore, is usually not recommended. Here, we pursued an alternative approach and looked for transfer effects of 1-week attentional filter training (FT) on working memory performance and its neuronal correlates in young healthy humans. The FT effects were compared with pure MT, which lacked the necessity to filter out irrelevant information. Before and after training, all participants performed an fMRI experiment that included a combined task in which stimuli had to be both filtered based on color and stored in memory. We found that training induced processing changes by biasing either filtering or storage. FT induced larger transfer effects on the untrained cognitive function than MT. FT increased neuronal activity in frontal parts of the neuronal gatekeeper network, which is proposed to hinder irrelevant information from being unnecessarily stored in memory. MT decreased neuronal activity in the BG part of the gatekeeper network but enhanced activity in the parietal storage node. We take these findings as evidence that FT renders working memory more efficient by strengthening the BG\u2013prefrontal gatekeeper network. MT, on the other hand, simply stimulates storage of any kind of information. These findings illustrate a tight connection between working memory and attention, and they may open up new avenues for ameliorating memory deficits in patients with cognitive impairments.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "diagnostic imaging"}, {"mag_id": 1524235451, "corpus_id": 45013496, "title": "Characterization of cDNA and genomic sequences corresponding to an embryonic myosin heavy chain.", "abstract": "We report here the isolation and characterization of cDNA and genomic sequences corresponding to a rat embryonic myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein. This gene, which is present as a single copy in the rat genome, comprises about 25 kilobase pairs of DNA and contains approximately 80% intronic sequences. The embryonic MHC gene belongs to a highly conserved multigene family, and exhibits a high degree of nucleotide and amino acid sequence conservation with other sarcomeric MHC genes from nematode to man. S1 nuclease mapping experiments using cDNA and genomic probes show that this MHC gene is transiently expressed during skeletal muscle development. Its mRNA is detected in fetal skeletal muscle during early development and persists up to 2 weeks after birth with the overlapping expression of neonatal and adult skeletal MHC mRNAs. However, this MHC is not expressed in the adult skeletal muscle with the exception of extraocular muscle fibers. The transient expression during muscle development of the isoform produced by this gene and its sequential replacement by other MHCs raises interesting questions about the mechanism controlling MHC isozyme transitions and the physiological significance of the individual MHCs in muscle fibers.", "descriptor": "DNA", "qualifier": "analysis"}, {"mag_id": 2909502867, "corpus_id": 73463130, "title": "Repositioning of fluoroquinolones from antibiotic to anti-cancer agents: An underestimated truth.", "abstract": "Increasing development costs and higher failure rate in clinical trials has reduced the repertoire of newer drugs in the market for clinical use. The most appropriate approach to end the search for newer drugs is \"Repositioning\", as it requires less time and money to explore new indication of existing drug or failed drug. In the past, several drugs have been repositioned for different indication but the full potential remains unharnessed. With rise in cancer prevalence and treatment costs, it is imperative to search for newer drugs and the use of repositioning approach may help us. Fluoroquinolones has been used as antibiotics for over four decades now, but recent research highlighted their use as pharmacological compounds with multifaceted implication. Repositioning of fluoroquinolones into anti-cancer molecule seems to be a highly plausible option owing to their profound immunomodulatory, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic potential. The present review provides a comprehensive account of the recent and past explorations pertaining to the anti-cancer activity of fluoroquinolones and also discusses the various approaches that are being considered to remodel them for the treatment of cancer.", "descriptor": "Neoplasms", "qualifier": "drug therapy"}, {"mag_id": 20005317, "corpus_id": 40116446, "title": "Lung cancer in developed and developing countries.", "abstract": "After the first five years of life, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and accidents are the three main causes of death in both developed and developing countries [1], Developing countries account for approximately 2.3 million of the global 4.3 million cancer deaths and for 3.2 million of the 6.3 million new cancer cases worldwide each year [2,3]. Thus, in absolute figures, the majority of the world\u2019s cancer patients are in the developing countries.", "descriptor": "Lung Neoplasms", "qualifier": "epidemiology"}, {"mag_id": 2429974847, "corpus_id": 77408500, "title": "[Infective endocarditis of staphylococcal etiology: clinical process and antibacterial therapy].", "abstract": ": Characteristics of the clinical process of staphylococcal endocarditis in 115 inpatients and the adequacy of various regimens for their antibiotic therapy within a period of 10 years were analysed. Four clinical criteria for prognosis of staphylococcal endocarditis were determined: intravenous narcomania, splenomegalia, leukocytosis and hemorrhagic skin eruption. The analysis of the Russian and foreign findings showed that the use of betalactams (oxacillin, the 1st and 3rd generation cephalosporins) and lincomycin provided the adequate therapy resulting in eradication of the pathogen in case of oxacillin resistant staphylococci, whereas the use of ciprofloxacin and vancomycin was inexpedient. In case of MRSA it was recommended to use vancomycin and in case of endocarditis due to S. aureus with intermediate resistance to vancomycin (VISA, MIC > 0.5 mcg/ml) the use of linezolid was recommended.", "descriptor": "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "qualifier": "administration & dosage"}, {"mag_id": 2113344792, "corpus_id": 7372220, "title": "Nutritional issues in palliative care.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVES\nTo present current information on nutritional problems and management during the palliative care period.\n\n\nDATA SOURCES\nResearch and review articles from three computerized databases, the table of contents of an on-line nursing journal, and pursuit of pertinent references in articles reviewed.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nControversies continue on the most appropriate management of intake in the palliative care period from both physical and ethical perspectives.\n\n\nIMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE\nUntil the literature is conclusive on the amount and type of suffering incurred by patients who are ceasing intake, nurses will need to stay current with the research literature and approach each case individually in determining appropriate care.", "descriptor": "Neoplasms", "qualifier": "nursing"}, {"mag_id": 2735907094, "corpus_id": 3927356, "title": "The essential role of exercise in the management of type 2 diabetes", "abstract": "Exercise is typically one of the first management strategies advised for patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Together with diet and behavior modification, exercise is an essential component of all diabetes and obesity prevention and lifestyle intervention programs. Exercise training, whether aerobic or resistance training or a combination, facilitates improved glucose regulation. High-intensity interval training is also effective and has the added benefit of being very time-efficient. While the efficacy, scalability, and affordability of exercise for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes are well established, sustainability of exercise recommendations for patients remains elusive.", "descriptor": "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "qualifier": "therapy"}, {"mag_id": 2087411348, "corpus_id": 24330823, "title": "Aldosterone nuclear receptors in kidneys of chick embryo.", "abstract": "We have studied the properties of the nuclear receptors for aldosterone in kidneys of chick embryo. Aliquots of 0.4 M KCl nuclear extracts were incubated with [3H]aldosterone with or without 1 microM RU28362, a potent glucocorticoid analog. Scatchard analyses of binding data revealed two classes of binding sites with Ka of 0.26 and 0.03 X 10(9) M-1 and Nmax of 330 fmol and 620 fmol/mg DNA respectively. In presence of RU28362, however, we observed only a single class of binding sites with a Ka of 1.02 X 10(8) M-1 and a Nmax of 90 fmol/mg DNA. Competition studies performed in presence of RU28362 showed that aldosterone was the more effective competitor followed by corticosterone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, dexamethasone, cortisol, triamcinolone acetonide and cortisone. The nuclear complexes had a sedimentation coefficient in the area of 8 S which changed to 4-5 S in the presence of 0.4 M KCl. This effect of KCl was prevented by the addition of 10 mM sodium molybdate. Always in the presence of the glucocorticoid analog, by DEAE-c chromatography we observed a major specific aldosterone-binding fraction which was eluted with 0.2 M KCl. This fraction sedimented at 8.4 S in the absence of sodium molybdate and KCl. In the absence of RU28362, DNA-c columns retained only a small portion of the nuclear complexes which were eluted with KCl. These complexes sedimented, on sucrose gradient, at 4.6 and 3.1 S, whereas those which did not bind to DNA-c had a sedimentation coefficient of 8 S. In the presence of RU28362, the majority of bound [3H]aldosterone remained in the column flow-through fraction; when this fraction was further analyzed on DEAE-c, complexes were eluted with 0.2 and 0.3 M KCl. These data indicate that nuclear receptors for aldosterone are present in small number in kidneys of chick embryo and that they are mostly in the 8 S form.", "descriptor": "Kidney", "qualifier": "metabolism"}, {"mag_id": 2171826505, "corpus_id": 42063778, "title": "Crystal structure of human angiogenin reveals the structural basis for its functional divergence from ribonuclease.", "abstract": "Angiogenin, a potent inducer of neovascularization, is the only angiogenic molecule known to exhibit ribonucleolytic activity. Its overall structure, as determined at 2.4 A, is similar to that of pancreatic ribonuclease A, but it differs markedly in several distinct areas, particularly the ribonucleolytic active center and the putative receptor binding site, both of which are critically involved in biological function. Most strikingly, the site that is spatially analogous to that for pyrimidine binding in ribonuclease A differs significantly in conformation and is \"obstructed\" by glutamine-117. Movement of this and adjacent residues may be required for substrate binding to angiogenin and, hence, constitute a key part of its mechanism of action.", "descriptor": "Proteins", "qualifier": "ultrastructure"}, {"mag_id": 2083093728, "corpus_id": 35534226, "title": "Fractionation of polypeptides and proteins on dextran gels.", "abstract": "Abstract A bed of particulate dextran gel (Sephadex) acts as a molecular sieve thus permitting rapid removal of salts, amino acids and other compounds of low molecular weight from protein solutions. By use of dextran gels of different degrees of cross-linkage in consecutive operations, very efficient purifications of peptides of intermediate size can also be achieved. Even proteins are sometimes retarded on dextran gel and may thus be considerably purified.", "descriptor": "Proteins", "qualifier": "chemistry"}, {"mag_id": 1980008462, "corpus_id": 42453696, "title": "Total synthesis of (-)-laulimalide.", "abstract": "(-)-Laulimalide (1), a structurally novel macrolide isolated in trace amounts from marine sponges, promotes abnormal tubulin polymerization and apoptosis in vitro, with a similar mode of action to that of Taxol(R), but with potentially less susceptibility to multidrug resistance. Herein, a flexible and convergent asymmetric synthesis of (-)-laulimalide is described. This synthesis featured a highly diastereoselective Sakurai reaction of 2 with 3 and a regioselective macrolactonization of an unprotected vicinal diol. Laulimalide was synthesized in 25 steps (longest linear; 36 overall) in 3.5% overall yield, providing a uniquely short and efficient route to 1 and its analogues.", "descriptor": "Antineoplastic Agents", "qualifier": "chemical synthesis"}, {"mag_id": 2593920623, "corpus_id": 3814086, "title": "Multiregional dissemination of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258/ST512 genotypes in Poland, 2010\u201314", "abstract": "Objectives\nIn 2008-09, the KPC carbapenemase epidemiology in Poland was dominated by a Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 KPC-2 outbreak in Warsaw and its administrative region. The aim of this study was to analyse the situation in 2010-14, with a focus on new outbreaks in other parts of the country.\n\n\nMethods\nKPCs were detected in all suspected isolates by PCR. The detailed study was performed on 173 isolates from 2010 to 2012, and included PFGE and MLST, PCR identification of K. pneumoniae clonal group CG258 clades and potential specificity markers ( pilv-1 , IS 66 and prp ), PCR mapping of Tn 4401 transposons, and plasmid analysis by nuclease S1 profiling and PCR-based replicon typing.\n\n\nResults\nSix hundred and eight KPC cases were identified in Poland in 2010-14, almost half of which occurred in the Warsaw region, and another half in four other areas. The new outbreaks were caused by four K. pneumoniae CG258 genotypes, different from each other and from the organisms spreading in Warsaw. The new lineages were ST258 or ST512 of clade II, and had specific compositions of potential ST258/ST512 clonal markers. The isolates produced KPC-3 encoded by Tn 4401 a or Tn 4401 b elements on plasmids with single or multiple replicons, including I2, FII K (+/-FIB K ), 'FII Y -like', X3 and R. Of other species, Citrobacter freundii ST17 and Enterobacter cloacae ST254 with KPC-2 were identified in a Warsaw hospital.\n\n\nConclusions\nThe study showed remarkable changes in the KPC epidemiology in Poland in 2010-14, which, following the localized regional spread in the early phase, has converted into multiregional dissemination.", "descriptor": "Bacterial Proteins", "qualifier": "biosynthesis"}, {"mag_id": 2401264283, "corpus_id": 20212257, "title": "Assessment of the inhalation technique in asthmatic patients: a comparative study of three aerosol devices.", "abstract": "Local administration of drugs by means of aerosol device is widely used in the treatment of asthma. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of this method depends on an adequate inhalation technique (IT), which available evidence has shown to be rather problematic. The aim of this study was to assess IT in out-patients with bronchial asthma who frequently use aerosol therapy with Pressurized Metered dose inhalers (MDI), pressurized inhalers with spacer (MDI-S) and the Astra-Draco Turbuhaler system (TH). A sample of 150 adults with asthma were evaluated. These patients had been followed up for than two years and they often used one of the devices mentioned above. The IT has broken down into several steps for each procedure. Percentages of patients with one error in the IT were 50%, 44% and 42% for MDI, MDI-S and TH procedures, respectively. 18%, 20% and 14% of patients committed three errors in the IT, respectively. Differences detected were not significant. Seven patients committed errors in every step of the IT. In conclusion, the level of errors found in our study is high, similar to that cited in the existing literature. It is also roughly equivalent for the three devices tested. We believe that the proper teaching monitoring of IT skills is highly important in the treatment of bronchial asthma.", "descriptor": "Asthma", "qualifier": "drug therapy"}, {"mag_id": 2152346792, "corpus_id": 17171258, "title": "Calibrated functional MRI: mapping the dynamics of oxidative metabolism.", "abstract": "MRI was extended to the measurement of changes in oxidative metabolism in the normal human during functionally induced changes in cellular activity. A noninvasive MRI method that is model-independent calibrates the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal of functional MRI (fMRI) against perfusion-sensitive MRI, using carbon dioxide breathing as a physiological reference standard. This calibration procedure provides a regional measurement of the expected sensitivity of the fMRI BOLD signal to changes in the cellular activity of the brain. Maps of the BOLD signal calibration factor showed regional heterogeneity, indicating that the magnitude of functionally induced changes in the BOLD signal will be dependent on both the local change in blood flow and the local baseline physiology of the cerebral cortex. BOLD signal magnitude is shown to be reduced by 32% from its expected level by the action of oxygen metabolism. The calibrated fMRI technique was applied to stimulation of the human visual cortex with an alternating radial checkerboard pattern. With this stimulus oxygen consumption increased 16% whereas blood flow increased 45%. Although this result is consistent with previous findings of a significant difference between the increase in blood flow and oxygen consumption, it does indicate clearly that oxidative metabolism is a significant component of the metabolic response of the brain to functionally induced changes in cellular activity.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "physiology"}, {"mag_id": 1987304112, "corpus_id": 26816499, "title": "Optimizing the initial 12-lead electrocardiographic diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "abstract": "AIMS\nThe optimum definition of ST elevation for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, with respect to both the minimum height and the minimum numbers of leads, is unknown. Furthermore, only 50% of patients with acute myocardial infarction present with ST elevation. We thus quantified the sensitivity and specificity of different ST elevation criteria for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, and determined whether models incorporating multiple QRST features in addition to ST elevation, could improve detection of acute myocardial infarction.\n\n\nMETHODS AND RESULTS\nThe study population comprised 1190 subjects: 1041 consecutive patients presenting with chest pain (335 with acute myocardial infarction) and 149 controls without chest pain. Subjects were randomly divided into a training set (587) and a validation set (603). ECG prediction models for acute myocardial infarction incorporating different ST elevation criteria and/or additional QRST features (Q waves, ST depression, T wave inversion, bundle branch block, axes deviations, and left ventricular hypertrophy) were developed in training set patients using forward stepwise multiple logistic regression. Models were then prospectively tested in the validation set patients. The optimum ST elevation model (based on > or =1 mm ST elevation in > or = 1 inferior/lateral leads, or > or =2 mm ST elevation in > or =1 anteroseptal leads) correctly classified 83.1% of subjects (55.8% sensitivity, 94. 0% specificity). The choice of ST elevation definition had marked influence on the sensitivity (45.4-68.6%) and specificity (81.2-98. 1%) for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. The addition of multiple QRST variables only marginally improved overall classification but did result in high specificity (92.6-96.1%).\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nDifferent definitions of 'significant' ST elevation led to marked variations in sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Multiple QRST features in addition to ST elevation only marginally improved overall classification.", "descriptor": "Myocardial Infarction", "qualifier": "diagnosis"}, {"mag_id": 2345347808, "corpus_id": 732322, "title": "Mucosal-associated invariant T-cell activation and accumulation after in vivo infection depends on microbial riboflavin synthesis and co-stimulatory signals", "abstract": "Despite recent breakthroughs in identifying mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell antigens (Ags), the precise requirements for in vivo MAIT cell responses to infection remain unclear. Using major histocompatibility complex\u2013related protein 1 (MR1) tetramers, the MAIT cell response was investigated in a model of bacterial lung infection employing riboflavin gene-competent and -deficient bacteria. MAIT cells were rapidly enriched in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice infected with Salmonella Typhimurium, comprising up to 50% of \u03b1\u03b2-T cells after 1 week. MAIT cell accumulation was MR1-dependent, required Ag derived from the microbial riboflavin synthesis pathway, and did not occur in response to synthetic Ag, unless accompanied by a Toll-like receptor agonist or by co-infection with riboflavin pathway-deficient S. Typhimurium. The MAIT cell response was associated with their long-term accumulation in the lungs, draining lymph nodes and spleen. Lung MAIT cells from infected mice displayed an activated/memory phenotype, and most expressed the transcription factor retinoic acid\u2013related orphan receptor \u03b3t. T-bet expression increased following infection. The majority produced interleukin-17 while smaller subsets produced interferon-\u03b3 or tumor necrosis factor, detected directly ex vivo. Thus the activation and expansion of MAIT cells coupled with their pro-inflammatory cytokine production occurred in response to Ags derived from microbial riboflavin synthesis and was augmented by co-stimulatory signals.", "descriptor": "Lung", "qualifier": "immunology"}, {"mag_id": 3000562087, "corpus_id": 210922741, "title": "NiO nanocomposites/rGO as a heterogeneous catalyst for imidazole scaffolds with applications in inhibiting the DNA binding activity.", "abstract": "Herein, we report a facile approach to synthesize a new highly versatile heterogeneous catalyst by spontaneous aerial oxidation based on nickel oxide nanocomposites immobilized on surface-functionalized reduced graphene oxide sheets. NiO nanocomposite/reduced graphene oxide (rGO-NiO-NC) is a highly efficient, cost-effective, reusable, selective, and eco-friendly nano-catalyst that does not lose any activity even after five reaction cycles. Nickel loading on the rGO-NiO nanocomposite was found to be 3.3 at%, which contributes to the effective and efficient use of rGO-NiO-NCs as a nano-catalyst for the synthesis of imidazole derivatives. Consequently, a series of imidazole derivatives were synthesized, catalyzed by rGO-NiO-NCs, in 60 min with high yields (86% to 96%) under green conditions. Furthermore, the present synthetic methodology was used for the synthesis of highly aromatic imidazole derivatives (B1-B3) whose calf thymus-DNA binding affinities suggest their superior inhibition ability to displace ethidium bromide (EB), which was further confirmed by molecular docking studies. Additionally, the green chemistry matrix of the synthesis reaction was found to be very close to ideal values, such as carbon efficiency (82.32%), E-factor (0.51), atom economy (77.86%), process mass intensity (1.51), and reaction mass efficiency (66.14%).", "descriptor": "DNA", "qualifier": "chemistry"}, {"mag_id": 2344683958, "corpus_id": 36988832, "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: MR findings.", "abstract": "Neurologic manifestations occur in over 90% of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Neuropathologically, thrombi produce occlusion of terminal arterioles and capillaries resulting in diffuse small infarcts. In the great majority of surviving patients, brain CT does not disclose any abnormalities. The authors report a case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in which brain MR examination showed multiple punctate lesions in the white matter.", "descriptor": "Brain", "qualifier": "pathology"}, {"mag_id": 1592810995, "corpus_id": 23463268, "title": "Influence of high\u2010grade prostatic intra\u2010epithelial neoplasia on total and percentage free serum prostatic specific antigen", "abstract": "\u2002To analyse the influence of high\u2010grade prostatic intra\u2010epithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) on total and percentage free serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA).", "descriptor": "Prostatic Neoplasms", "qualifier": "diagnosis"}, {"mag_id": 2774552053, "corpus_id": 3830139, "title": "[Experience with third, fourth and fifth kidney transplants and their complications.]", "abstract": "OBJECTIVES\nKidney transplant may be a good choice to treat chronic renal failure even in patients with two or more previous renal grafts. However, there might be several surgical complications and other difficulties we have to deal with. The aim of this report is to analyze the third, fourth and fifth transplants performed in our center focusing on the surgical complications and graft and patient survivals.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe performed a retrospective analysis of the 73 third, fourth and fifth kidney transplants performed in our center between February 1975 and December 2015. Statistical analysis has been performed with IBM SPSS 23.0 software.\n\n\nRESULTS\n62 patients received a third graft, 10 received a fourth one and one patient received a fifth graft. The median age of the recipients was 48 years, while for donors it was 50. Median cold ischemia time was 21 hours. Transplantectomy was not necessary in 49.31% of the cases. In 59.7% of the cases the graft vessels were anastomosed to the external iliac vessels. There were 21 cases of relevant postoperative complications (27.4% of the total grafts). Vascular thrombosis appeared in 5.5%. After 49 months of follow-up, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year graft survival were 64.3%, 56.16% and 50.69%, respectively.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nA new renal transplant in patients with two or more previous grafts is feasible, being necessary to individualize the cases. In spite of being more complex operations than previous transplants with a higher complication rate, we can obtain both acceptable graft and patient survival outcomes with an appropriate approach.", "descriptor": "Postoperative Complications", "qualifier": "epidemiology"}, {"mag_id": 2091205767, "corpus_id": 1260483, "title": "Scorpion (Odontobuthus doriae) venom induces apoptosis and inhibits DNA synthesis in human neuroblastoma cells", "abstract": "Scorpion and its organs have been used to cure epilepsy, rheumatism, and male impotency since medieval times. Scorpion venom which contains different compounds like enzyme and non-enzyme proteins, ions, free amino acids, and other organic inorganic substances have been reported to posses antiproliferative, cytotoxic, apoptogenic, and immunosuppressive properties. We for the first time report the apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of scorpion venom (Odontobuthus doriae) in human neuroblastoma cells. After exposure of cells to medium containing varying concentrations of venom (10, 25, 50, 100, and 200\u00a0\u03bcg/ml), cell viability decreased to 90.75, 75.53, 55.52, 37.85, and 14.30%, respectively, after 24\u00a0h. Cells expressed morphological changes like swelling, inhibition of neurite outgrowth, irregular shape, aggregation, rupture of membrane, and release of cytosolic contents after treatment with venom. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level increased in 50 and 100\u00a0\u03bcg/ml as compared to control, but there was no significant increase in LDH level at a dose of 10 and 20\u00a0\u03bcg/ml. Two concentrations viz. 50 and 100\u00a0\u03bcg/ml were selected because of the profound effect of these concentrations on the cellular health and population. Treatment with these two concentrations induced reactive nitrogen intermediates and depolarization in mitochondria. While caspase-3 activity increased in a concentration-dependent manner, only 50\u00a0\u03bcg/ml was able to fragment DNA. It was interesting to note that at higher dose, i.e., 100\u00a0\u03bcg/ml, the cells were killed, supposedly by acute necrosis. DNA synthesis evidenced by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. The cells without treatment incorporated BrdU with high affinity confirming their cancerous nature whereas very less incorporation was noticed in treated cells. Our results show apoptotic and antiproliferative potential of scorpion venom (O. doriae) in human neuroblastoma cells. These properties make scorpion venom a valuable therapeutic agent in cancer research.", "descriptor": "Antineoplastic Agents", "qualifier": "pharmacology"}, {"mag_id": 1978159040, "corpus_id": 22987676, "title": "Evaluation of cationic liposomes for delivery of diphtheria toxin A-chain gene to cells infected with bovine leukemia virus.", "abstract": "We investigated whether cationic liposomes are efficient at delivering the gene for diphtheria toxin A-chain (DT-A) under the control of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) (pLTR-DT) into BLV-infected cells and are also suitable for in vivo use. The transfection activity of the cationic liposomes composed of N-(alpha-trimethylammonioacetyl)-didodecyl-D-glutamate chloride (TMAG), dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine (DLPC) (1:2:2, molar ratio) (TMAG-liposome) and liposomes composed of phosphatidylserine (PS) (PS-liposome) was evaluated by the luciferase assay using a plasmid which contains the coding sequence of firefly luciferase under the control of the SR alpha promoter (pSR alpha/L-A delta 5). The TMAG-liposome gave highly efficient transfection in the presence of serum. On the other hand, PS-liposome showed inferior efficiency. When BLV-infected cells were co-transfected with a fixed amount of pSR alpha/L-A delta 5-entrapped TMAG-liposome and various amount of pLTR-DT-containing TMAG-liposome, the luciferase activity in the BLV-infected cells was inhibited by the addition of pLTR-DT-entrapped TMAG-liposome dose-dependently. The cationic TMAG-liposome containing pLTR-DT was successively added to BLV-infected cells in culture. The number of viable cells was markedly reduced by the cationic TMAG-liposome containing pLTR-DT. On the other hand, TMAG-liposome containing pSR alpha/L-A delta 5 showed no such effect. pLTR-DT entrapped by the cationic TMAG-liposome was not digested by the treatment with DNase I and with serum. These results suggest that the cationic liposomes, such as TMAG-liposome, may be efficient transfection reagent for the BLV-infected cells and can be utilized for DT-A gene delivery into the BLV-infected cells in vivo.", "descriptor": "Kidney", "qualifier": "virology"}, {"mag_id": 2134172788, "corpus_id": 205093366, "title": "Bardoxolone methyl and kidney function in CKD with type 2 diabetes.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nChronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure, with both inflammation and oxidative stress contributing to disease progression. Bardoxolone methyl, an oral antioxidant inflammation modulator, has shown efficacy in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes in short-term studies, but longer-term effects and dose response have not been determined.\n\n\nMETHODS\nIn this phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we assigned 227 adults with CKD (defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate [GFR] of 20 to 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area) in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive placebo or bardoxolone methyl at a target dose of 25, 75, or 150 mg once daily. The primary outcome was the change from baseline in the estimated GFR with bardoxolone methyl, as compared with placebo, at 24 weeks; a secondary outcome was the change at 52 weeks.\n\n\nRESULTS\nPatients receiving bardoxolone methyl had significant increases in the mean (\u00b1SD) estimated GFR, as compared with placebo, at 24 weeks (with between-group differences per minute per 1.73 m(2) of 8.2\u00b11.5 ml in the 25-mg group, 11.4\u00b11.5 ml in the 75-mg group, and 10.4\u00b11.5 ml in the 150-mg group; P<0.001). The increases were maintained through week 52, with significant differences per minute per 1.73 m(2) of 5.8\u00b11.8 ml, 10.5\u00b11.8 ml, and 9.3\u00b11.9 ml, respectively. Muscle spasms, the most frequent adverse event in the bardoxolone methyl groups, were generally mild and dose-related. Hypomagnesemia, mild increases in alanine aminotransferase levels, and gastrointestinal effects were more common among patients receiving bardoxolone methyl.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nBardoxolone methyl was associated with improvement in the estimated GFR in patients with advanced CKD and type 2 diabetes at 24 weeks. The improvement persisted at 52 weeks, suggesting that bardoxolone methyl may have promise for the treatment of CKD. (Funded by Reata Pharmaceuticals; BEAM ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00811889.).", "descriptor": "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "qualifier": "physiopathology"}] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/training/sample_data/s2and_small.json b/training/sample_data/s2and_small.json deleted file mode 100644 index 3a7e9bd3f2e772bd29d1f9fe1bf01d2567509949..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/training/sample_data/s2and_small.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -[{"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 24254880, "title": "[Characteristics of heavy metal elements and their relationship with magnetic properties of river sediment from urban area in Lanzhou].", "abstract": "The contents of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn in the surface sediments from 8 rivers in urban area in Lanzhou were monitored by ecological risk which was assessed by the potential ecological H\u00e5kanson index, and the index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), sediment enrichment factor (R), and environmental magnetism. The results showed that: (1) the potential ecological risk of heavy metals of As, Co, Ni, V in surface sediments from 8 rivers were low, which belonged to low ecological risk. But the risk of heave metals Cr, Pb, Zn in surface sediments from Yuer river was high, which belonged to middle ecological risk, and in downstream of Yuer river, the element of Cu belonged to high ecological risk. (2) The rivers in Lanzhou could be divided into four groups according to the heavy mental pollution degree: first type, such as Paihong river, Shier river, Yuer river and Shuimo river, called downstream concentrate type; second type, such as Qili river, called upstream concentrate type; third type, such as Luoguo river and Dasha river, called less affected type; fourth type, Lanni river, which polluted heavily in up and downstream; (3) The correlation analysis between magnetic parameters and element contents show that the parameters which mainly reflect the concentration of the magnetic minerals (X, SIRM, Ms) have close association with Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, So we can infer that the magnetic minerals in deposits samples mainly came from electroplating effluent, motor vehicle emission, and domestic sewage. SIRM/X shows a strong correlation with Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, indicating the distribution of anthropogenic particulates. (4) The magnetic minerals(X, SIRM, Ms) have a strong correlation with the geoaccumulation (Igeo) than potential ecological risk index and enrichment factor (R). These results suggest a possible approach for source identification of magnetic material in pollution studies and the validity of using magnetic measurements to mapping the polluted area."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 12540419, "title": "Combination of magnetic parameters and heavy metals to discriminate soil-contamination sources in Yinchuan--a typical oasis city of Northwestern China.", "abstract": "Various industrial processes and vehicular traffic result in harmful emissions containing both magnetic minerals and heavy metals. In this study, we investigated the levels of magnetic and heavy metal contamination of topsoils from Yinchuan city in northwestern China. The results demonstrate that magnetic mineral assemblages in the topsoil are dominated by pseudo-single domain (PSD) and multi-domain (MD) magnetite. The concentrations of anthropogenic heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) and the magnetic properties of \u03c7lf, SIRM, \u03c7ARM, and 'SOFT' and 'HARD' remanence are significantly correlated, suggesting that the magnetic minerals and heavy metals have common sources. Combined use of principal components and fuzzy cluster analysis of the magnetic and chemical data set indicates that the magnetic and geochemical properties of the particulates emitted from different sources vary significantly. Samples from university campus and residential areas are mainly affected by crustal material, with low concentrations of magnetic minerals and heavy metals, while industrial pollution sources are characterized by high concentrations of coarse magnetite and Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. Traffic pollution is characterized by Pb and Zn, and magnetite. Magnetic measurements of soils are capable of differentiating sources of magnetic minerals and heavy metals from industrial processes, vehicle fleets and soil parent material.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 52830106, "title": "Magnetic records of heavy metal pollution in urban topsoil in Lanzhou, China", "abstract": "This study is a systematic analysis of the magnetic characteristics and heavy metal elements in soil samples collected from Lanzhou City, China. The 117 surface soil samples were measured to study the feasibility and effectiveness of environmental magnetism for evaluating heavy metal pollution in urban soils. Results of the study indicate that low-coercivity magnetite dominates the magnetic properties in the samples. The high values of the soil magnetic mineral concentration parameters and low values of magnetic particle size parameters are distributed throughout the northern area of Xigu District, the industrial zones of the eastern section of Chengguan District and the districts of the narrow sections connecting Chengguan District and the other three districts; these parameters are fundamentally consistent with the distribution of the high values of the Pollution Load Index and Nemerow Pollution Index. Semi-quantitative studies which use the environmental magnetic method to monitor pollution of heavy metals (such as As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Fe) have shown that when \u03c7lf\u2a7d35\u00d710\u22128 m3 kg\u22121, it is unpolluted; when 35 \u2a7d \u03c7lf<150\u00d710\u22128 m3 kg\u22121, it is moderately polluted to unpolluted; when 150 \u2a7d \u03c7lf<365\u00d710\u22128 m3 kg\u22121, it is moderately polluted; when 365 \u2a7d \u03c7lf<750\u00d710\u22128 m3 kg\u22121, \u03c7fd%<2.7 and \u03c7ARM/SIRM<0.2\u00d710\u22123 m A\u22121, it is moderately to highly polluted; when \u03c7lf\u2a7e750\u00d710\u22128 m3 kg\u22121, \u03c7fd%<2.7 and \u03c7ARM/SIRM<0.2\u00d710\u22123 m A\u22121, it is highly polluted. The region of moderately to highly polluted distribution is caused by industry and vehicles, showing that the change of pollution in Lanzhou City bears the trend of \u201cvehicle emission + industrial\u201d.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 23679031, "title": "Detecting the sensitivity of magnetic response on different pollution sources--A case study from typical mining cities in northwestern China.", "abstract": "Rapid monitoring and discriminating different anthropogenic pollution is a key scientific issue. To detect the applicability and sensitivity of magnetic measurements for evaluating different industrial pollution in urban environment, characteristics of topsoil from three typical fast developing industrial cities (Jinchang, Baiyin and Jiayuguan in Gansu province, northwestern China) were studied by magnetic and geochemical analyses. The results showed that magnetic susceptibility was enhanced near industrial areas, and PSD-MD magnetite dominated the magnetic properties. Magnetic concentration parameters (\u03c7lf, SIRM, and \u03c7ARM) showed different correlations with heavy metals and PLI in the three cities, indicating significantly different magnetic response to different pollution sources. Principal component analysis showed that ferrimagnetic minerals coexist with heavy metals of Fe, As, Cu, Pb, and Zn in Baiyin and Fe, V, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Cr in Jiayuguan. Fuzzy cluster analysis and regression analysis further indicated that the sensitivity of magnetic monitoring to fuel dust is higher than that to mineral dust near non-ferrous metal smelters, and fossil fuel consumption is an important factor for increasing magnetite content. In all the three cities, the sensitivity of magnetic monitoring to pollutants from steel plants is much higher than that from non-ferrous metal plants. Therefore, magnetic proxies provide a rapid means for detecting heavy metal contamination caused by multi-anthropogenic pollution sources in a large scale area, however, the sensitivity was controlled by pollution sources.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 134204432, "title": "Magnetic properties of eolian sand sediments in the Mu Us Desert and their paleoenvironmental significance", "abstract": "In arid deserts, magnetic susceptibility enhancement caused by pedogenesis is limited and usually disturbed by lithogenic magnetic signals. Separation of these two magnetic components is essential for selecting the precise proxy for climate and dust variation. This paper presents detailed magnetic investigation of eolian sand sediments from the Jinjie section at the east edge of Mu Us Desert to explore the relationship between the magnetic parameters and sedimentary environment. Hysteresis loops and temperature dependence of magnetization (J-T curves) were measured to identify the types of magnetic minerals. Environmental magnetic measurements, such as lowfrequency magnetic susceptibility (chi(lf)), frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (chi(fd)), susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (chi(ARM)), saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) and \"hard\" isothermal remanent magnetization (HIRM) were carried out to determine the content of magnetic minerals in different types and domains. Magnetic ratio parameters, including percentage of frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (chi(fd) %) chi(ARM)/SIRM and chi(ARM)/chi(lf), were calculated to estimate the grain-size of magnetic minerals. The \"mean value concept\" in a mono-linear regression of multi-variables was used to separate lithogenic and pedogenic magnetic susceptibility components (chi(0) and chi(pedo)). The results show that magnetic minerals of the Jinjie section are dominated by ferromagnetic minerals with a few antiferromagnetic minerals mixed. Magnetic grain-size is quite fine compared with the adjacent loess deposits, mainly coarse stable single domain (SSD) and superparamagnetic (SP) particles. The equivalent magnetic grain-size is 0. 1 similar to 1 mu m with more fine/ultrafine particles appearing in paleosol layers. Both lithogenic and pedogenic magnetic mineral contents of the Jinjie section are less than eolian depositions on the Chinese Loess Plateau. chi(lf) values range (5. 21 similar to 38. 50) X 10(-8)m(3) . kg(-1), with the average chi(0) value 7. 663 X 10(-8)m(3) . kg(-1). The proportion of chi(0) and Zpedo occupied in the mass magnetic susceptibility is widely fluctuant in the section, thus paleoenvironmental significance of magnetic susceptibility is complicated, and great attention should be paid when magnetic susceptibility is used as a paleoprecipitation indicator. The ratios of magnetic parameters, i. e. chi(pedo)/chi(0), chi(fd)/HIRM, chi(fd) % and chi(ARM)/SIRM, possess significant linear or logarithmic/exponential correlation between each other. All these ratios can reduce or refrain the effect from lithogenic magnetic signals, and thus can accurately indicate pedogenesis intensity and precipitation. We consider that HIRM mainly reflects detrital hematite content, which is derived from the dust source region. The prominent pOsitive correlation between HIRM and chi(0) indicates that detrital hematite possesses a roughly constant proportion in the mass eolian magnetic minerals, thus HIRM can be used as a proxy for dust flux in the Mu Us Desert.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 132725822, "title": "Magnetic properties of the urban soils in Lanzhou and their environmental implications", "abstract": "Magnetic characteristics in 117 surface soil samples collected from Lanzhou City,China were systematically analyzed.Low-coercivity magnetite dominated the magnetic properties in the samples.Values of magnetic mineral concentration parameters were high in the following four areas:(1) the industrial area centered by Lanzhou aluminum plant power and Xigu thermal power plant.(2) Yanerwan,LanDong building materials market enterprise and leather factory.(3) The long and narrow stripe region along the materials market-West Station-Xiaoxihu Park-Chengguan Bridge.(4) The area surrounding Shuishang Park.And low values presented in Anning District(especially Jiuzhou Development Zone) and the south of Qilihe District.In addition,the result from soil profiles showed high values of \u03c7lfand SIRM in the upper 20cm near the surface and then significantly decreasing,which indicated that contamination was confined in a depth of the upper 20cm.Contrasting with nature samples,magnetic characteristics of polluted materials,such as topsoil,street dust,dust fall,and river sediment,was simplex and dominated by magnetite.Moreover,differences were also observed in the correlation between magnetic susceptibility and percentage frequency magnetic susceptibility,which was positive in nature samples but was negative in anthropogenic materials.Therefore environmental magnetism can be used as a tool for large-scale and high resolution pollution monitoring.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 128175469, "title": "Spatial and temporal changes of phosphorus in coastal wetland soils as affected by a tidal creek in the Yellow River Estuary, China", "abstract": "Abstract In order to investigate spatial and temporal changes of soil phosphorus and its availability in coastal wetlands in the Yellow River Estuary, soil samples from five sampling sites (Sites 1\u20135) in four sampling periods were collected and the contents of soil phosphorus and other properties were detected. Our results showed that there were no significant differences in total phosphorus (TP) in surface and subsurface soils among the five sampling sites ( p \u00a0>\u00a00.05), whereas significant differences were observed between June and other months ( p \u00a0August\u00a0>\u00a0November\u00a0>\u00a0April. Generally, available phosphorus (AP) contents also showed a fluctuation in different sampling periods and there were significant differences between November and August and April at 10\u201320\u00a0cm soil layer ( p p", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 7267678, "title": "Temporal and spatial charactristics of base flow in Wei River basin and its affection factors", "abstract": "Using Series of daily runoff recorded at 4 hydrological stations which are Linjiacun, Weijiabu, Xianyan, Huaxian in the Wei River basin, based on BFI-Base Flow Separation method, this paper analyzed the base flow changes in Wei River from 1955 to 2000. The results showed:(1) The base flow was an important component of runoff in Wei Ri ver, accounting for about 47%. (2) The proportion of base flow in three segments which are above Weijiabu station, Weijiabu - Xian yang, Xian yang - Huaxian were 33%, 20%, 47%. (3) Wei River Base Flow was downward in the past 50 years. 1970 was a dividing line, before which the average base flow reached 42 Billion cubic meters and after which was 27 Billion cubic meters.(4) The base flow index in Weijiabu - Xian yang section is 60%, Linjiacun - Weijiabu section of that is 43%, Xian yang - Huaxian section is 40%. (5) By Correlation analysis between the base flow and rainfall, obtained the last century 60' s and 70's the base flow correlated well with the rainfall, after 70's it was mainly influenced by human activities that included building Hydraulic engineering, exploiting groundwater, etc.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 128855430, "title": "Estimating streambed parameters for a disconnected river", "abstract": "Evaluation of stream\u2013aquifer interaction and water balance for a catchment often requires specific information on streambed parameters, such as streambed hydraulic conductivity, seepage flux across the streambed and so on. This paper describes a simple, inexpensive instrument that is used to measure these streambed parameters under the condition of a stream disconnected from groundwater. Our method includes a seepage cylinder for simulation of river water depth. The proposed method was applied to estimate the vertical hydraulic conductivity of a streambed and the changes in vertical seepage rate from stream to groundwater with varied stream water depth in the Manasi River of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The vertical hydraulic conductivities of the streambed determined from 12 sites along the Manasi River vary from 1.01 to 29.m/day where the stream disconnects from the groundwater. The experimental results suggest that there are two kinds of relations between the vertical seepage rate and the simulated stream water depth. One is a linear relation between the two variables with low Reynolds numbers (less than 10); the other is a nonlinear relation (exponential relation) between the two variables with larger Reynolds numbers (greater than 10). This second relationship is quite different from the traditional model that usually calculates the vertical seepage rate from stream to groundwater under the condition of disconnection using a linear relation (Darcy's Law). Our results suggest that a linear relation can only be used for a limited range of river water depth. This method gives a convenient tool for rapidly estimating the streambed hydraulic conductivity and the changes in the vertical seepage rate across streambed with varied stream water depths for the case of a stream disconnected from groundwater. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 12017722, "title": "Modeling the correlation between modality semantics and facial expressions", "abstract": "Facial expression plays an important role in face-to-face human-computer communication. Although considerable efforts have been made to enable computers to speak like human beings, how to express the rich semantic information through facial expression still remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we use the concept of \u201cmodality\u201d to describe the semantic information which is related to the mood, attitude and intention. We propose a novel parametric mapping model to quantitatively characterize the non-verbal modality semantics for facial expression animation. In particular, seven-dimensional semantic parameters (SP) are first defined to describe the modality information. Then, a set of motion patterns represented with Key FAP (KFAP) is used to explore the correlations of MPEG-4 facial animation parameters (FAP). The SP-KFAP mapping model is trained with the linear regression algorithm (AMMSE) and an artificial neural network (ANN) respectively. Empirical analysis on a public facial image dataset verifies the strong correlation between the SP and KFAP. We further apply the mapping model to two different applications: facial expression synthesis and modality semantics detection from facial images. Both objective and subjective experimental results on the public datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results also indicate that the ANN method can significantly improve the prediction accuracies in both applications.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 41407305, "title": "Comparative study of base flow separation methods-Taking Huaxian station of Weihe River for example", "abstract": "Base flow is an important component element of water resources, which plays an important role in maintaining ecological base flow. Due to the difficulty in measurement, it is important to select an adaptive base flow separation method for further base flow research. Taking Weihe River Basin as the research object, based on the hydrological data of Huaxian County, this thesis adopts three different separation methods (PART, digital filter technique, and base flow index (BFI) separation method) to undertake a comparative study. The study shows that digital filter technique is the best one. And through analysis of Weihe River by this method, the base flow of Weihe River gradually reduces since 1930s.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 15701396, "title": "Chewing areca nut increases the risk of coronary artery disease in taiwanese men: a case-control study", "abstract": "BackgroundAreca nut chewing has been reported to be associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiovascular mortality in previous studies. The aim of this study was to examine whether chewing areca nut increases the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Taiwanese men.MethodsThis study is a hospital-based case-control study. The case patients were male patients diagnosed in Taiwan between 1996 and 2009 as having a positive Treadmill exercise test or a positive finding on the Thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging. The case patients were further evaluated by coronary angiography to confirm their CAD. Obstructive CAD was defined as a \u2265 50% decrease in the luminal diameter of one major coronary artery. The patients who did not fulfill the above criteria of obstructive CAD were excluded.The potential controls were males who visited the same hospital for health check-ups and had a normal electrocardiogram but no history of ischemic heart disease or CAD during the time period that the case patients were diagnosed. The eligible controls were randomly selected and frequency-matched with the case patients based on age. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds ratio of areca nut chewing and the risk of obstructive CAD.ResultsA total of 293 obstructive CAD patients and 720 healthy controls, all men, were analyzed. Subjects who chewed areca nut had a 3.5-fold increased risk (95% CI = 2.0-6.2) of having obstructive CAD than those without, after adjusting for other significant covariates. The dose-response relationship of chewing areca nut and the risk of obstructive CAD was also noted. After adjusting for other covariates, the 2-way additive interactions for obstructive CAD risk were also significant between areca nut use and cigarette smoking, hypertension and dyslipidemia.ConclusionsLong-term areca nut chewing was an independent risk factor of obstructive CAD in Taiwanese men. Interactive effects between chewing areca nut and cigarette smoking, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were also observed for CAD risk. Further exploration of their underlying mechanisms is necessary."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 205184991, "title": "Platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling activates pericyte-myofibroblast transition in obstructive and post-ischemic kidney fibrosis.", "abstract": "Pericytes are the major source of scar-producing myofibroblasts following kidney injury; however, the mechanisms of this transition are unclear. To clarify this, we examined Collagen 1 (\u03b11)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mice (pericytes and myofibroblasts express GFP) following ureteral obstruction or ischemia-reperfusion injury and focused on the role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-receptor (PDGFR) signaling in these two different injury models. Pericyte proliferation was noted after injury with reactivation of \u03b1-smooth muscle actin expression, a marker of the myofibroblast phenotype. PDGF expression increased in injured tubules, endothelium, and macrophages after injury, whereas PDGFR subunits \u03b1 and \u03b2 were expressed exclusively in interstitial GFP-labeled pericytes and myofibroblasts. When PDGFR\u03b1 or PDGFR\u03b2 activation was inhibited by receptor-specific antibody following injury, proliferation and differentiation of pericytes decreased. The antibodies also blunted the injury-induced transcription of PDGF, transforming growth factor \u03b21, and chemokine CCL2. They also reduced macrophage infiltration and fibrosis. Imatinib, a PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, attenuated pericyte proliferation and kidney fibrosis in both fibrogenic models. Thus, PDGFR signaling is involved in pericyte activation, proliferation, and differentiation into myofibroblasts during progressive kidney injury. Hence, pericytes may be a novel target to prevent kidney fibrosis by means of PDGFR signaling blockade.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 22037888, "title": "Discovery of novel bladder cancer biomarkers by comparative urine proteomics using iTRAQ technology.", "abstract": "A urine sample preparation workflow for the iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation) technique was established. The reproducibility of this platform was evaluated and applied to discover proteins with differential levels between pooled urine samples from nontumor controls and three bladder cancer patient subgroups with different grades/stages (a total of 14 controls and 23 cancer cases in two multiplex iTRAQ runs). Combining the results of two independent clinical sample sets, a total of 638 urine proteins were identified. Among them, 55 proteins consistently showed >2-fold differences in both sample sets. Western blot analyses of individual urine samples confirmed that the levels of apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1), apolipoprotein A-II, heparin cofactor 2 precursor and peroxiredoxin-2 were significantly elevated in bladder cancer urine specimens (n = 25-74). Finally, we quantified APOA1 in a number of urine samples using a commercial ELISA and confirmed again its potential value for diagnosis (n = 126, 94.6% sensitivity and 92.0% specificity at a cutoff value of 11.16 ng/mL) and early detection (n = 71, 83.8% sensitivity and 94.0% specificity). Collectively, our results provide the first iTRAQ-based quantitative profile of bladder cancer urine proteins and represent a valuable resource for the discovery of bladder cancer markers.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 14546408, "title": "Pituitary apoplexy induced by Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for treating prostate cancer-report of first Asian case", "abstract": "We present the first Asian case of a 77-year-old man who developed pituitary apoplexy (PA) soon after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) (leuprorelin) injection to treat prostate cancer. Headache, ophthalmoplegia, visual field deficit, nausea, and vomiting are the typical characteristics of pituitary apoplexy. Though the occurrence rate is rare, the consequence of this condition can vary from mild symptoms such as headache to life-threatening scenarios like conscious change. Magnetic resonance imaging is the best imaging modality to detect PA and sublabial trans-sphenoid pituitary tumor removal can resolve most of PA symptoms and is so far the best solution in consensus. We also review 11 previous reported cases receiving GnRHa for androgen deprivation therapy of prostate cancer, and hope to alert clinicians to use GnRHa with caution.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 5362337, "title": "Novel insights into pericyte-myofibroblast transition and therapeutic targets in renal fibrosis.", "abstract": "Renal fibrosis is a disease affecting millions worldwide and is a harbinger of progressive renal failure. Understanding the mechanisms of renal fibrosis is important for discovering new therapies that are required to prevent loss of renal function. Recently, we identified pericytes that line the kidney microvasculature as the precursor cells of the scar-producing myofibroblasts during kidney injury. Kidney pericytes are extensively branched cells embedded within the capillary basement membrane and stabilize the capillary network through tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 and angiogenic growth factors. Pericytes detach from endothelial cells and migrate into the interstitial space where they undergo a transition into myofibroblasts after injury. Activation of endothelium, pericyte-myofibroblast transition, and recruitment of inflammatory macrophages lead to capillary rarefaction and fibrosis. Targeting endothelium-pericyte crosstalk by inhibiting vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptors and platelet-derived growth factor receptors in response to injury have been identified as new therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, targeting macrophage activation has also been proven as a novel and safe therapeutic approach for pericyte-myofibroblast transition. However, we are still far from understanding the interaction between pericytes and other cellular elements in normal physiology and during kidney fibrosis. Further studies will be required to translate into more specific therapeutic approaches.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 2095384, "title": "Green dialysate.", "abstract": "Yi-Ting Chen, Chun-Chieh Huang, Chin-Chi Kuo, Huey-Wen Chen and Ming-Shiou Wu Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan and Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Correspondence: Ming-Shiou Wu, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan. E-mail: mhw1001@gmail.com", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 32849177, "title": "G771C Polymorphism in the MLXIPL Gene Is Associated with a Risk of Coronary Artery Disease in the Chinese: A Case-Control Study", "abstract": "Objectives: Previously, a genome-wide scan has identified a nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (rs3812316, G771C, Gln241His) in the MLXIPL gene that is associated with the level of plasma triglycerides. However, no data are available on the association of this polymorphism with coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Chinese population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between a gene polymorphism related to triglyceride metabolism and CAD. Methods: The genotype of the polymorphism in the MLXIPL gene was determined in 352 CAD patients and 152 CAD-free subjects. All of the participants were selected to study the MLXIPL gene rs3812316 polymorphism using the polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: In Chinese participants, we observed that there was a significant difference in genotype between the cases and controls (p = 0.002). After allowance for potential confounders, unconditional logistic analysis revealed that the SNP was significantly related to a risk in CAD patients (adjusted OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.30\u20135.08; p =0.004). We also found that there was a significant association between the single nucleotide polymorphism and plasma triglyceride levels (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.061\u20131.542; p < 0.05). Conclusion: The gene sequence variation in the MLXIPL gene may serve as a novel genetic marker for the risk of significant CAD.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 2209441, "title": "Sleep apnea and the risk of chronic kidney disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study.", "abstract": "STUDY OBJECTIVES\nSleep apnea (SA) is characterized by apnea during sleep and is associated with cardiovascular diseases and an increase in all-cause mortality. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem that has placed a substantial burden on healthcare resources. However, the relationship between SA and the incidence of CKD is not clear. This study aimed to determine whether SA is an independent risk factor for the development of CKD.\n\n\nDESIGN\nRetrospective cohort study.\n\n\nSETTING\nNational Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan.\n\n\nPATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS\nA total of 4,674 adult patients (age \u2265 30 y) in whom SA was newly diagnosed from 2000 to 2010 were included, together with 23,370 non-SA patients as the comparison group. The two groups were frequency-matched for sex, age, and year of receiving medical service. Each individual was followed until 2011.\n\n\nINTERVENTIONS\nN/A.\n\n\nMEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS\nThese two groups were monitored and observed for the occurrence of CKD. Patients with SA experienced a 1.94-fold increase (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52-2.46; P < 0.001) in the incidence of CKD, which was independent of sex, age, and comorbid medical conditions. Additionally, they showed a 2.2-fold increase (95% CI, 1.31-3.69; P < 0.01) in the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nPatients with sleep apnea are at increased risk for chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease compared with the general population. As such, screening renal function and treatment of chronic kidney disease is an important issue in patients with sleep apnea.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 18531904, "title": "Preoperative Risk Score Predicting 90-Day Mortality After Liver Resection in a Population-Based Study", "abstract": "AbstractThe impact of important preexisting comorbidities, such as liver and renal disease, on the outcome of liver resection remains unclear. Identification of patients at risk of mortality will aid in improving preoperative preparations. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a population-based score based on available preoperative and predictable parameters predicting 90-day mortality after liver resection using data from a hepatitis endemic country.We identified 13,159 patients who underwent liver resection between 2002 and 2006 in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. In a randomly selected half of the total patients, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to develop a prediction score for estimating the risk of 90-day mortality by patient demographics, preoperative liver disease and comorbidities, indication for surgery, and procedure type. The score was validated with the remaining half of the patients.Overall 90-day mortality was 3.9%. Predictive characteristics included in the model were age, preexisting cirrhosis-related complications, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, renal disease, malignancy, and procedure type. Four risk groups were stratified by mortality scores of 1.1%, 2.2%, 7.7%, and 15%. Preexisting renal disease and cirrhosis-related complications were the strongest predictors. The score discriminated well in both the derivation and validation sets with c-statistics of 0.75 and 0.75, respectively.This population-based score could identify patients at risk of 90-day mortality before liver resection. Preexisting renal disease and cirrhosis-related complications had the strongest influence on mortality. This score enables preoperative risk stratification, decision-making, quality assessment, and counseling for individual patients.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 24741353, "title": "[Association of single nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 12q24.31 with susceptibility to coronary artery disease].", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo determine whether the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on chromosome 12q24.31(rs2259816) is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in Han population of southwest China.\n\n\nMETHODS\nA case-control association study with 592 unrelated patients with coronary artery disease and 463 normal controls from Chinese Han population was performed. Genotype for the SNP on chromosome 12q24.31 (rs2259816) was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe genotypes of AA, AC, CC were both detected in the coronary artery disease group and the control group. The frequencies of A allele were 49.5% in case group and 43.8% in control group, showing statistically significant difference(OR=1.129, 95%CI:1.029-1.239, P=0.010).\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThe replication study showed that the genetic polymorphism in rs2259816 is associated with coronary artery disease in Han population of southwest China.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 205303957, "title": "Red blood cell storage duration and mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (Am Heart J 2010;159:876-81).", "abstract": "We read with interest the work by Simon D. Robinson that reported that the older red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is associated with increased 30-day mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (hazard ratio 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.04). The previous researches indicate that low hemoglobin (Hgb) level is an independent predictor of mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Acute blood loss because of the procedure can also increase the in-hospital mortality. Besides, for the patients with lower Hgb level, the larger volume of RBC should be transfused and older RBCs may be used concomitantly. So, Hgb level is an important confounding factor and should be considered carefully. However, the authors failed to provide data on the Hgb level. We would really appreciate if the investigators could provide information on this issue. Am Heart J 2010;160:e35. 0002-8703/$ see front matter doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.07.029", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 4837266, "title": "The effects of continuous epidural analgesia on Doppler velocimetry of uterine arteries during different periods of labour analgesia.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nThe transient effects of epidural bupivacaine 0.25-0.5% on the Doppler velocimetry of umbilical and uterine arteries had been reported, but the effects of continuous lower dose epidural bupivacaine (0.05-0.1%) infusion for labour analgesia have never been reported. In this study, we evaluated the effects of continuous epidural bupivacaine 0.075% on the Doppler velocimetry of uterine arteries.\n\n\nMETHODS\nTwenty pregnant women for labour analgesia received continuous epidural bupivacaine 0.075% infusion. We used a 4-MHz continuous-wave Doppler probe (Multigon 500A) with a 200 Hz thump filter to detect uterine blood flow velocity. We recorded the velocimetry data for uterine relaxation and contraction during five time periods: pre-epidural insertion, 1, 2, and 4 h post-epidural infusion, and after delivery of fetus.\n\n\nRESULTS\nOur data showed that the velocimetric indices of uterine vascular resistance were significantly increased 1, 2, and 4 h after epidural infusion when compared with the pre-epidural level; these returned to the baseline after delivery.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nContinuous epidural analgesia with bupivacaine 0.075% increases the resistance of uterine artery and therefore possibly reduces the uterine blood flow."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 24651976, "title": "Ultrasound-assisted percutaneous catheterization of the axillary vein for totally implantable venous access device.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nPlacing a totally implantable venous access device (TIVAD) using the classical subclavian vein puncture method carries the risk of certain complications including hemothorax, pneumothorax and pinch-off syndrome. We set out to determine whether percutaneous axillary vein catheterization can decrease the incidence of these complications.\n\n\nMETHOD\nThis is a prospective, observational, uni-institutional study. We analyzed the outcome of 113 TIVADs performed by ultrasound-assisted percutaneous axillary vein catheterization from Jun. 2008 to Dec. 2008. Junior residents novice to subclavian and axillary vein catheterization performed the procedures. Insertion and indwelling catheter complications were recorded.\n\n\nRESULT\nIn our study population, 100% of TIVAD placements were successful. 27 patients (23.9%) required 3 or more repeated punctures; only one patient (0.9%) had clinically insignificant pneumothorax. Neither arterial puncture nor brachial plexus injury was recorded in our study.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nUltrasound-assisted percutaneous axillary vein catheterization for TIVAD is a safe and relatively simple method for inexperienced operators.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 28585208, "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae infective endocarditis with large vegetation in a patient with underlying protein S deficiency", "abstract": "We present a case of a patient with underlying protein S deficiency who suffered from infective endocarditis with a large anterior mitral leaflet (AML) mass of approximately 4.5\u00a0cm in length. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed the mass at the AML base and a rupture of the posterior mitral leaflet chordae tendinae. The vegetation\u2019s large size may have been caused by one or more of three factors: location, underlying disease, and the microorganism causing infection. Patients with protein S deficiency are prone to thromboembolic events during cardiac surgery. Infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae usually has a poor prognosis, and, thus, early surgery is recommended.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 22786252, "title": "Effect of ropivacaine on endothelium-dependent phenylephrine-induced contraction in guinea pig aorta.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nPrevious studies have shown that ropivacaine has biphasic vascular effects, causing vasoconstriction at low concentrations and vasorelaxation at high concentrations. This study was designed to examine the role of the endothelium during accidental intravascular absorption of ropivacaine, and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible.\n\n\nMETHODS\nIsolated guinea pig aortic rings were suspended for isometric tension recording. The effects of ropivacaine on endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings were assessed. Endothelium-intact aortic rings were pre-contracted with phenylephrine before being exposed to ropivacaine and acetylcholine, in order to generate and compare concentration-response curves. In the absence and presence of yohimbine, propranolol, atropine, indometacin, N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) or methylene blue, the contractile response induced by ropivacaine was assessed on endothelium-intact aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine.\n\n\nRESULTS\nRopivacaine (3 x 10(-4) to 10(-2) mol/l) produced vasoconstriction in endothelium-denuded aortic rings, whereas no such response was observed in aortic rings with intact endothelium. In phenylephrine pre-contracted intact aortic rings, ropivacaine induced a greater degree of vasorelaxation than did acetylcholine. Yohimbine, propranolol and atropine all failed to affect the relaxation responses induced by ropivacaine. However, pre-treatment with indometacin (cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor), l-NAME (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), methylene blue (soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor) or ODQ (soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor), significantly decreased the ropivacaine-induced relaxation of endothelium-intact aortic rings (3 x 10(-4) to 10(-2) mol/l).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nRopivacaine elicits an endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in phenylephrine pre-contracted aortic rings via the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate pathway and the prostaglandin system.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 22970402, "title": "Perioperative Changes of Plasma Endothelin-1 Concentrations in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Valve Surgery", "abstract": "Twenty-one patients who underwent cardiac valvular replacement procedures were studied to determine the peri-operative changes of plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentration and disposition of ET-1 in the pulmonary and systemic vasculature between patients with elevated (over 20 mmHg) mean pulmonary artery pressure and patients with normal pulmonary artery pressure. The overall profile alterations of plasma ET- 1 concentration did not differ between the two groups of patients. The plasma ET- 1 levels in the pulmonary artery and right atrium were significantly higher in patients with high pulmonary artery pressure than in patients with normal pulmonary artery pressure. Before cardiopulmonary bypass, significant pulmonary extraction of the plasma ET- 1 existed in patients with high pulmonary artery pressure but the pulmonary extraction was not seen after bypass. There was no transpulmonary difference of the plasma ET- 1 concentration in patients with normal pulmonary artery pressure either before or after bypass. The high levels of ET- 1 in the pulmonary circuit and the pulmonary extraction of the ET- 1 in patients with high pulmonary artery pressure might be a protective mechanism for rheumatic valvular patients with elevated pulmonary artery pressure.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 12630095, "title": "Time-frequency spectral analysis of heart rate variability during induction of general anaesthesia.", "abstract": "We have examined the spectral components of heart rate variability (HRV) during induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone, tracheal intubation and subsequent inhalation of isoflurane-nitrous oxide. Commonly used spectral analysis methods such as fast Fourier transformation or autoregressive modelling require stationary data and are not suitable for the rapidly changing HRV data in this period. An advanced spectral analysis method, time-frequency analysis, which can treat non-stationary data, was used in this study. Multiple spectra were generated to demonstrate the time-related spectral components of HRV. Mid-frequency power (MF, 0.08-0.15 Hz), high-frequency power (HF, 0.15-0.5 Hz) and MF/HF ratio at baseline, after induction (before intubation), immediately after intubation and during maintenance periods were calculated and compared. MF and HF powers decreased after induction and were reduced further in the maintenance period but MF/HF ratio remained unchanged after induction. Immediately after intubation MF and HF powers did not differ significantly from the immediate pre-intubation values, but MF/HF ratio did.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 45210470, "title": "[Effects of matrine on proliferation and apoptosis of human renal cell carcinoma cell line GRC-1].", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo observe the effects of matrine on proliferation and apoptosis of human renal cell carcinoma cell line GRC-1 in vitro, and to explore its mechanism.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThe human renal cell carcinoma cell line GRC-1 was treated with matrine of different concentrations for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h respectively. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of matrine on GRC-1 cells. The transmission electron microscope and flow cytometry were utilized to observe and detect the apoptosis of GRC-1 cells induced by matrine. The expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were evaluated by streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe matrine of different concentrations all have cytotoxic effects on GRC-1 cells, with obvious dose- and time-dependent effects. The apoptosis induced by matrine was confirmed in GRC-1 cells. With intervention of matrine (1.5 g/L) for 12 h, the expression level of Bcl-2 in GRC-1 cells was decreased while the expression level of Bax was increased as compared with those in the untreated group.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThe proliferation-inhibiting effects of matrine on human renal cell carcinoma cell line GRC-1 may be related to down-regulating the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax protein expression and promoting the apoptosis.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 21780775, "title": "Angiogenic effects of the extracts from Chinese herbs: Angelica and Chuanxiong.", "abstract": "Angelica and ChuanXiong are used to cure ischemic heart disease in China. Previous studies found that these two herbs could increase myocardial blood flow, oxygen-supply and keep myocardial oxygen balance, etc. However, the mechanisms of angiogenic effects of these two herbs are not well-known. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Angelica and ChuanXiong on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in rat myocardial infarction, on endothelial cell proliferation and quantity of vessels on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). In this study, rats were divided randomly into either pre-treatment or acute-treatment group and sacrificed at the end of the treatments. VEGF expression using Western blot analysis was significantly increased in the groups pre-treated with ChuanXiong and Angelica when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). There was significant increase in VEGF expression in the rats treated acutely with Angelica (p < 0.05). In the contrary, the rats treated with ChuanXiong showed a decrease in VEGF expression when compared to the acute-treatment control group (p < 0.05). Similar results were observed in immunohistochemistry of VEGF expression in the myocardia. Our study also demonstrated that these two herbs significantly enhanced endothelial cell proliferation (p < 0.05) and revascularity in CAM (p < 0.05). The data showed that Angelica and ChuanXiong could affect VEGF expression in rat myocardial infarction, promote endothelial cell proliferation and stimulate quantity of vessels on CAM model. The results suggest that Angelica and ChuanXiong have angiogenic effects, and may provide some mechanisms for the treatment of myocardial infarction and peripheral ischemia.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 46097018, "title": "Comparative neuroprotective effects of methylprednisolone and rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 following spinal cord injury.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo compare the neuroprotective effects of methylprednisolone (MPSS) and rosiglitazone (ROSG) following spinal cord injury (SCI).\n\n\nMETHODS\nThis study was carried out at the Institute of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China between June 2009 and March 2010. One hundred and twenty Sprague-Dawley rats after SCI were divided into 4 different groups (30/group): i) SCI-vehicle group, ii) MPSS group, iii) ROSG group, and iv) sham saline group. The following 5 aspects were evaluated: 1) spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury; 2) neutrophil infiltration; 3) cell apoptosis; 4) the expression of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and interleukin-\u03b2; and 5) the expression of tissue Bax, Bcl-2, and HSP70 proteins in situ.\n\n\nRESULTS\nNotably, ROSG showed similar neuroprotective effects to MPSS, and significantly decreased spinal cord damage, apoptosis, and cytokine expression. There were no significant differences between the MPSS or ROSG-treated groups.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nAdministration of ROSG after SCI reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury associated with spinal cord trauma.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 12280229, "title": "Effects of silymarin on the resolution of liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats.", "abstract": "Silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle (Silybum marianum), has a long tradition as a herbal remedy, and was introduced as a hepatoprotective agent a few years ago. However, the therapeutic effects of silymarin remain undefined. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a xenobiotic used extensively to induce oxidative stress and is one of the most widely used hepatic toxins for experimental induction of liver fibrosis in the laboratory. In this study, we investigated the restoration of the CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis by high dose of silymarin in rats. After treatment with oil (as normal group; n = 6) or CCl4 [as model (n = 7) and therapeutic (n = 7) groups] by intragastric delivery for 8 weeks for the induction of liver fibrosis, the rats in the normal and model group were administered orally normal saline four times a week for 3 weeks whilst the therapeutic group received silymarin (200 mg/kg). The histopathological changes were observed with Masson staining. The results showed that the restoration of the CCl4-induced damage of liver fibrosis in the therapeutic group was significantly increased as compared to that in the model group. Moreover, silymarin significantly decreased the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in serum, and also reversed the altered expressions of alpha-smooth muscle actin in liver tissue. Therefore, these findings indicated that silymarin may have the potential to increase the resolution of the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 45081950, "title": "[Effect of nucleosomal binding protein 1 in androgen-independent prostatic carcinoma].", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo investigate biological function of nucleosomal binding protein 1 (NSBP1) in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.\n\n\nMETHODS\nAndrogen-independent prostate cancer cells of the line PC-3 were cultured and transfected with recombinant inhibiting siRNA expression plasmid pSilencer 2. 1-U6 neo. Before transfection and 12, 36, 60, 84, 108 and 132 h after transfection RT-PCR and Western blotting was used to detect the inhibition effect. CCK-8 was used to detect the viability of the cells. The cell cycle was examined by flow cytometry.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe cell viability was significantly reduced since 60-108 h after the transfection (all P < 0.05), the inhibition ratio reaching climax 108 hours after the transfection (P = 0.028). However, the inhibition ratio began to increase. FC showed that since 60 h after the transfection the proportion of PC-3 cells at the G2M + S phase began to increased compared to that of the control group (all P < 0.05).\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nNSBP1 has important effect on maintaining cell viability and enhancing growth and proliferation of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 10132184, "title": "[Prevention efficiency of Exserohilum monoceras with chemical herbicides against Echinochloa crus-galli in paddy field].", "abstract": "This paper studied the impact of several herbicides on the conidium germination of Exserohilum monoceras strain X27 in petri dish, and the synergistic effects of the pathogen and chemical herbicide quinclorac or propanil against Echinochloa crus-galli in greenhouse. The prevention efficiency of the tank-mixture of pathogen and quinclorac was also evaluated in paddy field. The results showed that test herbicides except quinclorac and bensulfulfuronmethyl could inhibit conidium germination and hypha growth to different degree. A significant synergism was observed between the pathogen and quinclorac. Adding quinclorac could obviously increase the prevention efficiency against Echinochloa crus-galli. Under field condition, the single use of pathogen could only control about 60% of the weed, while the efficiency of pathogen-quinclorac mixture could reach 90%."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 25402433, "title": "Enantioseparation and determination of the chiral fungicide furametpyr enantiomers in rice, soil, and water by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "abstract": "The chiral fungicide furametpyr is widely used in the rice field to control rice sheath blight; however, furametpyr enantiomers are treated as just one compound in traditional achiral analysis, which gives only partial information. An effective chiral analytical method was developed for the resolution and determination of the fungicide furametpyr enantiomers in rice, soil, and water samples. Furametpyr enantiomers were excellently separated and determined on a Chiralpak AD-H column with n-hexane/ethanol (90:10, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8\u2009mL\u2009min(-1) with UV detection at 220\u2009nm. The resolution was up to 8.85. The first eluted enantiomer was (+)-furametpyr and the second eluted one was (-)-furametpyr. The effects of mobile-phase composition and column temperature on the enantioseparation were evaluated. The method was validated for linearity, repeatability, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification LOQ. LOD was 2.0\u2009\u00b5g\u2009kg(-1) in water, 0.02\u2009mg\u2009kg(-1) in soil, and 0.07\u2009mg\u2009kg(-1) in rice with an LOQ of 6.7\u2009\u00b5g\u2009kg(-1) in water, 0.07\u2009mg\u2009kg(-1) in soil, and 0.23\u2009mg\u2009kg(-1) in rice. The average recoveries of the pesticide in all matrices ranged from 73.1 to 101.8% for all fortification levels. The precision values associated with the analytical method, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) values, were below 14.0% in all matrices. The methodology was successfully applied for the enantioselective analysis of furametpyr enantiomers in real samples.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 94546152, "title": "Immunochemical and molecular characteristics of monoclonal antibodies against organophosphorus pesticides and effect of hapten structures on immunoassay selectivity", "abstract": "To produce broad-selective monoclonal antibody (Mab) for organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, heterologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used for hybridoma screening. Six Mabs with different cross-reactivity to OP pesticides were produced. Based on the broad-selective Mab 5F7, homologous and heterologous indirect competitive ELISAs were developed and the influence of hapten structure on assay selectivity was investigated. Moreover, the receptor\u2013ligand interactions between 5F7 and OP pesticides were simulated to evaluate the broad-selectivity of the Mab. Results showed that, selectivity of the Mab was determined by its molecular properties, and the assay selectivity could be modified when the assay sensitivity was improved sufficiently by heterology. With the most suitable competitor, a broad-selective heterologous ELISA was developed. The IC50 values were estimated to be 7.06 ng/mL for parathion, 32.34 ng/mL for methyl parathion, 164.84 ng/mL for fenitrothion, 96.97 ng/mL for phoxim and 500.94 ng/mL for fenthion.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 22312160, "title": "Gas-phase distribution and emission of chloropicrin applied in gelatin capsules to soil columns.", "abstract": "Chloropicrin (CP) is highly volatile and may pose strong exposure risks for humans and the environment. A gelatin capsule formulation was developed to reduce atmospheric CP emissions and to improve application safety. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution, atmospheric emissions, and soil residual of CP after application in gelatin capsules to soil columns. Two treatments were studied: (i) CP liquid injection with polyethylene film and (ii) CP gelatin capsules with polyethylene film. For the CP liquid injection treatment, the concentration of CP peaked (120.7 microg cm(-3)) at the 20-cm depth 1 h after fumigant injection and decreased with time; at other depths, the CP concentration increased initially and decreased after a typical diffusion-dispersion process. For the gelatin capsule treatment, concentrations of CP at 20 cm depth increased slowly and peaked at 30.04 microg cm(-3) 264 h after application, indicating a slow CP release through the gelatin capsule shells. The results indicate that a rapid breakdown of gelatin capsules occurred between 11 and 12 d after application. The application of CP gelatin capsules reduced total CP emission by approximately 3 times compared with liquid injection with film cover. Similar residual soil CP was found between the liquid injection and the two gelatin capsule treatments. Chloropicrin gelatin capsules could be a promising new technology for reducing environmental emissions and potential human exposure.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 86043456, "title": "Factors Affecting Buffalobur (Solanum rostratum) Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence", "abstract": "Abstract Buffalobur is a noxious and invasive weed species native to North America. The influence of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of buffalobur were evaluated in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. The germination of buffalobur seeds occurred at temperatures ranging from 12.5 to 45 C, with optimum germination attained between 25 and 35 C. Buffalobur seeds germinated equally well under both a 14-h photoperiod and continuous darkness; however, prolonged light exposure (\u2265\u200916 h) significantly inhibited the seed germination. Buffalobur seed is rather tolerant to low water potential and high salt stress, as germination was 28 and 52% at osmotic potentials of \u22121.1 MPa and salinity level of 160 mM, respectively. Medium pH has no significant effect on seed germination; germination was greater than 95% over a broad pH range from 3 to 10. Seedling emergence was higher (85%) for seeds buried at a soil depth of 2 cm than for those placed on the soil surface (32%), but no seedlings emerged when burial depth reached 8 cm. Knowledge of germination biology of buffalobur obtained in this study will be useful in predicting the potential distribution area and developing effective management strategies for this species. Nomenclature: Buffalobur, Solanum rostratum Dunal SOLCU.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 19271328, "title": "Simultaneous determination of chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole in fruits, vegetables and cereals using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry with the isotope-labelled internal standard method", "abstract": "A reliable and sensitive isotope-labelled internal standard method for simultaneous determination of chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole in fruits (apple and grape), vegetables (cucumber and tomato) and cereals (rice and wheat) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry was developed. Isotope-labelled internal standards were effective in compensating for the loss in the pretreatment and overcoming the matrix effect. The analytes were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up with different kinds of sorbents. The determination of the target compounds was achieved in less than 4\u00a0min using a T3 column combined with an electrospray ionization source in positive mode. The overall average relative recoveries in all matrices at three spiking levels (10, 20 and 50\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0kg-1) ranged from 95.5 to 106.2\u00a0%, with all relative standard deviations being less than 14.4\u00a0% for all analytes. The limits of detection did not exceed 0.085\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0kg-1 and the limits of quantification were below 0.28\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0kg-1 in all matrices. The method was demonstrated to be convenient and accurate for the routine monitoring of chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole in fruits, vegetables and cereals.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 167057387, "title": "The Relationship Between Financial Resource Allocation Efficiency and Growth in Different Areas of China", "abstract": "The aim of this paper is to analyze empirically the relationship between financial resource allocation efficiency and economic growth in China. This paper examines the economic performance of financial resources in China\u2019s 31 regions for the period 1978\u20132010. Based on the analysis of Wurgler, the empirical results indicate that different regions\u2019 financial resources allocation have different impacts on the economic growth. In short, the East performs much better than the Middle and West areas. Besides, the result of our study shows that there is a positive and significant association between financial resource allocation efficiency and economic growth. Meanwhile, financial department plays an important role in financial allocation efficiency and economic growth. So the government should make full use of the financial markets to achieve a better performance.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 8683150, "title": "[Identification of pyrene degrading strains and the degrading characteristics research].", "abstract": "Three bacterial strains J1, J2, J3 which could use pyrene as the sole carbon and energy sources were isolated from soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by enrichment culture. The strains were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Flavobacterium mizutaii, Brevibacillus parabrevis according to the results of morphology, physiology and the phylogenetical analyses of 16S rDNA sequence. It was observed that the three strains could use pyrene at the concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 500, 1 000 mg/L and after 7 days culture the concentrations of microorganisms in the liquid medium were the highest. Under the treatment of 200 mg/L pyrene the degradation rate of pyrene by strain J1, J2, J3 was 53.04%, 65.03%, 51.02%. The three strains could grow and use pyrene at the culture medium pH 4 to pH 9 and the pH 7 was the best for the microbe growth and the degradation. Compare with the dichloromethane, N, N-dimethylformamide which could increase the solution of pyrene and enhance the degradation of pyrene was the better solvent in the pyrene degradation.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 21466323, "title": "Study on Control of Membrane Fouling by Different Forms of Coagulation Pretreatment", "abstract": "Abstract-The influence of coagulants ferric chloride and aluminium sulfate on membrane fouling under different coagulation pretreatments was studied, and removal of organics in different molecular weight (MW) was also studied by two coagulants. The experimental results suggested that direct membrane filtration of coagulating liquid was more effective to alleviate membrane fouling than membrane filtration of supernatant after coagulation. Furthermore, when ferric chloride was used as a coagulant the membrane flux can be recovered to 95% of initial flux and a recovery rate of 77% could be achieved when aluminium sulfate was used. On the other hand, the experimental results also showed those organic pollutants whose molecular weight fractions were 100-30 kDa, 10-3 kDa, and 3-1 kDa could be obviously removed by direct membrane filtration of coagulating liquid.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 96322460, "title": "Effects of a high magnetic field on the phase equilibria of Mn\u2013Sb system during solidification process", "abstract": "Abstract The effects of an 11.5\u00a0T magnetic field on phase equilibria of Mn\u2013Sb system during solidification process were investigated with the aid of direct thermocouple measurements and quantitative metallography analysis. It was found that the magnetic field could increase the eutectic line and the area fraction of the MnSb in eutectics, and thus shift the eutectic point to the high Mn concentration side. It could also increase the Sb liquidus temperatures by a decreasing trend with an increasing Sb composition, but show little effect on the MnSb liquidus temperature. The above results could be related to the variation in the magnetic susceptibility during the phase transformation.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 93282449, "title": "In situ investigation of fouling behavior in submerged hollow fiber membrane module under sub-critical flux operation via ultrasonic time domain reflectometry", "abstract": "Abstract This study described the extension of ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR) for monitoring the fouling profile in a submerged hollow fiber membrane module under different operation conditions including aeration rate, fiber length and operational flux. Five 10\u00a0MHz ultrasonic transducers employed were mounted along the tubular test module with a single hollow fiber membrane evenly. A polyethersulfone hollow fiber membrane with inside and outside diameter of 1.0 and 1.6\u00a0mm was employed to treat 5\u00a0g/L yeast suspension. The experimental results showed that the fouling could not be completely prevented under the operation of the sub-critical flux, and still deposited at the upper part of the submerged hollow fiber membrane. The progress of foulant deposition onto the membrane surface gradually migrated from top to bottom and reached the plateau finally. Further, the increase of aeration and curtailing fiber length could only slow down fouling and reduce deposition rate to some extent, but could not fully avoid the membrane fouling. Moreover, UTDR technique was successfully employed to measure the relationship between the operational flux and particle deposition on the membrane surface so as to obtain threshold flux, under which could obviously alleviate membrane fouling.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 97713638, "title": "Syntheses and characterizations of group 6 metal cyanotrihydroborate complexes", "abstract": "Abstract The anions, [M(CO) 6\u2013 n (NCBH 3 ) n ] n \u2212 ( n =2, M=Cr( 1 ); n =3, M=Cr( 2 ), Mo( 3 ), W( 4 )), were prepared either from the reactions of sodium cyanotrihydroborate with group 6 transition metal hexacarbonyls, M(CO) 6 (M=Cr, Mo, W), or through the reactions of M(CO) 3 (CH 3 CN) 3 (M=Cr, W) with sodium cyanotrihydroborate. The cyanotrihydroborate ligand bonds to the metal through a nitrogen atom, which was confirmed by the Infrared, proton and boron NMR spectroscopies. Crystal structures of the above complexes were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. A cis configuration is found in 1 . Molecular structures of 2 , 3 , and 4 are similar and a facial configuration is observed."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 97120948, "title": "Organometallic Ruthenium Source Reagents for CVD", "abstract": null, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 95387454, "title": "Synthesis of Ph2PC\u22eeC(CH2)5C\u22eeCPPh2 Ligand and Its Complexation with Tungsten Carbonyls to Form a Dinuclear Paddle-Wheel and a Tetranuclear Tripodal Compound", "abstract": "The multifunctional ligand bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,9-nonadiyne (1; abbreviated as dpndy) has been prepared by sequential treatment of HC\u22eeC(CH2)5C\u22eeCH with BuLi and PPh2Cl. Compound 1 reacts with W(CO)4(NCMe)2 to give W(CO)4(\u03b72-dpndy) (2), while the reaction of 1 and W(CO)3(Me3tach) (Me3tach = 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane) produces W(CO)3(\u03b72-dpndy)(\u03b71-dpndy) (3), [W(CO)3(\u03b72-dpndy)]2(\u03bc,\u03b72-dpndy) (4), and the paddle-wheel complex [W(CO)3]2(\u03bc,\u03b72-dpndy)3 (5). Further treatment of W(CO)3(Me3tach) with 3 generates the tripodal compound W(CO)3[(\u03bc,\u03b72-dpndy)W(CO)3(\u03b72-dpndy)]3 (6). The molecular structures of 2 and 5 have been determined by an X-ray diffraction study.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 514202, "title": "Photoluminescence and trans \u2192 cis photoisomerization of aminostyrene-conjugated phenylpyridine C^N ligands and their complexes with platinum(II): the styryl position and the amino substituent effects.", "abstract": "The synthesis, electronic spectra, photochemical properties, and DFT calculations of four phenylpyridine (ppy)-derived C^N ligands and their cyclometalated [(C^N)Pt(II)(acac)] (C^N = trans-n-(4-NR2-styryl)-2-phenylpyridine, where n = 3' or 4 and R = Me or Ph, and acac = acetylacetonate) complexes are reported. The results allow one to address the effects of the styryl position (n = 3' or 4) and the amino N-substituents (N-Me or N-Ph) on the photoluminescence and trans \u2192 cis photoisomerization quantum efficiencies (\u03a6f and \u03a6tc) of the free ligands and the Pt complexes. In general, the styryl position effect is more significant than the amino substituent effect. The relative \u03a6f and \u03a6tc values are distinct between the free ligands and the corresponding Pt complexes. However, the phenomenon of \u03a6f + 2\u03a6tc \u2248 1.0 is observed for all cases in solutions at room temperature. This phenomenon is interpreted by the conventional one-bond-twist mechanism for photoisomerization, which is an activated process in S1 but barrierless in T1. We conclude that ca. 50% of the C\u2550C bond torsion in the excited-state manifold leads to the cis isomer and the excited-state deactivations are dominated by fluorescence and trans \u2192 cis isomerization for both the ligands and the complexes.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 93351922, "title": "Syntheses and crystal structures of group 6 metal complexes containing allyl and cyanotrihydroborate groups", "abstract": "Abstract Compounds M(\u03b7 3 -C 3 H 5 )(CO) 2 (NCCH 3 ) 2 (NCBH 3 ) and [N(CH 3 ) 4 ] 2 [M(\u03b7 3 -C 3 H 5 )(CO) 2 (NCBH 3 ) 3 ] (M\u00a0=\u00a0Mo, W) were prepared and structurally characterized. In the solid state, the allyl group orients its open face to the two carbonyl groups producing an endo form in the above compounds. In solution, an exo form coexists with an endo form in compound Mo(\u03b7 3 -C 3 H 5 )(CO) 2 (NCCH 3 ) 2 (NCBH 3 ). The cyanotrihydroborate ligand bonds to the metal through a nitrogen atom. Both of the IR and the 11B NMR spectroscopic data suggest the negative charge of the cyanotrihydroborate ligand on the complex is almost localized on the BH 3 and this negative charge only has small effect on the metal\u2013nitrogen interaction.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 96999088, "title": "Synthesis of long-chained oligo-\u03b1-aminopyridines by tandem Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling aminations and their helical dinuclear complexes", "abstract": "Abstract Three novel multidentate long-chained oligo-\u03b1-aminopyridine ligands, nonapyridyloctaamine ( 1 , npoa ), decapyridylnonaamine ( 2 , dpna ), and undecapyridyldecaamine ( 3 , upda ) were synthesized successfully by tandem Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling aminations. The helical structures of protonated ligand npoa { 4 , [H 4 \u00b7 npoa ](SO 3 CF 3 ) 4 } and the related dinuclear complexes 5 \u2013 10 were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffractions.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 100674494, "title": "Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of Water-Soluble Ruthenium(II) Complexes Bearing a Naphthyridine\u2013Carboxylate Ligand", "abstract": "The synthesis of water-soluble (\u03b76-arene)ruthenium(II) complexes based on pyrazolyl\u2013naphthyridine ligands modified with a carboxylate group is reported. The complexes are easily accessible in good yields via complexation of [(arene)RuCl2]2 with 7-pyrazolyl-1,8-naphthyridine-2-carboxylic acid (1). All complexes have been characterized by spectroscopic and elemental analyses. The complexes {[Ru(\u03b76-arene)(N,N\u2032-1)Cl]Cl} (arene = benzene (5), p-cymene (6)) were further confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. These complexes are soluble in water (ca. 10 mg/mL) and are catalytically active in hydrogen-transfer reduction of carbonyl compounds in aqueous medium with the use of HCOOH/HCOONa as the hydrogen source.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 96117059, "title": "Synthesis and reactivity of ditungsten helical complex W2(CO)6(\u03bc-Ph2PCCPPh2)3", "abstract": "Abstract Reaction of W(CO) 3 (Me 3 tach) (Me 3 tach\ue6051,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane) with Ph 2 PC\ue606CPPh 2 at room temperature affords a triply-bridged complex W 2 (CO) 6 (\u03bc-Ph 2 PC\ue606CPPh 2 ) 3 ( 1 ) and a vinylidene complex W 2 (CO) 6 (\u03bc-Ph 2 PC\ue606CPPh 2 )[\u03bc-C 4 H(PPh 2 ) 3 ] ( 2 ). Compound 2 can be obtained by treating 1 with Me 3 tach in dichloromethane. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 are determined by an X-ray diffraction study. The structure of 1 depicts a helical M 2 L 3 framework with an idealized D 3 symmetry. The vinylidene group of 2 is not linear, with the W\ue605C\ue605C bond angle of 158.6(4)\u00b0.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 96924036, "title": "Ruthenium(II) \u03b76-arene complexes containing a dinucleating ligand based on 1,8-naphthyridine", "abstract": "Abstract Ruthenium arene complexes, [(\u03b7 6 - p -cymene) 2 Ru 2 (L)Cl 2 ](PF 6 ) 2 [ 3b , L\u00a0=\u00a02, 7-bis(di-2-pyridinyl)-1,8-naphthyridine] and [(\u03b7 6 - p -cymene)Ru(L\u2032)Cl](PF 6 ) [ 4 , L\u2032\u00a0=\u00a0tri(2-pyridinyl)amine], were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The molecular structure of [(\u03b76- p -cymene)2Ru2(L)Cl2]Cl 2 ( 3a ) was further determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The use of these ruthenium complexes as pre-catalysts for oxidative coupling of 1,2-diols/1,2-aminoalcohol with o- phenylenediamines leading to quinoxalines was investigated. Complex 3b appeared to be a good catalyst for this transformation.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 94067730, "title": "From Homonuclear Metal String Complexes to Heteronuclear Metal String Complexes", "abstract": "Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Shie-Ming Peng at the National Taiwan University in Taipei, Taiwan. The cover image shows a \u201cvending machine\u201d that generates heteronuclear metal string complexes. By inserting coins, representing suitable ligands, into the machine and selecting the desired combination of buttons, representing the metal ions, tailored complexes can be prepared! These chain-like complexes offer an excellent electron-transporting platform with potential applications as functional molecular wires.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 95937645, "title": "A novel triruthenium metal string complex with naphthylridylamide ligand: Synthesis, structure, magnetism, and molecular conductance", "abstract": "Abstract A triruthenium metal string, [Ru 3 (npa) 4 (NCS) 2 ][PF 6 ] ( 1 ), supported by naphthylridylamide (npa) ligands was successfully synthesized and is reported in this work. X-ray single crystal analysis shows that compound 1 exhibits a nonlinear [Ru 3 ] 7\u00a0+ backbone (\u2220\u00a0=\u00a0170.26(3)\u00b0) with long Ru\u2013Ru bond lengths (2.3554(8) A). The long Ru\u2013Ru distances observed for 1 decrease the Ru\u2013Ru interactions and electric conductance. Magnetic measurements indicate that compound 1 is in a S\u00a0=\u00a01/2 state. DFT calculations suggest that this unpaired electron occupies the \u03c0 \u204e orbital which is stabilized by \u03c0-acid NCS \u2212 ligands and thus weakening the Ru\u2013Ru \u03c0 interaction.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 95037408, "title": "Comparative Study on Molecular Weight of Konjac Glucomannan by Gel Permeation Chromatography-Laser Light Scattering-Refractive Index and Laser Light-Scattering Methods", "abstract": "The gel permeation chromatography, combined with laser light scattering and refractive index (GPC-LLS-RI) online method and laser light scattering (LLS) single method, researched the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of konjac glucomannan (KGM) in this paper. The results show that the determination results of molecular weight of KGM are similar by two method, the molecular weight of KGM is \u2009g/mol by online method measured, and it is \u2009g/mol by single method measured, compared with only 1.3% difference between the two methods. At the same time, the molecular weight distributions of KGM and conformation index were analyzed by online method, while the second virial coefficient () that characterizes the interaction between KGM molecules and solvent molecules was acquired by single method, which can provide reliable foundation for the molecular chain morphology research of KGM."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 135391921, "title": "Study on Preparation of KGM-Based Microcapsule", "abstract": "The konjac glucomannan(KGM)-based microcapsules were prepared in the technical process with the main membrane of KGM and the core of VE by piercing method. The morphology, particle size and its distribution, embedding rate and drug loading, encapsulation yield of microcapsules were analyzed by biologic photomicroscope, laser diffract instrument and the infrared spectrum.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 55290723, "title": "Analysis of Puerarin and Chemical Compositions Changes in Kudzu Root during Growth Period", "abstract": "The kudzu root is one of the earliest medicinal plants listed in traditional Chinese medicine. In this paper, chemical compositions changes of kudzu roots from one year old to five years old were analyzed with respect to puerarin, acid-insoluble polysaccharides, acid-soluble polysaccharides, reducing sugar, protein, free amino acids, and lipid. In addition, the puerarin content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The results showed that acid-soluble polysaccharides content of kudzu root increased with each growth period. In contrast, the acid-insoluble polysaccharides decreased significantly. The contents of reducing sugar and puerarin in kudzu root decreased significantly during its growth period. Beyond that, the contents of protein, free amino acids, and lipid in kudzu root ranged from 31.8 to 45.8\u2009g/kg, 2.21 to 4.33\u2009g/kg, and 32.2 to 76.9\u2009g/kg, respectively. The trend of protein content coincided with the total content of free amino acids, in contrast to lipid. This paper provides a set of data and the select of kudzu root for the processing and development of new products of kudzu root.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 110026311, "title": "An Improvement of the Preparation Method of Carboxymethyl Konjac Glucomannan", "abstract": "The improvement of the preparation method for carboxy methylation of konjac glucomannan (KGM) was proposed in this paper according to molecular structural characteristics of KGM. Carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan (CMK) were yielded by first blending KGM with etherification agent and then basifying and catalyzing in ethanol. Through single factor and orthogonal experiments, the effects of reaction conditions on degree of substitution (DS) and apparent viscosity (\u03b7) were investigated, and the optimum reaction conditions were obtained as follow: 55\u00b0C, pH12 for 3 hours. The results indicate that the maximal value of DS and \u03b7 were 0.5278 and 15.57Pa\u2022s respectively. The reaction mechanism for carboxymethyl of KGM was proposed and checked by infrared spectra. Meanwhile, it is showed that the properties of CMK were rather good in terms of hydrated rate and hydrosol transmittance.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 110193316, "title": "Study on Molecule Dimension of Different Granularity Konjac Glucomannan", "abstract": "In this paper, the relativity on the granularity with different mesh of konjac glucomannan (KGM) and molecular dimension was discussed. Laser particle size analyzer, laser light scattering and digital polarimeter were used to analyze the granularity distribution, molecular characteristics and polarity of KGM. The results showed that the granularity of KGM after gradient refining was gradually decreased and KGM was well dispersed in ethanol(D50=13.11\u03bcm).The Mw of KGM was gradually decreased with its granularity decrease and its molecular conformation was from globular to linear structure. The space asymmetry of KGM at 80-100 meshes was minimum and its polarity was maximum. The primary establishment on the relativity offered the references to KGM theoretical research and practical application.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 110885462, "title": "Effect of the Environment Factors on KGM Molecular Dimension", "abstract": "In this paper, the effect of environment factors on KGM molecular dimension was discussed, such as ultrasonic, enzyme, concentration and temperature. The KGM polarity, molecular weight (Mw) and conformation were analyzed by digital polarimeter and LLS. The result indicated that the polarity change influenced by temperature and ultrasonic accorded with linear function equation. Mw of KGM gradually decreased with ultrasonic time and concentration of enzyme increase. The concentration of KGM was lower, the effect was more obviously. The changes of KGM Mw also brought regular change of molecular conformation. All offers the reference to reliabletheoretical foundations on controlling KGM molecular dimension and industrial application in exploiting KGM potential function and activity.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 37955792, "title": "[Detecting MTHFR gene mutation with a new approach: molecular beacons].", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo detect the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR) gene C677T mutation with molecular beacon technique and assess the revant applicability.\n\n\nMETHODS\nA total of 228 samples were analyzed using molecular beacons which are oligonucleotide probes to become fluorescent upon hybridization. Wild-type molecular beacon and mutant beacon were designed to detect the genotypes of MTHFR gene.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAnalysis of the 228 samples indicated that there were three genotypes including 41 homozygous mutants, 113 heterozygous individuals and 74 wild-type individuals. Every sample was identified clearly.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThe present method, a closed-tube PCR/hybridization assay, is a simple, high-throughput and fast procedure that is fully automated for detecting gene mutation.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 10049889, "title": "Simulation and experiment verification of differential pressure sensor with magnetic fluid", "abstract": "A new type of sensor with magnetic fluid (MF) for differential pressure, based on MFpsilas unique features of both liquidity and magnetic properties is introduced in this paper. A model of this sensor is given, and magnetic filed in the model is simulated and analyzed in this paper. The simulation results show that the theory inference is reliable. Some experimental studies on the sensor model are analyzed. The simulation results are compared with the experiment results in some aspects. This sensor has advantages of simplicity of design and construction, high linearity, etc.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 95108295, "title": "Rapid analysis of essential oils in fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. by microwave distillation and simultaneous headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry", "abstract": "A method based on microwave distillation (MD) and simultaneous headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), was developed for the rapid determination of essential oils in fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq., a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). HS-SPME conditions, including SPME fiber, desorption time, and microwave parameters (irradiation power and time), were optimized. The method simultaneously accomplishes the isolation, extraction and concentration of the essential oils. Compared to the conventional steam distillation (SD) method, which could only recover 35 compounds, MD-SPME led to the separation and identification of 53 compounds in the essential oils of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. fruits. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) values of the MD-SPME-GC-MS method are all less than 8%, which shows that it has satisfactory precision. The MD-SPME-GC-MS method developed in this study is simple, rapid and solvent-free, and it shows promise for routine analysis of essential oils in fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. and, potentially, other TCMs.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 97527942, "title": "Synthesis and luminescent properties of nano-scale LuAG:RE3+ (Ce, Eu) phosphors prepared by co-precipitation method", "abstract": "Nano-scale Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 (LuAG) and LuAG:RE 3+ (Ce, Eu) phosphors were synthesized through co-precipitation method by using metal nitrates as the starting materials and NH 4 HCO 3 solution as precipitant. Heat treatment was performed in the temperature range from 800 to 1100 \u00b0C. The crystal structure and morphology were analyzed by means of XRD and TEM. The results indicate that the cubic garnet phase of LuAG is obtained at 900 \u00b0C, and the particle size varies with the sintering temperature. The excitation spectra in UV and VUV range and the emission spectra of samples RE 3+ (Ce, Eu) doped LuAG were measured. YAG:RE 3+ (Ce, Eu) powders were also synthesized using the same method. And the spectra of the YAG:RE 3+ were compared with that of LuAG:RE 3+ .", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 95033792, "title": "Tunable Synthesis of 3D ZnS Architectures and the Optical Properties", "abstract": "The complex 3D ZnS architectures with two morphologies\u2014sea urchin-like and flower-like structure\u2014have been synthesized by changing the solvent under solvothermal conditions. The morphology, phase structure and optical properties of the products have been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The results show that the as-prepared two kinds of 3D ZnS architectures show wurtzite structure and are highly crystalline. Two emission bands and a broad emission band are observed for sea urchin-like and flower-like structure, respectively, and attributed to defects and elemental S surface states luminescence.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 6942130, "title": "EFCon: Energy flow control for sustainable wireless sensor networks", "abstract": "The rapid advances in processor, memory, and radio technology enable the development of small, inexpensive sensor nodes that are capable of sensing, computation, and communication. However, the severe energy constraints of the sensors present major challenges for long-term applications. In order to achieve sustainability, environmental energy harvesting has been demonstrated as a promising approach. In this work, the energy utilization scheme is investigated for wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting nodes. The energy utilization system is divided to three parts: energy harvesting, energy consuming and energy storage. Then the sustainability problem is formulated as an energy flow control problem. An energy flow control system, called EFCon, is proposed to keep the balance between energy supplies and demands. EFCon consists of two phases, energy flow direction control and flow rate control. In the phase of energy flow direction control, the system dynamically switches among four patterns: flood flow, direct flow, compensate flow, and backup flow, according to current environmental energy condition and the residual energy condition. Once the energy flow direction is determined, a corresponding energy flow rate control strategy will be adopted for efficient energy utilization. The EFCon is implemented and validated by a long-term deployment in real testbeds. The experimental results indicate that the EFCon outperforms existing designs."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 19622376, "title": "Highly shape-selective synthesis, silica coating, self-assembly, and magnetic hydrogen sensing of hematite nanoparticles.", "abstract": "The open forced hydrolysis method and controllable silica growth based on bound water to polyvinylpyrrolidone molecules have been developed for the highly shape (including rhombohedra, semispheres, and rods) selective synthesis, self-assembly, and uniform silica coating (in the unprecedented range of 5-200 nm) of hematite nanoparticles. The open system realizes the direct short-range self-assembly of hematite semispheres in their growth process. The bound water method has been extended to coat gold nanoparticles with tunable silica shell and directly assemble the cores into one-dimensional, dimer, and trimer nanostructures during the coating process. The silica coating increases the particle stability and monodispersity even as hematite is modified into ferromagnetic Fe(3)O(4). The hematite@silica core-shell spheres are assembled into long-range ordered structures with considerable photonic bandgap for the first time due to their high monodispersity. By exploiting the hematite antiferromagnetism caused by the superexchange interaction via intervening oxygen ions that are sensitive to hydrogen, a novel hydrogen sensing based on magnetization variations is achieved in the hematite assemblies. Weakening the antiferromagnetism by reducing the hematite size and/or covering the hematite surface by silica coating suppresses the sensitivity to hydrogen, showing that the antiferromagnetic spin variations on the hematite surface are responsible for the gas sensing.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 108119392, "title": "DISCOVERY AND ANALYSIS ON CAVI-TATION IN PIEZOELECTRIC PUMPS", "abstract": "The contributing factors for the cavitation in piezoelectric pumps are analyzed,theoretically, and the device fitting for observing and recording is set up. With it the experiments are carried out to observe the emergence and the flowing of the cavitations in the piezoelectric pumps. According to the statistic and the analysis to the data of the experiments, the peculiar features are discovered. These features are composed of balls-amassing, center-more, and flow-out.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 58889611, "title": "Active Vibration Suppression of a 3-DOF Flexible Parallel Manipulator Using Efficient Modal Control", "abstract": "This paper addresses the dynamic modeling and efficient modal control of a planar parallel manipulator (PPM) with three flexible linkages actuated by linear ultrasonic motors (LUSM). To achieve active vibration control, multiple lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers are mounted on the flexible links as vibration sensors and actuators. Based on Lagrange\u2019s equations, the dynamic model of the flexible links is derived with the dynamics of PZT actuators incorporated. Using the assumed mode method (AMM), the elastic motion of the flexible links are discretized under the assumptions of pinned-free boundary conditions, and the assumed mode shapes are validated through experimental modal test. Efficient modal control (EMC), in which the feedback forces in different modes are determined according to the vibration amplitude or energy of their own, is employed to control the PZT actuators to realize active vibration suppression. Modal filters are developed to extract the modal displacements and velocities from the vibration sensors. Numerical simulation and vibration control experiments are conducted to verify the proposed dynamic model and controller. The results show that the EMC method has the capability of suppressing multimode vibration simultaneously, and both the structural and residual vibrations of the flexible links are effectively suppressed using EMC approach.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 209345590, "title": "A New Type Butterfly-Shaped Transducer Linear Ultrasonic Motor", "abstract": "This article presents a new type butterfly-shaped transducer linear ultrasonic motor, which utilizes symmetrical modal and anti-symmetric modal of a composite piezoelectric transducer. First, the drive principle of the motor and the formation of the elliptical trajectory of particles on the surface of the driving feet are analyzed. The use of the symmetric modal and anti-symmetric modal of the transducer (stator) realizes the function of driving the slider pressed on the driving feet twice in one cycle. Second, two key problems combined with the design processes of the motor are discussed: frequency consistency adjustment and mounting of the stator to ensure both the high stiffness in the driving direction and elasticity in the direction along which the slider is pressed against the stator. Finally, experimental investigation of the characteristics of the motor is presented. The maximum no-load speed is 870 mm/s, the maximum thrust is 24 N, and the maximum efficiency is 44%.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 96600482, "title": "Two\u2010 and Three\u2010Dimensional Ordered Structures of Hollow Silver Spheres Prepared by Colloidal Crystal Templating", "abstract": null, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 14587381, "title": "Load-balanced Route Discovery for Wireless Sensor Networks", "abstract": "Wireless se nsor n etworks have received academia research attention at present. A typically task in a wireless sensor network is that every sensor node senses its local environment and, upon request, sends the data of interest back to the sink node. The energy-constrain sensors in wireless sensor networks operate on limited batteries, so it is a very important issue to use energy efficiently and reduce power consumption. Most recent routing protocols tend to find the minimum energy cost path to lower energy usage for all routing paths, thus, they may lead to some of the nodes deplete their energy quickly. To maximize the network survivability by using equal energy among as many nodes as possible , this paper presents a novel load balancing multipath routing algorithm . In the paper, the sensor networks are constructed into a layered network. Based on the layered network, we propose a load balanced algorithm for constructing multiple routing paths to transmit data. The protocol spreads the routing load between the source and destination nodes over a large number of sensor nodes to minimize disparity in the energy levels of the sensor nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can prolong the network life effectively and enhance the data transmission efficiency.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 14337276, "title": "An Efficient Key Management Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks in Hostile Environments", "abstract": "Key management in sensor networks is the core security protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the hostile environment. Sensor nodes have highly constrained resource like limited battery power, memory, processing capabilities, etc. These limitations make infeasible to apply traditional key management techniques such as public key cryptography in the WSNs. For the existing key pre-distribution schemes, as the number of compromised nodes increases, the fraction of affected pairwise keys increase quickly. As a result, a small number of compromised nodes may affect a large fraction of pairwise. In this paper, we present an efficient key management scheme to deal with this problem. In the proposed scheme, after pairwise key establishment all attackers can't get any key information of uncompromised sensor nodes from compromised sensors. The analysis shows that this scheme provides robustness in design and outperforms the previous schemes in term of the network resiliency against the node capture without increasing the memory requirement.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 17213847, "title": "A Strong Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks", "abstract": "Key agreement is paramount for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) security. Many key pre-distribution schemes have been developed to establish pair wise keys for WSNs. In WSNs, node capture attack is the most serious attack. And existing scheme can not offer strong resilience against node capture attack. In order to improve the resiliency of against sensor nodes capture, this paper proposes an improved key-distribution scheme, which uses Hash function to stop an adversary to get information of non-compromised sensor nodes from the compromised sensor nodes. The proposed scheme can provide the best resilience against sensor nodes captured and the probability of links between any sensor nodes are compromised is zero after pair wise keys establishment.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 18143451, "title": "A Weighted DV-Hop Localization Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks", "abstract": "Localization is an important problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), since location information is widely requested in various location-dependent applications. As one of the range-free localization algorithm DV-Hop, a well known localization algorithm, can be simply implement in real WSNs. To improve the accuracy of localization, this paper proposes an improved DV-Hop algorithm. The proposed algorithm is derived from DV-Hop algorithm, and uses weight of anchors to improve localization accuracy without needing no additional hardware device. Simulation results show that the improved DV-Hop algorithm can provide more accurate location estimation than the DV-Hop algorithm.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 51951122, "title": "An Efficient Key Predistribution Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks via Combinatorial Design", "abstract": "As Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are usually deployed in remote or even hostile environment, the adoption of security mechanism is fundamental. To achieve secure communication between sensor nodes in WSNs, it is important to establish efficient key predistribution schemes. Unfortunately, key management scheme is a challenging issue for WSNs because of the resource limitations in the sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose an efficient key management scheme for WSNs, which assigns the key spaces to sensor nodes via combinatorial design. In the scheme Finite Projective Plane is mapped to obtain efficient key distribution scheme. Connectivity, resistance against attacks, storage and communication overhead are studied analytically and computationally. Compared to related schemes, the proposed scheme performs better against compromised node attacks.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 154840538, "title": "Pricing foreign equity options with regime-switching", "abstract": "In this paper, we investigate the valuation of two types of foreign equity options under a Markovian regime-switching mean-reversion lognormal model, where some key model parameters in the dynamics of the foreign equity price and the foreign exchange rate are modulated by a continuous-time, finite-state Markov chain. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) approach is applied to provide an efficient way to evaluate the option prices. Numerical analysis and empirical studies are provided to illustrate the practical implementation of the proposed pricing model."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 34058370, "title": "Optimal control of mean-field jump-diffusion systems with delay: A stochastic maximum principle approach", "abstract": "This paper is concerned with an optimal control problem under mean-field jump-diffusion systems with delay. Firstly, some existence and uniqueness results are proved for a jump-diffusion mean-field stochastic delay differential equation and a jump-diffusion mean-field advanced backward stochastic differential equation. Then necessary and sufficient maximum principles for control systems of mean-field type and with delay are established under certain conditions. A mean-field, delayed, linear-quadratic control problem is finally discussed using the obtained maximum principles.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 153983566, "title": "Option Valuation Under a Double Regime-Switching Model", "abstract": "This paper is concerned with option valuation under a double regime\u2010switching model, where both the model parameters and the price level of the risky share depend on a continuous\u2010time, finite\u2010state, observable Markov chain. In this incomplete market set up, we first employ a generalized version of the regime\u2010switching Esscher transform to select an equivalent martingale measure which can incorporate both the diffusion and regime\u2010switching risks. Using an inverse Fourier transform, an analytical option pricing formula is obtained. Finally, we apply the fast Fourier transform method to compute option prices. Numerical examples and empirical studies are used to illustrate the practical implementation of our method. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:451\u2013478, 2014", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 11861088, "title": "Maximum principle for mean-field jump-diffusion stochastic delay differential equations and its application to finance", "abstract": "Abstract This paper investigates a stochastic optimal control problem with delay and of mean-field type, where the controlled state process is governed by a mean-field jump\u2013diffusion stochastic delay differential equation. Two sufficient maximum principles and one necessary maximum principle are established for the underlying system. As an application, a bicriteria mean\u2013variance portfolio selection problem with delay is studied to demonstrate the effectiveness and potential of the proposed techniques. Under certain conditions, explicit expressions are provided for the efficient portfolio and the efficient frontier, which are as elegant as those in the classical mean\u2013variance problem without delays.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 35276070, "title": "A revisit to stochastic near-optimal controls: The critical case", "abstract": "Abstract This paper revisits the stochastic near-optimal control problem considered in Zhou (1998), where the stochastic system is given by a controlled stochastic differential equation with the control variable taking values in a general control space and entering both the drift and diffusion coefficients. A necessary condition of near-optimality is derived using Ekeland\u2019s variational principle, spike variation techniques, and some delicate estimates for the state and the adjoint processes. We improve the error bound of order from \u201calmost\u201d e 1 3 in Zhou (1998) to \u201cexactly\u201d e 1 3 .", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 153397449, "title": "Optimal investment\u2013reinsurance strategy for mean\u2013variance insurers with square-root factor process", "abstract": "This paper studies an optimal investment\u2013reinsurance problem for an insurer with a surplus process represented by the Cramer\u2013Lundberg model. The insurer is assumed to be a mean\u2013variance optimizer. The financial market consists of one risk-free asset and one risky asset. The market price of risk depends on a Markovian, affine-form, square-root stochastic factor process, while the volatility and appreciation rate of the risky asset are given by non-Markovian, unbounded processes. The insurer faces the decision-making problem of choosing to purchase reinsurance, acquire new business and invest its surplus in the financial market such that the mean and variance of its terminal wealth is maximized and minimized simultaneously. We adopt a backward stochastic differential equation approach to solve the problem. Closed-form expressions for the efficient frontier and efficient strategy of the mean\u2013variance problem are derived. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate our results in two special cases, the constant elasticity of variance model and Heston\u2019s model.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 2592163, "title": "Static Hedging of Geometric Average Asian Options with Standard Options", "abstract": "In this article, we first establish a theorem that represents the price of an Asian option in terms of standard European options with a shorter term and different strikes. Then using Gauss\u2013Hermite numerical integration, we discretize our theorem so as to use Monte Carlo simulation to examine the error of the static hedging under the Black\u2013Scholes model and the Merton jump-diffusion model. For ease of comparison, we also provide the error of the dynamic hedging. The numerical results show that the static hedging strategy performs better than the dynamic one under both models.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 110523382, "title": "ISM based Correlation Analysis on Culture Industry Categories", "abstract": "The core category of cultural industry determination is an important research topic for decision-making in the cultural industry development. However, because of the insufficiency of statistics data and the difference in measurement, objective analysis on category correlation of cultural industry is difficult. This paper presents a cultural industry category correlation model with the empirical analysis using ISM (Interpretative Structural Modeling Method). Based on experts\u2019 judgment and knowledge, this approach can generate the reachability matrix and construct the directed digraph to analyze the correlation degree of different culture industry categories. Through this analysis model, some convincing recommendations are also provided in the end.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 109521290, "title": "General analytical model for calculating electromagnetic performance of permanent magnet brushless machines having segmented Halbach array", "abstract": "Since a Halbach array exhibits a number of attractive features, it has been increasingly applied to different market sectors, including aerospace, industrial, domestic, renewable and healthcare and so on. The need of fast global optimisation, cost-effective design and physical understanding of the relationship between parameters and performance requires a powerful analytical model. Hence, this study develops a general analytical model which is capable of predicting the electromagnetic performance of slotted/slotless permanent magnet (PM) brushless machines with both even- and odd-segment Halbach array, having different magnet remanence, magnetisation angle and arc for each single magnet segment. The emphasis has been on the magnetisation which is the key in analytical modelling of PM machines having a segmented Halbach array and its investigation. The validity of proposed analytical model is extensively examined by finite-element analyses, together with its applications for global optimisation and comparative study.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 18141612, "title": "Design of PKI and Password Protected Card-Based Double Authentication Single Sign-On System", "abstract": "To design a more secure and efficient single sign-on system, this paper analyzed the popular single sign-on systems and then introduced the original design model of SSO, due to the limitation of the original design model, we present the proposed design model named as PKI and password protected card-based single sign-on system (3PC-SSO), which combines the advantages of Kerberos and PKI-based single sign-on system. Finally, we analyze two problems of 3PC-SSO and discuss the future work.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 18499733, "title": "Stock trends prediction by hypergraph modeling", "abstract": "This paper presents a new stock price trends prediction algorithm using hypergraph model. Hypergraph modeling offers a significant advantage over traditional graph modeling in terms of triadic or higher relationship description within different stock portfolios over a certain period of time. Under the hypergraph model, each stock will be abstracted as a vertex of hypergraph; the hyperedges can be built by seeking the synchronous relationship of the stocks trends. In order to acquire more refined hyperedges and to avoid the tremendous growing quantity of hyperedges, we employ the frequent item sets to construct hyperedges. Therefore the prediction problem for stock trends is converted to hypergraph partitioning problem. Multilevel paradigm is then applied to do hypergraph partitioning instead of the traditional recursive bisection paradigm. Thus we get a series of stocks section, and the stock price trends can be concluded by analysis the whole section. Experiment result shows that our proposed scheme achieves fine stock trend prediction and the computation is significantly fast as well.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 96076687, "title": "Copolymerization of chiral propargylethers and N-propargylamide and conformational control of the copolymers", "abstract": "The novel acetylene monomers, L-proline-derived chiral propargylether (PA, PC, PL, and PM) were synthesized. The copolymerization of L-proline-based propargylether having amide group (PR) with N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-alanine-N-propargylamide (LA) by different unit ratio and the control of conformation of poly(LA-co-PR) were discussed. The copolymerization catalyzed by (nbd)Rh+[\u03b7 6-C6H5B\u2212(C6H5)3] afforded copolymers with medium M n. The specific rotation of poly(LA88-co-PA12), poly(LA88-co-PC12), and poly(LA88-co-PL12) was 250\u00b0, 967\u00b0, and 1117\u00b0, respectively. The specific rotation of poly(LA-co-PC) ranged from \u2212967\u00b0 to \u2212167\u00b0. Conformation change of poly(LA88-co-PR12) and poly(LA-co-PC) in different solvents was studied and it was found that the intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the side chain significantly contribute to the stabilization of helical conformation of the copolymers and that solvent polarity strongly affected the stability of helical conformation. The helical structure of poly(LA88-co-PL12) was affected by temperature change."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 22039410, "title": "Synthesis of polysaccharide-block-polypeptide copolymer for potential co-delivery of drug and plasmid DNA.", "abstract": "A pH-sensitive, biodegradable, and biocompatible polysaccharide-block-polypeptide Copolymer derivative {Ac-Dex-b-PAsp(DET)} is synthetized from acetal-modified dextran (Ac-Dex) and diethylenetriamine (DET) grafted poly(L-aspartic acid) {PAsp(DET)} by using click and aminolysis reaction. The copolymer can self-assemble into cationic nanopaticles for potential co-delivery of plasmid DNA (pEGFP-N3) and anticancer drug (doxorubicin, DOX), by using water/oil/water (w/o/w) emulsion method. Gel retardation assay reveals that pDNA can be effectively complexed into cationic nanoparticles at N/P ratio = 12. In vitro drug release behavior of DOX-NPs and DOX/pDNA-NPs is achieved by using fluorescence spectra and UV-Vis spectra and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). And, pEGFP-N3-NPs at N/P ratio = 42 presents the considerable potential in cell transfection. Cell viability assay shows that nanoparticles exhibit low cell cytotoxicity. These results suggest that the copolymer has excellent performance and potential for the co-delivery of gene and drugs.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 24395224, "title": "Identification of glycoproteins containing specific glycans using a lectin-chemical method.", "abstract": "Glycosylation is one of the most common protein modifications. Each glycoprotein can be glycosylated at multiple glycosites, and each glycosites can be modified by different glycans. Due to this heterogeneity of glycosylation, it has proven difficult to study the structure-function relationship of specific glycans and their affected glycoproteins. Here, we report a novel method for rapid and quantitative identification of glycoproteins containing specific glycans. Lectin affinity isolations are followed by chemical immobilization of the captured glycopeptides, allowing the identification of glycoproteins containing specific glycans by subsequent mass spectrometry. The application of the method should be useful to facilitate our understanding of how changes in glycan associate with diseases, and to discover novel glycoproteins with certain glycans that could serve as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 54026647, "title": "A comparison of different pretreatments on hydrogen fermentation from waste sludge by fluorescence excitation-emission matrix with regional integration analysis", "abstract": "Abstract To gain a better understanding of the influence on hydrogen fermentation with different pretreatments, the compositional and structural characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and dissolved organic matters (DOM) were analyzed during hydrogen fermentation using excitation-emission matrix (EEM) with fluorescence regional integration (FRI). In order to accelerate the hydrogen production with waste sludge, multi-enzyme, thermophilic bacteria, heat and microwave were performed for sludge pretreatments. The best method was found to be heating with the maximum hydrogen yield of 15.3\u00a0ml H 2 /g VSS (Volatile suspended solid). EPS and DOM component of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), carbohydrate and protein, the microbial community structure evolutions, soluble metabolite of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ethanol distribution characteristics and pH were also evaluated. Different pretreatments could change the microbial community structure in waste sludge, which led to the diversity of substrates degradation and metabolite with hydrogen bacteria.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 97634118, "title": "Numerical study on laminar burning velocity and NO formation of premixed methane\u2013hydrogen\u2013air flames", "abstract": "Abstract Numerical study on laminar burning velocity and NO formation of the premixed methane\u2013hydrogen\u2013air flames was conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The unstretched laminar burning velocity, adiabatic flame temperature, and radical mole fractions of H, OH and NO are obtained at various equivalence ratios and hydrogen fractions. The results show that the unstretched laminar burning velocity is increased with the increase of hydrogen fraction. Methane-dominated combustion is presented when hydrogen fraction is less than 40%, where laminar burning velocity is slightly increased with the increase of hydrogen addition. When hydrogen fraction is larger than 40%, laminar burning velocity is exponentially increased with the increase of hydrogen fraction. A strong correlation exists between burning velocity and maximum radical concentration of H\u00a0+\u00a0OH radicals in the reaction zone of premixed flames. High burning velocity corresponds to high radical concentration in the reaction zone. With the increase of hydrogen fraction, the overall activation energy of methane\u2013hydrogen mixture is decreased, and the inner layer temperature and Zeldovich number are also decreased. All these factors contribute to the enhancement of combustion as hydrogen is added. The curve of NO versus equivalence ratio shows two peaks, where they occur at the stoichiometric mixture due to Zeldovich thermal-NO mechanism and at the rich mixture with equivalence ratio of 1.3 due to the Fenimore prompt-NO mechanism. In the stoichiometric flames, hydrogen addition has little influence on NO formation, while in rich flames, NO concentration is significantly decreased. Different NO formation responses to stretched and unstretched flames by hydrogen addition are discussed.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 136829992, "title": "Synthesis and Characterization of Ni/CNTs Electrodes and their Supercapacitors Performance", "abstract": "The Ni/Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composites for supercapacitor electrode have been synthesized by electroless deposition method. The morphology and structure of Ni/CNTs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The nano-size Ni particles coated the surface of carbon nanotubes. Electrochemical performances of the synthesized composites were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurement. The specific capacitance of prepared electrode is up to 281 F/g, which is much higher than acetylene black electrode and pure carbon nanotubes electrode, indicating an effective path for increasing specific capacitance of carbon materials for the appplication of supercapacitors.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 93969921, "title": "Synthesis, crystal structure and catalytic behavior of a novel polyoxometalate-based complex", "abstract": "A novel polyoxometalate-based complex, [(BMI)2(DMDI)(PW12O40)] (1), where BMI is 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium and DMDI is 3,3\u2032-dimethyl-1,1\u2032-diimidazolium, was synthesized by the reaction of 12-tungstophosphoric acid with excess 1-butyl-3-methylimizodium chloride. The structure of complex 1 was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical property was determined on a CHI 660 electrochemistry workstation. Subsequently, complex 1 showed a specific and good catalytic behavior for the photo-polymerization of vinyl monomers, and polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions were obtained within 60\u00a0min, and the polymerization showed controlled characteristics. Furthermore, the catalyst can be isolated from polymer product easily and reused for at least 10\u00a0times.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 8613875, "title": "Rapid colorimetric sensing of tetracycline antibiotics with in situ growth of gold nanoparticles.", "abstract": "A colorimetric assay utilizing the formation of gold nanoparticles was developed to detect tetracycline antibiotics in fluidic samples. Tetracycline antibiotics showed the capability of directly reducing aurate salts into atomic gold which form gold nanoparticles spontaneously under proper conditions. The resulted gold nanoparticles showed characteristic plasmon absorbance at 526 nm, which can be visualized by naked eyes or with a spectrophotometer. UV-vis absorbance of the resulted gold nanoparticles is correlated directly with the concentrations of tetracycline antibiotics in the solution, allowing for quantitative colorimetric detection of tetracycline antibiotics. Reaction conditions, such as pH, temperature, reaction time, and ionic strength were optimized. Sensitivity of the colorimetric assay can be enhanced by the addition of gold nanoparticle seeds, a LOD as low as 20 ng mL(-1) can be achieved with the help of seed particles. The colorimetric assay showed minimum interference from ethanol, methanol, urea, glucose, and other antibiotics such as sulfonamides, amino glycosides etc. Validity of the method was also evaluated on urine samples spiked with tetracycline antibiotics. The method provides a broad spectrum detection method for rapid and sensitive detection of reductive substances such as tetracycline antibiotics in liquid and biological samples."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 135787305, "title": "Quality Control Research and Analysis of Fruit and Vegetable in Beijing Supermarket", "abstract": "The research objects are 24 supermarkets in Beijing which have been investigated the procurement channel and quality inspection of fruit and vegetables by visiting market. The results showed that currently there are four supplying modes applied in Beijing area supermarket: self-cultivation base, farmer professional cooperatives, super agricultural butt and supermarket - wholesale market \". And the main quality control measures focus on inspecting supplier and supermarket self-checking and sampling. At the same time, this article also puts forward some recommendations aiming at the supermarket chain of fruit quality control.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 23102020, "title": "Direct detection of \u03b2-agonists by use of gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric assays.", "abstract": "\u03b2-Agonists fed to animals for human consumption pose a serious threat to human health. Fast, broad-spectrum detection methods are needed for on-site screening of various types of \u03b2-agonists from animal feeds, meats, and animal body fluids. We developed a colorimetric assay that uses gold nanoparticle (AuNP) plasmon absorption to realize quick detection of \u03b2-agonists from liquid samples. \u03b2-Agonists showed the capability of directly reducing HAuCl(4) into atomic gold, which involved oxidation of the amine or phenol group on the benzene ring of the \u03b2-agonists. The resulting atomic gold formed AuNPs spontaneously, which had strong plasmon absorption at 528 nm. The linear relationship between the concentrations of \u03b2-agonists and the AuNPs plasmon absorbance granted quantitative determination of \u03b2-agonists in solution. The AuNPs colorimetric assay showed different sensitivities toward \u03b2-agonists with different substituent groups on the aromatic ring. \u03b2-Agonists with phenol groups had a lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) than those with amine groups. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed the sizes of the AuNPs were in the range 15-25 nm, while X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopic data suggested the smaller particles observed in TEM with lower contrast may be salt particles from the buffer solution. The developed colorimetric assay can potentially be used for the detection of \u03b2-agonists and their analogues from serum, urine, and other liquid samples in the presence of interference from common antibiotics and glucose.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 13428580, "title": "Quantitative analysis of glycerol levels in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.", "abstract": "Glycerol has the latent capacity to act as a plasma volume expander and disguise blood doping practices. Therefore, it has been prohibited in sports as a masking agent by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) since January 2010 and a urinary threshold (1mg/mL) was recommended recently [1]. The purpose of this study was to establish and validate a novel quantitative method for the determination of urinary glycerol concentrations using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach. This simple yet highly specific method made use of the derivatization of glycerol by benzoyl chloride in aqueous solution at 40\u00b0C followed by analysis via LC-ESI-MS/MS without sample pre-concentration or cleanup. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 1.0-1000\u03bcg/mL for glycerol in human urine. The lower limit of detection (LLOD) and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) were 0.3\u03bcg/mL and 1.0\u03bcg/mL, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision of the method at three concentration levels (3, 500 and 900\u03bcg/mL) was less than 12.2%. The method also afforded satisfactory results in terms of accuracy, derivatization yield, extraction recovery, matrix effect and specificity. The method has been successfully applied to the detection of glycerol in \"Quality Assurance Program\" samples provided by the World Association of Anti-Doping Scientists (WAADS) and routine doping-control samples in our laboratory.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 11275490, "title": "An improved liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method to quantify formoterol in human urine.", "abstract": "Formoterol is a new threshold substance in the prohibited list 2012 according to World Anti-Doping Agency. Extracted by ethyl acetate using formoterol-D6 as internal standard, formoterol underwent a constant flow rate gradient elution separation in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Subsequently, mass spectrometry analysis was conducted by tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. According to the proposed method, a calibration curve was constructed in the range of 0.2-500 ng/mL (r(2) = 1) with a limit of quantification 0.2 ng/mL. The mean extracted recovery assessed at three different concentrations (1, 30 and 100 ng/mL) was more than 80%. The method was validated by the analysis of three quality control samples from World Association of Anti-Doping Scientists. In conclusion, the developed and validated method was sensitive, accurate and precise for the quanti\ufb01cation of formoterol in human urine for doping control purposes.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 135686055, "title": "A Study of the Method of Manufacturing Bimaterial Composite Parts through Semisolid Metal Processing", "abstract": "This work evaluated the method of manufacturing bimaterial composite parts by semisolid metal processing (SSP) through strain-induced melt-activated thixo-forging. Sn-15\u00a0pct Pb and Pb-30\u00a0pct Sn semisolid alloys were chosen as model alloys. Bimetal composite parts were manufactured successfully by forging the semisolid alloys into the same die simultaneously. Optical photography, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Vickers hardness were employed to characterize the samples. The results showed that the composite semisolid fluid flowed in a laminar way. Globular primary grains in the two semisolid alloys maintained their respective geometry and constitutions. The mixture of two liquid phases was limited in a thin layer beneath the interface between the two semisolid alloys. The absence of an oxide-enriched layer at the interface suggests that the oxide skins of the feedstock were torn during the processing, leading to the formation of metallurgical bonding at the composite interface. This work showed that SSP is a promising technology for bimaterial/multimaterial composite manufacturing. The bimaterial composite parts achieved by SSP have a good composite interface and well-located material distribution.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 30864168, "title": "Electrochemical DNAzyme sensor for lead based on amplification of DNA-Au bio-bar codes.", "abstract": "An electrochemical DNAzyme sensor for sensitive and selective detection of lead ion (Pb(2+)) has been developed, taking advantage of catalytic reactions of a DNAzyme upon its binding to Pb(2+) and the use of DNA-Au bio-bar codes to achieve signal enhancement. A specific DNAzyme for Pb(2+) is immobilized onto an Au electrode surface via a thiol-Au interaction. The DNAzyme hybridizes to a specially designed complementary substrate strand that has an overhang, which in turn hybridizes to the DNA-Au bio-bar code (short oligonucleotides attached to 13 nm gold nanoparticles). A redox mediator, Ru(NH3)6(3+), which can bind to the anionic phosphate of DNA through electrostatic interactions, serves as the electrochemical signal transducer. Upon binding of Pb(2+) to the DNAzyme, the DNAzyme catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the substrate, resulting in the removal of the substrate strand along with the DNA bio-bar code and the bound Ru(NH3)6(3+) from the Au electrode surface. The release of Ru(NH3)6(3+) results in lower electrochemical signal of Ru(NH3)6(3+) confined on the electrode surface. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) signals of Ru(NH3)6(3+) provides quantitative measures of the concentrations of Pb(2+), with a linear calibration ranging from 5 nM to 0.1 microM. Because each nanoparticle carries a large number of DNA strands that bind to the signal transducer molecule Ru(NH3)6(3+), the use of DNA-Au bio-bar codes enhances the detection sensitivity by five times, enabling the detection of Pb(2+) at a very low level (1 nM). The DPV signal response of the DNAzyme sensor is negligible for other divalent metal ions, indicating that the sensor is highly selective for Pb(2+). Although this DNAzyme sensor is demonstrated for the detection of Pb(2+), it has the potential to serve as a general platform for design sensors for other small molecules and heavy metal ions.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 2266205, "title": "Controlled delivery of hollow corn protein nanoparticles via non-toxic crosslinking: in vivo and drug loading study", "abstract": "In this research, controlled delivery of hollow nanoparticles from zein, the corn storage protein, to different organs of mice was achieved via crosslinking using citric acid, a non-toxic polycarboxylic acid derived from starch. Besides, crosslinking significantly enhanced water stability of nanoparticles while preserving their drug loading efficiency. Protein nanoparticles have been widely investigated as vehicles for delivery of therapeutics. However, protein nanoparticles were not stable in physiological conditions, easily cleared by mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), and thus mainly accumulated and degraded in spleen and liver, the major MPS organs. Effective delivery to major non-MPS organs, such as kidney, was usually difficult to achieve, as well as long resident time of nanoparticles. In this research, hollow zein nanoparticles were chemically crosslinked with citric acid. Controlled delivery and prolonged accumulation of the nanoparticles in kidney, one major non-MPS organ, were achieved. The nanoparticles showed improved stability in aqueous environment at pH\u00a07.4 without affecting the adsorption of 5-FU, a common anticancer drug. In summary, citric acid crosslinked hollow zein nanoparticles could be potential vehicles for controllable delivery of anticancer therapeutics.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 121589982, "title": "Coderivatives of the generalized perturbation maps", "abstract": "This paper is devoted to considering the coderivatives of the generalized perturbation maps in general Banach spaces. Under some mild conditions, the upper estimate of coderivatives of the generalized perturbation maps are obtained. Their exact calculus rules are obtained under some additional conditions. Furthermore, the generalized perturbation maps are shown to be differentiably regular under some strong conditions."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 6190765, "title": "Vector equilibrium flows with nonconvex ordering relations", "abstract": "In this note we introduce the concept of vector network equilibrium flows when the ordering cone is the union of finitely many closed and convex cones. We show that the set of vector network equilibrium flows is equal to the intersection of finitely many sets, where each set is a collection of vector equilibrium flows with respect to a closed and convex cone. Sufficient and necessary conditions for a vector equilibrium flow are presented in terms of scalar equilibrium flows.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 198934962, "title": "GENERALIZED KY FAN MINIMAX INEQUALITIES FOR SET-VALUED MAPPINGS", "abstract": "In this paper, by virtue of the Ky Fan section theorem, the Kakutani-FanGlicksberg fixed point theorem and two nonlinear scalarization functions, we investigate some generalized Ky Fan minimax inequalities for set-valued mappings, in which the minimization and the maximization of set-valued mappings are taken in the sense of vector optimization.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 33617602, "title": "H\u00f6lder Continuity of Solutions to Parametric Weak Generalized Ky Fan Inequality", "abstract": "In this paper, by using a scalarization technique, we obtain sufficient conditions for H\u00f6lder continuity of the solution mapping for a parametric weak generalized Ky Fan Inequality in the case where the solution mapping is a general set-valued one. The result is different from the recent ones in the literature.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 119946520, "title": "Tightly Proper Efficiency in Vector Optimization with Nearly Cone-Subconvexlike Set-Valued Maps", "abstract": "A scalarization theorem and two Lagrange multiplier theorems are established for tightly proper efficiency in vector optimization involving nearly cone-subconvexlike set-valued maps. A dual is proposed, and some duality results are obtained in terms of tightly properly efficient solutions. A new type of saddle point, which is called tightly proper saddle point of an appropriate set-valued Lagrange map, is introduced and is used to characterize tightly proper efficiency.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 121272576, "title": "Levitin-Polyak well-posedness of generalizedvector quasi-equilibrium problems", "abstract": "In this paper, Levitin-Polyak well-posedness for two classes of \ngeneralized vector quasi-equilibrium problems is introduced. \nCriteria and characterizations of the Levitin-Polyak well-posedness \nare investigated. By virtue of gap functions for the generalized \nvector quasi-equilibrium problems, some equivalent relations are \nobtained between the Levitin-Polyak well-posedness for optimization \nproblems and the Levitin-Polyak well-posedness for generalized \nvector quasi-equilibrium problems. Finally, a set-valued version of \nEkeland's variational principle is derived and applied to establish \na sufficient condition for Levitin-Polyak well-posedness of a class \nof generalized vector quasi-equilibrium problems.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 122562822, "title": "Generalized Higher-Order Optimality Conditions for Set-Valued Optimization under Henig Efficiency", "abstract": "In this paper, generalized mth-order contingent epiderivative and generalized mth-order epiderivative of set-valued maps are introduced, respectively. By virtue of the generalized mth-order epiderivatives, generalized necessary and sufficient optimality conditions are obtained for Henig efficient solutions to a set-valued optimization problem whose constraint set is determined by a fixed set. Generalized Kuhn\u2013Tucker type necessary and sufficient optimality conditions are also obtained for Henig efficient solutions to a set-valued optimization problem whose constraint set is determined by a set-valued map.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 12961191, "title": "Fast multi-exposure image fusion with median filter and recursive filter", "abstract": "This paper proposes a weighted sum based multi-exposure image fusion method which consists of two main steps: three image features composed of local contrast, brightness and color dissimilarity are first measured to estimate the weight maps refined by recursive filtering. Then, the fused image is constructed by weighted sum of source images. The main advantage of the proposed method lies in a recursive filter based weight map refinement step which is able to obtain accurate weight maps for image fusion. Another advantage is that a novel histogram equalization and median filter based motion detection method is proposed for fusing multi-exposure images in dynamic scenes which contain motion objects. Furthermore, the proposed method is quite fast and thus can be directly used for most consumer cameras. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in terms of subjective and objective evaluation.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 6372823, "title": "Extended Random Walker-Based Classification of Hyperspectral Images", "abstract": "This paper introduces a novel spectral-spatial classification method for hyperspectral images based on extended random walkers (ERWs), which consists of two main steps. First, a widely used pixelwise classifier, i.e., the support vector machine (SVM), is adopted to obtain classification probability maps for a hyperspectral image, which reflect the probabilities that each hyperspectral pixel belongs to different classes. Then, the obtained pixelwise probability maps are optimized with the ERW algorithm that encodes the spatial information of the hyperspectral image in a weighted graph. Specifically, the class of a test pixel is determined based on three factors, i.e., the pixelwise statistics information learned by a SVM classifier, the spatial correlation among adjacent pixels modeled by the weights of graph edges, and the connectedness between the training and test samples modeled by random walkers. Since the three factors are all well considered in the ERW-based global optimization framework, the proposed method shows very good classification performances for three widely used real hyperspectral data sets even when the number of training samples is relatively small.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 26193459, "title": "Image-based seat belt detection", "abstract": "This paper presents a novel method for the detection of seat belt in a monitoring image which contains the full scene information of the moving car. First, the driver area is located based on the vehicle outline. Then the potential seat belt edges are detected by an effective algorithm based on the direction information measure in the HSV color space, and the result is finally obtained by further verification of the edges. Experiments demonstrate the method makes a good performance even with noisy images.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 14382943, "title": "Multimodal image fusion with joint sparsity model", "abstract": "Image fusion combines multiple images of the same scene into a single image which is suitable for human perception and practical applications. Different images of the same scene can be viewed as an ensemble of intercorrelated images. This paper proposes a novel mul- timodal image fusion scheme based on the joint sparsity model which is derived from the distributed compressed sensing. First, the source images are jointly sparsely represented as common and innovation components using an over-complete dictionary. Second, the common and innovations sparse coefficients are combined as the jointly sparse coeffi- cients of the fused image. Finally, the fused result is reconstructed from the obtained sparse coefficients. Furthermore, the proposed method is compared with some popular image fusion methods, such as multiscale transform-based methods and simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit- based method. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of visual effect and quantitative fusion evaluation indexes. C 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 93118937, "title": "Microwave hydrothermal disassembly for evolution from CuO dendrites to nanosheets and their applications in catalysis and photo-catalysis", "abstract": "Abstract CuO nanosheets and dendrites have been synthesized by a microwave hydrothermal method. The synthesized CuO nanostructures were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transition electron microscopy (TEM). The formation process was discussed, which revealed that the disassembly of sheet-built CuO dendrites contributed to the formation of discrete CuO nanosheets under microwave hydrothermal conditions. However, such a disassembly process was inhibited by an ultrasonic heat pretreatment before the microwave hydrothermal treatment. The synthesized CuO nanostructures were active toward the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and allowed the decomposition temperature of AP to decrease. Furthermore, the synthesized CuO nanostructures promoted the photodegradation of rhodamine B and methyl orange."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 95425041, "title": "Co3O4/C nanocapsules with onion-like carbon shells as anode material for lithium ion batteries", "abstract": "Abstract The synthesis and characterization of core/shell-type Co 3 O 4 /C nanocapsules for application as anode material in lithium ion batteries are reported in this paper. The synthesis process involves the preparation of Co/C nanocapsules using a modified arc-discharge method and the annealing of the Co/C nanocapsules at 300\u00a0\u00b0C for 2\u00a0h in air. The as-synthesized products show a spherical shape and a core/shell-type structure in which a Co 3 O 4 nanoparticle core of diameter 10\u201330\u00a0nm is encapsulated by an onion-like carbon shell of thickness approximately 1\u00a0nm. The Co/C nanocapsules can be stable below 130\u00a0\u00b0C, and be oxidized above 205\u00a0\u00b0C in air. The Co 3 O 4 /C nanocapsules deliver an initial discharge capacity of 1467.6\u00a0mAh\u00a0g \u22121 at 0.5\u00a0C and maintain a high reversible capacity of 1026.9\u00a0mAh\u00a0g \u22121 after 50 charge\u2013discharge cycles, much higher than the Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles (471.5\u00a0mAh\u00a0g \u22121 ). A postmortem analysis of the Co 3 O 4 and Co 3 O 4 /C anodes subjected to prolonged cycling reveals the existence of a lower degree of surface cracking and particle breakage in the Co 3 O 4 /C anode than the Co 3 O 4 anode. The improved electrochemical performance and structural stability in the Co 3 O 4 /C nanocapsules are attributed to the enhanced electrical conductivity and structural buffering provided by the onion-like carbon shell.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 135908515, "title": "Synthesis and electromagnetic properties of Al/AlOx-coated Ni nanocapsules", "abstract": "Abstract Ni nanocapsules with a core of Ni nanoparticle and a shell of amorphous Al/AlO x have been prepared by the arc discharge method. The natural resonance in the Al/AlO x -coated Ni nanocapsules shifts to 6.4\u00a0GHz, due to the surface anisotropy of Ni nanoparticles. An optimal RL value of \u221240.96\u00a0dB was observed at 9.2\u00a0GHz on a specimen with a matching thickness of 2.40\u00a0mm. Theoretical simulation for the microwave absorption using the transmission line theory agrees reasonably well with the experimental results. The frequency of microwave absorption complies with the quarter-wavelength matching model.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 94853145, "title": "3D flower- and 2D sheet-like CuO nanostructures: Microwave-assisted synthesis and application in gas sensors", "abstract": "Abstract 3D flower- and 2D branching sheet-like CuO nanostructures have been synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The samples were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), UV\u2013vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller (BET) specific surface area analysis. The phase and morphology observations showed the formation of monoclinic CuO nanostructures with well-defined morphology. BET analysis displayed that the measured surface area was 15.0\u00a0m 2 \u00a0g \u22121 for CuO flowers, and 20.8\u00a0m 2 \u00a0g \u22121 for CuO nanosheets. Gas sensing properties of the as-synthesized CuO nanostructures were evaluated by the detection of volatile and toxic gases including ethanol, ethyl-acetate, acetone, xylene, and toluene. It was found that CuO flowers exhibited an enhanced gas response to the five gases at 260\u00a0\u00b0C, compared to CuO nanosheets. Furthermore, at 1000\u00a0ppm, the CuO flower sensor gave a higher response to ethyl-acetate ( R g / R a \u00a0=\u00a04.6) and ethanol ( R g / R a \u00a0=\u00a04.0), in comparison with toluene ( R g / R a \u00a0=\u00a02.8). In addition, the CuO flowers displayed a rapid response and recovery as well as good reproducibility.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 97044673, "title": "Gas sensing properties of CuO nanorods synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method", "abstract": "Abstract P-type CuO nanorods with the breadth of 15\u201320\u00a0nm and the length of 60\u201380\u00a0nm, have been synthesized using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal (MH) method. The band gap of CuO nanorods was calculated to be 2.75\u00a0eV based on the UV\u2013vis absorption spectrum of the product. The gas sensing property of the CuO nanorods to several organic vapors was tested in temperatures ranging from 160\u00a0\u00b0C to 300\u00a0\u00b0C. The response of the CuO sensor to ethanol (1000\u00a0ppm) was 9.8 at the working temperature of 210\u00a0\u00b0C. The response time and the recovery time were within the range of 13\u201342\u00a0s and 17\u201351\u00a0s, respectively. Further measurements exhibited stronger response to ethanol than to other target gases. The enhanced gas sensing performance of the sensor to ethanol may be attributed to the small size of the CuO particles.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 95459162, "title": "Synthesis of thermo-responsive microgels in supercritical carbon dioxide using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker", "abstract": "Herein, we report the preparation of thermo-responsive polymers in a green medium. The white, dry, fine powders were obtained directly from the cross-linking polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) at pressures ranging from 10 to 28\u2009MPa utilizing ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker. The effects of reaction pressure, cross-linker ratio, initiator concentration, and reaction time were investigated. In the presence of this cross-linker (26.4% w/w), much smaller poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) microgels (<0.2\u2009\u00b5m diameter) were formed, and it was shown that the particle size and the morphology of the polymer were strongly dependent on the cross-linker ratio in scCO2. Copyright \u00a9 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 95851819, "title": "Simple synthesis of ultra-long Ag2Te nanowires through solvothermal co-reduction method", "abstract": "Ultra-long single crystal {beta}-Ag{sub 2}Te nanowires with the diameter of about 300 nm were fabricated through a solvothermal route in ethylene glycol (EG) system without any template. The long single crystal wires were curves, with high purity, well-crystallized, and dislocation-free and characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission microscopy (HRTEM). The detailed topotactic transformation process from particles into single crystal wires was studied. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient have been systematically studied between 300 and 600 K. - Graphical abstract: Ultra-long single crystal {beta}-Ag{sub 2}Te nanowires with the diameter of about 300 nm were fabricated by the solvothermal route in ethylene glycol (EG) system without any template. The diagram displays the variation of the phases and morphologies of products with different reaction time.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 97375821, "title": "Synthesis of bismuth micro- and nanospheres by a simple refluxing method", "abstract": "Abstract Well-separated bismuth micro- and nanospheres were successfully prepared from bismuth citrate and urea by a simple refluxing reaction at 198\u00a0\u00b0C in ethylene glycol in the presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). The products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The larger Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller (BET) surface area of these micro- and nanospheres was found to be 17.34\u00a0m 2 /g by the results of N 2 adsorption. It was found that the amount of PVP have an influence on the morphologies of bismuth nanostructure. The possible growth mechanism of bismuth micro- and nanospheres was also discussed.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 94750840, "title": "High temperature electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power of NaxCoO2", "abstract": "Abstract Layered cobalt oxides, Na x CoO 2 , with the density of sodium ions, x , ranging from 0.65 to 0.85, were prepared by rapid heat-up method. The determination by X-ray diffraction pattern of crystal structure and the grain morphology studied by scanning electron microscopy were reported. The measurements of electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power were carried out between 300\u00a0K and 1100\u00a0K. It has been found that the concentration of sodium ions sandwiched between two neighboring CoO 2 layers plays a crucial role in transport properties.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 98635004, "title": "Hydroxyapatite coating on porous silicon substrate obtained by precipitation process", "abstract": "Abstract Hydroxyapatite Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 (HAP) is known as a bioactive and biocompatible material, HAP coatings were used to improve the biocompatible of substrate by many researcher, In this work, HAP thin films on porous silicon (PS) substrates have been prepared by aqueous precipitation method with rapid thermal annealing (RTA) processes. The HAP films had been prepared under the annealing temperature ranging from 300 to 1000\u00a0\u00b0C. By the measurement of X-ray diffraction (XRD), it was found that for the crystallinity optimization, the heat-treatment at 850\u2013950\u00a0\u00b0C for 1\u00a0h would be favorable. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements reveal a dense and smooth surface of the HAP film, and tightly adherence of the coating on porous silicon substrate after sintered. Thus, by this method, porous silicon could be increased its bioactivity and so that could be used in the biomedical area.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 95230947, "title": "Preparation and structure of carbon encapsulated copper nanoparticles", "abstract": "Carbon-encapsulated copper nanoparticles were synthesized by a modified arc plasma method using methane as carbon source. The particles were characterized in detail by transmission electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry. The encapsulated copper nanoparticles were about 30\u00a0nm in diameter with 3\u20135\u00a0nm graphitic carbon shells. The outside graphitic carbon layers effectively prevented unwanted oxidation of the copper inside. The effect of the ratio of He/CH4 on the morphologies and the formation of the carbon shell were investigated.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 28517014, "title": "A monoclonal antibody-based time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for chloramphenicol in shrimp and chicken muscle.", "abstract": "A time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) for determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) in shrimp and chicken muscle was developed. The method was based on a direct competitive immunoassay using europium-labeled anti-CAP monoclonal antibody (MAb) and CAP-ovalbumin as coated antigen. The limit of detection was 0.05 ng g(-1) and limit of quantification was 0.1 ng g(-1). Recoveries ranged from 101.2 to 112.5% for shrimp and 104.9 to 115.3% for chicken muscle at spiked levels of 0.1-5 ng g(-1), with intra-assay and inter-assay variations 8.7-14.6 and 9.6-17.8%, respectively. The results obtained by the TR-FIA and ELISA correlated well. The established TR-FIA was validated for the determination of incurred shrimp samples and confirmed by gas chromatography with microcell electron capture detector (GC-microECD)."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 27407657, "title": "Simultaneous determination of sulphamerazine, sulphamethazine and sulphadiazine in honey and chicken muscle by a new monoclonal antibody-based fluorescence polarisation immunoassay", "abstract": "A new monoclonal antibody (Mab) against sulphamerazine (SMR) was produced and a fluorescence polarisation immunoassay (FPIA) based on the Mab was developed and optimized for the simultaneous qualitative screening of SMR, sulphamethazine (SMZ) and sulphadiazine (SDZ). The Mab, raised from mice immunized with SMR, was bound to bovine serum albumin (BSA) using glutaraldehyde as the coupling reagent. Fluorescein-labelled SMR and SMZ (tracer) were synthesized and purified by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Cross-reactivities below 3.6% were displayed in the optimized FPIA for another 14 sulphonamides when both tracers were employed. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.9 ng g\u22121 for SMR, 2 ng g\u22121 for SMZ and 3.1 ng g\u22121 for SDZ. Analysis of SMR, SMZ and SDZ fortified chicken muscle and honey samples by the FPIA showed average recoveries of 86\u2013131% with a standard deviation (SD) of 4.6\u201332. Comparative analyses of a SMZ-treated chicken muscle sample by both FPIA and high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) showed a good correlation (r\u2009=\u20090.9991). The study demonstrates the practical application of FPIA in screening chicken muscle and honey samples for sulphonamides residues.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 27860321, "title": "Simultaneous determination of trace levels of 10 quinolones in swine, chicken, and shrimp muscle tissues using HPLC with programmable fluorescence detection.", "abstract": "A HPLC method using a modified sample preparation procedure was optimized and validated for the quantification of 10 quinolones (QNs), including marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin, difloxacin, oxolinic acid, and flumequine, in swine, chicken, and shrimp tissues. In this method, only a small mass ( 0.05).The incidence of allergic reaction was 16 percent among all patients. Twelve percent (3/25) had late reaction after iohexol exposure compared to four percent (2/25) with iodixanol (p = 1.0). One patient had severe skin rash due to late adverse reaction after iodixanol. No mortality was found. Conclusions. New iodixanol and iohexol contrast medium for routine IVP examination are safe and have low nephrotoxicity profile, especially in elderly or high-risk patients. Iodixanol contrast medium has an increased risk to induce severe late adverse reaction compared to iohexol. Allergic reaction may be the main adverse effect after contrast medium infusion."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 20907819, "title": "Overexpression of galectin-3 enhances migration of colon cancer cells related to activation of the K-Ras\u2013Raf\u2013Erk1/2 pathway", "abstract": "BackgroundGalectin-3 has been independently correlated with malignant behavior in human colon cancer. The involvement of galectin-3 in the invasiveness of colon cancer cells remains to be determined. We investigated whether galectin-3 was involved in the colon cancer cell migration mediated by certain kinase pathways.MethodsWe studied 2 colon cancer cell lines (DLD-1 and Caco2) and clinical samples. Immunostaining and Western blotting were used to analyze the expression of galectin-3 in vitro and in the clinical samples. Short hairpin RNA and overexpression of galectin-3 were used to study loss- and gain-of-function in a wound-healing assay and a Transwell migration assay, and Western blotting was used to study the Ras\u2013Raf signaling pathway.ResultsGalectin-3 was expressed at lower levels in DLD-1 than in Caco2 cells. The lower galectin-3 level in DLD-1 cells was associated with decreased cell migration, in comparison with that of Caco2 cells. Overexpression of galectin-3 increased the migration rate of DLD-1, while knockdown of galectin-3 decreased the migration. Overexpression of galectin-3 was correlated with increased lamellipodia formation and distal lung localization in a mouse model. The galectin-3 enhancement of DLD-1 cell migration was mediated by K-Ras, Raf and Erk1/2 pathway activation, but not the H-Ras, p38, or JNK activation.ConclusionsGalectin-3 plays an important role in regulating colon cancer cell migration and potential distal localization. The galectin-3 enhancement of cell migration is mediated through the K-Ras\u2013Raf\u2013Erk1/2 pathway. Specific targeting of the K-Ras\u2013Raf\u2013Erk1/2 pathway may be useful for treating colon cancers associated with increased galectin-3 expression.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 20277828, "title": "Kawasaki disease with G6PD deficiency--report of one case and literature review.", "abstract": "Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis primarily affecting children who are younger than 5 years. The most serious complications are coronary artery aneurysms and sequelae of vasculitis with the subsequent development of coronary artery aneurysm. According to the literature, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) plus high-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) were standard treatment for KD, whereas low-dose aspirin (3-5 mg/kg/day) was used for thrombocytosis in KD via antiplatelet effect. However, aspirin has been reported to have hemolytic potential in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. We report a child with G6PD-deficiency who has KD, and review the literature.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 23864977, "title": "TARC/CCL17 gene polymorphisms and expression associated with susceptibility and coronary artery aneurysm formation in Kawasaki disease", "abstract": "Background:Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology. Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/chemokine ligand 17 (TARC/CCL17) is one of the Th2 chemokines and has been suggested as a candidate gene for conferring susceptibility to Th2 associated with allergy diseases. This study examined the correlation between gene polymorphisms and plasma levels of TARC/CCL17 in patients with KD and the outcomes of KD.Methods:A total of 381 KD patients and 564 controls were subjected to determination of five tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms of TARC/CCL17. In addition, plasma TARC/CCL17 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:Polymorphisms of TARC/CCL17 were significantly different between normal children and patients with KD. A allele of rs4784805 has better intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment response to KD. Furthermore, plasma TARC/CCL17 levels were higher in KD patients than that in controls before IVIG treatment. After IVIG treatment, plasma TARC/CCL17 levels decreased significantly.Conclusion:This study provides the first evidence supporting the association between TARC/CCL17 polymorphisms, susceptibility of KD, and IVIG responses in KD patients.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 16060043, "title": "Amifostine alleviates radiation-induced lethal small bowel damage via promotion of 14-3-3\u03c3-mediated nuclear p53 accumulation", "abstract": "Amifostine (AM) is a radioprotector that scavenges free radicals and is used in patients undergoing radiotherapy. p53 has long been implicated in cell cycle arrest for cellular repair after radiation exposure. We therefore investigated the protective p53-dependent mechanism of AM on small bowel damage after lethal whole-abdominal irradiation (WAI). AM increased both the survival rate of rats and crypt survival following lethal 18 Gy WAI. The p53 inhibitor PFT-\u03b1 compromised AM-mediated effects when administered prior to AM administration. AM significantly increased clonogenic survival in IEC-6 cells expressing wild type p53 but not in p53 knockdown cells. AM significantly increased p53 nuclear accumulation and p53 tetramer expression before irradiation through the inhibition of p53 degradation. AM inhibited p53 interactions with MDM2 but enhanced p53 interactions with 14-3-3\u03c3. Knockdown of 14-3-3\u03c3 also compromised the effect of AM on clonogenic survival and p53 nuclear accumulation in IEC-6 cells. For the first time, our data reveal that AM alleviates lethal small bowel damage through the induction of 14-3-3\u03c3 and subsequent accumulation of p53. Enhancement of the p53/14-3-3\u03c3 interaction results in p53 tetramerization in the nucleus that rescues lethal small bowel damage.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 1102058, "title": "Shockwave stimulates oxygen radical-mediated osteogenesis of the mesenchymal cells from human umbilical cord blood.", "abstract": "UNLABELLED\nHuman umbilical cord blood (HUCB) mesenchymal progenitor cells expressed stro-1 or CD44 or CD29, and subsequently, differentiated toward osteogenic lineage. Physical shockwave treatment increased osteogenic activity of HUCB mesenchymal progenitor cells through superoxide-mediated TGF-beta1 induction. Transplantation of shockwave-treated HUCB mesenchymal progenitor cells enhanced healing of segmental femoral defect in severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) mice.\n\n\nINTRODUCTION\nMesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) in the bone marrow are precursors to bone development. It remains uncertain whether MPCs are present in human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) and are capable of differentiating into osteogenic cell lineage. Extending from a model of shockwave (SW) promotion of bone marrow stromal cell differentiation toward osteoprogenitors in rats, we further investigated how physical SW mediated biological responses in regulating osteogenic differentiation of HUCB MPCs.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nHUCB was subjected to SW treatment at different energy flux densities and impulses. Colony-forming units-stroma (CFU-Stroma), osteogenic activities (Cbfa1/Runx2 expression, bone alkaline phosphatase activity, and bone nodule formation), and bone formation by heterologous transplantation into SCID mice were assessed.\n\n\nRESULTS\nFew CD34+ stem cells (1.3%) and stro-1+ cells (1.0%) were present in the freshly prepared mononuclear cells (MNCs) from HUCB. The number of stro-1+ cells, but not CD34+, increased to 72.4% in the adherent cell culture over 6 days. Stro-1+ cells co-expressed CD44 and CD29 markers and grew into CFU-Stroma that matured into bone nodules. We found that the SW treatment (0.16 mJ/mm2 energy flux density, 200 impulses) elicited superoxide production and promoted formation of CFU-Stroma, but not of hematopoietic CFU-Mix. SW also enhanced the production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, but not of interleukin (IL)-3 or granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Neutralization of TGF-beta1 significantly reduced SW-promoted CFU-Stroma formation. Superoxide scavenging by superoxide dismutase blocked SW enhancement of TGF-beta1 production and formation of CFU-Stroma. Administration of SW-treated HUCB MPCs to SCID mice with femoral segmental defects facilitated dense, bridging callus and gap closure.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nHUCB MPCs subjected to SW treatment is a potential source for stem cells useful in the treatment of orthopedic disorders. An optimal physical SW treatment enhanced osteogenesis through superoxide-mediated TGF-beta1 production. Physical stimulation is an alternative method for extending mesenchymal stem cells of HUCB.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 1448897, "title": "Neonatal varicella frequently associated with visceral complications: a retrospective analysis.", "abstract": "Neonates are very susceptible to varicella, which usually causes high mortality and morbidity rates among that age group. We analyzed the prognosis and complications of neonates with varicella in a retrospective study that assessed the clinical features, laboratory data, and clinical outcomes of twelve neonates who either had the illness or who were at risk. Based on exposure history, twelve babies were separated into prenatal and postnatal infection groups. Seven cases were categorized as having prenatal infections and five had postnatal varicella infection. Results showed that the major complications in the prenatal infection group included three cases of hepatitis, two of pneumonia, one of pyoderma and one of sepsis. The presence of fever was a good indicator for predicting complications among the prenatal infection group. These complications were not found in the postnatal infection group. We found that prenatal varicella infections appear to have a higher visceral complication rate. However, our patients had a much lower mortality rate than those reported in previous studies. This may be attributed to the administration of acyclovir after delivery.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 13205202, "title": "Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing D2 and D4 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer", "abstract": "SummaryBACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy and safety of D2 compared with D4 surgery in patients treated with curative intent. METHODS: An electronic search of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Embase, ISI databases and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database was conducted till September 2010 to identify randomized controlled trials on related studies. Statistic analyses were carried out using RevMan software. RESULTS: Three randomized controlled trials with 1067 patients were included. The meta-analysis showed that D4 dissection tended to be associated with slightly higher 5-year survival rate, but there were no statistically significant differences between two groups [OR = 0.93, 95% CI (0.69\u20131.25)]. However, there appeared to be no statistically differences between D2 and D4 group in terms of recurrences of cancer, re-operation, hospital mortality, overall morbidity, anastomotic leakage, pancreatic fistula, operation time, though pulmonary increased in the D2 group comparing to that in the D4 group. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic D4 dissection is not recommended for patients with curable gastric cancer.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 25891418, "title": "The relationship of eosinophilia to intravenous immunoglobulin treatment failure in Kawasaki disease.", "abstract": "To investigate the role of eosinophils in Kawasaki disease (KD) and the relationship to initial intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment failure. A retrospective analysis of all children who were admitted and met the criteria of KD between 1999 and 2005. The patients were divided into IVIG-responsive and IVIG-resistant groups. A total of 185 patients were enrolled during the study period. A series of blood eosinophils and biochemistry studies were correlated to the effectiveness of IVIG. The neutrophils percentage before IVIG treatment (pre-IVIG), leukocyte counts within 3 days after IVIG treatment (post-IVIG), liver enzyme, albumin levels, and post-IVIG eosinophils percentage were all significantly different between the two groups in univariate analysis. Under multivariate analysis with logistic regression, post-IVIG eosinophilia [peripheral blood (PB) eosinophils >or=4%] had an inverse correlation to KD patients with IVIG-resistance (p = 0.003). Also, pre-IVIG hypoalbuminemia (albumin 30ions. Emission lines of Br, Kr, Xe, Rb, Ba, and Pb are detected with a reasonable degree of certainty in at least some of the objects studied here, and we also tentatively identify lines from Te and I, each in one object. The strengths of these lines indicate enhancement of s-process elements in the central star progenitors, and we determine the abundances of Br,Kr,andXe,elementsforwhichatomicdatarelevantforabundancedeterminationhaverecentlybecomeavailable. Asrepresentative elementsofthe\u2018\u2018light\u2019\u2019and\u2018\u2018heavy\u2019\u2019s-processpeaks,KrandXeexhibitsimilar enhancementsover solar values, suggesting that PN progenitors experience substantial neutron exposure. Subject headingg ISM: abundances \u2014 nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances \u2014 planetary nebulae: general", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 111836061, "title": "Effect of surface roughness of electrode on detecting capacitance", "abstract": "Parallel plate capacitor is a core mechanism in a Micro-mechanical-electrical(MEMS) sensing device.As the surface roughness of an electrode has obviously impact on the space electric field when the distance between the electrodes is shortened in the capacitance detection,this paper explores the effect of the surface roughness of electrode on the performance of the parallel plate capacitor.A parallel plate capacitor model with a single roughness electrode was established,and then the finite element method was used to study the effect of the surface roughness on the detecting capacitance.Based on increasing rough surface to enhance the memory electric charge capability,the formula for parallel plate capacitor with rough surface was corrcted.Finally,the Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM) was used to describe the samples with different surface roughnesses.Experiments and simulation results indicate that the surface roughness has a obviously effect on the detecting capacitance.Increasing the surface roughness of an electrode and decreasing the distance between the electrodes can improve the detecting capacitance greatly.When the surface roughness of an electrode increases from 0.063 nm to 60 nm,the detecting capacitance value grows by 9.0 percent.The result shows that increasing the surface roughnesses of electrodes can improve the sensitivity of MEMS devices.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 29537516, "title": "Modulation of the molecular conformation of a hepatocyte-targeting gene drug in order to improve its expression efficiency in vitro.", "abstract": "AIM\nTo construct different conformations of a plasmid DNA/vector complex (pcDNA3.1/IFN-gamma-ASOR-PLL) and transfect cells of the hepatoma cell line BEL7402 to investigate the optimal conformation of the complex for improved expression efficiency in the target cell.\n\n\nMETHODS\nDouble-distilled water and adjuvant were added to the naked pcDNA3.1/IFN-gamma, target vector ASOR-PLL and the ASOR-PLL-pcDNA3.1/IFN-gamma complex to create different conformations; molecules that were transfected into BEL7402 cells and the expression efficiency was determined by measuring the IFN-g concentration in the culture supernatant by ELISA.\n\n\nRESULTS\nNaked pcDNA3.1/IFN-gamma DNA distributed linearly in double-distilled water and condensed into a mica configuration in adjuvant; ASOR-PLL had a net-like distribution without adjuvant and a spider-like form in the adjuvant-treated group; the ASOR-PLL-pcDNA3.1/IFN-g complex had a divaricate form without adjuvant, but a bead-like or granular conformation in 0.1 and 0.2 mol/L of adjuvant, a homogeneous bacilliform or chromatoid-shaped conformation in 0.3 mol/L adjuvant, and varied shapes in 0.4 and 0.5 mol/L adjuvant. The supernatant IFN-gamma expression in the bacilliform/chromatoid conformation complex group was the highest among the different conformation groups and controls. When chloroquine was added the supernatant IFN-gamma concentration increased in the liposome group and decreased in the bacilliform/chromatoid conformation group .\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe two structural molecules and their complex, ASOR-PLL-pcDNA3.1/IFN-gamma, were adjustable in the liquid mode. The specific bacilliform/chromatoid conformation of complex was lysosome enzyme-resistant and could play an active role in improving the efficiency of gene expression. The hypothesis that a chromosome-like conformation of the target gene molecule is involved in enhancing exogenous gene expression is proposed.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 131332775, "title": "Research on similar material of slope simulation experiment", "abstract": "Combining with the research on losing mechanics of inversely oblique terrane slope, tests of similar materials of limestone are performed. The influences of sand-binder ratio, different binders proportion, and different maintain measures on sample strength are studied. The test results indicate that it is feasible to use sand, plaster and cement to simulate rock body. It is shown that the curves between the strength of plaster sample and the sand-binder ratio are hyperbolic, but that the curves between the strength of mixed sample and the sand-binder ratio are parabola. For both plaster and mixed samples, the bake-dry strengths will decrease with increasing time. The air-dry strength of plaster sample increases with time increasing. But the strength of mixed sample changes irregularly with time increasing. These results provide useful references for rock mechanics simulation experiments.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 100653304, "title": "Effect of the Dosimeter Size on the Absorbed Dose to Al_2O_3 Dosimeter in ~(60)Co\u03b3 Beams", "abstract": "The effect of the dosimeter size on the absorbed dose to the Al2O3 dosimeter in a water phantom irradiated by 60Co \u03b3 beams was simulated using EGSnrc /DOSRZnrc code.Simulation results reveal that the effect of the dosimeter size on the absorbed dose ratio factor is obvious.The absorbed ratio factor can be different with different radius or thickness of the dosimeter,and the maximum difference can be up to 6%.But for dosimeter with a certain size,all the absorbed ratio factors are nearly a constant at various depths of 0.5~8.0 cm in the water phantom,and the maximum discrepancy of those the absorbed ratio factors to the average value is not more than 1%.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 16898991, "title": "The Study of Intelligent Control of Medium Frequency Induction Furnace Based on RBF Neural Network", "abstract": "Large inertia, serious delay, nonlinear parameters and complex structure are current problems of process of medium frequency induction furnace, the traditional PID control is difficult to meet the control requirements. As the development of intelligent control theory has been made tremendous results, adaptive PID control program is proposed based on the RBF neural network, using neural network identifier online identification system model to get PID controller parameters auto-adjusting real-time and on-line. So the control system would be able to maintain the indicators in ideal range, having a better balance between the robustness and controllability and improvement of performance between dynamic heating process and static. What's more, the system's capability of anti-jamming has made enhancement. And MATLAB simulation is based on sample data from some experiments, resulting to achieve the desired goal and obtain good control effect.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 124553385, "title": "Another kind of conserved quantity induced by Mei symmetry of mechanico-electrical system", "abstract": "Another kind of conserved quantity deduced from Mei symmetry of mechanico-electrical system is studied. Under the infinitesimal transformation of groups, another kind of conserved quantity of Mei symmetry of mechanico-electrical system is obtained from the definition and the criterion of Mei symmetry of mechanico-electrical system. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the result.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 120837398, "title": "Noether-Lie symmetry and conserved quantities of the Rosenberg problem", "abstract": "The Noether-Lie symmetry and conserved quantities of the Rosenberg problem are studied. From the study of the Rosenberg problem,the Noether symmetry and the Lie symmetry for the equation are obtained, thereby the conserved quantities are deduced. Then the definition and the criterion for Noether-Lie symmetry of the Rosenberg problem are derived. Finally,the Noether conserved quantity and the Hojman conserved quantity are deduced from the Noether-Lie symmetry.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 2664051, "title": "LOX-1, mtDNA damage, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages: implications in atherogenesis.", "abstract": "AIMS\nLectin-like ox-LDL scavenger receptor-1 (LOX-1) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage play a key role in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and inflammation. We posited that damaged mtDNA could trigger autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and LOX-1 may play a critical role in this process.\n\n\nMETHODS AND RESULTS\nIn order to examine this hypothesis, cultured human THP-1 macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were applied to study the link between LOX-1, mtDNA damage, autophagy, and NLRP3 inflammasome expression. Our data showed that LPS markedly induced LOX-1 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, autophagy, mtDNA damage, and NLRP3 inflammasome. LOX-1 inhibition with a binding antibody or siRNA inhibited ROS generation, autophagy and mtDNA damage, and a decreased expression of NLRP3 inflammasome. To study the LOX-1-NLRP3 inflammasome signalling, we performed studies using ROS inhibitors and an autophagy inducer, and found that both decreased the expression of NLRP3. On the other hand, autophagy inhibitor enhanced the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome. Knockdown of DNase II inhibited autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome, providing further support for our hypothesis. Finally, we confirmed the relationship between LOX-1, ROS, mtDNA damage, autophagy, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in primary macrophages.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThis study based on THP-1 macrophages and primary macrophages indicates that LOX-1-mediated autophagy and mtDNA damage play an essential role in NLRP3 inflammasome activation in inflammatory disease states."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 6248325, "title": "Hemodynamic shear stress modulates endothelial cell autophagy: Role of LOX-1.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVES\nShear stress, autophagy and LOX-1 are important players in atherogenesis. Direct impact of shear stress on autophagy development in endothelial cells and role of LOX-1 therein are undelineated.\n\n\nMETHODS AND RESULTS\nA parallel-plate flow chamber was used to vary shear stress (3 to 30 dyn/cm(2)), and determine autophagy in endothelial cells. We observed that low shear stress (3 dyn/cm(2)) enhanced autophagy (expression of LC3-II) 2-3 fold, and increasing shear stress (15 to 30 dyn/cm(2)) resulted in a gradual decline. Autophagy increased when cells were treated with an inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LOX-1 expression paralleled autophagy development. The in vitro observations were confirmed in the in vivo setting by studying autophagy (LC3-II and Beclin-1) and LOX-1 expression in wild-type mice given LPS. Expression of both autophagy and LOX-1 was most pronounced in aorto-iliac bifurcation region where shear stress is lower compared with aortic arch, thoracic aorta and iliac artery. To define the role of LOX-1 in the development of autophagy, we studied LOX-1 knockout mice. These mice despite LPS administration exhibited less autophagy (vs. wild-type mice). Role of LOX-1 in the regulation of autophagy was further established with LOX-1 inhibition (siRNA transfection and use of antibody) or overexpression (cDNA transfection), which showed that LOX-1 knockdown reduced while LOX-1 overexpression enhanced LC3-II expression in endothelial cells.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThese observations suggest that low shear stress is a powerful regulator on autophagy, particularly in state of inflammation, and LOX-1 plays an important role in shear stress induced autophagy.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 37239820, "title": "Hemodynamic shear stress via ROS modulates PCSK9 expression in human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells and along the mouse aorta.", "abstract": "AIMS\nTo investigate a possible link between hemodynamic shear stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) expression.\n\n\nRESULTS\nUsing a parallel-plate flow chamber, we observed that PCSK9 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) reached maximal value at low shear stress (3-6 dynes/cm(2)), and then began to decline with an increase in shear stress. PCSK9 expression increased when cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide. PCSK9 expression was always greater in SMCs than in ECs. ROS generation followed the same pattern as PCSK9 expression. Aortic branching and aorta-iliac bifurcation regions of mouse aorta that express low shear stress were also found to have greater PCSK9 expression (vs. other regions). To determine a relationship between ROS and PCSK9 expression, ECs and SMCs were treated with ROS inhibitors diphenylene-iodonium chloride and apocynin, and both markedly reduced PCSK9 expression. Relationship between PCSK9 and ROS was further studied in p47(phox) and gp91(phox) knockout mice; both mice strains revealed low PCSK9 levels in serum and mRNA levels in aorta-iliac bifurcation regions (vs. wild-type mice). Other studies showed that ROS and NF-\u03baB activation plays a bridging role in PCSK9 expression via lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1).\n\n\nINNOVATION\nLow shear stress induces PCSK9 expression, which is mediated by NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThis study provides evidence that low shear stress enhances PCSK9 expression in concert with ROS generation in vascular ECs and SMCs. ROS seem to regulate PCSK9 expression. We propose that PCSK9-ROS interaction may be important in the development of atherosclerosis in arterial channels with low shear stress.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 18935581, "title": "Lectin-Like ox-LDL Receptor-1 (LOX-1)\u2013Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Interaction and Autophagy in CATH.a Differentiated Cells Exposed to Angiotensin II", "abstract": "Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in innate immune response. Expression of TLRs has also been linked to autophagy. As the main receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) on the cell surface, lectin-like ox-LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines and has been linked to the development of autophagy. However, the relationship between LOX-1, autophagy, and TLR4 in neurons has not been defined. Here, we show that Angiotensin II (Ang II) treatment of CATH.a differentiated neuronal cells resulted in the expression of TLR4 (and associated signals MyD88 and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon (TRIF)), LOX-1 autophagy. LOX-1 knockdown (transfection with specific small interfering RNA (siRNA)) resulted in reduced expression of TLR4 (and associated signals MyD88 and TRIF) and P-P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and autophagy. TLR4 knockdown with siRNA resulted in reduced LOX-1 expression and autophagy, indicating a positive feedback between LOX-1 and TLR4. Knockdown of TRIF as well as MyD88 or inhibition of P38 MAPK also inhibited the expression of LOX-1 and TLR4 and autophagy. Importantly, pretreatment with 3-methyladenine (autophagy inhibitor) enhanced while rapamycin (autophagy inducer) decreased the expression of LOX-1, TLR4, and P-P38 MAPK. These studies suggest the presence of a bidirectional link between LOX-1and TLR4 in cultured CATH.a differentiated cells exposed to Ang II with an important role for autophagy in this link.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 36365324, "title": "Hypertension, TLR4 activation in brain and cardiac hypertrophy.", "abstract": "This editorial refers to \u2018Central blockade of TLR4 improves cardiac function and attenuates myocardial inflammation in angiotensin II-induced hypertension\u2019 by R.B. Dange et al. , pp. 17\u201327, this issue. \n\nHypertension or high blood pressure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Fortunately, drug therapy along with dietary and lifestyle changes can reduce blood pressure and, therefore, the complications of hypertension in most individuals. On the other hand, untreated or uncontrolled hypertension leads to cerebrovascular accidents, myocardial ischaemia, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. Over the years, attempts have been made to understand the pathophysiology of hypertension. While the precise cause of hypertension in most of the patients is not known, there is emerging evidence for neuroendocrine activation and insulin resistance syndrome in hypertension.1 A connection between brain, especially perturbation within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the brain, and development of hypertension has been proposed.2 Brain\u2013heart connection is also beginning to be recognized as a determinant of outcome after myocardial ischaemia.3 Furthermore, there is evidence for immune system activation in hypertension.4 Resulting inflammation along with neuroendocrine stimulation, especially the activation of renin\u2013angiotensin system, may well play an important role in the pathogenesis \u2026", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 24942197, "title": "LOX-1, oxidant stress, mtDNA damage, autophagy, and immune response in atherosclerosis.", "abstract": "As a major receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is upregulated in many pathophysiological events, including endothelial cell dysfunction and smooth muscle cell growth, as well as monocyte migration and transformation into foam cells, which are present in atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases LOX-1 expression, induces mitochondrial DNA damage, and activates autophagy. Damaged mitochondrial DNA that escapes from autophagy induces an inflammatory response. This paper reviews the potential link between LOX-1, mitochondrial DNA damage, autophagy, and immune response in atherosclerosis.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 212670, "title": "Silencing of uncoupling protein 2 by small interfering RNA aggravates mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes under septic conditions", "abstract": "Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) regulates the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular energy transduction under physiological or pathological conditions. In this study, we aimed to determine whether mitochondrial UCP2 plays a protective role in cardiomyocytes under septic conditions. In order to mimic the septic condition, rat embryonic cardiomyoblast-derived H9C2 cells were cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus peptidoglycan G (PepG) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) against UCP2 (siUCP2) was used to suppress UCP2 expression. Reverse transcription quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal microscopy and flow cytometry (FCM) were used to detect the mRNA levels, protein levels, mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP or \u0394\u03a8m) in qualitative and quantitative analyses, respectively. Indicators of cell damage [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 in the culture supernatant] and mitochondrial function [ROS, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)] were detected. Sepsis enhanced the mRNA and protein expression of UCP2 in the H9C2 cells, damaged the mitochondrial ultrastructure, increased the forward scatter (FSC)/side scatter (SSC) ratio, increased the CK, LDH, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 levels, and lead to the dissipation of MMP, as well as the overproduction of ROS; in addition, the induction of sepsis led to a decrease in ATP levels and the deletion of mtDNA. The silencing of UCP2 aggravated H9C2 cell damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that mitochondrial morphology and funtion are damaged in cardiomyocytes under septic conditions, while the silencing of UCP2 using siRNA aggravated this process, indicating that UCP2 may play a protective role in cardiomyocytes under septic conditions.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 33196436, "title": "DNA damage and activation of c-ras in human embryo lung cells exposed to chrysotile and cigarette smoking solution.", "abstract": "Epidemiological studies and animal experiments showed that asbestos and cigarette smoking can act synergistically in the development of lung cancer. The mechanism of this synergism is largely unknown. It is well documented that DNA damage and activation of oncogenes play important roles in the development of cancer. The aim of our study was to find out if DNA damage could be increased and c-ras oncogene could be activated when human embryo lung cells were treated with chrysotile (CH) and cigarette smoking solution (CSS) separately or simultaneously. Human embryo lung (HEL) cells were treated with different doses of CH and CSS separately or simultaneously, then DNA strand breaks were detected with single-cell gel electrophoresis assay and the expression of p21 was detected by flow cytometry. Factorial analysis was used to evaluate the combined effect of chrysotile and cigarette smoking solution. The results showed that DNA strand breaks could be increased significantly when HEL cells were exposed to CH and CSS separately for 1 hour and increased in a dose-dependent relationship when cells were exposed to CH and CSS simultaneously for 1 hour. The expression of p21 increased significantly when cells were exposed to CH for 24 hours, but there was no significant increase when cells were exposed to CSS for 24 hours. However, there was an additive effect on the expression of p21 when cells were exposed to CH and CSS simultaneously for 24 hours. When cells were exposed to CH and CSS simultaneously three times (24 hours each time), then passaged for 1 month, the expression of p21 increased synergistically. In conclusion, DNA damage and activation of c-ras may be involved in the process of combined carcinogenesis of CH and CSS.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 206426702, "title": "Induction of autophagy counteracts the anticancer effect of cisplatin in human esophageal cancer cells with acquired drug resistance.", "abstract": "Cisplatin-based chemotherapy frequently resulted in acquired resistance. The underpinning mechanism of such resistance remains obscure especially in relation to autophagic response. This study thus investigated the role of autophagy in the anticancer activity of cisplatin in human esophageal cancer cells with acquired cisplatin resistance. In response to cisplatin treatment, EC109 cells exhibited substantial apoptosis and senescence whereas cisplatin-resistant EC109/CDDP cells exhibited resistance. In this respect, cisplatin increased ERK phosphorylation whose inhibition by MEK inhibitor significantly attenuated the cytotoxic and cytostatic effect of cisplatin. Notably, cisplatin preferentially induces autophagy in EC109/CDDP cells but not in EC109 cells. Moreover, the induction of autophagy was accompanied by the suppression of mTORC1 activity. Abolition of autophagy by pharmacological inhibitors or knockdown of ATG5/7 re-sensitized EC109/CDDP cells. Co-administration of an autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and cisplatin significantly suppressed tumor growth whereas cisplatin monotherapy failed to elicit anticancer activity in nude mice xenografted with EC109/CDDP cells. To conclude, our data implicate autophagic response as a key mechanism of acquired resistance to cisplatin, suggesting that autophagy is a novel target to improve therapy efficiency of cisplatin toward human esophageal cancers with acquired resistance.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 14353723, "title": "Sinomenine Suppresses Osteoclast Formation and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra-Induced Bone Loss by Modulating RANKL Signaling Pathways", "abstract": "Receptor activator of NF-\u03baB ligand (RANKL) is essential for osteoclastogenesis. Targeting RANKL signaling pathways has been an encouraging strategy for treating lytic bone diseases such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Sinomenine (SIN), derived from Chinese medicinal plant Sinomenioum acutum , is an active compound to treat RA, but its effect on osteoclasts has been hitherto unknown. In the present study, SIN was found to ameliorate M. tuberculosis H37Ra (Mt)-induced bone loss in rats with a decreased serum level of TRACP5b and RANKL, and an increased level of osteoprotegerin (OPG). In vitro study also showed that SIN could inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption. The osteoclastic specific marker genes induced by RANKL including c-Src, MMP-9, TRACP were inhibited by SIN in a dose dependent manner. Signal transduction studies showed that SIN could obviously reduce the expression of RANK adaptor molecule TRAF6 and down-regulate RANKL-induced NF-\u03baB activation. It decreased the RANKL-induced p38, JNK posphorylation but not ERK1/2 posphorylation. SIN could also reduce RANKL-mediated calcium influx which is associated with TRAF6/c-Src complex. Finally, SIN suppressed RANKL induced AP-1 and NFAT transcription, as well as the gene expression of NFATc1 and AP-1 components (Fra-1, Fra-2, c-Fos). The protein expression of c-Fos and TRAF6 were also inhibited by SIN after RANKL stimulation. Taken together, SIN could attenuate osteoclast formation and Mt-induced bone loss by mediating RANKL signaling pathways.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 12169709, "title": "SCIRR39 Promotes Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells and Regulates Expression of Myelin-Associated Inhibitory Factors", "abstract": "SCIRR39 is an identified upregulated gene in rat primary neuron injury and/or regeneration process. However, roles of SCIRR39 in the regeneration of central nervous system (CNS) injury are still largely unexplored. Using real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting, SCIRR39 expression was detected in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and oligodendrocytes. Moreover, the results from cell proliferation and cell cycle indicated that SCIRR39 inhibited OPCs proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and G2/M phases. Importantly, SCIRR39 positively regulated OPC differentiation and the expression of myelin basic protein. We also examined the effect of SCIRR39 on expression of myelin-associated inhibitory factors, including myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), and Nogo A. Nogo A level was markedly regulated by SCIRR39 overexpression or knockdown in oligodendrocytes and cortical neurons co-cultures, while the expression of MAG and OMgp was not obviously changed by SCIRR39 overexpression or knockdown. Taken together, our results indicate the important role of SCIRR39 either in OPC differentiation or in axon myelination, and may provide a new therapeutic target for the treatment of CNS injury.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 5189114, "title": "Effects of a walking intervention on fatigue-related experiences of hospitalized acute myelogenous leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial.", "abstract": "The purpose of this randomized, controlled clinical trial was to preliminarily examine the effects of a three-week walking exercise program (WEP) on fatigue-related experiences of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients receiving chemotherapy. Eligible AML patients were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=11), which received 12 minutes of WEP per day, five days per week for three consecutive weeks, or to a control group (n=11), which received standard ward care. Effects of the WEP were assessed by seven indicators: worst and average fatigue intensities, fatigue interference with patients' daily life, 12-minute walking distance, overall symptom distress, anxiety, and depressive status. All patients were evaluated four times: before chemotherapy (baseline or Day 1), Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21 of chemotherapy. Data were analyzed by Generalized Estimating Equation and revealed that AML patients in the three-week WEP group had a significantly greater increase in 12-minute walking distance than the control group. Patients in the WEP also had lower levels of fatigue intensity and interference, symptom distress, anxiety, and depressive status than the control group. Although preliminary, our results strongly suggest that three weeks of systematic walking exercise is clinically feasible for AML patients undergoing chemotherapy and can effectively improve their fatigue-related experiences."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 8154042, "title": "Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis associated with nontuberculous mycobacteria.", "abstract": "A 72-year-old woman with a past medical history of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pulmonary disease was admitted because of hemoptysis and acute renal failure. A chest X-ray showed interstitial infiltration over bilateral lung fields. Kidney biopsy showed immune complex-mediated acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis with 48% crescents and glomerular endocapillary hypercellularity with exudative neutrophils suggestive of infection-related glomerulonephritis. Reactivated NTM infection of the lungs was suspected when mycobacterial cultures of the sputum repeatedly yielded Mycobacterium avium. A lung biopsy revealed chronic inflammation without evidence of alveolar capillaritis. A diagnosis of NTM pulmonary disease was further confirmed by tissue culture of the lung biopsy specimens. Antituberculous drugs in combination with clarithromycin were given for the treatment of NTM infection. Pulmonary symptoms promptly responded to the treatments. Furthermore, renal function steadily improved after initiation of anti-NTM therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis associated with NTM infection.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 27457297, "title": "Pulmonary-renal syndrome in a patient with bacterial endocarditis.", "abstract": "Pulmonary-renal syndrome is defined as a combination of pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. We report an unusual case of bacterial endocarditis presenting with pulmonary hemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis as the initial manifestations of the disease. A 37-year-old man was admitted with fever, hemoptysis, and dyspnea. Admission examinations revealed severe renal failure requiring dialysis therapy. Chest radiograph showed extensive pulmonary reticulonodular infiltrates. Echocardiography revealed ventricular septal defect. Furthermore, blood cultures grew viridians group streptococci. The kidney and lung biopsies demonstrated diffuse cresentic glomerulonephritis and alveolar hemorrhage, respectively. Bacterial endocarditis was diagnosed according to the Duke criteria and the patient was treated with intravenous antibiotic therapy. The pulmonary infiltrates disappeared gradually. However, renal function did not improve, even after trial of a course of immunosuppressive therapy. The patient survived and remained on regular hemodialysis. We conclude that bacterial endocarditis should be included in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary-renal syndrome.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 24936716, "title": "Cancer symptom clusters: a validation study.", "abstract": "Cancer patients often experience multiple symptoms concurrently, a phenomenon called symptom clustering. Different symptom clusters have been identified by various symptom assessment tools, as well as by different research methods, but no study has reported whether these identified symptom clusters can be replicated in a new sample. The severity of nine symptoms in 321 cancer patients was assessed using a Taiwanese version of the M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory. The fit between these data and a model with three symptom factors (sickness, gastrointestinal, and emotional) was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Most fitness indices demonstrated a satisfactory fit between the data and a prespecified three-factor model except one; the root mean square error of approximation was <0.06. A modified model with one symptom (lack of appetite) double loaded in the sickness and gastrointestinal factors demonstrated a significantly better fit between the data and the model. Higher scores in each of the three symptom factors were associated with poorer functional status. Metastatic disease and receiving both chemotherapy and radiation therapy were associated with higher scores in sickness and gastrointestinal factors, but not in the emotional factor. Only hospitalization affected patients' scores in emotional factors. Our findings confirmed the prespecified structure of symptom clusters. A modified model showed a better fit. Patients' complex symptom experience may be better represented by subscale scores based on meaningful clusters rather than on an overall score across all symptoms.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 23156528, "title": "Effects of moderate and severe intermittent hypoxia on vascular endothelial function and haemodynamic control in sedentary men", "abstract": "Acclimatization to intermittent hypoxia (IH) improves exercise performance by enhancing oxygen delivery and utilization, but the effect of IH on hemodynamic control remains unclear. This study investigates how two intensities of IH influence hemodynamic control to develop an IH regimen that improves aerobic fitness and minimizes risk of peripheral vascular disorder. Thirty healthy sedentary men were randomly divided into severe (SIH) and moderate (MIH) IH and control (C) groups. The subjects were exposed to 12% (SIH), 15% (MIH), or 21% (C) O2 for 1\u00a0h/day, 5\u00a0days/week for 4\u00a0weeks in a normobaric hypoxia chamber. The results demonstrate that (1) improved pulmonary ventilation and oxygen uptake by SIH and MIH; (2) SIH elevated blood pressure during exercise and increased plasma malondialdehyde and nitric oxide (NO) metabolite levels, accompanied by reduced hyperaemic arterial response, venous compliance, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, and decreased plasma total antioxidant and vitamin E levels; (3) while such effects were not seen following MIH; and (4) there were no significant differences in endothelium-independent vasodilatation during all experimental periods among the three groups. We conclude that both SIH and MIH regimens improve pulmonary ventilation. However, SIH but not MIH decreases anti-oxidative capacity and increases lipid peroxidation in circulation, leading to suppression of vascular endothelial function, causing impairment of vascular haemodynamics.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 13629006, "title": "Benign monoclonal gammopathy-associated acute kidney injury: case report and literature review", "abstract": "Background: Benign monoclonal gammopathy (MG) is an MG that is not accompanied by clinical manifestations of plasma cell dyscrasia, such as multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, amyloidosis, or other related disorders. Benign MG can progress to malignancy, but seldom causes organ damage. Case report: We presented a case denied any underlying disease who visited our hospital as acute uremia syndrome. Laboratory data indicated renal failure and abnormal paraprotein in the serum and urine. Renal biopsy indicated acute tubular necrosis and cast in the renal tubule. The plasma cell counts were normal in his bone marrow biopsy. The patient had received maintenance hemodialysis for the irreversible renal failure. Conclusion: Benign MG might progress to malignancy or other related disorders in a risk of 1% per year. It also might cause secondary organ impairment, such as kidney.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 17504907, "title": "Effects of Integrating Children's Literature and DVD Films into a College EFL Class.", "abstract": "The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of the use of children\u2019s literature and DVD films on EFL adult language learning. A total of 89 non-English majors enrolled in two Freshman English classes participated in the study. The study employed a quasi-experimental, pretest/posttest comparison group design. The participants in the experimental group were exposed to the children\u2019s literature and DVD films. In the control group, the participants were exposed to the English Language Teaching (ELT) textbook. The experiment was conducted for two hours per week over two months. Then the reading comprehension sections of the Elementary GEPT posttests were administered and their outcomes were compared with those of the pretests. At the end of the course, the questionnaires were administered to the participants in the experimental group to elicit their perceptions about the various aspects of the use the children\u2019s literature and DVD films. The findings of the study revealed that alternately, reading, viewing the film, and discussing a children\u2019s fantasy novel significantly increased the scores on the reading comprehension subtests over the control group with exposure to the ELT textbook.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 22577770, "title": "Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus RNA in plasma during the course of infection.", "abstract": "We examined severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RNA in plasma of 32 patients (probable SARS cases) by a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay and reported that the highest detection rate, 75%, was found between day 5 and day 7 of illness, followed by rates of 64, 50, and 38% found between day 8 and day 11, day 2 and day 4, and day 12 and day 16, respectively. Analysis of sequential SARS-CoV load in plasma from six cases revealed different patterns of viremia, with the peak between day 4 and day 8. Our findings of the high detection rate of SARS-CoV RNA in plasma before day 11, together with the relative convenience of collecting and handling plasma, suggest that plasma can be used for early diagnosis of SARS.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 19106405, "title": "Cluster of parvovirus infection among hospital staff working in coronary care units.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nParvovirus B19 is associated with erythema infectiosum in children or arthralgia and arthritis in adults. The virus is relatively conserved and nucleotide identity is expected in viruses that are epidemiologically related. Here, we describe the first cluster of parvovirus infection among hospital staff documented in Taiwan.\n\n\nMETHODS\nActive surveillance was conducted in coronary care units (CCUs) at a 2200-bed teaching hospital for 1 month in 2007. A case defined clinically as occurring in a patient or staff in CCUs with new onset of fever or rash. Serum was tested for parvovirus B19 IgM and IgG by immunoblotting and DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction. When viremia was detected, nucleotide sequences were analyzed and compared with those of two clinical isolates. The attack rate was defined as the cumulative incidence of acute infection in CCU staff and patients during the study period.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAmong 57 staff and 15 patients, five nurses met the clinical case definition. Three had acute infection as demonstrated by viral DNA and IgM. The attack rate was 5.3% for the staff and zero for patients. Seroprevalence rate was lower in staff than in patients (26.3%vs. 53.3%). The isolates collected from three cases were highly similar to a community isolate, and they varied with each other by 2-6 nucleotides. The isolate collected from a nurse was identical to that from her friend 3 weeks apart and was concordant with mutual transmission. A sequence with 45 nucleotide variations was identified from a staff member with chronic infection who was negative for IgM and had only weak IgG anti-VP1 reaction with immunoblotting. We did not find any patient as the source of infection.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nWe identified a cluster of parvovirus infection that was caused by three circulating strains which did not support the hypothesis of transmission of a single strain in CCUs.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 10645369, "title": "Traditional Chinese medicine, Xin-yi-san, reduces nasal symptoms of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis by its diverse immunomodulatory effects.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nPerennial allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common health problem with a high prevalence rate of 43.6% in Taiwan. In our previous study, a mixed formula of Chinese herbs consisted of Xin-yi-san, Xiao-ging-long-tang, and Xiang-sha-liu-jun-zi-tang, exerted diverse immunomodulatory effects in the treatment of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nThe aim of the present study was to determine whether Xin-yi-san (XYS) alone is effective in the treatment of AR and tried to explore its molecular mechanism of anti-allergic activity.\n\n\nMETHODS\nIn a randomized double-blind study, 108 patients with AR received either XYS or a placebo for 3 months. The effectiveness of XYS was evaluated by nasal symptoms, nasal airflow resistance, nostril dissection area, and serum titer of specific IgE antibodies against house dust mite allergens. In addition, the production of T helper (Th) 1 (represented by interferon-gamma) and Th2 [represented by interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-13] cytokines, the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), and arachidonate metabolites prostagladin E(2) (PGE(2)) and leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) were compared before and after treatment between the two groups.\n\n\nRESULTS\nXYS attenuated nasal symptoms (sneezing and rhinorrhea) and nasal congestion through reduction of nasal airflow resistance and increase in nostril dissection areas. We also found that XYS exerted diverse immunomodulatory effects, including suppression of serum IgE levels and increased production of IL-10, sICAM-1, and IL-8 compared to placebo group. However, XYS treatment did not affect the release of PGE(2) and LTC(4) from PMNs.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThis study originally provides the evidence that Xin-yi-san alone is an effective herb in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 24402696, "title": "Serum osteoprotegerin is associated with arterial stiffness assessed according to the cardio-ankle vascular index in hypertensive patients.", "abstract": "AIM\nArterial stiffness is recognized to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have found that osteoprotegerin (OPG) is associated with increased pulse wave velocity and may reflect endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the serum OPG level and arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients using the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI).\n\n\nMETHODS\nFasting blood samples were obtained from 115 hypertensive patients and 52 healthy participants. The CAVI value was derived using the waveform device (CAVI-VaSera VS-1000). The serum OPG levels were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A CAVI value of \u22659 defined the high arterial stiffness group.\n\n\nRESULTS\nSixty-five hypertensive patients (56.5%) were included in the high arterial stiffness group. Diabetes (p=0.032), smoking (p=0.044), age (p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (p=0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p=0.024), pulse pressure (p=0.046) and the creatinine (p=0.013) and serum OPG (p < 0.001) levels were higher in the high arterial stiffness group than in the low arterial stiffness group, while the glomerular filtration rate (p=0.003) was lower in the high arterial stiffness group than in the low arterial stiffness group among the hypertensive patients. The results of the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test also indicated a strong positive correlation between the OPG and CAVI values (r=0.484, p < 0.001) in the hypertensive patients. In addition, a multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio: 1.162, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.070-1.263, p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (odds ratio: 1.109, 95% CI: 1.033-1.190, p=0.004), and serum OPG level (odds ratio: 1.275, 95% CI: 1.030-1.580, p=0.026) were independent predictors of arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe serum OPG level is positively associated with arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 138936213, "title": "Temperature-Insensitive Fiber Pressure Sensor Based on Fabry-P\u00e9rot Interferometry", "abstract": "This paper presents the fiber pressure sensor with temperature-insensitive based on the principle of Fabry-Perot interferometry. The design and fabrication of the sensor are based on MEMS technique and only needs a few of simple procedures. The pressure sensing membrane consists of a base polyimide layer, a metal reflective layer, and a SU-8 layer covered on the metal layer. Also, the fiber end facet is coated another SU-8 layer for temperature compensation. The analysis on the thicknesses of temperature compensator and pressure membrane is analyzed by FEM model. This pressure sensor exhibits an approximately linear response to applied pressure ranging from 0 to 60 kPa under the temperature difference about 100\u2103. The simple fabrication, small size, linear response, and temperature-insensitive make the sensor suitable for many industrial applications."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 124832486, "title": "Characterization in Birefringence / Diattenuation of an Optical Fiber in a Fiber-Type Polarimetry", "abstract": "An analytical technique based on the Mueller matrix method and the Stokes parameters is proposed for extracting five effective parameters on the principal axis angle, phase retardance, diattenuation axis angle, diattenuation and optical rotation angle of anisotropic optical materials. The linear birefringence (LB) / circular birefringence (CB) properties and linear diattenuation (LD) properties are decoupled within the analytical model. The analytical method is then integrated with a genetic algorithm to extract the optical properties of samples with linear birefringence property using a fiber-based polarimeter. The result demonstrates the feasibility of analytical model in characterizing five effective parameters of anisotropic optical material. Also, it confirms that the proposed fiber-based polarimeter provides a simple alternative to existing fiber-based probes for parameter measurement in the near field or the remote environment. A low birefringence fiber-based polarimeter based on effective parameters and genetic algorithm without using a fiber polarization controller is first proposed confirmatively.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 42644838, "title": "Robust detection scheme on noise and phase jump for phase maps of objects with height discontinuities--theory and experiment.", "abstract": "This paper proposes a robust noise and phase jump detection scheme for noisy phase maps containing height discontinuities. The detection scheme has two primary functions, namely to detect the positions of noise and to locate the positions of the phase jumps. Generally speaking, the removal of noise from a wrapped phase map causes a smearing of the phase jumps and therefore leads to a loss of definition in the unwrapped phase map. However, in the proposed scheme, the boundaries of the phase jump regions are preserved during the noise detection process. The validity of the proposed approach is demonstrated using the simulated and experimental wrapped phase maps of a 3D object containing height discontinuities, respectively. It is shown that the noise and phase jump detection scheme enables the precise and efficient detection of three different types of noise, namely speckle noise, residual noise, and noise at the lateral surfaces of the height discontinuities. Therefore, the proposed scheme represents an ideal solution for the pre-processing of noisy wrapped phase maps prior to their treatment using a filtering algorithm and phase unwrapping algorithm.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 101310537, "title": "Rotation Angle Measurement Using an Electro-Optic Heterodyne Interferometer", "abstract": "An electro-optic heterodyne interferometer based on phase-locked extraction for measuring low optical rotation angle is successfully developed. The validity of the proposed design is demonstrated by a half-wave plate with the average relative error of 0.74%. When applied to the measurement of glucose solutions with concentrations ranging from 0 to 1.2 g/dl, the average relative error in the measured rotation angle of glucose solutions is determined to be 1.46%. The correlation coefficient between the measured rotation angle and the glucose concentration is determined to be 0.999991, while the standard deviation is just 0.00051 degrees. Overall, the current proposed system is capable of measuring glucose concentration as low as 0.01 g/dl with an error of 6.67%.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 122864889, "title": "Modified total intensity ratio methods for measuring cell gap of twisted nematic liquid crystal cells", "abstract": "This paper modifies the total intensity ratio method (TIRM) used to measure the cell gap of twisted nematic liquid crystal (TNLC) cells. Compared to the conventional TIRM in which a mechanical mechanism is used to physically rotate the polarizer, the modified TIRM methods presented in this study measure the total intensity ratio using a polarization rotation modulator. Two modified measurement methods are introduced. In the first, the saw-tooth signal applied to the electro-optic (EO) modulator is used as a reference signal in order to determine the polarization state of the measured signal. In the second method, a beam splitter and an additional quarter wave plate are added to the optical configuration. The quarter wave plate is adjusted such that a phase-matching condition is obtained between the reference and measured signals. The experimental results confirm that the modified TIRM approaches yield comparable accuracy to the conventional TIRM. Furthermore, in the proposed approaches, sufficient intensity signals to determine the cell gap can be obtained in just 2 s.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 32446206, "title": "Physical and numerical investigation of single-layered tungsten gratings for thermophotovoltaic emitters", "abstract": "A polarization-insensitive thermophotovoltaic emitter which is easily manufactured using microfabrication techniques is optimized based on physical and numerical studies. First, ranges of geometrical dimensions of the emitter based a single-layered tungsten grating are confined with the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons, cavity resonance, and Wood's anomaly at defined wavelengths. Then, a combined numerical scheme including the rigorous coupled-wave analysis and a genetic algorithm is implemented to find the grating's geometry with an objective of maximizing emittance. The results show that the optimized emitter yields the peak emittance of 0.997 and 0.935 at the transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations, respectively. The physical mechanism of the enhanced emittance is also confirmed by patterns of electromagnetic fields and Poynting vectors using the finite difference time-domain method. Overall, the results presented in this study show that the single-layered grating provides a very simple and ideal solution for thermophotovoltaic applications.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 31139474, "title": "Design of Self-Sampling Based ASK Demodulator for Implantable Microsystem", "abstract": "In most of bioimplantable or wireless sensor network systems, ASK is one of the most commonly used schemes to modulate the baseband signal with reference to the intermediate or even the carrier frequency. In this study, a novel demodulator architecture is proposed. It is based on a simple self-sampling scheme which is a truly low-cost high-efficiency implementation and has excellent ability to work on a very small difference (0.15 V) between the two modulated levels, which represent the binary '0' and '1' separately. The results show the presented type can be designed to fit the operation carrier for the special need and has a quite area efficiency than the ever published similar works due to its existent digital benefit. In addition, a comforting robustness is also demonstrated under different process variations. According to the merits mentioned above, both the chip cost and the complexity in the design of on-chip voltage regulator for stable DC extraction are greatly reduced. This design has been verified and realized by using a TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) 0.18-mum 1P6M standard CMOS technology.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 2644453, "title": "Temperature insensitive current reference for the 6.27 MHz oscillator", "abstract": "This paper describes a circuit, which generates temperature-independent bias currents. In this paper, low-temperature coefficient reference is presented. The circuit is firstly employed to generate a current reference with temperature compensation, then combining the opposite characteristic curve current reference to minimize the variation of temperature. The proposed circuit has been design by a 0.18\u03bcm CMOS technology process and using computer simulation to evaluate the thermal drift of the reference current. This current reference is used to provide a stable current for a current controlled oscillator(CCO). The proposed CCO achieves temperature coefficients of 22.3 ppm/\u00b0C in the temperature range between \u221225 and 75\u00b0C.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 9406544, "title": "A 0.7 V input output-capacitor-free digitally controlled low-dropout regulator with high current efficiency in 0.35 \u03bcm CMOS technology", "abstract": "This paper presents a discussion on an ultralow supply voltage low-dropout regulator (LDO) using a digitally controlled technique. Based on a [email\u00a0protected] standard CMOS process with V\"T\"N~0.5V and |V\"T\"P|~0.7V, measurement results showed that the proposed digitally controlled LDO can operate from 0.7V to 0.9V with a dropout voltage of 200mV. At a supply voltage of 0.9V, the proposed LDO is capable of providing a regulated output of 0.7V and delivering a maximal load current of 50mA at 99.9% current efficiency. With the proposed LDO operated at 1MHz clock, the measured quiescent current is only [email\u00a0protected] No external output capacitor is required to stabilize the control loop. For a supply voltage of 0.9V, the proposed digital LDO features a tunable transient time with a maximal operating frequency up to approximately 14MHz. The proposed LDO can also operate at supply voltages of 0.7V in a [email\u00a0protected] standard CMOS process. For an input voltage of 0.7V and an output voltage of 0.5V, the proposed LDO can deliver a maximal load current of 5mA, which meets the specification of recently published 0.5V applications. With these advantages, the proposed digitally controlled LDO is suitable for low-voltage and low-power applications.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 15569703, "title": "Supply voltage and temperature insensitive current reference for the 4 MHz oscillator", "abstract": "This paper presents a 4 MHz current control ring oscillator with a new temperature and supply voltage immune current reference implemented by 0.35nm CMOS technology. Compared to the conventional oscillator with current reference techniques, the proposed approach shows a significant improvement for the sensitivities of temperature and supply voltage. The current reference is designed by combining positive and negative temperature effect circuits, such that it can exempt from the temperature and supply voltage variations. By HSPICE simulation, this new current reference is insensitive to the supply voltage with variations of \u22120.47%\u223c0.67% over the supply voltage range of 2.97V to 3.63V, and it is also insensitive to the temperature with variation of 366 ppm/\u00b0C over the temperature range of \u221240\u00b0C to 100\u00b0C. The proposed oscillator frequency is insensitive to the supply voltage with variations of \u221215%\u223c20% over the supply voltage range of 2.97V to 3.63V, and it is insensitive to temperature with variation of 404 ppm/\u00b0C over the temperature range of-40\u00b0C to 100\u00b0C.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 8962909, "title": "Characterization of voltage-driven twisted nematic liquid crystal cell by dynamic polarization scanning ellipsometry.", "abstract": "A dynamic polarization scanning ellipsometry technique based on Stokes polarimetry is proposed for dynamically characterizing a voltage-driven twisted nematic liquid crystal (TNLC) cell. In the proposed method, the six effective ellipsometric parameters are extracted under modulation voltages ranging from 0 V ~ + 10 V using four linearly polarized input lights. The profiles of the tilt angle and twist angle are calculated as a function of the modulation voltage. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by comparing the experimental results for the effective ellipsometric parameters of a TNLC cell with the analytical results. Furthermore, a genetic algorithm (GA) based on a curve-fitting technique is used to inversely extract the pretilt angle, twist angle and rubbing direction of the TNLC cell. These extracted values are then compared to the known valued of the TNLC cell. In general, the results presented in this paper show that the proposed method provides a reliable means of obtaining the dynamic optical properties of a TNLC cell.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 35108624, "title": "Ultrafast Charge Generation in an Organic Bilayer Film.", "abstract": "The dynamics of charge generation in a high performing molecular photovoltaic system, p-SIDT(FBTTh2)2 (see Figure 1 ) is studied with transient absorption. The optimized bulk heterojunction material shows behavior observed in many other systems; the majority of charges are generated at short time scales (<150 fs), and a slower contribution from incoherently diffusing excitons is observed at low pump fluence. In a separate experiment, the role of bulk heterojunction material morphology on the process of ultrafast charge generation was investigated with bilayers made with solution processed donor molecules on a photopolymerized C60 layer. The majority of carriers are again produced at short time scales, ruling out the idea that subpicosecond charge generation can be understood wholly in terms of localized excitons. We evaluate possible causes of this behavior and propose that the excited state is highly delocalized on short time scales, providing ample probability density at the charge generating interface."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 25666518, "title": "Synthesis and properties of electrophosphorescent chelating polymers with iridium complexes in the conjugated backbone.", "abstract": "The synthesis of electrophosphorescent chelating polymers by Suzuki polycondensation of A-A- and B-B-type monomers is described, in which the fluorene-alt-carbazole (PFCz) segment is used as polymer backbone. By using alkyl-substituted ligands of iridium complex monomers, chelating copolymers with higher contents of iridium complex can be synthesized. Chemical and photophysical characterization confirm that the Ir complex is incorporated into the polymer backbone as one of the monomer repeat units by means of two 5-bromotolylpyridine ligands. Chelating polymers with Ir complexes in the conjugated polymer backbone show highly efficient energy transfer of excitons from the PFCz host segment to the Ir complex by an intramolecular trapping mechanism. The external quantum and luminous efficiencies of a device made with PFCzMppyIrhm4 copolymer reach 4.1 % ph/el (photons/electron) and 5.4 cd A(-1), respectively, at a current density of 32.2 mA cm(-2), an emission peak of 577 nm, and a luminance of 1730 cd cm(-2). Most important, the devices made from the chelating copolymers show no notable efficiency decay with increasing current density due to reduced concentration quenching and triplet-triplet (T-T) annihilation. This indicates that incorporation of the phosphorescent complex into the rigid conjugated polymer main chain is a new way to simultaneously realize high efficiency, long-term stability, and simple processing of phosphorescent polymer light-emitting diodes.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 205250328, "title": "A series of new medium-bandgap conjugated polymers based on naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c]bis(2-octyl-[1,2,3]triazole) for high-performance polymer solar cells.", "abstract": "A series of novel conjugated copolymers based on naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c]bis(2-octyl-[1,2,3]triazole) (TZNT) are synthesized. These copolymers exhibit medium bandgaps of \u22481.9 eV. One of them demonstrates a high performance of up to 6.10% power conversion efficiency in a bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar-cell device. The performance can be further enhanced to 7.11% when applied in an inverted device architecture, using PF3 N-OX as an interfacial modifier.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 97911553, "title": "A supramolecular large band gap host for phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes", "abstract": "A large band gap supramolecular polymer based on host\u2013guest interactions was developed as the host material for phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. The dibenzo-24-crown-8, and dibenzylammonium salt functionalized fluorene-based large band gap compounds 1 and 2 were developed as the host and guest monomers, respectively. The resulting linear supramolecular polymer (SP) 3 was obtained from the self-organization of the host and guest monomers, which was validated by nuclear magnetic resonance, viscosity and differential scanning calorimetry studies. The SP 3 maintained the triplet energy level of the host monomer 1 and the guest monomer 2. The resulting device based on the supramolecular host material and a yellow-phosphorescent complex Ir(Flpy)3 achieved a maximum luminance efficiency of 18.2 cd A\u22121.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 95312766, "title": "Anionic triphenylamine\u2010 and fluorene\u2010based conjugated polyelectrolyte as a hole\u2010transporting material for polymer light\u2010emitting diodes", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Hole-transport layers (HTLs) play a crucial role in multilayer polymeric light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) for the achievement of satisfactory device performance. During the fabrication of multilayer PLEDs via solution processing, the fabricated HTLs encounter the risk of erosion during the film-forming process of subsequent emitting layers (EMLs). In contrast to the widely investigated crosslinkable HTLs, much less attention has been paid to the preparation of polar-solvent-soluble HTLs, which is a straightforward solution to overcome the interfacial mixing between HTLs and EMLs during solution processing. \n \n \n \nRESULTS: Alternating triphenylamine- and fluorene-based anionic copolymer poly[9,9-bis(4\u2032-sulfonatobutyl)fluorene-alt-N-(p-trifluoromethyl)phenyl-4,4\u2032-diphenylamine]sodium salt (PFT-CF3) was synthesized via a palladium-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. This polyelectrolyte is soluble only in polar solvents such as methanol, dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide rather than in non-polar solvents such as toluene, chloroform and xylene. The relatively high HOMO (\u22125.22 eV) and LUMO (\u22122.26 eV) levels of this polymer endow it simultaneously with good hole-transporting and electron-blocking capabilities. The performance of red-, green- and blue-emitting devices utilizing this polyelectrolyte as HTL was investigated. \n \n \n \nCONCLUSION: The anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte based on triphenylamine and fluorene, PFT-CF3, can serve as a promising hole-transporting/electron-blocking layer in multilayer PLEDs. Copyright \u00a9 2009 Society of Chemical Industry", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 98839331, "title": "Effects of titanium incorporation on phase and electrochemical performance in LiFePO4 cathode material", "abstract": "Abstract Ti-incorporated LiFe 1\u2212 x Ti x PO 4 (0\u00a0\u2264\u00a0 x \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.2) samples have been prepared via a two-step solid-state reaction route. The samples have systematically been investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge/discharge measurements. The incorporation of Ti in LiFePO 4 significantly enhances the electrochemical performance; the carbon-coated LiFe 0.9 Ti 0.1 PO 4 sample shows the best performance. It is confirmed that LiFe 1\u2212 x Ti x PO 4 with x \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.05 are of single phase while those with 0.07\u00a0\u2264\u00a0 x \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.2 contain impurity phases: LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and TiP 2 O 7 . The impurities influence not only the electronic conductivity, but also the total specific capacity. Appropriate amount of titanium incorporation is favorable for the improvement in electrochemical performance.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 10840845, "title": "Methods of time slicing and mapping for next generation broadcasting-wireless", "abstract": "In order to realize flexible time slicing in the Next Generation Broadcasting-Wireless (NGB-W) system, new time slicing scheme and the associated mapping scheme are proposed. The performance of the proposed time slicing scheme is evaluated by extensive simulations. Simulation results show that the performance of broadcasting systems with the proposed time slicing scheme is much better than that of broadcasting systems without time slicing in mobile environment, especially in low Doppler scenario.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 96700982, "title": "One-step coating inverted polymer solar cells using a conjugated polymer as an electron extraction additive", "abstract": "We report a facile technique of blending a conjugated polymer thieno[3,4-b]thiophene/benzodithiophene (PTB7):[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM[70]) active materials with a conjugated interfacial modification polymer poly[(9,9-bis(3\u2032-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] (PFN) to simplify the coating process and improve the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cell (PSC) performance. The reason for and result of PFN self-organization via a spontaneous vertical delamination onto the ITO surface were investigated by charge transfer state, optical modelling based on transfer matrix formalism, surface energy measurement, scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy and impedance spectroscopy analysis in conjunction with atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The relaxed charge transfer state demonstrates that PFN doping has a negligible impact on the donor:acceptor heterojunction interface. The optical simulation of device structures indicates that doping PFN into a BHJ has nearly no influence on the photon absorption profile of the active layer. Very encouraging device performance was achieved in the one-step coating PFN:BHJ PSC with ITO as the cathode, which is comparable to that of the two-step coating PSC. Moreover, for ITO-free inverted PSCs with PEDOT:PSS as the incident light top-electrode, decent device performance can also be obtained, demonstrating the remarkable universality through this facile strategy.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 93163093, "title": "Efficient and low-temperature processed perovskite solar cells based on a cross-linkable hybrid interlayer", "abstract": "A cross-linkable conjugated polymer, poly[9,9-bis(6\u2032-(N,N-diethylamino)propyl)-fluorene-alt-9,9-bis-(3-ethyl(oxetane-3-ethyloxy)-hexyl)-fluorene] (PFN-OX), was investigated as the n-type interface layer for highly efficient and low-temperature processed planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Hybrid composite films consisting of PFN-OX and ZnO nanoparticles were utilized as electron selective layers, and a remarkable power conversion efficiency over 16% was achieved. The cross-linkable PFN-OX provided a robust hybrid composite electron selective layer, which is solvent-resistant during the device fabrication process and results in efficient electron extraction and hole blocking. Meanwhile, time-resolved photoluminescence quenching measurements indicated that the charge separation and collection processes were improved for devices based on PFN-OX:ZnO, in comparison with devices using pure PFN-OX or ZnO. The device stability and the hysteresis effect were also discussed. Moreover, this study introduces the cross-linking concept in perovskite solar cells, which will potentially be an effective strategy for obtaining high performance perovskite solar cells.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 101820929, "title": "Catalytic activity of iridium dioxide with different morphologies for oxygen reduction reaction", "abstract": "Iridium dioxide with different morphologies (nanorod and nanogranular) is successfully prepared by a modified sol-gel and Adams methods. The catalytic activity of both samples for oxygen reduction reaction is investigated in an alkaline solution. The electrochemical results show that the catalytic activity of the nanogranular IrO2 sample is superior to that of the nanorod sample due to its higher onset potential for oxygen reduction reaction and higher electrode current density in low potential region. The results of Koutecky-Levich analysis indicate that the oxygen reduction reaction catalyzed by both samples is a mixture transfer pathway. It is dominated by four electron transfer pathway for both samples in high overpotential area, while it is controlled by two electron transfer process for both samples in low overpotential area.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 136769510, "title": "Template-Free Synthesis of Hierarchical m-ZrO2 Nanorods and its Formation Mechanism", "abstract": "Hierarchical ZrO2 nanorods have recently received considerable attention due to their special physical and chemical properties. However, traditional preparation methods are involved in expensive equipment, complicated process and high production cost. Here we report a simple hydrothermal approach to prepare hierarchical ZrO2 nanorod. The results show that as-synthesized products are composed of many nanorods with 80~150 nm in diameter and 15~20 \u03bcm in length. After annealing, the final product was involved into hierarchical monoclinic ZrO2 (m-ZrO2) nanorods, namely, the big nanorod was made up of many small nanorods with 20~30 nm in diameter and 300~500 nm in length. The possible formation mechanism was proposed based on a series of chemical reactions and the natural properties of zirconium.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 122281652, "title": "Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Fluoride in Sand", "abstract": "The transport and transformation of fluoride in sand were studied by using soil tank test under the condition of saturated water in this article. Based on the analysis of the laboratory experiments, the rules of fluorine transportation and transformation were simulated in sand by solving the advection-diffusion equation. Through comparison between computed results and observed data, it is shown that the established model and determined parameters could be used to simulate the fluoride transport in sand."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 39889589, "title": "A new Ni12 cluster based on polyoxometalate ligands.", "abstract": "A new Ni(12) cluster based on polyoxometalate ligands [Ni(12)(OH)(9)WO(4)(W(7)O(26)(OH))(PW(9)O(34))(3)](25-) (1) has been assembled in aqueous solution containing [PW(9)O(34)](9-), WO(4)(2-), and NiCl(2) x 6 H(2)O. The Ni(12) core in 1 shows a unique three-petal flower-shaped structure composed of three Ni(4) cubane units. Magnetic investigation indicates the presence of dominantly ferromagnetic interactions within the Ni(12) core.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 100189503, "title": "Numerical Simulation on Tube-type Ethylene Pyrolyzer", "abstract": "Numerical simulation on the USC tube-type ethylene pyrolyzer was carried out. Some detailed information about flow field, temperature field and concentration distribution was obtained, which revealed the basic characteristics of flow, heat transfer, mass transfer and reaction processes in the pyrolyzer. The results indicated that there were highly non-uniform distributions of flue-gas velocity, concentration and temperature in the furnace, which caused non-uniform distribution of tube skin temperature and heat flux of reactor tubes. On the other hand, the profiles of oil-gas velocity, pressure, temperature and components concentration along the vertical direction of reactor tubes were obtained. The steep velocity and temperature gradients along the radial position, and less obvious radial profiles of components concentration were also found.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 98207464, "title": "A co-crystal of 2-methyl\u00adbenz\u00adimidazole and ammonium octamolybdate", "abstract": "In the title compound, tetra\u00adammonium octamolybdate bis(2-methyl\u00adbenz\u00adimidazole), (NH4)4[Mo8O26]\u00b72C8H8N2, the crystal packing is stabilized by N\u2014H\u22efO, N\u2014H\u22efN and C\u2014H\u22efO intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, as well as \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 stacking. The anion lies on an inversion center.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 88456622, "title": "Identification and characterization of neutralizing antigen epitope of hepatitis E virus clustered in genotype IV", "abstract": "Objective To identify and to characterize neutralizing antigen epitopes of a newly identified Chinese strain of genotype IV of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and to compare the epitopes with those of HEV strains clustered into other three different genotypes. Methods Recombinant capsid protein p166Chn and monoclonal antibodies (McAb) against the p166Chn were prepared. Neutralizing activity of the McAb was tested by an in vitro PCR-based HEV neutralization assay. The neutralizing antigen epitopes in the genotype IV isolated in China and other strains with different genotypes were analyzed by ELBA and Western blot combined with an additive ELISA assay. Results Six hybridoma cell lines secreting specific McAb against p166Chn were obtained. The McAb could effectively neutralize the infectivity of the homogenous HEV strain to PLC/PRF/5 cells. They strongly reacted with seven different p166 recombinant proteins including p166Chn,p166Bur,p166Mor,p166Pak,p166Mex,p166Us and p166Nz, which were derived from different HEV reference strains of genotype I , II , III and IV, respectively. Moreover, the additive ELBA assay showed negative reactions of McAb. The data indicated that all the McAb recognized a common neutralizing antigen epitope on the p166 proteins. Conclusion The newly identified HEV genotype IV possesses a same neutralizing antigen epitope as that derived from HEV strains of genotype I , H and ffl worldwide.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 22236179, "title": "The interaction of lysozyme with caffeine, theophylline and theobromine in solution", "abstract": "The interactions of lysozyme with caffeine (Caf), theophylline (Tph) and theobromine (Tbr) were investigated using UV\u2013Vis absorption, fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence, and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra techniques. The results revealed that Caf (Tph or Tbr) caused the fluorescence quenching of lysozyme by the formation of Caf (Tph or Tbr)\u2013lysozyme complex. The binding constants (KA) and thermodynamic parameters (\u0394G\u00b0, \u0394H\u00b0, \u0394S\u00b0) at two different temperatures, the binding locality, and the binding power were obtained. The results showed that the process of binding Caf (Tph or Tbr) to lysozyme was a spontaneous molecular interaction procedure and the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions play a major role in stabilizing the complex; The distance r between donor (lysozyme) and acceptor (Caf, Tph or Tbr) was obtained according to fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The effect of Caf (Tph or Tbr) on the conformation of lysozyme was analyzed using synchronous fluorescence and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra techniques. The results showed that the binding of Caf (Tph or Tbr) to lysozyme induced some micro-environmental and conformational changes in lysozyme and disturbed the environment of the polypeptide of lysozyme.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 110172921, "title": "Relaxation Laws of Anchor on Pressure Dispersive Retaining Wall", "abstract": "In order to study anchor relaxation of pressure dispersive retaining wall, the numerical simulation model was designed to simulate the retaining wall with single anchor plate. The results showed that the pressure dispersive retaining wall had good overall stability. Anchor Relaxtion had two sudden changes. As a result, the lateral soil pressure near the anchor had been released and the displacement Significantly increased.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 14147716, "title": "Study on method of improvement about Annubar Flowmeter base on numerical simulation", "abstract": "For the difficulties of obtaining the discharge coefficient of the Annubar Flowmeters at large diameters, some attempt were made to improve this meter based on the numerical simulation. Some researches were done on two flowmeters with different blockage ratio under the condition of fully developed fluid by using standard k-\u03b5 turbulence model. The measurement characteristics of both flowmeters, such as pressure loss, linearity of discharge coefficient were calculated and compared. The results show that the impact of surface roughness is small. Linearity of discharge coefficient of both flowmeter is agreed with experimental results. The pressure loss of improved flowmeter is smaller than before. The experimental measurement characteristics of improved one are agreed with the simulation. Larger output differential pressure could be obtained.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 6717289, "title": "Vertical-rotary inverted pendulum system based on fuzzy control", "abstract": "Fuzzy control was used to control a vertical rotary invert-pendulum with single fulcrum due to its complex characteristics in this paper. Movable equation of the inverted pendulum was derived, according to the dynamics analysis method of Lagrange. By system feasible approximation, an easily analytical math model was deduced. At the same time, the fuzzy logical tool package of MATLAB was used to build FIS of the inverted pendulum, and the function of figure modeling and simulation in it to simulate inverted pendulum. The results shows that the method is practicable.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 16003708, "title": "Water Resources Planning Approach Based on SEE Complex System A Case Study of Qinhuangdao", "abstract": "The paper discussed the optimum uses of water resource in a city based on Social-Economic-Environmental (SEE) complex system by applying System Dynamic Model, which fully considered the interactions and interrelations amongst each element in the SEE complex system. The SD model can be used to estimate the overall development trends based on the current development status, and then relevant information of water supply-demand can also be available. Furthermore, by sensitivity analysis and running SD model on the current situations, the important parameters and variables (IPV) of could be identified, and different development modes could be designed through adjusting IPV value. Then through comparing and analyzing the simulation results of SD model, the optimal water resources utilization mode could be selected. As an example, Qinhuangdao water resource system dynamic (QinSD) model was set up to research the information of water supply and demand in different economic development mode which the paper framed, and then the sustainable water resources plan of Qinhuangdao was achieved", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 122300720, "title": "Isotropy analysis of redundant parallel six-axis force sensor", "abstract": "Abstract The structural model of generalized redundant parallel six-axis force sensor is proposed. Based on the modified Stewart platform, its mathematical model is established with screw theory. The structural models of four typical redundant six-axis force sensors are proposed and their mathematical models are established for the corresponding structures. The isotropy of the four structural models is analyzed. The parameters relation leading to spatially isotropic configuration is conduced and demonstrated by a numerical example. Analytic solutions to the isotropy of the four models are conducted and their valid range of the analytic results leading to isotropic configuration is discussed. The conclusion is drawn that under the condition of force isotropy, two structures with the relatively least thickness are selected when all the legs of different structures are the same.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 43854809, "title": "Optimized extraction of calcium malate from eggshell treated by PEF and an absorption assessment in vitro.", "abstract": "Under optimized pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment for production of eggshell calcium malate (ESCM) by one-factor-at-a-time test and ternary quadratic regression orthogonal combination design (TQROCD), an absorption assessment of ESCM treated by the best conditions of PEF were performed in male mice with apparent calcium absorption rate (ACAR), serum alkalinity phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), serum calcium and serum phosphorus, length of femurs and skeletal calcium content were studied. The highest dissoluble calcium malate content (7.075 mg/mL) was obtained with the 6.0% malic acid, the electric field intensity of 20 kV/cm, and pulse duration of 24 \u03bcs. In vitro, ESCM prepared by the best conditions of PEF at doses of 133.0 mg kg(-1) d(-1) for 70 d not only significantly improve the ALP activity, the femur length and calcium content of bone of the mice (P<0.05) but also decreased the levels of TRAP (P<0.05). The ratio of calcium and phosphorus was in the normal range. PEF could be taken as a highly effective, environmentally friendly and energy-saving method for preparation of ESCM, which treated by PEF could promote the absorption of calcium in vitro, extraordinary can promote bone development and a healthy bone."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 880123, "title": "Primary and secondary structure of novel ACE-inhibitory peptides from egg white protein.", "abstract": "The primary structure of novel angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from egg white protein was investigated, and secondary structure of the peptide was explored for the first time. The potential effects of bioactive peptides were submitted to bioactivity screening with ACE inhibitory activity, antioxidant property, and anticoagulation activity. Bioactive peptides from egg white protein were characterized by LC tandem mass spectrometric, and secondary structures of those peptides were investigated by FT-IR. Our results showed that total 11 bioactive peptides with three new and eight known structures were identified with LC/MS/MS, which then were synthesized by Fmoc solid phase method. Peptide Thr-Asn-Gly-Ile-Ile-Arg (TNGIIR) exhibited higher activity against ACE to other two new peptides. The concentration of the peptide TNGIIR, necessary to inhibit 50% the activity of ACE was 70 \u03bcM. Results also suggested that the secondary structural differences between peptides could also influence the ACE inhibition capacity. Thus, it appears that primary and secondary structure of peptide plays the potential role inhibiting the ACE activity.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 102538110, "title": "Extracting egg yolk lecithin using PEF-assisted organic solvent", "abstract": null, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 6940393, "title": "Subchronic toxicity study of corn silk with rats.", "abstract": "AIM OF THIS STUDY\nCorn silk is a traditional herbal medicine in China, which has been used in many parts of the world for the treatment of edema as well as for cystitis, gout, kidney stones, nephritis, prostatitis and similar ailments. However, there is little scientific evidence about its safety. As a part of its safety assessment, a subchronic toxicity was performed in this paper.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThe subchronic toxicity was investigated in male and female Wistar rats by dietary administration at concentrations of 0.5%, 2.0% and 8.0% (w/w) for 90 days. Overall health, body weight, food consumption, hematology, blood chemistry, organ weights, gross and microscopic appearance of tissues were compared between test and control groups.\n\n\nRESULTS\nA number of significant differences were seen between groups, but none of them was considered to be adverse. Based on the present study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of corn silk is at least 8.0% which corresponds to a mean daily corn silk intake of approximately 9.354 and 10.308 g/day/kg body weight for males and females, respectively.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThe results obtained in the present study suggest that consumption of corn silk has no adverse effects and support the safety of corn silk for humans.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 41062759, "title": "Rapid determination of melamine in milk using water-soluble CdTe quantum dots as fluorescence probes", "abstract": "Water-soluble CdTe quantum dots of different sizes capped with thioglycolic acid (TGA-CdTe QDs) were synthesised via a microwave-assisted method. It was found that melamine could quench the fluorescence emission of TGA-CdTe QDs in aqueous solution. Based on this, a novel method for the determination of melamine has been developed. Under optimum conditions, the fluorescence intensity of TGA-CdTe QDs versus melamine concentrations gave a linear response according to the Stern\u2013Volmer equation. The proposed method has been successfully used to detect melamine in liquid milk with a detection limit of 0.04\u2009mg\u2009L\u22121, and the whole process including sample pre-treatment could be accomplished within 30\u2009min. The obvious merits provided by this method, such as simplicity, rapidity, low cost and high sensitivity would make it promising for on-site screening of melamine adulterant in milk products. The possible mechanism involved in the interaction of melamine with TGA-CdTe QDs is discussed.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 102053543, "title": "Synthesis and Biological Activities of Novel Analogues of Phthalamide Containing Acylurea and Acylthiourea", "abstract": null, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 55890386, "title": "Addition of cell wall degrading enzyme and wheat bran on fermentation characteristics and in vitro gas production of ensiled rice straw", "abstract": "A two way factorial experiment was designed to study the technique aspects of ensiling rice straw (RS) mixed with Strawzyme (an experimental preparation of cell-wall degrading enzymes) and wheat bran (WB). The WB was added at levels of 0, 3, 6 or 9% (fresh basis), respectively, and the RS was untreated (C-0, C-3, C-6 and C-9), or treated with Strawzyme at level of 1300 g/t DM (T-0, T-3, T-6 and T-9). Addition of WB improved the fermentation quality and nutritive value of RS silage. The pH value, percentage of ammonia N in total N and butyrate content were decreased, and lactate content and in vitro gas production (GP) increased with the increasing levels of WB. Enzyme treatment decreased the neutral detergent fibre, pH, ammonia-N and butyrate, and increased lactate and in vitro GP. There were significant interaction effects on pH, lactate and butyrate content between enzyme and WB. Therefore the silages in T-6 and T-9 showed good quality with lowest pH and highest lactate as well as no any butyrate. Proportion of ammonia N of total N was decreased by 37.9 or 15.5%, and the lactic acid was increased by 67.8 or 5.7%, respectively, when Strawzyme plus 6 or 9% WB was added. It can be concluded that combination of Strawzyme with WB was more effective in the improvement of RS silage quality than addition of WB alone.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 84699667, "title": "Effects of supplemental soybean oil and vitamin E on carcass quality and fatty acid profiles of meat in Huzhou lamb", "abstract": "Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effects of supplemental soybean oil (SBO) and vitamin E (VE) on carcass characteristics, serum metabolites, and fatty acid (FA) composition of longissimus muscle in Huzhou lambs. Totally, 24 male lambs were allocated to three dietary treatments: basal, 3% SBO, and 3% SBO plus 500 mg/kg VE supplemented diet (SOE). No differences were observed in carcass qualities among the three treatments. Contents of serum cholesterol, urea nitrogen, and non-esterified fatty acid increased, while glucose decreased significantly in SBO and SOE groups compared to control (P<0.05). The SBO and SOE diets increased the polyunsaturated fatty acids and cis 9 trans11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; P<0.05), but the ratio of n-6 to n-3 was not effected. It is concluded that supplementation of SBO could increase CLAs, but no further increase may be expected by additional supplementation of VE.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 94198174, "title": "Influence of Ca2+ on the performance of poly(acrylic acid)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) comb-like copolymers in cement suspensions", "abstract": "Poly(acrylic acid)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) (PAA-g-PEG) comb-like copolymer (PCE) is one of the best kind of superplasticizers for cement suspensions. But PCE can be considered as polyelectrolyte which is easily affected by the ions in cement suspensions. In cement system, calcium ions are the most abundant cations which would have great influence on the performance of polymer superplasticizer. Here, the effects of calcium ion on the surface charge, adsorption and dispersion in cement system with PCE as dispersant are investigated in detail. And the changes in the conformation of PCE before and after adding calcium ions are studied by methods of dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Calcium ions increase the zeta potential of cement particles and make the molecular chains of PCE curlier, which induces the changes in adsorption and dispersion behavior. The adding of calcium ions makes the ion bridging between calcium and PCE to take place and the ion bridging makes the PCE molecules shrink to smaller size. In this paper, it tells that the molecular structure of PCE polymer could be changed based on the conclusion to adapt the cement with different content of calcium. In cement suspensions, the effect of calcium ions on the performance of PCE polymer would be weakened by decreasing the content of carboxyl groups in the molecular chain.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3646016, "title": "Effects of fermented soybean meal on digestive enzyme activities and intestinal morphology in broilers.", "abstract": "The experiment was performed to compare the effects of fermented soybean meal (fermented with Aspergillus oryzae 3.042, FSBM) and soybean meal on digestive enzyme activities and intestinal morphology in broilers. Three hundred twenty 1-d-old Ross x Ross male broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 2 dietary treatments for a 6-wk feeding trial, including 0- to 21-d and 21- to 42-d periods. At the end of each stage, 8 broilers of each treatment were killed, and pancreas, small intestine digesta, and duodenum, jejunum, and ileum segments were collected for digestive enzymes and intestinal morphology evaluation. Results of the experiment showed that replacing soybean meal with FSBM in diet increased the activities of trypsin, lipase, and protease significantly in intestinal content of starter broilers (P<0.05) and enhanced the protease activity of grower broilers (P<0.05). Amylase activity was not affected in both feeding periods by the treatments. Compared with the control, broilers fed with FSBM had lower pancreatic trypsin activity (P<0.05) in the starter phase. There were no significant differences on lipase, amylase, and protease activity between the treatments in both growth phases. Increased villus height (P<0.05) and decreased crypt depth (P<0.05) of jejunum mucosa could be observed in the whole growth stage of broilers fed with FSBM. Also, duodenal villus height of starter chicks was also significantly increased (P<0.05).", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 135925628, "title": "Assessment of fiber distribution in steel fiber mortar using image analysis", "abstract": "A new test method was introduced to measure fiber distribution in steel fiber reinforced mortar by using image analysis technique. Through specimen preparation, image acquisition, fiber extraction, and measurement of related fiber parameters, quantitative analysis of fiber distribution could be obtained by two parameters, namely dispersion coefficient and orientation factor. Effect of boundaries, size and steel fiber content on fiber distribution was discussed. Results showed that, steel fiber distribution was affected by boundary effect, which would be weakened with the increase of specimen size. If the length and width remained constant, the specimen height had a significant effect on orientation factor of fiber, while its influence on dispersion coefficient was not so obvious. With the increase of steel fiber content, dispersion coefficient decreased slightly, and orientation factor deviated from 0.5.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 136741714, "title": "Effects of Different Flooding Frequencies on Soil Nitrogen Mineralization in Typical Floodplain Wetlands under Aerobic Conditions", "abstract": "Soil profiles from 0 to 80 cm depth were collected at five typical zones (including permanently flooded floodplain (B), 1-year floodplain (O), 5-year floodplain (F), 10-year floodplain (T), and 100-year floodplain (H)) which are divided by different flooding frequencies along the direction penperdicular to the river channel in different floodplain wetlands of Xianghai National Nature Reserve of China. A 14-day incubation experiment was carried out at 25\u00b0C in the dark to reveal the effects of different flooding frequencies on nitrogen mineralization rates. Our results showed that nitrogen mineralization rates showed an alternative tend of \u201cincreasing and decreasing\u201din the soil profiles at five sampling zones except the 1-year floodplain and permanent floodplain. The nitrogen mineralization rates were lower in permanently flooded floodplain soils compared to another four floodplain wetlands with different flooding frequencies. Additionally, nitrogen mineralization rates were significantly correlated with electrical conductivity, total soluble salt, pH values and salinity."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 135879859, "title": "Effects of Soil Moisture on Nitrogen Mineralization in a Typical 10-Year Floodplain Wetland", "abstract": "Soil profiles from 0 to 80 cm depth were collected and a 14-day incubation experiment at three soil moisture levels (initial moisture, water holding capacity, and flooding) was carried out at 25\u00b0C in the dark to reveal the effects of soil moisture on nitrogen mineralization rates in a 10-yr floodplain wetland. Our results showed that nitrogen mineralization rates decreased with depth along soil profiles and the maximal nitrogen mineralization rates appeared at the 10-20cm soil layer. The nitrogen mineralization rates were higher under flooding treatment compared to another two soil moisture treatments. Nitrogen mineralization rates in the top 20cm soils exhibited an increasing tendency with increasing soil moisture. Additionally, nitrogen mineralization rates were significantly correlated with electrical conductivity, total soluble salt, and salinity under three soil moisture treatments.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 13855563, "title": "The drug efficacy and adverse reactions in a mouse model of oral squamous cell carcinoma treated with oxaliplatin at different time points during a day", "abstract": "Background Recent studies have shown that the growth and proliferation of cancer cells in vivo exhibit circadian rhythm, and the efficacy and adverse reactions of platinum-based anticancer drugs administered at different times of the day vary significantly on colon cancer. However, since the circadian rhythms of growth and proliferation of various cancer cells often differ, the question of whether the administration of platinum anticancer drugs at different times of the day exerts significantly different efficacy and adverse effects on oral cancers remains to be elucidated. This study has compared the efficacy and adverse effects of oxaliplatin (L-OHP) administration at different times during a day on oral squamous cell carcinoma in mice and has analyzed cellular circadian rhythms. Methods The mouse model for oral squamous cell carcinoma was established in 75 nude mice, housed in a 12 hour light/12 hour dark cycle environment. The mice were randomly divided into five groups; four experimental groups were intravenously injected with L-OHP at four time points within a 24-hour period (4, 10, 16, and 22 hours after lights on [HALO]). The control group was intravenously injected with the same volume of saline. Treatment efficacy and adverse reactions were compared on the seventh day after the injection, at 22 HALO. The existence of circadian rhythms was determined by cosine analysis. Results Only injections of L-OHP at 16 and 22 HALO significantly prolonged animal survival time. The adverse reactions in mice injected with L-OHP at 16 and 22 HALO were significantly less than those observed in mice administered L-OHP at 4 and 10 HALO. The cosine fitting curve showed that the survival time and adverse reactions exhibited circadian rhythm. Conclusion The time factor should be considered when treating patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma with L-OHP in order to achieve better efficacy, reduce the adverse reactions, and improve the patients\u2019 survival time and quality of life.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 17528196, "title": "Predicted Infiltration for Sodic/Saline Soils from Reclaimed Coastal Areas: Sensitivity to Model Parameters", "abstract": "This study was conducted to assess the influences of soil surface conditions and initial soil water content on water movement in unsaturated sodic soils of reclaimed coastal areas. Data was collected from column experiments in which two soils from a Chinese coastal area reclaimed in 2007 (Soil A, saline) and 1960 (Soil B, nonsaline) were used, with bulk densities of 1.4 or 1.5\u2009g/cm3. A 1D-infiltration model was created using a finite difference method and its sensitivity to hydraulic related parameters was tested. The model well simulated the measured data. The results revealed that soil compaction notably affected the water retention of both soils. Model simulations showed that increasing the ponded water depth had little effect on the infiltration process, since the increases in cumulative infiltration and wetting front advancement rate were small. However, the wetting front advancement rate increased and the cumulative infiltration decreased to a greater extent when \u03b8 0 was increased. Soil physical quality was described better by the S parameter than by the saturated hydraulic conductivity since the latter was also affected by the physical chemical effects on clay swelling occurring in the presence of different levels of electrolytes in the soil solutions of the two soils.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 129032375, "title": "Rainfall intensity and slope gradient effects on sediment losses and splash from a saline\u2013sodic soil under coastal reclamation", "abstract": "Abstract Rainfall intensity and slope gradient play important roles in soil erosion processes. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient, as well as of their interactions, on splash and overland flow transport on saline\u2013sodic soil slopes. Rainfall intensities of 85, 95, 110 and 125\u00a0mm\u00a0h\u2212\u00a01 were applied to slope gradients of 6\u00b0, 11\u00b0, 22\u00b0 and 35\u00b0. Splash was partitioned into four directional components. Runoff, sediment and splash samples were collected throughout the rainstorms and infiltration was calculated. The final infiltrations under the lower rainfall intensities of 85\u00a0mm\u00a0h\u2212\u00a01 were the largest for every slope gradient, but they decreased by 39.3% as the slope gradient increased from 6\u00b0 to 35\u00b0. However, the final infiltration rates exhibited an increasing\u2013decreasing trend for rainfall intensities higher than 85\u00a0mm\u00a0h\u2212\u00a01 as the slope gradient increased. The critical slope gradient was about 11\u00b0. The influence of rainfall intensity on runoff was considerably reduced at the higher slope gradients due to increased infiltration. The influence of slope gradient on sediment loss was reduced as rainfall intensity increased, while the effect of rainfall intensity on sediment losses was greater on the gentler slopes than on the steeper slopes. The upslope splash (mean value) initially increased from 4.8 to 7.2\u00a0g\u00a0m\u2212\u00a01\u00a0h\u2212\u00a01 before it decreased to 3\u00a0g\u00a0m\u2212\u00a01\u00a0h\u2212\u00a01 as the slope gradient increased. The maximum measured value occurred when the slope gradient was 22\u00b0. Total splash increased to maximum levels as the slope gradient increased to 11\u00b0, but decreased with further increases in gradient. These results indicated that the effects of slope gradient and rainfall intensity on sediment losses, runoff and splash were interconnected.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 94818737, "title": "AOT-microemulsions-based formation and evolution of PbWO4crystals", "abstract": "Anionic surfactant-AOT-microemulsions-assisted formation and evolution of PbWO4 nanostructures with bundles rodlike, ellipsoidlike, and spherelike prepared at different media conditions were studied by powder X-ray diffraction pattern, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The possible mechanisms for the formation of PbWO4 samples in series of microemulsion systems were discussed. Various comparison experiments show that several experimental parameters, such as the AOT concentration, the water content, and reaction temperature play important roles in the morphological control of PbWO4 nanostructures. Room-temperature photoluminescence of PbWO4 samples with different morphologies has also been investigated and the results reveal that all these samples showed similar features with emissions at 480 \u223c 510 nm but different luminescence intensity.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 19213171, "title": "The prevalence and adverse profiles of fatty liver disease among different ethnic public servants in Urumqi of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nThe purpose of this survey was to confirm the prevalence and adverse profiles of fatty liver disease among different ethnic public servants in Urumqi of Xinjiang.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThe cross-sectional study were implemented among serving and retired public servants who participated in the annual physical check-up including abdominal ultrasonography from April 2012 to April 2013 at the health promotion center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University in Urumqi. The information including questionnaires, anthropometric indexes and biochemical profiles were collected to analyze.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThere were 46612 individuals ranging from 20 to 93 years of age included in the analysis. There were 39120 of Han, 4148 of Uygur, 877 of Kazakh, 2098 of Hui, and 369 of other ethnic groups. The prevalence of FLD in total, Han, Hui, Uygur, Kazakh and other ethnic group were 32.0%, 31.2%, 31.5%, 39.3%, 36.4% and 32.8%. Uygur was significantly higher than the other ethnic groups both male and female (P < 0.01) and male was higher than female regardless of ethnicity (P < 0.01). FLD co-exiting with DM, hypertension, obesity, overweight and dysliplidemia (especially for hypertriglyceridemia) were common and distribution of these diseases were significantly different among various ethnicity (P < 0.01). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that there were different in adverse factors including age, gender, DM, obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension of FLD among ethnicity and obesity having higher OR value in each ethnic group can be as predictive index of FLD.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe high prevalence of FLD is present among public servants in Urumqi of Xinjiang, China. The prevalence of FLD is significantly different in different ethnic groups and genders. Distributions of adverse factors are disparate in different ethnicity. Comprehensive strategies for the prevention and treatment of FLD should be explored basing on the ethnic differences.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 101862678, "title": "Diethyl pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl\u00adate", "abstract": "In the crystal structure of the title compound, C11H13NO4, the asymmetric unit contains only one half-mol\u00adecule; the molecule lies on a twofold rotation axis. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter\u00admolecular C\u2014H\u22efO and C\u2014H\u22efN hydrogen bonds, linking the mol\u00adecules along the b axis."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 82823870, "title": "Effects of Veratrum nigrum L. var. ussurience Nakai alkaloids on angiotensin II - induced hypertrophy of carcinomyocytes from neonatal rat.", "abstract": "[Objective] To investigate the effect of Veratrum nigrum L.Var.ussurience Nakai alkaloids(VnA) on the hypertrophy induced by using angiotensin \u2161(Ang \u2161) in the primary culture of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.[Methods] The cell protein content and the cell diameter were measured using BCA method and the micrometer,and the expressions of calcineurin(CaN) in the cardiomyocytes were determined using immunofluorescence analysis.[Results] VnA inhibited the increase of protein content,the cell diameter in the Ang\u2161-induced neonatal rat cellular hypertrophy in a dose-dependent manner.The increase of expression of CaN was also inhibited by using VnA.[Conclusion] The results suggest that the mechanism for VnA inhibiting the hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes induced by Ang \u2161 be related to the inhibition of CaN expression.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 68928867, "title": "Protective effects of tea ployphenol injection on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in mice.", "abstract": "[Objective] To observe the neuroprotective effect and therapeutic window of tea ployphenol(TP) injection on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in mice.[Methods] The cerebral ischemia reperfusion model in mice was made by bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries for 10 minutes and reperfusion for 10 minutes,repeating for three times.Mices were arranged in 9 groups which were sham operation group,ischemia control group,nimodipine group,3 TP groups treated with different levels of dose(50,100,200 mg/kg,i.v.0h before the first ligation),3 TP groups treated with different administrated time(0 h before first ligation and 0 h,30 min after last reperfusion,i.v.100 mg/kg).The content of water in the cerebric tissues were measured and the changes of urtralstructure of BBB was observed under electron microscope(EM).[Results]\u2460The content of brain water in TP 50 mg/kg,100 mg/kg,0 h before first ligation and 0 h,30 min after last reperfusion groups(79.59\u00b10.45)%,(79.18\u00b10.45)%,(79.18\u00b10.45)%,(78.95\u00b10.79)%,(79.22\u00b10.89)% were less than that in ischemia control group(80.21\u00b10.40%),P0.01.\u2461 The observation under electron microscope demonstrated that the severity of ischemic damage in TP groups was lighter than that in ischemic control group.[Conclusions]The result indicated the neuroprotective effect of TP injection on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in mice.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 19737992, "title": "Anti-inflammatory Activity of Salvianic acid A through the Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-kappaB Activation in Peritoneal Macrophage", "abstract": "In the present study, we examined the anti-inflammatory properties of Salvianic acid A (SAA) in peritoneal macrophage induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). SAA inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in LPS-induced peritoneal macrophages and blocked protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). In addition, the LPS-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation was suppressed by SAA treatment.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 40355888, "title": "Amelioration effects of berberine on diabetic microendothelial injury model by the combination of high glucose and advanced glycation end products in vitro.", "abstract": "Microvascular complications are much earlier and common in diabetes. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), together with high glucose, play a key role in the endothelial dysfunction of diabetic vascular complications. So it is of more significance to expedite the therapies to block the formation and/or the effects of AGEs. Berberine has been showed to have anti-diabetic effects, however the effects on diabetic complications were less explored, especially the effects on the microvascular complications and the formation and pathways of AGEs which have not been reported. Therefore, the present study established an in vitro model of diabetic microendothelial (microEC) injury by the combination of high glucose and AGEs to mimic the clinical situations and examine the effects and mechanisms of berberine on high glucose-AGEs-induced microEC injuries and on the formation of AGEs. We prepared AGEs, established the high glucose-AGEs injured microEC models by MTT assay, which was further supported by significantly decreased nitric oxide (NO) release, NO synthase (NOS) and thrombomodulin production with ELISA, western blot and RT-PCR analysis. Berberine treatments showed significant improvements as indicated by significantly increased NO release, NOS and thrombomodulin production. Moreover, we also observed significant inhibition effects of berberine on AGEs formation. We concluded that the in vitro model of diabetic microEC injury could be established by the combination treatments of high glucose and AGEs, while berberine could improve the diabetic microvascular injury in vitro and inhibit the formation of AGEs, suggesting the potential clinical therapies with berberine for diabetes and its vascular complications.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 496155, "title": "Protective effect of \u03b1-lipoic acid on oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell injury.", "abstract": "The present study investigated the effect and possible mechanisms of \u03b1-lipoic acid (LA) in preventing endothelial cell injury induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). A model of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) injury was established by incubating the HUVECs with 200 \u03bcg/ml oxLDL. HUVECs were pre-treated with 0.1, 0.2 or 0.5 mmol/l of LA in the presence of oxLDL for 24 h. Apoptosis and cellular surface ceramide content were investigated separately by flow cytometry and by LC-MS/MS. LOX-1, Bcl-2 and CRP protein expression levels were evaluated by western blotting. LOX-1 mRNA expression was evaluated by RT-PCR assay. The results showed that oxLDL induced cytotoxicity in both concentration-dependent and time-dependent manners. LA boosted the cell survival rate and significantly reduced the content of MDA and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. Apoptotic rates were significantly reduced by the addition of LA compared to oxLDL group. LA might also have inhibited ceramide generation induced by oxLDL in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, LA down-regulated LOX-1 protein and mRNA expression and up-regulated Bcl-2 protein expression levels in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of CRP protein was weak and undetectable. These results suggested that LA exhibited cytoprotective effects against oxLDL by decreasing apoptotic rates and decreasing cellular surface ceramide content, two effects that are related to decreased LOX-1 expression, and also by stimulating the expression of Bcl-2 protein. The cytoprotective effects are not thought to be due to inhibited C-reactive protein (CRP) protein expression in HUVECs.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 35868834, "title": "Single crystal tin nano-rod arrays electrodeposited by a soft template.", "abstract": "Single crystal tin nano-rod arrays were fabricated by the electrodeposition method when amphiphilic triblock copolymer P123 was used as a soft template at a concentration much lower than that for forming a liquid crystalline phase.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 92714153, "title": "Molecular structure and spectral characteristics of bis(S-methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)methylendithiocarbazato)nickel(II), (Ni(NNS)2)", "abstract": "A nickel(II) complex of the pyridine-2-aldehyde Schiff base of S-methyldithiocarbazate (HNNS) has been synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analysis, IR and UV-vis spectra. The crystal structure of the complex has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic, space P21/c, with a = 14.092(2), b = 16.886(2), c = 8.857(2)\u00c5; \u03b2 = 105.78(3) \u00b0, V = 2028.2(6) \u00c53, and Z = 4. The nickel atom is octahedrally coordinated by two uninegatively charged tridentate Schiff base in a mer-configuration via the pyridine nitrogen atom, azomethine nitrogen atom, and mecaptide sulfur atom.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 98139464, "title": "Dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of La-substituted BiFeO3\u2013BaTiO3 ceramics", "abstract": "Abstract (Bi 1\u2212 x La x )FeO 3 \u2013BaTiO 3 (BL x F\u2013BT) polycrystalline ceramics were prepared by the mixed oxide route and the effect of La substitution on the microstructure and electrical properties of the ceramics was investigated. The main crystal structure of the ceramics is a perovskite structure with weak secondary phase. The addition of small amount of La 2 O 3 was quite effective to improve the remanent polarization P r and low coercive field E c . Because of the relative lower E c , larger P r and good densification, the piezoelectric properties of the ceramics are evidently enhanced at x =0.02: d 33 =168\u00a0pC/N, k p =0.335. An obvious relaxor characteristics was observed with increasing La 2 O 3 content.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 138603308, "title": "Realignment of slanted Fe nanorods on silicon substrates by a strong magnetic field", "abstract": "Slanted Fe nanorods prepared by glancing angle deposition on silicon substrates exhibited easy magnetization along their growth axis. By using a thin gold film on a silicon substrate as a buffer layer, slanted Fe nanorods can be realigned towards the substrate surface normal by a strong magnetic field. After realignment, the Fe nanorods retained the easy magnetization axis along their growth axis. The effects of the realignment by the strong magnetic field on the properties of the slanted Fe nanorods were also investigated. This study provides a possible way to fabricate magnetic nanostructures for perpendicular recording applications.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 122536653, "title": "Fractal Theory and Contact Dynamics Modeling Vibration Characteristics of Damping Blade", "abstract": "The contact surface structure of dry friction damper is complicate, irregular, and self-similar. In this paper, contact surface structure is described with the fractal theory and damping blade is simplified as 2-DOF cantilever beam model with lumped masses. By changing the position of the damper, lacing and shroud structure are separately simulated to study vibration absorption effect of damping blade. The results show that both shroud structure and lacing could not only dissipate energy but also change stiffness of blade. Under the same condition of normal pressure and contact surface, the damping effect of lacing is stronger than that of shroud structure. Meanwhile, the effect on changing blade stiffness of shroud structure is stronger than that of lacing. This paper proposed that there is at least one position of the blade, at which the damper dissipates the most vibration energy during a vibration cycle.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 38849153, "title": "A nonlinear smoother for target tracking in asynchronous wireless sensor networks", "abstract": "Generally, multiple sensors are deployed to track a target synchronously in wireless sensor networks. However, asynchronous measurements exist intrinsically in multi-rate multi-sensor systems. Asynchronous measurements may also emerge in acoustic sensor networks, owing to the low propagation speed of acoustic signals. In order to handle the target tracking problem with asynchronous measurements, a nonlinear smoothing algorithm based on the fixed-point smoother and the square-root cubature Kalman filter is derived and applied in asynchronous wireless sensor networks for the first time. The estimation precision of the states increases along with the smoothing process, and a sensor can always obtain the optimal estimate of a state before its own next measurement by using the proposed algorithm. The numerical simulations demonstrate that, thanks to the smoothing effect of the fixed-point smoother, the proposed algorithm can obtain not only the remarkable position estimation results of the target, but also even better velocity estimation results. In addition, the proposed algorithm can obtain much more states' estimates than benchmark synchronous target-tracking algorithms, under the same condition of measurement count and communication cost."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 2586418, "title": "Overexpressions of CK2\u03b2 and XIAP are Associated with Poor Prognosis of Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma", "abstract": "To investigate the expressions of casein kinase II \u03b2(CK2\u03b2) and X-Linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and evaluated their correlations with major clinicopathologic features and patients\u2019 survival. Fifty CCA specimens and 20 normal liver tissues were included in the study. Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the expression levels of CK2\u03b2, XIAP in normal and CCA tissues. The relationships of CK2\u03b2 and XIAP expressions with clinicopathologic parameters and clinical outcome were evaluated. High immunostaining of CK2\u03b2 and XIAP were observed in 66\u00a0% (33/50) and 68\u00a0% (34/50) of CCA tissues, which were significantly higher than that of normal liver tissues 0\u00a0% (0/20) and 25\u00a0% (5/20). The high expression of CK2\u03b2 was significantly associated with TNM stage (P\u2009=\u20090.036), histological grade (P\u2009=\u20090.020) and high serum CEA level(P\u2009=\u20090.010), while high expression of XIAP was only associated with TNM stage(P\u2009=\u20090.014) and high serum CEA level(P\u2009=\u20090.001). By univariant analysis, patients with high expression of CK2\u03b2 and XIAP demonstrate significantly poorer overall survival (P\u2009=\u20090.003 vs P\u2009=\u20090.018). Cox regression model showed that positive expression of CK2\u03b2is an independent factor of prognosis (P\u2009=\u20090.004). The expressions of CK2\u03b2 and XIAP in CCA tissues showed strong correlations with the tumor progression, CK2\u03b2 may be applied as a potential prognostic marker for CCA.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 145147008, "title": "A dispositional approach to psychological climate: Relationships between interpersonal harmony motives and psychological climate for communication safety", "abstract": "This study examined the dispositional antecedents of a climate at the individual level, psychological climate for communication safety. The impact of two interpersonal harmony motives, harmony enhancement and disintegration avoidance, on psychological climate for communication safety, innovative performance and the moderated mediated processes associated with job autonomy were examined in a survey study in China. Results showed that harmony enhancement was positively related to innovative performance through psychological climate for communication safety. Moreover, job autonomy moderated the relationship between harmony motives and psychological climate for communication safety. Harmony enhancement was more strongly associated with psychological climate for communication safety when job autonomy was low. The relationship between disintegration avoidance and psychological climate for communication safety was positive when job autonomy was high, but negative when job autonomy was low. Conditional indirect effects consistent with these interaction effects were also found.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 111318633, "title": "Synthesis of extreme sparse array for real-time 3D acoustic imaging", "abstract": "An optimised synthesis method for designing an extreme sparse array with the minimum set of elements is proposed. The method is based on a cross-array configuration and a multi-frequency beamforming algorithm. The experimental results show that the extreme sparse array achieves a 98.9% element thinning compared with the fully sampled planar array and the generated beam pattern satisfies the presupposed constraints. This is much better than the results obtained in the previous literature.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 24195781, "title": "Chemoprevention by lipid-soluble tea polyphenols in diethylnitrosamine/phenobarbital-induced hepatic pre-cancerous lesions.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nGreen tea polyphenols (GTPs) have been proposed as promising candidates for chemoprevention. However, GTPs levels are maintained relatively low in the blood and are chemically-unstable. Lipid-soluble tea polyphenols (LTPs) are products of modified GTPs with ester linkage with fatty acids. LTPs are lipophilic and expected to provide improved absorption and utilization in the body compared with water-soluble polyphenols. The current study was designed to investigate the chemo-preventive property and the possible mechanisms of LTP action against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer in rats.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nOral administration of LTPs at doses of 0, 40, and 400 mg/kg/day was initiated 2 weeks prior to DEN injection and was continued for 30 weeks. At that time point samples were collected and liver histopathological analyses were performed.\n\n\nRESULTS\nLTPs decreased the area and number of placental glutathione S-transferase-positive foci in liver samples of DEN-treated rats. Furthermore, LTPs counteracted DEN-induced fibrosis formation in liver. Immunohistochemical staining of rat liver showed that LTPs inhibited DEN-mediated elevations in numbers of cells positive for PCNA and 8-OHdG.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nFor the first time, the present study demonstrated, that LTPs exert a chemo-preventive effect against precancerous lesions through inhibition of cellular proliferation and DNA damage in a rat liver model.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 145284594, "title": "Developing and Evaluating the Social Axioms Survey in Eleven Countries: Its Relationship With the Five-Factor Model of Personality", "abstract": "Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the reliability of the original Social Axioms Survey, which measures individuals' general beliefs about the world. In Study 1, results from 11 countries support the original five-factor structure and achieve higher reliability for the axiom dimensions as measured by the new scale. Moreover, moderate but meaningful associations between axiom and Big-Five personality dimensions were found. Temporal change of social axioms at the culture level was examined and found to be moderate. In Study 2, additional new items were generated for social complexity and fate control, then assessed in Hong Kong and the United States. Reliability was further improved for both dimensions. Additionally, two subfactors of fate control were identified: fate determinism and fate alterability. Fate determinism, but not fate alterability, related positively to neuroticism. Other relationships between axiom and personality dimensions were similar to those reported in Study 1. The short forms of the axiom dimensions were generally reliable and correlated highly with the long forms. This research thus provides a stronger foundation for applying the construct of social axioms around the world.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 1860693, "title": "Tracking Coverage throughout Epochs with Bounded Uncertainty", "abstract": "This work addresses the problem of managing the sensor-coverage and organizing the epochs in a manner that balances the trades-offs between the accuracy and energy consumptions during target tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). While the typical target tracking approaches are based on movement prediction, we only assume a knowledge of some maximal speed of the target during certain time-intervals. This, in turn, restricts its whereabouts to a disk-bound area throughout such intervals. In such settings, we seek to determine a sensor cover, a subset of all the nodes that need to be awake, which ensures that the target can be detected during the given epoch. Towards this, we propose sensor-cover selection methodologies, Greedy Uncertain Moving Object coverage sensor set selection (GUMO) and PAttern Based coverage sensor set selection (PAB). GUMO is a heuristic maximizing the coverage gain at each step, while PAB is an approach based on optimal deployment pattern of sensor nodes achieving coverage of the disk area bounding the target's whereabouts. We conduct extensive simulations to evaluate the performance of the algorithms, and the results reveal that GUMO and PAB not only provide substantial energy saving due to reduction in the communications involved in selecting tracking participant-nodes and principal(s), while assuring a bounded error on the target's location.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 18524092, "title": "Sensor synchronization for energy efficient multiple object tracking", "abstract": "This work addresses the problem of synchronizing the sensors involved in the task of multiple object tracking (MOT) in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). We aim at reducing the overall in-network energy consumption along with bounding the uncertainty regarding targets' locations in WSN. Designing energy efficient scheduling mechanism is a challenge in WSN tracking scenarios due to the limitations on target's movement prediction, and lack of global network knowledge. The main observation of this work is that task conflicts and channel congestion preclude the utilization of the nodes shared by common tracking tasks, which may result in poor Quality of Tracking (QoT) and/or increasing target ambiguity. In order to tackle this problem, we propose a lightweight sensor scheduling policy - Synchronization based Sampling Reduction (SSR), which explicitly prunes the redundant measurements in the conflicting nodes without decreasing QoT, through synchronizing the tracking tasks. In addition to conserving the energy by reducing the samplings, SSR also is capable of mitigating the data associating problem in MOT, without requiring any global knowledge about the network. Our experiments demonstrate that SSR can significantly reduce the number of locations sampling, when compared to nai\u0308ve approach that does not coordinate the nodes involved in multiple object tracking.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 15681213, "title": "Deflection-Aware Tracking-Principal Selection in Active Wireless Sensor Networks", "abstract": "This paper addresses the problem of energy efficiency balanced with tracking accuracy in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Specifically, we focus on the issues related to selecting tracking principals, i.e., the nodes with two special tasks: 1) coordinating the activities among the sensors that are detecting the tracked object's locations in time and 2) selecting a node to which the tasks of coordination and data fusion will be handed off when the tracked object exits the sensing area of the current principal. Extending the existing results that based the respective principal selection algorithms on the assumption that the target's trajectory is approximated with straight line segments, we consider more general settings of (possibly) continuous changes of the direction of the moving target. We developed an approach based on particle filters to estimate the target's angular deflection at the time of a handoff, and we considered the tradeoffs between the expensive in-node computations incurred by the particle filters and the imprecision tolerance when selecting subsequent tracking principals. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach yields significant savings in the number of handoffs and the number of unsuccessful transfers in comparison with previous approaches.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 28112264, "title": "Robust and accurate monocular visual navigation combining IMU for a quadrotor", "abstract": "In this paper, we present a multi-sensor fusion based monocular visual navigation system for a quadrotor with limited payload, power and computational resources. Our system is equipped with an inertial measurement unit (IMU), a sonar and a monocular down-looking camera. It is able to work well in GPS-denied and markerless environments. Different from most of the keyframe-based visual navigation systems, our system uses the information from both keyframes and keypoints in each frame. The GPU-based speeded up robust feature (SURF) is employed for feature detection and feature matching. Based on the flight characteristics of quadrotor, we propose a refined preliminary motion estimation algorithm combining IMU data. A multi-level judgment rule is then presented which is beneficial to hovering conditions and reduces the error accumulation effectively. By using the sonar sensor, the metric scale estimation problem has been solved. We also present the novel IMU+3P (IMU with three point correspondences) algorithm for accurate pose estimation. This algorithm transforms the 6-DOF pose estimation problem into a 4-DOF problem and can obtain more accurate results with less computation time. We perform the experiments of monocular visual navigation system in real indoor and outdoor environments. The results demonstrate that the monocular visual navigation system performing in real-time has robust and accurate navigation results of the quadrotor.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 16745506, "title": "Tracking moving object via unscented particle filter in sensor network", "abstract": "Moving object tracking is one of the typical applications in wireless sensor network (WSN). As a result, a lot of important solutions have been proposed in the last decade, toward addressing different aspects of object tracking in WSN settings. This work describes an Unscented particle filter (UPF) based Moving Object Tracking algorithm, UMOT, in WSN settings, where the sensor nodes are clustered dynamically to provide sensing and data fusion tasks. The key idea of UPF is to capture accurately the posterior mean and covariance of non-linear Gaussian variable up to the second order, through propagating a set of sample points in the state system. It has been demonstrated that UPF addresses the deficiency of using transition prior as the proposal distribution, which results in biased posterior estimation due to excluding the recent observations. We present the design and implementation of UMOT, together with comprehensive simulations, conducted to evaluate the proposed methods. The simulation results show that UMOT achieves significant improvement over existing schemes in various network settings.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 56031120, "title": "Crystal growth of a high-Tc SmBCO superconductor in 1 atm oxygen pressure", "abstract": "Sm1+x Ba2\u2212x Cu3Oz (SmBCOss) single crystals with Tc = 95 K and a sharp transition were grown by top-seeded solution growth in 1 atm oxygen pressure. Compositional analysis by the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technique and Tc measurement with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) indicate that a nearly stoichiometric SmBCO phase with a high Tc value can be reached in a rather wide range of liquid compositions and oxygen partial pressures. Specific features of the SmBCO system phase diagram were elucidated that explain why the SmBCO single crystals grow more easily than YBa2Cu3Oz (YBCO) o rN d 1+x Ba2\u2212x Cu3Oz (NdBCO) ones. The surface morphology of nanostripes was investigated by atomic forc em icroscopy (AFM). The nanostripes were thought to act as an effective pinning medium, due to the comparable scale with the vortex core. Furthermore, two SmBCO samples with typical Tc values were analysed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and the composition fluctuations along their stripes were studied."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 121552993, "title": "Crystal growth and phase relation of Sm1+xBa2-xCu3Oz", "abstract": "Abstract Using the top-seeded solution-growth method, Sm 1+ x Ba 2\u2212 x Cu 3 O z (SmBCOss) single crystals and thick films were grown in different solvents. Inductively coupled plasma compositional analysis was performed to both Ba\u2013Cu\u2013O solvents and SmBCOss solid solutions. The results indicate that a nearly stoichiometric SmBa 2 Cu 3 O z phase with high critical transition temperature value, is controllable in a wide range of the thermodynamic parameters. The phase relation of the Sm\u2013Ba\u2013Cu\u2013O system was discussed in comparison with other RE\u2013Ba\u2013Cu\u2013O systems (RE=Y and Nd).", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 117951699, "title": "Effect of Pr doping on the growth and superconducting properties of (Y1\u2212xPrx)Ba2Cu3O7\u2212\u03b4", "abstract": "(Y1\u2212xPrx)Ba2Cu3O7\u2212\u03b4 (Pr-YBCO, x<0.2) single crystals and single domain bulks were grown by the top-seeded solution-growth (TSSG) and the top-seeding melt-textured growth (TSMTG) methods, respectively. The superconducting critical temperature (Tc) was determined by magnetic measurements and the critical current density (Jc) was estimated by applying the modified Bean model. For a low-level substitution (x<0.025), an increase in the Jc value as compared with that for unsubstituted YBCO was found while no apparent change in the Tc value was noticed. On the other hand, Pr substitution in YBCO leads to: (i) increasing liquid solubility of the total rare earth element in the Ba\u2013Cu\u2013O solution, (ii) increasing peritectic temperature (Tp), and (iii) a decrease in the liquidus slope near the Tp. As a result, the driving force for YBCO growth and the region of single grain growth are enhanced. Study of the compositional correlation between liquid and solid additionally indicates that the Pr distribution coefficient is larger than 1 in the Pr-YBCO system. Thus the Pr content and then the Tp value of Pr-YBCO in the bulk reduce with the growth time during TSMTG. The lower Tp value in the final crystallized part is beneficial to a slow cooling process. Using the TSMTG method, Pr-YBCO (x = 0.02) monodomains up to 42 mm in diameter were grown with a high growth rate.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 101614626, "title": "Growth and characterization of ZnO single crystals with hydrous KOH melt method", "abstract": "Transparent,brown-green and brown wurtzite zinc oxide (ZnO) single crystals were grown in silver,nickel and iron crucibles separately by the spontaneous nucleation method using hydrous KOH melt as flux.The analysis results of X-ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry indicate that the color of the crystals is related to the impurities contained in them that come from the crucibles.In addition,photoluminescence (PL) spectrometry was also employed to characterize the crystals.The results exhibite that the ZnO crystals grown from the silver crucible have high quality,and its PL spectrum excitated by wavelength of 325 nm at room temperature displays the strong ultraviolet emission at 381 nm from the band edge.On this basis,a large ZnO crystal 3 mm in diameter and 34 mm long was grown in a 200 mL silver crucible.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 54956289, "title": "Phase evolution and room-temperature photoluminescence in amorphous SiC alloy", "abstract": "Amorphous SiC thin films with varying phases and compositions have been synthesized using a low frequency inductively coupled high density plasma source in a hydrogen diluted methane (CH4) and silane (SiH4) mixture. The optical and electrical properties along with the microstructures of the thin films are systematically investigated. The feedstock gas ratio of CH4/SiH4 leads to the fluctuations of the optical bandgap, the carbon content, and the transition of Si\u2013Si bonding structure from crystalline to intermediate phase and finally to amorphous phase. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) with nearly fixed emission energy has been observed in the thin films. The underlying PL mechanism is explained in the framework of quantum confinement-luminescence center model. The photoexcitation process occurs in the nc-Si quantum dots embedded in the host SiC matrix, whereas the photoemission process occurs in the luminescence centers in the surrounding SiC or at SiC-Si interfaces. The PL evolution with the chemi...", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 124324015, "title": "EFFECTS OF Sc SUBSTITUTING Y IN YBa2Cu3O7-\u03b4 ON THE FLUX PINNING PROPERTIES", "abstract": "The effects of Sc in high Tc superconductors are seldom discussed due to the difficulty of Sc embedding into the unit cell. Single phase of Y1-xScxBa2Cu3O7-\u03b4 (YSBCO) is obtained with x<0.15. The critical current (Jc) varies with the content of Sc in an oscillating way, which has showed two maximum values at x=0.03 and x=0.10, individually. We here discussed the effect of Sc doping on Jc.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 123502301, "title": "Nanocrystalline silicon embedded in silicon suboxide synthesized in high-density inductively coupled plasma", "abstract": "A two-phase material system of nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) embedded in a dielectric matrix of silicon suboxide (SiO x ) is fundamentally and technologically significant for the photonic and photovoltaic device such as light emission diode and solar cells. nc-Si in amorphous SiO x has been synthesized by means of the low-frequency (460 kHz) inductively coupled plasma (LFICP) of SiH4 + CO2 + H2 without the common route of high hydrogen dilution. The chemical composition, microstructures and optical properties of the complex material system are tuned by the reactive gas flow rate ratio of CO2/SiH4. nc-Si embedded in amorphous SiO x due to the phase separation are observed by means of SEM and TEM characterization tools. The crystalline volume fraction in nc-SiO x :H is determined by the density of the embedded nc-Si particles and the occurrence of the a-SiO x encapsulating shell layer. The bond configuration analysis shows the concurrent oxygenation and dehydrogenation process with the incorporation of oxygen. The underlying mechanism in forming the two-phase complex material system and the phase evolution with the reactive gas flow rate ratio are discussed in terms of the unique features of the utilized high-density LFICP.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 98414810, "title": "Thermal and structural properties of high-energy electron irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer blends", "abstract": "Abstract Thermal and structural properties of high-energy electron irradiated ferroelectric blends by poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) 56/44 and 80/20\u00a0mol% copolymers have been investigated by thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction measurements. The temperature peaks observed in TSDC spectra of the blends decrease with the irradiation dose, associating phase transitional characters of the parent copolymers. And their distribution shows the existence of two types of crystallite, which become more clear after irradiation, demonstrating that the miscibility in the crystalline region for their large compositional discrepancy (24\u00a0mol% in their VF 2 contents) in the blend. In DSC thermograms, it is found that the Curie temperature and melting temperature decrease with the dose. The ferroelectric-to-paraelectric (F\u2013P) transition temperatures and enthalpies in the blends merge into one with the increasing of dose, which indicates a strong lattice coupling. X-ray diffraction shows some degree of mixing inside a crystal lattice due to significant changes in the F\u2013P phase transition behavior from all-trans to trans-gauche conformation in nanometer range after irradiation.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 44310069, "title": "Benzo(a)pyrene-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in p53-null Hep3B cells.", "abstract": "Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) has been shown to induce apoptosis and necrosis in various cell types. However, the effect of BaP on mitochondria function and p73, and their possible roles in BaP-induced cell death have not been well studied. This study focused on mitochondria-mediated cell death and the occurrence of p73 protein accumulation in BaP-treated human hepatoma Hep3B (p53-null) cells. We found that BaP (8, 16, 32 and 64\u03bcM) induced early necrosis at 12h and delayed apoptosis at 24h. BaP dramatically induced ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity and led to significant increase in oxidative stress at early time points (6 and 12h). Necrotic cell death was concurrent with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, decrease in the ATP level and activities of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-ATPase. However, these changes were reversed in the process of apoptosis. In addition, after BaP treatment, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Bax were activated during apoptosis and no change in p73 protein level was observed. These results revealed that the cells with mitochondria dysfunction and ATP depletion underwent necrosis at early time point and apoptosis afterward when they recovered from mitochondrial dysfunction and ATP depletion. Activation of JNK and Bax possibly contributed to BaP-induced apoptosis."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 1197325, "title": "MAD1L1 Arg558His and MAD2L1 Leu84Met interaction with smoking increase the risk of colorectal cancer", "abstract": "The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) has been established as an important mechanism of driving aneuploidy, which occurs at a high frequency in the colorectal tumorigenesis. Two important components of SAC are MAD1L1 and MAD2L1, which function together in an interactive manner to initiate the checkpoint signal. We hypothesize that genetic variants in the binding domains of MAD1L1 and MAD2L1 may modulate protein structures and eventually contribute to CRC susceptibility. A case-control study including 710 CRC cases and 735 controls was performed to examine MAD1L1 Arg558His and MAD2L1 Leu84Met\u2019s conferring susceptibility to CRC. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assays were applied to assess the effect of two functional variants on chromosomal instability (CIN). Significant associations with CRC risk were observed for MAD1L1 Arg558His (OR\u2009=\u20091.38,95% CI: 1.09\u20131.75) and MAD2L1 Leu84Met in a dominant model (OR\u2009=\u20091.48,95% CI: 1.09\u20132.01). Moreover, significant multiplicative gene-smoking interactions were found in MAD1L1 Arg558His (P\u2009=\u20090.019) and MAD2L184 Leu/Met (P\u2009=\u20090.016) to enhance CRC risk. Additionally, the frequencies of lymphocytic micro-nucleated binucleated cells for MAD1L1 Arg558His polymorphism were significantly different in the exposed group (P\u2009=\u20090.013), but not in the control group. The study emphasized that MAD1L1 Arg558His and MAD2L1 Leu84Met can significantly interact with smoking to enhance CRC risk, and the genetic effects of MAD1L1Arg558His on CIN need to be further clarified in follow-up studies.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 23627418, "title": "c-Abl regulates proteasome abundance by controlling the ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of PSMA7 subunit.", "abstract": "The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a vital proteolytic pathway required for cell homeostasis. However, the turnover mechanism of the proteasome subunit itself is still not understood. Here, we show that the 20S proteasome subunit PSMA7 is subjected to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, which was suppressed by PSMA7 phosphorylation at Y106 mediated by the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases c-Abl/Arg. BRCA1 specifically functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase of PSMA7 ubiquitination. c-Abl/Arg regulates cellular proteasome abundance by controlling the PSMA7 subunit supply. Downregulated PSMA7 level results in decreased proteasome abundance in c-Abl/Arg RNAi-knockdown or c-abl/arg-deficient cells, which demonstrated an increased sensitivity to proteasome inhibition. In response to oxidative stress, the c-Abl-mediated upregulation of proteasome level compensates for the proteasomal activity impairment induced by reactive oxygen species. Abl-kinases-regulated biogenesis and homeostasis of proteasome complexes may be important for understanding related diseases and pathological states.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 1628604, "title": "Hypophosphatemia during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration is associated with mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury", "abstract": "IntroductionThe primary aim of this study was to determine whether hypophosphatemia during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) is associated with the global outcome of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI).Methods760 patients diagnosed with AKI and had received CVVH therapy were retrospectively recruited. Death during the 28-day period and survival at 28 days after initiation of CVVH were used as endpoints. Demographic and clinical data including serum phosphorus levels were recorded along with clinical outcome. Hypophosphatemia was defined according to the colorimetric method as serum phosphorus levels < 0.81 mmol/L (2.5 mg/dL), and severe hypophosphatemia was defined as serum phosphorus levels < 0.32 mmol/L (1 mg/dL). The ratio of CVVH therapy days with hypophosphatemia over total CVVH therapy days was calculated to reflect the persistence of hypophosphatemia.ResultsThe Cox proportional hazard survival model analysis indicated that the incidence of hypophosphatemia or even severe hypophosphatemia was not associated with 28-day mortality independently (p = 0.700). Further analysis with the sub-cohort of patients who had developed hypophosphatemia during the CVVH therapy period indicated that the mean ratio of CVVH therapy days with hypophosphatemia over total CVVH therapy days was 0.58, and the ratio independently associated with the global outcome. Compared with the patients with low ratio (< 0.58), those with high ratio (\u2265 0.58) conferred a 1.451-fold increase in 28-day mortality rate (95% CI 1.103\u20131.910, p = 0.008).ConclusionsHypophosphatemia during CVVH associated with the global clinical outcome of critically ill patients with AKI. The ratio of CVVH therapy days with hypophosphatemia over total CVVH therapy days was independently associated with the 28-day mortality, and high ratio conferred higher mortality rate.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 45165310, "title": "Rapid detection of ermB gene in Clostridium difficile by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.", "abstract": "Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance in Clostridium difficile is mostly due to the ermB resistance determinant. Here, we describe a sensitive and rapid molecular method to detect ermB in C. difficile to contribute to the wider epidemiological study. Five sets of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primers were designed and optimized for rapid detection of ermB. The specificity and sensitivity of the primers for ermB were detected, and the ermB LAMP assay was compared to conventional PCR with 80 clinical isolates of C. difficile. Real-time monitoring of turbidity and chromogenic reaction were used to determine negative and positive results. A total of 26 pathogenic bacterial strains of different species were found to be negative for ermB, which indicated the high specificity of the primers. ermB was detected in 78.8\u2009% (63/80) of the clinical isolates by both LAMP and conventional PCR. The detection limit of LAMP was 36.1 \u200apg DNA \u03bcl-\u20091 and its sensitivity was 10-fold greater than that of conventional PCR. This study is the first report regarding the development and application of the LAMP assay for detection of the ermB gene in C. difficile strains. The developed LAMP method is sensitive, specific and provides a user-friendly visual approach for the rapid detection of ermB-bearing C. difficile.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 13077523, "title": "Research on the simulation model of network attacks", "abstract": "By analysis of the network attacks, three stages structure model and immunity parameters of network attacks are modeled, the evaluation tactic of immunity attacks are proposed, and the network attacks model based on immunity is proposed based on these. The design of network attacks' simulation system is also given, so that the simulation research of network attacks can be done by using the system.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 24147021, "title": "Role of Gab1 in UV-induced c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation and cell apoptosis.", "abstract": "Exposure of mammalian cells to UV irradiation leads to activation of the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase (JNK) pathway, which is associated with cell apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanism for JNK activation by UV exposure is not fully understood. We show here an essential role of a multisubstrate adapter, Gab1, in this signaling cascade. Gab1-deficient mouse fibroblast cells were defective in induction of JNK activity by UV exposure or heat shock, and this defect was rescued by reintroduction of Gab1 into Gab1(-/-) cells. Consistently, Gab1(-/-) cells displayed reduced caspase 3 induction and apoptotic cell death in response to UV irradiation. Gab1 was constitutively complexed with JNK and became tyrosine phosphorylated in UV-irradiated cells. Genetic and pharmaceutical analyses suggest the involvement of c-Met and the Src family tyrosine kinases in mediating UV-induced Gab1 phosphorylation as well as JNK activation. In aggregate, these observations identify a new function of Gab1 in the response of mammalian cells to UV light.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 7094160, "title": "MiR-661 contributed to cell proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells by repressing INPP5J expression.", "abstract": "Accumulating evidence has emerged important roles for microRNAs (miRNAs) participating in oncogenesis and growth of various cancers. We hypothesized that miR-661 played an important role in cell growth of ovarian cancer. Here, we found miR-661 was upregulated in human ovarian cancer cell lines and clinical tumor tissues. Our results revealed that miR-661 directly targeted INPP5J, thereby acting as tumor promoter in ovarian cancer cells by blocking cell proliferation. Importantly, we identified miR-661 as a positive regulator of INPP5J-induced AKT pathway. Taken together, our study sheds light onto the role of miR-661 as tumor promoter by targeting the INPP5J gene, and then promoting cell proliferation of ovarian cancer.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 41919263, "title": "Elemene induces apoptosis and regulates expression of bcl-2 protein in human leukemia K562 cells.", "abstract": "AIM\nTo study the antitumor action of elemene (Ele) and its mechanism.\n\n\nMETHODS\nInhibition of proliferation was measured with a colorimetric 3-[4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Morphological assessment of apoptosis was performed with fluorescence microscope. DNA fragmentation was assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. The levels of bcl-2 protein was measured with flow cytometry.\n\n\nRESULTS\nExposure of exponentially growing K562 cells to Ele 65-520 mumol. L-1 for 48 h resulted in growth arrest. The values of IC50 and 95% confidence limits were 220 (152-319) mumol.L-1. After treatment of K562 cells with Ele 130 mumol.L-1, marked morphological changes including \"Apo bodies\" reduction in volume were observed with fluorescence microscope. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA from cells treated with Ele for 48 h revealed \"ladder\" pattern. The levels of bcl-2 protein in K562 cells treated with Ele for 48 h were obviously decreased.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nEle induces apoptosis of K562 cells, which is related with the down-regulation of bcl-2 protein in K562 cells.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 7309504, "title": "In Vitro Immunological Effects of Blocking CCR5 on T Cells", "abstract": "Blockade of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) by maraviroc may induce immunological changes independent of its antiviral effects and may have immunoregulation properties. This study was designed to determine the effects of blocking CCR5 on human activated T cells in vitro and investigate the potential immunological mechanisms. Human CD3+ T cells were purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and then activated by cytokines. We tested the surface expressions and relative messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of CCR2, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, and CXCR3, chemotaxis toward their cognate ligands, internalization of chemokine receptors, and production of cytokines. In conclusion, blocking CCR5 by maraviroc not only can block CCR5 and CCR2 internalization processes induced by CCL5 and CCL2, but also inhibit T cell chemotactic activities toward their cognate ligands, respectively. Moreover, blocking CCR5 with maraviroc at high doses tends to decrease the production of TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3. In addition, there might be a form of cross talk between CCR5 and CCR2, and this may offer a novel immunological effect for blockade of CCR5.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 12803358, "title": "Transcriptional regulation of mouse neuroglobin gene by cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) in N2a cells", "abstract": "Neuroglobin (Ngb) has been demonstrated to be a novel neuroprotective protein that protects against hypoxia/ischemia and oxidative stress-induced injury in the nervous system. However, the regulation mechanisms of Ngb gene expression under both normal resting and stress conditions have not been fully elucidated. The cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) is a key transcription factor that regulates a variety of pro-survival genes, but its role in regulating the neuroprotective gene Ngb has not been studied. In this study we investigated the transcriptional regulation of mouse Ngb gene by CREB in mouse neuroblastoma cell line N2a. Our results showed that CREB knockdown decreased Ngb gene expression, and overexpression of the wild-type CREB, but not the mutant CREB, significantly increased Ngb gene expression in N2a cells. Moreover, a cAMP response element (CRE) site located at -854 in the promoter region of mouse Ngb gene was found to be responsible for both basal and CREB-induced Ngb promoter activity. Using chromatin immunopreciptation (ChIP) assays, we found that CREB could bind to the Ngb promoter region spanning from -1016 to -793 that harbors the CRE site. Taken together, our results suggested that transcription factor CREB participates in the transcriptional regulation of mouse Ngb gene.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 110191429, "title": "The research and application of spray cooling technology in Shanghai Expo", "abstract": "Abstract In this paper, the weather data (issued by the China Meteorological Administration) of typical year and highest temperature typical year are adopted to predict and analyze the effect of applying spray cooling technology to 2010 World Expo in Shanghai. The experimental results from Japan are considered as the grounds of argument for effectiveness of spray cooling, namely when temperature is above 30\u00a0\u00b0C and relative humidity is below 70%, the decrease of 1\u20132\u00a0\u00b0C can be gained after high-pressure spray cooling. By analyzing the weather data of 1840\u00a0h during the Expo, the results show that\uff0cfor typical year and highest temperature typical year, the effective time for spray cooling are predicted to be 173\u2013426\u00a0h. The meteorological monitoring data during the Expo show that the actual effective time for spray cooling are 387\u00a0h. The actual climatic characteristics in 2010 are extremely close to the adopted weather data of highest temperature typical year. Meanwhile, the WBGT index during the Expo is predicted and analyzed in this paper. After applying the spray cooling technology to a residential pavilion in Shanghai, the cooling effect and pressure and flow characteristics of spraying system are demonstrated in this paper. Conclusion can be drawn from the experimental results that when ambient temperature is 35\u00a0\u00b0C and relative humidity is about 45%, the air temperature of each measuring point can be reduced by 5\u20137\u00a0\u00b0C at most. The relative humidity in most regions is below 70%. Furthermore, the spray cooling efficiency of spraying area can be up to 65% and the partial spray cooling efficiency can reach 80% at most. The COP of high-pressure spray system is over 30 when water pressure is greater than 5.5\u00a0Mpa. Besides, the WBGT of each measuring point in spraying area can be reduced by 3.5\u20135.2\u00a0\u00b0C. In July 2010, the two experimental results of spray cooling in the Expo Axis show that when ambient temperature is 34\u201340\u00a0\u00b0C and relative humidity is 32\u201355%, the air temperature can be reduced by 6\u201312\u00a0\u00b0C at most within the range of 1\u00a0m from spray column, and by 1.5\u20134\u00a0\u00b0C on average within the range of 3\u00a0m, by 0.5\u20131.5\u00a0\u00b0C at least within the range of 7\u00a0m. The research and experiments indicate that the spray cooling technology applied during Shanghai Expo is very effective."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 20513916, "title": "Discuss on subject-based English teaching for HVAC", "abstract": "Subject-based English teaching should adapt the fast development of HVAC, which need teaching intention promotion, teaching content update, and teaching method optimization. Subject-based English teaching should pay more attention to specialized English structure and practical rules for cultivating High-quality talents under the era of knowledgement economy.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 108125312, "title": "Study on an Unsteady and Synchronous Solving Model for Low Sidewall Air Supply System in the Large-Space Building", "abstract": "In large-space building, the distribution of vertical temperature has obvious difference. According to this feature, the energy consumption in air-conditioning would be greatly reduced if the designs of airflow are preferable in these buildings. The low sidewall air supply system is widely installed in the large-space buildings since it can directly sent the handled air to the personnel activity area, thereby has lower energy consumption than other systems. In this paper, a Gebhart-Block synchronous solving model is built to solve the vertical temperature distribution of an actual large-space building with low sidewall air supply system. The simulative physical model is divided into eight blocks in the vertical direction. According to the mechanism of heat transfer, unsteady-state heat balance equation is established for indoor air and wall in each block. The unsteady and synchronous solving model is established with integrating these balance equations. Furthermore, to predict the temperature distribution of indoor air and inner wall surface, the theoretical values of this model are calculated with programming by Visual Basic.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 45873940, "title": "Experimental Study on the Characteristics of Semi-Cylindrical Diffuser Arranged at Low Sidewall in Large Space Buildings", "abstract": "This paper presents an experimental investigation of temperature and velocity distribution around a semi-cylindrical diffuser in a large space building. The airflow and temperature distribution characteristics and the relationship between temperature field and velocity field around the diffuser under different supply air volume were experimentally investigated; The temperature boundary layer and velocity boundary layer in cross section under different supply air volume were drawn. It was found the profiles of airflow's track line and lowest temperature line of the symmetric line and center line. A preliminary analysis of air flow collision and its effect on room thermal environment was given in this paper.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 30290168, "title": "CFD Study on Inter-Action and Heat Transfer between Non-Isothermal Airflow of Momentum Source and Plume of Buoyancy Force in an Air-Conditioned Space", "abstract": "This paper presents indoor airflow and thermal environment which is formed by a cooling jet and a local heat source in a ventilated room. To illustrate the effects of the combined the plume and the jet-flow, a series of simulated values with different calculated conditions such as different buoyancy flux are analysed by Fluent simulation software. This paper presents an index \u03b8 to describe the physical phenomenon by the thermal interaction between the cold jetflow and the plume. It is concluded that if the heat source is increasing considerably, the buoyancy source will be a leading factor of the indoor thermal field, though its initial momentum is considered to be zero .", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 28641437, "title": "Lactate promotes resistance to glucose starvation via upregulation of Bcl-2 mediated by mTOR activation.", "abstract": "Solid tumors grow faster and need more glucose than normal tissue; however, due to poor angiogenesis and excessive growth, tumors remote from blood vessels are always under glucose starvation. Even so, cancer cells remain alive in vivo. Thus, making cancer cells sensitive to glucose depletion may potentially provide an effective strategy for cancer intervention. Tumors that obtain sufficient glucose generate a large amount of lactate. Therefore, we proposed that lactate, a tumor microenvironment factor, may allow cancer cells to develop resistance to glucose starvation-induced death. We cultured cancer cells in no-glucose medium and added lactate to the medium. During the experiment, lactate helped cancer cells to escape from glucose starvation-induced cell death, without using lactate as an energy substrate, resulting in activation of Akt through PI3K. Akt activation plays a central role in cell growth through the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Alteration of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by inhibiting apoptosis induced specific upregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) through translational control. In conclusion, this study showed that lactate rescues cancer cells from glucose starvation-induced cell death through regulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. These data suggest that lactate is an important determinant of the sensitivity of tumors to glucose starvation, and reducing lactate or inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/Bcl-2 signaling pathway may influence the response of cancers to glucose starvation.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 72192870, "title": "A randomised double-blind controlled study evaluating the hypothermic effect of 150 \u03bcg morphine during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section", "abstract": "Summary \n \nWe studied the hypothermic effect of adding 150\u00a0\u03bcg morphine during spinal anaesthesia in 60 parturients scheduled for elective caesarean section. All the parturients received intrathecal injection of a solution containing 150\u00a0\u03bcg morphine or normal saline in addition to 10\u201312\u00a0mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%. In both groups, a significant decrease in body temperature was noted. There was no difference in the area under the curve for temperature against time for the two groups; however, the maximum decrease in temperature from baseline was significantly larger after morphine than after saline injection (mean (SD) 1.11 (0.61)\u00a0\u00b0C vs 0.76 (0.39)\u00a0\u00b0C, respectively; p\u00a0=\u00a00.01) and the time to nadir temperature was significantly longer (59.5 (17.6) min vs 50.4 (15.9) min, respectively; p\u00a0=\u00a00.047). The lowest temperature observed in the morphine group was 34.3\u00a0\u00b0C. We conclude that intrathecal injection of 150\u00a0\u03bcg morphine intensified the intra-operative hypothermic effect of bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 111710116, "title": "Research on the kinetic energy ratio of return air entrainment in the form of low supply\u2013middle return in the large space of brine experiments", "abstract": "Introduced in this article is a 1:15 brine model experiment rig with an actual large space building as the research object, which provides different concentration brine for a simulation of the stratified air conditioning in the steady-state flow field featured with columnar air supply in the bottom, heat source on the ground, the central air return, and air exhaust from roof in a large space. According to the similarity theory, it is concluded that the similarity criterion numbers applied here are Reynolds number (Re) and Archimedes number (Ar) for designation of experiment rig size, choosing device type, and confirming experiment condition. In the designation of key components of experiment rig, the application of automation control makes brine recovery and recycling in the process; designation of electrical control system makes a centralized control of experiment start\u2013stop and the adjustment of the pipeline flow, realizing automation in the whole experiment process. Particle image velocimetry testing technology is used to get velocity vector field of air return mouth area in the model under various working conditions, and also proper orthogonal decomposition method is applied to analyze flow field structure of air return mouth area and reconstruct it. Consequently, we can get a kinetic energy ratio of return air entrainment of lower air-conditioning section and upper non-air-conditioning section in large space. Experiments show that under the conditions of same air supply, indoor environment temperature difference, and height and direction of return air inlet, fastening the speed of return air suction, the entrainment of flow field around it strengthens accordingly. The entrainment of return air inlet has more kinetic energy in the lower air-conditioning section than the upper non-air-conditioning section.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 54695517, "title": "Systematic evaluation of the impacts of GPSRO data on the prediction of typhoons over the northwestern Pacific in 2008\u20132010", "abstract": "Abstract. In this paper, we perform a systematic evaluation of the impact of Global Positioning System radio occultation (GPSRO) data on typhoon-track prediction over the northwestern Pacific. Specifically, we perform data assimilation and forecast experiments using the Typhoon Weather Research and Forecasting (TWRF) system at 45 km resolution on 11 typhoons (with a total of 327 cases) in the period of 2008\u20132010 over the northwestern Pacific, with or without the use of GPSRO refractivity observations. On average, about 100 GPSRO soundings are assimilated over a 12 h partially cycling assimilation period. The results indicate that the assimilation of GPSRO data reduces the 72 h track forecast errors by approximately 12 km (5 %). Although this is only a modest improvement, it is statistically significant. The assimilation of GPSRO data improves the analysis and the forecast of temperature, water vapor, and wind fields. Further analysis shows that the reduction in typhoon-track forecast errors can be attributed to the improved prediction of western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and its associated circulation, which leads to better forecasting of the environmental steering flow.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 122788710, "title": "The Study of Temperature Rise in a 90-Degree Sharp Bend Microchannel Flow Under Constant Wall Temperature Condition", "abstract": "This study presents the fluid temperature measurement at a 90-degree sharp bend inside a microchannel using molecule-based temperature sensor technique. This technique provides both detailed and global information for temperature investigation in microfluidic research. Rhodamine B was selected as the molecule-based temperature probe in the experiment to provide non-invasive and straightforward measurements. To resolve the luminescence deviation in the microscale temperature measurements introduced by the corner structure, in-situ calibration method and pixel-by-pixel correction were applied during the data reduction. The temperature measurement was performed in a 200\u03bcm wide, 67\u03bcm deep and 2cm long PDMS microchannel with a 90-degree sharp bend at the center. The temperature profile was measured at a Reynolds number of 27.66 using Rhodamine B in DI water while the bottom of channel was heated at 50\u00b0C. As revealed by the molecule-based temperature sensor, the temperature variation along the central line increased 2\u00b0C while passing the corner. Additionally, the lateral temperature distributions upstream of the corner show the temperature increase near the outer side of microchannel and decreased near the inner side. The velocity profiles around the 90-degree sharp bend were acquired to analyze the flow after corner. Secondary flow structure after the corner was observed in the velocity profiles along the depth of the microchannel. This study analyzes the thermal flow fields in the microchannel with a 90-degree sharp bend and reveals that regardless of the low Reynolds number, the flow mixing after the corner resulted in the increase of temperature downstream of the bend.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 95617177, "title": "New Reduced Chemical Mechanism for Homogeneous Charge Combustion Ignition Combustion Investigation of Primary Reference Fuels", "abstract": "A reduced chemical mechanism for primary reference fuels (PRFs) and their mixtures has been developed to investigate the homogeneous charge combustion ignition (HCCI) combustion and emissions (uHC, CO, and NOx) processes. The reduced mechanism involves 42 species undergoing 62 reactions and has been validated against experiments under engine relevant conditions. First, the ignition delay time predicted by the reduced mechanism has been compared with shock tube experiments, and good agreement has been obtained for the PRF100, PRF90, PRF80, PRF60, and PRF0 fuels over the temperature range 667-1250 K at stoichiometric conditions. Second, the ignition delay time and burn rate has been validated against a rapid compression machine over the equivalence ratio range 0.2-0.5 and the initial temperature range 305-341 K for PRF90 fuel. Third, the ignition delay times and NOx emissions have been compared with HCCI engine experiments and good agreement has been obtained for the PRF90, PRF75, PRF50, and PRF25 fuels.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 97738088, "title": "Modulating dual-wavelength multiple quantum wells in white light emitting diodes to suppress efficiency droop and improve color rendering index", "abstract": "In this paper, gallium nitride (GaN) based white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) with modulated quantities of blue (In0.15Ga0.85N) quantum wells (QWs) and cyan QWs (In0.18Ga0.82N) in multiple QW (MQW) structures have been investigated numerically and experimentally. It is demonstrated that the optical performance of LEDs is sensitive to the quantities of cyan QWs in dual-wavelength MQW structures. Compared to the LEDs with respective 0, 4, and 8 cyan QWs (12 QWs in total), the optical performance of the sample with 6 cyan QWs is the best. The deterioration of the optical performance in the sample with less (4 pairs) cyan QWs or more (8 pairs) cyan QWs than 6 cyan QWs may be ascribed to weakened reservoir effect or more defects induced. Compared to conventional blue LEDs (12 blue QWs), the sample with 6 cyan QWs could effectively suppress the efficiency droop (the experimental droop ratio decreases from 50.3% to 39.5% at 80 A/cm2) and significantly improve the color rendering index (CRI, increases from 66.4 to 77.0) simultaneously. We attribute the droop suppression to the strengthened reservoir effect and carrier confinement of deeper QWs (higher indium composition) incorporated in the dual-wavelength MQW structures, which lead to the better hole spreading and enhanced radiative recombination. Meanwhile, the remarkable experimental CRI improvement may result from the wider full-width at half-maximum of electroluminescence spectra and higher cyan intensity in WLED chips with dual-wavelength MQW structures."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 32903543, "title": "Study of high CRI white light-emitting diode devices with multi-chromatic phosphor", "abstract": "In this paper, we investigated the connection between the employment of multi-chromatic phosphor and CRI value for WLED devices by simulation, using the excitation and emission spectra of phosphor and surface source property of LED chips acquired from experiments. CRI value was examined in the range of 56.8-76.0 due to the change of phosphor concentration, for traditional blue-pumped yellow phosphor. When red phosphor was added, it was found that as red contents increased, red shift occurred in CIE, and CRI value was enhanced only within a limited range. The highest enhancement in such case was 13.8% for blue-pumped yellow phosphor, and when more multi-chromatic phosphor such as red, yellow, green was mixed, the value of CRI enhancement was 19.2% higher than that of dichromatic LED. Ray tracing simulation revealed that multi-chromatic phosphor also had an impact on luminous efficacy and color temperature for high-power WLED devices. It was also showed in our simulation that CRI value increased with the increase of total phosphor concentration, up until the point of an optimum concentration where CRI value started to decrease. Other parameters such as quantum efficiency and molar absorbance index also contributed to white-LED devices performance. Such simulation results are useful to design the optimum phosphor mixture concentration and are helpful to fabricate high CRI blue-pumped or ultraviolet-pumped WLED devices with the best multi-chromatic phosphor proportion.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 120888900, "title": "Luminescence properties of InGaN\u2010based dual\u2010wavelength light\u2010emitting diodes with different quantum\u2010well arrangements", "abstract": "Optimized dual-wavelength InGaN-based vertical light-emitting diode (LEDs) structures were investigated by numerical simulations. The results show that different quantum-well arrangements in the active region play an important role in obtaining dual-wavelength emission. It is a better way to obtain the dual-wavelength with uniform intensity by arranging quantum wells (QW) with low indium content near the p-side and the QW with high indium near the n-side. This is because the QWs with lower indium near the p-side layer have higher hole-injection efficiency. On the other hand, arranging QW with high indium content near the p-side leads to poor hole-injection efficiency due to the high polarization fields. The physical and optical mechanisms of these phenomena were explained by the intensity of electrostatic fields, energy-band diagrams, and carrier-concentration distribution in the active region of LEDs.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 135543696, "title": "Design and analysis of 2D photonic crystals for nano-structured solar cells", "abstract": "In this paper, we used FDTD Solutions software to simulate the reflectance of two-dimensional photonic crystal by changing duty ratio from 40% to 70%. The different models, which are referred by Stavenga, Southwell and Grann et al, were used for obtaining the equivalent refractive index. And then the simulations of double layer dielectric structure designed in FDTD Solutions was used for getting the reflectance curves by importing the data of the equivalent refractive index. After comparing these curves we could obtain that the accuracy of different models are related to the ratio of the period\uff08P\uff09 and wavelength\uff08\u03bb). Thus the equivalent refractive theory has its most applicable models of micro structure in different period scales. The imprecise quantitative explaining of micro structures\u2019 antireflection by using equivalent refractive theory models was solved in this paper, which has important significance in many areas.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 136692311, "title": "Study of optical stability for vertical high-power white light-emitting diodes", "abstract": "With the development of lighting technology, high-power white LEDs will become the future mainstream technology. At present, there are still many problems in optical stability, reliability, heat dissipation. This paper focuses on the optical properties of vertical high-power white LEDs. The measurement results of the luminous flux output, correlated color temperature and color coordinates of the white and blue LEDs after 1100 hours of aging life testing under the drive current of 350 mA show us that the color coordinates of the white LED changed from (0.3362,0.3700) to (0.3359,0.3698) and shifts to the blue color coordinates direction. The luminous flux output of the white LED is declined from 95.002lm to 93.046lm. The color temperature declines from 5403k to 5383k. After the rapid temperature changes, the aging speed of white LED is faster than the blue LED\u2019s. Analyzing the results, it can be concluded that phosphor aging rate greatly affects the optical stability of the device, how to improve the stability of phosphor is the key to improve optical stability for the vertical high-power white LED.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 137029253, "title": "Photonic crystal based on anti-reflection structure for GaN/InGaN heterojunction solar cells", "abstract": "The III-V nitride material such as InGaN has many favorable physical properties including a wide direct band-gap (0.7- 3.4eV), high absorption coefficients (105 cm-1), and high radiation resistance. As such, InGaN has been chosen as an excellent material for full-solar-spectrum photovoltaic applications utilizing its wide and tunable band-gap. The refractive index of GaN is about 2.5 in the full-solar-spectrum. According to the Fresnel formula, there is a high reflection of ~18.4% as the sun light entering GaN. Anti-reflection films could be used on InGaN/GaN solar cell to decrease the reflection loss. The photonic crystal structure is a kind of anti-reflection based on the effective medium theory without any limitations, for example the mismatched thermal expansion coefficient. In this paper, we reported our research work on the design and fabrication of photonic crystal structure on the surface of GaN. FDTD Solutions is used to simulate the reflectivity on the surface of GaN with hexagonal close-packed pillar which has different period-a, diameter-d and height-h. When the parameters a is 500nm, d is 300nm, the reflectivity reached the lowest point of 4.18%. The self-assembly method was used to fabricate the photonic crystal structure on the GaN surface and the fabrication process was also researched. The photonic crystal structures on the surface of p-GaN were obtained and their characteristics of the antireflective film will be discussed in detail.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 111275353, "title": "The Influence of Buried Tube Depth and Operational Mode on Heat Exchanger Performance", "abstract": "Ground coupled heat pump has become an attractively alternative way to cool and heat buildings in China, however, in practice their operation and effect especially on the performance of heat exchanger are unsatisfied. In this paper, the influence of buried tube depth and operational mode on heat exchange performance were studied by experiment. The experimental results showed that intermittent operation mode will help to improve energy efficiency of buried tube,and improve the host operating efficiency. In the operation, buried tube will produce inevitably cold and heat accumulation effect in surronding rock mass, and result in water temperature of buried tube oulet rising (summer) or decreasing(winter), cooling temperature of the condenser (summer) increasing, evaporation temperature of evaporator decreasing (winter), then the operating efficiency of host machine in the actual operation would be decreased. It is suggested that ground source heat pump system with auxiliary cold/hot equipment should be considered in practice.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 39736367, "title": "Negative differential resistance and memory effect in diodes based on 1,4-dibenzyl C60 and zinc phthalocyanine doped polystyrene hybrid material.", "abstract": "Negative differential resistance (NDR) and memory effect were observed in diodes based on 1,4-dibenzyl C60 (DBC) and zinc phthalocyanine doped polystyrene hybrid material. Certain negative starting sweeping voltages led to a reproducible NDR, making the hybrid material a promising candidate in memory devices. It was found that the introduction of DBC enhanced the ON/OFF current ratio and significantly improved the memory stability. The ON/OFF current ratio was up to 2 orders of magnitude. The write-read-erase-reread cycles were more than 106, and the retention time reached 10,000 s without current degradation.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 123286082, "title": "Anomalous current-voltage characteristics of polymer light-emitting diodes", "abstract": "Light-emitting diodes based on an alternating copolymer containing triphenylamine and phenylene units (TPA-PPA) were prepared, and electrically and optically characterized. The diode with a structure of indium tin oxide/TPA-PPV/Al exhibited a \"current anomaly\" phenomenon. We demonstrated that the \"current anomaly\" is caused by a reverse internal electric field owing to the reabsorption of electroluminescent light rather than the changes in the aluminum-doping concentration during operation.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 124183767, "title": "An effective approach to removing zero-order term overlap and controlling image distortion in digital off-axis holography", "abstract": "Abstract In this paper, we propose and describe a novel nonlinear numerical filtering approach to remove the zero-order term which overlaps the image, and meanwhile, to effectively control the image distortion in digital off-axis holography. To reach this goal, a special numerical filter is constructed by extracting and improving a modulation function from the G-channel sampling-gained hologram in Fourier frequency domain based on a color CCD detector. The quantitative analysis on the zero-order term suppression and image distortion control in both amplitude and phase for the filter optimization are presented in detail. The experimental result agrees with theoretical prediction well and proves the effectiveness of this method.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 98542166, "title": "Template-free synthesis of a hierarchical flower-like platinum counter electrode and its application in dye-sensitized solar cells", "abstract": "A large-scale hierarchical flower-like platinum counter electrode was successfully prepared by a template-free route. The platinum flower is composed of numerous of petal-like platinum nanosheets with a thickness of 25\u201330 nm, with a significantly enhanced active surface-area and electrochemical performance in DSSCs. The DSSC based on the flower-like Pt counter electrode shows an efficiency of 7.94%, which is enhanced by 19.2% compared to that of a conventional Pt nanoparticle electrode.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 137919587, "title": "Effect of preparation processes on morphology and mechanical properties of nano-organ-montmorillonite/polyamide-6-polypropylene composites", "abstract": "Masterbatch M1 of nano-organ-montmorillonite(OMMT)/polyamide-6(PA6) and masterbatch M2 of OMMT/polypropylene(PP) were prepared by melt-extruding method,and nano-OMMT/PA6-PP composites with different OMMT content were prepared with two masterbatches by melt-compound blending with PA6-PP,the composites with the same mass ratio were also prepared by direct blending method.The distribution of OMMT and morphology of the PP disperse phase in composites were characterized by TEM and SEM,and the mechanical properties of nano-OMMT/PA6-PP composites prepared by three processes were also compared.It was found that the OMMT selectively located in PA6 matrix by three processes,and the OMMT shows the best distribution in the composites prepared by the process of M1 masterbatch.The particle size and polydispersity of the PP disperse phase first reduce and then change little with increasing the OMMT content.When the mass ratio of OMMT to PA6-PP is 5\u2236100,the particle size is minimized and the distribution shows the best.The composites prepared by the processes of masterbatches display smaller disperse phase size and better distribution than that prepared by direct blending.OMMT improvs the flexural modulus,in which the compsites prepared by the process of M1 masterbatch display the highest tensile strength and flexural modulus,and the ones prepared by the process of M2 masterbatch show the best impact toughness."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 137334259, "title": "Fracture surface characteristics and impact properties of poly(butylene terephthalate)", "abstract": "In this article, the relationship between fracture surface feature and impact properties of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) was investigated. The results indicated that the fracture surface morphology of notched impact specimens tested in the temperature range from 196 to 180\u00a0\u00b0C could be differentiated into brittle (T\u00a0\u2264\u00a020\u00a0\u00b0C) and ductile appearances (T\u00a0>\u00a020\u00a0\u00b0C). The fracture surface roughness was characterized by surface roughness ratio (Rs) and fractal dimension (Db). The fracture mode significantly influenced the relationship between impact strength and fracture surface roughness. When PBT fractured in a brittle mode, both the measured values of Rs and Db could correspond to impact strength appropriately. On the contrary, when PBT fractured in a ductile mode, their relationship became not statistically significant because the area of the plastic deformation zone instead of fracture surface roughness might be the major factor influencing impact strength.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 136973439, "title": "The Synergy Effects of Styrene-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer and Epoxy Resin on Interface Adhesion of ABS/Short Glass Fiber Composites", "abstract": "The effects of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) and epoxy resin (ER) on the interfacial interaction of Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer/Short glass fiber composites were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and mechanical properties. The experimental results demonstrate that SMA and ER could effectively improve interfacial interaction between the ABS and SGF. Based on SEM, good interfacial adhesion between ABS and SGF in ABS/SMA/ER/SGF and ABS/ER/SGF composites was observed. DMA results showed that SMA and ER decreased the glass transition temperature (Tg) and height of tan\u03b4 compared with ABS/SGF composites. The synergy effects of SMA and ER on the interface interaction was investigated. All results in this paper were consistent, and showed a good interaction between ABS and SGF, which was proven by the mechanical properties of the composites.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 136942848, "title": "Preparation and Properties of the Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites", "abstract": "The effects of polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) and unsturated polyester (UP) on the interfacial interaction of PP/GF composites were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical properties. The experimental results demonstrate that PP-g-MA and UP could effectively improve interfacial interaction between the PP and GF. Based on SEM, good interfacial adhesion between PP and GF in PP/UP/GF and PP/ PP-g-MA /GF composites was observed. DSC results showed that the existense of PP-g-MA or UP caused t crystallization temperature and melting temperature shift to high temperature. All results in this paper were consistent, and showed the good interaction between PP and GF, which were proved by the mechanical properties of the composites.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 137604038, "title": "Experimental observation and computer simulation of conic markings on fracture surfaces of polymers", "abstract": "The morphology of conic markings was observed on the fracture surfaces of amorphous polysulfone, polyethersulfone and polyetherimide and semicrystalline polypropylene, polyphenylene sulfide and polybutylene terephthalate by using scanning electron microscopy. Most of conics exhibit the stepped stereo configuration, and the origin of secondary crack is depressed in the crack plane as a result of plastic deformation. The brittle\u2013ductile transition of polymers can be analyzed by comparing the matching morphology of conic markings. According to computer simulations, the type I marking is determined by the ratio of the main to the secondary crack velocity while the type II marking is determined by the distances that two secondary cracks have covered before they meet. Variations of conic shapes can help to determine the changes of crack growth velocity.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 123913062, "title": "Theoretical Analysis to Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter System with Normal Phase Match Condition", "abstract": "The optic-acoustic reaction relationship is analyzed to noncollinear acousto-optic tunable filter(AOTF) under normal phase matching condition in this paper.To the generally designed AOTF,the diffracted o and e rays have different wavelengths.The two rays cannot be used simultaneously in practice.In order to magnify the intensity of light that can be used,the two diffracted rays should have same wavelength.The main research content of the paper is how to get two rays with same wavelength in normally produced AOTF crystal.For the AOTF crystal not produced by equivalent point theory,the incident light can be deflected a small degree with the normal of the crystal plane.By normal phase match condition it can be found that certain degree can diffracted the same wavelength rays.Experiments have validated the method.The deflected degree is called equivalent offset angle.For different diffracted wavelengths,there are corresponding different equivalent offset angles.Finally the variation rule of equivalent offset angle with diffracted wavelength is given.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 101564436, "title": "Determination of heat capacity of deltamethrin at low temperature and its thermochemical properties", "abstract": "The heat capacity of deltamethrin in the temperature range from 80 to 400 K was measured with a precise automatic adiabatic calorimeter.The sample was prepared with the purity of 0.9926 molar fraction. A solid-liquid fusion phase transition was observed in the experimental temperature range.The melting point, T_m, enthalpy and entropy of fusion, \u0394_ fusH_ m,\u0394_ fusS_m, were determined as(372.15\u00b10.02)K,(26.73\u00b10.02)kJ\u00b7mol -1,(71.81\u00b10.06)J\u00b7K -1\u00b7mol -1 respectively.The thermodynamic functions data of deltamethrin,H_ (T)-H_ (298.15),S_ (T)-S_ (298.15), and G_ (T)-G_ (298.15), were reported with a temperature interval of 5 K in the temperature range of 298.15 to 400 K.The sample was measured with the DSC method and compared with the calorimetric method.The thermal decomposition of the sample was studied by TG analysis.The order of reaction n, pre-exponential factor A and activation energy E, were 1.78, 1.15\u00d710 9 min -1 and 603.8 kJ\u00b7mol -1, respectively.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 132427227, "title": "Rain Attenuation Prediction at W Band Based on Non-stationary Time-series ARIMA Model", "abstract": "Most existing rain attenuation prediction models are only tested at 55 GHz. There are small numbers of tested W-band rain attenuation prediction models, but these tested models have issues with high complexity and large quantities of calculations. A real-time prediction method is proposed that has a simpler structure and smaller quantity of calculations. The proposed method is based on the ARIMA model, which utilizes the relationship among the time series to establish a prediction model, conducts a stationary test on the original time series, transforms the nonstationary time series into a stationary time series by using a difference transform, and estimates the parameters of the stationary time series. This sequentially transforms the traditional nonlinear prediction into a linear prediction. First, the ARIMA (1,1,6) model is compared under the conditions of different polarizations, prediction intervals, and numbers of time series. Then the proposed model is compared with the International Telecommunication Union-R (ITU-R) and the Silva Mello rain attenuation prediction models using the conditions of vertical polarization, a prediction interval of 0.10 GHz, and a number of 50 time series. Finally, the forecasting time series with the simulant series are compared. The result shows that the prediction error between the ARIMA model, the ITU-R model and the Silva Mello model does not exceed 3 10 \u2212 , and that the change trend of the rain attenuation is basically the same. and the goodness of fit between the forecasting and simulant time series is good, which means that the proposed model can be applied to forecasting the rain attenuation in the W band, and that it has the advantages of simpler structure and high precision in prediction.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 123893134, "title": "Quantitative \u2211-scaling method of neutron radiography", "abstract": "A quantitative analysis method of neutron radiography is introduced in the paper. The principle of this method is described,and the influence of scattered neutrons on neutron radiography is analyzed using the particle transport programme MCNP. The relationship between the specimen-detector distance and scattered neutrons is also discussed. To weaken the influence of scattered neutrons,the penetrating thickness of thermal neutrons is quantitatively scaled by analyzing neutron pictures in which internal scattered neutrons have trailed off.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 116481489, "title": "The Optical Characteristics of the Acousto-optic Tunable Filter with the Equivalent Point", "abstract": "In this paper, the interaction curves of acoustic and optical waves in a non-collinear AOTF (acousto-optic tunable filter) cell under the parallel-tangent momentum matching condition are analyzed systematically. A new theory of equivalent point for AOTF design is put forward. The wavelength characteristics and the wavelength resolution of two diffraction beams with equivalent point design in AOTF are emphatically analyzed. The optical characteristics at \u03b4 = 0 (ideal case) and \u03b4\u22600 (real case) are also discussed. The advantages of the AOTF with equivalent point design include high wavelength resolution, more quantitative energy and larger incident angle aperture.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 98638669, "title": "Origin of Leakage Currents in ZnO Based Varistor Ceramics with Al(NO3)3 Dopant", "abstract": "The additive of Al(NO3)3 has been doped into ZnO varistors in order to reduce their residual voltages. However, the leakage currents of samples always increase at the same time. Generally, it is recognized that some of doped Al3+ ions enter the ZnO grains and reduce their resistivity, which results in lower residual voltages of varistor samples. On the other hand, the remnant Al3+ ions appear in the grain boundaries and also reduce their resistivity, which results in larger leakage currents. In this paper, the electrical properties of ZnO varistor samples with various amounts of Al(NO3)3 dopant were measured. The experimental data are compared with the numerical simulation results, which reveals that the increased leakage currents of ZnO varistors with Al(NO3)3 dopant are not only due to the decreased resistivity of grain boundaries, but also the increased donor density of ZnO grains."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 8323844, "title": "Electrical parameter statistic analysis and parallel coordination of ZnO varistors in low-voltage protection devices", "abstract": "Analyzing the nonuniformity of electrical parameters of ZnO varistors is useful to select and coordinate the ZnO varistors in parallel operation and improve the protection capability of surge-protection device (SPD). The nonuniformity of 1-mA dc voltage and impulse residual voltage of commercial low-voltage ZnO varistors were estimated by statistic analysis in this paper. The Minimum Gobble Distribution was used to describe the distribution of 1-mA dc voltage and impulse residual voltage, ZnO varistors were verified conforming to the Minimum Gobble Distribution by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The relationship between the impulse residual voltage and 1-mA dc voltage has a chaos phenomenon, and they have a close relative degree by t-test, the impulse residual voltage can be estimated by voltage ratio and 1-mA dc voltage. The nonuniform phenomena of electrical parameters of ZnO varistors were simulated by Voronoi network. The current overload of ZnO varistor with reduced residual voltage is serious, in order to keep safe operation of SPDs, when we design a SPD with ZnO varistors in parallel, a safe margin coefficient of discharge withstand current should be considered according to the actual relative standard deviation of surge residual voltages of used ZnO varistors.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 2188227, "title": "Simulation on surge responses of ZnO varistors by Voronoi network with actual grain boundary model", "abstract": "A special simulation model for the surge responses of ZnO varistors is introduced in this paper. This model is based on the Voronoi network and contains the actual conduction mechanism of the grain boundaries, as well as the capacitances of the grain boundaries. The surge responses of the actual varistor samples were simulated and compared with the experimental results. The simulated waveforms agree with the measured ones very well, which indicates that the simulation model is quite reasonable.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 109210449, "title": "Admittance Spectroscopy of Y2O3-Doped ZnO Varistors Sintered at Different Temperature", "abstract": "ZnO varistors are multicomponent polycrystalline ceramics with highly nonlinear current-voltage characteristics and surge energy absorption capabilities. The voltage gradient of the ZnO varistor is inversely proportional to its average grain size. Recently, the rare-earth oxides have been reported as growth inhibitor of ZnO grains to obtain high voltage gradient. Although the dopant of rare-earth oxides can remarkably enhance the voltage gradients of varistor samples, their leakage currents and nonlinear coefficients deteriorate at the same time. In this paper, the sintering effects on electrical characteristics and admittance spectroscopies of ZnO varistor samples doped with yttrium oxides were investigated. Samples were fabricated under different sintering temperatures, including 1000 \u00b0C, 1100 \u00b0C, 1200 \u00b0C and 1300 \u00b0C. Then, the electrical characteristics and admittance spectroscopies of these varistor samples were measured. The measured current-voltage results behave special U-type curves related to sintering temperature. Furthermore, the admittance spectroscopy of these samples revealed the sintering effects on the intrinsic defects of ZnO varistors.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 192656, "title": "Voltage distribution analysis of 500-kV DC transmission-line voltage divider under impulse voltages: stray parameter extraction", "abstract": "It is essential to extract the stray parameters accurately and efficiently in analyzing impulse responses of a power apparatus. In this paper the stray capacitances and stray inductances of a 500-kV dc transmission-line voltage divider are extracted by the hybrid finite element-analytical approach, and the corresponding equivalent circuit for analyzing the impulse voltage response of the voltage divider is established. According to the discussion of the results of the extracted stray parameters of the voltage divider, reasonable simplification of the equivalent circuit of the voltage divider is made. In addition, the influence of the insulating housing and the electrical insulation oil on the stray capacitances of the voltage divider is discussed.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 102214395, "title": "Effects of manganese dioxide additives on the electrical characteristics of Al-doped ZnO varistors", "abstract": "The effects of manganese dioxide (MnO2) additives on the electrical characteristics of the Al-doped ZnO varistors are investigated. The leakage current densities of the samples decrease first and then increase again with the increase of the amount of MnO2 additives. Correspondingly, the nonlinear coefficients of the samples keep on increasing and then decrease. In addition, the donor densities increase monotonously with the amount of the doped MnO2 increasing. The effects of MnO2 additives on the electrical characteristics of the samples are different from the conclusion of previous literatures. The reasons of the distinct effects are supposed to be related with the donor and interface state densities of the samples.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 137368295, "title": "Hydrangea-like zinc oxide superstructures for ferroelectric polymer composites with high thermal conductivity and high dielectric constant", "abstract": "Polymer composites with high thermal conductivity and high dielectric constant are highly desirable in electronic and electric industry, and particularly, for power apparatus at high voltages. In this work, a novel hydrangea-like ZnO superstructure was prepared by a template-free solvothermal method. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composites filled with the ZnO superstructure were prepared via a solution mixing method. The microstructure, thermal conductivity, thermal stability and dielectric properties of the composites were investigated. It was found that the hydrangea-like ZnO shows marginal influence on microstructure of the PVDF matrix, but has significant enhancement effects on thermal conductivity, thermal stability and dielectric constant of the composites. Compared with the commercial ZnO nanoparticles, the hydrangea-like ZnO superstructures result in much higher enhancement of thermal conductivity and dielectric constant and slightly lower breakdown strength of the composites. This has been ascribed to the formation of percolation-like structure in the hydrangea-like ZnO composites.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 95262447, "title": "Influence of ZnO Powders on the Stability of the Foams Stabilized by Surfactants", "abstract": "Foam is a thermodynamically unstable system, and the stability is the most important factor for the preparation and application of foams. In this paper, the effect of ZnO powders on the stability of the foams stabilized by sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS), hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and Polyethylene glycol tertoctyl phenyl ether (TritonX-100) was investigated. The results showed that ZnO powders have a synergistic effect with SDBS and CTAB. There is no synergy between ZnO powders and Triton X-100. The mechanism for the stabilizing effect of ZnO powders on the foams was discussed.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 27263744, "title": "Facilitating the enzymatic saccharification of pulped bamboo residues by degrading the remained xylan and lignin-carbohydrates complexes.", "abstract": "Kraft pulping was performed on bamboo residues and its impact on the chemical compositions and the enzymatic digestibility of the samples were investigated. To improve the digestibility of sample by degrading the xylan and lignin-carbohydrates complexes (LCCs), xylanase and \u03b1-L-arabinofuranosidase (AF) were supplemented with cellulase. The results showed more carbohydrates were remained in the samples pulped with low effective alkali (EA) charge, compared to conventional kraft pulping. When 120 IU/g xylanase and 15 IU/g AF were supplemented with 20 FPU/g cellulase, the xylan degradation yield of the sample pulped with 12% EA charge increased from 68.20% to 88.35%, resulting in an increased enzymatic saccharification efficiency from 58.98% to 83.23%. The amount of LCCs in this sample decreased from 8.63/100C9 to 2.99/100C9 after saccharification with these enzymes. The results indicated that degrading the remained xylan and LCCs in the pulp could improve its enzymatic digestibility.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 95315239, "title": "High-efficiency red electroluminescence from europium complex containing a neutral dipyrido(3,2-a:2\u2032,3\u2032-c)phenazine ligand in PLEDs", "abstract": "Abstract In order to obtain high-efficiency monochromatic red emission in polymer light-emitting devices, a tris(dibenzoylmethanato)(dipyrido(3,2-a:2\u2032,3\u2032-c)phenazine) europium [Eu(DBM) 3 (DPPZ)] doped single-emissive-layer devices were fabricated using a blend of poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorence) and 2- tert -butyl-phenyl-5-biphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole as a host matrix by solution process. Significantly improved electro-luminescent properties with sharp red emission at 611.5\u00a0nm were displayed in the Eu(DBM) 3 (DPPZ)-doped devices at dopant concentrations from 1 to 8\u00a0wt.%. The highest luminance up to 1783\u00a0cd/m 2 at 2\u00a0wt.% dopant concentration, as well as the maximum external quantum efficiency of 2.5% and current efficiency of 3.8\u00a0cd/A were obtained at 1\u00a0wt.% dopant concentration.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 32788951, "title": "Using an Amylase Pretreatment of Pig Manure to Enhance Biogas Production", "abstract": "An experimental study was conducted that promoted the efficiency of anaerobic digestion by hydrolyzing pig manure in advance with amylase before loading it into the digester. A modified Gompertz equation was applied to determinate the kinetic parameters of biogas production. The results showed that the removal percentage of TS and VS, the biogas production potentials and rates have been improved through an amylase pre-treatment. Especially through a amylase and \u03b3-amylase pretreatment together, the removal percentage of TS and VS, as compared with control group, was increased by 10.84% and 11.11% respectively, biogas production potential increased by 13.10%, and specific biogas production rate increased by 9.30%. Experimental results also indicate that the digestive process goes through four stages: lag stage, peak stage, sub-peak stage, and fade stage. Different stages which occurred in this experiment might reflect the characteristics of sequential bio degradation of different organic substrates from easy and simple to difficult and complex.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 31770294, "title": "A Novel Macro-Block Group Based AVS Coding Scheme for Many-Core Processor", "abstract": "The slice-level parallelism is popular in parallel video coding. However, the quality loses greatly because the dependency between macro-blocks is broken, especially on many-core platforms. To address this problem, a novel Macro-Block Group (MBG) decomposition scheme is presented for parallel AVS coding. In the proposed scheme, video frames are equally divided into rectangular MBG regions, each consists of more rows and less columns than the slice-level scheme. Since MBG is not supported by AVS, a vertical partitioning scheme is introduced, and the mode confining and MVD adjusting techniques are utilized to keep consistency with the standard. In practice, our parallel encoder is developed on the TILE64 platform, where P/B frames use the MBG-level parallelism and I frames use the macro-block-level parallelism. Experiments show that the proposed scheme can achieve a reduction of 52% (IPPP) and 41% (IBBP) in quality loss while keeping the same speed-up compared with the slice-level parallelism."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 9554361, "title": "Auto Regressive Model and Weighted Least Squares Based Packet Video Error Concealment", "abstract": "In this paper, auto regressive (AR) model is applied to error concealment for block-based packet video encoding. Each pixel within the corrupted block is restored as the weighted summation of corresponding pixels within the previous frame in a linear regression manner. Two novel algorithms using weighted least squares method are proposed to derive the AR coefficients. First, we present a coefficient derivation algorithm under the spatial continuity constraint, in which the summation of the weighted square errors within the available neighboring blocks is minimized. The confident weight of each sample is inversely proportional to the distance between the sample and the corrupted block. Second, we provide a coefficient derivation algorithm under the temporal continuity constraint, where the summation of the weighted square errors around the target pixel within the previous frame is minimized. The confident weight of each sample is proportional to the similarity of geometric proximity as well as the intensity gray level. The regression results generated by the two algorithms are then merged to form the ultimate restorations. Various experimental results demonstrate that the proposed error concealment strategy is able to increase the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) compared to other methods.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 1227867, "title": "A fast multiview video transcoder for bitrate reduction", "abstract": "Video transcoding is an efficient way to reduce the bitrate or convert the format of the original video stream to meet the requirements of different applications and various channel capacity. In this paper, we propose a fast multiview video transcoder (MVT) for bitrate reduction. Different from the H.264 transcoder, the inter-view prediction information in the input video stream is utilized to reduce the complexity of transcoding. Besides, we also utilize the mode and selected reference frame information in original stream to accelerate RD optimization calculations. Experimental results show that the proposed transcoder can achieve significant computation reduction while maintaining close RD performance compared to the fully decode and re-encode transcoder (FDET).", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 16875296, "title": "Context-based entropy coding in AVS video coding standard", "abstract": "In this paper, two context-based entropy coding schemes for AVS Part-2 video coding standard are presented. One is Context-based 2D Variable Length Coding (C2DVLC) as a low complexity entropy coding scheme for AVS Part-2 Jizhun profile. C2DVLC uses multiple 2D-VLC tables to exploit the statistical features of DCT coefficients for higher coding efficiency. Exponential-Golomb codes are applied in C2DVLC to code the pairs of the run-length of zero coefficients and the non-zero coefficients for lower storage requirement. The other is Context-based Binary Arithmetic Coding (CBAC) as an enhanced entropy coding scheme for AVS Part-2 Jiaqiang profile. CBAC utilizes all previously coded coefficient magnitudes in a DCT block for context modeling. This enables adaptive arithmetic coding to exploit the redundancy of the high-order Markov process in DCT domain with a few contexts. In addition, a context weighting technique is used to further improve CBAC's coding efficiency. Moreover, CBAC is designed to be compatible to C2DVLC in coding elements which simplifies the implementations. The experimental results demonstrate that both C2DVLC and CBAC can achieve comparable or even slightly higher coding performance when compared to Context-Adaptive Variable Length Coding (CAVLC) in H.264/AVC baseline profile and Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) in H.264/AVC main profile respectively.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 2093121, "title": "Group-Based Sparse Representation for Image Restoration", "abstract": "Traditional patch-based sparse representation modeling of natural images usually suffer from two problems. First, it has to solve a large-scale optimization problem with high computational complexity in dictionary learning. Second, each patch is considered independently in dictionary learning and sparse coding, which ignores the relationship among patches, resulting in inaccurate sparse coding coefficients. In this paper, instead of using patch as the basic unit of sparse representation, we exploit the concept of group as the basic unit of sparse representation, which is composed of nonlocal patches with similar structures, and establish a novel sparse representation modeling of natural images, called group-based sparse representation (GSR). The proposed GSR is able to sparsely represent natural images in the domain of group, which enforces the intrinsic local sparsity and nonlocal self-similarity of images simultaneously in a unified framework. In addition, an effective self-adaptive dictionary learning method for each group with low complexity is designed, rather than dictionary learning from natural images. To make GSR tractable and robust, a split Bregman-based technique is developed to solve the proposed GSR-driven \u21130 minimization problem for image restoration efficiently. Extensive experiments on image inpainting, image deblurring and image compressive sensing recovery manifest that the proposed GSR modeling outperforms many current state-of-the-art schemes in both peak signal-to-noise ratio and visual perception.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 18121297, "title": "A unified framework for locating and recognizing human actions", "abstract": "In this paper, we present a pose based approach for locating and recognizing human actions in videos. In our method, human poses are detected and represented based on deformable part model. To our knowledge, this is the first work on exploring the effectiveness of deformable part models in combining human detection and pose estimation into action recognition. Comparing with previous methods, ours have three main advantages. First, our method does not rely on any assumption on video preprocessing quality, such as satisfactory foreground segmentation or reliable tracking; Second, we propose a novel compact representation for human pose which works together with human detection and can well represent the spatial and temporal structures inside an action; Third, with human detection taken into consideration in our framework, our method has the ability to locate and recognize multiple actions in the same scene. Experiments on benchmark datasets and recorded cluttered videos verified the efficacy of our method.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 22182081, "title": "Discriminating features learning in hand gesture classification", "abstract": "The advent and popularity of Kinect provides a new choice and opportunity for hand gesture recognition (HGR) research. In this study, the authors propose a discriminating features extraction for HGR, in which features from red, green and blue (RGB) images and depth images are both explored. More specifically, histogram of oriented gradient feature, local binary pattern feature, structure feature and three-dimensional voxel feature are first extracted from RGB images and depth images, then these features are further reduced with a novel deflation orthogonal discriminant analysis, which enhances the discriminative ability of the features with supervised subspace projection. The extensive experimental results show that the proposed method improves the HGR performance significantly.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 37599152, "title": "AIE cation functionalized layered zirconium phosphate nanoplatelets: ion-exchange intercalation and cell imaging.", "abstract": "An aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probe, possessing a quaternary tetraphenylethene (TPEN) cation, was successfully intercalated into layered \u03b1-zirconium phosphate (\u03b1-ZrP) nanosheets by ion-exchange. The hybrid materials emit strong blue emissions in aqueous solution which can be used as an effective fluorescence label for HeLa cells."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 91951460, "title": "Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic phenol hydroxylation of a novel complex oxide HxV2Zr2O9.H2O", "abstract": "A novel type of complex oxide HxV2Zr2O9.H 2O with V4+ and V5+ mixed valence has been hydrothermally synthesized in a V2O5-ZrO2-H2O system at 240\u00b0C for 5 days in presence of NaF. The catalytic data over these complex oxides show that these complex oxides are catalytically very active in phenol hydroxylation by 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide, and their catalytic activity is dependent on crystal size of the catalysts. The phenol conversion over the catalyst with crystal size of 7 \u03bcm is twice that over the catalyst with crystal size of 35 \u03bcm. The V5+ species are suggested to be the catalytic active sites. Some other factors which influence the catalytic activity were also investigated.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 98086655, "title": "Fabrication of super-hydrophobic and super-oleophilic boehmite membranes from anodic alumina oxide film via a two-phase thermal approach", "abstract": "The present work demonstrates a simple two-phase thermal method to prepare oriented boehmite [AlO(OH)] membranes directly from anodic alumina oxide (AAO) substrate with a copper catalyst. The acidity of the aqueous phase and reaction time play important roles in the formation of the oriented AlO(OH) membranes. Closely packed AlO(OH) crystals are parallel-aligned and vertically oriented on the substrates. The wetting properties of as-prepared oriented AlO(OH) membranes were first investigated by measuring the contact angles of water and oil on the surfaces. The oriented AlO(OH) membranes (without any modification by low-surface energy polymer) show both super-hydrophobicity, with a water CA as high as 152.8\u00b0, and super-oleophilicity with a heptane CA reaching to 0\u00b0 within 0.25 s.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 98156838, "title": "A one-pot synthetic strategy via tandem Suzuki\u2013Heck reactions for the construction of luminescent microporous organic polymers", "abstract": "A series of luminescent microporous organic polymers (LMOPs) have been synthesized by a new synthetic methodology through the palladium catalyzed tandem Suzuki\u2013Heck C\u2013C coupling reactions of several aromatic halides with potassium vinyltrifluoroborate. These polymers are porous with the BET surface areas from 318 to 693 cm2 g\u22121. The formation of conjugated polymers with the incorporation of vinyl groups leads to the fluorescent properties, and the luminescence of LMOPs could be adjusted from blue to green by selecting the aromatic halides and alternating the ratio of monomers. The fluorescence quenching behaviors of these LMOPs by nitroaromatic analytes in ethanol are investigated. It is found that the fluorescence of the polymers can be effectively quenched by picric acid (PA).", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 96156608, "title": "Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of the layered titanates MLaTiO4 (M = Li, Na, K) powders", "abstract": "Layered titanates MLaTiO{sub 4} (M = Li, Na, K) powders were hydrothermally synthesized, derived from double hydrous oxides La{sub 2}O{sub 3}{center_dot}2TiO{sub 2}{center_dot}nH{sub 2}O in a basic medium. The formation conditions of these compounds with a pure phase were investigated. Details such as the structural and particulate properties of these powders were obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR spectroscopy, high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), and other techniques.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 95910976, "title": "Microemulsion-mediated hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of nanosize rutile and anatase particles", "abstract": "Uniform nanoparticles of rutile and anatase were prepared, respectively, by a new approach, a microemulsion-mediated method, in which the microemulsion medium was further treated by hydrothermal reaction. Herein, the combined procedure of microemulsion and hydrothermal synthesis to prepare nanoparticles is referred to as a microemulsion-mediated hydrothermal (MMH) method. This MMH method could lead to the formation of crystalline titania powders under much milder reaction conditions than the normally reported microemulsion-mediated methods, in which posttreatment of calcination was necessary. In this work, a kind of solution was formed by dissolving tetrabutyl titanate into hydrochloric acid or nitric acid, and the solution was dispersed in an organic phase for the preparation of the microemulsion medium. The aqueous cores of water/Triton X-100/hexanol/cyclohexane microemulsions were used as constrained microreactors for a controlled growth of titania particles under hydrothermal conditions. The product o...", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 205843712, "title": "Synthesis of ultrathin CdS nanosheets as efficient visible-light-driven water splitting photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution.", "abstract": "Ultrathin CdS nanosheets with a thickness of ~4 nm have been synthesized through an ultrasonic-induced aqueous exfoliation method involving lamellar CdS-DETA hybrid nanosheets as starting materials and L-cysteine as a stabilizing agent. The as-obtained CdS ultrathin nanosheets exhibit efficient photocatalytic activity and good stability for hydrogen production.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 36815965, "title": "Phase retrieval in protein crystallography.", "abstract": "Solution of the phase problem is central to crystallographic structure determination. An oversampling method is proposed, based on the hybrid input-output algorithm (HIO) [Fienup (1982). Appl. Opt. 21, 2758-2769], to retrieve the phases of reflections in crystallography. This method can extend low-resolution structures to higher resolution for structure determination of proteins without additional sample preparation. The method requires an envelope of the protein which divides a unit cell into the density region where the proteins are located and the non-density region occupied by solvents. After a few hundred to a few thousand iterations, the correct phases and density maps are recovered. The method has been used successfully in several cases to retrieve the phases from the experimental X-ray diffraction data and the envelopes of proteins constructed from structure files downloaded from the Protein Data Bank. It is hoped that this method will greatly facilitate the ab initio structure determination of proteins.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 15213217, "title": "Membrane Damage Induced by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa", "abstract": "To clarify the mechanism of microbial inactivation by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2), membrane damage of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was investigated within specific pressure (10\u00a0Mpa), temperature (37\u00a0\u00b0C), and treatment time (10\u201370\u00a0min) ranges, including cell morphological structure, membrane permeability and fluidity. SEM and TEM observations showed morphological changes in the cell envelope and intracellular organization after SCCO2 treatment. Increase of membrane permeability was measured as increased uptake of the trypan blue dye with microscopy, and leakage of intracellular substances such as UV-absorbing materials and ions by determining the change of protein and electrical conductivity. The SCCO2 mediated reduction in CFU\u00a0ml\u22121 was 0.5\u20131 log higher at 37\u00a0\u00b0C and 10\u00a0MPa for 60\u00a0min in Rose Bengal Medium containing 4\u00a0% sodium than a similar treatment in Rose Bengal Medium. Membrane fluidity analyzed by fluorescence polarization method using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene showed that the florescence polarization and florescence anisotropy of the SCCO2-treated cells were increased slightly and gently compared with the untreated cells. The correlation between membrane damage and death of cells under SCCO2 was clear, and the membrane damage was a key factor induced the inactivation of cells.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 95711092, "title": "Polyoxometalate-assisted electrochemical deposition of ZnO spindles in an ionic liquid", "abstract": "Abstract With the assistance of polyoxometalate (POM), ZnO spindles have been successfully synthesized in ionic liquid by electrochemical deposition. The as-obtained ZnO spindles are composed of small nanoparticles and have a porous structure with a specific surface area of 97.95\u00a0m 2 /g. Parallel experiments were also performed to understand the formation mechanism of the spindle-like ZnO. The experimental results showed that POM played a key role for the formation of the spindle-like ZnO. A possible formation mechanism was also proposed. The photoluminescence spectrum of the ZnO spindles exhibits a strong ultraviolet emission at 390\u00a0nm and a very weak visible emission at around 560\u00a0nm.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 97995881, "title": "Synthesis and characterization of poly(aryl ether sulfone)s with metallophthalocyanine pendant unit", "abstract": "A series of novel poly(aryl ether sulfone) copolymers containing dicyanophenyl group were prepared by the reaction of bis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfone with (3,4-dicyano) phenylhydroquinone and 4,4\u2032-isopropylidenediphenol. On this basis, a series of poly(aryl ether sulfone)s containing metallophthalocyanine units were synthesized by the reaction of poly(aryl ether sulfone)s containing dicyanophenyl group with excessive amounts of 1,2-dicyanobenzene and the corresponding metal salt in quinoline. All these copolymers were found to have high glass transition temperature and thermal stability. These copolymers were found to be soluble in common solvents, and capable of forming transparent films by solution casting. The copolymers containing metallophthalocyanine units showed strong optical absorption in the visible region, and exhibited blue photoluminescence in solution. \u00a9 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3457\u20133461, 2006", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 205890120, "title": "Ru-assisted synthesis of {111}-faceted Pd truncated bipyramids: a highly reactive, stable and restorable catalyst for formic acid oxidation.", "abstract": "{111}-Faceted Pd truncated triangular bipyramids (TTBPs) are first presented under the assistance of Ru. Attributed to their unique shape, the TTBPs are highly active and stable for formic acid oxidation. The electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) can be restored to its initial value after a harsh degradation test."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 95072802, "title": "A Novel 3\u2010D Self\u2010Penetrating Topological Network Assembled by Mixed Bridging Ligands", "abstract": "The assembly of 5-sulfoisophthalic acid (H3sipa) and 4,4\u2032-bipyridine (bpy) with Cd2+ ions gave rise to a new polymeric complex {[Cd3(sipa)2(bpy)4(H2O)2]\u00b73H2O}n (1). X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that complex 1 has a 3-D self-penetrating network formed by the interlocking and interweaving of two types of one-dimensional chains comprising two kinds of Cd4(sipa)4 and Cd4(bpy)4 units, respectively. The sipa3\u2212 ligand serves as the connector and the Cd2+ ion as the node. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the luminescence property of 1 are discussed. (\u00a9 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 97089458, "title": "Characterization of a novel water tape containing (H2O)18 clusters", "abstract": "A novel water tape containing (H 2 O) 18 cluster units has been observed in the lattice of 1 , in which each (H 2 O) 18 cluster consists of one (H 2 O) 12 and two (H 2 O) 5 subunits.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 98729987, "title": "Coordination polymers of 1,4-piperazinedipropionic acid: domination by flexibility, coordination, and/or configuration?", "abstract": "Three coordination polymers based on a designed flexible ligand 1,4-piperazinedipropionic acid (H2pdp), formulated as Cd2(H2O)2(pdp)(NO3)2 (1), Zn2(OH)2(pdp) (2), and Cu(pdp)\u00b73H2O (3), have been successfully synthesized and characterized by both single-crystal X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 possesses a chain structure based on alternating dinuclear cadmium-carboxylate clusters and pdp2\u2212 ligands, compound 2 has a layered structure constructed from linking one-dimensional chains by pdp2\u2212 ligands, compound 3 features a chain-like structure of mono copper centers joined by pdp2\u2212 ligands. Unlike in compounds 1 and 2, the piperazine rings of the pdp2\u2212 ligands in compound 3 adopt the thermodynamically less stable boat configurations rather than the stable chair configurations. It is also of note that, in the structure of compound 3, an interesting water tape with T5(2) pattern is formed.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 95434139, "title": "Chiral supramolecular assemblies derived from the insertion of a segmental ligand into a copper-tyrosine framework", "abstract": "The use of a predisposed 4,4-bipyridine segmental ligand in copper-tyrosine chiral complex self-assembly processes allows the preparation of a new type of complex {[Cu2(tyrosine)2(4,4-bipyridine)\u00b72H2O]\u00b72ClO4}n, which results in the fine tuning of network structure and stereo conformation. (\u00a9 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 97357967, "title": "Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Palladium(II) Complex Polymer Having Network Structure with Guest Water Molecules", "abstract": "The polymeric palladium complex of [Pd3K6(i-mnt)3(H2O)2]n (i-mnt = [(S2C=C(CN)2]2\u2212) has been prepared from the reaction of PdCl2 and K2[(S2C=C(CN)2] in CH3CN. The complex has three dimensional network structure, in which two Pd, two K, four S, four N and twelve C atoms form a 24-membered ring, and the rings are further arranged in eclipsed configuration along c axis to give a channel with H2O as guest molecules.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 94533195, "title": "Fabrication of submicron barium sulfate aggregates in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid anions", "abstract": "Abstract Barium sulfate aggregates with an average size of 0.5\u00a0\u03bcm were synthesized at pH 7, directed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anions. The particle morphology, chemical composition, and size distribution of the BaSO 4 aggregates were characterized. The as-synthesized BaSO 4 particles were spherical and comprised many interconnected nanoballs, of which the surface properties were affected by the EDTA anions. The adsorption of EDTA anions reversed the charge and weakened the surface polarity of BaSO 4 , instigating the formation of aggregates by a self-assembly and transformation process. The resulting BaSO 4 particles at pH 9\u201310 were ellipsoidal and featured smooth surfaces. Based on the zeta potential of BaSO 4 , variations in the morphology induced by changes in pH were closely related to the adsorption of mono- and multi-valent anions onto the electrical double layer of BaSO 4 .", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 39226846, "title": "Temperature Monitor System of Heating Network Based on Optical Fiber Communication", "abstract": "A temperature monitoring system installed in Daqing Petrochemical Company, based on a combination of RS485 serial bus and optical fiber communication has been presented in this article, in which the intelligent temperature sensor DS18B20 was used. The interface circuit between the micro control unit (MCU) and DS18B20 has been designed, which can enhance the sensor-driven ability of the MCU and improve the reliability of signal transmission. Consequently, the interface and communication protocol between the MCU and data bus is designed. It is worth mentioning that a the combination of RS485 serial bus and optical fiber communication was introduced at the first time in the application of heating net work monitoring for a petrol chemical plant, which has succeeded in reducing the system cost whereas enhancing the communication reliability.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 97278303, "title": "Fabrication and surface properties of hydrophobic barium sulfate aggregates based on sodium cocoate modification", "abstract": "Abstract Hydrophobic barium sulfate aggregates were fabricated by the direction of cocoate anions. At 30\u00a0\u00b0C, when the weight ratio of sodium cocoate to BaSO 4 particles was 2.0\u00a0wt.%, the active ratio of the product reached 99.43% and the contact angle was greater than 120\u00b0. This method could not only simplify the complex modification process, but reduce energy consumption. The surface morphology, chemical structure and composition of BaSO 4 aggregates were characterized by SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The results indicated that the as-synthesized BaSO 4 particles were almond-liked and were composed of many interconnected nanoballs and that their surfaces were affected by cocoate anions. The adsorption of cocoate anions reversed the charge and weakened the surface polarity of BaSO 4 particles, driving the formation of aggregates. And cocoate anions induced a change of the BaSO 4 particles surface from hydrophilic to hydrophobic by a self-assembly and transformation process. Due to the self-assembled structure and the surface hydrophobicity, when adding the hydrophobic BaSO 4 into PVC, the mechanical properties of PVC composite materials were significantly improved.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 86662268, "title": "Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in freshness keeping of tilapia fillets as sashimi", "abstract": "Aquatic products are extremely perishable food commodities. Developing methods to keep the freshness of fish represents a major task of the fishery processing industry. Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) as food preservative is a novel approach. In the present study, the possibility of using lactic acid bacteria in freshness keeping of tilapia fillets as sashimi was examined. Fish fillets were dipped in Lactobacillus plantarum 1.19 (obtained from China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center) suspension as LAB-treated group. Changes in K-value, APC, sensory properties and microbial flora were analyzed. Results showed that LAB treatment slowed the increase of K-value and APC in the earlier storage, and caused a smooth decrease in sensory score. Gram-negative bacteria dominated during refrigerated storage, with Pseudomonas and Aeromonas being relatively abundant. Lactobacillus plantarum 1.19 had no obvious inhibitory effect against these Gram-negatives. However, Lactobacillus plantarum 1.19 changed the composition of Gram-positive bacteria. No Micrococcus were detected and the proportion of Staphylococcus decreased in the spoiled LAB-treated samples. The period that tilapia fillets could be used as sashimi material extended from 24 h to 48 h after LAB treatment. The potential of using LAB in sashimi processing was confirmed.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 24427118, "title": "[Denitrification performance of PBS as a solid carbon source of denitrification].", "abstract": "Poly-butylenes succinate (PBS) was used as solid denitrification carbon source and biofilm carrier, to investigate the denitrification performance and the influence of adding inert carrier. The experimental results showed that PBS could serve as solid carbon source for denitrification of low C/N ratio wastewater, but the startup time was longer, about 33 d. There was no accumulation of nitrite nitrogen in the process of denitrification, but it produced less than 0.8 mg x L(-1) ammonia nitrogen. Increasing the amount of biofilm in PBS supported denitrification system by adding the inert carrier could improve the denitrification rate. The denitrification rates of PBS, PBS + 30 g gravel, PBS + 60 g gravel and PBS +90 g gravel systems were 5.33, 7.04, 10.05 and 6.93 mg x (L x h)(-1), respectively, and all reactions were zero order. During the denitrification process (0-9 h), DOC increased before it was reduced. At the end of the denitrification reaction (24 h), DOC of the denitrification system with inert carrier 60 g gravel and 90 g gravel was 16.34 mg x L(-1) and 19.22 mg x L(-1), respectively, higher than that without gravel of 13.48 mg x L(-1). The pH of all denitrification systems were lower than the initial value, which was the result of comprehensive function of acidic substances and alkalinity produced in the process of degradation of solid carbon source and denitrification, respectively.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 94888893, "title": "Hydrothermal synthesis and structural characterization of three lanthanide coordination polymers with adipic acid and 1,10-phenanthroline", "abstract": "Three new lanthanide coordination polymers, [Ln(Ad)3/2(Phen)] n \u00b72nH2O (Ln = Eu, 1; Pr, 2; Ad = adipate; Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and [Yb(Ad)3/2(Phen)] n \u00b7nH2O 3, were prepared by hydrothermal reactions. The structures of 1, 2 and 3 are reported. In compound 1, Eu(III) ions are bridged by adipate ligands in two modes into 2-D polymeric layers. Adjacent layers are assembled by hydrogen bonding and \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 stacking between 1,10-phenanthrolines into a 3-D supramolecular structure. Compound 2 is isostructural with 1. In compound 3, the Yb(III) ions are connected by adipate ligands in three modes into a 3-D network."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 7275864, "title": "1-[(Diethylaminocarbonyl)methyl]-2-[hydroxy(6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)methyl]-5-vinyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane chloride monohydrate", "abstract": "In the title compound, C26H36N3O3 +\u00b7Cl\u2212\u00b7H2O, the molecular structure of the cation is stabilized by a number of C\u2014H\u22efO intramolecular interactions. In the crystal structure, O\u2014H\u22efCl and C\u2014H\u22efCl hydrogen bonds link the ions into a ribbon-like structure along the a axis.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 121184971, "title": "The instability of dust acoustic waves in inhomogeneous dusty plasmas with non-adiabatic dust charge fluctuation", "abstract": "This paper investigates the propagation of linear dust acoustic waves in inhomogeneous dusty plasmas due to spatial gradients of dust charge, plasma densities. A linear dispersion relation is obtained with the non-adiabatic dust charge fluctuation and the non-thermally distributed ions. The numerical results show that the inhomogeneity, non-thermal ions and non-adiabatic dust charge fluctuation have strong influence on the frequency and the damping rate of waves.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 18945636, "title": "An ID-Based Pairwise Key Predistribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks", "abstract": "Providing a suitable key establishment scheme in wireless sensor networks is challenging due to all the characteristics of these networks, such as limitations of power, computation capability and storage resources. Several key management schemes were proposed, but most of them are not resilient to nodes capture. In order to improve the resilience to nodes compromising, in this paper we propose an ID-based pairwise key predistribution scheme that is based on a hierarchical grid model for wireless sensor networks. In the proposed scheme, the symmetric matrix is employed by hierarchical grid model to establish pairwise key. So it can achieve high resilience to nodes compromising.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 96135427, "title": "Photooxidation of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines by molecular oxygen", "abstract": "Photooxidation of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines (1,4-DHP, 1a\u20131d) by direct irradiation (\u03bb > 300 nm) under an oxygen atmosphere has been carefully examined in this work. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies demonstrate that photoinduced singlet electron transfer from 1,4-DHP to molecular oxygen occurs. The generated superoxide radical anion (O2\u2212\u00b7) is responsible for this typical photochemical oxidation.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 11398116, "title": "Effect factors of Nanyang crude oil's microscopic characteristics", "abstract": "Using micro-digital-imaging instrument and OLYCIA Series P3 software to acquire and handle crude oil's micro-pictures, it was aimed to research the microscopic characteristics of wax crystal in Nanyang crude oil under various treating conditions, including heating treatment temperature, standing time, cooling rate and cooling method. And the relationship between microscopic structure and crude oil rheology was discussed and analyzed through using OLYMPUS polarizing microscope and rheometer. The result showed that wax crystal's morphology, quantity and average particle size changed at some degree corresponding to different testing conditions, and consequently to cause crude oil rheology improvement or deterioration, and there are the optimal heating temperature for Nanyang crude oil.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 98340625, "title": "Polymorphic Ln(III) and BPTC-based porous metal\u2013organic frameworks with visible, NIR photoluminescent and magnetic properties", "abstract": "By reaction of 3,3\u2032,5,5\u2032-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid (H4BPTC) with various lanthanide ions, seven novel three dimensional (3D) lanthanide metal\u2013organic frameworks (MOFs) have been prepared under solvothermal conditions, namely, [Ln3(BPTC)3(H2O)2]\u00b73H3O\u00b74H2O\u00b73DMF (DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide, Ln = Eu (1), Tb (2), Sm (3) Dy (4)), [Nd(BPTC)(H2O)2]\u00b7H3O\u00b7DMF (5), [Er2(BPTC)(HCOO)3(H2O)2]\u00b7(CH3)2NH2 (6), and [Tm12(BPTC)8(HCOO)11(H2O)10]\u00b710DMF\u00b77(CH3)2NH2 (7). Combining different lanthanide ions and diversity of coordination modes of the H4BPTC ligand, the seven compounds display interesting structural characteristics. Of these, compounds 1\u20134 are isostructural and demonstrate a unique 3D coordination framework containing two types of 1D channel, that is built by the novel trinuclear [Ln3O22] SBUs. Compound 5 can be described as a new 3D open-framework structure with quadrilateral-shaped 1D channels based on [Nd2O16] SBUs. Compound 6 has a new 3D pillar network feature constructed by trapezoidal chains linked by bridging BPTC4\u2212 ligands, whilst compound 7 exhibits a 3D network with a number of rare oval-shaped channels along the [101] direction. The H4BPTC ligand exhibits five new coordination modes, which are firstly reported in M-BPTC frameworks. Compounds 1\u20137 all display their typical emission bands upon irradiation at the ligand band at room temperature. Compounds 1\u20134 present strong characteristic emissions in the visible region, of which compounds 1 and 2 show millisecond luminescence lifetimes. The NIR photoluminescent of lanthanide MOFs is less well observed, especially for the Tm(III) compounds. Owing to the good sensitization of the H4BPTC ligand, compounds 5\u20137 display near-infrared region (NIR) emission with microsecond luminescence lifetimes. In addition, compounds 2, 5, 6 and 7 exhibit global antiferromagnetic behaviors, of which compound 5 shows a weak ferromagnetic coupling at 235 K.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 97426890, "title": "Construction of three new coordination polymers based on 5-ethyltetrazole (ET) generated via in situ cycloaddition reaction", "abstract": "Abstract By the addition of different secondary ligands, three new d 10 metal coordination polymers, [M 2 (ET)(pzdc)(\u03bc 3 -OH)] [M\u00a0=\u00a0Cd( 1 ), Zn( 2 )] and [Zn(Et)(Hbic)] (3) (ET\u00a0=\u00a05-ethyltetrazole; H 2 pzdc\u00a0=\u00a0Pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid; Hbic\u00a0=\u00a01H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid), have been successfully prepared under hydrothermal reactions and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The ET ligand in compounds 1\u20133 is in situ generated from the [2\u00a0+\u00a03] cycloaddition reaction of the precursor propionitrile and NaN 3 in water with the aid of zinc/cadmium salt. Compounds 1 and 2 present three-dimensional (3D) (4,4,4,4)-connected net based on O-centered M 3 isosceles triangle. Compound 3 exhibits a 3D diamond framework constructed by infinite \u2013ET\u2013Zn\u2013ET\u2013 1D zigzag chains and Hbic as bridging coligand. Furthermore, the thermal stabilities of compounds 1\u20133 and the luminescence properties of compounds 1 and 2 have been investigated.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 96563057, "title": "Hydrothermal syntheses and crystal structures of a series of 3d-4f heterometallic tetrazole-based coordination polymers", "abstract": "Abstract A series of novel three-dimensional (3D) Ln(III)\u2013Cu(I) heterometallic tetrazole-based coordination polymers, namely, [LnCu(3-tzba) 2 (H 2 O) 4 ] n [Ln\u00a0=\u00a0Ho ( 1 ); Nd ( 2 ); Sm ( 3 ); Pr ( 4 ); 3-tzba\u00a0=\u00a03-(1 H -tetrazol-5-yl)benzoate], were successfully synthesized through in situ [2\u00a0+\u00a03] cycloaddition reaction under hydrothermal conditions. Compounds 1 \u2013 4 are isomorphous 3D coordination frameworks with 1D anionic chains [Ln(3-tzba) 2 (H 2 O) 4 ] \u2212 linking the adjacent Cu(I) ions possessing an sql type net with Schlafli symbol (4 4 ). To our best knowledge, they are the first lanthanide-transition heterometal-organic coordination polymers obtained through in situ tetrazole synthesis. In addition, the thermal stability and magnetic property of 1 were also investigated.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 94451836, "title": "Syntheses, structure, and properties of a series of three-dimensional lanthanide-based hybrid frameworks", "abstract": "A novel family of lanthanide hybrid frameworks, {[Ln 2 (IDA) 3 ]\u00b7(H 2 O) 2 } n (Ln\u00a0=\u00a0Nd ( 1 ), Eu ( 2 ), Tb ( 3 ), Dy( 4 ); H 2 IDA\u00a0=\u00a0iminodiacetic acid), has been synthesized from the self-assembly of the lanthanide ions (Ln 3+ ) with iminodiacetic acid under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Structural analyses revealed 1 \u2013 4 have intricate frameworks with three-dimensional (3D) Ln\u2013O\u2013Ln inorganic connectivity, in which the IDA 2 - \u2212 ligands adopt the different \u03bc( 3 - and \u03bc( 4 - bridging forms. The 3D inorganic skeleton of the hybrid can be described as helices of corner-sharing LnN 1 O 8 polyhedra connected by edge-sharing dinuclear Ln 2 N 4 O 12 units, specified by the Schlafli symbol of 8\u00b7.8\u00b7.10 3 as a 8 2 \u00b7.10-a ( lig ) topology. The structures also show intersected lanthanide oxide ring channels occupied by guest water molecules, based on which the reversible de-/rehydration occurs. Photoluminescence measurements indicate 2 and 3 are red and green emitters, respectively, in the solid state at room temperature. Besides, the magnetic properties of 1 have been studied.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 96816869, "title": "Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of catena-poly[bis(carboxybenzenesulfonato)-bis(1,10-phenanthroline)lead(II)0.5(4,4\u2032-bipy)]", "abstract": "Abstract A new lead complex, {[Pb(4-sb)(phen)](4,4\u2032-bipy)0.5}n (1) (where 4-sb=4-sulfobenzoate dianion, phen=1,10-phenanthroline, 4,4\u2032-bipy=4,4\u2032-bipyridine), was synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray, infrared, and thermogravimetric analyses and fluorescence studies. In this compound, the lead atom is hexacoordinated by two N atoms of one phen ligand and four O atoms from three 4-sb dianions. Each 4-sb serves as a bridging ligand, connecting adjacent PbII atoms into a centrosymmetric polymeric chain. Intermolecular \u03c0-\u03c0 interactions and hydrogen bonds are observed in the complex, which stabilize the crystal packing and give rise to three-dimensional architecture.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 111281446, "title": "Analysis of the Impact of Concrete Compressive Strength Reduction in Joint Core Area on Super High-Rise Structures", "abstract": "t is focused on a super high-rise building structure, of which the concrete compressive strength is reduced in joint core. The whole structure is calculated with program SATWE. Based on this calculation, integral stress analysis by MIDAS when concrete strength is reduced in joint core area and nonlinear finite element analysis by ANSYS on the joints of the worst cross-sections in the whole structure are developed. Thus the adverse effect of reduced concrete strength in joint core area on super high-rise structures is found out."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 110611090, "title": "Influence and Analysis on the Bearing Capacity of Reinforced-Concrete-Frame Node in Beam and Plate's Constraint", "abstract": "According to the domestic and foreign various building codes and a kind of limit fitting formula, to calculate and analyze the compressive bearing capacity of sandwich reinforced concrete beam-column nodes in a high-rising frame structure engineering, and to compare with the results calculated by Midas. They shown those are the facts that cant be neglected, the compressive bearing capacity of the sandwich node core area concrete in beam and plates constraint would improve and the amplitude of improving would be great. But current Chinese building codes haven't included them in the formal design provisions, these ways have to be perfected. In the same time, beam and plate constraint would also have a certain effect to the shear bearing capacity. By contrast, the shear bearing capacity in considering beam and plate constraint would increase 12% to 24%, it would get to 91% of the limit fitting formula calculation value when the short side was sheared, and it is 92% when the long side was sheared. That shown it is quite perfect in considering the effect of the orthogonal beam-plate constraints in domestic seismic code.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 136879748, "title": "Soil pressure mini-sensor made of monocrystalline silicon and the measurement of its sensitivity coefficient", "abstract": "A calibration test was done in order to measure its sensitivity coefficient by an improved soil test derice. The experimental result shows that the soil pressure min-sensor made of the monocrystalline silicon (SPM-MS) is proved to be good linear, high precision and less discrete that can fetch precise data in low pressure range even near by O point, which guarantees the reliability of the soil pressure test in geotechnical engineering.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 114283492, "title": "Influence Analysis of the Character Parameters of the Pile and Soils' Interfaces to the Displacement of Foundation Pit", "abstract": "Using a finite element numerical software,PLAXIS,combined a pit of office building in Wuhan,to simulate the process of staged construction to excavation.The results and the local survey values are very identical,which prove that the calculated method is reliable.On this basis,to discuss and analyze the influence rules of the pile-soil interfaces' strength reduction factor and the virtual thickness factor to the horizontal displacement of retaining structure, the earth surface settlement and the pit-bottom rebound deformation.The research shows: with the increasing of the strength reduction factor,the deformation will all be decreasing gradually;while with the increasing of the interface virtual thickness factor,the deformation will all be increasing gradually.By comparison,the influence to the displacement of retaining structure is the most obvious,the influence to the deformation of pit bottom is the least,and the influence of the strength reduction factor to the displacement of deep foundation pit are more obvious than the influence of the interface thickness factor.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 108777091, "title": "Analysis on Axial Compression Bearing Capacity of Steel Reinforced Concrete Sandwich Node", "abstract": "According to the limit values of axial compression ratio of steel reinforced concrete given by technical specification for steel reinforced concrete composite structure (JGJ138-2001), the axial force of steel reinforced concrete sandwich nodes calculated by MIDAS and the axial bearing capacity calculated by limit values of axial compression ratio are compared with an actual project. The results show that steel concrete columns with designed strength of C60, the strength more than of column concrete strength higher than C50 is the least requirement as to meet the axial compression ratio. The result provides a theoretical basis for the future of safety work and the sandwich joint construction.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 109645461, "title": "Green Construction Application in Project of Xi\u2019an", "abstract": "Implementation of green construction is a concrete manifestation of the concept of sustainable development in the construction phase. The key measures for green construction technology are energy saving, material saving, water saving and land saving during construction,as well as protecting environment and guaranteeing professional health. The comprehensive technologies for green construction in staff housing project of Xi'an Railway Bureau are introduced, as well as management measures, the measure of protecting the environment and resource conservation measures are described in detail. These measures may have some reference on promotion of green construction.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 110749550, "title": "Study on Mechanical Performance of the End-Plate Connection Joint between H-Section Beam and Closed Specially-Shaped Column", "abstract": "This paper brings forward a new kind of specially-shaped column and its end-plate connection joint with H-section beam. The static loading and cyclic loading simulation tests of the joint are carried out using the finite element software. Under static load, the moment-rotation curves with different parameters are obtained, and then the effects of those parameters on the initial stiffness and the ultimate moment and the stress distribution of key positions of the joint are discussed; under cyclic load, the moment-rotation hysteretic curves are obtained and mechanical behaviors of the basic test specimen are comprehensively analyzed. The results indicate that the joint possesses not only reasonably high initial stiffness and ultimate capacity, but also excellent ductility and energy-dissipation capacity.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 111201546, "title": "The Analysis of the Characteristics and the Research Status of the Recycled Concrete", "abstract": "Every year our country will produce large amounts of waste concrete, bring negative effect to the ecological environment. How to realize the recycling of waste concrete utilization has great significance for the sustainable development of ecology, environmental protection and social. This paper introduces the characteristics of recycled concrete and domestic experts and scholars research on it, and put forward prospect of the future of recycled concrete.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 110441261, "title": "Research on the Characteristics and Status of Recycled Concrete Filled Steel Tube", "abstract": "Utilization of waste concrete has a great significance for environmental protection; concrete filled steel tube is a way of utilization of waste concrete. At the same time, the recycled concrete on the center tube has a \"hoop\" function, can compensate for the deviation of mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete. This paper introduces the characteristics of steel recycled concrete, and introduces the research status of domestic experts and scholars on it, based on the above; the future application of the recycled concrete in steel pipe is presented.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 26133, "title": "Virtual Surgery Deformable Modelling Employing GPU Based Computation", "abstract": "To achieve the real-time requirement of realistic deformable modelling, it is necessary to use the acceleration techniques such as GPU computing for FEM and employ the feasible hybrid structures in a virtual surgery simulation system. In this paper, we present a linear or nonlinear deformable model of soft tissue. In addition to the efficient meshing and basic finite element method, the high computation rate is achieved through two novel methods. Firstly, the major calculation work in the conjugate gradient solver for deformation is moved from the CPU to GPU in order to promote the calculation. Secondly, we apply the hybrid structures of deformable models, by fully calculating the volumetric deformation in the local operation part while only calculating the global deformation by medial representation method. Experiments have been given to show the feasibility and efficiency of the model.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 136000035, "title": "Effect of strain rate on interfacial fracture behaviors of Sn-58Bi/Cu solder joints", "abstract": "The interfacial reactions and mechanical properties of Sn-58Bi/Cu solder joints reflowed at different temperatures ranging from 180 to 220\u00a0\u00b0C for constant time of 10\u00a0min were investigated with various strain rates. Only a continuous Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compound (IMC) layer was formed at the interface between the Sn-58Bi solder and the Cu substrate during reflow. The equivalent thickness of the Cu6Sn5 layer increased with increasing reflow temperature, and the relationship between Cu6Sn5 layer equivalent thickness (X) and reflow temperature (T) is obtained by using method of linear regression and presented as $$ X = 0.01 \\times T + 0.187 $$X=0.01\u00d7T+0.187. For the tensile property, the tensile strength of solder joint gradually decreased as the reflow temperature it increased, whereas it increased with increasing strain rate. Moreover, the fracture behavior of Sn-58Bi/Cu solder joint indicated the ductile fracture with low strain rate (5\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u22124 and 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u22123\u00a0s\u22121), while toward brittle fracture with high strain rate (2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u22123 and 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u22122\u00a0s\u22121). The strain rate sensitivities of the solder joints fractured with various modes were also investigated, and it is found that the tensile strength of the solder is more sensitive to the strain rate than that of the IMC layer.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 96668896, "title": "Subtyping of type A influenza by sequencing the variable regions of HA gene specifically amplified with RT-PCR", "abstract": "The outbreak of a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus across the globe poses a threat to human health. It is of paramount importance to develop a rapid, reliable and inexpensive diagnostic procedure. Based on the bioinformatic information from public database, primers specific for influenza A virus surface protein haemagglutinin (HA) of several subtypes (including H1, H2, H3, H5, H7 and H9) were designed. Primer-specific PCR products were subjected to sequencing for accurately distinguishing H1 and H3 subtypes from others. This sequencing-based detection method will not only be applied to rapid detection and simultaneous subtype identification of new influenza A virus H1N1, but also provide the strategies to monitor other new types of influenza virus with explosive potential."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 17462762, "title": "Variants in the Regulatory Region of WNT5A Reduced Risk of Cardiac Conotruncal Malformations in the Chinese Population", "abstract": "WNT5A is one of the most highly investigated non-canonical Wnt ligands and is involved in the embryonic heart development, especially in formation of the cardiac conotruncal region by regulating the migration and differentiation of cardiac neural crest (CNC) and second heart field (SHF) cells. No study to date has comprehensively characterized the WNT5A regulatory variants in patients with congenital heart malformations (CHMs). The association between regulatory variants of the WNT5A gene and CHMs was examined in case-control association study in 1,210 CHMs and 798 controls. Individuals carrying a homozygous genotype CC (rs524153) or GG (rs504849) had a similarly reduced risk of conotruncal malformations. The homozygous genotypes (CC for rs524153 and GG for rs504849) were associated with a lower WNT5A transcriptional level compared with the transcriptional level of those with wild-type genotypes. Further functional analysis revealed that an additional upstream single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs371954924 (\u20135244GCCA\u2009>\u2009CC) in a linkage disequilibrium (LD) block with the above genotyped SNPs decreased WNT5A expression through the attenuated binding affinity with the transcription factor SOX9. This is the first demonstration that genetic variants in the regulatory regions of WNT5A play a vital role in sporadic conotruncal malformations susceptibility through the changeable expression of the WNT5A gene.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 1147306, "title": "SHANK1 and autism spectrum disorders", "abstract": "Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heterogeneous pediatric developmental disorders with estimated heritability more than 70%. Although the genetic factors in ASD are mainly unknown, a large number of gene mutations have been found, especially in genes involved in neurogenesis. The Neurexin-Neuroligin-Shank (NRXN-NLGN-SHANK) pathway plays a key role in the formation, maturation and maintenance of synapses, consistent with the hypothesis of neurodevelopmental abnormality in ASD. Presynaptic NRXNs interact with postsynaptic NLGNs in excitatory glutamatergic synapses. SHANK proteins function as core components of the postsynaptic density (PSD) by interacting with multiple proteins. Recently, deletions and point mutations of the SHANK1 gene have been detected in ASD individuals, indicating the involvement of SHANK1 in ASD. This review focuses on the function of SHANK1 protein, Shank1 mouse models, and the molecular genetics of the SHANK1 gene in human ASD.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 46637689, "title": "The genetic variation of CCR5, CXCR4 and SDF-1 in three Chinese ethnic populations.", "abstract": "The chemokine receptors and ligand CCR5, CXCR4 and SDF-1 play important roles in the entry of HIV-1 into host cells. Genetic polymorphisms such as CCR5-\u039432 and SDF-1 3'A have been reported to be associated with HIV-1 susceptibility and the progression of AIDS. Considering the remarkable difference in CCR5-\u039432 allele frequency among worldwide populations, we aimed to survey the genetic variations in CCR5, CXCR4 and SDF-1 in different Chinese populations. The open reading frames and regulatory regions of CCR5, CXCR4 and SDF-1 were sequenced in 141 Chinese individuals from three ethnic groups: Han, Mongol and Uyghur. Ninety-six variants were identified, 41 of which were newly identified (NI) in Chinese populations. A novel non-synonymous variant c.459 C>T (Trp153Cys) within CCR5 was identified in one Han individual. Of NI variants, 11 were common polymorphisms with a minor allele frequency (MAF) >5%. The polymorphism CCR5-\u039432 was found in three Uyghur individuals but was absent in Han and Mongol groups. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis of CCR5 and SDF-1 and frequency of CCR5 haplotypes showed considerable divergence among three ethnic groups. Our results show the great genetic heterogeneity within CCR5, CXCR4 and SDF-1 in Chinese ethnic populations.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 803311, "title": "Identification of Functional Mutations in GATA4 in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease", "abstract": "Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most prevalent developmental anomalies and the leading cause of noninfectious morbidity and mortality in newborns. Despite its prevalence and clinical significance, the etiology of CHD remains largely unknown. GATA4 is a highly conserved transcription factor that regulates a variety of physiological processes and has been extensively studied, particularly on its role in heart development. With the combination of TBX5 and MEF2C, GATA4 can reprogram postnatal fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes directly. In the past decade, a variety of GATA4 mutations were identified and these findings originally came from familial CHD pedigree studies. Given that familial and sporadic CHD cases allegedly share a basic genetic basis, we explore the GATA4 mutations in different types of CHD. In this study, via direct sequencing of the GATA4 coding region and exon-intron boundaries in 384 sporadic Chinese CHD patients, we identified 12 heterozygous non-synonymous mutations, among which 8 mutations were only found in CHD patients when compared with 957 controls. Six of these non-synonymous mutations have not been previously reported. Subsequent functional analyses revealed that the transcriptional activity, subcellular localization and DNA binding affinity of some mutant GATA4 proteins were significantly altered. Our results expand the spectrum of GATA4 mutations linked to cardiac defects. Together with the newly reported mutations, approximately 110 non-synonymous mutations have currently been identified in GATA4. Our future analysis will explore why the evolutionarily conserved GATA4 appears to be hypermutable.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 137514226, "title": "Investigation on the Tribological Properties of POM Modified by Nano-PTFE", "abstract": "The tribological properties of polyoxymethylene (POM) modified by nano-polytetrafluorethylene (nano-PTFE) were investigated by a block-on-ring wear tester. For comparison, modified POM with micro-polytetrafluoroethylene (micro-PTFE) was also studied. The modified POM with a much lower concentration of nano-PTFE showed the similar tribological properties compared with POM modified by micro-PTFE. The friction coefficient decreased with the increase of nano-PTFE, while the wear rate showed the lowest value when the concentration of nano-PTFE was 2%. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs revealed that transfer films played an important role in the friction process. The transfer films decreased and stabilized the friction coefficient. Comparing to POM/2%nano-PTFE, when the concentration of nano-PTFE reached 4%, the mechanical properties decreased significantly, possibly due to poor dispersion of nano-PTFE.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 11888389, "title": "Development and Application of a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction for Avian Respiratory Agents", "abstract": "SUMMARY. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed and optimized to simultaneously detect 6 avian respiratory pathogens. Six sets of specific oligonucleotide primers for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) were used respectively in the test. With the use of agarose gel electrophoresis for detection of the PCR-amplified DNA products, the sensitivity of detection was between 10 pg for IBV, AIV, MG, and ILTV and 100 pg for NDV and MS after 35 cycles of PCR. Similar sensitivity of these primers was achieved with chickens experimentally infected with respiratory pathogens. In experimental infections, the multiplex PCR was able to detect all the infected chickens in each group at 1 and 2 wk postinfection as compared with serologic tests at 2 wk postinfection that confirmed the presence of specific antibodies. The multiplex PCR was also able to detect and differentiate coinfections with two or more pathogens. No specific DNA amplification for respiratory avian pathogens was observed among noninoculated birds kept separately as a negative control group.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 32015834, "title": "Construction of Human Immunoglobulin Combinatorial Library and Screening of Phage Antibodies to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen.", "abstract": "Human immunoglobulin combinatorial library was generated by using phage surface-display expression system, and phage antibodies (Fab fragments) to hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) were screened from it. The products by half-nested PCR using signal peptide sequences as primers were superior in quality and quantity to those by PCR with conserved sequences in the 5'-end variable regions as primers. After three round of selections by biopanning, the ratio of positive clone was 69%. The inhibition assay showed the phage antibodies to be specifically anti-HbsAg. The V(H) genes were derived from V(H) I and V(H) III, while V(L)s belonged to V(lambda) II and V(lambda) I as shown by DNA sequencing.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 10095020, "title": "The Immune Adaptor ADAP Regulates Reciprocal TGF-\u03b21-Integrin Crosstalk to Protect from Influenza Virus Infection", "abstract": "Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI, such as H5N1) infection causes severe cytokine storm and fatal respiratory immunopathogenesis in human and animal. Although TGF-\u03b21 and the integrin CD103 in CD8+ T cells play protective roles in H5N1 virus infection, it is not fully understood which key signaling proteins control the TGF-\u03b21-integrin crosstalk in CD8+ T cells to protect from H5N1 virus infection. This study showed that ADAP (Adhesion and Degranulation-promoting Adapter Protein) formed a complex with TRAF6 and TAK1 in CD8+ T cells, and activated SMAD3 to increase autocrine TGF-\u03b21 production. Further, TGF-\u03b21 induced CD103 expression via an ADAP-, TRAF6- and SMAD3-dependent manner. In response to influenza virus infection (i.e. H5N1 or H1N1), lung infiltrating ADAP-/- CD8+ T cells significantly reduced the expression levels of TGF-\u03b21, CD103 and VLA-1. ADAP-/- mice as well as Rag1-/- mice receiving ADAP-/- T cells enhanced mortality with significant higher levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in lungs. Together, we have demonstrated that ADAP regulates the positive feedback loop of TGF-\u03b21 production and TGF-\u03b21-induced CD103 expression in CD8+ T cells via the T\u03b2RI-TRAF6-TAK1-SMAD3 pathway and protects from influenza virus infection. It is critical to further explore whether the SNP polymorphisms located in human ADAP gene are associated with disease susceptibility in response to influenza virus infection.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 16496760, "title": "Design and Verification of Hybrid Dynamic Worm Detection System", "abstract": "This paper proposes a new design scheme for hybrid dynamic worm detection system. In the proposed scheme, the features of matching detection method based on protocol analysis, Bayesian detection method based on probability, and honeypot-based detection method are integrated for a relative complemented function to develop the advantages and avoid the disadvantages of each detection method. The designed hybrid dynamic worm detection system can be used for effective detection of abnormal data behavior of the hosts attacked by worms, and it also serves for dynamic real-time update of the rule base. Then a preliminary functional verification is performed on this system.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 24747310, "title": "Discovery of pentacyclic triterpenoids as potential entry inhibitors of influenza viruses.", "abstract": "Entry inhibitors are of particular importance in current efforts to develop a new generation of anti-influenza virus drugs. Here we report certain pentacyclic triterpenes exhibiting conserved structure features and with in vitro anti-influenza virus activity comparable to and even higher than that of oseltamivir. Mechanistic studies indicated that these lead triterpenoids bind tightly to the viral envelope hemagglutinin (HA), disrupting the interaction of HA with the sialic acid receptor and thus the attachment of viruses to host cells. Docking studies suggest that the binding pocket within HA for sialic acid receptor potentially acts as a targeting domain, and this is supported by structure-activity data, sialic acid competition studies, and broad anti-influenza spectrum as well as less induction of drug resistance. Our study might establish the importance of triterpenoids for development of entry inhibitors of influenza viruses.", "score": 0}]}, {"dataset": "aminer", "query": {"corpus_id": 97656086, "title": "Maximum equivalent efficiency and power output of a PEM fuel cell/refrigeration cycle hybrid system", "abstract": "Abstract With the help of the current models of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells and three-heat-source refrigeration cycles, the general model of a PEM fuel cell/refrigeration cycle hybrid system is originally established, so that the waste heat produced in the PEM fuel cell may be availably utilized. Based on the theory of electrochemistry and non-equilibrium thermodynamics, expressions for the efficiency and power output of the PEM fuel cell, the coefficient of performance and cooling rate of the refrigeration cycle, and the equivalent efficiency and power output of the hybrid system are derived. The curves of the equivalent efficiency and power output of the hybrid system varying with the electric current density and the equivalent power output versus efficiency curves are represented through numerical calculation. The general performance characteristics of the hybrid system are discussed. The optimal operation regions of some parameters in the hybrid system are determined. The advantages of the hybrid system are revealed."}, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 98557093, "title": "Performance characteristics of a two-stage irreversible combined refrigeration system at maximum coefficient of performance", "abstract": "A general cycle model of a two-stage combined refrigeration system is established and used for analizing the influence of multi-irreversibilities, such as finite rate heat transfer, heat leak between the heat reservoirs and internal dissipation of the working fluid, on the performance of the refrigeration system. The coefficient of performance is taken as an objective function for optimization. The maximum coefficient of performance is calculated, and other corresponding performance parameters, such as the temperatures of the working fluid in the isothermal processes, the optimal distribution of the heat transfer areas and the power input of the refrigeration system, are determined. The results obtained here are more general than those obtained from a two-stage endoreversible combined refrigeration system and can guide the optimal design and operation of real combined refrigerator systems.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 120695914, "title": "Performance characteristics of a regeneration Ericsson refrigeration cycle using a magnetic composite as the working substance", "abstract": "National Natural Science Foundation [51176160]; Ph.D. Program Foundation of Ministry of Education [20090121110026]; Postdoctoral Science Foundation, People's Republic of China [86388]", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 43762809, "title": "Thermodynamic Properties of a q-Boson Gas Trapped in an n-Dimensional Harmonic Potential", "abstract": "The thermodynamic properties of an ideal q-boson gas trapped in an n-dimensional harmonic potential are studied, based on the distribution function of q-bosons. The critical temperature Tc,q of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) and the heat capacity C of the system are derived analytically. It is shown that for the q-boson gas trapped in a harmonic potential, BEC may occur in any dimension when q \u2260 1, the critical temperature is always higher than that of an ordinary Bose gas (q = 1), and the heat capacity is continuous at Tc,q for a one-dimensional system but discontinuous at Tc,q for a two- or multi-dimensional system.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 108571268, "title": "The maximum work output of an electric battery in a given time", "abstract": "A new model of an electric battery is established, based on the simplest battery model and Denno's battery model with an internal dissipation. The model is used to investigate the fundamental problem of how to maximize the work output of an electric battery in a given time. The important relation of the voltage across the battery terminals varying with the discharging time is derived by using variational calculus. The maximum work output of the battery is calculated. The optimal matching condition of the load resistance is determined. The reasonable range of the discharging time is given. The other characteristics of the battery at the maximum work output are discussed further. The results obtained here have some theoretical applications not only for raising the utilization of the electric energy stored in batteries, but also for improving the performance of some electric circuits.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 111307879, "title": "Performance analysis and parametric optimal criteria of an irreversible magnetic Brayton-refrigerator", "abstract": "An irreversible magnetic Brayton refrigeration-cycle model is established, in which the thermal resistance and irreversibility in the two adiabatic processes are taken into account. Based on the model, the performance characteristics of the magnetic Brayton refrigeration-cycle are investigated and the effects of the irreversibilities and the ratio of the magnetic fields in the two iso-field processes on the performance of the refrigeration cycle are revealed. On the basis of the thermodynamic properties of a paramagnetic material, by using the optimal control-theory, the mathematical expressions for the cooling load and the coefficient of performance are derived and some important performance parameters, e.g., the temperatures of the working substance at several important state-points, are optimized. By means of numerical predictions, the optimal performance characteristic curves of the magnetic Brayton refrigeration-cycle are obtained and analyzed. Furthermore, some optimal operating-regions including those for the cooling load, coefficient of performance and the temperatures of the cyclic working substance at the two important state-points are determined and evaluated. Finally, several special cases are discussed in detail.", "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 41444403, "title": "Three-terminal quantum-dot refrigerators.", "abstract": "Based on two capacitively coupled quantum dots in the Coulomb-blockade regime, a model of three-terminal quantum-dot refrigerators is proposed. With the help of the master equation, the transport properties of steady-state charge current and energy flow between two quantum dots and thermal reservoirs are revealed. It is expounded that such a structure can be used to construct a refrigerator by controlling the voltage bias and temperature ratio. The thermodynamic performance characteristics of the refrigerator are analyzed, including the cooling power, coefficient of performance (COP), maximum cooling power, and maximum COP. Moreover, the optimal regions of main performance parameters are determined. The influence of dissipative tunnel processes on the optimal performance is discussed in detail. Finally, the performance characteristics of the refrigerators operated in two different cases are compared.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 58925591, "title": "A UNIFIED METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING THE DYNAMIC BOUNDARY STIFFNESS AND BOUNDARY FLEXIBILITY FOR ROD, BEAM AND CIRCULAR MEMBRANE STRUCTURES", "abstract": "In this paper, the dynamic boundary stiffness and boundary flexibility for rod, beam and circular membrane structures are analytically derived using the dual integral formulation. Two approaches, the real- and the imaginary-part kernels are employed to determine the dynamic boundary stiffness and boundary flexibility. The continuous system for a circular membrane can be transformed into a discrete system with a circulant matrix. Based on the properties of circulant, the analytical solution for dynamic boundary stiffness and dynamic boundary flexibility in the discrete system can be derived. The exact formulae for the dynamic boundary stiffness and boundary flexibility matrices of a rod, a beam and a circular membrane are obtained. Also, the calculation for the static flexibility using the pseudo-inverse technique is discussed.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 62088257, "title": "Building a Content-Based Event Brokering Service Using XML Repositories and Publish/Subscribe Communication Scheme", "abstract": "Event brokering service has demonstrated its usefulness in Internet. Constructing a scalable event brokering system which operates on Internet and provides accurate filtering mechanism is challenging. In this paper, we apply a publish/subscribe asynchronous communication model and XML technology to construct a content-based event brokering system with an XML Storage System. The system provides a good solution to event matching, notification, and transmission services on Internet. With the system, the information publishers can easily spread information via a convenient user interface without programming, and end users can subscribe events of interest and obtain accurate contents easily. We take advantages of the content-based publish/subscribe communication model and Push technology to construct the event brokering system. By using XML as the event messages format to encapsulate any types of the message contents as an XML object, we achieve the flexibility of content definition, self-contained data description, and high portability. In addition, our system uses the XML Document Storage (XDS) system as the message exchange center to provide effective management for persistent event messages.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 123524145, "title": "Computation of dynamic stiffness and flexibility for arbitrarily shaped two-dimensional membranes", "abstract": "In this paper, dynamic stiffness and flexibility for circular membranes are analytically derived using an efficient mixed-part dual boundary element method (BEM). We employ three approaches, the complex-valued BEM, the real-part and imaginary-part BEM, to determine the dynamic stiffness and flexibility. In the analytical formulation, the continuous system for a circular membrane is transformed into a discrete system with a circulant matrix. Based on the properties of the circulant, the analytical solutions for the dynamic stiffness and flexibility are derived. In deriving the stiffness and flexibility, the spurious resonance is cancelled out. Numerical aspects are discussed and emphasized. The problem of numerical instability due to division by zero is avoided by choosing additional constraints from the information of real and imaginary parts in the dual formulation. For the overdetermined system, the least squares method is considered to determine the dynamic stiffness and flexibility. A general purpose program has been developed to test several examples including circular and square cases.", "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 61255198, "title": "A Content-Based Event Brokering System Embedding Lively Contents in XML Objects using Publish/Subscribe Communication Scheme", "abstract": "When browsing on Internet, users often receive too much irrelevant information. Building an accurate and useful information filtering mechanism is a challenge work for many application designers. In this paper, we apply apublish/subscribe asynchronous communication model and XML technology to construct a content-based event brokering system with an XML Storage System. By using XML object as the event container to encapsulate any type of the message, we achieve the flexibility of content definition, self-contained data description, and high portability. With attachment XML object, the lively text/multimedia contents from related source applications can be embedded into target XML object. According to the imported relation rules, all the matching and useful messages in target XML objects will be sent to subscribers periodically. The system provides a good solution to event matching, notification, and transmission services on Internet. With the system, the information publishers can easily publish information via a convenient user interface without programming, and end users can subscribe events of interest and obtain accurate and lively contents easily. We take advantages of the content-based publish/subscribe communication model and Push technology to construct the event brokering system. In addition, our system uses the XML Document Storage (XDS) system as the message exchange center to provide effective management for persistent event messages. The XDS is a data management approach based on XML object, and it provides an XML-based protocol for clients to access its services including storing, updating, and searching XML documents.", "score": 0}]}] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/training/sample_data/search_small.jsonl b/training/sample_data/search_small.jsonl deleted file mode 100644 index f75e9d59c4606a12cb8ad3b7a5da3a4b85bcbaae..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/training/sample_data/search_small.jsonl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,100 +0,0 @@ -{"query": "Measuring utility by a single-response sequential method.", "session_id": 7278244041409283, "user_id": 6866635221095652, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 26653830, "title": "Measuring utility by a single response sequential method.", "abstract": "The purpose of this paper is to describe a sequential experiment that provides, at each stage in the sequence, an estimate of the utility to the subject of some amount of a commodity (e.g. money) and to present a few experimental results obtained with the method. The procedure is based upon the following well known 'expected utility hypothesis' For each person there exist numerical constants, called utilities, associated with the various possible outcomes of his actions, given the external events not under his control. If, for a given subject, we could know the values of these constants and the 'personal' probabilities he assigns to the various external events we could, according to this model, predict his choice from among any available set of actions. He will choose an action with the highest expected utility; i.e. with the highest average of utilities of outcomes, weighted by the probabilities he assigns to the corresponding events. He will be indifferent between any two actions with equal expected utilities. Note that (by the nature of weighted averages) the comparison between expected utilities does not depend on which two particular outcomes are regarded as having zero utility and unit utility.", "venue": "Behavioral science", "year": 1964.0, "author_names": ["G M Becker", "Morris H Degroot", "Jacob Marschak"], "n_citations": 2365, "n_key_citations": 131, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 230625269, "title": "Studies on the public health importance of infestation of Ostracoda Vargula tsujii (Myodocopa: Cypridinidae) in some marine food fishes off Pamban, Southeast coast of India A case study", "abstract": "The present study was the first attempt to investigate the public health importance of infestation of Ostracoda in some marine food fishes in southeast region of Tamil Nadu India during June 2019 to May 2020 by the method of Becker's measuring utility by a single response sequential method. Total 540 fishermen belonging to 5 villages from Ramand District were interviewed to understand the public health issues related the infestation of Ostracoda V. tsujii in ten major marine food fishes i.e. Parupeneus indicus, Lutjanus fulviflamma, Priacanthus hamrur (Snapper) Carangoides gymnostethus, Carangoides malabaricus, Carangoides ferdau (Carangids) Cephalopholis sonnerati, Epinephelus coioides (grouper) Lethrinus ornatus and Plectorhinchus gibbosus (sea bream) Fishermen, local whole sale buyers, small fishstall owners and fish consumers were part of respondents. It was observed that there was no difference at statistically significant level (P 0.05) between infested and healthy fish samples in terms of nutritional profile like protein, fat, ash, carbohydrates and mineral nutrients level. Based on the feedback and information obtained from respondents in the present study found that no incidence of health issues or risk associated with food fishes infested with Ostracoda Vargula tsujii (local name Arattlai) or any other true parasites.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": [""], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 145623987, "title": "The effects of endowment on the demand for probabilistic information", "abstract": "Research shows that individuals are ambiguity averse: they choose unambiguous over equivalent ambiguous prospects and price them higher (either as buyers or sellers) Moreover, it is often assumed that ambiguity averse individuals are willing to pay an ambiguity premium for information that reduces ambiguity [Camerer, C. F. Weber, M. (1992) Recent developments in modeling preferences: Uncertainty and ambiguity. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4) 325 370] However, when people are asked to exchange an ambiguous alternative in their possession for an equivalent unambiguous one, they prefer to retain the former [Roca, M. Hogarth, R. M. Maule, A. J. (2006) Ambiguity seeking as a result of the status quo bias. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 32(3) 175 194] We present three experiments investigating the economic effects of endowment on attitudes towards ambiguity and the ambiguity premium. The experiments, based on a [Becker, G. DeGroot, M. Marschak, J. (1964) Measuring utility by a single response sequential method. Science, 9, 3] procedure, show that the value attributed to ambiguity reducing information is substantially affected by the status quo of the individual.", "venue": "", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Merce Roca", "A John Maule"], "n_citations": 7, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 197604874, "title": "Experiments in Environmental Economics", "abstract": "Volume I: Motives and methods Microeconomic systems as an experimental science, Vernon L. Smith (1982) Will economics become an experimental science? Charles R. Plott (1991) Economics and ecology A comparison of experimental methodologies and philosophies, Jason F. Shogren and Clifford Nowell (1992) Let's keep the con out of experimental econ A methodological note, Alvin E. Roth (1994) Progress in behavioral game theory, Colin F. Camerer (1997) Environmental risk: Measuring Utility by a Single Response Sequential Method, Gordon M. Becker, Morris H. DeGroot and Jacob Marschak (1964) Economic theory of choice and the preference reversal phenomenon, David M. Grether and Charles R. Plott (1979) Prospect theory An analysis of decision under risk, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (1979) The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice, Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman (1981) Do biases in probability judgment matter in markets? Colin F. Camerer (1987) Experimental Evidence: Risk, ambiguity, and insurance, Robin M. Hogarth and Howard Kunreuther (1989) The impact of self protection and self insurance on individual response to risk, Jason F. Shogren (1990) The endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias, Daniel Kahneman, Jack L. Knetsch and Richard H. Thaler (1991) Insurance for low probability hazards A bimodal response to unlikely events, Gary H. McClelland, William D. Schulze and Don L. Coursey (1993) Investigating generalizations of expected utility theory using experimental data, John D. Hey and Chris Orme (1994) Environmental conflict: An empirical approach to the prisoners' dilemma game, Lester B. Lave (1962) Probabilistic destruction of common pool resources: Experimental evidence, James M. Walker and Roy Gardner (1992) Communication in coordination games, Russell Cooper, Douglas V. DeJong, Robert Forsythe and Thomas W. Ross (1992) An experimental study of the centipede game, Richard D. McKelvey and Thomas R. Palfrey (1992) Repeated play, cooperation and coordination: An experimental study, Thomas R. Palfrey and Howard Rosenthal (1994) The role of communication in resolving commons dilemmas Experimental evidence with heterogeneous appropriators, Steven Hackett, Edella Schlager and James Walker (1994) Mitigating the tragedy of the commons through cooperation An experimental evaluation, Charles F. Mason and Owen R. Phillips (1997) Endogenous timing in a gaming tournament, Kyung Hwan Baik, Todd L. Cherry, Stephan Kroll and Jason F. Shogren (1999) Volume II: Environmental cooperation: The coase theorem Some experimental tests, Elizabeth Hoffman and Matthew L. Spitzer (1982) Experimental evaluation of the coase theorem, Glenn W. Harrison and Michael McKee (1985) Coasian solutions to the externality problem in experimental markets, Glenn W. Harrison, Elizabeth Hoffman, E.E. Rutstrom and Matthew L. Spitzer (1987)", "venue": "", "year": 1999.0, "author_names": ["Jason F Shogren", "Terrence M Hurley"], "n_citations": 16, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 105932450, "title": "Sequential chemical separations and multiple ion counting ICP MS for 241Pu 241Am 237Np dating of environmental collections on a single aliquot", "abstract": "We have developed a combined sequential chemical separation procedure and multiple ion counting ICP MS measurement method for isotopic measurements of Am in environmental samples. This, in conjunction with established resin bead TIMS measurements for Pu and Np, allows us to measure long lived Pu Np Am nuclides in environmental samples on a single solution aliquot. This single aliquot method reduces time lines and maximizes sample utility for the measurements, improving sensitivity, precision, and accuracy over prior methods. We have evaluated this new method with environmental reference materials and have obtained accurate results on samples with 3E6 atoms 241Am.", "venue": "Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Steven J Goldstein", "Kimberly Ann Hinrichs", "Andrew J Nunn", "Daniel Wade Gurganus", "Ronald S Amato", "Warren J Oldham"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 204886661, "title": "Sequential pattern sampling with norm based utility", "abstract": "Sequential pattern mining has been introduced by Agrawal and Srikant (in: Proceedings of ICDE'95, pp 3 14, 1995) 2 decades ago, and its usefulness has been widely proved for different mining tasks and application fields such as web usage mining, text mining, bioinformatics, fraud detection and so on. Since 1995, despite numerous optimization proposals, sequential pattern mining remains a costly task that often generates too many patterns. This limit, also reached by itemset mining, was circumvented by pattern sampling. Pattern sampling is a non exhaustive method for instantly discovering relevant patterns that ensures a good interactivity while providing strong statistical guarantees due to its random nature. Curiously, such an approach investigated for different kinds of patterns including itemsets and subgraphs has not yet been applied to sequential patterns. In this paper, we propose the first method dedicated to sequential pattern sampling. In addition to address sequential data, the originality of our approach is to introduce a class of interestingness measures relying on the norm of the sequence, named norm based utilities In particular, it enables to add constraints on the norm of sampled patterns to control the length of the drawn patterns and to avoid the pitfall of the \"long tail\" where the rarest patterns flood the user. We propose a new two step random procedure integrating this class of measures, named \\textsc {NUSSampling} NUSS A M P L I N G that randomly draws sequential patterns according to frequency weighted by a norm based utility. We demonstrate that this method performs an exact sampling according to the underlying measure. Moreover, despite the use of rejection sampling, the experimental study shows that \\textsc {NUSSampling} NUSS A M P L I N G remains efficient. We especially focus on the interest of norm constraints and exponential decays that help to draw general patterns of the \"head\" We also illustrate how to benefit from these sampled patterns to instantly build an associative classifier dedicated to sequences. This classification approach rivals state of the art proposals showing the interest of sequential pattern sampling with norm based utility.", "venue": "Knowledge and Information Systems", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Lamine Diop", "Cheikh Talibouya Diop", "Arnaud Giacometti", "Dominique H Li", "Arnaud Soulet"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 208226882, "title": "Prescription drug monitoring program use and utility by Washington State pharmacists: A mixed methods study.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVES To explore factors and situations that influence pharmacists to use the prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) and to characterize actions taken by pharmacists after alarming scenarios from a PDMP query. DESIGN Explanatory sequential 2 phase mixed methods design: (1) cross sectional Web based survey of Washington State pharmacists followed by (2) interviews with purposefully selected respondents to explore statistically significant quantitative findings. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The study was conducted in Washington State from September 2018 to February 2019. A total of 967 Washington State pharmacists from various practice settings, including inpatient and outpatient pharmacies, participated. Ten outpatient pharmacists were interviewed in the second phase. OUTCOME MEASURES The pharmacists reported the frequency of PDMP use, opinion on the usefulness of PDMP, and action(s) taken after a concerning PDMP report. RESULTS The usable response rate for pharmacists with a PDMP account was 17.6% (818/4659) and usable response rate for all pharmacists was 10.4% (967/9263) PDMP use varied by race, practice setting, and employer policy on PDMP use. Among the 818 PDMP users, 396 (48% used the database at least once during a shift. Frequent PDMP users were more likely to recommend naloxone compared with less frequent users (adjusted odds ratio 1.70 [95% CI 1.09 2.65] P 0.02) The following 3 interview themes were identified: time, company policy, and red flags. CONCLUSION PDMP has value to pharmacists of all practice settings studied. Frequent PDMP use may facilitate more pharmacist interventions, such as a naloxone prescription.", "venue": "Journal of the American Pharmacists Association JAPhA", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Ryan G Pett", "Lloyd A Mancl", "Debra Revere", "Andy S Stergachis"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 149115376, "title": "The Utility of Different Measures in Adolescence to Assess Emotional Flow Patterns in Single and Mixed High and Low Arousal Emotion Experiences", "abstract": "This research investigated the utility of different measures in adolescence to assess emotional flow patterns in single and mixed high and low arousal emotion experiences. Seventy adolescents (30 males, 40 females) aged between 12 years, 5 months 18 years, 8 months (M 15 years, 11 months) participated in this research. Participants were allocated by age (younger, n=35, 12 years, 5 months 16 years, 9 months and older, n=35, 16 years, 9 months 18 years, 8 months) into two conditions. There were 34 participants in the first condition: happiness and sadness and 36 participants in the second condition: relaxed and tired. They read a vignette about a protagonist eliciting the condition emotions, then completing a 5 point Likert rating scale, questionnaire and the AES task. Chi Square analysis showed significant results within the questionnaire measure, with older participants reporting more single emotions responses, younger participants identifying AES pattern unknown and only females identifying highly simultaneous patterns of mixed emotions. Chi Square MeNemar found a significant difference between the questionnaire and AES responses in the highly simultaneous mixed emotion patterns. Findings revealed that the questionnaire produced more mixed emotion experience patterns. With some observable differences in the AES responses that were not significant, there is a suggestion in the suitable utility of the AES within the adolescent population. It is suggested that future research investigates adolescents own emotions not just the emotions of a protagonist as well as using an interview measure rather than a questionnaire measure. Emotion understanding and experiencing has been extensively investigated in the last 40 years to understand if conflicting emotions can be experienced simultaneously or sequentially (Bender, Somhovd, Pons, Reinholdt Dunne Esbjorn, 2015; Williams Aaker, 2002) On a daily basis, people find themselves in situations that elicit two different emotions (Watson Tellegen, 1985) with an example being happiness of seeing a sister who lives far away, but also sadness that it is not possible to see her often. With emotions often lacking stability and changing from time to time (Diener Larsen, 1984) it is essential to continue to understand mixed emotion experiences, with the aim to help individuals manage within society and live a fulfilled life. Research investigating children's understanding of emotions has found that emotion understanding is related to the quality of psychological well being, social relationships with peers, adults, and children's ability to resolve cognitive problems alone or in a group (Bender et al. 2015) Mixed emotion research has investigated the understanding in children and adults, but there is a gap in research regarding adolescents and their understanding of emotions in themselves and other people.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["A Student"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 230802633, "title": "An international mixed methods study to develop a new preference based measure for women with breast cancer: the BREAST Q Utility module", "abstract": "Background Generic preference based measures (PBM) though commonly used, may not be optimal for use in economic evaluations of breast cancer interventions. No breast cancer specific PBM currently exists, and the generic PBMs fail to capture the unique concerns of women with breast cancer (e.g. body image, appearance, treatment specific adverse effects) Hence, the objective of this study was to develop a breast cancer specific PBM, the BREAST Q Utility module. Methods Women diagnosed with breast cancer (stage 0 4, any treatment) were recruited from two tertiary hospitals in Canada and one in the US. The study followed an exploratory sequential mixed methods approach, whereby semi structured interviews were conducted and at the end of the interview, participants were asked to list their top five health related quality of life (HRQOL) concerns and to rate the importance of each item on the BREAST Q. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded. Constant comparison was used to refine the codes and develop a conceptual framework. Qualitative and quantitative data were triangulated to develop the content of the Utility module that was refined through 2 rounds of cognitive debriefing interviews with women diagnosed with breast cancer and feedback from experts. Results Interviews were conducted with 57 women aged 55 10 years. A conceptual framework was developed from 3948 unique codes specific to breasts, arms, abdomen, and cancer experience. Five top level domains were HRQOL (i.e. physical, psychological, social, and sexual well being) and appearance. Data from the interviews, top 5 HRQOL concerns, and BREAST Q item ratings were used to inform dimensions for inclusion in the Utility module. Feedback from women with breast cancer (N 9) and a multidisciplinary group of experts (N 27) was used to refine the module. The field test version of the HSCS consists of 10 unique dimensions. Each dimension is measured with 1 or 2 candidate items that have 4 5 response levels each. Conclusion The field test version of the BREAST Q Utility module was derived from extensive patient and expert input. This comprehensive approach ensured that the content of the Utility module is relevant, comprehensive, and includes concerns that matter the most to women with breast cancer.", "venue": "BMC Women's Health", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Manraj N Kaur", "Anne F Klassen", "Feng Xie", "Louise J Bordeleau", "Toni Zhong", "Stefan Cano", "Elena Tsangaris", "Trisia Breitkopf", "Ayse Kuspinar", "Andrea L Pusic"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 80151046, "title": "S33 The utility of feno in the differential diagnosis of chronic cough: the response to anti inflammatory therapy with prednisolone and montelukast", "abstract": "Objectives In this study we explored the effectiveness of treatment with montelukast 10 mg as compared with prednisolone in chronic cough patients with an associated elevated FeNO (The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide in breath) a marker of eosinophilic inflammation. Methods 50 non asthmatic patients with chronic cough were recruited sequentially from a specialist cough clinic. 30 patients with high FeNO =30 ppb) were randomised to either two weeks prednisolone 20 mg or two weeks montelukast 10 mg followed by montelukast 10 mg for the subsequent two weeks in both arms. A control group of 20 patients with low FeNO =20 ppb) were enrolled who received four weeks montelukast. 24 hours cough counting at baseline after 2 and 4 weeks treatment was the primary endpoint. Subjective measures of cough, the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) and Hull Airways Reflux Questionnaire (HARQ) were also administered. Results At baseline the average FeNO value in both high FeNO treatment groups was similar (around 60+ 30 ppb) At the end of the study there was a significant fall in FeNO of approximately 30% in both high FeNO treatment groups (p 0.005) In the low FeNO group there was no significant change during the study (12+ 5 ppb) Therapy reduced the number of coughs in 24 hours by approximately 50% in both low and high FeNO groups (p<0.005) HARQ and LCQ scores also improved significantly (p<0.005) in all treatment groups. Conclusions The hypothesis that FeNO could be used as a marker of eosinophilic inflammation in chronic cough was supported by our observation at baseline in the high FeNO group of eosinophilia in both blood and sputum. However, baseline FeNO did not predict overall treatment response. Perhaps the most surprising aspect of our study is the dramatic response in the low FeNO group to montelukast. The fact that montelukast appears to be equally effective in the low FeNO group suggest the either the current markers of eosinophilic lung disease are insufficiently sensitive to pick up low levels of leukotriene activation in the low FeNO group, or that montelukast has its antitussive activity by an alternative mechanism. Abstarct S33 Figure 1 Measurements of FeNO, 24hr cough count, HARQ and LCQ in three treatment groups in three visits. Horizontal bars represent mean and SEM value.", "venue": "Thorax", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Mahboobeh Haji Sadeghi", "Caroline E Wright", "Simon Paul Hart", "Michael G Crooks", "A H Morice"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "bumble bee homeotic shift", "session_id": 4298991950181362, "user_id": 2656413637352104, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 143423547, "title": "A homeotic shift late in development drives mimetic color variation in a bumble bee", "abstract": "Significance Mimicry among bumble bees has driven them to diversify and converge in their color patterns, making them a replicate rich system for connecting genes to traits. Here, we discover that mimetic color variation in a bumble bee is driven by changes in Hox gene expression. Hox genes are master regulators of numerous segment specific morphologies and thus are some of the most conserved developmental genes across animals. In these bees, the posterior Hox gene Abd B is upregulated in a more anterior location to impart phenotypic change. This homeotic shift happens late in development, when nonspecific effects are minimized, thus availing these genes for color pattern diversification. Similar mimetic color patterns were inferred to use different mutations, suggesting diverse routes to mimicry. Natural phenotypic radiations, with their high diversity and convergence, are well suited for informing how genomic changes translate to natural phenotypic variation. New genomic tools enable discovery in such traditionally nonmodel systems. Here, we characterize the genomic basis of color pattern variation in bumble bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus) a group that has undergone extensive convergence of setal color patterns as a result of Mullerian mimicry. In western North America, multiple species converge on local mimicry patterns through parallel shifts of midabdominal segments from red to black. Using genome wide association, we establish that a cis regulatory locus between the abdominal fate determining Hox genes, abd A and Abd B, controls the red black color switch in a western species, Bombus melanopygus. Gene expression analysis reveals distinct shifts in Abd B aligned with the duration of setal pigmentation at the pupal adult transition. This results in atypical anterior Abd B expression, a late developmental homeotic shift. Changing expression of Hox genes can have widespread effects, given their important role across segmental phenotypes; however, the late timing reduces this pleiotropy, making Hox genes suitable targets. Analysis of this locus across mimics and relatives reveals that other species follow independent genetic routes to obtain the same phenotypes.", "venue": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Li Tian", "Sarthok Rasique Rahman", "Briana D Ezray", "Luca Franzini", "James P Strange", "Patrick Lhomme", "Heather M Hines"], "n_citations": 24, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 182107603, "title": "Faculty Opinions recommendation of A homeotic shift late in development drives mimetic color variation in a bumble bee.", "abstract": "", "venue": "Faculty Opinions Post Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Stacey D Smith"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 202024363, "title": "Faculty Opinions recommendation of A homeotic shift late in development drives mimetic color variation in a bumble bee.", "abstract": "", "venue": "Faculty Opinions Post Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Xin Zhou", "Shiqi Luo"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 207809077, "title": "Historical changes in bumble bee body size and range shift of declining species", "abstract": "Bumble bees are declining worldwide, their vital ecosystem services are diminishing and underlying mechanisms are species specific and multifaceted. This has sparked an increase in long term assessments of historical collections that provide valuable information about population trends and shifts in distributions. However, museums specimens also contain important ecological information, including rarely measured morphological traits. Trait based assessments of museums specimens provide additional information on underlying mechanisms of population trends, by tracking changes over time. Here, we used museum specimens of four Bombus species, spanning a timeframe of 125 years to: (i) compare body size of declining and increasing species, (ii) assess intra specific trends over the last century, and (iii) investigate shifts in geographical distribution over time. We found that declining Bombus species were larger than increasing ones. All four species were smaller in current time than a century ago. Intra specific size declines were more pronounced for larger bodied species. With our sampling, declining and increasing species showed an upward shift in elevation, and declining species showed an additional geographic shift in recent times as compared to historic records. Intra specific body size declines may represent species adaptation to unfavorable environmental conditions, and may be a useful metric to complement traditional species vulnerability assessments. We highlight the utility of incorporating trait based assessments into future studies investigating species declines.", "venue": "Biodiversity and Conservation", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Sabine S Nooten", "Sandra M Rehan"], "n_citations": 15, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 214723704, "title": "Shift in worker physiology and gene expression pattern from reproductive to diapause like with colony age in the bumble bee Bombus impatiens", "abstract": "Insects maximize their fitness by exhibiting predictable and adaptive seasonal patterns in response to changing environmental conditions. These seasonal patterns are often expressed even when insects are kept in captivity, suggesting they are functionally and evolutionary important. In this study we examined whether workers of the eusocial bumble bee Bombus impatiens maintained a seasonal signature when kept in captivity. We used an integrative approach and compared worker egg laying, ovarian activation, body size and mass, lipid content in the fat body, cold tolerance and expression of genes related to cold tolerance, metabolism, and stress throughout colony development. We found that bumble bee worker physiology and gene expression patterns shift from reproductive like to diapause like as the colony ages. Workers eclosing early in the colony cycle had increased egg laying and ovarian activation, and reduced cold tolerance, body size, mass, and lipid content in the fat body, in line with a reproductive like profile, while late eclosing workers exhibited the opposite characteristics. Furthermore, expression patterns of genes associated with reproduction and diapause differed between early and late eclosing workers, partially following the physiological patterns. We suggest that a seasonal signature, innate to individual workers, the queen or the colony is used by workers as a social cue determining the phenology of the colony and discuss possible implications for understanding reproductive division of labor in bumble bee colonies and the evolutionary divergence of female castes in the genus Bombus.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Erin D Treanore", "Jacklyn M Kiner", "Mackenzie E Kerner", "Etya Amsalem"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 214629705, "title": "Shift in worker physiology and gene expression pattern from reproductive to diapause like with colony age in the bumble bee Bombus impatiens", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Insects maximize their fitness by exhibiting predictable and adaptive seasonal patterns in response to changing environmental conditions. These seasonal patterns are often expressed even when insects are kept in captivity, suggesting they are functionally and evolutionarily important. In this study, we examined whether workers of the eusocial bumble bee Bombus impatiens maintained a seasonal signature when kept in captivity. We used an integrative approach and compared worker egg laying, ovarian activation, body size and mass, lipid content in the fat body, cold tolerance and expression of genes related to cold tolerance, metabolism and stress throughout colony development. We found that bumble bee worker physiology and gene expression patterns shift from reproductive like to diapause like as the colony ages. Workers eclosing early in the colony cycle had increased egg laying and ovarian activation, and reduced cold tolerance, body size, mass and lipid content in the fat body, in line with a reproductive like profile, while late eclosing workers exhibited the opposite characteristics. Furthermore, expression patterns of genes associated with reproduction and diapause differed between early and late eclosing workers, partially following the physiological patterns. We suggest that a seasonal signature, innate to individual workers, the queen or the colony, is used by workers as a social cue determining the phenology of the colony and discuss possible implications for understanding reproductive division of labor in bumble bee colonies and the evolutionary divergence of female castes in the genus Bombus. Summary: Bumblebee workers exhibit a physiological signature (innate to workers, queen or the colony) corresponding to colony age with a shift towards a diapause like profile in late eclosing workers.", "venue": "Journal of Experimental Biology", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Erin D Treanore", "Jacklyn M Kiner", "Mackenzie E Kerner", "Etya Amsalem"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 202866919, "title": "Bumble bee parasite prevalence but not genetic diversity impacted by the invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera", "abstract": "While many bee species are experiencing population declines, some host plant generalist bees remain common in Europe, partly because they seem able to shift to new resources. However, foraging on a new alternative plant, such as an invasive species, can modify diet quality and have a potentially detrimental effect on bee health. Herein, we investigated whether the spread of the invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera affects Bombus pascuorum population regarding parasite prevalence, genetic structure, and nest density in Belgium. While no difference in bumble bee genetic structure was detected between invaded and uninvaded sites, we show that I. glandulifera occurrence was significantly correlated with a decrease in the prevalence of Apicystis bombi but not the prevalence of three other parasite species (i.e. Crithidia bombi, Nosema bombi, Nosema ceranae, and Nosema sp. Regarding our investigations, this effect was likely not due to variation in local bumble bee population fitness before I. glandulifera flowering, nor to the relative abundance of other pollinators such as Apis mellifera, but the unique chemical composition (i.e. polyphenol rich) of the pollen of I. glandulifera remained as an interesting hypothesis. Whereas B. pascuorum queens probably colonize all the potential nesting sites in an area, invaded by I. glandulifera or not, the abundance of polyphenol ampelopsin in pollen from I. glandulifera pollen might reduce local parasite prevalence. Our field study confirms that bumble bee parasite prevalence is potentially related to the particular chemical composition of collected pollen. Plant traits such as secondary metabolite occurrence could play a key role in the health and conservation of bumble bees.", "venue": "Ecosphere", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Maryse Vanderplanck", "Nathalie Roger", "Romain Moerman", "Guillaume Ghisbain", "Maxence Gerard", "Dominik Popowski", "Sebastian Granica", "Denis Fournier", "Ivan Meeus", "Niels Piot", "Guy Smagghe", "Lucas Terrana", "Denis Michez"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199635463, "title": "Effects of Toxicant Exposure on Honey Bee and Bumble Bee Microbiomes and Impacts on Host Health", "abstract": "Author(s) Rothman, Jason Advisor(s) McFrederick, Quinn Abstract: Bees are important insect pollinators in both agricultural and natural settings who may encounter toxicants while foraging on plants growing in contaminated soils. How these chemicals affect the bee microbiome, which confers many health benefits to the host, is an important but understudied aspect of pollinator health. Through a combination of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, LC MS metabolomics, ICP OES spectroscopy, quantitative PCR, culturing, microbiome manipulation, and whole organism exposure studies, I attempt to establish the effects that toxicants have on social bees and their associated microbes. The microbiome of animals has been shown to reduce metalloid toxicity, so I exposed microbiome inoculated or uninoculated bumble bees to 0.75 mg/L selenate and found that inoculated bees survive longer when compared to uninoculated bees. I also showed that selenate exposure altered the composition of the bumble bee microbiome and that the growth of two major gut symbionts Snodgrassella alvi and Lactobacillus bombicola was unaffected by this exposure. Due to the pervasiveness of environmental pollution in bee habitats, I exposed bumble bees to cadmium, copper, selenate, imidacloprid, and hydrogen peroxide and found that each of these compounds can be lethal to bees. I also showed that most of these chemicals can affect the diversity of the bee microbiome and that there is interstrain variation in toxicant tolerance genes in the major bee symbionts Snodgrassella alvi and Gilliamella apicola. As exposure to cadmium or selenate has been shown to affect animal associated microbes, I assayed the effects of these chemicals on honey bees and observed shifts in the bee microbiome at multiple timepoints. I also found that exposure to selenate and cadmium changes the overall bee metabolome and may cause oxidative damage to proteins and lipids. Lastly, I found that bee associated bacteria can bioaccumulate cadmium but generally not selenate. In this dissertation I demonstrated that bee associated bacteria are generally robust to toxicant exposure, but that chemicals can alter the composition of both bumble bee and honey bee microbiomes. I also show that toxicants affect bee metabolism, and that the bee microbiome plays an important role in maintaining host health when challenged with toxicants.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Jason A Rothman"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 147705094, "title": "Infection outcomes are robust to thermal variability in a bumble bee host parasite system.", "abstract": "Climate change related increases in thermal variability and rapid temperature shifts will affect organisms in multiple ways, including imposing physiological stress. Furthermore, the effects of temperature may alter the outcome of biotic interactions, including those with pathogens and parasites. In the context of host parasite interactions, the beneficial acclimation hypothesis posits that shifts away from acclimation or optimum performance temperatures will impose physiological stress on hosts and will affect their ability to resist parasite infection. We investigated the beneficial acclimation hypothesis in a bumble bee trypanosome parasite system. Freshly emerged adult worker bumble bees, Bombus impatiens, were acclimated to 21 degC, 26 degC or 29 degC. They were subsequently experimentally exposed to the parasite, Crithidia bombi, and placed in a performance temperature that was the same as the acclimation temperature (constant) or one of the other temperatures (mismatched) Prevalence of parasite transmission was checked four and six days post parasite exposure, and infection intensity in the gut was quantified at eight days post exposure. Parasite strain, host colony, and host size had significant effects on transmission prevalence and infection load. However, neither transmission nor infection intensity were significantly different between constant and mismatched thermal regimes. Furthermore, acclimation temperature, performance temperature, and the interaction of acclimation and performance temperatures had no significant effects on infection outcomes. These results, counter to predictions of the beneficial acclimation hypothesis, suggest that infection outcomes in this host parasite system are robust to thermal variation within typically experienced ranges. This could be a consequence of adaptation to commonly experienced natural thermal regimes or a result of individual and colony level heterothermy in bumble bees. However, thermal variability may still have a detrimental effect on more sensitive stages or species, or when extreme climatic events push temperatures outside of the normally experienced range.", "venue": "Integrative and comparative biology", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Kerrigan B Tobin", "Austin C Calhoun", "Madeline F Hallahan", "Abraham Martinez", "Ben M Sadd"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 204842493, "title": "Influence of pile length and body size on rates of heat loss in the bumble bee, Bombus vosnesenskii, The", "abstract": "Individual bumble bee species can exist at a wide ranges of latitudes and altitudes, exposing themselves to extreme temperature ranges. As heterotherms, bees are required to deal with a variety of thermal demands. They must be able to deal with extreme ambient temperatures, but their production of metabolic heat required for flight adds more complex demands. They need to be able to warm themselves quickly to ensure mobility and retain that heat to improve efficiency, but sometimes need to facilitate heat loss to avoid overheating. Thermal biology becomes especially important during the intermittent flights required for foraging. As soon as a bee lands on a flower it begins cooling to a point that will make it unable to fly. To continue flying between flowers bees will have to maintain an elevated body temperature while feeding or rewarm themselves after feeding. Both of these strategies have been shown to be significant energetic costs for heterothermic insects, and these costs have measurable consequences on the foraging decisions bees make (Nieh et al. 2006, Waddington 1990, Heinrich 1972) When facing thermal challenges bees will have to respond either by shifts in morphology or behavior.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Zachary D Parsons"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "sarracenia in vitro", "session_id": 594098829459950, "user_id": 204915041096142, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 91283410, "title": "In vitro Multiplication of the Pitcher Plant Sarracenia Purpurea", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Ileana Miclea", "Rita Bernat"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 89076395, "title": "Germination In Vitro, Micropropagation, and Cryogenic Storage for Three Rare Pitcher Plants: Sarracenia oreophila (Kearney) Wherry (Federally Endangered) S. leucophylla Raf. and S. purpurea spp. venosa (Raf. Wherry", "abstract": "The genus Sarracenia forms a group of carnivorous pitcher plants native to North America. Habitat destruction and overcollection have caused pitcher plants to become rare, including U.S. federally endangered S. oreophila as well as S. leucophylla and S. purpurea spp. venosa (Raf. Wherry, both listed as endangered in several states. Protocols for in vitro germination, sustainable shoot micropropagation, shoot establish ment in soil, and seed cryopreservation are presented. Six min sulfuric acid scarification treatments coupled with appropriate tissue culture media resulted in germination in vitro within 3 weeks, often reaching greater than 50% Best germination for S. leucophylla and S. purpurea occurred on one third strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts, whereas S. oreophila germinated best on one sixth strength MS salts. Adjustment of pH to 4.5 to simulate a bog environment further increased germination for S. leucophylla .S hoot multiplication occurred at optimal levels when explants were placed on media in the presenceofacytokininwithoutauxinwithgreatestmultiplicationon6 benzylaminopurine (BAP) or trans zeatin and best shoot quality on trans zeatin. Plant establishment in soil required both an in vitro rooting treatment and use of shoot clusters resulting in greater than 80%survivalin soil. Seedcryopreservationtests withall three species suggeststorage in liquid N2 followed by in vitro micropropagation and plant establishment can be used to preserve material long term.", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Cameron Northcutt", "D Davies", "Ron Gagliardo", "Kylie Bucalo", "Ron O Determann", "Jennifer M Cruse-Sanders", "G S Pullman"], "n_citations": 10, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 233461990, "title": "Sarracenia alata (Alph.Wood) Alph.Wood Microcuttings as a Source of Volatiles Potentially Responsible for Insects' Respond", "abstract": "Rare carnivorous plants representing the genus Sarracenia are perceived as very interesting to scientists involved in various fields of botany, ethnobotany, entomology, phytochemistry and others. Such high interest is caused mainly by the unique capacity of Sarracenia spp. to attract insects. Therefore, an attempt to develop a protocol for micropropagation of the Sarracenia alata (Alph.Wood) Alph.Wood, commonly named yellow trumpets, and to identify the specific chemical composition of volatile compounds of this plant in vitro and ex vivo was undertaken. Thus, the chemical volatile compounds excreted by the studied plant to attract insects were recognized with the application of the headspace solid phase microextraction (HS SPME) coupled with the GC MS technique. As the major volatile compounds (Z) 3 hexen 1 ol (16.48% 0.31) (E) 3 hexen 1 ol acetate (19.99% 0.01) and b caryophyllene (11.30% 0.27) were identified. Further, both the chemical assumed to be responsible for attracting insects, i.e. pyridine (3.10% 0.07) and whole plants were used in in vivo bioassays with two insect species, namely Drosophila hydei and Acyrthosiphon pisum. The obtained results bring a new perspective on the possibilities of cultivating rare carnivorous plants in vitro since they are regarded as a valuable source of bioactive volatile compounds, as including ones with repellent or attractant activity.", "venue": "Molecules", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Jacek Lyczko", "J Twardowski", "Bartlomiej Skalny", "Renata Galek", "Antoni Szumny", "Iwona Gruss", "Dariusz Piesik", "Sebastian Sendel"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 84045859, "title": "Several Factors Affecting In Vitro Culture and in Vivo Plant Growth of Sarracenia purpurea", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2006.0, "author_names": ["Cheol Hee Lee", "Ju Kwang Hwang"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3911312, "title": "In Vitro Characterization of a Nineteenth Century Therapy for Smallpox", "abstract": "In the nineteenth century, smallpox ravaged through the United States and Canada. At this time, a botanical preparation, derived from the carnivorous plant Sarracenia purpurea, was proclaimed as being a successful therapy for smallpox infections. The work described characterizes the antipoxvirus activity associated with this botanical extract against vaccinia virus, monkeypox virus and variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox. Our work demonstrates the in vitro characterization of Sarracenia purpurea as the first effective inhibitor of poxvirus replication at the level of early viral transcription. With the renewed threat of poxvirus related infections, our results indicate Sarracenia purpurea may act as another defensive measure against Orthopoxvirus infections.", "venue": "PloS one", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["William D Arndt", "Chandra Mitnik", "Karen L Denzler", "Stacy D White", "Robert Waters", "Bertram L Jacobs", "Yvan Rochon", "Victoria A Olson", "Inger K Damon", "Jeffrey Langland"], "n_citations": 15, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 211223361, "title": "The role of dipteran larvae in controlling Euglena concentrations in the pitchers of Sarracenia purpurea L.", "abstract": "Field studies suggest that in phytotelm communities of Sarracenia purpurea, the absence of pitcher plant specific larvae of the mosquito Wyeomyia smithii and the chironomid midge Metriocnemus knabi resulted in higher concentrations of Euglena. Conversely, a pitcher inquiline in which these larvae were present had lower concentrations of Euglena and algae, in general. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the Euglenaconcentration with the absence of larvae, rose from near zero to 10 cells/mL after 14 day and by day 28, it exceeded 3 x 10 cells/mL. When only M. knabi larvae were present, the Euglena concentration rose to 7 x 10 cells/mL by day 14 and to 2 x 10 cells/mL by day 28. When the larvae of the mosquito W. smithii were present, either by themselves or commensally with M. knabi, the Euglena concentration remained below 10 cells/mL. Microscopic inspection of both M. knabi and W. smithii larvae revealed that, in the presence of Euglena, their guts turned green. We concluded that predation by W. smithii and M. knabi larvae suppress the growth of Euglena. These larvae prevent algae from overwhelming the pitcher plant phytotelm and thus may play a critical role in maintaining the integrity of S. purpurea's inquiline community.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Herald T Douglas", "Raymond L Petersen", "Mintesinot Jiru", "Tatiana Roth"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 45651332, "title": "Antidiabetic compounds from Sarracenia purpurea used traditionally by the Eeyou Istchee Cree First Nation.", "abstract": "Through ethnobotanical surveys, the CIHR Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic Medicines identified 17 boreal forest plants stemming from the pharmacopeia of the Cree First Nations of Eeyou Istchee (James Bay region of Northern Quebec) that were used traditionally against diabetes symptoms. The leaves of Sarracenia purpurea (pitcher plant) one of the identified Cree plants, exhibited marked antidiabetic activity in vitro by stimulating glucose uptake in C2C12 mouse muscle cells and by reducing glucose production in H4IIE rat liver cells. Fractionation guided by glucose uptake in C2C12 cells resulted in the isolation of 11 compounds from this plant extract, including a new phenolic glycoside, flavonoid glycosides, and iridoids. Compounds 6 (isorhamnetin 3 O glucoside) 8 [kaempferol 3 O (6' caffeoylglucoside] and 11 (quercetin 3 O galactoside) potentiated glucose uptake in vitro, which suggests they represent active principles of S. purpurea (EC(50) values of 18.5, 13.8, and 60.5 mM, respectively) This is the first report of potentiation of glucose uptake by compounds 6 and 8, while compound 11 (isolated from Vaccinium vitis) was previously shown to enhance glucose uptake. Treatment of H4IIE liver cells with the new compound 1, 6' O caffeoylgoodyeroside, decreased hepatic glucose production by reducing glucose 6 phosphatase enzymatic activity (IC(50) 13.6 mM) which would contribute to lowering glycemia and to the antidiabetic potential of S. purpurea.", "venue": "Journal of natural products", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Asim Muhammad", "Jose Antonio Guerrero-Analco", "Louis C Martineau", "Lina Musallam", "Padma Madiraju", "Abir Nachar", "Ammar Saleem", "Pierre S Haddad", "John T Arnason"], "n_citations": 24, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 6443310, "title": "Characterizing the cytoprotective activity of Sarracenia purpurea L. a medicinal plant that inhibits glucotoxicity in PC12 cells", "abstract": "BackgroundThe purple pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea L. is a widely distributed species in North America with a history of use as both a marketed pain therapy and a traditional medicine in many aboriginal communities. Among the Cree of Eeyou Istchee in northern Quebec, the plant is employed to treat symptoms of diabetes and the leaf extract demonstrates multiple anti diabetic activities including cytoprotection in an in vitro model of diabetic neuropathy. The current study aimed to further investigate this activity by identifying the plant parts and secondary metabolites that contribute to these cytoprotective effects.MethodsEthanolic extracts of S. purpurea leaves and roots were separately administered to PC12 cells exposed to glucose toxicity with subsequent assessment by two cell viability assays. Assay guided fractionation of the active extract and fractions was then conducted to identify active principles. Using high pressure liquid chromatography together with mass spectrometry, the presence of identified actives in both leaf and root extracts were determined.ResultsThe leaf extract, but not that of the root, prevented glucose mediated cell loss in a concentration dependent manner. Several fractions elicited protective effects, indicative of multiple active metabolites, and, following subfractionation of the polar fraction, hyperoside (quercetin 3 O galactoside) and morroniside were isolated as active constituents. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of hyperoside in the leaf but not root extract and, although morroniside was detected in both organs, its concentration was seven times higher in the leaf.ConclusionOur results not only support further study into the therapeutic potential and safety of S. purpurea as an alternative and complementary treatment for diabetic complications associated with glucose toxicity but also identify active principles that can be used for purposes of standardization and quality control.", "venue": "BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Cory S Harris", "Muhammad Asim", "Ammar Saleem", "Pierre S Haddad", "John T Arnason", "Steffany A L Bennett"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 56372045, "title": "The development of the pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea into a potentially valuable recombinant protein production system.", "abstract": "The unique inducible system of protein secretion by the carnivorous pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea may be an ideal system for recombinant protein farming. S. purpurea is relatively uncommon and difficult to grow in vitro, so it has not been explored as a potential source of recombinant proteins. However, it naturally secretes large amounts of proteins into a liquid found in the leaf pitchers, so it may be an ideal way to collect recombinant proteins in leaf pitchers. Here, the advantages of transgenic S. purpurea systems over traditional transgenic plant systems for the production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins are explored, and the steps necessary to produce such a system are discussed.", "venue": "", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Bruce A Rosa", "Lada Malek", "Wensheng Qin"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 30242755, "title": "Occurrence and growth characteristics of Escherichia coli and enterococci within the accumulated fluid of the northern pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea L.", "abstract": "Sarracenia purpurea L. a carnivorous bog plant (also known as the pitcher plant) represents an excellent model of a well defined, self contained ecosystem; the individual pitchers of the plant serve as a microhabitat for a variety of micro and macro organisms. Previously, fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and enterococci) were shown as incidental contaminants in pitcher fluid; however, whether their occurrence in pitcher fluid is incidental or common has not been established. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence, distribution, and growth potential of E. coli and enterococci in pitcher plant fluid from a protected bog in northwest Indiana. Escherichia coli and enterococci were recovered in pitcher fluids (n=43 plants) with mean densities (log CFU mL 1) of 1.28+ 0.23 and 1.97+ 0.27, respectively. In vitro experiments showed that E. coli growth in fluid not containing insects or indigenous organisms was directly proportional to the fluid concentration (growth was 10 fold in 24 h in 100% fluid) however, in the presence of other indigenous organisms, E. coli and enterococci were only sustained for 5 days at 26 degrees C. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed that the plant Enterococcus faecalis isolates were genetically distinct from the human isolates; identical PFGE patterns were observed among plant isolates that fell into one of six clonal groups. These findings suggest that (i) E. coli and enterococci occurrence in pitcher plants is rather common in the bog studied, although their originating source is unclear, and (ii) the pitcher fluid contains adequate nutrients, especially carbon and energy sources, to promote the growth of indicator bacteria; however, under natural conditions, the biotic factors (e.g. competition for nutrients) may restrict their growth.", "venue": "Canadian journal of microbiology", "year": 2005.0, "author_names": ["Richard L Whitman", "Stacey E Byers", "Dawn A Shively", "Donna M Ferguson", "Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli"], "n_citations": 45, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 1}]} -{"query": "Dualities between entropy functions and network codes,", "session_id": 6541148273263642, "user_id": 5137389961751915, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 157591, "title": "Dualities Between Entropy Functions and Network Codes", "abstract": "In communications networks, the capacity region of multisource network coding is given in terms of the set of entropy functions Gamma* More broadly, determination of Gamma* would have an impact on converse theorems for multi terminal problems in information theory. This paper provides several new dualities between entropy functions and network codes. Given a function g ges 0 defined on all subsets of N random variables, we provide a construction for a network multicast problem which is ldquosolvablerdquo if and only if g is the entropy function of a set of quasi uniform random variables. The underlying network topology is fixed and the multicast problem depends on g only through link capacities and source rates. A corresponding duality is developed for linear network codes, where the constructed multicast problem is linearly solvable if and only if g is linear group characterizable. Relaxing the requirement that the domain of g be subsets of random variables, we obtain a similar duality between polymatroids and the linear programming bound. These duality results provide an alternative proof of the insufficiency of linear (and abelian) network codes, and demonstrate the utility of non Shannon inequalities to tighten outer bounds on network coding capacity regions.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory", "year": 2008.0, "author_names": ["Terence H Chan", "Alex J Grant"], "n_citations": 68, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 122946915, "title": "Dualities between Entropy Functions and Network Codes", "abstract": "This paper provides new dualities between entropy functions and network codes. These duality results give an alternative proof of the insufficiency of linear (and abelian) network codes, and demonstrate the utility of non Shannon inequalities to tighten outer bounds on network coding capacity regions.", "venue": "", "year": 2008.0, "author_names": ["Terence H Chan", "Alex J Grant"], "n_citations": 28, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 231809436, "title": "High Entropy Dual Functions and Locally Decodable Codes (Extended Abstract)", "abstract": "Locally decodable codes (LDCs) allow any single encoded message symbol to be retrieved from a codeword with good probability by reading only a tiny number of codeword symbols, even if the codeword is partially corrupted. LDCs have surprisingly many applications in computer science and mathematics (we refer to [13, 10] for extensive surveys) But despite their ubiquity, they are poorly understood. Of particular interest is the tradeoff between the codeword length N as a function of message length k when the query complexity the number of probed codeword symbols and alphabet size are constant. The Hadamard code is a 2 query LDC of length N 2O(k) and this length is optimal in the 2 query regime [11] For q 3, near exponential gaps persist between the best known upper and lower bounds. The family of Reed Muller codes, which generalize the Hadamard code, were for a long time the best known examples, giving q query LDCs of length exp(O(k1/(q 1) until breakthrough constructions of matching vector LDCs of Yekhanin and Efremenko [12, 6] In contrast with other combinatorial objects such as expander graphs, the probabilistic method has so far not been successfully used to beat the best explicit LDC constructions. In [3] a probabilistic framework was given that could in principle yield best possible LDCs, albeit non constructively. A special instance of this framework connects LDCs with a probabilistic version of Szemeredi's theorem. The setup for this is as follows: For a finite abelian group G of size N |G| let D G be a random subset where each element is present with probability r independently of all others. For k 3 and e (0, 1) let E be the event that every subset A G of size |A| e|G| contains a proper k term arithmetic progression with common difference in D. For fixed e 0 and sufficiently large N it is an open problem to determine the smallest value of r denoted rk such that Pr[E] 1 2 In [3] it is shown that there exist k query LDCs of message length O(rkN) and codeword length O(N) As such, Szemeredi's theorem with random differences, in particular lower bounds on rk, can be used to show the existence of LDCs. Conversely, this connection indirectly implies the best known upper bounds on rk for all k 3 [8, 4] However, a conjecture from [9] states that over ZN we have rk Ok(N logN) for all k, which would be best possible. Truth of this conjecture would imply that over this group, Szemeredi's theorem with random differences cannot give LDCs better than the Hadamard code. For finite fields, Altman [1] showed that this is false. In particular, over Fp for p odd, he proved that r3 O(p n n2) generally, rk O(p n nk 1) holds when p k 1 [2] In turn, these bounds are conjectured to be optimal for the finite field setting, which would imply that over finite fields, Szemeredi's theorem with random differences cannot give LDCs better than Reed Muller codes. The finite field conjecture is motivated mainly by the possibility that so called dual functions can be approximated well by polynomial phases, functions of the form e2piP (x)/p where P is a multivariate polynomial over Fp. We show that this is false. Using Yekhanin's matching vector code construction, we give dual functions of order k over Fp that cannot be approximated in L distance by polynomial phases of degree k 1. This answers in the negative a natural finite field analog of a problem of Frantzikinakis over N [7, Problem 1] 2012 ACM Subject Classification Theory of computation", "venue": "ITCS", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Jop Briet", "Farrokh Labib"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 204787809, "title": "Developing a dual entropy transinformation criterion for hydrometric network optimization based on information theory and copulas.", "abstract": "Hydrometric information collected by monitoring networks is fundamental for effective management of water resources. In recent years, entropy based multi objective criterions have been developed for the evaluation and optimization of hydrometric networks, and copula functions have been frequently used in hydrological frequency analysis to model multivariate dependence structures. This study developed a dual entropy transinformation criterion (DETC) to identify and prioritize significant stations and generate candidate network optimization solutions. The criterion integrated an entropy index computed with mathematical floor function and a transinformation index computed with copula entropy through a tradeoff weight. The best fitted copula models were selected from three Archimedean copula families, i.e. Gumbel, Frank and Clayton. DETC was applied to a streamflow monitoring network in the Fenhe River basin and two rainfall monitoring networks in the Beijing Municipality and the Taihu Lake basin, which covers different network classification, network scale, and climate type. DETC was assessed by the commonly used dual entropy multiobjective optimization (DEMO) criterion and was compared with a minimum transinformation (MinT) based criterion for network optimization. Results showed that DETC could effectively prioritize stations according to their significance and incorporate decision preference on information content and information redundancy. Comparison of the isohyet maps of two rainstorm events between DETC and MinT showed that DETC had advantage of restoring the spatial distribution of precipitation.", "venue": "Environmental research", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Heshu Li", "Dong Wang", "Vijay Pratap Singh", "Jianfeng Wu", "Jichun Wu", "Ruimin He", "Ying Zou", "Jiufu Liu", "Jianyun Zhang"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199127070, "title": "Deep supervised hashing using symmetric relative entropy", "abstract": "Abstract By virtue of their simplicity and efficiency, hashing algorithms have achieved significant success on large scale approximate nearest neighbor search. Recently, many deep neural network based hashing methods have been proposed to improve the search accuracy by simultaneously learning both the feature representation and the binary hash functions. Most deep hashing methods depend on supervised semantic label information for preserving the distance or similarity between local structures, which unfortunately ignores the global distribution of the learned hash codes. We propose a novel deep supervised hashing method that aims to minimize the information loss generated during the embedding process. Specifically, the information loss is measured by the Jensen Shannon divergence to ensure that compact hash codes have a similar distribution with those from the original images. Experimental results show that our method outperforms current state of the art approaches on two benchmark datasets.", "venue": "Pattern Recognit. Lett.", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Xueni Zhang", "Lei Zhou", "Xiao Bai", "Xiushu Luan", "Jie Luo", "Edwin R Hancock"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 229363792, "title": "Deep Unsupervised Image Hashing by Maximizing Bit Entropy", "abstract": "Unsupervised hashing is important for indexing huge image or video collections without having expensive annotations available. Hashing aims to learn short binary codes for compact storage and efficient semantic retrieval. We propose an unsupervised deep hashing layer called Bi half Net that maximizes entropy of the binary codes. Entropy is maximal when both possible values of the bit are uniformly (half half) distributed. To maximize bit entropy, we do not add a term to the loss function as this is difficult to optimize and tune. Instead, we design a new parameter free network layer to explicitly force continuous image features to approximate the optimal half half bit distribution. This layer is shown to minimize a penalized term of the Wasserstein distance between the learned continuous image features and the optimal half half bit distribution. Experimental results on the image datasets Flickr25k, Nus wide, Cifar 10, Mscoco, Mnist and the video datasets Ucf 101 and Hmdb 51 show that our approach leads to compact codes and compares favorably to the current stateof the art. Introduction Semantically similar images or videos can be found by comparing their output features in the last layer of a deep network. Such features are typically around 1,000 continuous floating point values (He et al. 2016) which is already too slow and large for moderately sized datasets of a few million samples. Speed and storage are greatly improved by replacing the continuous features with just a small number of bits. Unsupervised hashing aims to learn compact binary codes that preserves semantic similarity without making use of any annotated label supervision and is thus of great practical importance for indexing huge visual collections. In this paper, as illustrated in Fig. 1, we see the transition from a continuous variable to a discrete binary variable as a lossy communication channel. The capacity of a hash bit as measured by the entropy is maximized when it is half half distributed: Half of the images are encoded with 1 and the other half of the images is encoded with +1. We minimize the information loss in the hash channel by forcing the continuous variable to be half half distributed. Other methods have optimized entropy by adding an additional term to the Copyright c (c) 2021, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org) All rights reserved. Distribution over images Hash channel 1", "venue": "AAAI", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Yun-qiang Li", "Jan C van Gemert"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 215819744, "title": "LINC01410/miR 23c/CHD7 functions as a ceRNA network to affect the prognosis of patients with endometrial cancer and strengthen the malignant properties of endometrial cancer cells", "abstract": "In previous studies, long non coding RNA LINC01410 (LINC01410) has been found to promote cells proliferation and invasion in colon and gastric cancers. However, the function of LINC01410 in endometrial cancer (EC) is still elusive. The expression patterns of LINC01410/miR 23c/Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 7 (CHD7) in EC tissues and the prognosis of patients with different expression of LINC01410/miR 23c/CHD7 were determined by consulting TCGA database. EC patients with complete clinical data were applied for clinicopathological correlation analysis. The biological characteristics of EC cells were analyzed with the support of CCK 8 and transwell assays. CHD7 expression was assessed by qRT PCR and western blot assays. Targeted associations between LINC01410 and miR 23c, as well as miR 23c and CHD7 were speculated by prediction website and verified by dual luciferase assay. Rescue assays were performed to explore the interrelation among LINC01410, miR 23c and CHD7. Our data illustrated that LINC01410 high expression was presented in EC tissues and was positively related to the poor prognosis of patients in EC, as well as the malignant behaviors of EC cells. Through bioinformatics analysis, we surmised that LINC01410/miR 23c/CHD7 may play a role through the formation of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism. CHD7 expression was positively regulated by LINC01410, and inversely controlled by miR 23c. Furthermore, the promoting effects of miR 23c inhibitor or CHD7 upregulation on EC cell growth and aggressiveness were attenuated by LINC01410 silencing. Our results indicated that high expression of LINC01410 promoted EC cell progression through modulating miR 23c/CHD7 axis, providing a new direction for revealing the molecular mechanism of EC.", "venue": "Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Ming Lu", "Ning Ding", "Shichao Zhuang", "Yujiao Li"], "n_citations": 11, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 214728357, "title": "A Comparison of Metric Learning Loss Functions for End To End Speaker Verification", "abstract": "Despite the growing popularity of metric learning approaches, very little work has attempted to perform a fair comparison of these techniques for speaker verification. We try to fill this gap and compare several metric learning loss functions in a systematic manner on the VoxCeleb dataset. The first family of loss functions is derived from the cross entropy loss (usually used for supervised classification) and includes the congenerous cosine loss, the additive angular margin loss, and the center loss. The second family of loss functions focuses on the similarity between training samples and includes the contrastive loss and the triplet loss. We show that the additive angular margin loss function outperforms all other loss functions in the study, while learning more robust representations. Based on a combination of SincNet trainable features and the x vector architecture, the network used in this paper brings us a step closer to a really end to end speaker verification system, when combined with the additive angular margin loss, while still being competitive with the x vector baseline. In the spirit of reproducible research, we also release open source Python code for reproducing our results, and share pretrained PyTorch models on torch.hub that can be used either directly or after fine tuning.", "venue": "SLSP", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Juan Manuel Coria", "Herve Bredin", "Sahar Ghannay", "Sophie Rosset"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 54442977, "title": "Optimized Binary Hashing Codes Generated by Siamese Neural Networks for Image Retrieval", "abstract": "In this paper, we use a Siamese Neural Network based hashing method for generating binary codes with certain properties. The training architecture takes a pair of images as input. The loss function trains the network so that similar images are mapped to similar binary codes and dissimilar images to different binary codes. We add additional constraints in form of loss functions that enforce certain properties on the binary codes. The main motivation of incorporating the first constraint is maximization of entropy by generating binary codes with the same number of 1s and Os. The second constraint minimizes the mutual information between binary codes by generating orthogonal binary codes for dissimilar images. For this, we introduce orthogonality criterion for binary codes consisting of the binary values 0 and 1. Furthermore, we evaluate the properties such as mutual information and entropy of the binary codes generated with the additional constraints. We also analyze the influence of different bit sizes on those properties. The retrieval performance is evaluated by measuring Mean Average Precision (MAP) values and the results are compared with other state of the art approaches.", "venue": "2018 26th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Abin Jose", "Timo Horstmann", "Jens-Rainer Ohm"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 131784844, "title": "Entropy based groundwater monitoring network design considering spatial distribution of annual recharge", "abstract": "Abstract This study explores the inclusion of a groundwater recharge based design objective and the impact it has on the design of optimum groundwater monitoring networks. The study was conducted in the Hamilton, Halton, and Credit Valley regions of Ontario, Canada, in which the existing Ontario Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network was augmented with additional monitoring wells. The Dual Entropy Multiobjective Optimization (DEMO) model was used in these analyses. The value of using this design objective is rooted in the information contained within the estimated recharge. Recharge requires knowledge of climate, geomorphology, and geology of the area, thus using this objective function can help account for these physical characteristics. Two sources of groundwater recharge data were examined and compared, the first was calculated using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the second was an aggregation of recharge found using both the PRMS and Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran (HSP F) The entropy functions are used to identify optimal trade offs between the maximum information content and the minimum shared information between the monitoring wells. The recharge objective will help to quantify hydrological characteristics of the vadose zone, and thus provide more information to the optimization algorithm. Results show that by including recharge as a design objective, the spatial coverage of the monitoring network can be improved. The study also highlights the flexibility of DEMO and its ability to incorporate additional design objectives such as the groundwater recharge.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["James M Leach", "Paulin Coulibaly", "Yiping Guo"], "n_citations": 22, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Efficient Road Lane Marking Detection with Deep Learning", "session_id": 2452588110256745, "user_id": 1617042846374881, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 52188205, "title": "Efficient Road Lane Marking Detection with Deep Learning", "abstract": "Lane mark detection is an important element in the road scene analysis for Advanced Driver Assistant System (ADAS) Limited by the onboard computing power, it is still a challenge to reduce system complexity and maintain high accuracy at the same time. In this paper, we propose a Lane Marking Detector (LMD) using deep convolutional neural network to extract robust lane marking features. To improve its performance with a target of lower complexity, the dilated convolution is adopted. A shallower and thinner structure is designed to decrease the computational cost. Moreover, we also design post processing algorithms to construct 3rd oder polynomial models to fit into the curved lanes. Our system shows promising results on the captured road scenes.", "venue": "2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP)", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Ping-Rong Chen", "Shao-Yuan Lo", "Hsueh-Ming Hang", "Sheng-Wei Chan", "Jing-Jhih Lin"], "n_citations": 31, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 236237189, "title": "An efficient encode decode deep learning network for lane markings instant segmentation", "abstract": "Nowadays, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) has been incorporated with a distinct type of progressive and essential features. One of the most preliminary and significant features of the ADAS is lane marking detection, which permits the vehicle to keep in a particular road lane itself. It has been detected by utilizing high specialized, handcrafted features and distinct post processing approaches lead to less accurate, less efficient, and high computational framework under different environmental conditions. Hence, this research proposed a simple encode decode deep learning approach under distinguishing environmental effects like different daytime, multiple lanes, different traffic condition, good and medium weather conditions for detecting the lane markings more accurately and efficiently. The proposed model is emphasized on the simple encode decode Seg Net framework incorporated with VGG16 architecture that has been trained by using the inequity and cross entropy losses to obtain more accurate instant segmentation result of lane markings. The framework has been trained and tested on a vast public dataset named Tusimple, which includes around 3.6K training and 2.7 k testing image frames of different environmental conditions. The model has noted the highest accuracy, 96.61% F1 score 96.34% precision 98.91% and recall 93.89% Also, it has also obtained the lowest 3.125% false positive and 1.259% false negative value, which transcended some of the previous researches. It is expected to assist significantly in the field of lane markings detection applying deep neural networks.", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Abdullah-Al Mamun", "Poh Ping Em", "Jakir Hossen"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 218688051, "title": "Intensity Thresholding and Deep Learning Based Lane Marking Extraction and Lane Width Estimation from Mobile Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Point Clouds", "abstract": "Lane markings are one of the essential elements of road information, which is useful for a wide range of transportation applications. Several studies have been conducted to extract lane markings through intensity thresholding of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds acquired by mobile mapping systems (MMS) This paper proposes an intensity thresholding strategy using unsupervised intensity normalization and a deep learning strategy using automatically labeled training data for lane marking extraction. For comparative evaluation, original intensity thresholding and deep learning using manually established labels strategies are also implemented. A pavement surface based assessment of lane marking extraction by the four strategies is conducted in asphalt and concrete pavement areas covered by MMS equipped with multiple LiDAR scanners. Additionally, the extracted lane markings are used for lane width estimation and reporting lane marking gaps along various highways. The normalized intensity thresholding leads to a better lane marking extraction with an F1 score of 78.9% in comparison to the original intensity thresholding with an F1 score of 72.3% On the other hand, the deep learning model trained with automatically generated labels achieves a higher F1 score of 85.9% than the one trained on manually established labels with an F1 score of 75.1% In concrete pavement area, the normalized intensity thresholding and both deep learning strategies obtain better lane marking extraction (i.e. lane markings along longer segments of the highway have been extracted) than the original intensity thresholding approach. For the lane width results, more estimates are observed, especially in areas with poor edge lane marking, using the two deep learning models when compared with the intensity thresholding strategies due to the higher recall rates for the former. The outcome of the proposed strategies is used to develop a framework for reporting lane marking gap regions, which can be subsequently visualized in RGB imagery to identify their cause.", "venue": "Remote. Sens.", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Yi-Ting Cheng", "Ankit Patel", "Chenglu Wen", "Darcy M Bullock", "Ayman F Habib"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 224981809, "title": "Gradient Based Edge Effects on Lane Marking Detection using a Deep Learning Based Approach", "abstract": "Lane detection is part of the advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) equipped in intelligent vehicles. The system provides the driver with significant geometric information of the road ahead. Numerous deep learning techniques have been employed in lane detection because of the simplicity, ease, and efficiency of these techniques in learning discriminative features from RGB (red, green, and blue) images. However, existing works have rarely considered detecting lane markings during bad weather conditions, which could reduce lane detection performance. Hence, this paper proposed a Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) model with RGB and Canny edge detection used as the model's spatial input. The proposed platform was developed using two scenarios: FCN RGB edge and FCN edge. The model development was divided into three stages, namely data acquisition, platform development, and benchmarking against existing methods and data. Both scenarios using the proposed method yielded a 4% improvement compared to the original FCN RGB images (i.e. the previous method) The Canny edge detection method successfully extracted necessary information from the images and neglected the water drops in rainy conditions by treating them as noise. In summary, the proposed method has the potential to boost the performance of the ADAS system in detecting lane markings in rainy conditions.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Noor Jannah Zakaria", "Mohd Ibrahim Shapiai", "Hilman Fauzi", "Hossamelden Mohamed Elhawary", "Wira Jazair Yahya", "Mohd Azizi Abdul Rahman", "Khairil Anwar Abu Kassim", "Irfan Bahiuddin", "Mohd Hatta Mohammed Ariff"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 235805677, "title": "Deep Learning in Lane Marking Detection: A Survey", "abstract": "Lane marking detection is a fundamental but crucial step in intelligent driving systems. It can not only provide relevant road condition information to prevent lane departure but also assist vehicle positioning and forehead car detection. However, lane marking detection faces many challenges, including extreme lighting, missing lane markings, and obstacle obstructions. Recently, deep learning based algorithms draw much attention in intelligent driving society because of their excellent performance. In this paper, we review deep learning methods for lane marking detection, focusing on their network structures and optimization objectives, the two key determinants of their success. Besides, we summarize existing lane related datasets, evaluation criteria, and common data processing techniques. We also compare the detection performance and running time of various methods, and conclude with some current challenges and future trends for deep learning based lane marking detection algorithm.", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Youcheng Zhang", "Xuechen Zhang", "Jing-Hao Xue", "Qingmin Liao"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 235079883, "title": "Lane marking detection using simple encode decode deep learning technique: SegNet", "abstract": "In recent times, many innocent people are suffering from sudden death for the sake of unwanted road accidents, which also riveting a lot of financial properties. The researchers have deployed advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) in which a large number of automated features have been incorporated in the modern vehicles to overcome human mortality as well as financial loss, and lane markings detection is one of them. Many computer vision techniques and intricate image processing approaches have been used for detecting the lane markings by utilizing the handcrafted with highly specialized features. However, the systems have become more challenging due to the computational complexity, overfitting, less accuracy, and incapability to cope up with the intricate environmental conditions. Therefore, this research paper proposed a simple encode decode deep learning model to detect lane markings under the distinct environmental condition with lower computational complexity. The model is based on SegNet architecture for improving the performance of the existing researches, which is trained by the lane marking dataset containing different complex environment conditions like rain, cloud, low light, curve roads. The model has successfully achieved 96.38% accuracy, 0.0311 false positive, 0.0201 false negative, 0.960 F1 score with a loss of only 1.45% less overfitting and 428 ms per step that outstripped some of the existing researches. It is expected that this research will bring a significant contribution to the field lane marking detection.", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Abdullah Al Mamun", "Poh Ping Em", "Jakir Hossen"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 145050101, "title": "Vision Based Lane Detection and Lane Marking Model Inference: A Three Step Deep Learning Approach", "abstract": "In many advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) lane detection is often necessary. Vision based lane detection is popular because of its cost efficiency, but it can be easily affected by illumination changes, especially abrupt ones. Moreover, since most camera systems have a very limited angle of view (AOV) a single camera ADAS can only perceive a portion of a highly curved road. This introduces another challenge to ADAS when fitting lane models. In this paper, we propose a method for lane model inference, which uses one of the two lane markings if there is only one lane marking can be seen; or even, using lane marking models from previous moments if there are no lane markings to be seen at the current moment. In addition, we also propose using deep neural networks (DNN) to reduce noise at feature extraction stage. We use two DNNs in our method: a YOLO network for detecting an removing vehicles from images; a CPN network for detecting road surfaces in order to remove noises that are not on road surfaces. We tested our method on a video in which the roads are mostly curved and the lighting conditions can change very fast. We use the distances between our lane marking models and the ground truth to evaluate our method. We see some big improvements in scenarios where the scene suddenly becomes very bright and where the road has a very high curvature.", "venue": "2018 9th International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Programming (PAAP)", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Yueen Ma", "Vincent Havyarimana", "Jing Bai", "Zhu Xiao"], "n_citations": 7, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 222007620, "title": "Lane Line Detection via Deep Learning Based Approach Applying Two Types of Input into Network Model", "abstract": "Lane line detection is one of the important modules for Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) that are applied in the autonomous vehicle. This module work by exhibit the position of the road lane marking and providing the details of the geometrical features of the lane line structures into the intelligent system. This paper proposes the lane line marking detection using Fully Convolutional Neural Network (FCN) model by investigating the two types of input fed into the networks. RGB channel (Red, Green, Blue) and Canny edge were used as the inputs to develop in the FCN model. The FCN approach has been proposed as one of the solution methods in mitigating the road lane detection issues due to its great performance in the application of objects detection in image or video. Previously, the RGB channel is widely applied in the deep learning method meanwhile, the Canny edge input has not been applied yet in the deep learning method. Therefore, this study investigates the further performance of this model by applying the canny edge as addition input besides applying only the RGB channel. The data collections were acquired from real time data collection. The result shows that the FCN model with the canny edge achieved a slight improvement with 96 compared to FCN with the RGB channel with 92", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Noor Jannah Zakaria", "Mohd Ibrahim Shapiai", "M Abdul Rahman", "Wira Jazair Yahya"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 222097171, "title": "Perceptual Modelling of Unconstrained Road Traffic Scenarios with Deep Learning", "abstract": "In recent times, advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) and autonomous driving have received significant interest in the automotive community. In this regard, lane assistance system and vehicle detection are considered as core modules of ADAS. However, the drawback is that the conventional image processing and vision based techniques are quite slow and computationally expensive. The proposed work circumvents this limitation with the practical use of deep learning (CNN) based detection architecture. This paper proposes the use of CNN inspired detection methods such as Faster RCNN and YOLO for visual perception of road traffic. Notably, they were applied for effective vehicle detection in non disciplined, heterogeneous Indian road traffic. This involved collecting own dataset for Indian urban heterogeneous traffic in both day and night time. An application of YOLO with VGG network resulted in a mAP score of 78.57% On the other hand, Faster RCNN with Inception v2 and ResNet networks resulted in mAP score of 88% and 89.44% on Indian road traffic datasets. This is a significant result; that shows the use of Deep Learning techniques for an efficient visual modelling of unconstrained road traffic scenarios.", "venue": "2020 10th International Conference on Advanced Computer Information Technologies (ACIT)", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["N Jaswanth", "Anjali Poornima Karri", "Hrishikesh Venkataraman"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219509875, "title": "Development of an embedded road boundary detection system based on deep learning", "abstract": "Abstract The ability to sense the surrounding environment is an important developing technology in the field of automated vehicles. Lane line detection could determine a vehicle's travelable area. An embedded road boundary detection system based on deep learning was developed in this study. The system can detect structured and unstructured roads in a variety of situations. To obtain an image with clear lane markings, a convolution auto encoder with the characteristics of noise reduction and reconstruction was used to remove all objects in the images except lane markings. Then, the feature points of the lane line were extracted, and the lane line was fitted with a hyperbolic model. Finally, a particle filter was used for lane tracking. The road boundary detection system was implemented on the NVIDIA Jetson TX2 platform. Three different situations, day, night, and rainy day were selected to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Additionally, to deal with structured roads, some special scenes, such as shadows, tunnels, degenerate lane markings, and blocked lane markings, were considered. According to the experimental results, the accuracy of the proposed lane detection system for structured and unstructured roads was 90.02%", "venue": "Image Vis. Comput.", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Jau-Woei Perng", "Ya-Wen Hsu", "Ya Zhu Yang", "Chia-Yen Chen", "Tang-Kai Ying"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Focus group interviews as a data collecting strategy mclafferty", "session_id": 8631150722346756, "user_id": 4209627767508597, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 2110601, "title": "Focus group interviews as a data collecting strategy.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND Focus group interviews are a method for collecting qualitative data and have enjoyed a surge in popularity in health care research over the last 20 years. However, the literature on this method is ambiguous in relation to the size, constitution, purpose and execution of focus groups. AIM The aim of this article is to explore some of the methodological issues arising from using focus group interviews in order to stimulate debate about their efficacy. DISCUSSION Methodological issues are discussed in the context of a study examining attitudes towards and beliefs about older adults in hospital settings among first level registered nurses, nursing lecturers and student nurses. Focus group interviews were used to identify everyday language and constructs used by nurses, with the intention of incorporating the findings into an instrument to measure attitudes and beliefs quantitatively. CONCLUSIONS Experiences of conducting focus group interviews demonstrated that smaller groups were more manageable and that groups made up of strangers required more moderator intervention. However, as a data collecting strategy they are a rich source of information.", "venue": "Journal of advanced nursing", "year": 2004.0, "author_names": ["Isabella McLafferty"], "n_citations": 677, "n_key_citations": 38, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 226248289, "title": "Unintended consequences: a qualitative study exploring the impact of collecting implementation process data with phone interviews on implementation activities", "abstract": "Qualitative data are crucial for capturing implementation processes, and thus necessary for understanding implementation trial outcomes. Typical methods for capturing such data include observations, focus groups, and interviews. Yet little consideration has been given to how such methods create interactions between researchers and study participants, which may affect participants' engagement, and thus implementation activities and study outcomes. In the context of a clinical trial, we assessed whether and how ongoing telephone check ins to collect data about implementation activities impacted the quality of collected data, and participants' engagement in study activities. Researchers conducted regular phone check ins with clinic staff serving as implementers in an implementation study. Approximately 1 year into this trial, 19 of these study implementers were queried about the impact of these calls on study engagement and implementation activities. The two researchers who collected implementation process data through phone check ins with the study implementers were also interviewed about their perceptions of the impact of the check ins. Study implementers' assessment of the check ins' impact fell into three categories: (1) the check ins had no effect on implementation activities, (2) the check ins served as a reminder about study participation (without relating a clear impact on implementation activities) and (3) the check ins caused changes in implementation activities. The researchers similarly perceived that the phone check ins served as reminders and encouraged some implementers' engagement in implementation activities; their ongoing nature also created personal connections with study implementers that may have impacted implementation activities. Among some study implementers, anticipation of the check in calls also improved their ability to recount implementation activities and positively affected quality of the data collected. These results illustrate the potential impact of qualitative data collection on implementation activities during implementation science trials. Mitigating such effects may prove challenging, but acknowledging these consequences or even embracing them, perhaps by designing data collection methods as implementation strategies could enhance scientific rigor. This work is presented to stimulate debate about the complexities involved in capturing data on implementation processes using common qualitative data collection methods. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02325531. Registered 15 December 2014.", "venue": "Implementation Science Communications", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Inga Gruss", "Arwen E Bunce", "James V Davis", "Rachel Gold"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 213257641, "title": "A mixed method approach for the assessment of demand creation intervention strategy for polio eradication on exclusive breast feeding in Northern Nigeria", "abstract": "The Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria introduced incentives such as sachets milk powder to increase demand for oral polio vaccine (OPV) This study assessed whether the milk encourages the use of breast milk substitutes thereby dis incentivising exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in children during the first six months of life. A cross sectional design with mixed method was used for collecting quantitative and qualitative data in Borno and Kaduna states. Questionnaire was administered to 808 caregivers. There were focus group discussions, in depth interviews and observations of an ongoing OPV+ intervention campaign. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed using STATA 10 and MAXQDA, respectively. Milk was an infrequent component of the incentive package and accounting for only 4.6 and 1.5% in the 3 most recent immunisation campaigns. The high EBF awareness (82.4% was associated with the demand creation campaign which the health service providers used to reinforce EBF messages. Breastfeeding decisions were mainly influenced by family and group norms and not by the sachet of milk powder that was given during the OPV+ There were no indications of inappropriate promotion of foods or any of the incentives. The inclusion of sachet milk in OPV+ kit did not compromise EBF but further enhanced it since the same service providers were responsible for all health interventions in the local government. Using milk powder and other incentives are effective for increasing participation and compliance with uptake of OPV in both states. Key words: Polio eradication, incentive, exclusive breastfeeding, demand creation.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Oladele B Akogun", "Omolola I Olojede", "Adedoyin Adesina", "Sani Njobdi"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 195466807, "title": "Management Strategy for Distributing Questionnaires and Interview Guidelines in the Research Data Collection Process", "abstract": "Writing can mean lowering or describing graphic symbols that describe a languageunderstood by someone. For a researcher, management of research preparation is a veryimportant step because this step greatly determines the success or failure of all researchactivities. Before a person starts with research activities, he must make a written plan commonlyreferred to as the management of research data collection. In the process of collecting researchdata, of course we can do the management of questionnaires as well as the preparation ofinterview guidelines to disseminate and obtain accurate information. With the arrangement ofplanning and conducting interviews: the ethics of conducting interviews, the advantages anddisadvantages of interviews, the formulation of interview questions, the schedule of interviews,group and focus group interviews, interviews using recording devices, and interview bias.making a questionnaire must be designed with very good management by giving to theinformation needed, in accordance with the problem and all that does not cause problems at thestage of analysis and interpretation.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Po Abas Sunarya", "George Iwan Marantika", "Adam Faturahman"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 169681832, "title": "Development Strategy for Farmers Corporation Based of Coffee Cattle Bioindustry in Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu", "abstract": "Farmer Owned Enterprise (FOE) of Bukit Kaba Mandiri in Rejang Lebong Regency is one of the economic institutions that is beneficial for farmers to increase the productivity and efficiency of coffee and cattle integrated farming suitable for its regional potentials. However, FOE is still in constraints due to its lack of organizational management capability in developing the coffee cattle bioindustry hence the research aimed to build a strategy in developing the FOE in coffee and cattle bioindustry. The study was conducted at FOE of Bukit Kaba Mandiri in Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu, from January to October 2018. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was carried out to collect data with 16 respondents and in depth interviews with FOE administrators. Data collected included strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats faced by FOE which were then analyzed using Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) method to formulate an FOE development strategy. The strategy was then compiled based on priorities with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) The results formulated three strategies, namely: (1) increasing production of quality feed to meet the needs of dairy cattle, (2) producing competitively priced compost from cow manure, and (3) establishing market partnerships with coffee exporters. Producing competitively priced compost from cow manure is the first priority that FOE needs to develop.", "venue": "Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Afrizon Afrizon", "Andi Ishak"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 14029734, "title": "Registry Data Coordinator (RDC) a Proper Accessible Strategy for Improving Road Traffic Injury (RTI) Hospital Based Trauma Registry Systems in Developing Countries and Low Income Countries", "abstract": "Introduction: Evidence suggested that a significant level of trauma mortality can be prevented using registry system. Aim: This study aimed to improve Kashan Hospital Based Trauma Registry System (KHBTRS) for Road Traffic Injury (RTI) Material and methods: After conducting focus group discussion absence of minimum data set (MDS) and poor data collection process (DCP) were identified as main problems for KHBTRS RTI. Proposed MDS were surveyed by 20 experts of trauma research center of throughout the Iran. Then approved MDS applied for trauma registry system data base in form of SQL. DCP were reform from prospective data collection (review of medical record) to concurrent (through the interview) approach. Results: Most of participants for MDS approval belonged to clinical group 13(65% 146 MDS in eighteen main categories were proposed for RTI. The maximum score for each MDS main categories were attributed to body parts injured 220 (100% and patient vital signs 139 (99.29% respectively. Pilot testing of KHBTRS RTI database of 50 (50% riders indicated fully completeness 50 (100% for concurrent approach. It was concluded that based on experts' viewpoints MDS relating to injury nature and place of occurrence have more priority in comparisons to MDS relating to causes of injury. It may attribute to health care providers focus on clinical care and treatment. Conclusion: It was concluded that based on experts' viewpoints MDS relating to injury nature and place of occurrence have more priority in comparisons to MDS relating to RTI prevention; it may attribute to health care providers focus on clinical care and treatment. To develop injury interventions based on given data, recruitment of professionals as registry data coordinator with specific job description to collect and advocacy of injury external causes data seems imperative.", "venue": "Acta informatica medica AIM journal of the Society for Medical Informatics of Bosnia Herzegovina casopis Drustva za medicinsku informatiku BiH", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Zahra Meidani", "Mehrdad Mahdian", "A Ayan", "Mahdis Mohammadzade", "Ali Mohammad Nickfarjam", "Gholam Abbas Moosavi"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219516775, "title": "Socioeconomic factors influencing farmers' specific adaptive strategies to climate change in Talensi district of the Upper East Region of Ghana", "abstract": "Farmers all over the country have been exposed to various adaptation strategies to climate change. The adaptation options however focus too closely on technical skills and technologies and fail to address critical social factors such as culture, beliefs and values that influence the adoption and effective implementation of new adaptation technologies, skills and capacity. This paper aims to assess the socioeconomic factors influencing farmers' specific adaptive strategies to climate change in Pwalugu and Balungu communities in the Talensi district of the Upper East Region of Ghana. This study used purposive sampling technique to select the study communities, whereas simple random sampling technique was used to select a total of 100 respondents from the selected communities. Questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used in collecting data from respondents. This study used detailed statistical test to analyze the data, and the results are presented in the form of figures and tables. This study highlights the legal and institutional context which must be adopted for effective response to climate change impacts in rural communities in Northern Ghana. It also recommends that government and relevant stakeholders should collaborate with financial institutions to ensure that funds are readily available to farmers to enable them to effectively adapt to climate change as well as provide training/workshop programs to farmers to enhance their capacity in planning and implementing effective strategies to climate change.,This study used the integrated methodological approach where quantitative methods were combined with appropriate qualitative methods. According to Sandelowski (2000) this method ensures reliability (the extents to which results are consistent over time) and validity (the means of which measurements are accurate) of the research. A combination of participatory methods, including key informant interviews, household questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions were used, allowing local people the opportunity to participate by sharing their experiences and knowledge to outline possible solutions to the problem at hand. Multiple methods (Yeasmin and Rahman, 2012) are good at reducing the inadequacies of a single method. Cross sectional study was used in designing the research. Variables were measured or determined at the same period in a given population. This method allowed the assessment of practices, attitudes, knowledge and beliefs of a population in relation to a particular event or phenomenon (Olsen and George, 2014),The findings of this study revealed farming as the major occupation in the two communities with males being dominant. Diverse livelihood activities such as fishing, animal/poultry rearing, firewood/charcoal production, hunting and driving were other activities respondents engaged to earn a living. In terms of institutional arrangements, avoidance of bush burning and tree felling were the norms influencing decision making in the two communities. Fear of being punished, animals feeding on some of the grasses, trees inducing rainfall as well as benefits respondents get from trees were the reasons these norms were adhered to in the study area. Access to land, gender dynamics and finance were identified as the socioeconomic factors in the study area. High demands by landowners, last minute change of mind by landowners, limited fertile lands, lack of money to acquire lands, behavior of tenants, number of acres required and lands far from water bodies were the challenges associated with acquiring land in the communities. Access to finance influenced respondents' ability to acquire fertile lands, lands closer to water bodies and any number of acres of their choice. Gender however impeded women adaptation strategies to climate change. Women were not allowed to own land and other property in the form of animals simply because they are seen as migrants and they do not know the history of the land.,This is a master's thesis project. This paper shows the socioeconomic factors, which are influencing farmers' specific adaptation to climate change in the Talensi district of Ghana.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Damian Felladam Tangonyire", "George Agana Akuriba"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 218653116, "title": "Gender Specific Livelihood Strategies for Coping with Climate Change Induced Food Insecurity in Southeast Nigeria", "abstract": "This study assessed the livelihood strategies adopted by husbands and wives within the same households for coping with climate induced food insecurity in Southeast Nigeria. Collective and bargaining approaches were used in collecting individual and intra household level data of 120 pairs of spouses in Southeast Nigeria; husbands and wives were interviewed separately. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and household surveys were used to elicit responses from the respondents. Quantitative data for the study were analyzed using percentage, mean scores, and multinomial logit regression analysis. Results of the study revealed that 90% of the wives were more food insecure than their husbands (79.2% The respondents noted that the observed changes in the climate contributed immensely to their food insecurity situation. To cope with food insecurity, a slightly higher proportion (47.3% and 14.2% of wives adopted on farm and non farm strategies, respectively, while men (39.8% adopted more off farm strategies (38.5% Additionally, results of the multinomial logit regression revealed that market distance and credit access significantly influenced the choice of husbands' and wives' engagement in off farm livelihood strategy; sourcing information on climate change issues significantly influenced women's choice of engagement in off farm/non farm strategy; and receiving remittances significantly influenced men's choice of engagement in non farm strategy. The study concluded that, although women play crucial roles in addressing food insecurity within their households, gender specific obstacles typically impede their abilities to cope with climate induced food insecurity.", "venue": "Food Security", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Ifeoma Quinette Anugwa", "Agwu Ekwe Agwu", "Murari Suvedi", "Suresh Chandra Babu"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 216373905, "title": "Climate Change Impact on Fisheries Sector in West Coast of Malaysia: Adaptive Strategy and Measures to Mitigate the Environmental Issues", "abstract": "The main source of fish production resides in fisheries, which eventually contributes to increase in Malaysia's economy. Among the 13 states of Malaysia, Selangor is recorded as a huge landing for marine fish, which is the third largest in number for the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. As a result, the livelihood of Selangor rural community especially the fisheries has partly contributed to the income of these communities. However, these fisheries required to be maintained properly for sustainable fisheries development. Moreover, the problems need to be identified that are faced by this coastal area fisheries community, where the liabilities are allied with environmental and social features. Thus. This study aims to conduct an in depth interview with focus group discussion (FGD) session to collect data and determine the problem arises in this community in Selangor of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia due to climate change. Finally, this FGD studies local communities observations on adaptive strategy and measures to alleviate the adverse effects of climate change such as floods, salinity intrusion, coastal erosion, and sea level rise. Consequently, this FGD session output will help the local government to take into consideration the increment of the fishermen incentives and subsidies. As a result, this will in turn help fishermen to develop the socioeconomic situation of these targeted groups.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Siti Zulaiha Binti Zolkaply", "Lubna Alam", "Labonnah Farzana Rahman", "Md Azizul Bari", "Sharina Abdul Halim", "Mazlin bin Mokhtar"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221941187, "title": "Determinants of adaptation strategies to climate change among the smallholder farmers in Adama District, Ethiopia", "abstract": "The Ethiopian economy is mainly based on the rain fed agriculture practiced by smallholder farmers. The sector is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. This study aims to examine the determinants of adaptation strategies to climate change among the smallholder farmers in Adama District, Ethiopia.,A cross sectional survey design was used to collect quantitative data using questionnaire with 351 randomly selected smallholder farmers. To collect qualitative data focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations were also used. Triangulated with thematic analysis, descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model were used for the analysis.,The result indicated that the majority of the smallholder farmers use at least one climate change adaptation strategy in their local areas though the strategy is generally weak. In this regard, some of the dominant climate change adaptation activities identified in the study area are using improved crop varieties, planting trees, watershed management, adjusting planting date and terracing. The result from binary logistic regression model showed that age and sex of household head, as well as their education, family size, access to agricultural extension services and training on climate change significantly influence the practices of adaptation measures.,This study would help the practitioners to modify the existing weak adaptation activities by introducing advanced and technological based adaptation strategies to the rural farming communities.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Hurgesa Hundera Hirpha", "Sylvester N Mpandeli", "Amare Bantider"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "stereomicroscope morphological dental traits", "session_id": 3755396281071014, "user_id": 586583046287313, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 146810043, "title": "The role of clinical examination in the detection of permanent maxillary molars with two palatal roots.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND To determine whether the presence of two palatal roots in permanent maxillary molars (PMMs) could be predicted by observing dental morphological traits during the clinical examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 18 second and 26 third PMMs with two palatal roots (2PR) were examined from the collection of extracted teeth. The reference sample of 44 extracted PMMs with one palatal root was selected such that pairs of morphologically matching PMMs with one and 2PR were formed. The external morphology of these tooth pairs was examined under a stereomicroscope and distinguishing traits were registered. The Fisher's exact test was applied to examine differences between second and third PMMs. Additionally, the external morphology of 17 PMM with 2PR in 15 patients was analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Extracted PMMs with 2PR possessed the following distinguishing morphological traits: crown wider on the palatal half (55.3% double Carabelli cusps (23.7% pronounced palatal indentation of the crown (20.5% thick palatal enamel extension (16.3% palato radicular groove (11.6% and palatal enamel pearl (2.3% Differences between second and third PMMs were not statistically significant (P .05) At least one distinguishing trait was present on 63.4% and 94.1% of extracted and clinically evaluated PMMs with 2PR, respectively. Omega shaped deformation of the dental arch may be the first clinically observable clue to this root constellation. CONCLUSIONS Clinical examination of tooth morphology and shape of the dental arch is essential for the detection PMMs with 2PR.", "venue": "Folia morphologica", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Tomaz Hitij", "Iztok Stamfelj"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 202196250, "title": "Intraspecific Variation of One of the Oldest Litopterna (Mammalia) Protolipterna ellipsodontoides, and Redescription of the Species", "abstract": "Abstract. Acknowledgment of intraspecific variation is an important part of a reliable species diagnosis. For mammalian taxonomy, tooth morphology is an especially important trait and, therefore, the morphological variability of these structures is also greatly significant. Here we describe major dental variation present for Protolipterna ellipsodontoides Cifelli (Litopterna) based on a sample of more than 500 teeth and provide a differential diagnosis distinguishing the species from its sister taxa. Initially, the sample was carefully observed under stereomicroscope in order to identify variable traits. Further variable features were also highlighted by a geometric morphometric analysis. We conducted statistic tests to assess the likelihood that the fossils belong to a single species and the single identity of the sample was recovered. A great deal of our results show that structures like the parastyle, hypocone, conular cristae and ectoflexus can show different degrees of development for the same species. The tooth outline may also show some variation in shape and proportions. Many of those features are used as characters of phylogenies, however, the results obtained indicate these traits to be inappropriate for this sort of study, as they are variable within a single species. Some accessory cusps were also found, but they have very low frequency. Furthermore, these traits lack a clear phylogenetic signal and hence are of dubious validity to taxonomy and systematics.", "venue": "Ameghiniana", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Tabata Zanesco", "Lilian P Bergqvist", "Agatha Agnes Pereira"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 213801783, "title": "Analysis of Metric and Morphological Dental Traits in Relatives", "abstract": "Background: Teeth can provide evidence about the nature and extent of variation among populations. Teeth are also valuable evidence in living and nonliving populations for anthropological, genetic, odontologic, and forensic investigations. It is known that dental traits are characterized by low sexual dimorphism. This study aims to analyze dental traits of permanent teethes within a group of related individuals on the basis of the frequency of dental morphological and metric traits. Methodology: 82 adult individuals were grouped according to relation and according to gender. Twenty six dental morphological traits were scored from prepared dental casts of all individuals. Dental metric data were recorded for 14 bucco lingual crown dimensions and mesio distal dimensions. Results: The study showed high frequency of tuberculum dentale, carabelli's cusp and four cusped mandibular second molars. Dental traits with low frequency included winging, interruption groove, congenital absence of incisors, four cusped mandibular first molars, and six cusped mandibular first molars. In addition to, statistically significant differences between the related and non related groups with respect to the frequency of occurrence of the winging, accessory cusps of maxillary second premolars, hypocone, lingual cusp number of mandibular second premolars, anterior fovea, Deflecting wrinkle, Protostylid, groove pattern of mandibular first molars and cusp number of mandibular second molars. Regarding metric traits, the study demonstrated significant difference between means of buccolingual diameter of upper canines, upper second molars and lower first premolars of related and unrelated individuals and mesodistal diameter of upper lateral incisors. Conclusion: low frequency traits would be of great value for evaluation of kinships more than the common traits that be of limited value in kinship evaluation while due to their high frequency in different population.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Nora Z Abdellah", "Heba A Yassa", "Rana Zeidan"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 217694666, "title": "Chapter 25 The Biocultural Evolution in the Osmore Valley: Morphological Dental Traits in Pre Inca Populations", "abstract": "Bioarchaeological studies on population dynamics in the pre Inca Osmore Valley (Peru) have shown a level of biological affinity between colonies in the valley (Chen Chen) and the people in the Tiwanaku state, suggesting the Tiwanaku expansion brought about the foundation of two colonies and settlements in the Central Osmore Valley (Chen Chen) and perhaps along the coast where, according to some theories, they may have given rise to the Chiribaya. Conversely, archaeological data suggest an absence of cultural contact between the Tiwanaku and the Wari outposts in the Upper Valley. The present study investigates 46 dental nonmetric traits in seven pre Inca groups to provide a geographically expanded view by comparing sites from the coastal region and the Upper Osmore Valley with groups representing the Wari and Moche cultures. Multivariate statistical analyses indicate that the Tiwanaku colony of Chen Chen shows affinity with the Wari and Moche samples, but not with the later coastal Chiribaya collection. Despite the lack of a true Tiwanaku comparative sample, this evidence suggests a biological interaction between ethnically diverse groups in the region. However caution must be taken with any final interpretation.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Andrea Cucina", "Claudia Arganini", "Alfredo Coppa", "Francesca Candilio"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 5556295, "title": "Italian Populations During the Copper Age: Assessment of Biological Affinities Through Morphological Dental Traits", "abstract": "Abstract The Copper Age (3rd millennium BC) was characterized by considerable socioeconomic transformations and coincided with the discovery of metallurgy. In this study we reconstruct the peopling of Italy during this period on the basis of dental morphology traits. Dental remains from 41 sites throughout Italy were analyzed; only three of the sites (Laterza and two from Sicily) span from the late Copper Age to the early Bronze Age. To work with adequate samples, we pooled the collections into nine geographically and culturally homogeneous groups. Dental morphological traits were scored on 8,891 teeth from 1,302 individuals using the ASUDAS scale. The correlation between the mean measure of divergence and geographic distances (calculated as air distances) was computed. Multidimensional scaling with the minimum spanning tree and maximum likelihood methods was applied to assess the relationships between groups. The results revealed a substantial genetic homogeneity among the populations throughout the Italian peninsula during the Copper Age with the exception of Sardinia, which tends to diverge from the continental samples. Phenetic and geographic distances correlate highly significantly only when the southern samples from Sicily and Laterza are removed from the analysis, which indicates that these groups may have experienced genetic admixture with external populations.", "venue": "Human biology", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Rita Vargiu", "Andrea Cucina", "Alfredo Coppa"], "n_citations": 26, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 223187256, "title": "Study of a mortality crisis in the catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, Rome (1st 3rd century AD) Assessment of biological affinities of the population through morphological dental traits and stable isotope analysis (d13C, d15N, d18O)", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Kevin Salesse", "Elise Dufour", "Christopher M Wurster", "Jaroslav Bruzek", "R Giuliani", "Dominique Castex"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 231124112, "title": "The Pleistocene Holocene transition in Italy The contribution of the morphological dental traits", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 1999.0, "author_names": ["Alfredo Coppa", "Andrea Cucina", "Rita Vargiu"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 56391562, "title": "Technical Note: The Definition of New Dental Morphological Variants Related to Malocclusion: Traits of Malocclusion", "abstract": "Since the codification of the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System over 25 years ago, few additional morphological traits have been defined. This work serves to expand the current suite of traits currently collected by biological anthropologists. These traits surround various issues of malocclusion and follow clinical definitions of these traits as well as incorporate observed population variation in character states. These traits include issues of spacing (i.e. diastema and crowding) as well as mandibular and maxillary occlusion (i.e. overbite, underbite) A discussion of the etiology and utility of these traits in bioarchaeological and forensic anthropological research is also given.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Marin A Pilloud"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 164616067, "title": "Desarrollo de la Investigacion sobre Variacion Morfologica de Poblaciones Historicas Sudamericanas Utilizando Rasgos Dentales No Metricos Development of Research on Morphological Variation of Historical South American Populations Based on Non metric Dental Traits", "abstract": "FONSECA, G. M. ARAMBURU, G. RODRIGUEZ, I. BOLLINI, G. A. ATENCIO, J. P. BERTA, M. J. LOPEZ LAZARO,S. CANTIN, M. LISSERA, R. G. Desarrollo de la investigacion sobre variacion morfologica de poblaciones historicas Sudameri canas utilizando rasgos dentales no metricos. Int. J. Morphol. 34(1):116 126, 2016.RESUMEN: El analisis de rasgos no metricos dentales ha logrado establecer relaciones biologicas de grupos humanos pasadosy actuales con un alto valor taxonomico. Aunque Sudamerica ha sido objeto de un numero considerable de investigaciones sobrepoblamiento, migraciones y mestizaje, son relativamente pocos los estudios que han utilizado informacion de rasgos dentales par a estefin, con las consiguiente ausencia de datos en amplias zonas geograficas. Se realizo una revision sistematica de la literatura en MEDLINE,SciELO, REDALYC y LILACS, sin restriccion de fecha de publicacion. Se incluyeron articulos completos y disponibles primarios ysecundarios en espanol, ingles y portugues donde se realice el analisis de rasgos morfologicos dentales en poblaciones sudamericanascon un contexto historico anterior al siglo XX. Los articulos seleccionados fueron evaluados por dos investigadores de manera i ndepen diente. La busqueda arrojo 2210 articulos de los cuales 19 cumplieron los criterios de inclusion, a los que se agregaron 9 luego de unabusqueda manual complementaria. Existe un desarrollo no equilibrado de la investigacion sudamericana, tanto en el foco geograficodonde esta se realiza, como de los paises y filiaciones de sus autores. Aunque se han logrado estandarizar los instrumentos de valoracionde esos rasgos, se sugiere promover una profesionalizacion interdisciplinaria, el apoyo internacional de sus proyectos y el abordajeholistico de sus contenidos para potenciar la aplicabilidad de su valor taxonomico a poblaciones actuales.PALABRAS CLAVE: Antropologia dental; Rasgos no metricos; Sudamerica; Odontologia forense.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Gabriel M Fonseca", "Guillermo Aramburu", "Ivana Franco Rodriguez", "Gabriel A Bollini", "Juan P Atencio", "Maria J Berta", "Sandra Lopez-Lazaro", "Mario Cantin", "Rosa G Lissera"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221842462, "title": "Interspecific variation of seed morphological and micro morphological traits in the genus Vicia (Fabaceae)", "abstract": "Seed macro and micro morphology were analyzed to evaluate their capacity to discriminate species in the genus Vicia (Fabaceae) To assess the interspecific variation of the taxa in the genus Vicia, 41 accessions were obtained from the USDA ARS germplasm collection in the USA and 19 accessions were collected from Korea. Seed morphological characteristics such as shape, color, mottling, finish, length, width, diameter, hilum shape, hilum color, hilum length, and lens distance from the hilum were examined under a stereomicroscope. Testa texture characteristics such as testa pattern, papillae type, density, height, ribbing, surface deposits, and peaks topped with wax were examined under scanning electron microscopy. Various gross morphological traits of seeds of Vicia species have been analyzed and compared. The present study revealed significant variation in testa traits. Testa were papillose and papillose with mounds, the latter being observed only in Vicia lathyroides. The present study revealed 20 key traits that could be used to diagnose Vicia species and classify them.", "venue": "Microscopy research and technique", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Seahee Han", "Raveendar Sebastin", "Kyung Jun Lee", "Xiaohan Wang", "Myoung-Jae Shin", "Seong-Hoon Kim", "Sookyeon Lee", "Jung-ro Lee", "Gyu-Taek Cho", "Do yoon Hyun", "Jong-Wook Chung"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "How to Teach Speaking", "session_id": 56289558555533, "user_id": 7016621979519412, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 61919653, "title": "How to Teach Speaking", "abstract": "Learning a language and being able to speak it do not go hand in hand. This book provides both structured activities to get students speaking and ideas for developing confidence in using English outside the classroom. Essentially, this book: examines the different approaches and activities that can be used for teaching and testing speaking. covers areas of speech such as articulation, fluency and register. looks at classroom approaches such as drilling, discussions, drama, dialogues and conversation.", "venue": "", "year": 2005.0, "author_names": ["Scott Thornbury"], "n_citations": 705, "n_key_citations": 73, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 150360749, "title": "How To Teach Speaking Based on The Principle of Multiple Intelligences", "abstract": "ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan proses implementasi dari kecerdasan majemuk di dalam pengajaran speaking. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode kajian pustaka. Data penelitian diperoleh dari buku buku, jurnal jurnal ilmiah, artikel, dan website. Data dianalisa dengan menggunakan teknik kualitatif melalui analisis kritis.Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian ini adalah adanya tiga langkah dalamimplementasi kecerdasan majemuk di dalam pengajaran speaking. Langkah langkahnya adalah: a) perencanaan, b) implementasi, dan c) evaluasi. Di dalam perencanaan, terdapat beberapa langkah untuk membuat rencana pembelajaran berdasarkan kecerdasan majemuk. Langkah langkah tersebut adalah a) fokus pada spesifik objek atau topic, b) menanyakan pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan kecerdasan majemuk, c) mempertimbangkan kemungkinan, d) brainstorm, e) memilih kegiatan yang sesuai, f) membuat rencana, g) mengimplementasikan rencana. Penggunaan kecerdasan majemuk dalam pengajaran speakingmemfasilitasi kegiatan belajar dan mengajar berdasarkan kecerdasan siswa, ini sangat efektif membantu siswa dalam memahami materi. Guru juga seharusnya menjalin hubungan dengan guru lain, para siswa, dan juga orang tua siswa untuk mendapatkan data perkembangan siswa secara spesifik. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kecerdasan majemuk mampu mendorong kegiatan pengajaran speaking.Kata Kunci multiple intelligences, kecerdasan majemuk, pengajaran speaking, teaching speaking.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Amanda Ayu Septary"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 151916831, "title": "A Library Research on How to Teach Speaking Using World Style Debate", "abstract": "The objectives of this research are: (1) to describethe implementation of World Style debate to teach speaking; and (2) to explain how the World Style debate improve students' speaking competence in Senior High School. The research is a result of library research entitled \"How to Teach Speaking Using World Style Debate\" The data of the research obtained frombooks and scientific journals which are explained World Style debate or British Parliamentary debate. The research data were analyzed by using qualitative techniques through critical analysis.The research findings prove that the World Style debate is useful to teachspeaking, the benefit of World Style debate is viewed from several dimensions. First, World Style debate can improve students' speaking ability, Second, World Style debate can improve the students' involvement in learning process, Third, World Style debate also promote students' critical thinking skill, Fourth, World Style debate can increase the motivation and excitement, Fifth, World Style debate can help the students to improve subject knowledge and easier to understand the material, Sixth, World Style debate can develop the students' oral communication skill.World Style debate is a collaborative teaching strategy that benefits for students achievement and for students' interest. As the suggestion, to develop the students' speaking ability teacher should apply Wolds Style debate as an interesting activity to teach speaking skill.Key Words: World Style debate, speaking, library reseacrh", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Aditya Ristianang"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 60909011, "title": "How to Teach Speaking Skill", "abstract": "One of main concern of the most language teachers is how to help language learners to develop satisfying language proficiency. In this regard, speaking proficiency has received the greatest attention among both the language teachers as well as the language learners. This is because speaking is a crucial part of the language learning process. The major goal of teaching speaking skill is communicative efficiency. Language learners should be able to make themselves understood by using their current proficiency. They should try to avoid confusion in the message because of the faulty pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary. In the same line, a common characteristic of many language classes is a heavy focus on the language system. Vocabulary and grammar seem to gain far more attention than the skills needed to use this vocabulary and grammar. To help students develop communicative efficiency in speaking, instructors can use activities that combine language input and communicative output. To this end, the present paper tries to take a closer look at the type of activities that language teachers can utilize to promote speaking proficiency. Accordingly, effective instructors can teach students speaking strategies by using minimal responses, recognizing scripts, and language to talk about language. These instructors help students learn to speak so that the students can use speaking to learn. Key words: Teach, Language proficiency, Speaking skill", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Taher Bahrani", "Rahmatollah Soltani"], "n_citations": 32, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 217285592, "title": "How to teach speaking skills to the students of HeI", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Pazylov Elyor Abduvayit Ugli"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 114172276, "title": "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CHAIN STORY GAME TO TEACH SPEAKING IN RECOUNT TEXT FOR EIGHTH GRADERS OF SMPN 39 SURABAYA", "abstract": "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CHAIN STORY GAME TO TEACH SPEAKING IN RECOUNT TEXT FOR EIGHTH GRADERS OF SMPN 39 SURABAYA Kharisma Narendra English Education Faculty of Languages and Arts State University of Surabaya unesakharisma@gmail.com Drs. Fahri, M.A. English Education Faculty of Languages and Arts State University of Surabaya fahri@unesa.ac.id Abstrak Penelitian ini fokus pada penerapan Chain Story Game untuk Mengajarkan Speaking dalam Recount text dan tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan penjelasan yang jelas tentang mengajarkan Speaking melalui Chain Story Game Penggambaran nya meliputi (1) Bagaimana Chain Story Game di terapkan dalam mengajarkan Speaking Dalam bentuk Recount text pada siswa kelas delapan di SMPN 39 Surabaya, dan (2) bagaimana siswa siswa merespon penerapan Chain Story Game pada pengajaran Speaking dalam Recount text. Penulis menerapkan penelitian qualitative dan menggunakan 2 instrumen penelitian ,yakni Lembaran Observasi dan kuesioner. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Penerapan Chain Story Game untuk Mengajarkan Speaking Dalam Recount text pada siswa kelas delapan di SMPN 39 Surabaya sudah di lakukan dengan sangat baik. Itu terlihat dari tahap awal aktifitas ,selama aktifitas, hingga pada akhir aktifitas. Sehingga respon para siswa terhadap materi pembelajaran Recount text dari guru juga sangat baik. Dan para siswa merasa lebih mudah menerima materi dengan metode cooperative learning yang di terapkan dalam dalam bentuk Chain Story Game. Dengan Chain story game, para siswa menunjukan keberanian untuk tampil dalam proses belajar mengajar, yang mana di tunjukan dari keaktifan siswa untuk tampil di depan kelas untuk bercerita dan membangun kepercayaan diri dalam menyampaikan pendapat dalam kelompok mereka. Chain Story Game membuat siswa merasa menikmati dalam memahami materi pelajaran recount text. Kata Kunci Speaking,Recount text,Game,Chain story game Abstract This research focuses on the implementation of Chain story game to teach speaking in Recount text. And, the purpose of this research is to give the brief explanation about teaching speaking trough Chain story game The description includes: (1) How is \"Chain Story Game\" implemented in teaching speaking in the form of recount text to the eight graders of SMPN 39 Surabaya, and (2) How are the students response the implementation of chain story game in teaching speaking in recount text to the eighth graders of SMPN 39 Surabaya. The writer applies qualitative research and uses 2 research instruments, they are: observation sheet and questionnaire. The result of this research shows that The implementation of chain story game to teach speaking for eighth graders of SMPN 39 surabaya had done very well. It showed from the stage of Pre Activity until Post Activity.Then, the students were very good in response the lesson material of Recount text from the teacher. The students perceived easier when they received the material by using Cooperative Learning method which implemented in the form of chain story game. By Chain story game, the students showed the bravery in the teaching learning process. It showed from the students were active in performing in front of the class to tell story and developing confidence in delivering opinion in their group. Chain story game made the students perceived enjoy in understanding the lesson material of Recount text. Key Words: Speaking, Recount text,Game,Chain story game", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Kharisma Narendra"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 82275397, "title": "How to teach Speaking", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2006.0, "author_names": ["Neil Mcbeath"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 190434641, "title": "Speaking Frames: How to Teach Talk for Writing: Ages 10 14", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Sue Palmer"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 62150861, "title": "APPLYING THE \"WORD CHAIN\" GAME TO TEACH DESCRIPTIVE SPEAKING TO THE EIGHT GRADERS IN SMPN 26 SURABAYA", "abstract": "Abstrak Selamabeberapatahun, kegiatanspeakingdalampelajaranbahasaInggrisdidominasiolehpara guru.Para muridkekurangankesempatanuntukmelatihketerampilanspeakingmereka.Kondisiinimembuatpenguasaankemampuanspeakingmenjadilebihsulitbagimerekadan guru tidakbisamencapaitujuandaripengajaranspeaking. Salah satutujuanpengajaranspeakingdanmungkinmenjaditujuanakhiradalahmembuatmuridmampuberbicaradalambahasa targetdengan natural (Kayi: 2006) Dalampenelitianini, penelitimenggunakanpermainan \"word chain\" yang telahdimodifikasi, yang manabiasanyadigunakanhanyauntukmeningkatkanperbendaharaan kata saja, untukmengajarspeaking deskriptif. Penelitianinimenggunakanmetodepenelitiandeskriptifkualitatif, karenapenelitianinibertujuanuntukmendeskripsikandanmenjelaskanfenomenaalami: apa yang sedangterjadi?,Mengapahaltersebutterjadi? danbagaimanahaltersebutterjadi? (Chariri, 2009:9) Penulisfokuspadapenerapanpermainan \"word chain\" untukmengajarspeaking descriptive danresponsiswaterhadappenerapantersebut.Padabagiananalisis data, penulismendeskripsikan data yang diperolehdariobservasi, bagaimana guru menerapkantekniktersebut, bagaimanapartisipasisiswa, danbagaimanaresponsiswa. Hasil yang diperolehmenunjukkanbahwapermainan \"word chain\" dapatditerapkandalamkelasspeakingketikamaterinyaadalahteksdeskriptif. Penulismenemukanbahwapermainantersebuttidakmembutuhkanpersiapan yang lama, tidakmemerlukaninstrumenatau media, danperaturannyamudahuntukdimengerti.Permainaninimendorongsiswauntukberpartisipasilebihaktifdalamkelas, lebihbanyakberbicaradalambahasa target, danmembuatsiswalebihnyamandalammengikutipelajaran. Kata Kunci: keterampilanspeaking, permainan \"word chain\" teksdeskriptif Abstract For many years, speaking activity in English class has been dominated by teachers. The students lack opportunities to practise their speaking skill. This condition makes mastering speaking ability is more difficult to them and teachers could not fulfill the aims of teaching speaking. One of the aims of teaching speaking and may be the final target of it is to enable students to speak the language naturally (Kayi: 2006) In this study, the researcher uses the modified word chain game, which is commonly used to improve students' vocabulary, to teach descriptive speaking. This study uses descriptive qualitative research method, because it aims to describe and to explain a natural phenomenon: what is happening? why is it happening? and how is it happening? (Chariri, 2009:9) The writer focuses on the application of the word chain game to teach descriptive speaking and the students' responses toward it. In the data analysis, the writer describes the data gained from an observation, how the teacher applied the technique, how the students participated, and how the students' responses were. The result shows that the word chain game is applicable in speaking class where the material is descriptive text. The writer found that game does not require much preparation, does not need any instrument or media, and its rules are easy to understand. It encourages students to participate actively in the class, to speak the target language more, and makes the students enjoy the lesson. Keywords: speaking skill, \"word chain\" game, descriptive text", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Achmad Yanuar Firmansyah"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 69545918, "title": "Waves: Scaffolding Self regulated Learning to Teach Science in a Whole Body Educational Game", "abstract": "This study employed mixed methods to investigate the efficacy of scaffolding self regulated learning prompts within a whole body educational game, Waves. This game was designed to teach middle school aged children basic concepts of waves by moving their bodies to mimic the motions of waves, physically experiencing different velocities and wavelengths. Textual prompts intended to scaffold self regulated learning behaviors respond to learner actions (or non actions) within Waves. The adult facilitator reinforced the in game prompts by speaking them aloud. This study is framed around the research questions: (1) How does a whole body educational game effectively teach players about STEM concepts? (2) How can self regulated learning be effectively scaffolded in a whole body educational game? and (3) Are self regulated learning scaffolds utilized the same way by all players? A quantitative pre post assessment of learning and self regulation skills was further elucidated by a case study analyzing the recorded discourse of two partners while participating in the larger study.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Emily Kuzneski Johnson"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "t\u00fcrkiye b\u00f6lgeleri sosyal yap\u0131lar\u0131", "session_id": 7399927692502409, "user_id": 3895612399012408, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 163780445, "title": "Turkiye'de Yenilikci Girisimcilerin Sosyo Ekonomik Durumlari Uzerine Sosyolojik Bir Arastirma (Teknoloji Gelistirme Bolgeleri Ornegi)", "abstract": "CaliGmada Turkiye'de Teknoloji GeliGtirme Bolgelerinde faaliyet gosteren giriGimcilerin sosyo ekonomik ve kulturel ozellikleri ile iGletmelerin ekonomik yapilari anket ve mulakat teknikleri kullanilarak analizedilmiGtir. Bu ozelliklerden yola cikarak hizli buyuyen ve buyumeyen iGletmeler karGilaGtirilmiGtir. GiriGimcilerin baGarilariyla iliGkili sosyal ve ekonomik faktorler tespit edilmiGtir. GiriGimcilerin iGe baGlama sureclerinde ve baGarilarinda; ekonomik ve politik etkenlerin yani sira aile yapilari, aldiklari egitim, icinde yaGadiklari sosyo kulturel ortam, giriGimcilerin deneyimleri, iGletme donemi faaliyetleri ve kullanabilecekleri sosyal sermaye duzeyleri etkilidir.", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Mehmet Akif Cansiz"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 153761226, "title": "KURESELLESEN DUNYADA BOLGESEL KALKINMA DINAMIKLERI, KAMU POLITIKALARI VE BOLGESEL KALKINMA AJANSLARI", "abstract": "Her ulkede kendilerine has ekonomik yapilari, gelisme duzeyleri ve sistematigi bulunan bolgeler bulunmaktadir. Bolgeler arasinda ekonomik, fiziki ve sosyal sartlar bakimindan farklilasmalar meydana gelmekte ve bolgelerarasi gelismislik farklari ekonomilerin gelismislik ve kalkinma duzeylerini etkileyebilmektedir. Bolgesel kalkinma, ulkenin cesitli bolgelerinde ekonomik ve sosyal yapinin iyilestirilerek kaynaklarin etkin dagilimina, ekonomik ve sosyal butunlesmenin saglanmasina ve bolgeler arasinda refah seviyesinin artmasina imkan saglamaktadir. Her ekonomi, bolgeleri arasindaki dinamikleri etkinlestirmek, bolgesel kalkinmasini saglamak ve surdurmek icin kalkinma planlarindan, kamu politikalarindan ve bolgesel kalkinma ajanslarindan yararlanmaktadir. Calismada, kuresellesen dunyada bolgesel kalkinma cabalari teorik ve uygulama duzeyinde belirtilerek Turkiye'nin bolgesel kalkinmasi icin ele aldigi kamu politikalari ve kalkinma planlari degerlendirilmistir", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Ahmet Tekin"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 191286490, "title": "Nusayrilerin Sosyal Yapilari ve Cumhuriyetin Ilk Yillarinda Turkiye'de Yasayan Bu Topluluga Devletin Yaklasimlari", "abstract": "Nusayri kavrami ile ilgili olarak farkli bakis acilarina dayali pek cok tanimlama yapilmistir. Bu calismada, Nusayrilik konusunda yapilan kavramsal cercevelere yer verilerek bu cerceveler aciklanmaya calisilmistir. Osmanli Devleti donemindeki sosyal ve hukuki statuleri aciklandiktan sonra Turkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk yillarinda devletin bu topluluga yaklasimi uzerinde durulmustur. Bu yaklasim, hem Cumhuriyetin ilk yillarinda yapilan akademik calismalardan hem de devlet tarafindan yaptirilmis olan raporlardan faydalanilarak ortaya konulmustur. Bu calismalardan hareketle, devletin Nusayrileri Turk milletini olusturan unsurlardan biri olarak degerlendirdigi ve bu cercevede bu topluluga yonelik politikalar gelistirmeye calistigi gorulmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Alevi, Nusayri, sosyal yapi, Osmanli devleti, millet sistemi, takiyye, Turkiye Cumhuriyeti.", "venue": "", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Erdal Aksoy"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 226320075, "title": "Suc Gelir Dagilimi Iliskisinde Mekansalligin Etkisi: Turkiye'de Duzey 2 Bolgeleri Icin Bir Analiz", "abstract": "Suc, tum sosyal bilimcilerin oldugu gibi iktisatcilarin da oldukca ilgisini ceken bir konudur. Suc ile pek cok makroekonomik degisken arasinda farkli duzeylerde iliskiler bulunmaktadir. Bu degiskenlerden biri de toplumda yaratilan gelirin birimler arasinda adil bir sekilde dagitilmasi durumunu ifade eden gelir dagilimidir. Toplumlarda suc olgusunun beslenmesinde gelir dagilimindaki bozulmalarin etkili oldugu sonucuna ulasan birtakim calismalar mevcuttur. Bu calismada, literaturden farkli olarak suc ve gelir dagilimi arasindaki iliskinin mekansallik icerip icermedigi yani bolgelerin sinir komsuluklarinin suc gelir dagilimi iliskisinde belirleyici bir ozellik tasiyip tasimadigi arastirilmaktadir. Bu amacla Turkiye Istatistik Kurumu (TUIK) bolgesel veri tabanindan elde edilen 2016 yilina ait veriler kullanilarak Turkiye'de gelir dagilimi esitsizligi ile mala karsi islenen suclar arasindaki iliski yatay kesit verilerle IBBS 2 (Istatistiki Bolge Birimleri Siniflandirmasi) duzey bolgeleri icin mekansal ekonometrik yontemler kullanilarak incelenmistir. Mekansal belirleme testlerinin sonuclari, Mekansal Hata Modelinin en uygun model oldugunu gostermektedir. Calismanin bulgulari, Turkiye'de IBBS 2 duzey bolgeleri icin suc ile gelir dagilimi arasinda pozitif ve anlamli bir iliski oldugunu gosterirken mekansallik etkisinin de bulunduguna isaret etmektedir. Sonuc olarak, Turkiye'de 26 IBBS 2 duzey bolgesinde suc gelir dagilimi iliskisinde bolgelerin sinir komsuluklarinin etkili oldugunu soylemek mumkundur. Bu durum gerek gelir dagilimi gerekse sucu onlemeye yonelik politikalarda bolgelerin komsuluk iliskilerinin de dikkate alinmasi gerektigine isaret etmektedir.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Ugur Capar", "Nihal Yayla"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 146032744, "title": "TURKIYE SOSYAL GUVENLIK KURUMU 2010 2015 YILLARI IS KAZASI, MESLEK HASTALIGI VE MORTALITE SAYILARININ ILLERE GORE STANDARDIZASYONU", "abstract": "Amac: Ulkelerin durumunu gostermesi bakimindan onemli konulardan olan is kazalari, meslek hastaliklari ve buna bagli olum hizlari verilerini; Turkiye'de sigortali isciler ve isyerleri sayisina gore sehirler bazinda degerlendirmeyi amacladik. Gerec ve Yontem: 2010 2015 yillari arasinda, Turkiye Cumhuriyeti (T.C. Sosyal Guvenlik Kurumu (SGK) istatistik yilliklarindan, sehirler bazinda sigortali isci ve isyerleri verileri cizilmis ve yorumlanmistir. Karistirici etkenlerin etkilerini yorumlarken kontrol edebilmek amacli dolayli (indirekt) standardizasyon teknigi kullanilmistir. Calisma epidemiyolojik bir arastirma olup, gozlemsel tanimlayici tiptedir. Sonuclar Ulusal Mesleki Saglik ve Guvenlik Hedefleri ile karsilastirilmistir. Bulgular: Madenciligin on planda oldugu Bilecik, Zonguldak ve Manisa illerinin is kazalari ve meslek hastaliklarinin standardizasyonunda ilk sirayi aldiklari gorulmektedir. Meslek hastaliklarinin standardizasyonunda ozellikle son yillarda Kutahya ve mortalitede de Guneydogu Anadolu Bolgeleri en ust basamaklardadir. Sonuc: Soma Manisa ve Ermenek Karaman'daki madencilik is kazasi sonuclarinin, 2014'deki mortalite standardizasyon verilerine etki ettigi gozlenebilmektedir. Turkiye'de 2010 yilindan 2015'e kadar gerceklesen is kazalarinin, meslek hastaliklarinin ve buna bagli olum hizlarinin standardize edilmesi isini yurutuyoruz ve bu konuda daha ileri calismalar yapilabilmesi icin kriterler olusturuyoruz. Daha iyi bir degerlendirme ve analiz icin bildirimlerin daha sistematik ve kapsamli tutulmasinin onemli oldugu gorulmektedir.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["O F Bayramlar", "Elif Ezirmik", "Halim Issever", "Zeynep Bayramlar"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 188450829, "title": "1990'lardan Gunumuze Turkiye'de Sosyal Sermaye ve Sivil Toplum: Bolgeler Arasi bir Karsilastirma", "abstract": "Bu calismanin amaci, 1990'lardan gunumuze, Turkiye'de sivil toplum kuruluslarina (STK) katilimin ne sekilde degistigini analiz ederek, STK'larin sosyal sermaye uretebilme potansiyelini tartismaktir. Bu ozelligi ile calisma, Turkiye'nin sosyal sermayesi uzerine yapilan calismalara katki saglamayi amaclamaktadir. Analiz icin Dunya Degerler Arastirmasi'nin (DDA) 1994 2014 Turkiye verisi kullanilmistir. Bulgular, 2000'li yillarda Turkiye'de STK katilim oranlarinin dustugunu; geleneksel cikar gruplarina katilimda gozlenen dususlerin dikkat cekici oldugunu ve sosyal sermaye literaturunun onem atfettigi yeni siyasi hareketler ve kendini ifade etme degerleri ile ilgili STK turlerine katilim oranlarinin, Turkiye'nin bolgeleri arasinda ciddi farkliliklar gosterdigini ortaya koymaktadir. Calisma, ayrica, ayni donemde, STK katilimcilarinin degisen demografik ozelliklerine de dikkat cekmektedir. 2000'li yillarda, daha fazla kadin ve genc, STK'lara katilim gostermis, STK katilimcilarinin ortalama egitim seviyeleri de yukselmistir.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Cerem I Cenker-Ozek"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 166186208, "title": "Ortaokul Sosyal Bilgiler ve Esdeger Derslerin Turkiye, Azerbaycan ve Turkmenistan'daki Ogretim Programlarinin Yapi Yonunden Karsilastirilmasi", "abstract": "Bu calisma; Turkiye'deki ortaokullarda (5. 6. 7. ve 8. siniflarda) okutulan Sosyal Bilgiler dersi ve Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Inkilap Tarihi ve Ataturkculuk dersi ogretim programlarinin yapilari ile Azerbaycan ve Turkmenistan'daki Sosyal Bilgiler dersi ile esdeger derslerin ogretim programlarinin yapilarini (amac, icerik, ogrenme ogretme sureci ve olcme degerlendirme) inceleyerek benzerlik ve farkliliklari ortaya koymayi amaclamaktadir. Bu calismayi diger calismalardan ayiran ve orijinal kilan tarafi: simdiye kadar ulkemizde okutulan Sosyal Bilgiler dersi ve Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Inkilap Tarihi ve Ataturkculuk dersi ogretim programlarinin yapilarinin Azerbaycan'da ve Turkmenistan'da okutulan Sosyal Bilgiler ile esdeger derslerin ogretim programlarin yapilariyla derinlemesine karsilastiran bir calismanin olmamasi ve bu calismanin bu eksikligi gidermek adina onemli olmasidir. Bu calisma Turk egitim sisteminin eksikliklerini tespit ederek bu eksikliklerin giderilmesi acisindan da onemlidir. Arastirmada nitel arastirma modellerinden dokuman incelemesi metodu kullanilmistir. Ayrica arastirmada var olan bir durum ortaya konmak amaclandigindan tarama modeli kullanilmistir.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Baris Metin", "Kamil Uygun", "Mehmet Oran"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 225335288, "title": "YENI KORONAVIRUS (KOVID 19) PANDEMISIYLE MUCADELEDE TURKIYE DEVLETININ IZLEDIGI STRATEJIK ILETISIM", "abstract": "Butun dunyayi etkisi altina alan yeni tip koronavirus (19) ile devletlerin mucadelesi surmektedir. Salginin saglik, ekonomi, sosyal yasam, siyasal yapilari nasil etkileyecegi tartisilmaktadir. Salgindan sonra hicbir seyin eskisi gibi olmayacagi, dunyanin ya \"yeni normal\"e ya da yeni bir duruma donusecegi kabul edilmektedir. Sorunun kuresel olmasi, kuresel isbirliklerini gerektirmektedir. Ayni zamanda ulusal onlemler alinmasi da beklenmektedir. Devletler salginla mucadelede kapasiteleri, sosyal yapilari, ekonomik duzeyleri ve siyasal duzenlerine bagli olarak farkli yol ve yontemler izlemektedir. Yine, siyasal duzenlerinden kaynakli olarak vatandaslariyla ve diger devletlerle iliskilerinde izledigi iletisim yol ve yontemleri de birbirinden ayrilmaktadir. Bu arastirmada, Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti'nin salginla mucadelede izledigi stratejik iletisim uzerinde durulmaktadir. Cumhurbaskanligi Iletisim Baskani Fahrettin Artun'un 12 Mart 01 Haziran 2020 tarihleri arasinda konuyla ilgili attigi tweet'lerin icerik cozumlemesi yapilmaktadir.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Ferhan MUTLUER - GUNDUZ", "Nazar Bal"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 225905612, "title": "Sinir Bolgelerinde Sosyo Mekansal Etkilesim ve Yonetisim: Turkiye Ornegi", "abstract": "Ulus devlet sinirlarinin gecirgenliklerinin artmasi ile sinir bolgeleri eskiye kiyasla daha yogun mal ve insan akisina ev sahipligi yapmakta ve ceperde kalan dislanmis mekanlar olmak yerine, daha merkezi ve onemli aktivitelerin mekanlarina donusmektedir. Hacimsel olarak artan etkilesimler, sinirin cok boyutlu ve analitik olarak degerlendirilmesini ve bu cercevede ortak yonetisim arayislarini gundeme getirmistir. Bu kapsamda Turkiye'nin ulusal sinirlarindaki, sinir otesi ekonomik, sosyal, idari ve mekansal etkilesim seviyelerinin, merkezi duzeyde elde edilebilen nesnel gostergeler yardimiyla olculmesi, etkilesimin gorece yuksek seviyede oldugu sinir bolgelerinde sosyo mekansal etkilesim bicimlerinin ag analiz yontemleri ile tanimlanmasi ve sinir bolgelerinin ozgun nitelikleri baglaminda ortak yonetisim cercevesi gelistirilmistir. Bu calisma ile; sinir bolgeleri icin ulusal duzeyde Cok Degiskenli Sinir Gecirgenlik Endeksi (CDSGE) gelistirilmistir. Yapilan ag analizleri, sinir bolgelerindeki merkezi yerlesimlerinin ag karakterlerine bagli olarak farklilastigini, sinir bolgelerinin etki alaninin literaturde ve uygulamadaki mesafelerin otesine gecebildigini, sinirin mekansal etki alani disinda bulunan ulusal duzeyde merkezi ozellik tasiyan yerlesmelerin de sinir otesi ile onemli derecelerde iliskilerinin oldugunu ortaya cikarmistir. Yonetisim boyutunda ise, kirilganlik ve komsu devletler arasindaki hassas dengelerin sinir bolgeleri icin kuvvetli bir yonetisim cercevesinin surdurulmesine olanak saglayamadigi ve bu cercevede sinir bolgeleri icin \"ortak yonetisim araligi\" kavraminin onemi vurgulanmistir.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Emrah Soylemez", "Cigdem Varol"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219733339, "title": "Kulturun Isletme Yonetimine Yansimalari Turkiye ve Almanya Ornekleri", "abstract": "Derleme calismasi olarak nitelendirilebilecek olan bu calismada, toplumsal kulturun isletme yonetimine nasil yansidigi ele alinmaya calisilacaktir. Bilindigi uzere yonetim; insani bir kavram ve olgudur. Yonetilenlerin ve yonetenlerin sosyal varlik alani icinde kisilik ve kulturel ozelliklerine gore gelisip gerceklesir. Insani tanima ve etkileme sanati olarak tanimlanabilecek olan yonetimi, hedef kitlesi olan bireylerin ozelliklerine ve kulturune hakim olmadan ideal manada uygulayabilmek mumkun degildir. Bircok arastirma ortaya koymustur ki; Orgutler sosyal bir sistem olarak dusunulmelidir yani is gorenlerin davranislari uzerinde kurallardan ve yonetim ilkelerinde daha ziyade bu sistem yani kulturel ortam etki etmektedir. Dolayisiyla yonetim kulture gore sekillenir denilebilir. Bu baglamda bu calismada ilk once Turkiye ve Almanya'nin kulturel yapilari ele alinacak daha sonra bu yapinin o ulkede var olan Isletme yonetimlerine ne derece etki ettigi karsilastirmali olarak ortaya konmaya calisilacaktir.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Halim Kadri Ozturk"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "seed priming drought stress", "session_id": 885209292555310, "user_id": 7152364208963975, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 219657513, "title": "Effect of Hormonal Seed Priming on Germination, Growth, Yield and Biomass Allocation in Soybean Grown under Induced Drought Stress", "abstract": "Seed priming has potential to improve seedling development and plant growth under environmental stress. In this study, seeds of soybean cultivar LS678 and TGx1835 10E were pretreated with an optimum level of benzyladenine (4.87 mgL 1) before sowing into pots containing pasteurised mixture of vermiculite and sand. Plants were grown up to V3 stage before exposure to moderate and severe drought stress. According to the results, germination was rapid in hydroprimed seeds than BA primed seeds, which took longer to emerge. However, growth, yield and biomass of BA primed plants were increased (number of branches per plant 7.32, flowering 87.6% 100 seed weight 22.6 g, overall biomass fraction >40.5% compared to plants developed from hydroprimed seeds (number of branches 3.61, seed weight 19.2 g, biomass <12% under similar growth conditions. This study indicated that, hormonal seed priming with BA reasonably enhanced soybean growth, particularly root biomass, flowering and fruiting. These effects further suggest that BA may play a significant role in improving drought tolerance in soybean.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Phetole Mangena"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 229193547, "title": "Effect of Seed priming on Osmolytes Accumulation and Antioxidant Enzymes under Drought stress in Wheat", "abstract": "Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses that negatively influences plant growth and development. It is an important yield decreasing factor in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Osmotic stress is also one of the consequences of drought stress. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is most commonly used to create osmotic stress in plants. Among various strategies, seed priming is low cost, easy and low risk approach to improve the abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. The present research work was carried out with a view to evaluate the effect of some seed priming methods viz. Hydropriming, Halopriming, Osmopriming and Hormonal priming for 12 hours at room temperature on accumulation of osmolytes (proline and glycine betaine) and activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and POX) under PEG 6000 induced osmotic stress at two level (2% and 5% stress level) Determination of Proline content and Glycine betaine, Activity of Antioxidant enzymes viz. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Peroxidase (POX) were analyzed in primed and non primed wheat seedlings. It was found that all seed priming method except Hormonal priming (50 ppm Salicylic acid) failed to germinate and grown but other three priming methods were resulted in better improvement in accumulation of osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes activity than Non primed wheat seedlings. Amongst all seed priming methods Osmopriming with Ascorbic acid (2 mM) was showed best results at both stress level (2% and 5% PEG 6000 stress level.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Siddhant Gahininath Jaybhaye"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 229627911, "title": "Evaluation of seed priming with nutrients on some germination characteristics of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd) under drought stress", "abstract": "To evaluate seed priming with nutrients on some germination characteristics of quinoa (chenopodiumquinoa willd) under drought stress, factorial experiment with completely randomized design with four", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Nasibe Pakbaz", "Heshmat Omidi", "Hasanali Naghdibadi", "Amir Bostani"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 229684097, "title": "Seed Priming with Endophytic Bacillus subtilis Modulates Physiological Responses of Two Different Triticum aestivum L. Cultivars under Drought Stress", "abstract": "The protective effects against drought stress of the endophytic bacterium Bacillus subtilis 10 4 were measured by studying the priming response in two wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Ekada70 (E70) and Salavat Yulaev (SY) lines, tolerant and susceptible to drought, respectively. B. subtilis 10 4 improved germination and growth parameters under normal conditions in both cultivars with the most pronounced effect observed in cv. E70. Under drought conditions, B. subtilis 10 4 significantly ameliorated the negative impact of stress on germination and growth of cv. E70, but had no protective effect on cv. SY. B. subtilis 10 4 induced an increase in the levels of photosynthetic chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, and carotenoids (Car) in the leaves of cv. E70, both under normal and drought conditions. In cv. SY plants, bacterial inoculation decreased the contents of Chl a, Chl b, and Car under normal conditions, but pigment content were almost recovered under drought stress. B. subtilis 10 4 increased water holding capacity (WHC) of cv. E70 (but did not affect this parameter in cv. SY) and prevented the stress induced decline in WHC in both cultivars. Notably, B. subtilis 10 4 increased endogenous salicylic acid (SA) concentration in both cultivars, especially in cv. E70. Moreover, B. subtilis 10 4 reduced drought induced endogenous SA accumulation, which was correlated with the influence of endophyte on growth, indicating a possible involvement of endogenous SA in the implementation of B. subtilis mediated effects in both cultivars. Overall, B. subtilis 10 4 inoculation was found to increase drought tolerance in seedlings of both cultivars, as evidenced by decreased lipid peroxidation, proline content, and electrolyte leakage from tissues of wheat seedlings primed with B. subtilis 10 4 under drought conditions.", "venue": "Plants", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Oksana Lastochkina", "Darya Garshina", "Sergey Ivanov", "Ruslan Yuldashev", "Regina Khafizova", "Ch R Allagulova", "Kristina Fedorova", "Azamat Avalbaev", "Dilara Maslennikova", "Massimo Bosacchi"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 201220072, "title": "Seed priming with melatonin coping drought stress in rapeseed by regulating reactive oxygen species detoxification: Antioxidant defense system, osmotic adjustment, stomatal traits and chloroplast ultrastructure perseveration", "abstract": "Abstract Water stress encumbers the rapeseed growth and development primarily by oxidative alteration to biological membranes and interrupted tissue water status. Seedling tolerance to water stress is vital for better crop development through the entire period under drought stress condition. The enhancement of plant stress tolerance due to melatonin application is already known; however, the specific underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. The current study was done to investigate the effect of melatonin priming on rapeseed germination and subsequent seedling growth under PEG 6000 simulated drought stress. Drought stress significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth, led to oxidative stress from excessive H2O2 generation, and reduced the chlorophyll content. Melatonin priming alleviated the oxidative damage and the amount of chlorophyll reduction in rapeseed seedlings under the drought stress. The stomatal traits such as number, stomatal length and width were greatly improved in melatonin primed treatment. Melatonin priming also preserved the chloroplast structure, maintained cells expansion and strengthened the cell wall in response to drought stress. The results revealed that the ameliorative effects of melatonin priming may be ascribed to enhancement of antioxidant enzymes activities, increase in the content of non enzymatic antioxidants, and increase in the amounts of osmo protectants. The present data suggest that priming seeds with melatonin can be a prime strategy regarding the development of crop drought resistant in crop production.", "venue": "Industrial Crops and Products", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Mohammad Nauman Khan", "Jinsong Zhang", "Tao Luo", "Jiahuan Liu", "Muhammad Rizwan", "Shah Fahad", "Zhenghua Xu", "Liyong Hu"], "n_citations": 35, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 226570562, "title": "Chitosan seed priming improves yield and recall defence memory under drought stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Amjad Hameed", "Tahir Farooq", "Munir Ahmad Sheikh"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 219126696, "title": "Effect of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) Seed Priming Treatments with Salicylic Acid, Iron, and Zinc on Some Germination Traits and Photosynthetic Pigments under Drought Stress", "abstract": "stwy (Stevia rebaudiana Bert. gyhy `lfy w chndslh mt`lq bh khnwdh Astraceae st. glykhwzydhy stwywl mwjwd dr yn gyh 300 250 br shyryn!tr z skhrz hstnd w bwjwd mzh shyryn, jdhb bdn nmy!shwnd.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Ali Gorzi", "Heshmat Omidi", "Abdolamir Bostani"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 216355108, "title": "Effect of Seed Priming with Nanosilicon on Morpho Physiological Characterestics, Quercetin Content and Antioxidant Capacity in Calendula officinalis L. under Drought Stress Conditions", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Saeedeh Rahimi", "Mehrnaz Hatami", "Mansour Ghorbanpour"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 216326411, "title": "Seed priming with hydrogen peroxide alleviates the effects of drought stress in rice (Oryza sativa L. seedlings", "abstract": "Drought stress is a major factor limiting crop growth and yield. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is known as a signalling molecule in the plant cell in which activates multiple physiological changes that play essential roles in tolerance mechanism. This study investigated the effects of seed priming with H2O2 on growth, some physiological characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities in rice seedling under drought stress. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. 'Khao Dawk Mali 105' seeds were primed with 0 (distilled water) 1, 5, 10, and 15 mM H2O2 and grown for 21 days. The seedlings were subjected to drought stress by withholding water for 7 days. The results showed that priming with low concentrations of H2O2 improved plant growth and biomass as well as relative water content, malondialdehyde content, electrolyte leakage. Priming with H2O2, however, had no beneficial effect on chlorophyll content, proline and leaf total soluble sugar. Seed priming with appropriate levels of H2O2 also enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) It is concluded that seed priming with 210 mM H2O2, is beneficial for enhancing drought tolerance in rice seedling by increasing antioxidant capacity, which in turn reduces oxidative stress and damages to the cellular components.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Weeraphorn Jira-anunkul", "Wattana Pattanagul"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 202017891, "title": "Effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis and seed priming on yield and water use efficiency of sesame under drought stress condition", "abstract": "Abstract In order to study the effect of drought stress, seed priming, and mycorrhizal symbiosis on yield, harvest index, and water use efficiency (WUE) of sesame, an experiment was carried out based on the randomized complete block design as split factorial arrangement with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Haji Abad, Hormozgan Iran, in 2014 and 2015. The results showed that grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were reduced by drought stress. On the other hands, WUE of grain, biological yield and oil product traits increased by drought stress. The highest efficiency of grain yield water usage, biological yield and oil product (0.39, 1.6, and 0.199 kg m 3, respectively) were obtained in the severe drought stress conditions. The results also showed that the highest grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index were related to the normal irrigation. In compared to the appropriate irrigation conditions, moderate to severe water stress reduced grain yield and biological yield rate by 39.4 and 26.7% respectively. Mycorrhizal symbiosis improved all traits compared to the control group (no mycorrhiza) Inoculation with Funneliformis and Rhizoglomus fungi in optimum irrigation and stress conditions also improved traits compared to the control group.", "venue": "Scientia Horticulturae", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Abdolhossein Askari", "Mohammad Reza Mollahoseini Ardakani", "Farzad Paknejad", "Yaaghoob Hosseini"], "n_citations": 7, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Semantic parsing via staged query graph generation: Question answering with knowledge base", "session_id": 3034709218327783, "user_id": 2942522160968728, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 18309765, "title": "Semantic Parsing via Staged Query Graph Generation: Question Answering with Knowledge Base", "abstract": "We propose a novel semantic parsing framework for question answering using a knowledge base. We define a query graph that resembles subgraphs of the knowledge base and can be directly mapped to a logical form. Semantic parsing is reduced to query graph generation, formulated as a staged search problem. Unlike traditional approaches, our method leverages the knowledge base in an early stage to prune the search space and thus simplifies the semantic matching problem. By applying an advanced entity linking system and a deep convolutional neural network model that matches questions and predicate sequences, our system outperforms previous methods substantially, and achieves an F1 measure of 52.5% on the WEBQUESTIONS dataset.", "venue": "ACL", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Wen-tau Yih", "Ming-Wei Chang", "Xiaodong He", "Jianfeng Gao"], "n_citations": 498, "n_key_citations": 80, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 181879352, "title": "ComQA: Question Answering Over Knowledge Base via Semantic Matching", "abstract": "Question answering over knowledge base (KBQA) is a powerful tool to extract answers from graph like knowledge bases. Here, we present ComQA a three phase KBQA framework by which end users can ask complex questions and get answers in a natural way. In ComQA, a complex question is decomposed into several triple patterns. Then, ComQA retrieves candidate subgraphs matching the triple patterns from the knowledge base and evaluates the semantic similarity between the subgraphs and the triple patterns to find the answer. It is a long standing problem to evaluate the semantic similarity between the question and the heterogeneous subgraph containing the answer. To handle this problem, first, a semantic based extension method is proposed to identify entities and relations in the question while considering the underlying knowledge base. The precision of identifying entities and relations determines the correctness of successive steps. Second, by exploiting the syntactic pattern in the question, ComQA constructs the query graphs for natural language questions so that it can filter out topology mismatch subgraphs and narrow down the search space in knowledge bases. Finally, by incorporating the information from the underlying knowledge base, we fine tune general word vectors, making them more specific to ranking possible answers in KBQA task. Extensive experiments over a series of QALD challenges confirm that the performance of ComQA is comparable to those state of the art approaches with respect to precision, recall, and F1 score.", "venue": "IEEE Access", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Hai Jin", "Yi Luo", "Chenjing Gao", "Xunzhu Tang", "Pingpeng Yuan"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 53079601, "title": "Knowledge Base Question Answering via Encoding of Complex Query Graphs", "abstract": "Answering complex questions that involve multiple entities and multiple relations using a standard knowledge base is an open and challenging task. Most existing KBQA approaches focus on simpler questions and do not work very well on complex questions because they were not able to simultaneously represent the question and the corresponding complex query structure. In this work, we encode such complex query structure into a uniform vector representation, and thus successfully capture the interactions between individual semantic components within a complex question. This approach consistently outperforms existing methods on complex questions while staying competitive on simple questions.", "venue": "EMNLP", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Kangqi Luo", "Fengli Lin", "Xusheng Luo", "Kenny Q Zhu"], "n_citations": 46, "n_key_citations": 12, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 51974493, "title": "Modeling Semantics with Gated Graph Neural Networks for Knowledge Base Question Answering", "abstract": "The most approaches to Knowledge Base Question Answering are based on semantic parsing. In this paper, we address the problem of learning vector representations for complex semantic parses that consist of multiple entities and relations. Previous work largely focused on selecting the correct semantic relations for a question and disregarded the structure of the semantic parse: the connections between entities and the directions of the relations. We propose to use Gated Graph Neural Networks to encode the graph structure of the semantic parse. We show on two data sets that the graph networks outperform all baseline models that do not explicitly model the structure. The error analysis confirms that our approach can successfully process complex semantic parses.", "venue": "COLING", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Daniil Sorokin", "Iryna Gurevych"], "n_citations": 47, "n_key_citations": 5, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 6296015, "title": "Natural Language Supported Relation Matching for Question Answering with Knowledge Graphs", "abstract": "This work focuses on the relation matching problem in knowledge based question answering systems. Finding the right relation a natural question asks is a key step in current knowledge based question answering systems, while also being the most difficult one, because of the mismatch between natural language question and formal relation type definitions. In this paper, we present two approaches to tackle this problem. The first approach tries to directly learn the soft match between the question and the relations from the training data using neural networks. The second approach enriches the relation name with natural language support sentences generated from Wikipedia, which provide additional matches with the question. Experiments on the WebQuestions dataset demonstrate that both of our approaches improve the relation matching accuracy of a prior state of the art. Our further analysis reveals the high quality of support sentences and suggests the rich potential of support sentences in question answering and semantic parsing tasks.", "venue": "KG4IR@SIGIR", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Hongyu Li", "Chenyan Xiong", "Jamie Callan"], "n_citations": 8, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 2725912, "title": "Open Domain Question Answering via Semantic Enrichment", "abstract": "Most recent question answering (QA) systems query large scale knowledge bases (KBs) to answer a question, after parsing and transforming natural language questions to KBs executable forms (e.g. logical forms) As a well known fact, KBs are far from complete, so that information required to answer questions may not always exist in KBs. In this paper, we develop a new QA system that mines answers directly from the Web, and meanwhile employs KBs as a significant auxiliary to further boost the QA performance. Specifically, to the best of our knowledge, we make the first attempt to link answer candidates to entities in Freebase, during answer candidate generation. Several remarkable advantages follow: (1) Redundancy among answer candidates is automatically reduced. (2) The types of an answer candidate can be effortlessly determined by those of its corresponding entity in Freebase. (3) Capitalizing on the rich information about entities in Freebase, we can develop semantic features for each answer candidate after linking them to Freebase. Particularly, we construct answer type related features with two novel probabilistic models, which directly evaluate the appropriateness of an answer candidate's types under a given question. Overall, such semantic features turn out to play significant roles in determining the true answers from the large answer candidate pool. The experimental results show that across two testing datasets, our QA system achieves an 18%~54% improvement under F_1 metric, compared with various existing QA systems.", "venue": "WWW", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Huan Sun", "Hao Ma", "Wen-tau Yih", "Chen-Tse Tsai", "Jingjing Liu", "Ming-Wei Chang"], "n_citations": 103, "n_key_citations": 5, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 1336493, "title": "Semantic Parsing via Paraphrasing", "abstract": "A central challenge in semantic parsing is handling the myriad ways in which knowledge base predicates can be expressed. Traditionally, semantic parsers are trained primarily from text paired with knowledge base information. Our goal is to exploit the much larger amounts of raw text not tied to any knowledge base. In this paper, we turn semantic parsing on its head. Given an input utterance, we first use a simple method to deterministically generate a set of candidate logical forms with a canonical realization in natural language for each. Then, we use a paraphrase model to choose the realization that best paraphrases the input, and output the corresponding logical form. We present two simple paraphrase models, an association model and a vector space model, and train them jointly from question answer pairs. Our system PARASEMPRE improves stateof the art accuracies on two recently released question answering datasets.", "venue": "ACL", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Jonathan Berant", "Percy Liang"], "n_citations": 432, "n_key_citations": 40, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 57574360, "title": "Neural architecture for question answering using a knowledge graph and web corpus", "abstract": "In Web search, entity seeking queries often trigger a special question answering (QA) system. It may use a parser to interpret the question to a structured query, execute that on a knowledge graph (KG) and return direct entity responses. QA systems based on precise parsing tend to be brittle: minor syntax variations may dramatically change the response. Moreover, KG coverage is patchy. At the other extreme, a large corpus may provide broader coverage, but in an unstructured, unreliable form. We present AQQUCN, a QA system that gracefully combines KG and corpus evidence. AQQUCN accepts a broad spectrum of query syntax, between well formed questions to short \"telegraphic\" keyword sequences. In the face of inherent query ambiguities, AQQUCN aggregates signals from KGs and large corpora to directly rank KG entities, rather than commit to one semantic interpretation of the query. AQQUCN models the ideal interpretation as an unobservable or latent variable. Interpretations and candidate entity responses are scored as pairs, by combining signals from multiple convolutional networks that operate collectively on the query, KG and corpus. On four public query workloads, amounting to over 8000 queries with diverse query syntax, we see 5 16% absolute improvement in mean average precision (MAP) compared to the entity ranking performance of recent systems. Our system is also competitive at entity set retrieval, almost doubling F1 scores for challenging short queries.", "venue": "Information Retrieval Journal", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Uma Sawant", "S Garg", "Soumen Chakrabarti", "Ganesh Ramakrishnan"], "n_citations": 24, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 70349933, "title": "Bidirectional Attentive Memory Networks for Question Answering over Knowledge Bases", "abstract": "When answering natural language questions over knowledge bases (KBs) different question components and KB aspects play different roles. However, most existing embedding based methods for knowledge base question answering (KBQA) ignore the subtle inter relationships between the question and the KB (e.g. entity types, relation paths and context) In this work, we propose to directly model the two way flow of interactions between the questions and the KB via a novel Bidirectional Attentive Memory Network, called BAMnet. Requiring no external resources and only very few hand crafted features, on the WebQuestions benchmark, our method significantly outperforms existing information retrieval based methods, and remains competitive with (hand crafted) semantic parsing based methods. Also, since we use attention mechanisms, our method offers better interpretability compared to other baselines.", "venue": "NAACL", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Yu Chen", "Lingfei Wu", "Mohammed J Zaki"], "n_citations": 53, "n_key_citations": 8, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 748402, "title": "Automated Template Generation for Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs", "abstract": "Templates are an important asset for question answering over knowledge graphs, simplifying the semantic parsing of input utterances and generating structured queries for interpretable answers. State of the art methods rely on hand crafted templates with limited coverage. This paper presents QUINT, a system that automatically learns utterance query templates solely from user questions paired with their answers. Additionally, QUINT is able to harness language compositionality for answering complex questions without having any templates for the entire question. Experiments with different benchmarks demonstrate the high quality of QUINT.", "venue": "WWW", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Abdalghani Abujabal", "Mohamed Yahya", "Mirek Riedewald", "Gerhard Weikum"], "n_citations": 127, "n_key_citations": 21, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "automatic speech recognition", "session_id": 2236914976087435, "user_id": 1691761848722094, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 121321299, "title": "SpecAugment: A Simple Data Augmentation Method for Automatic Speech Recognition", "abstract": "We present SpecAugment, a simple data augmentation method for speech recognition. SpecAugment is applied directly to the feature inputs of a neural network (i.e. filter bank coefficients) The augmentation policy consists of warping the features, masking blocks of frequency channels, and masking blocks of time steps. We apply SpecAugment on Listen, Attend and Spell networks for end to end speech recognition tasks. We achieve state of the art performance on the LibriSpeech 960h and Swichboard 300h tasks, outperforming all prior work. On LibriSpeech, we achieve 6.8% WER on test other without the use of a language model, and 5.8% WER with shallow fusion with a language model. This compares to the previous state of the art hybrid system of 7.5% WER. For Switchboard, we achieve 7.2%/14.6% on the Switchboard/CallHome portion of the Hub5'00 test set without the use of a language model, and 6.8%/14.1% with shallow fusion, which compares to the previous state of the art hybrid system at 8.3%/17.3% WER.", "venue": "INTERSPEECH", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Daniel S Park", "William Chan", "Yu Zhang", "Chung-Cheng Chiu", "Barret Zoph", "Ekin Dogus Cubuk", "Quoc V Le"], "n_citations": 1055, "n_key_citations": 207, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 204838028, "title": "Quartznet: Deep Automatic Speech Recognition with 1D Time Channel Separable Convolutions", "abstract": "We propose a new end to end neural acoustic model for automatic speech recognition. The model is composed of multiple blocks with residual connections between them. Each block consists of one or more modules with 1D time channel separable convolutional layers, batch normalization, and ReLU layers. It is trained with CTC loss. The proposed network achieves near state of the art accuracy on LibriSpeech and Wall Street Journal, while having fewer parameters than all competing models. We also demonstrate that this model can be effectively fine tuned on new datasets.", "venue": "ICASSP 2020 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Samuel Kriman", "Stanislav Beliaev", "Boris Ginsburg", "Jocelyn Huang", "Oleksii Kuchaiev", "Vitaly Lavrukhin", "Ryan Leary", "Jason Li", "Yang Zhang"], "n_citations": 87, "n_key_citations": 22, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 210064350, "title": "Streaming Automatic Speech Recognition with the Transformer Model", "abstract": "Encoder decoder based sequence to sequence models have demonstrated state of the art results in end to end automatic speech recognition (ASR) Recently, the transformer architecture, which uses self attention to model temporal context information, has been shown to achieve significantly lower word error rates (WERs) compared to recurrent neural network (RNN) based system architectures. Despite its success, the practical usage is limited to offline ASR tasks, since encoder decoder architectures typically require an entire speech utterance as input. In this work, we propose a transformer based end to end ASR system for streaming ASR, where an output must be generated shortly after each spoken word. To achieve this, we apply time restricted self attention for the encoder and triggered attention for the encoder decoder attention mechanism. Our proposed streaming transformer architecture achieves 2.8% and 7.3% WER for the \"clean\" and \"other\" test data of LibriSpeech, which to our knowledge is the best published streaming end to end ASR result for this task.", "venue": "ICASSP 2020 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Niko Moritz", "Takaaki Hori", "Jonathan Le Roux"], "n_citations": 70, "n_key_citations": 13, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 218684988, "title": "Improved Noisy Student Training for Automatic Speech Recognition", "abstract": "Recently, a semi supervised learning method known as \"noisy student training\" has been shown to improve image classification performance of deep networks significantly. Noisy student training is an iterative self training method that leverages augmentation to improve network performance. In this work, we adapt and improve noisy student training for automatic speech recognition, employing (adaptive) SpecAugment as the augmentation method. We find effective methods to filter, balance and augment the data generated in between self training iterations. By doing so, we are able to obtain word error rates (WERs) 4.2%/8.6% on the clean/noisy LibriSpeech test sets by only using the clean 100h subset of LibriSpeech as the supervised set and the rest (860h) as the unlabeled set. Furthermore, we are able to achieve WERs 1.7%/3.4% on the clean/noisy LibriSpeech test sets by using the unlab 60k subset of LibriLight as the unlabeled set for LibriSpeech 960h. We are thus able to improve upon the previous state of the art clean/noisy test WERs achieved on LibriSpeech 100h (4.74%/12.20% and LibriSpeech (1.9%/4.1%", "venue": "INTERSPEECH", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Daniel S Park", "Yu Zhang", "Ye Jia", "Wei Han", "Chung-Cheng Chiu", "Bo Li", "Yonghui Wu", "Quoc V Le"], "n_citations": 74, "n_key_citations": 14, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 208316402, "title": "Automatic Speech Recognition", "abstract": "", "venue": "Speech to Speech Translation", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Xugang Lu", "Sheng Li", "Masakiyo Fujimoto"], "n_citations": 27, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 52040758, "title": "Adversarial Attacks Against Automatic Speech Recognition Systems via Psychoacoustic Hiding", "abstract": "Voice interfaces are becoming accepted widely as input methods for a diverse set of devices. This development is driven by rapid improvements in automatic speech recognition (ASR) which now performs on par with human listening in many tasks. These improvements base on an ongoing evolution of DNNs as the computational core of ASR. However, recent research results show that DNNs are vulnerable to adversarial perturbations, which allow attackers to force the transcription into a malicious output. In this paper, we introduce a new type of adversarial examples based on psychoacoustic hiding. Our attack exploits the characteristics of DNN based ASR systems, where we extend the original analysis procedure by an additional backpropagation step. We use this backpropagation to learn the degrees of freedom for the adversarial perturbation of the input signal, i.e. we apply a psychoacoustic model and manipulate the acoustic signal below the thresholds of human perception. To further minimize the perceptibility of the perturbations, we use forced alignment to find the best fitting temporal alignment between the original audio sample and the malicious target transcription. These extensions allow us to embed an arbitrary audio input with a malicious voice command that is then transcribed by the ASR system, with the audio signal remaining barely distinguishable from the original signal. In an experimental evaluation, we attack the state of the art speech recognition system Kaldi and determine the best performing parameter and analysis setup for different types of input. Our results show that we are successful in up to 98% of cases with a computational effort of fewer than two minutes for a ten second audio file. Based on user studies, we found that none of our target transcriptions were audible to human listeners, who still understand the original speech content with unchanged accuracy.", "venue": "NDSS", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Lea Schonherr", "Katharina Siobhan Kohls", "Steffen Zeiler", "Thorsten Holz", "Dorothea Kolossa"], "n_citations": 123, "n_key_citations": 10, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 85502769, "title": "Imperceptible, Robust, and Targeted Adversarial Examples for Automatic Speech Recognition", "abstract": "Adversarial examples are inputs to machine learning models designed by an adversary to cause an incorrect output. So far, adversarial examples have been studied most extensively in the image domain. In this domain, adversarial examples can be constructed by imperceptibly modifying images to cause misclassification, and are practical in the physical world. In contrast, current targeted adversarial examples applied to speech recognition systems have neither of these properties: humans can easily identify the adversarial perturbations, and they are not effective when played over the air. This paper makes advances on both of these fronts. First, we develop effectively imperceptible audio adversarial examples (verified through a human study) by leveraging the psychoacoustic principle of auditory masking, while retaining 100% targeted success rate on arbitrary full sentence targets. Next, we make progress towards physical world over the air audio adversarial examples by constructing perturbations which remain effective even after applying realistic simulated environmental distortions.", "venue": "ICML", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Yao Qin", "Nicholas Carlini", "Ian J Goodfellow", "G Cottrell", "Colin Raffel"], "n_citations": 146, "n_key_citations": 22, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 5127812, "title": "Automatic speech segmentation in syllable centric speech recognition system", "abstract": "Speech recognition is the process of understanding the human or natural language speech by a computer. A syllable centric speech recognition system in this aspect identifies the syllable boundaries in the input speech and converts it into the respective written scripts or text units. Appropriate segmentation of the acoustic speech signal into syllabic units is an important task for development of highly accurate speech recognition system. This paper presents an automatic syllable based segmentation technique for segmenting continuous speech signals in Indian languages at syllable boundaries. To analyze the performance of the proposed technique, a set of experiments are carried out on different speech samples in three Indian languages Hindi, Bengali and Odia and are compared with the existing group delay based segmentation technique along with the manual segmentation technique. The results of all our experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed technique in segmenting the syllable units from the original speech samples compared to the existing techniques.", "venue": "Int. J. Speech Technol.", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Soumya Priyadarsini Panda", "Ajit Kumar Nayak"], "n_citations": 31, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 155099853, "title": "Almost Unsupervised Text to Speech and Automatic Speech Recognition", "abstract": "Text to speech (TTS) and automatic speech recognition (ASR) are two dual tasks in speech processing and both achieve impressive performance thanks to the recent advance in deep learning and large amount of aligned speech and text data. However, the lack of aligned data poses a major practical problem for TTS and ASR on low resource languages. In this paper, by leveraging the dual nature of the two tasks, we propose an almost unsupervised learning method that only leverages few hundreds of paired data and extra unpaired data for TTS and ASR. Our method consists of the following components: (1) a denoising auto encoder, which reconstructs speech and text sequences respectively to develop the capability of language modeling both in speech and text domain; (2) dual transformation, where the TTS model transforms the text $y$ into speech \\hat{x} and the ASR model leverages the transformed pair \\hat{x},y) for training, and vice versa, to boost the accuracy of the two tasks; (3) bidirectional sequence modeling, which addresses error propagation especially in the long speech and text sequence when training with few paired data; (4) a unified model structure, which combines all the above components for TTS and ASR based on Transformer model. Our method achieves 99.84% in terms of word level intelligible rate and 2.68 MOS for TTS, and 11.7% PER for ASR on LJSpeech dataset, by leveraging only 200 paired speech and text data (about 20 minutes audio) together with extra unpaired speech and text data.", "venue": "ICML", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Yi Ren", "Xu Tan", "Tao Qin", "Sheng Zhao", "Zhou Zhao", "Tie-Yan Liu"], "n_citations": 45, "n_key_citations": 7, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 85542081, "title": "End to end acoustic modeling using convolutional neural networks for HMM based automatic speech recognition", "abstract": "Abstract In hidden Markov model (HMM) based automatic speech recognition (ASR) system, modeling the statistical relationship between the acoustic speech signal and the HMM states that represent linguistically motivated subword units such as phonemes is a crucial step. This is typically achieved by first extracting acoustic features from the speech signal based on prior knowledge such as, speech perception or/and speech production knowledge, and, then training a classifier such as artificial neural networks (ANN) Gaussian mixture model that estimates the emission probabilities of the HMM states. This paper investigates an end to end acoustic modeling approach using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) where the CNN takes as input raw speech signal and estimates the HMM states class conditional probabilities at the output. Alternately, as opposed to a divide and conquer strategy (i.e. separating feature extraction and statistical modeling steps) in the proposed acoustic modeling approach the relevant features and the classifier are jointly learned from the raw speech signal. Through ASR studies and analyses on multiple languages and multiple tasks, we show that: (a) the proposed approach yields consistently a better system with fewer parameters when compared to the conventional approach of cepstral feature extraction followed by ANN training, (b) unlike conventional method of speech processing, in the proposed approach the relevant feature representations are learned by first processing the input raw speech at the sub segmental level 2 ms) Specifically, through an analysis we show that the filters in the first convolution layer automatically learn \"in parts\" formant like information present in the sub segmental speech, and (c) the intermediate feature representations obtained by subsequent filtering of the first convolution layer output are more discriminative compared to standard cepstral features and could be transferred across languages and domains.", "venue": "Speech Commun.", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Dimitri Palaz", "Mathew Magimai -Doss", "Ronan Collobert"], "n_citations": 53, "n_key_citations": 6, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Single Phase Voltage Source Inverter Photovoltaic Application", "session_id": 4551829136229260, "user_id": 3145554453496674, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 114722373, "title": "Single Phase Voltage Source Inverter Photovoltaic Application", "abstract": "Photovoltaic applications have been developing and spreading rapidly in recent times. This paper describes the control strategy of the Voltage Source Inverter that is the important tail end of many photovoltaic applications.In order to supply the grid with a sinusoidal line current without harmonic distortion, the inverter is connected to the supply network via a L C L filter. The output current is controlled by the hysteresis controller. To improve the behaviors of the L C L filter, active damping of the filter is being used. This paper discusses controller design and simulation results.", "venue": "", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Josef Georg Bauer"], "n_citations": 23, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 14278578, "title": "A review of single phase grid connected inverters for photovoltaic modules", "abstract": "This review focuses on inverter technologies for connecting photovoltaic (PV) modules to a single phase grid. The inverters are categorized into four classifications: 1) the number of power processing stages in cascade; 2) the type of power decoupling between the PV module(s) and the single phase grid; 3) whether they utilizes a transformer (either line or high frequency) or not; and 4) the type of grid connected power stage. Various inverter topologies are presented, compared, and evaluated against demands, lifetime, component ratings, and cost. Finally, some of the topologies are pointed out as the best candidates for either single PV module or multiple PV module applications.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications", "year": 2005.0, "author_names": ["S B Kjaer", "John Kim Pedersen", "Frede Blaabjerg"], "n_citations": 3470, "n_key_citations": 151, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 60685930, "title": "A multilevel voltage source inverter with separate DC sources for static VAr generation", "abstract": "A new multilevel voltage source inverter with separate DC sources is proposed for high voltage, high power applications, such as flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) including static VAr generation (SVG) power line conditioning, series compensation, phase shifting, voltage balancing, fuel cell and photovoltaic utility systems interfacing, etc. The new M level inverter consists of (M 1)/2 single phase full bridges in which each bridge has its own separate DC source. This inverter can generate almost sinusoidal waveform voltage with only one time switching per cycle as the number of levels increases. It can solve the problems of conventional transformer based multipulse inverters and the problems of the multilevel diode clamped inverter and the multilevel living capacitor inverter. To demonstrate the superiority of the new inverter, a SVG system using the new inverter topology is discussed through analysis, simulation and experiment.", "venue": "IAS '95. Conference Record of the 1995 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Thirtieth IAS Annual Meeting", "year": 1995.0, "author_names": ["Fang Zheng Peng", "Jih-Sheng Jason Lai", "John W McKeever", "James Vancoevering"], "n_citations": 1071, "n_key_citations": 41, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 108473474, "title": "Multi level conversion: high voltage choppers and voltage source inverters", "abstract": "The authors discuss high voltage power conversion. Conventional series connection and three level voltage source inverter techniques are reviewed and compared. A novel versatile multilevel commutation cell is introduced: it is shown that this topology is safer and more simple to control, and delivers purer output waveforms. The authors show how this technique can be applied to either choppers or voltage source inverters and generalized to any number of switches.", "venue": "PESC '92 Record. 23rd Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference", "year": 1992.0, "author_names": ["Thierry A Meynard", "Henri Foch"], "n_citations": 1236, "n_key_citations": 37, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 44572515, "title": "Four quasi Z Source inverters", "abstract": "In this paper, theoretical results are shown for several novel inverters. These inverters are similar to the Z source inverters presented in previous works, but have several advantages, including in some combination; lower component ratings, reduced source stress, reduced component count and simplified control strategies. Like the Z source inverter, these inverters are particularly suited for applications which require a large range of gain, such as in motor controllers or renewable energy. Simulation and experimental results are shown for one topology to verify the analysis. Also, a back to back inverter system featuring bidirectionality on both inverters, as well as secondary energy storage with only a single additional switch, is shown.", "venue": "2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference", "year": 2008.0, "author_names": ["Joel E Anderson", "Fang Zheng Peng"], "n_citations": 924, "n_key_citations": 51, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 12053603, "title": "Topologies of single phase inverters for small distributed power generators: an overview", "abstract": "This paper presents an overview of single phase inverters developed for small distributed power generators. The functions of inverters in distributed power generation (DG) systems include dc ac conversion, output power quality assurance, various protection mechanisms, and system controls. Unique requirements for small distributed power generation systems include low cost, high efficiency and tolerance for an extremely wide range of input voltage variations. These requirements have driven the inverter development toward simpler topologies and structures, lower component counts, and tighter modular design. Both single stage and multiple stage inverters have been developed for power conversion in DG systems. Single stage inverters offer simple structure and low cost, but suffer from a limited range of input voltage variations and are often characterized by compromised system performance. On the other hand, multiple stage inverters accept a wide range of input voltage variations, but suffer from high cost, complicated structure and low efficiency. Various circuit topologies are presented, compared, and evaluated against the requirements of power decoupling and dual grounding, the capabilities for grid connected or/and stand alone operations, and specific DG applications in this paper, along with the identification of recent development trends of single phase inverters for distributed power generators.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics", "year": 2004.0, "author_names": ["", "Josep Bordonau", "T Shimizu"], "n_citations": 899, "n_key_citations": 20, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 113863, "title": "Multilevel Voltage Source Converter Topologies for Industrial Medium Voltage Drives", "abstract": "This paper presents a technology review of voltage source converter topologies for industrial medium voltage drives. In this highly active area, different converter topologies and circuits have found their application in the market. This paper covers the high power voltage source inverter and the most used multilevel inverter topologies, including the neutral point clamped, cascaded H bridge, and flying capacitor converters. This paper presents the operating principle of each topology and a review of the most relevant modulation methods, focused mainly on those used by industry. In addition, the latest advances and future trends of the technology are discussed. It is concluded that the topology and modulation method selection are closely related to each particular application, leaving a space on the market for all the different solutions, depending on their unique features and limitations like power or voltage level, dynamic performance, reliability, costs, and other technical specifications.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics", "year": 2007.0, "author_names": ["Jose R Rodriguez", "Steffen Bernet", "Bin Wu", "Jorge Pontt", "Samir Kouro"], "n_citations": 2101, "n_key_citations": 67, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 63720604, "title": "Z source inverter", "abstract": "This paper presents an impedance source (or impedance fed) power converter (abbreviated as Z source converter) and its control method for implementing DC to AC, AC to DC, AC to AC, and DC to DC power conversion. The Z source converter employs a unique impedance network (or circuit) to couple the converter main circuit to the power source, thus providing unique features that cannot be obtained in the traditional voltage source (or voltage fed) and current source (or current fed) converters where a capacitor and inductor are used, respectively. The Z source converter overcomes the conceptual and theoretical barriers and limitations of the traditional voltage source converter (abbreviated as V source converter) and current source converter (abbreviated as I source converter) and provides a novel power conversion concept. The Z source concept can be applied to all DC to AC, AC to DC, AC to AC, and DC to DC power conversion. To describe the operating principle and control, this paper focuses on an example: a Z source inverter for DC AC power conversion needed in fuel cell applications. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the new features.", "venue": "", "year": 2002.0, "author_names": ["Fang Zheng Peng"], "n_citations": 2181, "n_key_citations": 240, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 110585148, "title": "Implementation of three level hysteresis current control for a single phase voltage source inverter", "abstract": "Single phase hysteresis current controllers have traditionally been implemented using two level modulation which is known to be inferior to three level modulation. This paper presents a simple, low cost, and effective technique to allow single phase hysteresis current regulation to be implemented as three level modulation process. This achieves a substantial reduction in the magnitude and variation of the switching frequency, thus improving efficiency, while retaining all of the advantages identified with hysteresis current control. The operation and control of the inverter are described, together with simulation and experimental results.", "venue": "2000 IEEE 31st Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37018)", "year": 2000.0, "author_names": ["G H Bode", "Donald Grahame Holmes"], "n_citations": 95, "n_key_citations": 10, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 110734173, "title": "A voltage and frequency droop control method for parallel inverters", "abstract": "In this paper, a new control method for the parallel operation of one or several inverters in an island grid or the mains is described. Frequency and voltage control, including mitigation of voltage harmonics, are achieved without the need for any common control circuitry or communication between the inverters. Each inverter supplies a current that is the result of the voltage difference between a reference AC voltage source and the grid voltage across a virtual impedance with real and/or imaginary parts. The reference AC voltage source is synchronised with the grid, with a phase shift, depending on the difference between nominal and real grid frequency. A detailed analysis show that this approach has superior behaviour in comparison with the existing droop control methods, considering the mitigation of voltage harmonics, short circuit behaviour and, in the case of a non negligible line resistance, the 'efficient' control of frequency and voltage. Experiments show the behaviour of the method for an inverter feeding a highly distorted load and during the connection of two parallel inverters in operation.", "venue": "2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551)", "year": 2004.0, "author_names": ["K De Brabandere", "Bruno Bolsens", "Jeroen van den Keybus", "Achim Woyte", "Johan Driesen", "Ronnie J M Belmans", "K U Leuven"], "n_citations": 830, "n_key_citations": 38, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Soil Water Content Distributions between Two Emitters of a Subsurface Drip Irrigation System", "session_id": 6395472751904210, "user_id": 4175542289537562, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 129708361, "title": "Soil Water Content Distributions between Two Emitters of a Subsurface Drip Irrigation System", "abstract": "Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems are increasingly being used in agriculture in attempts to use the available water more efficiently. The proper design and management of SDI systems requires knowledge of precise distribution of water around emitters. We conducted both field and numerical experiments to evaluate the soil water content distributions between two neighboring emitters when their wetting patterns started to overlap. The experiments involved SDI systems with emitters installed at different depths and with different spacings along the drip lateral. The HYDRUS software package was used to analyze the field data, assuming modeling approaches in which emitters were represented as (i) a point source in an axisymmetrical two dimensional domain, (ii) a line source in a planar two dimensional domain, or (iii) a point source in a fully three dimensional domain. Results indicated that SDI systems can be accurately described using an axisymmetrical two dimensional model only before wetting patterns start to overlap, and a planar two dimensional model only after full merging of the wetting fronts from neighboring emitters. A fully three dimensional model appears to be required for describing subsurface drip irrigation processes in their entirety.", "venue": "", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["Maziar M Kandelous", "Jirka Simunek", "M Th van Genuchten", "Keyvan Malek"], "n_citations": 75, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 67049028, "title": "Soil Water Content Distributions between Two Emitters of a Subsurface Drip Irrigation System Soil", "abstract": "SSSAJ: Volume 75: Number 2 March April 2011 Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75:488 497 Posted online 3 Jan. 2011 doi:10.2136/sssaj2010.0181 Received 26 Apr. 2010. *Corresponding author (mkandelous@ucdavis.edu; mkandelous@gmail.com) (c) Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd. Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Soil Water Content Distributions between Two Emitters of a Subsurface Drip Irrigation System Soil Physics", "venue": "", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["Maziar M Kandelous"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 224882121, "title": "Variation in the flow rate of drip emitters in a subsurface irrigation system for different soil types", "abstract": "Abstract Several studies have shown that irrigation is essential for global agricultural development. However, water is a limited resource and should be used as efficiently as possible, which requires appropriate management. As such, the search for irrigation techniques that are more efficient in terms of water use, such as subsurface drip irrigation, is ongoing. Subsurface drip irrigation systems are highly efficient and can serve as suitable alternatives for the rational management of water. However, these systems also have limitations; specifically, variation in flow rate can occur depending on the soil characteristics. Subsurface drip irrigation systems covered by only a thin soil layer have been used, especially in irrigated coffee crops in Brazil; however, most related studies have investigated the variation in the flow rate at relatively great soil depths. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate two emitters buried at a depth of 5 cm to determine the variation in the flow rate within four different soil types, and assess the wet bulb. The evaluated soil types were classified as a sandy loam, silty loam, clay loam or clay, and the two emitters evaluated included a pressure compensating drip emitter (PC) and a non pressure compensating model (NPC) With respect to the PC emitter, a flow rate reduction was detected only in the clay loam soil, but with respect to the NPC emitter, a reduction in the flow rate was detected in a sandy loam and clay loam. The flow rate varied even at shallow depths for some soils, and the soil type and emitter flow rate affected this variation, as well as the water distribution in the wet bulb. Thus, this variation should be considered even for systems installed at shallow depths.", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Virgilio Henrique Barros Nogueira", "Adriano Valentim Diotto", "Michael Silveira Thebaldi", "Alberto Colombo", "Yasmin Fernandes Silva", "Elvis Marcio de Castro Lima", "Gabriel Felipe Lima Resende"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 223618420, "title": "Irrigation Water Use Efficiency and Yield of Pistachio under Aerated Subsurface Drip Irrigation System", "abstract": "Improving yield and Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (IWUE) is important for pistachio cultivation in Iran. Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) is a novel irrigation system that is used by pistachio farmers. Oxygen deficiency could occur in the soil under crops irrigated by SDI, especially in heavy clay soils, due to creation of sustained wetting fronts around emitters. The focus of this work was to evaluate aerated water irrigation (oxygation) under SDI to overcome hypoxia in saline loam silt soil environments on 15 years old pistachio trees in desert climate. Two treatments including F3 (irrigation frequency once every 3 days without air injection) and F3 oxygation (irrigation frequency once every 3 days by air injection) were investigated in two years. The injection of 18% by volume air into irrigation water by SDI resulted in a beneficial effect on yield and IWUE in the second year of experiment; with yield values of 4.9 ton ha for F3 oxygation against 4.4 ton ha 1 for F3; and IWUE values of 4.2 kg ha 1 mm for F3 oxygation against 3.7 kg ha 1 mm for F3. Decreases in yield and IWUE in the F3 oxygation in comparison with F3 were 33.3 and 28.2% in the first year, respectively; but yield and IWUE due to F3 oxygation were 11.1 and 13.5% greater in the second year compared to F3, respectively. At the end of the irrigation season, the nitrogen content of the nuts removal in F3, and F3 oxygation were 1.9 and 2.1% in the first year and 1.4 and 1.6% in the second year, respectively. The leaf K and nut Fe concentrations in F3 oxygation were about 24 and 44% more than F3, respectively. Leaf area was larger in aeration treatment compared with the control. Overall, these results indicate positive effects of oxygated SDI system on pistachio trees and merit further investigation for improving yield and IWUE.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Azadeh Seifi", "M Mirlatifi"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 109306565, "title": "Water storage in the soil profile under subsurface drip irrigation: Evaluating two installation depths of emitters and two water qualities", "abstract": "Knowledge about soil moisture is essential to maximize irrigation efficiency because it allows the application of water in the proper quantity and at the proper time, thus improving water management. The objective of this study was to evaluate water storage in the soil profile when using a subsurface drip irrigation system at two emitter installation depths (0.20 or 0.40m) and two water qualities (treated sewage effluent (TSE) and freshwater) in two crop cycles of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. in Campinas SP (Brazil) The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of FEAGRI UNICAMP, Campinas SP, Brazil, adopting a randomized block design (RBD) in a factorial 2x2+1 with 3 replications. The factors studied included the installation of dripper tube at two depths (0.2 and 0.4m) and two qualities of water (TSE and freshwater) plus a non irrigation control. The TDR (time domain reflectometry) technique was used to evaluate the moisture in the soil profile by installing five probes with rods at 0.2m up to 1.0m depth. Replacement of the calibration equation provided by the TDR reduced the water depth between the first ratoon and the sugarcane plant and reduced the excess humidity from 0.029 and 0.045cm3 to 0.002 and 0.007cm3 when the drippers were installed at 0.2m depth (T2 and T4) The installation of a 0.2m drip tube proved to be an ideal solution for both environmental management and water use efficiency when using treated sewage effluent. No effect on the water distribution in the soil was observed when comparing the water qualities. For management of subsurface drip irrigation by the water balance in the soil, different layers in the soil profile should be considered to calculate the water depth, using the depth of the drip tube installation as a reference.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Leonardo Nazario Silva dos Santos", "Edson Eiji Matsura", "Ivo Z Goncalves", "Eduardo Augusto Agnellos Barbosa", "Aline Azevedo Nazario", "N F Tuta", "Marcelo Leite Conde Elaiuy", "D R C Feitosa", "Allan Charlles Mendes de Sousa"], "n_citations": 18, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 14558006, "title": "EFFECT OF SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM DEPTH ON SOIL WATER CONTENT DISTRIBUTION AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS AND DIFFERENT TIMES AFTER IRRIGATION", "abstract": "To properly manage subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) and increase the efficiency of the water use while reducing water losses due to evaporation, the precise distribution of water around the emitters must be known. In this paper, we'll evaluate how different irrigation depths applied with SDI affected the redistribution of soil moisture in the semiarid climate of Tunisia. Data shows that with suitable management, SDI at 35cm depth can achieve higher efficiency rates with limited water to maximize yields. The objective of this work was to evaluate soil moisture distribution bef ore and after irrigation in an experiment carried out in the Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott Meriem under subsurface drip irrigation. The results show that soil moisture is relatively more stable for subsurface drip irrigation buried at 35 cm (T3) than those buried at 5 (T1) and 20cm (T2) with a slight difference except of water 's contributions. There was greater increase in volumetric soil water content for T3 than for T1 and T2 with statistically significant increases", "venue": "", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Boutheina Douh", "Abdelhamid Boujelben", "Sami Bhouri Khila", "Amel Mguidiche"], "n_citations": 26, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 135077513, "title": "Assessing Hydrus 2D Model to Investigate the Effects of Different On Farm Irrigation Strategies on Potato Crop under Subsurface Drip Irrigation", "abstract": "The objective of this paper was to assess the performance of Hydrus 2D model to simulate the effects of different on farm irrigation strategies applied on potato crop. The ability of the model to simulate the stress coefficient (Ks) obtained as the ratio between actual and maximum transpiration, and to define the productive function of potato crop under the semi arid conditions of central Tunisia were also evaluated. Experiments were carried out on potato crop under full (FI) and deficit irrigation (DI) and two different water qualities supplied by means of a subsurface drip irrigation system. Results evidenced that the model, despite some discrepancies locally observed, can fairly accurately predict soil water contents and electrical conductivity around buried emitters. Furthermore, under water and salt stress conditions, \"measured\" Ks, based on crop water stress index (CWSI) obtained on thermal images, resulted in a good correlation with the corresponding estimated by the model (R2 0.8) The database collected during the three growth seasons also allowed the definition of the crop productive function represented by a linear relationship between the relative yield loss and Ks. This function represents a useful guidelines for the sustainable use of irrigation water in countries characterized by a semi arid climate and a limited availability of water for irrigation.", "venue": "Water", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Hiba Ghazouani", "Giovanni Rallo", "Amel Mguidiche", "Basma Latrech", "Boutheina Douh", "Abdelhamid Boujelben", "Giuseppe Provenzano"], "n_citations": 8, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 84837206, "title": "Assessing Hydrus 2 D Model to Investigate the Effects of Different On Farm Irrigation Strategies on Potato Crop under Subsurface Drip Irrigation", "abstract": "The objective of this paper was to assess the performance of Hydrus 2D model to simulate the effects of different on farm irrigation strategies applied on potato crop. The ability of the model to simulate the stress coefficient (Ks) obtained as the ratio between actual and maximum transpiration, and to define the productive function of potato crop under the semi arid conditions of central Tunisia were also evaluated. Experiments were carried out on potato crop under full (FI) and deficit irrigation (DI) and two different water qualities supplied by means of a subsurface drip irrigation system. Results evidenced that the model, despite some discrepancies locally observed, can fairly accurately predict soil water contents and electrical conductivity around buried emitters. Furthermore, under water and salt stress conditions, \"measured\" Ks, based on crop water stress index (CWSI) obtained on thermal images, resulted in a good correlation with the corresponding estimated by the model (R2 0.8) The database collected during the three growth seasons also allowed the definition of the crop productive function represented by a linear relationship between the relative yield loss and Ks. This function represents a useful guidelines for the sustainable use of irrigation water in countries characterized by a semi arid climate and a limited availability of water for irrigation.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Hiba Ghazouani", "Giovanni Rallo", "Amel Mguidiche", "Basma Latrech", "Boutheina Douh", "Abdelhamid Boujelben", "Giuseppe Provenzano"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 158964272, "title": "Effects of lateral spacing for drip irrigation and mulching on the distributions of soil water and nitrate, maize yield, and water use efficiency", "abstract": "In this study, a two year study in fields with and without a subsurface sand layer (identified as FSS and FNS) were conducted in the Hetao Irrigation District in Northwest China, to investigate the effects of irrigation lateral spacing and soil mulching on soil water and nitrate distribution uniformity, and the combined effects of soil water and nitrate distribution on crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of spring maize. The experiment followed a completely randomized block design with four treatments (S1M1, S1M2, S2M1, and S2M2) and three replicates for FSS and FNS, respectively. The four treatments resulted from the combination of two levels of lateral spacing (S1 for 1.0 m and S2 for 0.5 m) and two film covering modes (full mulching, M1; partial mulching, M2) In each treatment, the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU) was used to evaluate the uniformities of soil water (CUw) and nitrate (CUn) distribution in the vertical soil profile. The results showed that the narrower lateral spacing and full mulching enhanced CUn and relative chlorophyll content of leaf, compared with the wider lateral spacing and partial mulching. However, lateral spacing and mulching methods imposed no significant effect on CUw. The correlation between CUw and CUn was not significant under mulched drip irrigation system. In soils without a subsurface sand layer, crop yield may be greater with a higher CUn in root zone. Full film covering significantly enhanced CUn and then increased crop yields and WUE in FNS, however the combined effects of lateral spacing and mulching methods on grain yield were not significantly different. Thus, taking into account crop yields, WUE, and cost of drip laterals, the combination of wider irrigation lateral spacing and partial mulching was recommended for the FSS soil, while the combination of wider irrigation lateral spacing and full mulching for the FNS soil.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Lifeng Zhou", "Jianqiang He", "Zhijuan Qi", "Miles Dyck", "Yufeng Zou", "Tibin Zhang", "Hao Feng"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221763797, "title": "MAXIMIZING WATER USE EFFICIENCY WITH SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM", "abstract": "Accuracy of water application allows reducing average irrigation rate to a level that coincides with soil's hydraulic conductivity and minimizes percolation below the main root zone. Field experiment was conducted to confirm the efficiency of this approach, in a calcareous sandy clay loam soil. The source of irrigation water was ground shallow well. The treatments consisted of three irrigation systems (surface drip (T0) and subsurface drip (T15 and T30) and three levels of irrigation water application at 100, 80 and 60% of crop water requirements (T, 0.8T and 0.6T, respectively) 16 mm drip lines with 0.33 m GR emitter spacing were placed on the furrow ridge surface in the middle of alternative plant rows. Laterals with the same characteristics were buried at two depths (15 and 30 cm) in the subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) The obtained results indicated that the performance of the irrigation system was good throughout the cropping season. Values of statistical uniformity (SU) and distribution uniformity (DU) were 94.8% and 0.93, respectively. The moisture distribution in the soil monitored along plant growth stages indicated that SDI plots produced wider wetted patterns. Under scarce water, (0.8 T and 0.6T) the results demonstrated that SDI exceeded the surface drip irrigation in terms of potato yield and (IWUE) Maximum average yield (12.63 Mg/fed. was recorded with subsurface drip line buried at 15 cm depth (T15) The overall average yield of potato in the surface drip laterals (T0) declined by 26.9 and 25.1 compared with SDI (T15) and (T30) respectively. As the applied water decreased from 2209 to 1496.5 m/fed. by using SDI, the average values of IWUE under SDI were higher than those obtained by surface drip irrigation at any level of applied irrigation water treatments. Thus, in the case of saving 20% of irrigation water, (0.8T15) the highest IWUE value (8.913 kg/m) was obtained. Meanwhile, the lowest value of IWUE (4.178 kg/m) was obtained by surface drip irrigation with 100% water application amount level, (T0) This lowest value of IWUE may be reached to 50.5 and 51.7% compared with (T15) and (T30) respectively. In the same time, there was no significant effect for the level of water application on IWUE at (T) (0.8T) or (0.6T) treatments. Soil Cons. Dept. Desert Res. Center, Cairo, Egypt Misr J. Ag. Eng. 26(1) 132148 IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Hosam A M Hiekal"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Acid rain and ozone depletion from Siberian Traps", "session_id": 5476173713947610, "user_id": 1521652717809782, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 42223588, "title": "Acid rain and ozone depletion from pulsed Siberian Traps magmatism", "abstract": "The Siberian Traps flood basalts have been invoked as a trigger for the catastrophic end Permian mass extinction. Widespread aberrant plant remains across the Permian Triassic boundary provide evidence that atmospheric stress contributed to the collapse in terrestrial diversity. We used detailed estimates of magmatic degassing from the Siberian Traps to complete the first three dimensional global climate modeling of atmospheric chemistry during eruption of a large igneous province. Our results show that both strongly acidic rain and global ozone collapse are possible transient consequences of episodic pyroclastic volcanism and heating of volatile rich Siberian country rocks. We suggest that in conjunction with abrupt warming from greenhouse gas emissions, these repeated, rapidly applied atmospheric stresses directly linked Siberian magmatism to end Permian ecological failure on land. Our comprehensive modeling supplies the first picture of the global distribution and severity of acid rain and ozone depletion, providing testable predictions for the geography of end Permian environmental proxies.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Benjamin A Black", "Jean-Francois Lamarque", "Christine A Shields", "Linda T Elkins-Tanton", "Jeffrey T Kiehl"], "n_citations": 104, "n_key_citations": 6, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 230449404, "title": "Acid rain, ozone depletion, and the climate response to pulsed Siberian Traps magmatism", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Benjamin A Black", "Jean-Francois Lamarque", "Christine A Shields", "Linda T Elkins-Tanton", "Jeffrey T Kiehl"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 237111883, "title": "The shallow water Permian Triassic extinction record in western Tethys (Hungary and Turkey) evidence for ocean acidification or marine anoxia?", "abstract": "The Permian Triassic (PT) extinction was Earth's greatest ever biotic crisis. Despite controversy over the timing of losses, radio isotopic dating indicates that extensive damage was done to both terrestrial and marine ecosystems in a very brief interval around the PT boundary. Diverse proposed kill mechanisms include marine anoxia, ocean acidification, volcanic winter, hypercapnia, global warming, increased sediment influx, ozone destruction, acid rain, extreme atmospheric oxygen depletion, poisoning by toxic trace metals, and bolide impact. Apart from the last cause, these mechanisms are related to Siberian Traps volcanism.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["David P G Bond", "Paul B Wignall"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 213001275, "title": "The End Permian Mass Extinction", "abstract": "Abstract The end Permian mass extinction was triggered by geologically rapid carbon release from enormous flood basalt eruptions, the Siberian Traps. This perturbation to the carbon cycle led to a hyperthermal event: considerable temperature increases on land and in the oceans, expansion of oceanic oxygen minimum zones, heavy metal pollution, short term acid rain and disruption of the ozone layer, and intensification of the hydrologic cycle with shifts in rainfall patterns. If carbon release was sufficiently rapid, the oceans may have suffered a short lived acidification event. These environmental stresses caused a severe and rapid extinction in the oceans and probably also on land. In the oceans, extinctions occurred in a single pulse lasting", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Matthew E Clapham"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 133833819, "title": "End Permian extinction amplified by plume induced release of recycled lithospheric volatiles", "abstract": "Magmatic volatile release to the atmosphere can lead to climatic changes and substantial environmental degradation including the production of acid rain, ocean acidification and ozone depletion, potentially resulting in the collapse of the biosphere. The largest recorded mass extinction in Earth's history occurred at the end of the Permian, coinciding with the emplacement of the Siberian large igneous province, suggesting that large scale magmatism is a key driver of global environmental change. However, the source and nature of volatiles in the Siberian large igneous province remain contentious. Here we present halogen compositions of sub continental lithospheric mantle xenoliths emplaced before and after the eruption of the Siberian flood basalts. We show that the Siberian lithosphere is massively enriched in halogens from the infiltration of subducted seawater derived volatiles and that a considerable amount (up to 70% of lithospheric halogens are assimilated into the plume and released to the atmosphere during emplacement. Plume lithosphere interaction is therefore a key process controlling the volatile content of large igneous provinces and thus the extent of environmental crises, leading to mass extinctions during their emplacement.Halogens in Siberian xenoliths show that plume lithosphere interaction controls the volatile content of large igneous provinces. The seawater derived volatiles, implicated in the end Permian mass extinction, infiltrated the lithosphere during subduction.", "venue": "Nature Geoscience", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Michael W Broadley", "Peter H Barry", "Chris J Ballentine", "Lawrence A Taylor", "Ray Burgess"], "n_citations": 23, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 129481689, "title": "Changing atmosphere: a global challenge.", "abstract": "In this book, a specialist in atmospheric research describes the causes of acid rain, ozone depletion and global warming and the evidence for each one's recent acceleration. He also provides practical and long range suggestions for controlling these and other forms of atmospheric deterioration. The author discusses how the emission of sulphur and nitrogen substances into the air leads to acid rain, how the release of chlorine bearing gases into the air causes destruction of ozone in the high atmosphere, and how the addition of infrared trapping gases to the atmosphere restricts the loss of radiation from the earth and thus leads to a heating of the climate. He argues that although it is almost impossible to bring the spread of chemicals into the air to a complete halt, steps to slow air pollution are technically feasible and in many cases economically beneficial. He describes these strategies, cautioning that they must be co ordinated with a larger goal of lessening the total impact human activities have on the earth. According to the author, we can work towards this goal by attempting to stabilize populations (in the developed as well as the developing world) protect forests, encourage the use of modern energy efficient technology in Third World countries (and the United States) and reduce poverty worldwide.", "venue": "", "year": 1990.0, "author_names": ["John W Firor"], "n_citations": 35, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 94300681, "title": "Matrix Isolation Spectroscopy in Atmospheric Chemistry", "abstract": "There is a growing concern about our environment and it has been realized that quick and definite measures are required if we are to preserve our planet for posterity. The rising level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and its consequent effect on the global climatic conditions, the depletion of stratospheric ozone, acid rain, and photochemical smog are some of the issues that have been addressed by scientists and policy makers the world over. Solutions to most environmental problems can be obtained only through collective efforts and, to ensure that such efforts are effective, it is necessary that policies and legislation are made based on scientific data on our ever changing environment. The data must provide information on the nature of trace constituents present in the different layers of the atmosphere, their concentrations, and their chemistry. A variety of experimental techniques have been used for this purpose, such as fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared (IR) and ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) absorption, Raman scattering, and photoacoustic spectroscopy. All these techniques exhibit some combination of the following features: multielement detection, low detection limits (DLs) specificity for an unequivocal identification of species, accuracy, and precision. One of the experimental techniques that has found important applications in the study of the atmosphere is matrix isolation (MI) spectroscopy. In this technique, the molecules of interest are diluted in a large excess of an inert gas and sprayed onto a cold substrate held at 10 K. Under these conditions, the molecules are trapped, isolated from each other and only surrounded by inert gas atoms. Such cold, isolated molecules yield spectra that have narrow spectral widths. Furthermore, if the trapped species are reactive molecules or radicals, they are likely to have extended lifetimes in the inert cage, thus allowing their chemistry and spectroscopy to be studied at leisure. These features of MI have made it particularly useful in the study of atmospheric chemistry. The high resolution capability enables one to use this technique as an analytical tool, as closely lying spectral features of different molecules can now be resolved a feature that has been employed to identify and estimate trace constituents in the upper tropospheric and stratospheric samples. In conjunction with gas chromatography (GC) MI and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) referred to as GC/MI/FTIR, offers a powerful tool with which to resolve isomeric forms of environmentally hazardous chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Such isomeric resolution is essential, as it is well known that only certain isomeric forms are biologically active, whereas the others are not. In this respect, GC/MI/FTIR even scores over GC mass spectroscopy (MS) Analytical spectroscopy of matrix isolated species is also done using fluorescence spectroscopy, where again the advantage of high resolution enables one to resolve isomeric forms of compounds. Where the species of interest is a free radical, electron spin resonance (ESR) is the technique of choice to study the trapped species. This is a particularly powerful tool, as free radicals are known to play an important role in a number of atmospheric processes. Another aspect of MI spectroscopy is its ability to study reaction intermediates, a feature that has been employed to study the reaction mechanisms of atmospherically important chemical and photochemical reactions. All these aspects of the technique are discussed in this article, using examples.", "venue": "", "year": 2006.0, "author_names": ["K S Viswanathan", "K Sankaran", "K Sundararajan"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 100205822, "title": "Heterogeneous processing of {sup 13}NO{sub 2} at zero concentration by monodisperse carbon aerosols", "abstract": "The heterogeneous chemical processing of atmospheric cases by both natural and anthropogenic aerosols plays a key role in the regional as well as global environment. The oxides of nitrogen in the presence of soot present a particularly interesting and relevant topic covering a wide range of such diverse phenomena as acid rain and stratospheric ozone depletion. Detailed investigations of such systems is difficult due to low aerosol and gas species concentrations and, to date, most studies have investigated the chemistry using bulk samples. Nitrogen dioxide is known to be the most important reactive species in this system proceeding as, NO{sub 2} (C) {r_arrow} (NO{sub 2}{lg_bullet} C){r_arrow} NO (O {lg_bullet} C) In our current study, we have used {sup 13}N(T{sub 1/2} 9.96 min) radioisotope labeling techniques to investigate the uptake and chemical conversion of NO{sub 2} in the presence of monodisperse carbon aerosols under real atmospheric conditions, which represents a significant improvement over earlier studies in our lab. {sup 13}N was produced using 14 MeV protons from the PSI Philips cyclotron and a gas target of 2% O{sub 2} in He for the reaction {sup 16}O(p,{alpha} {sup 13}N. The resulting {sup 13}NO{sub y} were reduced to {sup 13}NOmore over molybdenum and subsequently oxidized to {sup 13}NO{sub 2} over CrO{sub 3} Carbon aerosol was generated by spark discharge between graphite rods in argon. Mono disperse size cuts were selected with a differential mobility analyzer operated with synthetic air. The NO{sub 2} and aerosol streams were admixed and passed through a reaction volume for a reaction time of 10s. A series of selective traps and one filter were used to separate products and reactants: (1) triethanolamine (TEA) denuder to remove unreacted gas phase NO{sub 2} (2) TEA impregnated class fiber filter to remove aerosol fraction and NO{sub 2} released after uptake, and (3) Co{sub x}O{sub y} trap to remove all residual NO{sub x} less", "venue": "", "year": 1995.0, "author_names": ["Kevin D Tabor", "Markus Kalberer", "Y Parrat"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 144277208, "title": "Seventh grade students' conceptions of global warming and climate change, Environmental Education Research (2009) 15, no. 5: 549 570 DOI: 10.1080/13504620903114592", "abstract": "The purpose of this study was to investigate sevent h grade students' conceptions of global warming and climate change. The study was descript ive in nature and involved the collection of qualitative data from 91 seventh grade students fro m three different schools in the Midwest, USA. These data were analyzed for content in an in ductive manner to identify students' concepts. The categories that emerged from the stu den s' responses reflected different degrees of sophistication or conceptualization about global w rming and climate change. Based on these findings we make curricular recommendations that bu ild on the students' conceptions and the NRC (1996) science education standards. Global Warming and Climate Change 2 Introduction As human activities continue to add greenhouse gase s carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides to the Earth's atmosphere, global te mp ratures are expected to rise, causing the Earth's climates to change. These climate changes may affect precipitation patterns, severe and extreme weather events, and over time environmental systems. Furthermore, human health and agriculture may be sensitive to climate change. Th e Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has concluded that global warming is inevita ble and that human activity is likely to be the main cause. The National Research Council's Grand Challenges in Environmental Sciences (NRC, 2000) identified eight \"grand challenges,\" fo ur f which are directly linked to climate and climate change. Thus, it is vital that students le arn about global warming and climate change. Teaching about global warming and climate change is essential for developing well rounded students, and for overcoming a critical def iciency in atmospheric science and climatology curricula (Serafin et al. 1991) Furth ermore, teaching about global warming and climate change provides a natural context for study ing science through personal and social applications. An understanding that is essential i f future citizens are to assume responsibility for the management and policymaking decisions facing ou r planet (Brown, 1992; Bybee, 1993) Therefore, if science education is to promote a cit izenry that is knowledgeable about global warming and climate change it is essential to deter mine what students' conceptions are about global warming and climate change (Osborne Freybe rg, 1985) in order to plan curriculum and design instruction that builds on students' concept ions (Driver et al. 1994) The purpose of this study was to investigate sevent h grade students' conceptions about global warming and climate change, add to the extan t literature base on students' geoscience and environmental science learning, and provide guidanc e to curricular development. We selected Global Warming and Climate Change 3 seventh grade as this is the grade level at which s tudents begin to learn about global climate, weather, and related phenomena (e.g. hydrologic cy cle) developing an understanding of the Earth as a system the interrelationship among the p hysical, chemical, and biological processes that shape and change the Earth (NRC, 1996) Speci fically, the research question guiding this study was: What are seventh grade students' concep tions of global warming and climate change? Based on these findings we make curricular recommen dations that build on students' conceptions and the National Research Council (NRC) science education standards (NRC, 1996) Furthermore our study expands on past resea rch, providing a historical perspective on students' conceptions as well as providing new insi ght into students' conceptions about the potential environmental impact of global warming an d climate change. Background We reviewed 14 international studies published betw e n 1993 and 2005 that investigated secondary students' conceptions of global warming a nd climate change. Because of the limited number of studies that specifically investigated se venth grade students' conceptions of global warming and climate change; we expanded our literat ure review to secondary students, grades 612. Instead of individually describing each of the studies, we report our interpretation and categorization of the findings in tabular form (Tab les 1 4) We grouped the findings from these studies into four themes and 20 categories. The fo ur themes are: conceptions about global warming, the greenhouse effect (Table 1) causes of global warming and climate change (Table 2) environmental impact of global warming and clim ate change (Table 3) and resolutions (Table 4) Within each theme we identified categor ies that reflect the students' conceptions. For each category we identify specific findings that ma ke up the category along with the authors. Global Warming and Climate Change 4 Table 1. Secondary students' conceptions about glo bal warming, the greenhouse effect Categories Findings and Author No Distinction between the kinds of radiation No distinction among \"ultraviolet rays,\" \"solar ray s,\" and \"thermal rays or heat (coming from the sun)\" (Koulaidis Christidou, 199 No distinction between \"heat rays\" and \"ultra viole t rays\" (Boyes Stanisstreet, 1997 Fisher, 1998; Osterlind, 2005) No distinction among \"heat rays,\" \"ultra violet ray s,\" \"heat or high ambient temperature\" (Boyes Stanisstreet,1998) The kind of radiation involved in the greenhouse effect Increased ultraviolet radiation, due to ozone deple tion, results in global warming (Koulaidis Christidou, 1999; Boyes Stan isstreet, 1997) Heat or solar rays coming from sun is involved in t he greenhouse effect, no concept of terrestrial radiation. (Koulaidis Chri stidou, 1999) The kinds of greenhouse gases Consider greenhouse gases as air pollutants and gre enhouse effect as an environmental problem (Koulaidis Christidou, 1999 Do not consider CO2 as a greenhouse gas (Boyes et al. 1993; Boyes Stanisstreet, 1993; Boyes Stanisstreet, 1997; Pr uneau et al. 2001) Do not consider water vapor as a greenhouse gas (Fi sher, 1998) The position and distribution of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere Greenhouse gases form a thin layer in atmosphere su rrounding the earth (Koulaidis Christidou, 1999; Pruneau et al. 2003 Carbon dioxide forms a \"lid\" or \"skin\" over the ear th (Andersson Wallin, 2000) Lots of gases form a \"roof\" over the earth (Anderss on Wallin, 2000) The definition of greenhouse effect Do not know about the greenhouse effect (Andersson Wallin, 2000; Pruneau et al. 2001) No distinction between greenhouse effect and global warming (Andersson Wallin, 2000; Boyes et al. 1993) Erroneously involving the ozone layer in greenhouse effect Greenhouse effect is that solar rays, reflected by the earth surface, are trapped by ozone layer (Koulaidis Christidou, 1999) Sun's rays get trapped in the ozone (Boyes Stanis strret, 1997; Pruneau et al. 2003) Global Warming and Climate Change 5 Table 2. Secondary students' conceptions about the causes of global warming and climate change Table 3. Secondary students' conceptions about the impact of global warming and climate change Categories Findings and Author Environmentally harmful actions Littering (Boyes Stanisstreet, 1993; Gowda et al. 1997) Using environmentally harmful products (Gowda et al 1997) Pollution Acid rain (Boyes Stanisstreet, 1993; Bo yes et al. 1993; Pruneau et al. 2001) Nuclear waste (Boyes Stanisstreet, 1993; Boyes et al. 1993) General air pollution (Andersson Wallin, 2000; Bo yes Stanisstreet, 1997; Gowda et al.,1997) Chemicals, harmful and unnatural gases (Gowda et al 1997) General pollution Fisher, 1998; Gowda et al. 199 7; Pruneau et al. 2001; Pruneau et al. 2003) Heat is trapped under a layer of dust created by po llution (Pruneau et al. 2001) Ozone hole Ozone depletion causes global warming (B oyes et al. 1993; Boyes Stanisstreet, 1993; Boyes Stanisstreet, 1998; Fis her, 1998; Gowda et al. 1997; Pruneau et al. 2001) Ozone hole allows more solar energy to reach the ea rth, causing global warming (Andersson Wallin, 2000; Boyes et al. 19 99; Boyes Stanisstreet, 1994; Boyes Stanisstreet, 1997; Kou laidis Christidou, 1999; Osterlind, 2005; Pruneau et al. 2003; Rye et al. 1997) Cool air escapes into space through the ozone hole, causing the earth to warm (Boyes Stanisstrret, 1997) Change in solar irradiation Increased penetration of solar radiation (Boyes et al. 1993; Boyes Stanisstreet, 1993; Pruneau et al. 2003) Earth gets closer to the sun; sunrays hit more plac es on the Earth (Pruneau et al. 2003) Barrier of gases Barrier of gases bounces back the heat from the Earth and keeps it from leaving the Earth (Andersson Wallin, 2000) Categories Findings and Author No change in my life No consequence in my life (Pruneau et al. 2001; Pr uneau et al, 2003) Over estimate global warming Much higher temperature estimations (Gowda et al. 1997) Skin cancer Causes skin cancer (Boyes et al. 1993; Boyes Stanisstreet, 1993; Boyes Stanisstrret, 1998; Pruneau et al. 2003) Do not understand regional variation Confusion over regional differences in that in some areas there will be more flooding and in other areas there will be more dese rtification (Boyes Stanisstreet, 1993) Depletion of ozone layer Greenhouse gases cause depletion of the ozone layer (Boyes et al. 1999; Boyes Stanisstrret, 1997; Boyes Stanisstreet, 1 994; Gowda et al. 1997; Rye et al. 1997) General air pollution Greenhouse gases are air poll utants, increased greenhouse gases will cause air pollution (Koulaidis Christidou, 1999) Global Warming and Climate Change 6 Table 4. Secondary students' conceptions about res olving global warming and climate change Theoretical and Methodological Framework A constructivist perspective guided this study. Constructivism, as a research referent, aims to understand the meanings constructed by stud en s participating in context specific activities using language (Schwandt, 1994) Centra l", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Daniel P Shepardson", "Dev Niyogi", "Soyoung Choi", "Umarporn Charusombat"], "n_citations": 19, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 54907398, "title": "INTERDISCIPLINARY COOPERATION AND SYSTEM MODELLING AS MEANS TO GOVERN THE ANTHROPOCENE", "abstract": "The global development has now come to a critical state where humanity act as a new geological force and it is obvious that there are numerous of environmental problems which arise from the present geosphere biosphere anthroposphere interactions which urgently need to be addressed. This paper argues that systems analysis and modelling of environmental systems is one necessary part in successful governing of societies towards sustainability. In the 1960th many observations and data made it evident that the environment in most countries was in a bad state. To get a holistic view of the complex problems and to clarify the relationships of structure and function, systems thinking was applied e.g. modelling, cybernetics, systems analysis, life cycle assessment and energy and material flow analysis. Such tools used collectively, conceptualized as 'integrated assessment' can help to communicate fundamental knowledge, and to support decision making when identifying, developing and implementing precautionary measures and solutions. There are good examples demonstrating the strength of such approaches; Solutions to the ozone depletion by replacing CFC's with more chemically reactive compounds that are degraded within the troposphere. Acidification of European low buffer soils and lakes, sensitive to acid rain, has decreased due to concerted action on Sulphur emission control in large parts of Europe. The handling and recycling of solid waste has resulted in a considerable reduction of deposits in large parts of the world. This basically natural scientific knowledge has also influenced the development within e.g. economy and jurisprudence and today ecological economy and environmental law assume ecological systems as fundamental. The complexity of ecosystems and environmental issues can only be understood by use of advanced scientific tools such as modelling as a base for establishing interdisciplinary co operation. Each component of such models will of course be an approximation, but validation and verification of the models will serve to make them useful. An ongoing research project at Mid Sweden University aims at building a complete carbon and energy balance model of an entire Swedish region, based on the Danish Samso model. Such models will make it possible to refer to a robust scientific base, thereby making it easier to argue for appropriate measures and actions. At the same time it will be clear what data these actions rest upon thereby making it easier to identify possible errors or limitations. Systems analysis and subsequent modes are constructs. According to systems theory and model development they are strategies as the best representations of nature, we can make. At the same time it must be assured, that a continuous adaptation and improvement in a studied area is possible i.e. that model outcomes are matched with phenomenological observations and that empirical work also is carried out. Model development can therefore be characterized as a dynamic and iterative process. Governance in the Anthropocene must be based on an understanding of the problem picture at hand, and learning how to appropriately address increasingly complex issues. For identifying potential solutions and consequences of policy implementation, systems modelling on relevant levels will be one necessary tool. The current project developing an environmental regional model, illustrates how modelling can provide decision support for the county of Jamtland regarding management of energy resources and planning of future infrastructure, as well as serving regional and national information purposes.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Torbjorn Skytt", "Soren Nors Nielsen", "Erik Gronlund", "Fredrik Stahl", "Anders Jonsson", "Inga Carlman", "Morgan Froling"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "eftover? I am a victorious woman", "session_id": 5268852568990156, "user_id": 1887591913892718, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 216401463, "title": "\"Leftover? I am a victorious woman!\" the potential for the emergence of a new womanhood", "abstract": "ABSTRACT In the last decade, there has been a significant rise in the number of well educated, highly paid, and independent unmarried women who have been officially defined as sheng nu \"leftover women\" in China. Despite the presence of the term in media and political discourses, the voices of these women are rarely heard. This study explores their lived experiences regarding the meaning of singlehood through 26 interviews with Chinese sheng nu. This study argues that they are positively challenging the dominant societal identity and creating an alternative idea of womanhood by valuing independence and connections with others. In the active transformation of their identities, in reflecting upon their own values, in making choices for meaningful relationships with others, and in resisting patriarchal formations of womanhood in interaction with others. Thereby, they demonstrate the potential for change.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Chao Zhang"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 165785742, "title": "\"Leftover? No! I Am a Victorious Woman\" Exploring the Identity of Sheng Nv in Contemporary China", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Chao Zhang"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 220888968, "title": "\"Now, I am Empowered. Now, I am a Woman With Spirit\" Evaluating CARE's Public Health Work Through a Community Organizing Framework in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh", "abstract": "Community based interventions are crucial to reducing health care disparities throughout the world. CARE, an international development nongovernmental organization (NGO) is a global leader in using a community based approach in public health. This qualitative study sought to understand the processes through which community organizing functions to effectively facilitate change and improve health among underserved populations in three programs in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Sixteen in depth interviews and two focus groups were conducted with NGO staff, partner organization staff, and community change agents. Programs are assessed through Ganz's community organizing model, which includes (a) leadership development, (b) storytelling strategies, and (c) team building. Our findings confirm existing literature showing that public health approaches can be augmented by using community organizing to develop local engagement. Results show that program success relates to developing community members' understanding of social inequality and its impact on society. Other important strategies include systems strengthening, political engagement, coalition building, and government outreach. Empowered communities were created through recruiting, activating, and investing in community members, their stories, and their collaborative potential, at least in the sites studied here. Collectively, these programs have begun to create empowered communities among some of the most marginalized people in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.", "venue": "International quarterly of community health education", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Andrew J Saxon", "Jessie VanNess Ford"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 149842271, "title": "\"What If I Am a Woman?\" Black Feminist Rhetorical Strategies of Intersectional Identification and Resistance in Maria Stewart's Texts", "abstract": "ABSTRACT In this essay, I argue that an analysis of Maria W. Stewart's rhetorical choices extends her legacy as an early proponent of the intersectionality of African American female identity. She uses casuistry as defined by Kenneth Burke, dissociation as articulated by Chaim Perelman and applied by Shirley Wilson Logan, and rearticulation as defined by Patricia Hill Collins to confirm herself as sacrificially American through consubstantiation, nobly African by history, and divinely feminine by God. She articulates a Black female consciousness that is empowered to move toward breaking the oppressive conditions of their triple consciousness. Her use of rearticulation to resolve the failures of respectability politics provides relevance for the use of African American feminist theories as a rhetorical technique.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Rhana A Gittens"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 6742075, "title": "\"I just feel like I am broken. I am the worst pregnant woman ever\" A qualitative exploration of the \"at odds\" experience of women's antenatal distress", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Advances in perinatal mental health research have provided valuable insights around risk factors for the overall development of maternal distress. However, there is still a limited understanding of the experience of women struggling emotionally during pregnancy. We explored how women view, experience, and interpret psychological distress antenatally. Eighteen Australian women participated in in depth interviews that were analyzed thematically within a critical realist theoretical framework. We present and situate the current findings within the dominant discourse of the good mother, which arguably promotes guilt and stigma and results in women self labeling as bad mothers.", "venue": "Health care for women international", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Aleksandra Staneva", "Fiona Bogossian", "Alina Morawska", "Anja Wittkowski"], "n_citations": 10, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 192283822, "title": "\"I AM A WOMAN\" PORTRAYING WOMANHOOD IN THE AUTO/BIOGRAPHY OF AN INDONESIAN TRANSSEXUAL CELEBRITY", "abstract": "Paper ini mendiskusikan femininitas di dalam auto/biografi selebritas transeksual \"Aku Perempuan: Jalan Berliku Seorang Dorce Gamalama\" 2005 Auto/biografi ini diterbitkan tahun 2005. Auto/biografi bukan sekadar merayakan karirnya tetapi yang lebih penting lagi adalah untuk menegaskan identitas dirinya sebagai perempuan. Saya berargumentasi bahwa peran feminine yang dituntut dari selebritas perempuan dapat juga di[per]tunjukkan oleh seorang transeksual seperti Dorce Gamalama tetapi dengan tuntutan ditampilkannya bentuk femininitas yang lebih meyakinkan dibandingkan yang dituntut dari selebritas yang secara biologis dilahirkan perempuan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan membaca secara dekat, mencermati struktur auto/biografi serta wacana yang ditampilkan. Analisis saya atas auto/biografi Dorce Gamalama ini menunjukkan bahwa persoalan makna perempuan sejati muncul berulang sejalan dengan perjuangan subjek auto/biografis dalam mengklaim identitas feminine yang otentik melalui tubuh, seksualitas dan peran femininnya sebagai ibu dan istri. Penegasan mengenai identitas sebagai perempuan sejati sangat erat dikaitkan dengan Islam sebagai kerangka beragama lokal di Indonesia. Abstract This paper examines femininity in the auto/biography of a transsexual celebrity, \"Aku Perempuan: Jalan Berliku Seorang Dorce Gamalama\" 2005 Her auto/biography was published in 2005. The auto/biography is not so much about celebrating her career as it is about endorsing her womanhood. I argue that these feminine roles expected of female celebrities can be performed by a transsexual (M2F) person as Dorce Gamalama but with the need to create a more convincing form of femininity than is required of a \"natural\" female celebrity. This research is conducted by reading the text closely, paying attention to the structure and the discourse presented. My examination of Dorce's auto/biography shows that this question about being a real woman recurs as the auto/biographical subject struggles to claim an authentic feminine identity through her body and sexuality as well as through the feminine roles of motherhood and wifehood. This assertion of being a real woman is tightly connected to Islam as Indonesian local religious frame.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Aquarini Priyatna", ""], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199467148, "title": "Papular Sarcoidosis of the Knees Following Treatment with Interferon Alpha and Ribavirin in a Woman with Hepatitis C.", "abstract": "from injection sites and without thrombocytopenia. J Intern Med. 1998;243:313 5. 4. Gan WK. Diagnostic challenge of heparin induced skin necrosis. Ann Clin Lab Res. 2017;5:213. 5. Dominguez Espinosa E, Diaz Madrid M. Necrosis cutanea por heparina. Piel. 2009;24:362 3. 6. Sanchez PS, Angelillo SA, Masouye I, Borradori L. Widespread skin necrosis asociated with unfractioned heparin therapy in a patient under chronic coumarin anticoagulation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20:327 30. 7. Llamas Velasco M, Alegria V, Santos Briz A, Cerroni L, Kutzner H, Requena L. Occlusive nonvasculitic vasculopathy: A review. Am J Dermatopathol. 2016;1:1 25. A. Estebanez, E. Silva, P. Cordero, J.M. Martin", "venue": "Actas dermo sifiliograficas", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Benigno Monteagudo", "M C Grueiro", "Alejandro Vilas-Sueiro", "Fernando Campo-Cerecedo"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 79185672, "title": "\"I am the worst pregnant woman ever\" A mixed method study of the nature of psychological distress during pregnancy", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Aleksandra Staneva"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 53031189, "title": "Continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion in a woman with secondary adrenal insufficiency", "abstract": "Adrenal insufficiency requires long term, often life long, administration of 15 25 mg/day hydrocortisone in two to three daily doses, though personalized adjustments may be needed [1] Disruption of the circadian cortisol rhythm is associated with poor quality of life, sleep disturbances, asthenia, immune disturbances, and impairment of glucose/ lipid metabolisms. Programmable pumps may be used for continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion (CSHI) with modulated rates that mimic the circadian rhythm of serum cortisol concentrations [2] We report the use of CSHI in a woman with secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI) and multiple allergic reactions, including to excipients of the standard oral hydrocortisone tablet. A 42 year old woman (body weight: 64 kg, BMI: 22.2 kg/m, body surface area (BSA) 1.75 m) with secondary hypothyroidism and SAI from idiopathic ACTH deficiency (basal serum cortisol: 42 nmol/L, plasmatic ACTH: 1.83 pmol/L) was admitted to our Endocrine Unit because of profound asthenia, inability to cope with daily activities, hypotension, and nausea and vomiting in the morning. She was suffering from allergic reactions to several drugs, perfumes, cosmetics, solvents, and paints with previous episodes of anaphylaxis. The oral administration of a 10 mg hydrocortisone tablet had previously induced an anaphylactic reaction with severe hypotension and laryngeal angio oedema, which required hospitalization and adrenalin treatment. At the time of admission, substitutive therapy was 25 mg/day of a hydrocortisone preparation containing biologic rice amid, in four daily administrations. Our CSHI protocol was approved by the local ethics committee (CEAS Regione Umbria, 3049/17) The Italian Health Ministry approved the use of a Medtronic MiniMedTM 640G (Medtronic MiniMed, 18000 Devonshire Street, Northridge, CA, USA) insulin infusion pump for CSHI in our patient (DGFDM.VI/P/I.5.i.n/2017/367) Written informed consent was obtained. We chose a hydrocortisone preparation containing only sodium phosphate as excipient (Flebocortid(r) 500 mg/5 mL) The ampoule and the infusion kit were changed every 3 days. We initially set the infusion program according to available data in the literature (2) with a total daily hydrocortisone dose slightly lower than that used with the oral preparation. 7.00 am serum cortisol concentration ranged from 295 to 345 nmol/L in the first 3 days after CSHI was started and 24 h free urine cortisol was within the normal range (712 nmol/24 h) Subsequently, within the first 2 weeks, we gradually reduced the total daily dose of hydrocortisone (from the initial dose of 21.625 mg/day, 12.4 mg/m BSA to 18.7 mg/day, 10.7 mg/m BSA) and programmed a more gradual increase of cortisol infusion between 2.00 and 7.00 am, because of referred sleep disturbances. During the following months, the patient experienced improvement of well being with CSHI, with resolution of nausea and vomiting at wakening. She was also able to restart many of her home work and daily physical activities (including sport activities) that had been stopped after diagnosis of SAI. During 14 months of follow up, she did not refer adverse reactions nor addisonian crisis, and all blood and urine values remained unchanged and within the normal range (including blood glucose, electrolytes, kidney/ liver parameters, total cholesterol, high density lypoproteins (HDL) low density lypoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides) An adrenal insufficiency specific quality of life questionnaire (AddiQoL 30) (score from 30 to 120) [3] scored 57 at baseline, 73 at 6 months, and 78 at 12 months CSHI. Alberto Falorni alberto.falorni@unipg.it", "venue": "Endocrine", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Francesca Cardini", "Elisabetta Torlone", "Vittorio Bini", "Alberto Falorni"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 91180904, "title": "Specific features of self perception and anxiety of a woman with pathology of pregnancy", "abstract": "Objective:The purpose of the article is to describe the empirical research of self perception and emotional state of a woman with a pathology of pregnancy. At present, reproductive problems, both in women and men, are quite widespread in the world. According to the WHO data there are about 80 million couples in the world who have some difficulties in conception, carrying and giving birth to children. The reproductive health impairment is becoming one of the main problems of modern society, and consequently, the number of psychological problems also increases, because the inability to conceive or carry a baby safely, provided that there is a conscious desire to have children, is one of the most difficult life situations.Method:The leading method to investigate this problem is diagnostic and static methods that allow us to identify the presence of specific features in self perception and emotional state of a woman during her pregnancy, focusing specifically on the psychological characteristics of women with pregnancy pathologies.Results:Based on the results of the empirical research, the hypothesis put forward about the presence of the specific features in self perception and anxiety levels of pregnant women without pathologies and women with pathology of pregnancy was confirmed. Women with pregnancy pathology are less likely to feel self confidence, they have lowered self acceptance, but compared to women without pathology of pregnancy, the subjects often blame themselves for the situation that happened, they start to be responsive to their health and react to any bodily changes.Conclusion:Psychological support and guidance of pregnant women at maternity welfare centers (level I) should focus on the formation of personal and social perception of the concepts \"I am pregnant\" and \"My child\" at antenatal clinics of maternity hospitals (II level) to focus on the formation of rational ideas about the emerged pathology of pregnancy.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Nigina S Babieva", "Natalia V Sidyacheva", "Sophia A Mudrak", "Igor V Kalinin", "Eugene V Zolotkova", "Valentina Vasilevna Buyanova", "Irina V Mikhailova"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "depression in pediatric", "session_id": 4136762668737405, "user_id": 5249944009819363, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 202747794, "title": "Standardized Screening for Depression in Pediatric Epilepsy.", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION Depression is a common comorbidity of epilepsy that is under recognized and under diagnosed. To improve recognition, a brief screening tool, the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory Epilepsy Youth (NDDI E Y) was implemented in a level IV pediatric epilepsy clinic. METHOD This quality improvement is a pre post design measuring the impact of standardized depression screening, via the NDDI E Y tool, in youth 12 17 years with epilepsy. Those with positive screens, scores 32, received social work evaluation and mental health resources. Education was provided to all patients in standard discharge paperwork. RESULTS Of N 176 patients evaluated, n 112 met criteria to complete the NDDI E Y. Fifteen percent (n 17) of patients had positive screens, suggesting that they are at risk for depression. DISCUSSION Depression is a challenge when managing patients with epilepsy and may impact their quality of life and seizure control. Routine depression screening is recommended and feasible in the outpatient setting with a standardized work process.", "venue": "Journal of pediatric health care official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates Practitioners", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Erin Fecske", "Paul Glasier", "Lines M Vargas Collado", "Elizabeth K Rende"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 162171120, "title": "Treatment of Maternal Depression in Pediatric Primary Care", "abstract": "", "venue": "Clinical pediatrics", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Rachel Becker Herbst", "Robert T Ammerman", "S Paul Perry", "Cynthia Zion", "Michelle K Rummel", "Jessica M McClure", "Lori J Stark"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 206317591, "title": "Executive Dysfunction and Depression in Pediatric Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: The Contribution of Hippocampal Sclerosis and Psychosocial Factors", "abstract": "Abstract Objectives: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has been identified as a risk factor for increased depression features in children and adolescents; however, less is known regarding specific neurocognitive predictors of depression in this population above and beyond seizure specific and sociodemographic factors. Methods: The study included 62 patients with TLE (64% male) aged 8 to 16 years (M=12.62; SD=2.26) who underwent comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Results: Correlation analyses revealed significant association between patient depression and WCST Total Perseverations, BRIEF Behavioral Regulation Index (BRI) and family stress. Perseverative errors on the WCST and the BRI were found to significantly predict depression features in youth with TLE. Patient performance on WCST was also found to fully mediate the significant relationship between hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and depression in pediatric TLE. Finally, logistic regression indicated HS in the presence of TLE was associated with a four fold risk of clinically significant depression ratings. Conclusions: The current findings offer strong support for the relationship between executive function (EF) and depression in pediatric TLE. Also, as HS is not modifiable, these findings suggest EF intervention may be a potential modality for improving health related quality of life (HRQOL) in youth with TLE. (JINS, 2018, 24, 606 616)", "venue": "Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["William A Schraegle", "Nancy L Nussbaum", "Jeffrey B Titus"], "n_citations": 10, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 51713257, "title": "Screening for Depression in Pediatric Primary Care", "abstract": "Purpose of ReviewTo review the clinical practice guideline landscape for depression screening in pediatric primary care and to identify current gaps in knowledge.Recent FindingsVarious organizations have recommendations that support screening for depression in pediatric primary care, although some differ based on the age of the child. To date, guidelines have been made based on indirect evidence of efficacy. For example, indirect evidence shows that several screening tools exist for use in primary care, and various primary care administered or referred treatments for childhood depression have some evidence of efficacy (particularly among adolescents) In addition to determining the applicability of this evidence to younger children, more research is needed on the direct net benefits of screening and to identify factors that facilitate its effective implementation.SummaryIndirect evidence supports the benefits of screening for depression in pediatric primary care; most organizations that publish screening guidelines recommend its use.", "venue": "Current Psychiatry Reports", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Valerie L Forman-Hoffman", "Meera Viswanathan"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 196488857, "title": "Beyond Screening: A Stepped Care Pathway for Managing Postpartum Depression in Pediatric Settings.", "abstract": "The negative consequences of untreated postpartum depression (PD) for both the woman and her infant are well established. The impact of maternal depression has led to recommendations on systematic perinatal depression screening. Unfortunately, large scale initiatives on PD screening have found no benefit unless systems are in place to facilitate appropriate interventions for women who screen positive. Pediatric primary care has been a focus of efforts to support screening and management of PD because pediatric providers, unlike adult healthcare providers, have the most frequent contact with postpartum women through well child visits. Well child visits thus present an unparalleled opportunity to detect and intervene with PD. Literature reviews suggest that specific strategies are feasible within pediatric settings and could benefit both the woman and her child. In this article, we present a stepped care approach for screening and managing PD, integrating common elements found in existing pediatric based models. A stepped care approach is ideal because PD is a heterogeneous condition, with a range of presentations and hence responsiveness to various interventions. This care pathway begins with systematic screening for depression symptoms, followed by a systematic risk assessment for women who screen positive and care management based on risk profiles and responsiveness. This approach allows pediatric providers to be optimally flexible and responsive in addressing the majority of women with PD within the context of the family centered medical home to improve child well being. Challenges to managing PD within pediatrics are discussed, including strategies for addressing them. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.", "venue": "Journal of women's health", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Su-chin Serene Olin", "Mary McCord", "Ruth EK Stein", "Bonnie D Kerker", "Dara Weiss", "Kimberly Eaton Hoagwood", "Sarah McCue Horwitz"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 25186857, "title": "Identifying Maternal Depression in Pediatric Primary Care: Changes Over a Decade", "abstract": "Objective: Maternal depression affects 10% to 40% of mothers with young children and has negative consequences for children's health and development. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that pediatricians identify women with maternal depression. The authors examined trends in inquiring about (asking informal questions) or screening for (using a standardized instrument) maternal depression by pediatricians in 2004 and 2013 and identified correlates of usually inquiring/screening to identify maternal depression. Methods: Data were ascertained from 778 nontrainee pediatricians exclusively practicing general pediatrics who completed the 2004 (n 457) and 2013 (n 321) AAP Periodic Surveys. Pediatricians answered questions about physician and practice characteristics, training, attitudes, and inquiring/screening to identify maternal depression. Sample weights were used to reduce nonresponse bias. Weighted descriptive and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: The prevalence of usually inquiring/screening to identify maternal depression increased from 33% to 44% (p .01) In both years, pediatricians who usually inquired about child/adolescent depression had increased odds of usually inquiring/screening to identify maternal depression. Patient race/ethnicity and training in adult Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic criteria for depression were associated with inquiring/screening in 2004, and believing that family screening is within the scope of the pediatrician was associated with inquiring/screening in 2013. Conclusion: Although inquiring/screening about maternal depression has increased since 2004, less than half of pediatricians usually screen or inquire about maternal depression, representing a missed opportunity to identify depression and manage or refer women for treatment. Further training on the importance of mental and family health to children's health may increase identification of maternal depression in pediatric primary care.", "venue": "Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics JDBP", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Bonnie D Kerker", "Amy Storfer-Isser", "Ruth EK Stein", "Andrew S Garner", "Moira A Szilagyi", "Karen G O'Connor", "Kimberly Eaton Hoagwood", "Sarah McCue Horwitz"], "n_citations": 30, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 79432234, "title": "Depression in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Jennifer A Tilleman", "Edward M Desimone", "Elizabeth C Scheffel"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 22377511, "title": "Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in pediatric primary care: association with child maltreatment and frequency of child exposure to traumatic events.", "abstract": "IMPORTANCE Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with increased risk for child maltreatment and child exposure to traumatic events. Exposure to multiple traumatic events is associated with a wide range of adverse health and social outcomes in children. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of probable maternal depression, PTSD, and comorbid PTSD and depression with the risk for child maltreatment and parenting stress and with the number of traumatic events to which preschool children are exposed. DESIGN Cross sectional observational design. We used analysis of variance to determine whether probable maternal psychopathology groups differed on child maltreatment, parenting stress, and children's exposure to traumatic events. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine the unique and interactive effects of depression and PTSD severity scores on these outcomes. SETTING Urban pediatric primary care outpatient clinic. PARTICIPANTS Ninety seven mothers of children aged 3 to 5 years. EXPOSURE Pediatric primary care visit. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Probable maternal depression and/or PTSD, parenting stress, child exposure to traumatic events, and child maltreatment. RESULTS Mothers with probable comorbid PTSD and depression reported greater child directed psychological aggression and physical assault and greater parenting stress. The children of mothers with PTSD (mean number of events the child was exposed to, 5.0) or with comorbid PTSD and depression (3.5 events) experienced more traumatic events than those of mothers with depression (1.2 events) or neither disorder (1.4 events) Severity of depressive symptoms uniquely predicted physical assault and neglect. Symptom scores for PTSD and depression interacted to predict psychological aggression and child exposure to traumatic events. When PTSD symptom severity scores were high, psychological aggression and the number of traumatic events children experienced rose. Depressive symptom severity scores predicted the risk for psychological aggression and exposure to traumatic events only when PTSD symptom severity scores were low. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Children of mothers with PTSD are exposed to more traumatic events. Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with an increased risk for child maltreatment beyond that associated with depression. Screening and intervention for maternal PTSD, in addition to maternal depression, may increase our ability to reduce children's exposure to traumatic stress and maltreatment.", "venue": "JAMA pediatrics", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Claude M Chemtob", "Omar G Gudino", "Danielle Laraque"], "n_citations": 60, "n_key_citations": 7, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 28692999, "title": "Depression in pediatric care: is the WHO Five Well Being Index a valid screening instrument for children and adolescents?", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE This study investigated the criterion validity of the WHO Five Well Being Index (WHO 5) in screening for depression in pediatric care. METHOD A total of 446 children aged 9 to 12 and 324 adolescents aged 13 to 16, recruited from pediatric hospitals, completed the WHO 5 and a structured diagnostic interview serving as the gold standard. Diagnoses of depressive disorder included major depression and minor depression. Criterion validity was analyzed using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) Sensitivity and specificity were computed for optimal cutoffs. Additionally, unaided clinical diagnoses of depression made by the attending pediatricians were assessed. RESULTS Diagnoses of depressive disorder were established for 3.6% of children and 11.7% of adolescents. AUCs were .88 for the child and .87 for the adolescent sample. A cutoff score of 10 for children maximized sensitivity .75) and specificity .92) For the adolescent sample, decreasing the cutoff score to 9 yielded optimal sensitivity .74) and specificity .89) Sensitivity of the unaided clinical diagnosis of depression was .09, while specificity was .96. CONCLUSIONS The WHO 5 demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy for both age groups. Further evidence is needed to support the feasibility of the WHO 5 as a depression screening instrument used in pediatric care.", "venue": "General hospital psychiatry", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Antje-Kathrin Allgaier", "Kathrin Pietsch", "Barbara Fruhe", "E J Prast", "Johanna Sigl-Glockner", "Gerd Schulte-Korne"], "n_citations": 61, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 22496395, "title": "Bipolar Depression in Pediatric Populations", "abstract": "Depression in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder is more commonly observed than mania or hypomania, and is associated with significant functional disability in multiple environmental realms. Optimal management of pediatric bipolar depression is often defined by its multimodal nature with emphasis on both psychopharmacological and psychosocial treatment. This article provides a brief overview of the epidemiology and clinical course of pediatric bipolar depression, a clinically oriented guide to the evidence based psychopharmacological and psychosocial management of bipolar depression in youth, and suggestions on how best to integrate medication and therapy. Recommended treatment for bipolar depression in pediatric populations usually includes both medication and psychosocial interventions given a paucity of double blind, placebo controlled psychopharmacological studies. Lithium and lamotrigine are feasible and tentatively efficacious options; however, treatment with quetiapine monotherapy may be no better than placebo. Furthermore, some youth may be at heightened risk for developing manic symptoms after treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Psychotherapy, either alone or adjunctively with medications, provides practitioners with a safe and feasible alternative. Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy for Adolescents (IPSRT A) Child and Family Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CFF CBT) Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents (DBT A) family psychoeducation, and Family Focused Therapy for Adolescents (FFT A) are evidence based treatments available to clinicians treating youth with bipolar depression.", "venue": "Pediatric Drugs", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Victoria E Cosgrove", "Donna J Roybal", "Kiki D Chang"], "n_citations": 20, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Adding vs. averaging in distributed primal-dual optimization", "session_id": 7812539536061568, "user_id": 4975488101473906, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 13208387, "title": "Adding vs. Averaging in Distributed Primal Dual Optimization", "abstract": "Distributed optimization methods for large scale machine learning suffer from a communication bottleneck. It is difficult to reduce this bottleneck while still efficiently and accurately aggregating partial work from different machines. In this paper, we present a novel generalization of the recent communication efficient primal dual framework (COCOA) for distributed optimization. Our framework, COCOA+ allows for additive combination of local updates to the global parameters at each iteration, whereas previous schemes with convergence guarantees only allow conservative averaging. We give stronger (primal dual) convergence rate guarantees for both COCOA as well as our new variants, and generalize the theory for both methods to cover non smooth convex loss functions. We provide an extensive experimental comparison that shows the markedly improved performance of COCOA+ on several real world distributed datasets, especially when scaling up the number of machines.", "venue": "ICML", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Chenxin Ma", "Virginia Smith", "Martin Jaggi", "Michael I Jordan", "Peter Richtarik", "Martin Takac"], "n_citations": 149, "n_key_citations": 37, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 5517579, "title": "Primal Dual Interior Point Methods", "abstract": "Preface Notation 1. Introduction. Linear Programming Primal Dual Methods The Central Path A Primal Dual Framework Path Following Methods Potential Reduction Methods Infeasible Starting Points Superlinear Convergence Extensions Mehrotra's Predictor Corrector Algorithm Linear Algebra Issues Karmarkar's Algorithm 2. Background. Linear Programming and Interior Point Methods Standard Form Optimality Conditions, Duality, and Solution Sets The B {SYMBOL 200 \\f \"Symbol\" N Partition and Strict Complementarity A Strictly Interior Point Rank of the Matrix A Bases and Vertices Farkas's Lemma and a Proof of the Goldman Tucker Result The Central Path Background. Primal Method Primal Dual Methods. Development of the Fundamental Ideas Notes and References 3. Complexity Theory. Polynomial Versus Exponential, Worst Case vs Average Case Storing the Problem Data. Dimension and Size The Turing Machine and Rational Arithmetic Primal Dual Methods and Rational Arithmetic Linear Programming and Rational Numbers Moving to a Solution from an Interior Point Complexity of Simplex, Ellipsoid, and Interior Point Methods Polynomial and Strongly Polynomial Algorithms Beyond the Turing Machine Model More on the Real Number Model and Algebraic Complexity A General Complexity Theorem for Path Following Methods Notes and References 4. Potential Reduction Methods. A Primal Dual Potential Reduction Algorithm Reducing Forces Convergence A Quadratic Estimate of \\Phi _{\\rho along a Feasible Direction Bounding the Coefficients in The Quadratic Approximation An Estimate of the Reduction in \\Phi _{\\rho and Polynomial Complexity What About Centrality? Choosing {SYMBOL 114 \\f \"Symbol\" and {SYMBOL 97 \\f \"Symbol\" Notes and References 5. Path Following Algorithms. The Short Step Path Following Algorithm Technical Results The Predictor Corrector Method A Long Step Path Following Algorithm Limit Points of the Iteration Sequence Proof of Lemma 5.3 Notes and References 6. Infeasible Interior Point Algorithms. The Algorithm Convergence of Algorithm IPF Technical Results I. Bounds on \\nu _k \\delimiter \"026B30D (x^k,s^k) \\delimiter \"026B30D Technical Results II. Bounds on (D^k) 1} \\Delta x^k and D^k \\Delta s^k Technical Results III. A Uniform Lower Bound on {SYMBOL 97 \\f \"Symbol\"}k Proofs of Theorems 6.1 and 6.2 Limit Points of the Iteration Sequence 7. Superlinear Convergence and Finite Termination. Affine Scaling Steps An Estimate of {SYMBOL 68 \\f \"Symbol\"}x, {SYMBOL 68 \\f \"Symbol\" s) The Feasible Case An Estimate of {SYMBOL 68 \\f \"Symbol\" x, {SYMBOL 68 \\f \"Symbol\" s) The Infeasible Case Algorithm PC Is Superlinear Nearly Quadratic Methods Convergence of Algorithm LPF+ Convergence of the Iteration Sequence {SYMBOL 206 \\f \"Symbol\"(A,b,c) and Finite Termination A Finite Termination Strategy Recovering an Optimal Basis More on {SYMBOL 206 \\f \"Symbol\" (A,b,c) Notes and References 8. Extensions. The Monotone LCP Mixed and Horizontal LCP Strict Complementarity and LCP Convex QP Convex Programming Monotone Nonlinear Complementarity and Variational Inequalities Semidefinite Programming Proof of Theorem 8.4. Notes and References 9. Detecting Infeasibility. Self Duality The Simplified HSD Form The HSDl Form Identifying a Solution Free Region Implementations of the HSD Formulations Notes and References 10. Practical Aspects of Primal Dual Algorithms. Motivation for Mehrotra's Algorithm The Algorithm Superquadratic Convergence Second Order Trajectory Following Methods Higher Order Methods Further Enhancements Notes and References 11. Implementations. Three Forms of the Step Equation The Cholesky Factorization Sparse Cholesky Factorization. Minimum Degree Orderings Other Orderings Small Pivots in the Cholesky Factorization Dense Columns in A The Augmented System Formulat", "venue": "Other Titles in Applied Mathematics", "year": 1997.0, "author_names": ["Stephen J Wright"], "n_citations": 2189, "n_key_citations": 159, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 7845529, "title": "On the Implementation of a Primal Dual Interior Point Method", "abstract": "This paper gives an approach to implementing a second order primal dual interior point method. It uses a Taylor polynomial of second order to approximate a primal dual trajectory. The computations for the second derivative are combined with the computations for the centering direction. Computations in this approach do not require that primal and dual solutions be feasible. Expressions are given to compute all the higher order derivatives of the trajectory of interest. The implementation ensures that a suitable potential function is reduced by a constant amount at each iteration.There are several salient features of this approach. An adaptive heuristic for estimating the centering parameter is given. The approach used to compute the step length is also adaptive. A new practical approach to compute the starting point is given. This approach treats primal and dual problems symmetrically.Computational results on a subset of problems available from netlib are given. On mutually tested problems the results show.", "venue": "SIAM J. Optim.", "year": 1992.0, "author_names": ["Sanjay Mehrotra"], "n_citations": 1562, "n_key_citations": 128, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 207175707, "title": "A First Order Primal Dual Algorithm for Convex Problems with Applications to Imaging", "abstract": "In this paper we study a first order primal dual algorithm for non smooth convex optimization problems with known saddle point structure. We prove convergence to a saddle point with rate O(1/N) in finite dimensions for the complete class of problems. We further show accelerations of the proposed algorithm to yield improved rates on problems with some degree of smoothness. In particular we show that we can achieve O(1/N2) convergence on problems, where the primal or the dual objective is uniformly convex, and we can show linear convergence, i.e. O(oN) for some o(0,1) on smooth problems. The wide applicability of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated on several imaging problems such as image denoising, image deconvolution, image inpainting, motion estimation and multi label image segmentation.", "venue": "Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Antonin Chambolle", "Thomas Pock"], "n_citations": 3413, "n_key_citations": 543, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 9856587, "title": "Dual methods for nonconvex spectrum optimization of multicarrier systems", "abstract": "The design and optimization of multicarrier communications systems often involve a maximization of the total throughput subject to system resource constraints. The optimization problem is numerically difficult to solve when the problem does not have a convexity structure. This paper makes progress toward solving optimization problems of this type by showing that under a certain condition called the time sharing condition, the duality gap of the optimization problem is always zero, regardless of the convexity of the objective function. Further, we show that the time sharing condition is satisfied for practical multiuser spectrum optimization problems in multicarrier systems in the limit as the number of carriers goes to infinity. This result leads to efficient numerical algorithms that solve the nonconvex problem in the dual domain. We show that the recently proposed optimal spectrum balancing algorithm for digital subscriber lines can be interpreted as a dual algorithm. This new interpretation gives rise to more efficient dual update methods. It also suggests ways in which the dual objective may be evaluated approximately, further improving the numerical efficiency of the algorithm. We propose a low complexity iterative spectrum balancing algorithm based on these ideas, and show that the new algorithm achieves near optimal performance in many practical situations", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Communications", "year": 2006.0, "author_names": ["Wei Yu", "Raymond Lui"], "n_citations": 1457, "n_key_citations": 139, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 7981562, "title": "Distributed Optimization by Ant Colonies", "abstract": "Ants colonies exhibit very interesting behaviours: even if a single ant only has simple capabilities, the behaviour of a whole ant colony is highly structured. This is the result of coordinated interactions. But, as communication possibilities among ants are very limited, interactions must be based on very simple flows of information. In this paper we explore the implications that the study of ants behaviour can have on problem solving and optimization. We introduce a distributed problem solving environment and propose its use to search for a solution to the travelling salesman problem.", "venue": "", "year": 1992.0, "author_names": ["Alberto Colorni", "Marco Dorigo", "Vittorio Maniezzo", "Francisco J Varela", "Paul Emile Bourgine"], "n_citations": 2842, "n_key_citations": 187, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 2166128, "title": "Dual Averaging Methods for Regularized Stochastic Learning and Online Optimization", "abstract": "We consider regularized stochastic learning and online optimization problems, where the objective function is the sum of two convex terms: one is the loss function of the learning task, and the other is a simple regularization term such as l1 norm for promoting sparsity. We develop a new online algorithm, the regularized dual averaging (RDA) method, that can explicitly exploit the regularization structure in an online setting. In particular, at each iteration, the learning variables are adjusted by solving a simple optimization problem that involves the running average of all past subgradients of the loss functions and the whole regularization term, not just its subgradient. Computational experiments show that the RDA method can be very effective for sparse online learning with l1 regularization.", "venue": "J. Mach. Learn. Res.", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Lin Xiao"], "n_citations": 729, "n_key_citations": 124, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 10288654, "title": "The Sample Average Approximation Method for Stochastic Discrete Optimization", "abstract": "In this paper we study a Monte Carlo simulation based approach to stochastic discrete optimization problems. The basic idea of such methods is that a random sample is generated and the expected value function is approximated by the corresponding sample average function. The obtained sample average optimization problem is solved, and the procedure is repeated several times until a stopping criterion is satisfied. We discuss convergence rates, stopping rules, and computational complexity of this procedure and present a numerical example for the stochastic knapsack problem.", "venue": "SIAM J. Optim.", "year": 2002.0, "author_names": ["Anton J Kleywegt", "Alexander Shapiro", "Tito Homem-de-Mello"], "n_citations": 1412, "n_key_citations": 118, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 51789432, "title": "Distributed Optimization and Statistical Learning via the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers", "abstract": "Many problems of recent interest in statistics and machine learning can be posed in the framework of convex optimization. Due to the explosion in size and complexity of modern datasets, it is increasingly important to be able to solve problems with a very large number of features or training examples. As a result, both the decentralized collection or storage of these datasets as well as accompanying distributed solution methods are either necessary or at least highly desirable. In this review, we argue that the alternating direction method of multipliers is well suited to distributed convex optimization, and in particular to large scale problems arising in statistics, machine learning, and related areas. The method was developed in the 1970s, with roots in the 1950s, and is equivalent or closely related to many other algorithms, such as dual decomposition, the method of multipliers, Douglas Rachford splitting, Spingarn's method of partial inverses, Dykstra's alternating projections, Bregman iterative algorithms for l1 problems, proximal methods, and others. After briefly surveying the theory and history of the algorithm, we discuss applications to a wide variety of statistical and machine learning problems of recent interest, including the lasso, sparse logistic regression, basis pursuit, covariance selection, support vector machines, and many others. We also discuss general distributed optimization, extensions to the nonconvex setting, and efficient implementation, including some details on distributed MPI and Hadoop MapReduce implementations.", "venue": "Found. Trends Mach. Learn.", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["Stephen P Boyd", "Neal Parikh", "Eric King-wah Chu", "Borja Peleato", "Jonathan Eckstein"], "n_citations": 13308, "n_key_citations": 2844, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 29764143, "title": "DSCOVR: Randomized Primal Dual Block Coordinate Algorithms for Asynchronous Distributed Optimization", "abstract": "Machine learning with big data often involves large optimization models. For distributed optimization over a cluster of machines, frequent communication and synchronization of all model parameters (optimization variables) can be very costly. A promising solution is to use parameter servers to store different subsets of the model parameters, and update them asynchronously at different machines using local datasets. In this paper, we focus on distributed optimization of large linear models with convex loss functions, and propose a family of randomized primal dual block coordinate algorithms that are especially suitable for asynchronous distributed implementation with parameter servers. In particular, we work with the saddle point formulation of such problems which allows simultaneous data and model partitioning, and exploit its structure by doubly stochastic coordinate optimization with variance reduction (DSCOVR) Compared with other first order distributed algorithms, we show that DSCOVR may require less amount of overall computation and communication, and less or no synchronization. We discuss the implementation details of the DSCOVR algorithms, and present numerical experiments on an industrial distributed computing system.", "venue": "J. Mach. Learn. Res.", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Lin Xiao", "Adams Wei Yu", "Qihang Lin", "Weizhu Chen"], "n_citations": 43, "n_key_citations": 5, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "nitrogen and phosphorus six plant functional types", "session_id": 951397194269398, "user_id": 2094172747830749, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 35289962, "title": "Nitrogen and phosphorus availabilities interact to modulate leaf trait scaling relationships across six plant functional types in a controlled environment study.", "abstract": "Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have key roles in leaf metabolism, resulting in a strong coupling of chemical composition traits to metabolic rates in field based studies. However, in such studies, it is difficult to disentangle the effects of nutrient supply per se on trait trait relationships. Our study assessed how high and low N (5 mM and 0.4 mM, respectively) and P (1 mM and 2 mM, respectively) supply in 37 species from six plant functional types (PTFs) affected photosynthesis (A) and respiration (R) (in darkness and light) in a controlled environment. Low P supply increased scaling exponents (slopes) of area based log log A N or R N relationships when N supply was not limiting, whereas there was no P effect under low N supply. By contrast, scaling exponents of A P and R P relationships were altered by P and N supply. Neither R A nor light inhibition of leaf R was affected by nutrient supply. Light inhibition was 26% across nutrient treatments; herbaceous species exhibited a lower degree of light inhibition than woody species. Because N and P supply modulates leaf trait trait relationships, the next generation of terrestrial biosphere models may need to consider how limitations in N and P availability affect trait trait relationships when predicting carbon exchange.", "venue": "The New phytologist", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Kristine Y Crous", "Odhran S O'Sullivan", "Joana Zaragoza-Castells", "Keith J Bloomfield", "Anna Clarissa A Negrini", "Patrick Meir", "Matthew H Turnbull", "Kevin L Griffin", "Owen K Atkin"], "n_citations": 26, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 225014342, "title": "Variations in leaf morphological and chemical traits in response to life stages, plant functional types, and habitat types in an old growth temperate forest", "abstract": "Abstract Intraspecific leaf trait variations are becoming a topic of interest for many ecologists because individual based traits are essentially the drivers of variations at the community level. Six coexisting major tree species in an old growth temperate forest, Northeast China (i.e. Abies nephrolepis, Pinus koraiensis, Acer mono, Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis, and Ulmus laciniata) were sampled, and three habitat types (i.e. Hab I: high soil organic carbon with a moderate slope; Hab II: low soil organic carbon with a gentle slope; and Hab III: low soil organic carbon with a strong slope) were used in the plot. We performed a two way ANOVA to compare the specific leaf area (SLA) leaf dry matter content (LDMC) leaf nitrogen content (LNC) leaf phosphorus content (LPC) and leaf carbon content (LCC) between saplings (1", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Dina Oktavia", "Guangze Jin"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 224875357, "title": "Litter chemical traits strongly drove the carbon fractions loss during decomposition across an alpine treeline ecotone.", "abstract": "The decomposition of litter carbon (C) fraction is a major determinant of soil organic matter pool and nutrient cycling. However, knowledge of litter chemical traits regulate C fractions release is still relatively limited. A litterbag experiment was conducted using six plant functional litter types at two vegetation type (coniferous forest and alpine shrubland) in a treeline ecotone. We evaluated the relative importance of litter chemistry (i.e. Nutrient, C quality, and stoichiometry) on the loss of litter mass, non polar extractables (NPE) water soluble extractables (WSE) acid hydrolyzable carbohydrates (ACID) and acid unhydrolyzable residue (AUR) during decomposition. Litter nutrients contain nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) potassium (K) calcium (Ca) sodium (Na) magnesium (Mg) aluminium (Al) manganese (Mn) zinc (Zn) iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) litter C quality contains C, WSE, NPE, ACID, and AUR, and stoichiometry was defined by C:N, C:P; N:P, ACID:N, and AUR:N. The results showed single exponential model fitted decomposition rates of litter mass and C fractions better than double exponential or asymptotic decomposition, and the decomposition rates of C fractions were strongly correlated with initial litter nutrients, especially K, Na, Ca. Furthermore, the temporal dynamics of litter nutrients (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, and Fe) strongly regulated C fractions loss during the decomposition process. Changes in litter C quality had an evident effect on the degradation of ACID and AUR, supporting the concept of \"priming effect\" of soluble carbon fraction. The significant differences were found in the release of NPE, WSE, and ACID rather than AUR among coniferous forest and alpine shrubland, and the vegetation type effects largely depend on the changes in litter stoichiometry, which is an important implication for the change in plant community abundance regulate decay. Collectively, elucidating the hierarchical drivers of litter chemistry on decomposition is critical to soil C sequestration in alpine ecosystems.", "venue": "The Science of the total environment", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Lifeng Wang", "Ya-mei Chen", "Yu Zhou", "Haifeng Zheng", "Zhen-feng Xu", "Bo Tan", "Cheng-ming You", "Liuyan Zhang", "Han-Han Li", "Li Guo", "Lixia Wang", "Youyou Huang", "Junmin Zhang", "Yang Liu"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 14518214, "title": "Native and alien herbaceous plants in the Brazilian Cerrado are (co )limited by different nutrients", "abstract": "Background and aimsThe diverse flora of the Brazilian Cerrado is threatened by agricultural expansion, nutrient enrichment and invasion of alien plants. We performed a fertilization experiment to investigate the nature of nutrient limitation in Cerrado vegetation, and evaluate whether native and alien invasive species are limited by the same or different nutrients.MethodsWe applied various combinations of nutrients (phosphorus (P) nitrogen (N) and a mixture of other macro and micro nutrients 'cations treatment' to six types of Cerrado vegetation. We then studied over a 3 year period how these treatments affected the aboveground biomass of native forbs, native C3 and C4 grasses, and invasive C4 grasses.ResultsThe full nutrient treatment (N P+ 'cations' significantly increased total community biomass across our sites, but P alone had no effect. The nutrient treatments also affected the relative abundance of functional plant groups in the six vegetation types. P addition, either alone or in combination with other nutrients, increased the biomass of alien C4 grasses, where present, whereas the cations treatment stimulated growth of the native C4 grasses. Addition of N P reduced the biomass of native C3 grasses.ConclusionsOur results indicate co limitation by several nutrients, including P, perhaps N, and at least one other nutrient. Further research is needed to determine what the other nutrient (or nutrients) may be. Native and invasive species appear to be limited by different nutrients, with P alone stimulating growth of African C4 grasses. This should be considered in managing both natural and invaded communities.", "venue": "Plant and Soil", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Luciola Santos Lannes", "Mercedes M C Bustamante", "Peter John Edwards", "Harry Olde Venterink"], "n_citations": 28, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 84593484, "title": "Local variation in soil microbial community structure in seminatural and artificial grasslands", "abstract": "Although above ground and below ground biological communities have mutual functional links, less is known about structural relationships between them. This study examines how soil microbial community structure is related to plant vegetation types and soil fertility in seminatural and artificial grasslands of Shiriyazaki, Aomori Prefecture, Japan. Soil microbial community structure was analyzed by profiles of phospholipids fatty acid (PLFA) Soil nitrogen and phosphorus contents were much higher in artificial grasslands than in seminatural grasslands. Seminatural and artificial grasslands showed significant differences between them in relative abundances of six PLFA peaks out of 16 peaks used in this study. Seminatural grasslands consist of two distinctive vegetation types depending on grazing intensity: short grass vegetation and tall grass vegetation. Although plant species composition largely differed between the short grass and tall grass vegetation types, the soil microbial community structure did not show a significant difference between them. These results indicate strong influences of human management on the soil microbial community.", "venue": "", "year": 2007.0, "author_names": ["M Zabed Hossain", "Atsushi Okubo", "Shuichi Sugiyama"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 132738068, "title": "Diversidad funcional de bosques muy humedos tropicales en el noreste de Costa Rica a partir de rasgos foliares y densidad de la madera", "abstract": "Tropical wet forests are characterized by their high species diversity and a high level of complexity in the ecosystem processes taking place there. These properties are the ones that give these forests their high potential to offer ecosystem services to society. At the present time, forest ecology studies are focused on the influence of high taxonomic diversity on the quantity and quality of services that forests perform. Many functional approaches have been proposed to address this topic. In the study area dominant species were selected in terms of basal area and for each the leaf area, leaflet area, specific leaf area, leaf tensile strength, leaf dry matter content, leaf content of nitrogen and phosphorus and specific density of wood were determined. These are key traits in the determinational ecosystem functions like nutrient cycling and carbon capture and storage. Multivariate analysis was used to find six plant functional types (PFT's) that have significantive differences regarding attributes. The PFT's found were, respectively palms and five groups of trees named as legumes and others, intermediates, as net acquisitives, as larged laeved acquisitive and conservative species. It is proposed that each group has different potentialities to contribute to nutrient cycling processes and carbon capture and storage, according to its functional properties. Functional diversity was them quantified using three methodologies: the richness of PFT's, FAD2 and FD indices. It was found that secondary forest has lower FD than old growth and logged forests. These differences were not total, but only for the PFT legumes ones and others and PFT largedlaeved acquisitive. It is suggested that late successional forest is already performing some functions similar to the old growth forests, even when its species composition and structure do not reach the characteristics of the old growth forests. Lastly, the pertinency of the three FD", "venue": "", "year": 2007.0, "author_names": ["Fernando Fernandez Mendez"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 18408296, "title": "From Leaf to Litter: Nutrient resorption in a changing environment", "abstract": "Contents Page Chapter 1 General introduction 1 Chapter 2 Current measures of nutrient resorption efficiency lead to 7 a substantial underestimation of real resorption efficiency: facts and solutions Chapter 3 Plant functional types are good predictors of nitrogen 13 resorption proficiency along environmental gradients Chapter 4 Nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiency and proficiency 21 in six sub arctic bog species after 4 years of nitrogen fertilization Chapter 5 Effects of increased N availability and CO 2 concentration 33 on late seasonal N dynamics in the grass Molinia caerulea Chapter 6 General discussion 41 References 47 Summary 53 Samenvatting 57 Nawoord 61 1 Chapter 1 General introduction The ecological importance of nutrient resorption from senescing leaves Ecosystems are complex structures where abiotic conditions and biota interact. The potential presence of a species is determined by the combination of abiotic conditions and the biota already present. However, biota also alter their environment, with the emergence of a high oxygen concentration in the atmosphere being one of the most important biotic driven changes of abiotic conditions in history. Plants play an important role in ecosystems, because they are the primary producers and they strongly control nutrient cycles, especially those of N and P. A large part of the available N and P in the ecosystem is organically bound in plants, as organisms have a high demand of N and P to produce various components, like proteins, energy carriers, genetic material and phospholipids. These nutrients may be returned to the soil through exudation, leaching or turnover of dead material. A strategy to minimise nutrient losses through litter is to resorb these nutrients during tissue senescence, thus producing litter with low nutrient concentrations. Moreover, the slow turnover rate of litter with low nutritional value slows down nutrient cycling, and thus leads to a positive feedback between plant species dominance and nutrient availability (Chapin 1993, Aerts 1999) Plant growth in natural terrestrial ecosystems is mostly N limited, although P limitation also occurs frequently (Chapin 1980) Therefore, resorption of N and P from senescing tissue is of great adaptive significance, because the resorbed nutrients are directly available for further use (e.g. seed filling, bud growth, storage) making a species less dependent on current nutrient uptake (Aerts and Chapin 2000) In spring, remobilisation of nutrients from storage organs can lead to (competitive) early regrowth of foliage, even before the start of nutrient uptake from the soil (Thornton and Millard 1993, Millard", "venue": "", "year": 2004.0, "author_names": ["Luisa M Van Heerwaarden"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 4995957, "title": "Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and allocation strategies among shrub organs: the effects of plant growth forms and nitrogen fixation types", "abstract": "AimsWe aimed to explore the influences of plant functional groups on nutrient concentrations and allocation strategies among shrub organs, as well as to examine the effects of climate, soil and species on nutrient concentrations in shrubs of different plant functional groups.MethodsWe investigated the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in roots, stems and leaves and their influencing factors of 187 shrub species in the shrublands across southern China, and we also examined the relationships between N and P among various organs using scaling analysis.ResultsThe scaling relationships of N and P tended to be allometric between leaf and non leaf organs, while they tended to be isometric among non leaf organs. Plant functional groups affected nutrient allocation among shrub organs, where a higher proportion of nutrients were present in the stems and roots of evergreen shrubs and non legume shrubs when compared to deciduous shrubs and legume shrubs as nutrients within a plant increased. Among organs, N and P concentrations were higher in leaves than in stems and roots. Among functional groups, evergreen shrubs and legume shrubs were more P limited than deciduous shrubs and non legume shrubs, respectively. The N and P concentrations in evergreen shrubs were lower and more sensitive to environmental change than in deciduous shrubs. Both N and P contents in legume shrubs were higher and more homeostatic than those of non legume shrubs.ConclusionsPlant growth forms and N fixation types exerted strong effects on nutrient concentrations and allocations among shrub organs. The influences of climate and soil on shrub N and P concentrations differed by plant functional groups.", "venue": "Plant and Soil", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Qiang Zhang", "Gaoming Xiong", "Jiaxiang Li", "Zhijun Lu", "Yuelin Li", "Wenting Xu", "Yang Sheng Wang", "Changming Zhao", "Zhiyao Tang", "Zongqiang Xie"], "n_citations": 15, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 211044381, "title": "Multi Dimensional Plant Element Stoichiometry Looking Beyond Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus", "abstract": "Nutrient elements are important for plant growth. Element stoichiometry considers the balance between different nutrients and how this balance is affected by the environment. So far, focus of plant stoichiometry has mainly been on the three elements carbon (C) nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) but many additional elements are essential for proper plant growth. Our overall aim is to test the scaling relations of various additional elements (K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) by using ten data sets from a range of plant functional types and environmental conditions. To simultaneously handle more than one element, we define a stoichiometric niche volume as the volume of an abstract multidimensional shape in n dimensions, with the n sides of this shape defined by the plant properties in question, here their element concentrations. Thus, a stoichiometric niche volume is here defined as the product of element concentrations. The volumes of N and P (VNP) are used as the basis, and we investigate how the volume of other elements (VOth) scales with respect to VNP, with the intention to explore if the concentrations of other elements increase faster (scaling exponent 1) or slower <1) than the concentrations of N and P. For example, scaling exponents >1 suggest that favorable conditions for plant growth, i.e. environments rich in N and P, may require proportionally higher uptake of other essential elements than poor conditions. We show that the scaling exponent is rather insensitive to environmental conditions or plant species, and ranges from 0.900 to 2.479 (average 1.58) in nine out of ten data sets. For single elements, Mg has the smallest scaling exponent (0.031) and Mn the largest (2.147) Comparison between laboratory determined stoichiometric relations and field observations suggest that element uptake in field conditions often exceeds the minimal physiological requirements. The results provide evidence for the view that the scaling relations previously reported for N and P can be extended to other elements; and that N and P are the driving elements in plant stoichiometric relations. The stoichiometric niche volumes defined here could be used to predict plant performances in different environments.", "venue": "Frontiers in Plant Science", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Goran I Agren", "Martin Weih"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 59225217, "title": "Efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal by six macrophytes from eutrophic water", "abstract": "Abstract Increased nitrogen and phosphorus pollution causes eutrophication in water bodies. Using aquatic plants to remove nutrients from water is an attractive phytoremediation. It is a cost effective, environment friendly, and efficient way that reduces water body eutrophication by the plant. It is important to choose suitable macrophytes to remove excess N and P under different nutrient conditions. In this study, six macrophyte species (Polygonum orientale, Juncus effuses, Iris pseudocorus, Phragmites australis, Iris sanguinea, Typha orientalis) were tested. Simulation experiment was conducted under five N and P levels. The removal rate, relative growth rate, and the dynamic nutrition concentration of cultivated solution were investigated. Of all the treatment, a 23 95% reduction in N removal and a 29 92% reduction in P removal were recorded. The results showed I. sanguinea is a promising species to treat various eutrophic waters and the other five species can be used specifically to treat certain types of water. The data provided a theoretical guidance to plant species selection for phytoremediation of polluted water bodies for the purpose of water quality improvement around the different reservoir in northern China.", "venue": "International journal of phytoremediation", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Shuai Yu", "Chun-Hua Miao", "Hong-Ln Song", "Yanqing Huang", "Wei Chen", "Xingyuan He"], "n_citations": 12, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Wind Turbines: Is There a Human Health Risk?", "session_id": 4304022587303336, "user_id": 2756675151892000, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 7855846, "title": "Wind turbines: is there a human health risk?", "abstract": "The term \"Wind Turbine Syndrome\" was coined in a recently self published book, which hypothesized that a multitude of symptoms such as headache and dizziness resulted from wind turbines generating low frequency sound (LFS) The objective of this article is to provide a summary of the peer reviewed literature on the research that has examined the relationship between human health effects and exposure to LFS and sound generated from the operation of wind turbines. At present, a specific health condition has not been documented in the peer reviewed literature that has been classified as a disease caused by exposure to sound levels and frequencies generated by the operation of wind turbines. Communities are experiencing a heightened sense of annoyance and fear from the development and siting of wind turbine farms. High quality research and effective risk communication can advance this course from one of panic to one of understanding and exemplification for other environmental advancements.", "venue": "Journal of environmental health", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Jennifer D Roberts", "Mark A Roberts"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 110188587, "title": "Adverse health effects of industrial wind turbines", "abstract": "Much of the feedback has been constructive and should help advance awareness of the health risks of placing industrial wind turbines (IWTs) too close to humans. However, the opinions expressed by blogger Mike G. Barnard deserve comment. 2 The Society for Wind Vigilance is not an \"anti wind\" campaigning organization. It is a not for profit organization, the purpose of which is to ensure safe positioning of wind turbine facilities based on human health research; educate through the dissemination of facts and references on the risk of adverse health effects of human exposure to IWTs; work constructively with interested parties to ensure that guidelines for wind turbine facilities will protect the health and safety of communities; and achieve vigilance monitoring and long term surveillance regarding the risks to health", "venue": "", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["David A Colby"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 17724278, "title": "Wind Turbines and Ghost Stories: The Effects of Infrasound on the Human Auditory System", "abstract": "Climate change and fossil fuel depletion have pushed many countries to seek and invest in alternative clean energy sources, such as wind energy. By converting kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical or electrical energy, wind farms in California, for example, power nearly 850,000 households each year, while producing negligible green house gases and contributing little to water pollution (see Fig. 1) Nevertheless, several ecological and environmental concerns remain. High levels of infrasound and low frequency sounds generated by wind turbines pose a potentially serious threat to communities near wind farms. Wind energy companies remain largely dismissive, claiming that wind turbine noise is subaudible, undetectable by humans, and therefore presents minimal risk to human health. However, various cochlear microphonic, distortion product otoacoustic emission, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated the detection of infrasound by the human inner ear and auditory cortex. Additional psychosomatic stress and disorders, including the \"wind turbine syndrome\" and paranormal experiences, are also linked to infrasound exposures. With wind turbines generating substantial levels of infrasound and low frequency sound, modifications and regulations to wind farm engineering plans and geographical placements are necessary to minimize community exposure and potential human health risks.", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Hsuan-hsiu Annie Chen", "Peter M Narins"], "n_citations": 8, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 25448410, "title": "Wind turbines and idiopathic symptoms: The confounding effect of concurrent environmental exposures.", "abstract": "Whether or not wind turbines pose a risk to human health is a matter of heated debate. Personal reactions to other environmental exposures occurring in the same settings as wind turbines may be responsible of the reported symptoms. However, these have not been accounted for in previous studies. We investigated whether there is an association between residential proximity to wind turbines and idiopathic symptoms, after controlling for personal reactions to other environmental co exposures. We assessed wind turbine exposures in 454 residences as the distance to the closest wind turbine (Dw) and number of wind turbines <1000m (Nw1000) Information on symptoms, demographics and personal reactions to exposures was obtained by a blind questionnaire. We identified confounders using confounders' selection criteria and used adjusted logistic regression models to estimate associations. When controlling only for socio demographic characteristics, log10Dw was associated with \"unnatural fatigue\" (ORadj=0.38, 95%CI=0.15 1.00) and \"difficulty concentrating\" (ORadj=0.26, 95%CI=0.08 0.83) and Nw1000 was associated with \"unnatural fatigue\" (ORadj=1.35, 95%CI=1.07 1.70) and \"headache\" (ORadj=1.26, 95%CI=1.00 1.58) After controlling for personal reactions to noise from sources different from wind turbines and agricultural odor exposure, we did not observe a significant relationship between residential proximity to wind turbines and symptoms and the parameter estimates were attenuated toward zero. Wind turbines health associations can be confounded by personal reactions to other environmental co exposures. Isolated associations reported in the literature may be due to confounding bias.", "venue": "Neurotoxicology and teratology", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Victoria Blanes-Vidal", "Joel D Schwartz"], "n_citations": 12, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 53975165, "title": "Multi Criteria Decision Analysis for Benchmarking Human Free Lifting Solutions in the Offshore Wind Energy Environment", "abstract": "With single components weighing up to hundreds of tonnes and lifted to heights of approximately 100 m, offshore wind turbines can pose risks to personnel, assets, and the environment during installation and maintenance interventions. Guidelines and standards for health and safety in lifting operations exist; however, having people directly beneath the load is still common practice in offshore wind turbine installations. Concepts for human free offshore lifting operations in the categories of guidance and control, connections, and assembly are studied in this work. This paper documents the process of applying Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) using experts' opinions for the importance of defined criteria obtained by conducting an industry survey, to benchmark the suitability of the concepts at two stages. Stage one streamlined possible options and stage two ranked the remaining suite of options after further development. The survey results showed that criteria such as 'reduction of risk' 'handling improvement' and 'reliability of operation' were most important. The most viable options, weighted by industry opinion, to remove personnel from areas of high risk are: Boom Lock and tag lines, a camera system with mechanical guidance, and automated bolt installation/fastening for seafastening. The decision analysis framework developed can be applied to similar problems to inform choices subject to multiple criteria.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Mark Richmond", "T M Balaam", "Paul Causon", "Debora Cevasco", "Mareike Leimeister", "Athanasios Kolios", "Feargal Brennan"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 115837574, "title": "Investigation of occupational noise annoyance in a wind turbine power plant", "abstract": "Noise, emitted by wind turbines, is one of the main health risk factors which has been recently considered in many researches. Noise annoyance is among the most important human responses to noise. The aim of this work was to modeling of annoyance due to noise at workplace coming from wind turbines in workers. All workers of a wind power plant consisted the study sample. The equivalent noise level was measured using a task based method. Moreover, data related to noise annoyance and noise sensitivity were acquired by standardized methods. Based on the results, noise exposure, noise sensitivity, visibility, age, and experience affected noise annoyance. According to path analysis, the most indirect and direct effect on noise annoyance were attributed to noise exposure. Age, sensitivity, and noise exposure were positively associated to annoyance. It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between age, experience, sensitivity to noise, and exposure to the wind turbine noise with noise annoyance.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Mohammad Reza Monazzam", "Seyed Abolfazl Zakerian", "Zeinab Kazemi", "M H Ebrahimi", "Maryam Ghaljahi", "Ahmad Mehri", "Farzaneh Afkhaminia", "Milad Abbasi"], "n_citations": 12, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 86295500, "title": "Wind Energy: The Next Frontier for Ecological Risk Assessment", "abstract": "There is global consensus that renewable sources of energy will benefit human health and the environment, for example, reducing health impacts from particulates in the air and potential adverse environmental impacts from climate change. Significant economic resources are being devoted to new research and incentives for broad deployment of renewable energy technologies. The U.S. Department of Energy released a report in 2008 in which the agency began to assess the feasibility of meeting a goal of 20% U.S. electricity provided by wind by 2030 (DOE 2008) The Obama Administration has publicized somewhat different goals, that is, to generate 10 percent of U.S. electricity from all renewable sources in 2012 and 25 percent in 2025 (see http:/www.whitehouse.gov/agenda/energy and environment/ Environmental risk issues are prominent in the challenges for meeting any of these goals (DOE 2008) Adverse ecological effects of some wind energy projects include bird and bat fatalities from collisions with wind turbines and potential decrements in abundance of wildlife through displacement by wind farms. These issues are in the spotlight because of the visible and local nature of the collisions and the direct pathway from the stressor to the \"receptor\" or endpoint. It is hard to ignore a situation where exposure is equivalent to mortality, whether that mortality comes from physical contact with a turbine blade or from the sudden drop in air pressure near the turbine blade. In contrast, downstream impacts of coal usage are generally less newsworthy. Environmental assessments conducted for wind developers or related regulatory purposes currently use inconsistent methods, with some assessments adopting more rigorous analysis and robust metrics than others, and with some attributes of birds or bats more adequately supported by monitoring and off site information than others. Some completed assessments are publicly available as examples, but other assessments and supporting data are held back for proprietary reasons. Many environmental assessments could be improved if they used the formal process of an ecological risk assessment framework that emphasizes problem formulation, a quantitative characterization of exposure, a quantitative characterization of effects, and a risk characterization that involves weight of evidence or a probabilistic endpoint. The use of risk assessment for siting wind energy projects has been advocated by the state of New York (e .g Chautauqua Windpower et al. 2004) The large scale deployment of wind energy has important implications for the field of ecological risk assessment. First, both prospective and retrospective", "venue": "", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Rebecca Ann Efroymson"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 52228817, "title": "Frequency Weighting for the Evaluation of Human Response to Low Frequency Noise based on the Physiological Evidence of the Vestibular System", "abstract": "Several studies were found regarding adverse health effects due to low frequency noise emitted by industrial machines including wind turbines. However, the causal chain between low frequency noise and health effects still remains unclear. Meanwhile, from the physiological viewpoint, low frequency noise stimulate hair cells in the vestibular system, which could cause dizziness, vertigo, headache and nausea. The stimulating process is different from the hearing process in the cochlea, which implies that the A weighting is not appropriate for evaluating the risk of low frequency noise and that an alternative method is required. In this study, we developed a frequency weighting for low frequency noise based on existing physiological evidences of the vestibular system and a psychological experiment on vibration and/or pressure perceptions. The obtained frequency weighting showed steep peak around 40 80Hz, which was distinctly different from A weighting. We also derived the dose response relationship between the weighted sound pressure level and the perception of vibration and/or pressure which may be caused in the vestibular system. INCIDENT OCCURRED IN JAPAN ABOUT 40 YEARS AGO In Japan, there was an incident due to low frequency noise along an elevated motorway 40 years ago, where more than half of residences complain of headache or dizziness like wind turbine syndrome. Figure 1 shows the relationships between the prevalence rate and distance from the motorway. At that time, psychological laboratory experiences were conducted to obtain the relationship between low frequency noise and perceptions. The results revealed that subjects perceived vibration and/or pressure due to low frequency noise around 40 80Hz, which would not be caused in the cochlea but in the vestibular system.", "venue": "", "year": "", "author_names": ["Junta Tagusari", "Shouko Satou", "Toshihito Matsui"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 109285133, "title": "Chapter 10 Nanotechnology Safety in the Energy Industry", "abstract": "Nonrenewable sources of energy have been rapidly growing in recent years and research emphasis has been directed to the utilization of renewable energy sources for a cleaner and healthier environment. For over two decades, researchers have investigated many possibilities in terms of renewable energies to generate sustainable energy. Solar cells, fuel cells, photoelectrolysis, supercapacitors, batteries, and wind turbines have the potential to be efficient methods to directly convert one state of energy into another one. In these new energy systems, various types of nanotechnology and their products have been utilized to increase the efficiencies of these energy systems. However, these new developments also bring many uncertainties and risks to human health and the environment. Therefore, the future of nanotechnology depends mainly on public acceptance of the risks associated with the use of nanomaterials and their benefits. Risk assessment of nanomaterials is mainly the basis of formulating guidelines of protecting human health and the environment. This chapter provides information on the current state of nanomaterials used by the energy industry and offers suggestions for continuing our path toward sustainable development in the energy field.", "venue": "", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Ramazan Asmatulu", "Waseem Sabir Khan"], "n_citations": 8, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 220827647, "title": "Addressing low frequency sound and infrasound from wind turbines", "abstract": "The article addresses the low frequency sound and infrasound from wind turbines. Modem wind turbines produce broadband noise, with the dominant sound source related to turbulence at the trailing edge of the blades. In relation to human perception of the sound, the dominant frequency range is not the low frequency or infrasonic ranges, but low frequency sound will routinely be an audible component of the acoustic impact. Publications by medical professionals indicate that, at the typical setback distances in Ontario. the overall magnitude of the sound pressure levels produced by wind turbine generators does not represent a direct health risk. This includes noise at low and infrasound frequencies. The relationship between the sound level and the prevalence of annoyance is complicated, and is often influenced by other non acoustic factors. This situation does not relate exclusively to the low frequency component of the audible noise impact of wind turbines.", "venue": "", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["Brian Howe", "Nick McCabe", "Ian Bonsma"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Decentralized blockchain -based electronic marketplaces", "session_id": 687610089258881, "user_id": 7125732118650811, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 40137794, "title": "Decentralized blockchain based electronic marketplaces", "abstract": "In a decentralized marketplace, buyers and sellers transact directly, without manipulation by intermediary platforms.", "venue": "Commun. ACM", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Hemang Subramanian"], "n_citations": 141, "n_key_citations": 5, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 216011059, "title": "Decentralized blockchain based electronic marketplaces", "abstract": "In a decentralized marketplace, buyers and sellers transact directly, without manipulation by intermediary platforms.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": [""], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 203494215, "title": "Toward a renaissance of cooperatives fostered by Blockchain on electronic marketplaces: a theory driven case study approach", "abstract": "Currently, there is a disparity of value distribution on electronic marketplaces. This is because central platform operators benefit monetarily from collecting and matching electronic information from users. Although those platforms are fueled by user information, only a small share is distributed to their users. However, in turn, disruptive technologies such as the Blockchain technology have the potential to counteract this imbalance of benefits. Through a theory driven case study approach, this study considers principles of cooperative theory as a foundation of Blockchain enabled electronic marketplaces BEEMs Specifically, we show that using the Blockchain technology can foster a renaissance of cooperative principles on electronic marketplaces.", "venue": "Electron. Mark.", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Tobias Kollmann", "Simon Hensellek", "Katharina de Cruppe", "Andre Sirges"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 225888063, "title": "Prototyping decentralized electronic blockchain voting system", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["I D Gorbenko", "O O Kuznetsov", "M O Poluianenko", "A S Kiian", "K Ie Lisits'kii", "S O Kandii"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219321998, "title": "Decentralized Electronic Health Records (DEHR) A Privacy preserving Consortium Blockchain Model for Managing Electronic Health Records", "abstract": "", "venue": "ICT4AWE", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Mahdi Ghadamyari", "Saeed Samet"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221839809, "title": "Toward a Decentralized Service Marketplace: The Interplay Between Blockchain and Algebraic Service Composition", "abstract": "Service marketplaces are supposed to guarantee an open platform for sellers and customers of cloud services. But their potentials cannot be fully released, due to the widely known shortcomings including but not limited to central power of authority, data privacy, lack of customization, rigid and complex trading procedure. We argue that decentralized marketplaces, although not mature, are the most promising solution to address these issues. In this paper, we present our work in progress, which is oriented toward a blockchain enabled marketplace for sharing services at different levels of granularity in a flexible and trustworthy manner.", "venue": "CLOUD", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Chen Qian", "Wenjing Zhu"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 229265522, "title": "Decentralized Marketplace Using Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, and Swarm Technology", "abstract": "Over 1.8 billion people purchased goods online in 2018, and as a result, 2.8 trillion dollars were spent. Companies like Amazon, eBay, and PayPal thrive on being the middleman between sellers and buyers of online goods. Our project uses Blockchain Technology to decentralize the online marketplace and remove the middleman as well as the fees associated with it. To do this, we use smart contracts in the Ethereum Blockchain while maintaining a decentralized database using Swarm for the Webhosting. Finally, in order to phase out current online market systems, the same technology can be used to have a shared inventory, or ledger, between many marketplaces allowing manufacturers, or sellers, to announce their product freely among multiple existing Web site marketplaces concurrently.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Jorge Ramon Fonseca Cacho", "Binay Dahal", "Yoohwan Kim"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 220961786, "title": "PayPlace: Secure and Flexible Operator Mediated Payments in Blockchain Marketplaces at Scale", "abstract": "Decentralized marketplace applications demand fast, cheap and easy to use cryptocurrency payment mechanisms to facilitate high transaction volumes. The standard solution for off chain payments, state channels, are optimized for frequent transactions between two entities and impose prohibitive liquidity and capital requirements on payment senders for marketplace transactions. We propose PayPlace, a scalable off chain protocol for payments between consumers and sellers. Using PayPlace, consumers establish a virtual unidirectional payment channel with an intermediary operator to pay for their transactions. Unlike state channels, however, the PayPlace operator can reference the custodial funds accrued off chain in these channels to in turn make tamper proof off chain payments to merchants, without locking up corresponding capital in channels with merchants. Our design ensures that new payments made to merchants are guaranteed to be safe once notarized and provably mitigates well known drawbacks in previous constructions like the data availability attack and ensures that neither consumers nor merchants need to be online to ensure continued safety of their notarized funds. We show that the on chain monetary and computational costs for PayPlace is O(1) in the number of payment transactions processed, and is near constant in other parameters in most scenarios. PayPlace can hence scale the payment throughput for large scale marketplaces at no marginal cost and is orders of magnitude cheaper than the state of art solution for non pairwise off chain payments, Zero Knowledge Rollups.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Madhumitha Harishankar", "Dimitrios-Georgios Akestoridis", "Sriram Venkateswaran Iyer", "Aron Laszka", "Carlee Joe-Wong", "Patrick Tague"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 21654802, "title": "A framework for secure and decentralized sharing of medical imaging data via blockchain consensus", "abstract": "The electronic sharing of medical imaging data is an important element of modern healthcare systems, but current infrastructure for cross site image transfer depends on trust in third party intermediaries. In this work, we examine the blockchain concept, which enables parties to establish consensus without relying on a central authority. We develop a framework for cross domain image sharing that uses a blockchain as a distributed data store to establish a ledger of radiological studies and patient defined access permissions. The blockchain framework is shown to eliminate third party access to protected health information, satisfy many criteria of an interoperable health system, and readily generalize to domains beyond medical imaging. Relative drawbacks of the framework include the complexity of the privacy and security models and an unclear regulatory environment. Ultimately, the large scale feasibility of such an approach remains to be demonstrated and will depend on a number of factors which we discuss in detail.", "venue": "Health Informatics J.", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Vishal Patel"], "n_citations": 130, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221280553, "title": "A Novel Decentralized Blockchain Networks Model with High Concurrenc(Blockchain Networks Model with High Concurrency)", "abstract": "Blockchain is very important in finance field and electronic business field, so many researchers are attracted to study the technologies of blockchain. Since the transactions in blockchain takes much time, and they make the blockchain poor efficiency, business processes across organizations require the transactions as soon as possible. Concurrency is attracted much attention and is very important in blockchain field. In this paper, a novel decentralized blockchain network model with high concurrency is proposed. First, the idea of the proposed model is stated. Second, the high concurrency blockchain network model is proposed. Third, the corresponding algorithms are designed according to the proposed model. Furthermore, the experiment is conduced and the results show that proposed model works well.", "venue": "2019 IEEE 14th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering (ISKE)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Linghao Zhang", "Bingde Lu", "Tao Zhao", "Hongjun Wang"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Minimizing Contrast Media Dose in CT Pulmonary Angiography With High-Pitch Technique", "session_id": 7797863833282883, "user_id": 6131262288439145, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 218767164, "title": "Minimizing contrast media dose in CT pulmonary angiography with high pitch technique", "abstract": "Objectives: To perform CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) using a minimal amount of iodinated contrast media. Methods: 47 patients (25 females) with mean age 69 years (range 41 82 years) referred for contrast enhanced chest CT were prospectively included in this Phase IV clinical drug trial. All participants underwent a study specific CTPA in addition to the chest CT. The participants received 80 mg I/kg body weight Iohexol contrast media using a preparatory saline bolus, a dual flow contrast/saline bolus and a saline flush, and a scanner protocol with 80 kVp dual source high pitch mode. Three readers independently assessed the image quality on the 3 point scale non diagnostic, adequate or good excellent image quality. Additionally, the pulmonary arterial contrast opacification was measured. Results: On average, the patients received 16.8 ml Iohexol 350 mg I/mL (range 12 20 ml) Mean patient weight was 71 kg (range 50 85 kg) Identically for all readers, pulmonary embolism (PE) was detected in 1/47 participants. The median number of examinations visually scored concerning pulmonary embolism as good excellent was 47/47 (range 44 47) adequate 0/47 (0 3) and non diagnostic 0/47 (range 0 0) The proportion adequate or better examinations was for all readers 47/47, 100% [95% confidence interval 92 100% The mean attenuation standard deviation in the pulmonary trunk was 325 72 Hounsfield unit (range 165 531 Hounsfield unit) Conclusions: Diagnostic CTPA with 17 ml contrast media is possible in non obese patients using low kVp, high pitch and carefully designed contrast media administration. Advances in knowledge: By combining several procedures in a CTPA protocol, the contrast media dose can be minimized.", "venue": "The British journal of radiology", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Hanan Alobeidi", "Muhammed Alshamari", "Jonas Widell", "Tomas Eriksson", "Mats Liden"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 146809926, "title": "Ultra low dose contrast CT pulmonary angiography in oncology patients using a high pitch helical dual source technology.", "abstract": "PURPOSE We aimed to determine if the image quality and vascular enhancement are preserved in computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) studies performed with ultra low contrast and optimized radiation dose using high pitch helical mode of a second generation dual source scanner. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated oncology patients who had CTPA on a 128 slice dual source scanner, with a high pitch helical mode (3.0) following injection of 30 mL of Ioversal at 4 mL/s with body mass index (BMI) dependent tube potential (80 120 kVp) and current (130 150 mAs) Attenuation, noise, and signal to noise ratio (SNR) were measured in multiple pulmonary arteries. Three independent readers graded the images on a 5 point Likert scale for central vascular enhancement (CVE) peripheral vascular enhancement (PVE) and overall quality. RESULTS There were 50 males and 101 females in our study. BMI ranged from 13 to 38 kg/m2 (22.8+ 4.4 kg/m2) Pulmonary embolism was present in 29 patients (18.9% Contrast enhancement and SNR were excellent in all the pulmonary arteries (395.3+ 131.1 and 18.3+ 5.7, respectively) Image quality was considered excellent by all the readers, with average reader scores near the highest possible score of 5.0 (CVE, 4.83+ 0.48; PVE, 4.68+ 0.65; noise/quality, 4.78+ 0.47) The average radiation dose length product (DLP) was 161+ 60 mGy.cm. CONCLUSION Using a helical high pitch acquisition technique, CTPA images of excellent diagnostic quality, including visualization of peripheral segmental/sub segmental branches can be obtained using an ultra low dose of iodinated contrast and low radiation dose.", "venue": "Diagnostic and interventional radiology", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Prabhakar Rajiah", "Les Ciancibello", "Ronald D Novak", "Jennifer Sposato", "Luis A Landeras", "Robert C Gilkeson"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 6019051, "title": "Submillisievert standard pitch CT pulmonary angiography with ultra low dose contrast media administration: A comparison to standard CT imaging", "abstract": "Objectives To evaluate the image quality and radiation dose of submillisievert standard pitch CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) with ultra low dose contrast media administration in comparison to standard CTPA. Materials and methods Hundred patients (56 females, 44 males, mean age 69.6+ 15.4 years; median BMI: 26.6, IQR: 5.9) with suspected pulmonary embolism were examined with two different protocols (n 50 each, group A: 80 kVp, ref. mAs 115, 25 ml of contrast medium; group B: 100 kVp, ref. mAs 150, 60 ml of contrast medium) using a dual source CT equipped with automated exposure control. Objective and subjective image qualities, radiation exposure as well as the frequency of pulmonary embolism were evaluated. Results There was no significant difference in subjective image quality scores between two groups regarding pulmonary arteries (p 0.776) whereby the interobserver agreement was excellent (group A: k 0.9; group B k 1.0) Objective image analysis revealed that signal intensities (SI) signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) of the pulmonary arteries were equal or significantly higher in group B. There was no significant difference in the frequency of pulmonary embolism (p 0.65) Using the low dose and low contrast media protocol resulted in a radiation dose reduction by 71.8% (2.4 vs. 0.7 mSv; p<0.001) Conclusions This 80 kVp standard pitch CTPA protocol with 25 ml contrast agent volume can obtain sufficient image quality to exclude or diagnose pulmonary emboli while reducing radiation dose by approximately 71%", "venue": "PloS one", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Saravanabavaan Suntharalingam", "Christian Mikat", "Elena Stenzel", "Youssef Erfanian", "Axel Wetter", "Thomas Wilfried Schlosser", "Michael Forsting", "Kai Nassenstein"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 963890, "title": "Feasibility of a Single Contrast Bolus High Pitch Pulmonary CT Angiography Protocol Followed by Low Dose Retrospectively ECG Gated Cardiac CT in Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism.", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION To prospectively evaluate the feasibility of single contrast bolus high pitch CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) subsequently followed by low dose retrospectively ECG gated cardiac CT (4D cCT) in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) to accurately evaluate right ventricular (RV) function. MATERIALS AND METHODS 62 patients (33 female, age 65.1 17.5 years) underwent high pitch CTPA examination with 80cc of iodinated contrast material. 5 s after the end of the high pitch CTPA study, a low dose retrospectively ECG gated cardiac CT examination was automatically started. The volume CT dose index (CTDI vol) and dose length product (DLP) were recorded in all patients and the effective dose was calculated. For the assessment of image quality, attenuation was measured as Hounsfield units (HUs) within various regions of interest (ROIs) These ROIs were used to calculate the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) Subjective image quality was assessed using a five point Likert scale. On 4D cCT, the ejection fraction of both ventricles (RVEF, LVEF) as well as the ratio of RVEF and LVEF (RVEF/LVEF) was assessed. The statistical difference of all parameters between the PE and non PE group was calculated. RESULTS The mean effective radiation dose was 4.22 2.05 mSv. Attenuation measurements on CTPA showed the highest attenuation values in the main pulmonary artery (442.01 187.64) On 4D cCT attenuation values were highest in the descending aorta (560.59 208.81) The CNR and SNR values on CTPA were highest within the main pulmonary artery (CNR 12.43 4.57; SNR 15.14 4.90) On 4D cCT images, the highest SNR and CNR could be measured in the descending aorta (CNR 10.26 5.57; SNR 10.86 5.17) The mean LVEF was 60.73 14.65 and the mean RVEF was 44.90 9.54 The mean RVEF/LVEF was 0.79 0.29. There was no significant difference between the PE and non PE group for either of the parameters. CONCLUSION The investigated combined CTPA and 4D cCT protocol is feasible using a single contrast bolus and allows the evaluation of RV function in patients with suspected PE. Further studies have to evaluate the additional value of this protocol regarding risk stratification in patients with PE. KEY POINTS High pitch CTPA is fast enough to leave sufficient contrast material within the heart that can be used for an additional low dose functional cardiac CT examination. The tube current of the evaluated 4D cCT is reduced over the entire cardiac cycle without any full dose peak. Low dose cardiac CT subsequently performed after high pitch CTPA allows for detailed analysis of RV function. CITATION FORMAT Schafer JC, Haubenreisser H, Meyer M et al. Feasibility of a Single Contrast Bolus High Pitch Pulmonary CT Angiography Protocol Followed by Low Dose Retrospectively ECG Gated Cardiac CT in Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism. Fortschr Rontgenstr 2018; 190: 542 550.", "venue": "RoFo Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Julia Schafer", "Holger Haubenreisser", "Mathias Meyer", "Joachim Gruttner", "Thomas Walter", "Martin Borggrefe", "Joseph Uwe Schoepf", "John Nance", "Stefan O Schonberg", "Thomas Henzler"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 13682672, "title": "[Application of Low Concentration Contrast Agent Combined Double Low Dose in CT Pulmonary Angiography for Pulmonary Embolism]", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of low concentration contrast agent combined double low dose in CT pulmonary angiography. METHODS 60 patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism examed by CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) were divided into two groups (experimental group: n=30,80 kV, 15 mL,320 mg I/mL;control group: n=30,120 kV,50 mL,370 mg I/mL) The average CT value of main right and left pulmonary arteries,lobar arteries was calculated. Imaging post processing techniques included curved plannar reconstruction (CPR),volume rendering (VR) and maximal intensity projection (MIP) The artifact of the remaining contract in the superior vena cava and overall quality of the image were observed and analyzed by two senior doctors who were double blinded. RESULTS All patients in two groups completed CTPA successfully. The image qualities of two groupssatisfy clinical diagnostic requirements and no difference of the image qualities was observed between two groups (P>0.05) The evaluation of venous pollution in experimental group was better than that of control group (P<0.01).No difference of CT values were observed between two groups [experimental group (423.2+ 89.4) HU,control group (465.7+ 85.6) HU](P>0.05) The SNR and CNR in experimental group were lower than those in control group (P<0.01 both).The CT dose index volume (CTDIvol),dose length product (DLP) and size specific dose estimates (SSDE) in experimental group were significantly lower than those incontrol group (P<0.01 all) CONCLUSION The low concentration contrast agent combined double low dose in CT pulmonary angiography satisfies clinical diagnostic requirements. It has good clinical value for it could reduce venous pollution,iodine contrast agent and radiation exposure.", "venue": "Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Lei Li", "Fei Zhao", "Yu-Mei Pu", "Kai Zhang", "Jin Pu", "Yu-ming Li", "Wan-lin Peng", "Jin-ge Zhang", "Chun-chao Xia", "Zhen-lin Li"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 31933844, "title": "Application of High pitch CT Pulmonary Angiography at 70 kV Tube Voltage with 15 ml Contrast Medium Using Third generation Dual source CT.", "abstract": "Objective To assess the application of high pitch CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) at 70 kV tube voltage with 15 ml contrast medium using third generation dual source CT. Methods A total of 70 patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism were randomly divided into two groups: group A (n=35) underwent CTPA on conventional scanning mode (120 kV,80 ml contrast medium);and group B (n=35) underwent CTPA on high pitch scanning mode at 70 kV tube voltage with 15 ml contrast medium. The CT values and standard deviations of the main pulmonary artery,apical segment of right upper pulmonary lobe (S1),and posterior basal segment of the right lower pulmonary lobe (S10),anterior thoracic air,and back muscles were measured. The signal to noise ratio (SNR),contrast to noise ratio (CNR),and effective dose (ED) were calculated. The overall image quality was evaluated by two blinded radiologists. The quality image was compared using non parametric test on two independent samples. The potential differences in CT value,SNR,CNR,and ED were analyzed using the independent sample t test. Results The CT values of main pulmonary artery (300.62+ 77.54)HU vs.(332.80+ 102.80)HU;t= 1.53,P=0.13],S1 (361.72+ 84.92)HU vs. (325.37+ 87.86)HU;t=1.81,P=0.08],and S10 (359.54+ 89.61)HU vs. (318.26+ 87.19)HU;t=2.00,P=0.05] of right lung were not significantly different between group A and group B. The CNR of S1 (22.81+ 6.05 vs. 19.80+ 6.60;t=2.05,P=0.04) and S10 (22.65+ 6.37 vs. 19.28+ 6.63;t=2.23,P=0.03) of right lung in group A was significantly higher than in group B. The SNR of main pulmonary artery,S1,and S10 of right lung were not significantly different between group A and B. The subjective diagnostic quality values of group A and B were 1 (1,1) and 1 (1,1),respectively (Z= 0.08,P=0.93) The subjective diagnostic quality values evaluated by two radiologists showed excellent consistency(k=0.87,P=0.01) The mean ED was 79% lower in group B (0.92+ 0.23)mSv] than in group A (4.33+ 1.80) mSv] (t=11.72,P=0.00).Conclusion Application of high pitch mode in CTPA at 70 kV with 15 ml contrast medium using third generation dual source CT can remarkably reduce radiation dose without affecting image quality.", "venue": "Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Qianni Du", "Xin Sui", "Wei Song", "Lan Song", "Xiao-li Xu"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 8840393, "title": "CT pulmonary angiography: simultaneous low pitch dual source acquisition mode with 70 kVp and 40 ml of contrast medium and comparison with high pitch spiral dual source acquisition with automated tube potential selection.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of a 70 kVp CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) protocol using simultaneous dual source (SimDS) acquisition mode with 40 ml of contrast medium (CM) and comparison with a high pitch spiral dual source (SpiralDS) acquisition protocol with automated tube potential selection (ATPS) METHODS Following the introduction of a new 70 kVp/40 ml SimDS CTPA protocol in December 2014 for all patients with a body mass index (BMI) below 35 kg m( 2) the first 35 patients were retrospectively included in this study and assigned to Group A (BMI: 27 4 kg m( 2) age: 66 15 years) The last 35 patients with a BMI below 35 kg m( 2) who had received SpiralDS CTPA with ATPS were included for comparison (Group B) (70 ml CM; BMI: 27 4 kg m( 2) age: 68 16 years) Subjective image quality (image quality) was assessed by two radiologists (from 1, non diagnostic, to 4, excellent) Signal to noise ratio (SNR) contrast to noise ratio (CNR) volumetric CT dose index (CTDIvol) dose length product (DLP) and effective dose were assessed. RESULTS All examinations were of diagnostic image quality. Subjective image quality, SNR and CNR were comparable between Groups A and B (3.7 0.6 vs 3.7 0.5, 14.6 6.0 vs 13.9 3.7 and 12.4 5.7 vs 11.6 3.3, respectively; p 0.05) CTDIvol, DLP and effective dose were significantly lower in Group A than in Group B (4.5 1.6 vs 7.5 2.1 mGy, 143.3 44.8 vs 278.3 79.44 mGy cm and 2.0 0.6 vs 3.9 1.1 mSv, respectively; p 0.05) CONCLUSION 70 kVp SimDS CTPA with 40 ml of CM is feasible and provides diagnostic image quality, while radiation dose and CM can be reduced by almost 50% and 40% respectively, compared with a SpiralDS CTPA protocol with ATPS. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE 70 kVp SimDS CTPA with 40 ml of CM is feasible in patients with a BMI up to 35 kg m( 2) and can help reduce radiation exposure and CM in these patients.", "venue": "The British journal of radiology", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Johannes Boos", "Patric Kropil", "Rotem Shlomo Lanzman", "Joel Aissa", "Christoph Schleich", "Philipp Heusch", "Lino M Sawicki", "Gerald Antoch", "Christoph Thomas"], "n_citations": 23, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 55902042, "title": "Prospective triggered high pitch spiral versus sequential dual source CT coronary angiography: comparison of image quality and radiation dose", "abstract": "Background: Prospec vely electrocardiography (ECG) triggered high pitch spiral coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is a unique scan mode for dual source CT (DSCT) Our reports aim to compare image quality and radia on dose of CCTA using high pitch spiral or sequen al acquisi on mode in pa ents with low and stable heart rates. Materials and Methods: Pa ents with low and stable heart rates (HR) (HR 70 beats per minute [bpm] heart rate variability [HRV] 10 bpm) were randomly assigned to high pitch spiral mode (group A; n 80) or sequen al acquisi on mode (group B; n 80) Image quality scores, image noise, effec ve radia on dose and influencing factors on image quality were assessed. Results: Mean image quality scores were 1.51 0.32 and 1.70 0.38 for groups A and B (P 0.05) respec vely. Image noises of the two groups were 19.05+ 4.70 Hu and 27.21+ 8.88 Hu (P 0.05) Contrast media cost in group A was lower than group B (P 0.05) No sta s cal difference was found in the rate of diagnos c pa ents between the two groups (P 0.416) The es mated radia on dose of group A was 26.0% reduced compared with group B (0.74 0.34 mSv vs. 1.00 0.48 mSv, P 0.05) Conclusion: In pa ents with regular and low heart rates, the prospec vely high pitch spiral acquisi on mode can reduce radia on dose and contrast media cost while maintaining image quality compared with the prospec vely sequen al mode.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Yingying Zhuang", "Wei Huang", "Yuzhen Shi", "Genji Bo", "Daoyan Lu", "Junxia Zhang", "David Kong", "B Wang"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 39874558, "title": "Optimization of kV Selection on Third generation High pitch Dual source Coronary CT Angiography Using Ultra low Contrast Media Protocols in Patients with Body Mass Index between 20 30 kg/m2 under Automatic Tube Voltage Selection.", "abstract": "Objective To investigate the application of automatic tube voltage selection (CARE kV)coronary CT angiography (CCTA)using ultra low contrast media (CM)protocols in patients with body mass index (BMI)between 20 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2 on third generation dual source CT (DSCT) Methods We prospectively included 134 consecutive patients with BMI between 20 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2who underwent CARE kV prospective high pitch CCTA on third generation DSCT using the ultra low CM protocols and divided them into two groups according to the CARE kV results:70 kV group(n=91):65 patients with normal BMI(20 kg/m2<=BMI<=25 kg/m2)and 26 patients with high BMI(25 kg/m20.75 gCODremoved gCODadded 1) and a more consistent, PPB dominated >50% product, with a higher crude protein product >0.6 gCP gVSS 1) The microalgae tests achieved a better removal outcome (up to 91%COD, 91% NH4 N, 73%PO4 P) but with poorer quality product, and <30% abundance as algae.", "venue": "Bioresource technology", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Tim Huelsen", "Kent Hsieh", "Yang Lu", "Stephan Tait", "Damien John Batstone"], "n_citations": 75, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 201020552, "title": "[Advances in biological wastewater treatment technology of microalgae.", "abstract": "Microalgae has the advantages of high growth rates, high cellular lipid productivity and capability to bio sequester carbon dioxide, and thus being widely studied as a new generation of biomass energy. The sustained investment in freshwater resources and nutrients during its growth period, however, is a major obstacle to large scale cultivation. Combining a microalgae culture system with wastewater treatment is an economically viable wastewater resource utilization strategy. Based on the utilization mechanism of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus during the growth of microalgae, we reviewed the application of microalgae in the biological wastewater treatment. The removal/inhibition ability of organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals and pathogens were analyzed. The effects of environmental factors including the initial nutrient concentration, light, temperature, pH, salinity and gas exchange on the growth and metabolism of microalgae were investigated. In addition, combined with the problems faced by the large scale application of microalgae, the application prospect and development direction of microalgae wastewater treatment were prospected, with the aim to provide references for the construction and management of water ecosystems.", "venue": "Ying yong sheng tai xue bao The journal of applied ecology", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Yu Pan", "Hua Wang", "Zuwen Liu", "Haibing Yan"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 200057829, "title": "Carbon Dioxide Biosequestration and Wastewater Treatment Using Microalgae", "abstract": "Algae have been studied for many years and recently microalgae have become a hot topic thanks to their multiple uses. This chapter studies the application of microalgae in biosequestration for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. CO2 biosequestration is an important approach to tackle climate change. The use of algae to assimilate CO2 has multiple advantages: mitigation of emission risks at point sources (e.g. power plants) and no fertile soil requirements. Still, the application of microalgae cultivation techniques for CO2 biosequestration in situ on industrial sites faces some challenges, such as temperature management, CO2 storage and scalability. The second part of this chapter explores the application of microalgae strains in wastewater treatment technologies for the production of biofuels. The development of cost effective and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment technologies is an important research area on the road toward sustainable production processes. Algae can be used to control the chemical oxygen demand and the content of ammonia and total phosphorus. A high diversity exists among natural microalgae; therefore, strain screening techniques and the adoption of biotechnological tools for the development of commercial strains are an important research area. Not only the strain type is important, the development of stable microbial ecologies with other algae strain types and with bacteria or fungi is also essential to develop stable growth consortia.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Simona Francesca Consoletti", "Pepijn Prinsen"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 182123673, "title": "Microalgae: A Biorefinary Approach to the Treatment of Aquaculture Wastewater", "abstract": "Aquaculture food is one of the fastest growing food sectors in the world. To meet global aquaculture demand world have adopted cultivation of fish trough intensive system. In intensive aquaculture cultivation systems, a large amount of fresh water is used and concurrently a huge amount of aquaculture wastewater is generated. Aquaculture wastewater contains nitrates, nitrites, and phosphate, among other substances. To prevent eutrophication, it is very important to treat wastewater before it is released into a water body. To improve the economic prospects of the aquaculture industry, it is vital to treat aquaculture wastewater and reuse it. Phycoremediation is an emerging technology in which algae utilize nutrients available in the wastewater to produce biomass, which is rich in protein, lipid, carbohydrates, and other value added products. The cultivation of algae in aquaculture wastewater has several advantages. The nutrient removal efficiency and the production of biomass and various metabolites (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates) have strain specific and adaptability towards aquaculture wastewater. To utilize this integrated process, not only close the loop in the aquaculture industry but also make economical, sustainable and feasible.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Faiz Ahmad Ansari", "Sanjay Kumar Gupta", "Faizal Bux"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 4910358, "title": "Binary culture of microalgae as an integrated approach for enhanced biomass and metabolites productivity, wastewater treatment, and bioflocculation.", "abstract": "Ecological studies of microalgae have revealed their potential to co exist in the natural environment. It provides an evidence of the symbiotic relationship of microalgae with other microorganisms. The symbiosis potential of microalgae is inherited with distinct advantages, providing a venue for their scale up applications. The deployment of large scale microalgae applications is limited due to the technical challenges such as slow growth rate, low metabolites yield, and high risk of biomass contamination by unwanted bacteria. However, these challenges can be overcome by exploring symbiotic potential of microalgae. In a symbiotic system, photosynthetic microalgae co exist with bacteria, fungi, as well as heterotrophic microalgae. In this consortium, they can exchange nutrients and metabolites, transfer gene, and interact with each other through complex metabolic mechanism. Microalgae in this system, termed as a binary culture, are reported to exhibit high growth rate, enhanced bio flocculation, and biochemical productivity without experiencing contamination. Binary culture also offers interesting applications in other biotechnological processes including bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and production of high value metabolites. The focus of the study is to provide a perspective to enhance the understanding about microalgae binary culture. In this review, the mechanism of binary culture, its potential, and limitations are briefly discussed. A number of queries are evolved through this study, which needs to be answered by executing future research to assess the real potential of binary culture.", "venue": "Chemosphere", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Naim Rashid", "Won-Kun Park", "Thinesh Selvaratnam"], "n_citations": 29, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199097567, "title": "Cyanobacteria/Microalgae for Distillery Wastewater Treatment Past, Present and the Future", "abstract": "Abstract Distilleries are considered one of the major polluting industries due to the presence of high organics and recalcitrant compounds in the effluent. The distillery wastewater (DWW) has been treated via physicochemical, biological, and a combination of different processes. This chapter provides an overview of various processes adopted for DWW treatment, their advantages and disadvantages, reactor configurations and the operating conditions. Subsequently, the phycoremediation of DWW is discussed in detail along with the mechanism of organics and recalcitrant compounds removal, optimal growth conditions of algae and various reactor configurations for algal growth. Finally, the research challenges and future directions toward the sustainable treatment of DWW are addressed.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Inigo Johnson", "Mohamed Ali", "Mathava Kumar"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 52074421, "title": "Two step process: Enhanced strategy for wastewater treatment using microalgae.", "abstract": "Microalgae possess many advantages, but the lack of a suitable strategy to simultaneously facilitate their low cost cultivation and high value productions limits their commercial applications. In this study, two microalgae strains (RT_C and RT_F) isolated from a municipal wastewater treatment plant were used to establish a two step wastewater treatment process. During step 1, RT_C was cultivated in composite wastewater due to its high tolerance of sludge centrate; followed by step 2, in which the supernatant generated from RT_C culture was used to cultivate RT_F. The NH4+ N, PO43 P, and COD in the wastewater were removed almost completely using this strategy. Moreover, the majority of the metal ions in the wastewater were absorbed by RT_C during step 1, and thus the powdered RT_F only contained low levels of toxic metals. Our results demonstrate that this two step process is effective for removing pollutants and while generating a powder sufficiently clean for extracting valuable compounds.", "venue": "Bioresource technology", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Jichang Han", "Laurenz Thomsen", "Kehou Pan", "Claudia Thomsen"], "n_citations": 8, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Smart Beta factor investing", "session_id": 3946984514656817, "user_id": 3793042999808953, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 203229320, "title": "Index Fund Management: A Practical Guide to Smart Beta, Factor Investing, and Risk Premia", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Fadi M Zaher"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 158882715, "title": "Smart Beta Factor Investing", "abstract": "In an attempt to bridge the gap between active and passive investing, Smart Beta strategies have become a popular alternative for investors given their systematic, rules based approach to portfolio construction and historical tendency to capture market inefficiencies. In this thesis, we examine the performance of Smart Beta strategies versus the S&P 500 and the Euro Stoxx 600 index for time periods 1994 2016 and 2002 2016 respectively. The strategies analyzed are Value, Size, Sharpe Momentum, Quality and Low Volatility. Given that factor investing and various rules based strategies have previously been studied in academia, we fill the gap in the literature by providing our own variables to each factor as well as testing their performance across two geographical regions. The empirical analysis conducted in this thesis indicates that nine out of ten Smart Beta portfolios outperform their respective benchmark index on a risk adjusted basis. We therefore conclude that Smart Beta strategies can serve as a superior alternative to passively investing in a cap weighted index, which questions if markets are truly efficient from an asset allocation standpoint. (Less)", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Alex Mikaelsson", "M Nilsson"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 229487754, "title": "Factor Investing and Risk Management: Is Smart Beta Diversification Smart?", "abstract": "Abstract In this paper, we investigate the diversification benefits associated with factor investing in U.S. stock markets, using the dummy variable framework for asset allocation. We find that beta based investment strategies are primarily driven by beta specific sources of return variation. At the same time, both betas and characteristics explain the variance of characteristic based strategies, indicating that beta diversification is a more effective risk management tool than characteristic diversification. We also find that the correlations between the pure premiums of the 14 factor based strategies considered are small, which suggests that diversification across smart beta funds is beneficial. Monte Carlo simulations confirm these results.", "venue": "Finance Research Letters", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Gregory Nazaire", "Mariana Pacurar", "Oumar Sy"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 213701189, "title": "Factor Investing: Challenging the Market Index with Smart Beta Products", "abstract": "In this chapter, we address factor research and factor investing from the perspective of academics, practitioners and investors. We will use terms like smart beta, strategic beta, risk premia investing, style investing and factor investing interchangeably. They all mean the same thing: a systematic process where securities (equities, bonds, currencies, commodities) are grouped into buckets with similar characteristics like small or large market capitalization (the size factor) high or low book to market ratio (the value factor) and positive or negative historical prices (the momentum factor) to name a few.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Elisabetta Basilico", "Tommi Johnsen"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 213406469, "title": "Practical Applications of Trade Off in Multifactor Smart Beta Investing: Factor Premium and Implementation Cost", "abstract": "Practical Applications Summary In Trade Off in Multifactor Smart Beta Investing: Factor Premium and Implementation Cost, from the 2019 Quantitative Special Issue of The Journal of Portfolio Management, Feifei Li and Joseph (Yoseop) Shim (both of Research Affiliates) investigate the effects of implementation costs on multifactor portfolio construction. They examine the performance impact of rebalancing multifactor portfolios by looking at portfolio characteristics such as volume, tilt, turnover, and turnover concentration. They find that multifactor portfolios that included all six style factors under consideration value, low beta, profitability, investment, momentum, and size yielded the highest information ratios, both before and after trading costs, with a very small negative impact on Sharpe ratios compared with multifactor portfolios composed of fewer factors. The authors also determine that a uniform concentration level of 25% for all factors provides the greatest performance in the presence of implementation costs. Overall, they suggest investors pursue multifactor portfolios composed of the top 25% of stocks in each of the six style factors.", "venue": "Practical Application", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Feifei Li", "Joseph Shim"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 158687345, "title": "Practical Applications of Smart Beta Is the Gateway Drug to Risk Factor Investing", "abstract": "Today's most common strategies using risk factor approaches are found on the opposite ends of the complexity spectrum. On one end lie simple, long only equity strategies based on factor tilts, such as low volatility, value, and momentum. Smart beta, at its most basic, is a good example. At the other end are the more complex, multi asset class, long/short, risk premia approaches that often employ leverage and derivatives. In Smart Beta Is the Gateway Drug to Risk Factor Investing, published in the Special Issue 2017 of The Journal of Portfolio Management, Eugene Podkaminer of Callan Associates establishes the two poles and explains the many opportunities that exist in the middle. As risk factors become a more common feature of both portfolio attribution and portfolio construction, the space between these two poles is just starting to be explored. Today's simple factor smart beta portfolios can be extended across multiple asset classes, and coupled with shorting, may constitute a robust and diversified risk.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Howard Moore"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 169661780, "title": "Smart beta Strategy and Long Short Factor Investing in Style Rotation", "abstract": "Abstract According to the literature that an outperforming style changes due to time varying style premiums, I investigate the dynamic style allocation strategies with Korean stocks under regime switching. I find that value, size, and low volatility are the best styles in the entire sample period. However, low beta and low volatility styles produce superior returns in event regimes, and value and dividend styles outperform in normal regimes. As a result, regimedependent dynamic style allocations outperform the stock market, static equivalent strategies, and all single style portfolios, both before and after transaction costs. These outperformances are consistent in in sample and out of sample prediction analysis.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Ryumi Kim"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 697918, "title": "Smart Beta is the Gateway Drug to Risk Factor Investing", "abstract": "The most common strategies using risk factor approaches are found on the opposite ends of the complexity spectrum: simple, long only equity factor strategies (i.e. smart beta) and multiasset class long/short risk premia approaches that often employ leverage and derivatives. The space between these two poles is just starting to be explored, as risk factors become a more common feature of both portfolio attribution and portfolio construction. Today's simple factor smart beta portfolios can be extended across multiple asset classes, coupled with shorting, in order to approach a diluted risk premia approach.", "venue": "The Journal of Portfolio Management", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Eugene Podkaminer"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 168642126, "title": "Practical Applications of Smart Beta Is the Gateway Drug to Risk Factor Investing", "abstract": "Practical Applications Summary Today's most common strategies using risk factor approaches are found on the opposite ends of the complexity spectrum. On one end lie simple, long only equity strategies based on factor tilts, such as low volatility, value, and momentum. Smart beta, at its most basic, is a good example. At the other end are the more complex, multi asset class, long/short, risk premia approaches that often employ leverage and derivatives. In Smart Beta Is the Gateway Drug to Risk Factor Investing, published in the Special Issue 2017 of The Journal of Portfolio Management, Eugene Podkaminer of Callan Associates establishes the two poles and explains the many opportunities that exist in the middle. As risk factors become a more common feature of both portfolio attribution and portfolio construction, the space between these two poles is just starting to be explored. Today's simple factor smart beta portfolios can be extended across multiple asset classes, and coupled with shorting, may constitute a robust and diversified risk premia approach.", "venue": "Practical Application", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Eugene Podkaminer"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 169322506, "title": "Smart Beta Exchange Traded Funds and Factor Investing", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Phillip A Braun"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Analog Mixed-Signal RF Circuits for Complex Signal Processing", "session_id": 5276357460049100, "user_id": 3399053105882287, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 211059152, "title": "Analog Mixed Signal RF Circuits for Complex Signal Processing", "abstract": "This paper describes the research history of the authors' group in the area of analog/mixed signal circuits for complex or quadrature signal processing. Here the complex signal is composed of In phase and Quadrature phase signals (I, Q signals) the I signal represents its real part while the Q signal is its imaginary part. As complex signal processing circuits, the characteristics of the RC polyphaser filter, the complex active RC filter and the active Gm C filter are shown and also our data weighted averaging (DWA) algorithms for complex ADCs/DACs are introduced.", "venue": "2019 IEEE 13th International Conference on ASIC (ASICON)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Haruo Kobayashi", "Nene Kushita", "MinhTri Tran", "Koji Asami", "Hao San", "Anna Kuwana", "Akemi Hatta"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 60684031, "title": "A compensability RF CMOS mixed signal interface for implantable system", "abstract": "The implantable microsystem requires the hybrid circuit technology for a brain machine interface. The paper described a compensability mixed signal implantable receiver including an analog front end and a digital processing circuit. The analog circuit consists of mainly an amplifier, an amplitude shift keying (ASK) demodulator, a clock extraction and a power recovery. In this paper, the amplifier and the ASK demodulator are described and provided without the capacitor and the resistor, fully integrated low power circuit. The processing circuit is designed with the digital technology, so that implementing the correct synchronous signal. The carrier frequency of the circuit is applied in the 10 MHz range; the data rates up to 1 M bit/s are supported, suitable for complex implants such as the brain neural stimulating and so on. The compensability low power and the high performance implantable interface using a CMOS technology has been designed, fabricated and verified. All of circuits were implemented in a standard 0.18 mm CMOS process.", "venue": "", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Hongge Li"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 195881575, "title": "A hybrid approach to nonlinear macromodel generation for time varying analog circuits", "abstract": "Modeling frequency dependent nonlinear characteristics of complex analog blocks and subsystems is critical for enabling efficient verification of mixed signal system designs. Recent progress has been made for constructing such macromodels, however, their accuracy and/or efficiency can break down for certain problems, particularly those with high Q filtering. In this paper we explore a novel hybrid approach for generating accurate analog macromodels for time varying weakly nonlinear circuits. The combined benefits of nonlinear Pade approximations and pruning by exploitation of the system's internal structure allows us to construct nonlinear circuit models that are accurate for wide input frequency ranges, and thereby capable of modeling systems with sharp frequency selectivity. Such components are widely encountered in analog signal processing and RF applications. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated by the modeling of large time varying nonlinear circuits that are commonly found in these application areas.", "venue": "ICCAD 2003. International Conference on Computer Aided Design (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37486)", "year": 2003.0, "author_names": ["Peng Li", "Xin Li", "Yang Xu", "Lawrence T Pileggi"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 23794246, "title": "An up to 36Gbps analog baseband equalizer and demodulator for mm wave wireless communication in 28nm CMOS", "abstract": "Future mm Wave wireless links with datarates of 20Gbps and more will result in prohibitive power consumption at the front end of the DSPs. The use of analog or mixed signal baseband processing, however, can significantly relax the receiver power budget. The most critical block for such a baseband is the decision feedback equalizer, that compensates for the line of sight multi path components and demodulates the signal. In this paper we present a complex DFE capable of handling 16QAM data at 9GHz RF bandwidth, aggregating all 4 channels of the 60GHz IEEE802.11ad band and resulting in a maximum datarate of 36Gbps. It is able to compensate for 0.7x cursor amplitude of inter symbol interference spread over 5 complex taps, while the minimum input SNR is 26dB. It consumes 138mW from a 0.9V supply, achieving 3.8mW/Gbps power efficiency including clock distribution.", "venue": "2017 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC)", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Oscar Elisio Mattia", "Davide Guermandi", "Guy Torfs", "Piet Wambacq"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3858513, "title": "EE4: Figures of merit on trial", "abstract": "Mixed signal/RF circuits are characterized by a wide variety of performance parameters and diverse functionality. Afigure of merit (FOM) provides a unique, simple and objective metric that allows normalizing and comparing circuits and systems of the same class. On the other hand, does the minimalistic simplicity of any single metric sacrifice more than it offers? Doesn't engineering practice intrinsically require designing and judging a far more complex reality than the monochromatic reductionism that an FOM can provide? For instance, in the case of analog to digital converters, the ability to drive the ADC's input, to clock it, to integrate it or interface it with other processing units, to supply power to it, are just a few real life examples of factors that can make or break a converter architecture and the signal chain embedding it. These factors are not considered in any FOM, with potentially catastrophic consequences. Enough already with the cult of FOMs? Open the doors to a new age of purely human subjective calls? You, the audience, be the judge. This panel will probe the weaknesses and strengths of popular analog FOMs in an entertaining and educational way: To this end, the room will become a tribunal with the moderator as judge. For each FOM on trial, two panelists will officiate, one becoming the defending advocate of the FOM, and the other the prosecutor, while the audience will become the jury, that will decide which of the two contestants will win.", "venue": "ISSCC", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Kostas Doris", "Stefano Stanzione", "Paul F Ferguson"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 10337039, "title": "Integrated Biosensor and Interfacing Circuits", "abstract": "Driven by the demand of the bioelectronics market, many biosensors need to work in parallel or in a controllable way to achieve complicated biodetections, however the limited scale, speed, cost, complex signal processing, and bulky circuit routing problems prohibit the discrete biosensor solutions (Drummond et al. 2003) Nowaday biosensor are usually integrated on the same substrate to form biosensor array to improved the scale and efficiency, and solve the signal routing difficulties. CMOS technology emerges since the mid 1960s, and rapidly captured the IC market. The aggressive scaling of CMOS technology following the famous Moore's Law enables the realization of high speed digital circuits, analog and mixed signal circuits, as well as radiofrequency (RF) communication circuits. A single chip monotonically integrating all components of a complex electronics systems or laboratory systems which contain digital, analog, mixed signal, and RF communication, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other experimental functions, i.e. lab on a chip (LOC) is avidly to be implemented to possess the capabilities of high efficiency characterization, high speed complex signal processing and communication, mass production, large scale, low cost, and low power as well. Fortunately, most of the fabrication processes of biosensors are compatible with the standard CMOS technology either directly or via the post CMOS processes, e.g. DNA sensors fabricated on Si nanowire (Li et al. 2004) and gold surface (Cheng et al. 2005) etc, which makes it possible to integrate the biosneosr arrays and CMOS IC on a single chip as a CMOS integrated biosensing system (IBS) (Augustyniak et al. 2006; Prakash et al. 2006; Thewes et al. 2005; Han et al. 2007) The CMOS IBS usually composes of four parts in its system circuitry: integrated biosensor array, interfacing circuits, analog to digital (A/D) conversion, and digital signal processor (DSP) as shown in Fig. 1(a) In some system requiring feedback controlling during the characterization, digital to analog (D/A) converters are also included depending on the applications, as shown in Fig. 1(b) In the system architecture of CMOS IBS, the overall performance such as noise, bandwidth, sensitivity etc are mainly governed by the performances of interfacing circuits which controls the electrolyte potential and directly acquires signals from the integrated biosensor array. The three electrode system, as shown in Fig. 2, is the most popular electrode architecture of the integrated biosensor array in nowadays CMOS IBS. The system is composed of reference electrode, working electrode, and counter electrode (it is also called auxiliary electrode sometimes)", "venue": "", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Lei Zhang", "Zhiping Yu", "Xiangqing He"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 43439410, "title": "Proceedings of the IEEE 2006 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, CICC 2006, DoubleTree Hotel, San Jose, California, USA, September 10 13, 2006", "abstract": "Programmable devices provide a low cost, low risk path to complex analog, digital, and mixed signal implementations. This session highlights circuit and architectural techniques that make these devices possible. This session explores advanced circuits techniques that address timely issues such as working at extremely high frequencies and at very low voltage. New topologies for LANs, oscillators, and dividers will be presented. On chip signal digitization and capture at 70 GHz is presented in the first paper. Next is offered a jitter and link characterization tutorial which addresses standards such as PCI Express, Fibre Channel, and Giga Bit Ethernet. A novel bus probing technique based on electromagnetic couplers is presented in the third paper. The session closes with an innovative circuit design which allows a two order improvement in characterization accuracy of the frequency response of on chip continuous time filters. The first four papers present software assisted GSM radio RF processing, 802.11 WLAN integration, multiprocessing and integrated power management for wireless products. The next four papers present SoCs with 6.375 Gb/s SerDes l/Os, 22.5 Gb/s cross! current and a 10 Gb/s framer. A human body network processor with Jess than 30uW power, and a 15 dB SNR substrate noise reduction for wireline networks. The session starts with an Invited paper on low power design challenges, followed by advances In wireless transmitter building blocks, Including direct modulators, a wide band VCO, and high efficiency PA techniques.", "venue": "CICC", "year": 2006.0, "author_names": ["M De Dominlcis", "C Muccl", "Antonio Deledda", "F Campl", "Andrea Lodi", "Mario Toma", "Rishin Patel", "William Bereza"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 38304543, "title": "RF Test 101: Defining the Problem, Finding Solutions", "abstract": "Rapid growth in the wireless communication market has introduced many challenges in the test community. Today's wireless communication products are more complex and more integrated than their predecessors. To keep pace with the market, the test community must produce innovative test solutions for integrated circuits containing digital, mixed signal, and radiofrequency blocks. For example, a single chip in a handset cellular phone includes an I/Q modulator and demodulator, low noise amplifiers, filters, analog to digital and digital to analog converters, a gain controller, a phase locked loop, IF amplifiers, and a digital signal processing block. When testing these parts, engineers face the complexity of a system on a chip and the challenges of high frequency. The competitive market and low prices paid by the consumer for wireless phones have escalated the need for low cost radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs)", "venue": "ITC", "year": 2003.0, "author_names": ["Mustapha Slamani"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 7476607, "title": "Post silicon validation of analog/mixed signal/RF circuits and systems: recent advances", "abstract": "Technology scaling along with unprecedented levels of device integration has led to increasing numbers of analog/mixed signal/RF design bugs escaping into silicon. Such bugs are manifested under specific system on chip (SoC) operating conditions and their effects are difficult to predict a priori. This paper describes recent advances in detecting and diagnosing such bugs using \"guided\" stochastic test stimulus generation algorithms. A key challenge is that unlike traditional test generation for manufacturing test that is predicated on known failure mechanisms, the nature of design bugs is generally unknown and must be discovered on the fly. Classes of design errors from undesired capacitive coupling and incorrect biasing conditions to incorrect guard banding of designs are considered. It is shown that high design bug coverage can be obtained over a range of test cases.", "venue": "2016 IEEE 21st International Mixed Signal Testing Workshop (IMSTW)", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Abhijit Chatterjee", "Sabyasachi Deyati", "Barry John Muldrey"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199590051, "title": "Built In Self Test solutions for high performance and reliable analog, mixed signal, and RF integrated circuits", "abstract": "The integration capabilities offered by current nanoscale CMOS technologies enable the fabrication of complete and very complex mixed signal systems. However, manufacturing processes are prone to imperfections that may degrade sometimes catastrophically the intended functionality of the fabricated circuits. Extensive production tests are then needed in order to separate these defective or unreliable parts from functionally correct devices. Unfortunately, the co integration of blocks of very distinct nature (analog, mixed signal, digital, RF, as well as the limited access to internal nodes in an integrated system make the test of these devices a very challenging and costly task. BIST techniques have been proposed as a way to overcome these issues. These techniques aim at including some of the ATE functionality into the Device Under Test, in such a way that each fabricated system becomes self testable. Applying BIST to the digital part of a complex integrated system is a common and standardized practice. Many test alternatives broadly proven in practice are available, all of them based on defect test and fault models. On the other hand, AMS RF BIST techniques are still lagging behind due to the strict requirements imposed by the analog circuitry. Since AMS RF circuits are usually tested by measuring their functional specifications, this means that each measurement has to comply with strict accuracy constraints to match the performance of the circuits under test. A promising solution to these issues is the combination of BIST strategies and machine learning based tests. Machine learning test strategies replace costly analog, mixed signal and RF performance measurements by a set of simpler measurements that can be performed on chip by low cost built in test circuitry. The core idea is to build a mapping model from a set of simple measurements to the set of functional specifications. However, this test strategy is not free of shortcomings either. My research has been focused on overcoming the limitations of current BIST and machine learning based test for complex AMS RF circuits, with the final goal of providing innovative state of the art test solutions for these complex systems", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Manuel J Barragan"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Injury of inferior alveolar nerve", "session_id": 2189166315565860, "user_id": 804660659551221, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 195796070, "title": "Comparative effects of photobiomodulation therapy at wavelengths of 660 and 808 nm on regeneration of inferior alveolar nerve in rats following crush injury", "abstract": "The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of 660 nm and 880 nm photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) following inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) crush injury. Following the nerve crush injuries of IAN, 36 Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups as follows: (1) control, (2) 660 nm PBMT, and (3) 808 nm PBMT (GaAlAs laser, 100 J/cm 2 70 mW, 0.028 cm 2 beam) PBMT was started immediately after surgery and performed once every 3 days during the postoperative period. At the end of the 30 day treatment period, histopathological and histomorphometric evaluations of tissue sections were made under a light and electron microscope. The ratio of the inner axonal diameter to the total outer axonal diameter g ratio) and the number of axons per square micrometer were evaluated. In the 808 nm PBMT group, the number of nerve fibers with suboptimal g ratio ranges of 0 0.49 p 0.001) is significantly lower than expected, which indicates better rate of myelinization in the 808 nm PBMT group. The number of axons per square micrometer was significantly higher in the 808 nm PBMT group when compared with the control p 0.001) and 660 nm PBMT group p 0.010) The data and the histopathological investigations suggest that the PBMT with the 808 nm wavelength along with its settings was able to enhance IAN regeneration after nerve crush injury.", "venue": "Lasers in Medical Science", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Nurettin Diker", "Duygu Aytac", "Fatma Helvacioglu", "Yener Oguz"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 35907600, "title": "Predictive Value of Panoramic Radiography for Injury of Inferior Alveolar Nerve After Mandibular Third Molar Surgery.", "abstract": "PURPOSE The purpose of the present systematic review was to assess the added value of panoramic radiography in predicting postoperative injury of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) in the decision making before mandibular third molar (MM3) surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched electronically to identify the diagnostic accuracy of studies that had assessed the predictive value of 7 panoramic radiographic signs, including root related signs (darkening of the root, deflection of the root, narrowing of the root, and dark and bifid apex of the root) and canal related signs (interruption of the white line of the canal, diversion of the canal, and narrowing of the canal) for IAN injury after MM3 surgery. RESULTS A total of 8 studies qualified for the meta analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the 7 signs ranged from 0.06 to 0.49 and 0.81 to 0.97, respectively. The area under the summary area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ranged from 0.42 to 0.89. The pooled positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) ranged from 7.5 to 26.6% and 95.9 to 97.7% respectively. The added value of a positive sign for ruling in an IAN injury (PPV minus the prior probability) ranged from 3.4 to 22.2% The added value of a negative sign for ruling out an IAN injury (NPV minus [1 minus the prior probability] ranged from 0.1 to 2.2% CONCLUSIONS For all 7 signs, the added value of panoramic radiography is too low to consider it appropriate for ruling out postoperative IAN in the decision making before MM3 surgery. The added value of panoramic radiography for determining the presence of diversion of the canal, interruption of the white line of the canal, and darkening of the root can be considered sufficient for ruling in the risk of postoperative IAN injury in the decision making before MM3 surgery.", "venue": "Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Naichuan Su", "Arjen J van Wijk", "Erwin Berkhout", "Gerard C H Sanderink", "Jan de Lange", "Hang Wang", "Geert J M G van der Heijden"], "n_citations": 23, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 202405841, "title": "Does the Lag Time Between Injury and Treatment Play a Role in Recovery of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Neurosensory Disturbances Following Mandibular Body Fracture?", "abstract": "BACKGROUND The lag time between injury and treatment (LTIT) plays an important role in reduction of complications in mandibular fractures. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of LTIT on recovery of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) neurosensory disturbances (NSDs) following surgical management of mandibular body fractures. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study. Patients who had a unilateral mandibular body fracture with paresthesia were studied. Paresthesia was evaluated by 2 point discrimination (TPD) test, brush stroke test and self reporting before and 6 months after the surgical procedure. RESULTS Forty five patients were studied. There was a correlation between LTIT and TPD test result and self reported paresthesia at 6 months, postoperatively (P 0.001) Fifteen patients (33.3% had complete improvement in NSD 6 months after treatments (group 1) and 30 patients (group 2) had hyposthesia (N 17, 37.77% and paresthesia (N 13, 28.88% There was a significant difference in LTIT between groups 1 and 2 at 6 months postoperatively (P 0.001) Cox regression model demonstrated the hazard ratio increased significantly for self reported NSD when treatment was done 10 days after trauma (P 0.001, confidence level 95% CONCLUSION It seems that conduction of open reduction with internal rigid fixation shortly after mandibular fracture may shorten the recovery time of NSDs of the IAN following mandibular body fractures.", "venue": "The Journal of craniofacial surgery", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Reza Tabrizi", "Freydoun Pourdanesh", "Paniz Lesan Khoshnik", "Samir Aboul-Hosn Centenero"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 201805670, "title": "Determining the risk relationship associated with inferior alveolar nerve injury following removal of mandibular third molar teeth: a systematic review.", "abstract": "PURPOSE This study analyzes the risk factors associated with the incidences of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar (IMTM) and to evaluate the contribution of these risk factors to postoperative neurosensory deficits. MATERIALS AND METHODS An exhaustive literature search has been carried out in the COCHRANE library and PubMed electronic databases from January 1990 to March 2019 supplemented by manual searching to identify the related studies. 23 studies out of 693 articles from the initial search were finally included, which summed up a total of 26427 patients (44171 teeth) RESULTS Our results have been compared with other current available papers in the literature reviewed that obtained similar outcomes. Among 44171 IMTM extractions performed by various grades of operators, 1.20% developed transient IAN deficit and 0.28% developed permanent IAN deficit respectively. Depth of impaction (P<0.001) contact between mandibular canal (MC) and IMTM (P<0.001) surgical technique (P<0.001) intra operative nerve exposure (P<0.001) and surgeon's experience (P<0.001) were statistically significant as contributing risk factors of IAN deficits. CONCLUSION Radiographic findings, such as depth of impaction, proximity of the tooth to the mandibular canal, surgical technique, intra operative nerve exposure, and surgeon's experience were high risk factors of IAN deficit after surgical removal of IMTMs.", "venue": "Journal of stomatology, oral and maxillofacial surgery", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Feiwu Kang", "Manoj Kumar Sah", "Guo Fei"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 189927663, "title": "Risk stratification against inferior alveolar nerve injury after lower third molar extraction by scoring on cone beam computed tomography image", "abstract": "The study aimed to stratify the risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury (IANI) after lower third molar (LM3) surgery with a scoring system using identified predictive factors based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. In a case control study, the primary outcome was IANI occurrence. The control group included randomly selected patients without IANI. Predictor variables included patient demographics, surgical situations, Pell Gregory classification, and inferior alveolar canal (IAC) associated factors on CBCT. Study variables were analyzed using logistic regression models. Risk stratification was assessed by a scoring system that was constructed using independent predictors. The 858 patients who underwent LM3 surgery (1177 teeth) after CBCT scan were divided into case (25 patients, 2.9% 27 teeth) and control (235 patients, 300 teeth) groups. In the multivariate model, lingual/inter radicular position of IAC [odds ratio (OR) 7.21; P 0.001; assigned score, 2] multiple roots closed to the IAC with cortical perforation (OR 3.72; P 0.015; 1) and age 30 years (OR 4.99; P 0.008; 2) were associated with an increased IANI risk. The IANI risk scoring system could be stratified into low and high risk groups at a cutoff score of 3 (sensitivity, 68.0% specificity, 90.6% positive predictive value, 17.8% positive likelihood ratio, 7.23) In conclusion, the high risk group of IANI after LM3 surgery corresponded to individuals with multiple factors: lingual/inter radicular IAC position to LM3, multiple roots with perforated IAC, and increased age 30 years) Raising awareness of the higher probability for IANI is needed for patients with multiple aforementioned factors.", "venue": "Odontology", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Seiko Kubota", "Tomoaki Imai", "Mitsuhiro Nakazawa", "Narikazu Uzawa"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199000323, "title": "Evaluating the risk of post extraction inferior alveolar nerve injury through the relative position of the lower third molar root and inferior alveolar canal.", "abstract": "The aim of this study was to introduce a method to evaluate the risk of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury following the extraction of impacted lower third molars. Two hundred impacted lower third molars adjacent to the IAN were evaluated. These were divided into four classification groups according to preoperative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) findings: AR, apical region; LT, lateral region of the tapered root; LE, lateral region of the enlarged root; AE, adjacent to the enlarged root. All teeth were dislocated along the long axis or arc of the root by tooth sectioning technique and extracted by a single surgeon. The primary outcome variable was postoperative neurosensory impairment of the IAN. The kh2 test was used to evaluate differences in postoperative IAN injury between the classifications. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors for postoperative IAN injury. The overall incidence of postoperative IAN injury was 7% Specifically, most injuries involved classification AE (AE 36% LE 8.6% LT 3.6% AR 0% and the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05) Logistic regression showed that classification AE was the only risk factor for postoperative IAN injury (P< 0.001) According to preoperative CBCT, the risk of postoperative IAN injury is higher when the IAN is adjacent to the enlarged part of the root.", "venue": "International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Wei Qi", "J Lei", "Y-N Liu", "J-N Li", "J Pan", "Gy Yu"], "n_citations": 10, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 128189766, "title": "Is juxta apical radiolucency a reliable risk factor for injury to the inferior alveolar nerve during removal of lower third molars?", "abstract": "The aim of this study was to find out if juxta apical radiolucency (JAR) is a reliable risk factor for injury to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) during removal of lower third molars. We designed a cohort study of patients whose dental panoramic tomograms (DPT) had shown JAR before complete removal of lower wisdom teeth. The outcome variable was postoperative permanent neurosensory disturbance of the IAN. A total of 39 patients (50 lower third molars) were identified and screened for permanent neurosensory disturbance. None reported any permanently altered sensation 18 months after the operation. Based on our group, the presence of JAR does not seem to be a reliable predictor of the risk of permanent injury to the IAN during removal of lower third molars.", "venue": "The British journal of oral maxillofacial surgery", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Ciro Gilvetti", "Sonam Haria", "Aakshay Gulati"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 46868472, "title": "Risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury with coronectomy vs surgical extraction of mandibular third molars A comparison of two techniques and review of the literature", "abstract": "The removal of mandibular third molar teeth is one of the most common oral surgical procedures. In a significant number of patients, it carries a degree of associated morbidity, including damage to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) For this reason, practitioners desire the most up to date guidance on the most appropriate technique, informed by the best available evidence that will produce the lowest incidence of iatrogenic complications. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review comparing the effect of coronectomy vs complete surgical extraction of mandibular third molar teeth on the risk of IAN injury and other complications in adults. Studies were identified through Embase (1980 2016) and Ovid MEDLINE (1946 2016) database searches. Search terms included coronectomy, partial root removal, deliberate vital root retention, odontectomy, surgical removal, surgical extraction, complete tooth extraction and extract. Limits of the study included humans, English language and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) Only RCTs comparing IAN damage associated with surgical extraction of mandibular third molars vs coronectomy were included. From our database searches, we identified two unique RCTs matching the inclusion criteria. Both evaluated patients who had specific radiographic signs of intimate relationships with the IAN. Upon detailed analysis, the studies were noted to exhibit a high risk of bias in many categories, thereby rendering their results inconclusive. Although evidence from two RCTs suggests that coronectomy can reduce the risk of IAN injury compared to surgical removal of high risk mandibular third molars, the quality of evidence is insufficient to provide definitive conclusions regarding the preferred technique.", "venue": "Journal of oral rehabilitation", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["A S Ali", "Jamie Benton", "Julian M Yates"], "n_citations": 18, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3994779, "title": "Does additional cone beam computed tomography decrease the risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury in high risk cases undergoing third molar surgery?Does CBCT decrease the risk of IAN injury?", "abstract": "The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of additional cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging on decreasing the risk of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury during third molar removal in patients at high risk and to assess the surgical outcomes. The study sample included patients considered at high risk for IAN injury based on panoramic radiography (PAN) evaluation. The primary predictor was the type of imaging method (PAN only or with additional CBCT) The other variables were demographic and anatomical/radiographic factors. The primary outcome variable was IAN injury. The secondary outcome variables were the preoperative surgical plan and surgical results including IAN exposure and duration of surgery. The sample comprised 122 patients (139 teeth) aged 18 48 years. Postoperative temporary IAN injury was present in three (4.2% cases in the CBCT group and 11 (16.4% in the PAN group at 7 days after surgery. However, none of the patients had a permanent IAN injury at the 6 month follow up. Additional CBCT imaging was not superior to PAN in reducing IAN injury after third molar surgery during long term follow up. Nonetheless, CBCT may decrease the prevalence of temporary IAN injury and improve the surgical outcomes in high risk patients.", "venue": "International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Yavuz Tolga Korkmaz", "Saadettin Kayipmaz", "Figen Cizmeci Senel", "Kerem Turgut Atasoy", "Z Gumrukcu"], "n_citations": 27, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 7217253, "title": "Inferior alveolar nerve injury: Correlation between indicators of risk on panoramic radiographs and the incidence of tooth and mandibular canal contact on cone beam computed tomography scans in a Western Australian population", "abstract": "AIM The aim of the present study was to assess risks prior to third molar removal. A 2 D panoramic radiograph or a 3 D cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan can be used to visualize the proximity of the third molar to the mandibular canal. We aimed to correlate panoramic indicators of risk with the incidence of contact between these two structures on CBCT scans. METHODS Patients were selected from a Western Australian population if they had a panoramic radiograph that illustrated signs of risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury and had a CBCT scan on file. Statistically significant relationships between the relative position and distance between the mandibular canal and third molar were investigated using kh2 test and Fisher's exact test in Stata version 13. RESULTS Within the Western Australian sample (N 100) of six possible panoramic indicators of risk, two were significantly associated with contact between the tooth and mandibular canal on CBCT: (a) interruption of the radiographic white line of the canal; and (b) darkening of the root(s) CONCLUSIONS Two panoramic radiograph risk signs are significantly more likely to indicate contact on the CBCT scans: interruption of the white line and darkening of the root(s) Further research is required to develop CBCT prescription guidelines for surgical planning.", "venue": "Journal of investigative and clinical dentistry", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Kate L Winstanley", "Lisa M Otway", "Lionel Thompson", "Zoe H Brook", "Nigel M King", "Bernard Koong", "Michael O'halloran"], "n_citations": 8, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Experiments on Graph Clustering Algorithms", "session_id": 3879614538588419, "user_id": 672528985745092, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 8609428, "title": "Experiments on Graph Clustering Algorithms", "abstract": "A promising approach to graph clustering is based on the intuitive notion of intra cluster density vs. inter cluster sparsity. While both formalizations and algorithms focusing on particular aspects of this rather vague concept have been proposed no conclusive argument on their appropriateness has been given. As a first step towards understanding the consequences of particular con ceptions, we conducted an experimental evaluation of graph clustering approaches. By combining proven techniques from graph partitioning and geometric clustering, we also introduce a new approach that compares favorably.", "venue": "ESA", "year": 2003.0, "author_names": ["Ulrik Brandes", "Marco Gaertler", "Dorothea Wagner"], "n_citations": 320, "n_key_citations": 23, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 11240963, "title": "Multilayer Spectral Graph Clustering via Convex Layer Aggregation: Theory and Algorithms", "abstract": "Multilayer graphs are commonly used for representing different relations between entities and handling heterogeneous data processing tasks. Nonstandard multilayer graph clustering methods are needed for assigning clusters to a common multilayer node set and for combining information from each layer. This paper presents a multilayer spectral graph clustering (SGC) framework that performs convex layer aggregation. Under a multilayer signal plus noise model, we provide a phase transition analysis of clustering reliability. Moreover, we use the phase transition criterion to propose a multilayer iterative model order selection algorithm (MIMOSA) for multilayer SGC, which features automated cluster assignment and layer weight adaptation, and provides statistical clustering reliability guarantees. Numerical simulations on synthetic multilayer graphs verify the phase transition analysis, and experiments on real world multilayer graphs show that MIMOSA is competitive or better than other clustering methods.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing over Networks", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Pin-Yu Chen", "Alfred O Hero"], "n_citations": 35, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 2977323, "title": "Experiments on Density Constrained Graph Clustering", "abstract": "Clustering a graph means identifying internally dense subgraphs that are only sparsely interconnected. Formalizations of this notion lead to measures that quantify the quality of a clustering and to algorithms that actually find clusterings. Since, most generally, corresponding optimization problems are hard, heuristic clustering algorithms are used in practice, or other approaches that are not based on an objective function. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive experimental evaluation of the qualitative behavior of greedy bottom up heuristics driven by cut based objectives and constrained by intracluster density, using both real world data and artificial instances. Our study documents that a greedy strategy based on local movement is superior to one based on merging. We further reveal that the former approach generally outperforms alternative setups and reference algorithms from the literature in terms of its own objective, while a modularity based algorithm competes surprisingly well. Finally, we exhibit which combinations of cut based inter and intracluster measures are suitable for identifying a hidden reference clustering in synthetic random graphs and discuss the skewness of the resulting cluster size distributions. Our results serve as a guideline to the usage of bicriterial, cut based measures for graph clusterings.", "venue": "ACM J. Exp. Algorithmics", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Robert Gorke", "Andreas Schumm", "Dorothea Wagner"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 21894316, "title": "GEMSEC: Graph Embedding with Self Clustering", "abstract": "Modern graph embedding procedures can efficiently process graphs with millions of nodes. In this paper, we propose GEMSEC a graph embedding algorithm which learns a clustering of the nodes simultaneously with computing their embedding. GEMSEC is a general extension of earlier work in the domain of sequence based graph embedding. GEMSEC places nodes in an abstract feature space where the vertex features minimize the negative log likelihood of preserving sampled vertex neighborhoods, and it incorporates known social network properties through a machine learning regularization. We present two new social network datasets and show that by simultaneously considering the embedding and clustering problems with respect to social properties, GEMSEC extracts high quality clusters competitive with or superior to other community detection algorithms. In experiments, the method is found to be computationally efficient and robust to the choice of hyperparameters.", "venue": "2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Benedek Rozemberczki", "Ryan Davies", "Rik Sarkar", "Charles A Sutton"], "n_citations": 106, "n_key_citations": 10, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 51953378, "title": "ScaleSCAN: Scalable Density Based Graph Clustering", "abstract": "How can we efficiently find clusters (a.k.a. communities) included in a graph with millions or even billions of edges? Density based graph clustering SCAN is one of the fundamental graph clustering algorithms that can find densely connected nodes as clusters. Although SCAN is used in many applications due to its effectiveness, it is computationally expensive to apply SCAN to large scale graphs since SCAN needs to compute all nodes and edges. In this paper, we propose a novel density based graph clustering algorithm named ScaleSCAN for tackling this problem on a multicore CPU. Towards the problem, ScaleSCAN integrates efficient node pruning methods and parallel computation schemes on the multicore CPU for avoiding the exhaustive nodes and edges computations. As a result, ScaleSCAN detects exactly same clusters as those of SCAN with much shorter computation time. Extensive experiments on both real world and synthetic graphs demonstrate that the performance superiority of ScaleSCAN over the state of the art methods.", "venue": "DEXA", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Hiroaki Shiokawa", "Tomokatsu Takahashi", "Hiroyuki Kitagawa"], "n_citations": 16, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199488433, "title": "Multi view Clustering via Simultaneously Learning Graph Regularized Low Rank Tensor Representation and Affinity Matrix", "abstract": "Low rank tensor representation based multi view clustering has become an efficient method for data clustering due to the robustness to noise and the preservation of the high order correlation. However, existing algorithms may suffer from two common problems: (1) the local view specific geometrical structures and the various importance of features in different views are neglected; (2) the low rank representation tensor and the affinity matrix are learned separately. To address these issues, we propose a novel framework to learn the Graph regularized Low rank Tensor representation and the Affinity matrix (GLTA) in a unified manner. Besides, the manifold regularization is exploited to preserve the view specific geometrical structures, and the various importance of different features is automatically calculated when constructing the final affinity matrix. An efficient algorithm is designed to solve GLTA using the augmented Lagrangian multiplier. Extensive experiments on six real datasets demonstrate the superiority of GLTA over the state of the arts.", "venue": "2019 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Yongyong Chen", "Xiaolin Xiao", "Yicong Zhou"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 201305300, "title": "Multi level Graph Drawing using Infomap Clustering", "abstract": "Infomap clustering finds the community structures that minimize the expected description length of a random walk trajectory; algorithms for infomap clustering run fast in practice for large graphs. In this paper we leverage the effectiveness of Infomap clustering combined with the multi level graph drawing paradigm. Experiments show that our new Infomap based multi level algorithm produces good visualization of large and complex networks, with significant improvement in quality metrics.", "venue": "Graph Drawing", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Seok-Hee Hong", "Peter Eades", "Marnijati Torkel", "Ziyang Wang", "David Chae", "Sungpack Hong", "Daniel Langerenken", "Hassan Chafi"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 10009915, "title": "(Semi )External Algorithms for Graph Partitioning and Clustering", "abstract": "In this paper, we develop semi external and external memory algorithms for graph partitioning and clustering problems. Graph partitioning and clustering are key tools for processing and analyzing large complex networks. We address both problems in the (semi )external model by adapting the size constrained label propagation technique. Our (semi )external size constrained label propagation algorithm can be used to compute graph clusterings and is a prerequisite for the (semi )external graph partitioning algorithm. The algorithm is then used for both the coarsening and the refinement phase of a multilevel algorithm to compute graph partitions. Our algorithm is able to partition and cluster huge complex networks with billions of edges on cheap commodity machines. Experiments demonstrate that the semi external graph partitioning algorithm is scalable and can compute high quality partitions in time that is comparable to the running time of an efficient internal memory implementation. A parallelization of the algorithm in the semi external model further reduces running time.", "venue": "ALENEX", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Yaroslav Akhremtsev", "Peter Sanders", "Christian Schulz"], "n_citations": 15, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 17767008, "title": "SymNMF: nonnegative low rank approximation of a similarity matrix for graph clustering", "abstract": "Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) provides a lower rank approximation of a matrix by a product of two nonnegative factors. NMF has been shown to produce clustering results that are often superior to those by other methods such as K means. In this paper, we provide further interpretation of NMF as a clustering method and study an extended formulation for graph clustering called Symmetric NMF (SymNMF) In contrast to NMF that takes a data matrix as an input, SymNMF takes a nonnegative similarity matrix as an input, and a symmetric nonnegative lower rank approximation is computed. We show that SymNMF is related to spectral clustering, justify SymNMF as a general graph clustering method, and discuss the strengths and shortcomings of SymNMF and spectral clustering. We propose two optimization algorithms for SymNMF and discuss their convergence properties and computational efficiencies. Our experiments on document clustering, image clustering, and image segmentation support SymNMF as a graph clustering method that captures latent linear and nonlinear relationships in the data.", "venue": "J. Glob. Optim.", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Da Kuang", "Sangwoon Yun", "Haesun Park"], "n_citations": 136, "n_key_citations": 27, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 5472503, "title": "A Streaming Algorithm for Graph Clustering", "abstract": "We introduce a novel algorithm to perform graph clustering in the edge streaming setting. In this model, the graph is presented as a sequence of edges that can be processed strictly once. Our streaming algorithm has an extremely low memory footprint as it stores only three integers per node and does not keep any edge in memory. We provide a theoretical justification of the design of the algorithm based on the modularity function, which is a usual metric to evaluate the quality of a graph partition. We perform experiments on massive real life graphs ranging from one million to more than one billion edges and we show that this new algorithm runs more than ten times faster than existing algorithms and leads to similar or better detection scores on the largest graphs.", "venue": "NIPS 2017", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Alexandre Hollocou", "Julien Maudet", "Thomas Bonald", "Marc Lelarge"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Yorkshire type 1 diabetes", "session_id": 2216657221404684, "user_id": 6204609457116093, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 24850294, "title": "Mortality and acute complications in children and young adults diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes in Yorkshire, UK: a cohort study", "abstract": "To examine all cause and cause specific mortality in a population based cohort of people with early and late onset of Type 1 diabetes.", "venue": "Diabetic medicine a journal of the British Diabetic Association", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["T C Evans-Cheung", "H Jonathan Bodansky", "R C Parslow", "Richard G Feltbower"], "n_citations": 11, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 79753282, "title": "Mortality due to diabetic ketoacidosis: population based findings from the Yorkshire register of type 1 diabetes in children and young people", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["T C Evans-Cheung", "H Jonathan Bodansky", "Richard G Feltbower", "Roger Parslow"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 74814186, "title": "In Patient Care for Children with Type 1 Diabetes A Regional Audit in the Yorkshire and Humber Region in the North of England", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Suma Uday", "Nadia Laila Amin", "Fiona M Campbell", "James Yong"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 2264930, "title": "Incidence rate trends in childhood Type 1 diabetes in Yorkshire, UK 1978 2007: effects of deprivation and age at diagnosis in the south Asian and non south Asian populations", "abstract": "Diabet. Med. 28, 1508 1513 (2011)", "venue": "Diabetic medicine a journal of the British Diabetic Association", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["Katie L Harron", "Patricia A McKinney", "Richard G Feltbower", "H Jonathan Bodansky", "Paul D Norman", "Fiona M Campbell", "Roger Parslow"], "n_citations": 19, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 57983757, "title": "In patient care for children with type 1 diabetes across hospitals in the Yorkshire and Humber region in the north of England", "abstract": "This audit demonstrates on going difficulties achieving current standards of in patient care for children and young people with diabetes. There is a lack of 24 hour on call service in majority of the paediatric diabetes units. There needs to be standardisation across the region and feasibility of implementation needs to be explored. Sixty three per cent of the units, consisting of 2 tertiary and 8 secondary care units, responded. Paediatric wards and EDs in all units had protocols for management of new diagnosis of diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) hypoglycaemia and surgery. The following table illustrates availability of protocols. An important part of diabetes management is maintaining high standards of in patient care. The first inpatient standards for management of children with diabetes were set and audited in the South of England in 20111. Deficiencies highlighted were: lack of dietetic advice on wards, lack of education sessions for ED and ward staff and lack of contact with diabetes team especially for overnight admissions Nine out of 10 units had paediatric nurses in areas where children were cared for, but only the tertiary centres had a trained paediatric nurse in the emergency department (ED) on every shift. A 24 hour on call service was only provided by 40% of the units. The diabetes team was usually contacted within 2 hours of an admission in tertiary centres and within 24 hours in secondary care units. Paediatric diabetes specialist nurses (DSN) had an active role in in patient management in all units.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Nadia Laila Amin", "Suma Uday", "Fiona M Campbell", "James Yong"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 23549014, "title": "Early deaths from ischaemic heart disease in childhood onset type 1 diabetes", "abstract": "Aims The risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) death in early type 1 diabetes onset was assessed using death certification data. Methods The Yorkshire Register of type 1 Diabetes in Children and Young People was linked to clinically validated death certification data for those diagnosed under 15 years. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using the England and Wales population and IHD death rates between 1978 and 2014 by 5 year age group and sex. Results The cohort included 4382 individuals (83aEUR%0097 person years) Of 156 deaths, nine were classed as IHD deaths before clinical validation. After clinical validation, 14 IHD deaths were classified, with an SMR of 13.8 (95% CI 8.2 to 23.3) and median age at death of 35.1 years (range 21.9aEUR\"47.9 years) Conclusions There is an early emergence of death from IHD in early onset type 1 diabetes. Underascertainment of IHD deaths was present without clinical validation of death certification.", "venue": "Archives of Disease in Childhood", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["T C Evans-Cheung", "H Jonathan Bodansky", "Roger Parslow", "Richard G Feltbower"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 29662925, "title": "Learning Through Chain Event Graphs: The Role of Maternal Factors in Childhood Type 1 Diabetes", "abstract": "Chain event graphs (CEGs) are a graphical representation of a statistical model derived from event trees. They have previously been applied to cohort studies but not to case control studies. In this paper, we apply the CEG framework to a Yorkshire, United Kingdom, case control study of childhood type 1 diabetes (1993 1994) in order to examine 4 exposure variables associated with the mother, 3 of which are fully observed (her school leaving age, amniocenteses during pregnancy, and delivery type) and 1 with missing values (her rhesus factor) while incorporating previous type 1 diabetes knowledge. We conclude that the unknown rhesus factor values were likely to be missing not at random and were mainly rhesus positive. The mother's school leaving age and rhesus factor were not associated with the diabetes status of the child, whereas having at least 1 amniocentesis procedure and, to a lesser extent, birth by cesarean delivery were associated; the combination of both procedures further increased the probability of diabetes. This application of CEGs to case control data allows for the inclusion of missing data and prior knowledge, while investigating associations in the data. Communication of the analysis with the clinical expert is more straightforward than with traditional modeling, and this approach can be applied retrospectively or when assumptions for traditional analyses are not held.", "venue": "American journal of epidemiology", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Claire Keeble", "Peter Adam Thwaites", "Paul D Baxter", "Stuart Barber", "Roger Parslow", "Graham R Law"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 73327588, "title": "020 Incidence rate trends in childhood type 1 diabetes in Yorkshire, 1978 2007: effects of ethnicity and age at diagnosis", "abstract": "Objective To examine incidence rates and trends of childhood Type 1 diabetes in Yorkshire from 1978 to 2007. Methods Data from the population based Yorkshire Register of Diabetes in Children and Young People was used to analyse the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in children aged <15 years diagnosed in the former Yorkshire Regional Health Authority. Incidence rates (per 100 000 per year) were estimated using mid year population estimates stratified by sex, age and ethnicity: south Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) or non south Asian (all other ethnicities) Ethnicity was assigned using two name recognition programs (Nam Pehchan and SANGRA) and a local expert. Age sex standardised rates were calculated between 1978 and 2007 and by ethnic group between 1990 and 2007. Poisson regression was used to assess incidence trends and estimate predicted rates up to 2020. Goodness of fit, AIC and likelihood ratio tests were used to assess model fit. Results 3896 children were diagnosed in Yorkshire between 1978 and 2007. Overall incidence was 18.1 (95% CI 17.5 to to 18.6) increasing from 13.3 (1978 to 1987) to 16.9 (1988 to 1997) to 24.1 (1998 to 2007) Incidence increased significantly over time: average annual percentage change (AAPC) was 2.8% (1.8 to 3.8) The inclusion of an age sex interaction term provided evidence for differences in trends between sexes depending on age, with females having higher incidence and AAPC than males for those aged 5 9. Overall incidence for non south Asians (21.4; 20.6 to 22.3) was significantly higher than that of south Asians (14.6; 12.3 to 17.0) over the entire study period. A significant increasing trend in incidence was observed for non south Asians of 3.3% (1.3 to 5.2) compared to a non significant trend seen in south Asians (1.9% 0.4 to 4.3) Overall forecasted incidence for 2020 is 38.3 per 100 000. Conclusions Type 1 diabetes incidence rates have risen almost uniformly for non south Asians of all ages but not for south Asians, contrary to findings in the Bradford area of Yorkshire between 1978 and 1998. Overall incidence increased most quickly in the 5 9 age group. Incidence doubled from 12.5 to 25.2 between 1978 and 2007. If current trends continue, rates will rise by 52% to 38.3 between 2007 and 2020.", "venue": "Journal of Epidemiology Community Health", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Katie L Harron", "Patricia A McKinney", "Richard G Feltbower", "C R Stephenson", "H Jonathan Bodansky", "PD Norman", "Roger Parslow"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 63353130, "title": "Ethnic differences in incidence rates of childhood type 1 diabetes in Yorkshire 1978 2007", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Katie L Harron", "Patricia A McKinney", "Richard G Feltbower", "C R Stephenson", "Paul D Norman", "H Jonathan Bodansky", "Gurjit Chhokar", "Roger Parslow"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 38386687, "title": "The relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus: a study of relative prevalence in comparison with population controls.", "abstract": "Genome wide association studies have identified that an overlap exists in the genetic architecture underpinning inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other immunemediated inflammatory diseases [1] Epidemiological studies have established that IBD patients have a higher prevalence of asthma, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, than persons without IBD [2, 3] However, data remains unclear regarding the association between IBD and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) We have examined the prevalence of IBD in T1DM and T1DM in IBD and assessed the effect of concurrent IBD in T1DM patients on glycaemic control and quality of life (QoL) Type 1 diabetes mellitus (n= 662) and IBD (n= 622) patients were recruited during attendance at outpatient clinics. Nondiabetic controls (n= 602) were recruited from general practices within the South Yorkshire region. Demographic information was recorded from patient case notes, alongside stated diagnoses of T1DM and/or histology confirmed IBD. Diabetic controls were selected from the diabetes cohort matched for age and sex in a 2:1 ratio for comparison of QoL and glycaemic control. Glycaemic control was assessed using HbA1c values and QoL using the Short Form 36 Version 2 (SF 36) questionnaire. We found that the prevalence of IBD was 12/662 (1.5% in those with T1DM and 2/602 (0.3% in controls (OR 5.5, 1.224.9; p=0.03) The prevalence of T1DM in IBD patients was 4/662 (0.6% which is comparable with the UK adult population prevalence of T1DM (0.4% [4] OR 1.5, 0.38 6.07; p=0.56) In T1DM IBD patients, QoL scores were significantly lower in the general health and vitality domains compared to T1DM only patients (p=0.004 and p=0.041, respectively; Fig. 1) Adverse QoL was not explained by changes in the glycaemic control (Fig. 2) In conclusion, the prevalence of IBD in T1DM was increased six fold compared with that in the control population. However, LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Available from: URL: http:/www.jgld.ro/2015/1/22.html", "venue": "Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases JGLD", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Hugo A Penny", "John S Leeds", "Matthew Kurien", "Anastasios Averginos", "Andrew D Hopper", "Marios Hadjivassiliou", "Solomon H Tesfaye", "David S Sanders"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "vocabulary Learning Strategies of english teacher", "session_id": 6158514498257635, "user_id": 4386395818129326, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 158137449, "title": "Vocabulary Learning Strategies of English for Specific Purposes Students at Agricultural University of Georgia", "abstract": "The importance of teaching ESP to students not majoring in English is discussed. The role of vocabulary learning in ESP is emphasized. The article attempts to add an insight to Georgian experience of teaching English to students of Agriculture to the existing studies on the use of vocabulary learning strategies in ESP. The students should become aware of the importance of language learning strategies and get trained to use them appropriately. The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of students towards vocabulary learning methods offered by the textbook and the teacher, as well as the awareness of and the preferred vocabulary teaching /learning strategies among Agriculture University students while they were taking an English for Specific Purpose (ESP) course. Respondents comprised 107 students at Agriculture University of Georgia students. An ESP vocabulary learning questionnaire was administered to the randomly selected students who enrolled in the English for Agriculture as a requirement. It revealed that students are not sufficiently satisfied with the existing state of teaching ESP vocabulary. A conclusion has been made that vocabulary learning strategies have to be purposefully taught, to improve the existing situation.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Tamar Tskhvitava"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 234450962, "title": "THE KNOWLEDGE OF VOCABULARY LEARNING STRATEGIES PRACTICE FOR ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS", "abstract": "Vocabulary is the first step that must be memorize by learner in speaking English as a foreign language. There are two kinds of vocabulary learning strategies which are breadth vocabulary (recognition) and depth vocabulary (recall) In enhancing L2 vocabulary knowledge students need the awareness of learning strategies used. The active students use learning strategies can increase language skills, self confidence and learning motivation in learning activity process. Learning strategies instruct students to learn independently, responsibly, and actively. Thus, students tend to be more confident and motivated when applied learning strategies in the daily learning process. Besides, teacher ought to teach and motivate students to apply students' some learning strategies accordingly. Finally after implementing learning strategies, students and teachers need to evaluate the progress students' vocabulary regularly.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Asti Gumartifa", "Kurnia Saputri", "Sri Yuliani"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 152098391, "title": "Vocabulary learning strategies in internship program at English Teacher Education department of Sunan Ampel State Islamic University Surabaya", "abstract": "Dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa, mengenalkan dan menginstruksikan strategi pembelajaran kosakata (vocabulary learning strategies) kepada siswa itu penting. Strategi pembelajaran kosakata membantu pelajar untuk bertanggung jawab untuk pembelajaran mereka sendiri. Oleh karena itu, penelitian mengenai strategi pembelajaran kosakata bisa membantu guru untuk menyadari mengenai hal itu. Terdapat banyak penelitian terkait dengan strategi pembelajaran kosakata. Selain itu, penelitian sebelumnya banyak menggunakan guru profesional atau siswa sebagai partisipan. Namun, penelitian ini berfokus pada mahasiswa yang telah mengambil Program Pengalaman Lapangan (PPL 2) Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi jenis strategi pembelajaran kosakata yang mahasiswa PPL 2 pertimbangkan untuk digunakan siswa dan strategi pembelajaran kosakata yang mahasiswa PPL 2 sering gunakan untuk siswa mereka dalam PPL 2. Sumber data penelitian ini dikumpulkan dari 63 mahasiswa PPL 2 Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Untuk menggumpulkan data, peneliti menggunakan kuesioner. Kuesioner ini terdiri dari tiga puluh strategi pembelajaran kosakata berdasarkan taksonomi Schmitt. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari tiga puluh strategi pembelajaran kosakata yang terdapat pada questionnaire, terdapat satu strategi yang dianggap sebagai strategi yang sangat baik, dua lima strategi yang dianggap sebagai strategi yang baik, dan empat strategi yang dianggap sebagai strategi yang buruk untuk digunakan siswa. Dalam praktik mereka, mahasiswa PPL 2 menggunakan semua strategi pembelajaran kosakata yang terdapat pada questionnaire. Khususnya, mahasiswa PPL 2 sering menggunakan empat belas strategi yang terdapat pada kuesioner. Selain itu, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa strategi pembelajaran kata menggunakan gambar adalah strategi yang mahasiswa PPL 2 pertimbangkan sebagai strategi yang sangat baik untuk digunakan siswa dan strategi ini paling sering digunakan mahasiswa PPL 2. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa semakin berguna suatu strategi yang dianggap oleh mahasiswa PPL 2, frekuensi menggunakan strategi tersebut juga meningkat. Oleh karena itu, dengan melakukan penelitian ini, peneliti berharap bahwa mahasiswa PPL 2 akan mengetahui mengenai strategi pembelajaran kosakata. Selain itu, mereka juga perlu untuk memperluas pengetahuan mereka mengenai jenis strategi pembelajaran kosakata dan bagaimana cara menggunakan dan menginstruksikan strategi pembelajaran kosakata tersebut kepada siswa.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Frida Ayu Lestari"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 213268601, "title": "The Mapping of the Primary School English Vocabulary Learning Strategies: VOLSQUES Questionnaire", "abstract": "Based on the Ministry of National Education policy, English is not a compulsory subject in primary school level due to the Bahasa learning priority. For supporting this policy, Bahasa is taught longer in the classroom. Though there is limited support from the government, many primary schools are still involving English in their school curriculum as a local content subject or as an extracurricular. Bogem 2 Primary School in Yogyakarta is one of those which set English as a local content subject. In this school, English was taught between 2015 and 2017. Unfortunately, English is omitted now as there is no more English teacher in this school. However, Grade 5 students who experienced learning English on their grade 1 3 are still learning English from foreign tourists who are frequently visit their classroom. This unique situation becomes the main reason of conducting the present research which focuses on the vocabulary learning strategy mapping used by the Grade 5 students of Bogem 2 Primary School. The researcher applied a descriptive quantitative research method with VOLSQUES questionnaire using 3 scales. The results show that even though the respondents got frequent contacts with the English native speakers, they mostly gained their vocabulary inventory from cartoon movies on televisions.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Ima Widyastuti", "Adhi Kusuma"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 230703470, "title": "The strategies used by an English teacher in teaching vocabulary to grade three students", "abstract": "Vocabulary is the most important aspects in learning language as without understanding the vocabulary, the learners will not know the meaning at all. In school, it is the duty of the teachers to teach vocabulary to the students. The teacher plays an important role to make the students understand the language well, especially in teaching young learners. The teacher needs to find a suitable strategy in order to make the students understand the material well. This study therefore was aimed to identify the strategies used by an elementary teacher in teaching vocabulary to the third grade students of elementary school and why the teacher used the strategies in teaching vocabulary to grade three students. The writer conducted a qualitative study. The writer observed the English teacher of the third graders of private Elementary School in Surabaya as the subject of the study. The writer focused on the strategies used by the English teacher in an elementary school. It described the techniques and the methods used by the English teacher in teaching vocabulary to the third grade of elementary school. The writer would take the primary data from observing the classroom. Additional supporting data were taken by interviewing the teacher and researcher's reflective journals and notes. The data were analyzed in terms of its frequency of occurance to see the prominent strategies used by the teacher. The result shows that the English teacher used strategies from both visual and verbal. The writer used the theory of Sanusi which separate the teaching strategies into two, visual and verbal technique. From visual strategy, the teacher used mime, gesture, action, visual aids, realia, and picture. From verbal strategy, the teacher used explanation, translation and also using commands. The teacher used those strategies mostly because the teacher followed the teacher's handbook which already provided video for each Unit, students' activity, small quizzes, and more. By following the teacher's handbook, the teacher could prepare the learning material to be more organized and the teacher could also predict when the students finished the material of each unit.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": [""], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 63825630, "title": "AN INVESTIGATION OF ENGLISH TEACHING STRATEGIES IN ENHANCING STUDENTS' VOCABULARY IMPLEMENTED BY A PRE SERVICE ENGLISH TEACHER", "abstract": "The need to teach English language appropriately in particular is a challenge for all the teachers in Indonesia. Today, it has become obligatory for the teachers to rethink and renovate their teaching strategies with the changing times. Since there has been a continuous transformation in the teaching methods and techniques all over the world in every subject, methods and techniques for teaching vocabulary need desirable innovation to fulfill students' need of vocabulary learning. This research was aimed to investigate the strategies used by a pre service teacher to improve students vocabulary and students' responses toward the teacher's strategies A qualitative approach with case study design with a pre service English teacher was used and 35 students in one junior high school participated in this study. The data were collected through observations, interview, and questionnaire. The results showed that the teacher used varieties of techniques in numerous methods as his teaching strategies, such as Contextual Teaching and Learning with neighborhood walk, Silent way with pictures and crosswords puzzle, and Total Physical Response with gamification, to enhance students' vocabulary The srategies are proven to be appropriate to be implemented in the classroom and leads to the vocabulary collection improvement for most students in the classroom", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Fatah Huda"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 210554273, "title": "Contextualised teacher designed workshops based on cognitive strategies for vocabulary learning", "abstract": "This qualitative action research study analyses what is informed about the use of contextualised teacher designed workshops (built up of five lessons each, addressing the English language skills) based on explicit cognitive strategies in regard to vocabulary learning among tenth graders in E.I Santa Ana. The participants of the study were twenty students and the teacher who performed three roles: as a language teacher, a researcher and a materials developer. The instruments used to collect data were students' artefacts, teacher's field notes and think aloud protocol. The findings evinced that the parameters of particularity, practicality and possibility underlying the contextualized workshops for vocabulary learning designed by the teacher, generated suggestive and thought provoking activities in which the students' real life experiences were reflected and stimulated thinking. Likewise, the conscious application of cognitive strategies as a key reflection process for vocabulary learning involved the association of images, prior knowledge activation, classifying, using skimming, scanning and making predictions for learning new words joyfully, promoting in this way, the students' participation. Aditionally, an improvement in vocabulary learning was displayed since activities integrated conceptual, grammar, phonological and orthographical features of words, although spelling is in the initial phase. Finally, the workshops were adapted, articulated to the school project on sexual education and then, implemented with 1680 students from seventh to ninth grades.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Mauricio Tapias Cadena"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 143468581, "title": "The Most and Least Frequent Vocabulary Learning Strategies of High School English Language Learners", "abstract": "This study emphasized the most and least frequent vocabulary learning strategies that English language teachers encourage students to use, and the strategies that students actually use to build their vocabulary. Finding out whether the students' most used strategies were teacher encouraged or independently learned was another point of interest. The participants included 20 male and 23 female learners of English of ages 18 to 22, all of them students in the Arts program at a Southern Congolese high school. They completed a Likert scale questionnaire of 34 statements and four short answer questions. Statistical and content analysis methods were employed. The study revealed contextual guessing and dictionary use to be the most frequently encouraged and used strategies, whereas pronunciation and flashcards were the least frequently encouraged and used. These strategies showed no significant difference between the teacher encouraged and the student used strategies, which provided evidence about the important role that language teachers play in students' learning in general, and in strategy in particular. Furthermore, the majority of participants attributed their frequently used strategies to their teachers' practices and advice. Further discussion stresses the potential reasons why pronunciation receives less attention.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Jean Kaya", "Krassimira D Charkova"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 216976620, "title": "The Strategies Used By English Teacher to Teach Vocabulary (A Study at Several MAS in Aceh Besar)", "abstract": "ABSTRACT This study is entitled \"The Strategies used by English Teacher to Teach Vocabulary (A Study at Several MAS in Aceh Besar)\" Its aims were to find out the teachers' strategies in teaching English vocabulary and to identify the obstacles faced by the teachers in implementing the strategies. This research was qualitative research. In collecting the data, observation and interview were applied. The data were analyzed by using descriptive analysis. The findings of the analyses suggest that the English teachers at the three schools used their own strategies which are the combination of several strategies proposed by experts such as Word Map Strategy, Scavenger Hunt Strategy and so on. Some obstacles faced by the teachers in implementing the strategies were that they had limited time for focusing on vocabulary and less supporting facilities. Another difficulty is related to the students' low ability to master the vocabulary words. However, the students seem to enthusiastically engage in learning the vocabulary words.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Karuni Humaira Arta"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 216917370, "title": "VOCABULARY LEARNING STRATEGY USED BY FEMALE STUDENTS OF IAIN SALATIGA MAJORED IN ENGLISH EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY: A GENDER PERSPECTIVE", "abstract": "Strategy in learning a language has its' classification on its target skill that will be achieved. One of the target that could be noticed is when language learner intended to posess a varied vocabulary in their mind and to express it appropriately. This study was projected to explore the vocabulary learning strategy applied by the female undergraduate students in an Islamic university. 22 female students involved in the study and they filled up the open ended questionnaire and engaged in interview to collect the Vocabulary learning strategies. The questionnaire items were adapted from Schmitt taxonomy (2000) which is in English version. The students were facing the fourth semester when the VLS study was conducted. The finding indicated that the variation gender result in the strategy described the general picture of the VLS application in IAIN Salatiga. Each student actually possessed the different characteristics in implementing the VLS and it was not only tied to the gender difference.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Dwi Erna Susanti"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Monte carlo tree search for scheduling activity recognition", "session_id": 2710538745736922, "user_id": 955144070587600, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 302380, "title": "Monte Carlo Tree Search for Scheduling Activity Recognition", "abstract": "This paper addresses recognition of human activities with stochastic structure, characterized by variable space time arrangements of primitive actions, and conducted by a variable number of actors. Our approach classifies the activity of interest as well as identifies the relevant foreground in the video. Each activity representation is considered as a mixture distribution of BoWs captured by a Sum Product Network (SPN) In our approach, SPN represents a linear mixture of many bags of words (BoWs) where each BoW represents an important foreground part of the activity. This mixture distribution is efficiently computed by organizing the BoWs in a hierarchy, where children BoWs are nested within parent BoWs. SPN allows us to model this mixture since it consists of terminal nodes representing BoWs, product nodes, and sum nodes organized in a number of layers. The products are aimed at encoding particular configurations of primitive actions, and the sums serve to capture their alternative configurations. SPN inference amounts to parsing the SPN graph, which yields the most probable explanation (MPE) of the video foreground. SPN inference has linear complexity in the number of nodes, under fairly general conditions, enabling fast and scalable recognition. The connectivity of SPN and the parameters of BoW distributions are learned under weak supervision using a variational EM algorithm. For our evaluation, we have compiled and annotated a new Volleyball dataset. Our classification accuracy and localization results are superior to those of the state of the art on current benchmarks as well as our Volleyball datasets.", "venue": "2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Mohamed R Amer", "Sinisa Todorovic", "Alan Fern", "Song-Chun Zhu"], "n_citations": 45, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 5703351, "title": "Combining Monte Carlo and hyper heuristic methods for the multi mode resource constrained multi project scheduling problem", "abstract": "Investigates the novel solution structures arising in multi project scheduling.Presents specific algorithm components for scheduling of multiple projects.Combines all the algorithm components with a hyper heuristic and memetic algorithm.Significantly outperforms other methods on a set of \"hidden\" instances.Produces new best solutions for some long standing multi mode PSPLIB instances. Multi mode resource and precedence constrained project scheduling is a well known challenging real world optimisation problem. An important variant of the problem requires scheduling of activities for multiple projects considering availability of local and global resources while respecting a range of constraints. A critical aspect of the benchmarks addressed in this paper is that the primary objective is to minimise the sum of the project completion times, with the usual makespan minimisation as a secondary objective. We observe that this leads to an expected different overall structure of good solutions and discuss the effects this has on the algorithm design. This paper presents a carefully designed hybrid of Monte Carlo tree search, novel neighbourhood moves, memetic algorithms, and hyper heuristic methods. The implementation is also engineered to increase the speed with which iterations are performed, and to exploit the computing power of multicore machines. Empirical evaluation shows that the resulting information sharing multi component algorithm significantly outperforms other solvers on a set of \"hidden\" instances, i.e. instances not available at the algorithm design phase.", "venue": "Inf. Sci.", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Shahriar Asta", "Daniel Karapetyan", "Ahmed Kheiri", "Ender Ozcan", "Andrew J Parkes"], "n_citations": 53, "n_key_citations": 10, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 69525759, "title": "Guest Editorial Special Issue on Deep/Reinforcement Learning and Games", "abstract": "Deep learning (DL) and reinforcement learning (RL) have been applied with great success to many games, including Go and Atari 2600 games. Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) developed in 2006, can be viewed as a kind of online RL. This technique has greatly improved the level of Go playing programs. MCTS has since become the state of the art for many other games including Hex, Havannah, and general game playing, and has found much success in applications as diverse as scheduling, unit commitment problems, and probabilistic planning. DL has transformed fields such as image and video recognition and speech understanding. In computer games, DL started making its mark in 2014, when teams from the University of Edinburgh and Google DeepMind independently applied deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) to the problem of expertmove prediction in Go.Clark and Storkey's DCNN achieved a move prediction rate of 44% exceeding all previously published results. DeepMind's publication followed soon after, with a DCNN that reached 55% The combination of DL and RL led to great advances in Atari 2600 game playing, and to the ultimate breakthrough in computer Go. In 2017, DeepMind proposed a new deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm and developed AlphaGo Zero, which is significant for not requiring any human knowledge of Go. By removing the requirement for domain knowledge, DRL is also flexible in that the method can be applied to a wide range of games and problems, ushering in a variety of new research opportunities. In this special issue, we are delighted to bring you eight articles on applying DL/RL related techniques to games research.", "venue": "IEEE Trans. Games", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["I-Chen Wu", "Chang-Shing Lee", "Y Tian", "Martin Muller"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 21387891, "title": "An architecture algorithm co design of artificial intelligence for Trax player", "abstract": "Trax is a two player game of simple rules but strategic depth. This article proposes an FPGA based artificial intelligence for its endless version called Supertrax. An implementable algorithm is developed by combining several strategies and techniques functioning at various levels of software and hardware. These methods are developed using heuristics, multi level pattern recognition, Monte Carlo Tree Search, and path based scheduling. A specific architecture has also been described to accommodate this algorithm. The proposal contributes a novel idea on this subject and its performance will be shown in the design competition to be held in FPT'15.", "venue": "2015 International Conference on Field Programmable Technology (FPT)", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Qing Lu", "Chiu-Wing Sham", "Francis Chung-Ming Lau"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 42026901, "title": "Advances in Computer Science and Information Technology, AST/UCMA/ISA/ACN 2010 Conferences, Miyazaki, Japan, June 23 25, 2010. Joint Proceedings", "abstract": "Information Security and Assurance. Fuzzy Based Threat Analysis in Total Hospital Information System. An ID Based Anonymous Signcryption Scheme for Multiple Receivers Secure in the Standard Model. A Supervised Locality Preserving Projections Based Local Matching Algorithm for Face Recognition. Information Systems Security Criticality and Assurance Evaluation. Security Analysis of 'Two Factor User Authentication in Wireless Sensor Networks' Directed Graph Pattern Synthesis in LSB Technique on Video Steganography. Feature Level Fusion of Face and Palmprint Biometrics by Isomorphic Graph Based Improved K Medoids Partitioning. Post quantum Cryptography: Code Based Signatures. Security Analysis of the Proposed Practical Security Mechanisms for High Speed Data Transfer Protocol. A Fuzzy Based Dynamic Provision Approach for Virtualized Network Intrusion Detection Systems. An Active Intrusion Detection System for LAN Specific Attacks. Analysis on the Improved SVD Based Watermarking Scheme. Advanced Communication and Networking. Applications of Adaptive Belief Propagation Decoding for Long Reed Solomon Codes. Dynamic Routing for Mitigating the Energy Hole Based on Heuristic Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Networks. Grammar Encoding in DNA Like Secret Sharing Infrastructure. HATS: High Accuracy Timestamping System Based on NetFPGA. A Roadside Unit Placement Scheme for Vehicular Telematics Networks. Concurrent Covert Communication Channels. Energy Efficiency of Collaborative Communication with Imperfect Frequency Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks. High Performance MAC Architecture for 3GPP Modem. Modified Structures of Viterbi Alogrithm for Forced State Method in Concatenated Coding System of ISDB T. A New Cross Layer Unstructured P2P File Sharing Protocol over Mobile Ad Hoc Network. A Model for Interference on Links in Inter working Multi hop Wireless Networks. An Optimum ICA Based Multiuser Data Separation for Short Message Service. Advanced Computer Science and Information Technology. Multiple Asynchronous Requests on a Client Based Mashup Page. Using an Integrated Ontology Database to Categorize Web Pages. Topic Detection by Topic Model Induced Distance Using Biased Initiation. Mining Significant Least Association Rules Using Fast SLP Growth Algorithm. Maximized Posteriori Attributes Selection from Facial Salient Landmarks for Face Recognition. Agent Based Approach to Regression Testing. A Numerical Study on B&B Algorithms for Solving Sum Of Ratios Problem. Development of a Digital Textbook Standard Format Based on XML. A Pattern Based Representation Approach for Online Discourses. A Fault Tolerant Architecture for Transportation Information Services of E Government. Design and Implementation of Binary Tree Based Proactive Routing Protocols for Large MANETS. Extract Semantic Information from WordNet to Improve Text Classification Performance. Managing Ubiquitous Scientific Knowledge on Semantic Web. A Semantic Pattern Approach to Managing Scientific Publications. A Bootstrap Software Reliability Assessment Method to Squeeze Out Remaining Faults. Markov Chain Monte Carlo Random Testing. An Integrated Approach to Detect Fault Prone Modules Using Complexity and Text Feature Metrics. Ubiquitous Computing and Multimedia Applications. An Effective Video Steganography Method for Biometric Identification. A Video Coding Technique Using Octagonal Motion Search and BTC PF Method for Fast Reconstruction. Rough Set Approach in Ultrasound Biomicroscopy Glaucoma Analysis. Video Copy Detection: Sequence Matching Using Hypothesis Test. An XML Based Digital Textbook and Its Educational Effectiveness. SIMACT: A 3D Open Source Smart Home Simulator for Activity Recognition. Design of an Efficient Message Collecting Scheme for the Slot Based Wireless Mesh Network. A Novel Approach Based on Fault Tolerance and Recursive Segmentation to Query by Humming. Chinese Prosody Generation Based on C ToBI Representation for Text To Speech. CAS4UA: A Context Aware Service System Based on Workflow Model for Ubiquitous Agriculture. A Power Control Scheme for an Energy Efficient MAC Protocol. Towards the Designing of a Robust Intrusion Detection System through an Optimized Advancement of Neural Networks.", "venue": "AST/UCMA/ISA/ACN", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["", "Tai-Hoon Kim", "Hojjat Adeli"], "n_citations": 59, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 39022843, "title": "RoboCup 2004: Robot Soccer World Cup VIII", "abstract": "RoboCup 2004 Overview. RoboCup 2004 Overview. Award Winner Papers. Map Based Multiple Model Tracking of a Moving Object. UCHILSIM: A Dynamically and Visually Realistic Simulator for the RoboCup Four Legged League. Full Papers. CommLang: Communication for Coachable Agents. Turning Segways into Robust Human Scale Dynamically Balanced Soccer Robots. A Constructive Feature Detection Approach for Robotic Vision. Illumination Insensitive Robot Self Localization Using Panoramic Eigenspaces. A New Omnidirectional Vision Sensor for Monte Carlo Localization. Fuzzy Self Localization Using Natural Features in the Four Legged League. A Behavior Architecture for Autonomous Mobile Robots Based on Potential Fields. An Egocentric Qualitative Spatial Knowledge Representation Based on Ordering Information for Physical Robot Navigation. Sensor Actuator Comparison as a Basis for Collision Detection for a Quadruped Robot. Learning to Drive and Simulate Autonomous Mobile Robots. RoboCupJunior Four Years Later. Evolution of Computer Vision Subsystems in Robot Navigation and Image Classification Tasks. Towards Illumination Invariance in the Legged League. Using Layered Color Precision for a Self Calibrating Vision System. Getting the Most from Your Color Camera in a Color Coded World. Combining Exploration and Ad Hoc Networking in RoboCup Rescue. Robust Multi robot Object Localization Using Fuzzy Logic. Visual Robot Detection in RoboCup Using Neural Networks. Extensions to Object Recognition in the Four Legged League. Predicting Opponent Actions by Observation. A Model Based Approach to Robot Joint Control. Evolutionary Gait Optimization Using a Fitness Function Based on Proprioception. Optic Flow Based Skill Learning for a Humanoid to Trap, Approach to, and Pass a Ball. Learning to Kick the Ball Using Back to Reality. Cerebellar Augmented Joint Control for a Humanoid Robot. Dynamically Stable Walking and Kicking Gait Planning for Humanoid Soccer Robots. An Algorithm That Recognizes and Reproduces Distinct Types of Humanoid Motion Based on Periodically Constrained Nonlinear PCA. Three Dimensional Smooth Trajectory Planning Using Realistic Simulation. Plug and Play: Fast Automatic Geometry and Color Calibration for Cameras Tracking Robots. Real Time Adaptive Colour Segmentation for the RoboCup Middle Size League. Visual Tracking and Localization of a Small Domestic Robot. A Vision Based System for Goal Directed Obstacle Avoidance. Object Tracking Using Multiple Neuromorphic Vision Sensors. Interpolation Methods for Global Vision Systems. A Method of Pseudo Stereo Vision from Images of Cameras Shutter Timing Adjusted. Automatic Distance Measurement and Material Characterization with Infrared Sensors. Posters. A Novel Search Strategy for Autonomous Search and Rescue Robots. World Modeling in Disaster Environments with Constructive Self Organizing Maps for Autonomous Search and Rescue Robots. Approaching Urban Disaster Reality: The ResQ Firesimulator. Stochastic Map Merging in Rescue Environments. Orpheus Universal Reconnaissance Teleoperated Robot. Navigation Controllability of a Mobile Robot Population. Sharing Belief in Teams of Heterogeneous Robots. Formulation and Implementation of Relational Behaviours for Multi robot Cooperative Systems. Cooperative Planning and Plan Execution in Partially Observable Dynamic Domains. Exploring Auction Mechanisms for Role Assignment in Teams of Autonomous Robots. A Descriptive Language for Flexible and Robust Object Recognition. Modular Learning System and Scheduling for Behavior Acquisition in Multi agent Environment. Realtime Object Recognition Using Decision Tree Learning. Optimizing Precision of Self Localization in the Simulated Robotics Soccer. Path Optimisation Considering Dynamic Constraints. Analysis by Synthesis, a Novel Method in Mobile Robot Self Localization. Robots from Nowhere. Design and Implementation of Live Commentary System in Soccer Simulation Environment. Towards a League Independent Qualitative Soccer Theory for RoboCup. Motion Detection and Tracking for an AIBO Robot Using Camera Motion Compensation and Kalman Filtering. The Use of Gyroscope Feedback in the Control of the Walking Gaits for a Small Humanoid Robot. The UT Austin Villa 2003 Champion Simulator Coach: A Machine Learning Approach. ITAS and the Reverse RoboCup Challenge. SPQR RDK: A Modular Framework for Programming Mobile Robots. Mobile Autonomous Robots Play Soccer An Intercultural Comparison of Different Approaches Due to Different Prerequisites. From Games to Applications: Component Reuse in Rescue Robots.", "venue": "RoboCup", "year": 2005.0, "author_names": ["Daniele Nardi", "Martin A Riedmiller", "Claude Sammut", "Jose Santos-Victor"], "n_citations": 43, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 21281289, "title": "PRICAI 2008: Trends in Artificial Intelligence, 10th Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Hanoi, Vietnam, December 15 19, 2008. Proceedings", "abstract": "Keynotes. What Shall We Do Next? The Challenges of AI Midway through Its First Century. Exposing the Causal Structure of Processes by Learning CP Logic Programs. Building Structured Web Community Portals Via Extraction, Integration, and Mass Collaboration. Large Scale Corpus Analysis and Recent Applications. On the Computability and Complexity Issues of Extended RDF. Toward Formalizing Common Sense Psychology: An Analysis of the False Belief Task. Computing Stable Skeletons with Particle Filters. Using Semantic Web Technologies for the Assessment of Open Questions. Quantifying Commitment. Temporal Data Mining for Educational Applications. Dual Properties of the Relative Belief of Singletons. Alternative Formulations of the Theory of Evidence Based on Basic Plausibility and Commonality Assignments. Non negative Sparse Principal Component Analysis for Multidimensional Constrained Optimization. Sentence Compression by Removing Recursive Structure from Parse Tree. An ATP of a Relational Proof System for Order of Magnitude Reasoning with Negligibility, Non closeness and Distance. A Heuristic Data Reduction Approach for Associative Classification Rule Hiding. Evolutionary Computation Using Interaction among Genetic Evolution, Individual Learning and Social Learning. Behavior Learning Based on a Policy Gradient Method: Separation of Environmental Dynamics and State Values in Policies. Developing Evaluation Model of Topical Term for Document Level Sentiment Classification. Learning to Identify Comparative Sentences in Chinese Text. Efficient Exhaustive Generation of Functional Programs Using Monte Carlo Search with Iterative Deepening. Identification of Subject Shareness for Korean English Machine Translation. Agent for Predicting Online Auction Closing Price in a Simulated Auction Environment. Feature Selection Using Mutual Information: An Experimental Study. Finding Orthogonal Arrays Using Satisfiability Checkers and Symmetry Breaking Constraints. Statistical Model for Japanese Abbreviations. A Novel Heuristic Algorithm for Privacy Preserving of Associative Classification. Time Frequency Analysis of Vietnamese Speech Inspired on Chirp Auditory Selectivity. Meta level Control of Multiagent Learning in Dynamic Repeated Resource Sharing Problems. Ontology Based Natural Query Retrieval Using Conceptual Graphs. Optimal Multi issue Negotiation in Open and Dynamic Environments. The Density Based Agglomerative Information Bottleneck. State Based Regression with Sensing and Knowledge. Some Results on the Completeness of Approximation Based Reasoning. KT and S4 Satisfiability in a Constraint Logic Environment. Clustering with Feature Order Preferences. Distributed Memory Bounded Path Search Algorithms for Pervasive Computing Environments. Using Cost Distributions to Guide Weight Decay in Local Search for SAT. Fault Resolution in Case Based Reasoning. Constrained Sequence Classification for Lexical Disambiguation. Map Building by Sequential Estimation of Inter feature Distances. Document Based HITS Model for Multi document Summarization. External Force for Active Contours: Gradient Vector Convolution. Representation Grounded Information. Learning from the Past with Experiment Databases. An Argumentation Framework Based on Conditional Priorities. Knowledge Supervised Text Classification with No Labeled Documents. Constrained Local Regularized Transducer for Multi Component Category Classification. Low Resolution Gait Recognition with High Frequency Super Resolution. NIIA: Nonparametric Iterative Imputation Algorithm. Mining Multidimensional Data through Element Oriented Analysis. Evolutionary Feature Selections for Face Detection System. A Probabilistic Approach to the Interpretation of Spoken Utterances. Regular Papers. Towards Autonomous Robot Operation: Path Map Generation of an Unknown Area by a New Trapezoidal Approximation Method Using a Self Guided Vehicle and Shortest Path Calculation by a Proposed SRS Algorithm. Exploring Combinations of Ontological Features and Keywords for Text Retrieval. Instance Management Problems in the Role Model of Hozo. Advancing Topic Ontology Learning through Term Extraction. Handling Unknown and Imprecise Attribute Values in Propositional Rule Learning: A Feature Based Approach. Fuzzy Knowledge Discovery from Time Series Data for Events Prediction. Evolution of Migration Behavior with Multi agent Simulation. Constraint Relaxation Approach for Over Constrained Agent Interaction. Structure Extraction from Presentation Slide Information. Combining Local and Global Resources for Constructing an Error Minimized Opinion Word Dictionary. An Improvement of PAA for Dimensionality Reduction in Large Time Series Databases. Stability Margin for Linear Systems with Fuzzy Parametric Uncertainty. An Imperative Account of Actions. Natural Language Interface Construction Using Semantic Grammars. Exploiting the Role of Named Entities in Query Oriented Document Summarization. A Probabilistic Model for Understanding Composite Spoken Descriptions. Fuzzy Communication Reaching Consensus under Acyclic Condition. Probabilistic Nogood Store as a Heuristic. Semantic Filtering for DDL Based Service Composition. Prediction of Protein Functions from Protein Interaction Networks: A Naive Bayes Approach. Multi class Support Vector Machine Simplification. A Syntactic based Word Re ordering for English Vietnamese Statistical Machine Translation System. A Multi modal Particle Filter Based Motorcycle Tracking System. Bayesian Inference on Hidden Knowledge in High Throughput Molecular Biology Data. Personalized Search Using ODP based User Profiles Created from User Bookmark. Domain Driven Local Exceptional Pattern Mining for Detecting Stock Price Manipulation. A Graph Based Method for Combining Collaborative and Content Based Filtering. Hierarchical Differential Evolution for Parameter Estimation in Chemical Kinetics. Differential Evolution Based on Improved Learning Strategy. SalienceGraph: Visualizing Salience Dynamics of Written Discourse by Using Reference Probability and PLSA. Learning Discriminative Sequence Models from Partially Labelled Data for Activity Recognition. Feature Selection for Clustering on High Dimensional Data. Availability of Web Information for Intercultural Communication. Short Papers. Mining Weighted Frequent Patterns in Incremental Databases. Revision of Spatial Information by Containment. Joint Power Control and Subcarrier Allocation in MC CDMA Systems An Intelligent Search Approach. Domain Independent Error Based Simulation for Error Awareness and Its Preliminary Evaluation. A Characterization of Sensitivity Communication Robots Based on Mood Transition. Recommendation Algorithm for Learning Materials That Maximizes Expected Test Scores. A Hybrid Kansei Design Expert System Using Artificial Intelligence. Solving the Contamination Minimization Problem on Networks for the Linear Threshold Model. A Data Driven Approach for Finding the Threshold Relevant to the Temporal Data Context of an Alarm of Interest. Branch and Bound Algorithms to Solve Semiring Constraint Satisfaction Problems. Image Analysis of the Relationship between Changes of Cornea and Postmortem Interval. Context Based Term Frequency Assessment for Text Classification. Outlier Mining on Multiple Time Series Data in Stock Market. Generating Interactive Facial Expression of Communication Robots Using Simple Recurrent Network. Effects of Repair Support Agent for Accurate Multilingual Communication. Towards Adapting XCS for Imbalance Problems. Personalized Summarization Agent Using Non negative Matrix Factorization. Interactive Knowledge Acquisition and Scenario Authoring. Reconstructing Hard Problems in a Human Readable and Machine Processable Way. Evolving Intrusion Detection Rules on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. On the Usefulness of Interactive Computer Game Logs for Agent Modelling. An Empirical Study on the Effect of Different Similarity Measures on User Based Collaborative Filtering Algorithms. Using Self Organizing Maps with Learning Classifier System for Intrusion Detection. New Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Solving Degree Constrained Minimum Spanning Tree Problem. Continuous Pitch Contour as an Improvement Feature for Music Information Retrieval by Humming/Singing. Classification Using Improved Hybrid Wavelet Neural Networks. Online Classifier Considering the Importance of Attributes. An Improved Tabu Search Algorithm for 3D Protein Folding Problem. Transferring Knowledge from Another Domain for Learning Action Models. Texture and Target Orientation Estimation from Phase Congruency. Query Classification and Expansion for Translation Mining Via Search Engines.", "venue": "PRICAI", "year": 2008.0, "author_names": ["Tu Bao Ho", "Zhi-Hua Zhou"], "n_citations": 48, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 56487980, "title": "AI*IA 2001: advances in artificial intelligence 7th Congress of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence, Bari, Italy, September 25 28, 2001 proceedings", "abstract": "Machine Learning. A Monte Carlo Approach to Hard Relational Learning Problems. Boosting as a Monte Carlo Algorithm. Stepwise Induction of Model Trees. Evaluation Methods for Focused Crawling. A Knowledge Based Neurocomputing Approach to Extract Refined Linguistic Rules from Data. RBF Networks Exploiting Supervised Data in the Adaptation of Hidden Neuron Parameters. A New Machine Learning Approach to Fingerprint Classification. An Automatic Accompanist Based on Hidden Markov Models. Resampling vs Reweighting in Boosting a Relational Weak Learner. Learning Logic Models for Automated Text Categorization. User Profiling in an Application of Electronic Commerce. Automated Reasoning. Computing Spatial Similarity by Games. An Analysis of Backjumping and Trivial Truth in Quantified Boolean Formulas Satisfiability. Abduction with Penalization in Logic Programming. Causal Simulation and Diagnosis of Dynamic Systems. Critical Parallelization of Local Search for MAX SAT. Product Design as Product Revise: The Case of Chemical Compounds. Knowledge Representation. Belief Revision and the Ramsey Test: A Solution. Supporting Product Configuration in a Virtual Store. Characterising Concept's Properties in Ontologies. Multi agent Systems. Reasoning about Dynamic Scenes Using Autonomous Agents. Tuning the Collaboration Level with Autonomous Agents: A Principled Theory. The Definition of Legal Relations in a BDI Multiagent Framework. Reasoning about Actions in a Multiagent Domain. L*MASS: A Language for Situated Multi agent Systems. An Interactive System for Generating Arguments in Deceptive Communication. An Agent Based Approach to Virtual Market Place Simulation. Natural Language Processing. Open Domain Question/Answering on the WEB. User Adapted Image Descriptions from Annotated Knowledge Sources. Wide Coverage Incremental Parsing by Learning Attachment Preferences. Flexible Parsing Architectures for NLP Applications. Information Presentation Adapted to the \"User in Context\" A Hybrid Approach to Optimize Feature Selection Process in Text Classification. Perception, Vision, and Robotics. Concepts for Anchoring in Robotics. Symbolic and Conceptual Representation of Dynamic Scenes: Interpreting Situation Calculus on Conceptual Spaces. A Non traditional Omnidirectional Vision System with Stereo Capabilities for Autonomous Robots. Architectural Scenes Reconstruction from Uncalibrated Photos and Map Based Model Knowledge. A SOM/ARSOM Hierarchy for the Description of Dynamic Scenes. Planning and Scheduling. A Constraint Based Architecture for Flexible Support to Activity Scheduling. Planning and Execution in Dynamic Environments. An Agent Architecture for Planning in a Dynamic Environment.", "venue": "", "year": 2001.0, "author_names": ["Associazione italiana per l'intelligenza artificiale Congress", "Floriana Esposito"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 106972824, "title": "Advances in artificial intelligence IBERAMIA 2002 8th Ibero American Conference on AI, Seville, Spain, November 12 15, 2002 proceedings", "abstract": "Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. Improving Naive Bayes Using Class Conditional ICA. Detecting Events and Topics by Using Temporal References. Asymmetric Neighbourhood Selection and Support Aggregation for Effective Classification. Incremental Learning of Tree Augmented Naive Bayes Classifiers. A Comparison of PCA and GA Selected Features for Cloud Field Classification. Filtering Noisy Continuous Labeled Examples. Designing Adaptive Hypermedia for Internet Portals: A Personalization Strategy Featuring Case Base Reasoning with Compositional Adaptation. Improving Classification Accuracy of Large Test Sets Using the Ordered Classification Algorithm. A Comparative Study of Some Issues Concerning Algorithm Recommendation Using Ranking Methods. Properties and Complexity in Feasible Logic Based Argumentation for Electronic Commerce. A Hybrid CBR Model for Forecasting in Complex Domains. Generalized Modifiers as an Interval Scale: Towards Adaptive Colorimetric Alterations. A Conceptual Graph and RDF(S) Approach for Representing and Querying Document Content. Automatic Optimization of Multi paradigm Declarative Programs. SLFD Logic: Elimination of Data Redundancy in Knowledge Representation. Indeed: Interactive Deduction on Horn Clause Theories. Restricted Trees and Reduction Theorems in Multiple Valued Logics. Max CSP Approach for Software Diagnosis. Machine Learning. Local Search Methods for Learning Bayesian Networks Using a Modified Neighborhood in the Space of DAGs. A Quasi Metric for Machine Learning. Shared Ensemble Learning Using Multi trees. A GRASP Algorithm for Clustering. An Analysis of the Pheromone Q Learning Algorithm. SOAP: Efficient Feature Selection of Numeric Attributes. Uncertainty and Fuzzy Systems. Designing Fuzzy Relations in Orthogonal Persistence Object Oriented Database Engines. An Interactive Framework for Open Queries in Decision Support Systems. Integration of Fault Detection and Diagnosis in a Probabilistic Logic Framework. Series Parallel and Tree Decomposition Approaches for Fuzzy Constraint Networks. Change Detection Using Contextual Information and Fuzzy Entropy Principle. Improving Simple Linguistic Fuzzy Models by Means of the Weighted COR Methodology. A Semiquantitative Approach to Study Semiqualitative Systems. Genetic Algorithms. Multi objective Optimization Evolutionary Algorithms Applied to Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosis Based on the k Nearest Neighbours Classifier. Population Studies for the Gate Matrix Layout Problem. New Generic Hybrids Based upon Genetic Algorithms. Genetic Algorithms and Biological Images Restoration: Preliminary Report. Evolution of Multi adaptive Discretization Intervals for a Rule Based Genetic Learning System. An Immunological Approach to Combinatorial Optimization Problems. A Genetic Algorithm for Solving a Production and Delivery Scheduling Problem with Time Windows. A Prediction System for Cardiovascularity Diseases Using Genetic Fuzzy Rule Based Systems. Multiple Crossover per Couple with Selection of the Two Best Offspring: An Experimental study with the BLX Crossover Operator for Real Coded Genetic Algorithms. Neural Nets. Adaptive Random Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. Convex Hull in Feature Space for Support Vector Machines. Applying Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms to the Separation of Sources. A Neural Associative Pattern Classifier. Rule Extraction from Radial Basis Function Networks by Using Support Vectors. Empirical Performance Assessment of Nonlinear Model Selection Techniques. An Efficient Neural Network Algorithm for the p Median Problem. Improving Cellular Nonlinear Network Computational Capabilities. Learning to Assess from Pair Wise Comparisons. Forecasting Time Series Combining Machine Learning and Box Jenkins Time Series. Gaussian Synapse Networks for Hyperspectral Image Segmentation. An Associative Multivalued Recurrent Network. Machine Learning Models for Online Dynamic Security Assessment of Electric Power Systems. On Endmember Detection in Hyperspectral Images with Morphological Associative Memories. Application of Learning Machine Methods to 3D Object Modeling. Distributed Artificial Intelligence and Multi agent Systems. Enriching Information Agents' Knowledge by Ontology Comparison: A Case Study. Negotiation among Autonomous Computational Agents. Interface Agents Development in MASA for Human Integration in Multiagent Systems. Comparing Distributed Reinforcement Learning Approaches to Learn Agent Coordination. Empowered Situations of Autonomous Agents. Distributed Agenda Management through Decentralised Vowels Co ordination Approach. Meta modelling in Agent Oriented Software Engineering. Multi agent Systems and Network Management A Positive Experience on Unix Environments. Formal Specification of Opinions Applied to the Consensus Problem. Natural Language Processing. Practical NLP Based Text Indexing. Definite Description Resolution Enrichment with WordNet Domain Labels. A Hidden Markov Model Approach to Word Sense Disambiguation. A Simple Connectionist Approach to Language Understanding in a Dialogue System. Wide Coverage Spanish Named Entity Extraction. Terminology Retrieval: Towards a Synergy between Thesaurus and Free Text Searching. Mixed Parsing of Tree Insertion and Tree Adjoining Grammars. Task Oriented Dialogue Processing Using Multiagents Theory. Automatic Adaptation of a Natural Language Interface to a Robotic System. Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Semantic Comparison of Texts for Learning Environments. I PETER: Modelling Personalised Diagnosis and Material Selection for an Online English Course. An Agent Based System for Supporting Learning from Case Studies. Emergent Diagnosis via Coalition Formation. Adaptive Bayes. Control and Real Time. A Dynamic Scheduling Algorithm for Real Time Expert Systems. A Process Knowledge Based Controller for Maneuverability Improvement of a Nonlinear Industrial Process. An Architecture for Online Diagnosis of Gas Turbines. STeLLa v2.0: Planning with Intermediate Goals. Scheduling as Heuristic Search with State Space Reduction. Domain Independent Online Planning for STRIPS Domains. A Pomset Based Model for Estimating Workcells' Setups in Assembly Sequence Planning. New Methodology for Structure Identification of Fuzzy Corollers in Real Time. Robotics. Comparing a Voting Based Policy with Winner Takes All to Perform Action Selection in Motivational Agents. Bayesian Approach Based on Geometrical Features for Validation and Tuning of Solution in Deformable Models. Recognition of Continuous Activities. Kinematic Control System for Car Like Vehicles. Habituation Based on Spectrogram Analysis. Dynamic Schema Hierarchies for an Autonomous Robot. Computer Vision. Monte Carlo Localization in 3D Maps Using Stereo Vision. 3D Complex Scenes Segmentation from a Single Range Image Using Virtual Exploration. Recognizing Indoor Images with Unsupervised Segmentation and Graph Matching. Vision Based System for the Safe Operation of a Solar Power Tower Plan.", "venue": "", "year": 2002.0, "author_names": ["Francisco J Garijo", "Jose C Riquelme", "Miguel Toro"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 61114405, "title": "EurAsia ICT 2002: Information and Communication Technology First EurAsian Conference Shiraz, Iran, October 29 31, 2002 Proceedings", "abstract": "Artificial Intelligence I. Speaker Model and Decision Threshold Updating in Speaker Verification. Application of Constraint Hierarchy to Timetabling Problems. An Intelligent System for Therapy Control in a Distributed Organization. Data Mining. Discovering Local Patterns from Multiple Temporal Sequences. The Geometric Framework for Exact and Similarity Querying XML Data. A Mobile System for Extracting and Visualizing Protein Protein Interactions. Discovering Temporal Relation Rules Mining from Interval Data. Multimedia I. An Abstract Image Representation Based on Edge Pixel Neighborhood Information (EPNI) Motion Estimation Based on Temporal Correlations. A New Boundary Matching Algorithm Based on Edge Detection. Lookmark: A 2.5D Web Information Visualization System. Artificial Intelligence II. Different Local Search Algorithms in STAGE for Solving Bin Packing Problem. A Prototype for Functionality Based Network Management System. Coaching a Soccer Simulation Team in RoboCup Environment. Security I. Improving Information Retrieval System Security via an Optimal Maximal Coding Scheme. A New Scheme Based on Semiconductor Lasers with Phase Conjugate Feedback for Cryptographic Communications. Parallel Algorithm and Architecture for Public Key Cryptosystem. Specification and Verification of Security Policies in Firewalls. Multimedia II. Image Segmentation Based on Shape Space Modeling. HERMES: File System Support for Multimedia Streaming in Information Home Appliance. Motion Vector Recovery for Error Concealment Based on Macroblock Distortion Modeling. A Memory Copy Reduction Scheme for Networked Multimedia Service in Linux Kernel. Neural Network. Hidden Markov Model and Neural Network Hybrid. Neural Network Based Algorithms for IP Lookup and Packet Classification. Non linear Prediction of Speech Signal Using Artificial Neural Nets. Security II. Web Document Access Control Using Two Layered Storage Structures with RBAC Server. Development of UML Descriptions with USE. FPGA Implementation of Digital Chaotic Cryptography. Multimedia III. Stereo for Recovering Sharp Object Boundaries. Priority Vantage Points Structures for Similarity Queries in Metric Spaces. A High Performance Image Coding Using Uniform Morphological Sampling, Residues Classifying, and Vector Quantization. A Genetic Algorithm for Steiner Tree Optimization with Multiple Constraints Using Prufer Number. Data and Knowledge Engineering I. A New Technique for Participation of Non CORBA Independent Persistent Objects in OTS Transactions. Compositional Modelling of Workflow Processes. EDMIS: Metadata Interchange System for OLAP. An Efficient Method for Controlling Access in Object Oriented Databases. XML I. Extracting Information from XML Documents by Reverse Generating a DTD. Mapping XML Schema to Relational Schema. Flexible Modification of Relational Schema by X2RMap in Storing XML into Relations. B2B Integration Aligning ebXML and Ontology Approaches. Mobile Communication I. An Agent Based Service Discovery Architecture for Mobile Environments. Location Management Using Multicasting HLR in Mobile Networks. Packet Error Probability of Multi carrier CDMA System in Fast/Slow Correlated Fading Plus Interference Channel. Computer Graphics. A Distributed Low Cost Dynamic Multicast Routing Algorithm with Delay Constraints. A New Bandwidth Reduction Method for Distributed Rendering Systems. Neural Networks Based Mesh Generation Method in 2 D. Image Denoising Using Hidden Markov Models. Data and Knowledge Engineering II. Anaphoric Definitions in Description Logic. Storage and Querying of High Dimensional Sparsely Populated Data in Compressed Representation. The GlobData Fault Tolerant Replicated Distributed Object Database. XML II. A Levelized Schema Extraction for XML Document Using User Defined Graphs. Extracting, Interconnecting, and Accessing Heterogeneous Data Sources: An XML Query Based Approach. Mobile Communication II. Call Admission Control in Cellular Mobile Networks: A Learning Automata Approach. An Adaptive Flow Control Scheme for Improving TCP Performance in Wireless Internet. An Adaptive TCP Protocol for Lossy Mobile Environment. Design and Implementation of Application Level Multicasting Services over ATM Networks. Digital Libraries and Natural Language Issues. Bon: The Persian Stemmer. Current and Future Features of Digital Journals. Solving Language Problems in a Multilingual Digital Library Federation. Internet and Quality of Service. Performing IP Lookup on Very High Line Speed. A Study of Marking Aggregated TCP and UDP Flows Using Generalized Marking Scheme. Information Society. Towards the Global Information Society: The Enactment of a Regulatory Framework as a Factor of Transparency and Social Cohesion. E learning. On the Application of the Semantic Web Concepts to Adaptive E learning. An Integrated Programming Environment for Teaching the Object Oriented Programming Paradigm. The Current Legislation Covering E learning Provisions for the Visually Impaired in the EU. Mobile Communication III. Monte Carlo Soft Handoff Modeling. A QoS Provision Architecture for Mobile IPv6 over MPLS Using HMAT. A New Propagation Model for Cellular Mobile Radio Communications in Urban Environments Including Tree Effects. Mobile Web Information Systems. A Secure Mobile Agent System Applying Identity Based Digital Signature Scheme. Transmission Time Analysis of WAP over CDMA System Using Turbo Code Scheme. On the Use of New Technologies in Health Care. Wireless Communication Technology I. Hybrid Queuing Strategy to Reduce Call Blocking in Multimedia Wireless Networks. A Dynamic Backoff Scheme to Guarantee QoS over IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks. Performance Evaluation of Serial/Parallel Block Coded CDMA System with Complex Spreading in Near/Far Multiple Access Interference and Multi path Nakagami Fading Channel. A Learning Automata Based Dynamic Guard Channel Scheme. Web Based Application. Dynamic System Simulation on the Web. Using Proximity Information for Load Balancing in Geographically Distributed Web Server Systems. Strategic Tool for Assessment of the Supply and Demand Relationship between ASPs and SMEs for Competitive Advantage. Intelligent Agents I. Trust and Commitment in Dynamic Logic. Modelling Heterogeneity in Multi Agent Systems. Pricing Agents for a Group Buying System. Evolution of Cooperation in Multiagent Systems. Real Time Systems. A Dynamic Window Based Approximate Shortest Path Re computation Method for Digital Road Map Databases in Mobile Environments. Web Based Process Control Systems: Architectural Patterns, Data Models, and Services. A Comparison of Techniques to Estimate Response Time for Data Placement. Using a Real Time Web Based Pattern Recognition System to Search for Component Patterns Database. Wireless Communication Technology II. An Adaptive Call Admission Control to Support Flow Handover in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. Design of Optimal LA in Personal Communication Services Network Using Simulated Annealing Technique. Secure Bluetooth Piconet Using Non anonymous Group Key. Differentiated Bandwidth Allocation and Power Saving for Wireless Personal Area Networks. Software Engineering I. Combining Extreme Programming with ISO 9000. The Class Cohesion Using the Reference Graph G1 and G2. Process Oriented Interactive Simulation of Software Acquisition Projects. Automatic Design Patterns Identification of C+ Programs. Intelligent Agents II. Specifying the Merging of Desires into Goals in the Context of Beliefs. The Illegal Copy Protection Using Hidden Agent. Mobile Agent Based Misuse Intrusion Detection Rule Propagation Model for Distributed System. Algorithm and Computer Theory. H Colorings of Large Degree Graphs. Hyper Star Graph: A New Interconnection Network Improving the Network Cost of the Hypercube. Sequential Consistency as Lazy Linearizability. Embedding Full Ternary Trees into Recursive Circulants. Wireless Communication Technology III. A Handoff Priority Scheme for TDMA/FDMA Based Cellular Networks. On Delay Times in a Bluetooth Piconet: The Impact of Different Scheduling Policies. Intelligent Paging Strategy in 3G Personal Communication Systems. Experience from Mobile Application Service Framework in WIP. An Efficient Approach to Improve TCP Performance over Wireless Networks. Extended Hexagonal Constellations as a Means of Multicarrier PAPR Reduction. Software Engineering II. Adaptive Application Centric Management in Meta computing Environments. The Weakest Failure Detector for Solving Election Problems in Asynchronous Distributed Systems. From Lens to Flow Structure. ADML: A Language for Automatic Generation of Migration Plans. Considerations for Using Domain Specific Modeling in the Analysis Phase of Software Development Process. Intelligent Agents II. Organizations and Normative Agents. A Framework for Agent Based Software Development. Application of Agent Technologies in Extended Enterprise Production Planning. Zamin: An Artificial Ecosystem.", "venue": "", "year": 2002.0, "author_names": ["", "Hassan Shafazand", "A Min Tjoa"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Detecting Photoshopped Faces by .", "session_id": 7499943209077001, "user_id": 3023696593417531, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 189762170, "title": "Detecting Photoshopped Faces by Scripting Photoshop", "abstract": "Most malicious photo manipulations are created using standard image editing tools, such as Adobe Photoshop. We present a method for detecting one very popular Photoshop manipulation image warping applied to human faces using a model trained entirely using fake images that were automatically generated by scripting Photoshop itself. We show that our model outperforms humans at the task of recognizing manipulated images, can predict the specific location of edits, and in some cases can be used to \"undo\" a manipulation to reconstruct the original, unedited image. We demonstrate that the system can be successfully applied to artist created image manipulations.", "venue": "2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Sheng-Yu Wang", "Oliver Wang", "Andrew Owens", "Richard Zhang", "Alexei A Efros"], "n_citations": 52, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 204952582, "title": "Detecting Photoshopped Faces by Scripting Photoshop Supplemental Material", "abstract": "Local predictions Figure 5 shows a random selection of results from our validation dataset of automaticallygenerated manipulations. We conducted an experiment where the PSNR change with respect to scaled versions of the predicted flow field are shown over the validation set (Figure 1) We can see that the highest PSNR gain is where the scale factor is 1.0, which implies that our predicted flow fields do not contain a multiplicative bias, that might result from the regression loss.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["S Wang", "Oliver Wang", "Andrew Owens", "Richard Zhang", "Alexei A Efros"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 44530543, "title": "New Masters of Photoshop", "abstract": "creation During abstract creation, you develop design that is totally your own to bring the theme to life. This can mean manipulating the raw material by sinking it into the design so that it becomes fully a part of i t It can also involve putting in your own design touches, with further line work and new drawings. From the raw material to the final design, an unbroken message should appear. Your design shouldn't be such that you've taken the original needs of the client and. through your creative process, totally obscured the message. Professional web design shouldn't be ego driven the design is not about you. it's about the message you're trying to convey for your client. They will (usually) know their message better than you do. and the reality may be that you've forgotten that message in your design! On the Web, people are bombarded with much that makes no sense at all. and the way they rapidly consume the medium means that there is confusion and smudging of style in their eyes. It's not enough just to create a piece of work that's individual in design; it must also be singular in meaning. This is where real strength in design lies. To be able to take your creative impetus and drive it into focused coherence is a true survival skill for the Web. T T H E C E N T R E O F T H E N A T I O N S C R E A T I V E L I F", "venue": "Apress", "year": 2001.0, "author_names": ["Tim Bird", "Michael G Cina", "Gavin Cromhout", "Josh Fallon", "Jens Magnus Karlsson", "Derek Lea", "Adrian Luna", "Catherine McIntyre", "Wojtek Madej", "Jason Mohr", "Eun-Ha Paek", "Andrew Park", "Paul Sinclair", "Colin Smith", "Yoshi Sodeoka", "Peter Stanick", "Johann Terrettaz", "Norma V Toraya", "Michael Young"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 191988083, "title": "Deepfakes, Artificial Intelligence, and Some Kind of Dystopia: The New Faces of Online Post Fact Performance", "abstract": "Abstract:This provocation summarizes recent advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) as they relate to the emergence of \"deepfakes\" manufactured videos of people saying and doing things they never did. Although audio/visual fakes online are nothing new, recent technological and software advances have enabled cheap, fast generation of practically undetectable video fakery by consumer level users. The provocation traces the appearance and evolution of deepfakes over the winter of 2017 18 from their beginnings as a stunt on amateur porn sharing sites to their spread to other digital media exchange venues. In concert with a range of tech scholars and critics, it lays out some of the more troubling paradigm shifts that deepfakes represent in terms of both AI development and post digital media circulation. It calls for performance scholars generally (and not merely those who focus on digital/online media) to attend to how deepfakes and the ever advancing technology underlying them are transforming assumptions of seeing, representing, verifying, and performing online and beyond.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["John Gould Fletcher"], "n_citations": 27, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 204939260, "title": "Impact and Detection of Facial Beautification in Face Recognition: An Overview", "abstract": "Facial beautification induced by plastic surgery, cosmetics or retouching has the ability to substantially alter the appearance of face images. Such types of beautification can negatively affect the accuracy of face recognition systems. In this work, a conceptual categorisation of beautification is presented, relevant scenarios with respect to face recognition are discussed, and related publications are revisited. Additionally, technical considerations and trade offs of the surveyed methods are summarized along with open issues and challenges in the field. This survey is targeted to provide a comprehensive point of reference for biometric researchers and practitioners working in the field of face recognition, who aim at tackling challenges caused by facial beautification.", "venue": "IEEE Access", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Christian Rathgeb", "Antitza Dantcheva", "Christoph Busch"], "n_citations": 20, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 143062537, "title": "Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body", "abstract": "In this provocative book, Susan Bordo untangles the myths, ideologies, and pathologies of the modern female body. Bordo explores our tortured fascination with food, hunger, desire, and control, and its effects on women's lives.", "venue": "", "year": 1993.0, "author_names": ["Susan Bordo"], "n_citations": 4074, "n_key_citations": 427, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 203708212, "title": "Geometry Aware GAN for Face Attribute Transfer", "abstract": "In this paper, the geometry aware GAN, referred to as GAGAN, is proposed to address the issue of face attribute transfer with unpaired data. The source and target images are not aligned and come from different individuals. The key idea is to deform the source image according to the geometry features and generate a high resolution image with the desired attribute. To address the problem of the unpaired training samples, the CycleGAN architecture is applied to form an attribute adding and removing cycle, where the bilateral mappings between the source and target domains are learned. The geometry flow and occlusion mask are learned by the warping sub network to capture the geometric variation between the two domains. In the attribute adding process, the spatial transformer network (STN) warps the source face into the desired pose and shape according to the flow, and the transfer sub network hallucinates new components on the warped image. In the attribute removing process, the recover sub network and the STN reverts the sample back to the source domain. Experiments on the benchmarks CELEBA and CELEBA HQ datasets demonstrate the advantages of our method compared to the baselines, in terms of both quantitative and qualitative evaluation.", "venue": "IEEE Access", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Danlan Huang", "Xiaoming Tao", "Jianhua Lu", "Minh N Do"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 202699691, "title": "No One Can Escape: A General Approach to Detect Tampered and Generated Image", "abstract": "Fake or tampered images pose a real problem in today's life. It is easy to unknowingly be drawn to an interesting image that is false. Recently, with the emergence of generative adversarial networks (GANs) it becomes much more easy to generate high quality fake images in a very realistic way. However, the current digital image forensics algorithms mainly focus on the detection of traditional tampered images or need prior knowledge of the network structure of GANs. Hence, verifying the authenticity of an image is very challenging. In this paper, we propose a general method for simultaneously detecting tampered images, and GANs generated images. First, we use the Scharr operator to extract the edge information of the image. Then, we converted the edge image information matrix into the gray level co occurrence matrix (GLCM) to scale the image without loss of image information. Finally, GLCM was fed into the deep neural network designed based on depthwise separable convolution for training. Compared with other methods, our model achieves a higher macro average of F1 score of 0.9865. Meanwhile, our method has better performance in detecting tampered images and has strong generalization ability for many GANs models.", "venue": "IEEE Access", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Kejun Zhang", "Y Liang", "Jianyi Zhang", "Zhiqiang Wang", "Xinxin Li"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 144013651, "title": "Obama as Anti American: Visual Folklore in Right Wing Forwarded E mails and Construction of Conservative Social Identity", "abstract": "This paper investigates the group building potential of forwarded e mails through a visual analysis of negative images about President Barack Obama. We argue that these e mails are a form of political digital folklore that may contribute to constructing participants' individual and group identities. Images amplify the impact and believability of the messages, especially when linked to familiar cultural references and experiences and may lead to increased political polarization and hostility.", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Margaret Duffy", "Maria Page", "Margaret Young"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 143045391, "title": "The Social Media Reader", "abstract": "With the rise of web 2.0 and social media platforms taking over vast tracts of territory on the internet, the media landscape has shifted drastically in the past 20 years, transforming previously stable relationships between media creators and consumers. The Social Media Reader is the first collection to address the collective transformation with pieces on social media, peer production, copyright politics, and other aspects of contemporary internet culture from all the major thinkers in the field. Culling a broad range and incorporating different styles of scholarship from foundational pieces and published articles to unpublished pieces, journalistic accounts, personal narratives from blogs, and whitepapers, The Social Media Reader promises to be an essential text, with contributions from Lawrence Lessig, Henry Jenkins, Clay Shirky, Tim O'Reilly, Chris Anderson, Yochai Benkler, danah boyd, and Fred von Loehmann, to name a few. It covers a wide ranging topical terrain, much like the internet itself, with particular emphasis on collaboration and sharing, the politics of social media and social networking, Free Culture and copyright politics, and labour and ownership. Theorizing new models of collaboration, identity, commerce, copyright, ownership, and labour, these essays outline possibilities for cultural democracy that arise when the formerly passive audience becomes active cultural creators, while warning of the dystopian potential of new forms of surveillance and control.", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Michael Mandiberg"], "n_citations": 86, "n_key_citations": 5, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Consensus Clustering with Unsupervised Representation Learning", "session_id": 6844975959531170, "user_id": 3829057874398838, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 222133200, "title": "Consensus Clustering With Unsupervised Representation Learning", "abstract": "Recent advances in deep clustering and unsupervised representation learning are based on the idea that different views of an input image (generated through data augmentation techniques) must either be closer in the representation space, or have a similar cluster assignment. Bootstrap Your Own Latent (BYOL) is one such representation learning algorithm that has achieved state of the art results in self supervised image classification on ImageNet under the linear evaluation protocol. However, the utility of the learnt features of BYOL to perform clustering is not explored. In this work, we study the clustering ability of BYOL and observe that features learnt using BYOL may not be optimal for clustering. We propose a novel consensus clustering based loss function, and train BYOL with the proposed loss in an end to end way that improves the clustering ability and outperforms similar clustering based methods on some popular computer vision datasets.", "venue": "2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Jayanth Reddy Regatti", "Aniket Anand Deshmukh", "Eren Manavoglu", "Urun Dogan"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 233714969, "title": "Representation Learning for Clustering via Building Consensus", "abstract": "In this paper, we focus on deep clustering and unsupervised representation learning for images. Recent advances in deep clustering and unsupervised representation learning are based on the idea that different views of an input image (generated through data augmentation techniques) must be closer in the representation space (exemplar consistency) and/or similar images have a similar cluster assignment (population consistency) We define an additional notion of consistency, consensus consistency, which ensures that representations are learnt to induce similar partitions for variations in the representation space, different clustering algorithms or different initializations of a clustering algorithm. We define a clustering loss by performing variations in the representation space and seamlessly integrate all three consistencies (consensus, exemplar and population) into an end to end learning framework. The proposed algorithm, Consensus Clustering using Unsupervised Representation Learning (ConCURL) improves the clustering performance over state of the art methods on four out of five image datasets. Further, we extend the evaluation procedure for clustering to reflect the challenges in real world clustering tasks, such as clustering performance in the case of distribution shift. We also perform a detailed ablation study for a deeper understanding of the algorithm.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Aniket Anand Deshmukh", "Jayanth Reddy Regatti", "Eren Manavoglu", "Urun Dogan"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3412895, "title": "Unsupervised Multiview Nonnegative Correlated Feature Learning for Data Clustering", "abstract": "Multiview data, which provide complementary information for consensus grouping, are very common in real world applications. However, synthesizing multiple heterogeneous features to learn a comprehensive description of the data samples is challenging. To tackle this problem, many methods explore the correlations among various features across different views by the assumption that all views share the common semantic information. Following this line, in this letter, we propose a new unsupervised multiview nonnegative correlated feature learning (UMCFL) method for data clustering. Different from the existing methods that only focus on projecting features from different views to a shared semantic subspace, our method learns view specific features and captures inter view feature correlations in the latent common subspace simultaneously. By separating the view specific features from the shared feature representation, the effect of the individual information of each view can be removed. Thus, UMCFL can capture flexible feature correlations hidden in multiview data. A new objective function is designed and efficient optimization processes are derived to solve the proposed UMCFL. Extensive experiments on real world multiview datasets demonstrate that the proposed UMCFL method is superior to the state of the art multiview clustering methods.", "venue": "IEEE Signal Processing Letters", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Liang Zhao", "Zhikui Chen", "Zhen Jane Wang"], "n_citations": 16, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 235335102, "title": "Deep Spectral Representation Learning From Multi View Data", "abstract": "Multi view representation learning (MvRL) aims to learn a consensus representation from diverse sources or domains to facilitate downstream tasks such as clustering, retrieval, and classification. Due to the limited representative capacity of the adopted shallow models, most existing MvRL methods may yield unsatisfactory results, especially when the labels of data are unavailable. To enjoy the representative capacity of deep learning, this paper proposes a novel multi view unsupervised representation learning method, termed as Multi view Laplacian Network (MvLNet) which could be the first deep version of the multi view spectral representation learning method. Note that, such an attempt is nontrivial because simply combining Laplacian embedding (i.e. spectral representation) with neural networks will lead to trivial solutions. To solve this problem, MvLNet enforces an orthogonal constraint and reformulates it as a layer with the help of Cholesky decomposition. The orthogonal layer is stacked on the embedding network so that a common space could be learned for consensus representation. Compared with numerous recent proposed approaches, extensive experiments on seven challenging datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in three multi view tasks including clustering, recognition, and retrieval. The source code could be found at www.pengxi.me.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Image Processing", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Joey Tianyi Zhou", "Changqing Zhang", "Jiancheng Lv", "Xi Peng"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 55547460, "title": "Variability analysis of the hierarchical clustering algoritms and its implication on consensus clustering", "abstract": "Clustering is one of the most important unsupervised learning tools when no prior knowledge about the data set is available. Clustering algorithms aim to find underlying structure of the data sets taking into account clustering criteria, properties in the data and specific way of data comparison. In the literature many clustering algorithms have been proposed having a common goal which is, given a set of objects, grouping similar objects in the same cluster and dissimilar objects in different clusters. Hierarchical clustering algorithms are of great importance in data analysis providing knowledge about the data structure. Due to the graphical representation of the resultant partitions, through a dendrogram, may give more information than the clustering obtained by non hierarchical clustering algorithms. The use of different clustering methods for the same data set, or the use of the same clustering method but with different initializations (different parameters) can produce different clustering. So several studies have been concerned with validate the resulting clustering analyzing them in terms of stability variability, and also, there has been an increasing interest on the problem of determining a consensus clustering. This work empirically analyzes the clustering variability delivered by hierarchical algorithms, and some consensus clustering techniques are also investigated. By the variability of hierarchical clustering, we select the most suitable consensus clustering technique existing in literature. Results on a range of synthetic and real data sets reveal significant differences of the variability of hierarchical clustering as well as different performances of the consensus clustering techniques.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Lucia Sousa"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 4770426, "title": "Multi view Clustering with Graph Embedding for Connectome Analysis", "abstract": "Multi view clustering has become a widely studied problem in the area of unsupervised learning. It aims to integrate multiple views by taking advantages of the consensus and complimentary information from multiple views. Most of the existing works in multi view clustering utilize the vector based representation for features in each view. However, in many real world applications, instances are represented by graphs, where those vector based models cannot fully capture the structure of the graphs from each view. To solve this problem, in this paper we propose a Multi view Clustering framework on graph instances with Graph Embedding (MCGE) Specifically, we model the multi view graph data as tensors and apply tensor factorization to learn the multi view graph embeddings, thereby capturing the local structure of graphs. We build an iterative framework by incorporating multi view graph embedding into the multi view clustering task on graph instances, jointly performing multi view clustering and multi view graph embedding simultaneously. The multi view clustering results are used for refining the multi view graph embedding, and the updated multi view graph embedding results further improve the multi view clustering. Extensive experiments on two real brain network datasets (i.e. HIV and Bipolar) demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed MCGE approach in multi view connectome analysis for clinical investigation and application.", "venue": "CIKM", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Guixiang Ma", "Lifang He", "Chun-Ta Lu", "Weixiang Shao", "Philip S Yu", "Alex D Leow", "Ann B Ragin"], "n_citations": 34, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 7763171, "title": "A new consensus function based on dual similarity measurements for clustering ensemble", "abstract": "Clustering ensemble is an unsupervised learning method, which combines a number of partitions in order to produce a better clustering result. In this paper, we have proposed a clustering ensemble algorithm named Dual Similarity Clustering Ensemble (DSCE) The core of our ensemble is a consensus function, consists of three stages. The first stage is to transform the initial clusters into a binary representation, and the second is to measure the similarity between initial clusters and merge the most similar ones. The third is to identify candidate clusters, which contain only certain objects, and calculate their quality. The final clustering result is produced by an iterative process assigning the uncertain objects to a cluster that has a minimum effect on its quality. The number of clusters in the final clustering result converges to a stable value from the generated member, in contrast to most existing methods that require the user to provide the number of clusters in advance. The Experimental results on real datasets indicate that our method is statistically significant better than other state of the art clustering ensemble methods including CO and DICLENS algorithms.", "venue": "2015 IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA)", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Tahani Alqurashi", "Wenjia Wang"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 235221161, "title": "Contrastive self supervised clustering of scRNA seq data", "abstract": "Background Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA seq) has emerged has a main strategy to study transcriptional activity at the cellular level. Clustering analysis is routinely performed on scRNA seq data to explore, recognize or discover underlying cell identities. The high dimensionality of scRNA seq data and its significant sparsity accentuated by frequent dropout events, introducing false zero count observations, make the clustering analysis computationally challenging. Even though multiple scRNA seq clustering techniques have been proposed, there is no consensus on the best performing approach. On a parallel research track, self supervised contrastive learning recently achieved state of the art results on images clustering and, subsequently, image classification. Results We propose contrastive sc a new unsupervised learning method for scRNA seq data that perform cell clustering. The method consists of two consecutive phases: first, an artificial neural network learns an embedding for each cell through a representation training phase. The embedding is then clustered in the second phase with a general clustering algorithm (i.e. KMeans or Leiden community detection) The proposed representation training phase is a new adaptation of the self supervised contrastive learning framework, initially proposed for image processing, to scRNA seq data. contrastive sc has been compared with ten state of the art techniques. A broad experimental study has been conducted on both simulated and real world datasets, assessing multiple external and internal clustering performance metrics (i.e. ARI, NMI, Silhouette, Calinski scores) Our experimental analysis shows that constastive sc compares favorably with state of the art methods on both simulated and real world datasets. Conclusion On average, our method identifies well defined clusters in close agreement with ground truth annotations. Our method is computationally efficient, being fast to train and having a limited memory footprint. contrastive sc maintains good performance when only a fraction of input cells is provided and is robust to changes in hyperparameters or network architecture. The decoupling between the creation of the embedding and the clustering phase allows the flexibility to choose a suitable clustering algorithm (i.e. KMeans when the number of expected clusters is known, Leiden otherwise) or to integrate the embedding with other existing techniques.", "venue": "BMC Bioinform.", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Madalina Ciortan", "Matthieu Defrance"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 125893308, "title": "Multi view predictive latent space learning", "abstract": "Abstract In unsupervised circumstances, multi view learning seeks a shared latent representation by taking the consensus and complementary principles into account. However, most existing multi view unsupervised learning approaches do not explicitly lay stress on the predictability of the latent space. In this paper, we propose a novel multi view predictive latent space learning (MVP) model and apply it to multi view clustering and unsupervised dimension reduction. The latent space is forced to be predictive by maximizing the correlation between the latent space and feature space of each view. By learning a multi view graph with adaptive view weight learning, MVP effectively combines the complementary information from multi view data. Experimental results on benchmark datasets show that MVP outperforms the state of the art multi view clustering and unsupervised dimension reduction algorithms.", "venue": "Pattern Recognit. Lett.", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Jirui Yuan", "Ke Gao", "Peng Fei Zhu", "Karen O Egiazarian"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3524326, "title": "Infinite ensemble clustering", "abstract": "Ensemble clustering aims to fuse several diverse basic partitions into a consensus one, which has been widely recognized as a promising tool to discover novel clusters and deliver robust partitions, while representation learning with deep structure shows appealing performance in unsupervised feature pre treatment. In the literature, it has been empirically found that with the increasing number of basic partitions, ensemble clustering gets better performance and lower variances, yet the best number of basic partitions for a given data set is a pending problem. In light of this, we propose the Infinite Ensemble Clustering (IEC) which incorporates marginalized denoising auto encoder with dropout noises to generate the expectation representation for infinite basic partitions. Generally speaking, a set of basic partitions is firstly generated from the data. Then by converting the basic partitions to the 1 of K codings, we link the marginalized denoising auto encoder to the infinite basic partition representation. Finally, we follow the layer wise training procedure and feed the concatenated deep features to K means for final clustering. According to different types of marginalized auto encoders, the linear and non linear versions of IEC are proposed. Extensive experiments on diverse vision data sets with different levels of visual descriptors demonstrate the superior performance of IEC compared to the state of the art ensemble clustering and deep clustering methods. Moreover, we evaluate the performance of IEC in the application of pan omics gene expression analysis application via survival analysis.", "venue": "Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Hongfu Liu", "Ming Shao", "Sheng Li", "Yun Raymond Fu"], "n_citations": 22, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "IDENTIFICATION AND BACTERIA AND DIABETIC AND FOOT AND ULCERS AND INFECTION AND NURSING CARE", "session_id": 913171199623698, "user_id": 3886735945840838, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 226311171, "title": "Point of care testing for bacterial infection in diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective cohort study.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE To appraise the performance of a new point of care wound infection detection kit in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) using clinician opinion as the primary comparator. The proprietary swab based chromatic Glycologic (Glycologic Ltd. UK) detection kit used in this study is designed to detect host response to pathogenic levels of bacteria in wounds. METHOD In high risk podiatry clinics, patients with DFUs were recruited and infection detection kit test results compared with initial clinician opinion. Chi squared tests, principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression analysis were performed to determine which variables were possibly associated with infection. The variables considered were patients' wound parameters, wider vascular comorbidity and demographics. RESULTS A total of 136 patients, providing 383 wound swabs, were included in the study. Total agreement in terms of DFU wound assessment for infection between podiatrists' clinical opinion and Glycologic kit test result was observed in 79% of cases (301/383) For 56 of the 349 negative infection detection kit test results (16% podiatrists identified a 'possible' or 'definite' infection. Conversely, in 14 of the 307 cases (4.6% where podiatrists deemed the wound 'not infected' the infection detection kit test showed a colour change. Regression analysis and PCA showed that clinical signs of wound infection, namely erythema, purulence and odour, were all significantly associated with both a positive clinical opinion and infection detection kit test result. However, in the case of the infection detection kit, a patient's number of lesions and vascular comorbidities were also significantly correlated with a positive test result. CONCLUSION A host response to critical pathological levels of bioburden in a wound as detected with the infection detection kit may partly be determined by an individual patient's (vascular) health and therefore be person specific. Further research is indicated to determine the relationship between an infection detection kit test result and the microbiological status of the wound.", "venue": "Journal of wound care", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Leon Jonker", "Danielle Smith", "E Van Mark", "Jose Schutter", "Sarah Thornthwaite", "Shona Johnston"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 214603589, "title": "Effect of Nursing Intervention Based on Self Efficacy Theory on Promotion of Foot Self Care and Its Acceptability among Diabetic Elderly people", "abstract": "Background: Diabetes has a huge economic and social impact on the individuals, families and health system as a whole. Diabetic foot is one of the most common complications among diabetic patients. Improper foot care can lead to many complications such as infection, ulcers, gangrene and amputation. Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of nursing intervention based on self efficacy theory on promotion of foot self care and its acceptability among diabetic elderly people. Subjects and method: Study design: A quasi experimental research design was used. Setting: This study was carried out at 9 geriatric homes on 160 elderly selected by convenience sample. Those elderly divided equally to study and control group. Tools: 1) Structured Interview Schedule, 2) Generalized Self Efficacy Scale (GSE) 3) Knowledge of foot care (KOFC) 4) Diabetic foot self care behavior scale (DFSBS) 5) Foot care outcome expectation (FCOE) and 6) The acceptability profile. Results: The total knowledge, foot care outcome expectation, foot care self efficacy and foot self care behavior score significantly improved immediately and three months post program than the pre program for the study group. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between the total knowledge, expectation, care selfefficacy and behavior scores pre and three months post nursing intervention for both groups. There was a good acceptance of the program by the elderly people. Conclusion: The nursing intervention based on self efficacy theory was effective to promote foot self care among diabetic elderly persons at geriatric homes. Recommendations: Community, geriatric, and medical surgical nurses need to design preventive health programs based on self efficacy for the elderly to reinforce and motivate beliefs about ability to self care for diabetic clients. It is necessary to measure the participant's acceptance of the program to identify and remove obstacles.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Zainab Gazar Alkotb Alagamy", "Tawheda Mohamed Khalefa El-saidy", "Mervat Amin Sayed", "Asmaa Abouda Abdelhamed Soultan"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219691093, "title": "The microbiome of diabetic foot ulcers: a comparison of swab and tissue biopsy wound sampling techniques using 16S rRNA gene sequencing", "abstract": "Background Health care professionals need to collect wound samples to identify potential pathogens that contribute to wound infection. Obtaining appropriate samples from diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) where there is a suspicion of infection is of high importance. Paired swabs and tissue biopsies were collected from DFUs and both sampling techniques were compared using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results Mean bacterial abundance determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was significantly lower in tissue biopsies p 0.03) The mean number of reads across all samples was significantly higher in wound swabs X \\Big(\\overline{X} 32,014) compared to tissue X \\overline{X} 15,256, p 0.001) Tissue biopsies exhibited greater overall diversity of bacteria relative to swabs (Shannon's H diversity p 0.009) However, based on a presence/absence analysis of all paired samples, the frequency of occurrence of bacteria from genera of known and potential pathogens was generally higher in wound swabs than tissue biopsies. Multivariate analysis identified significantly different bacterial communities in swabs compared to tissue p 0.001) There was minimal correlation between paired wound swabs and tissue biopsies in the number and types of microorganisms. RELATE analysis revealed low concordance between paired DFU swab and tissue biopsy samples (Rho 0.043, p 0.34) Conclusions Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing this study identifies the potential for using less invasive swabs to recover high relative abundances of known and potential pathogen genera from DFUs when compared to the gold standard collection method of tissue biopsy.", "venue": "BMC Microbiology", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Judith Travis", "Matthew Malone", "H Hu", "Abdul Baten", "Khalid Johani", "Flavia Huygens", "Karen Vickery", "K Benkendorff"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 86433734, "title": "Aerobic bacteria associated with diabetic foot ulcers and their susceptibility pattern", "abstract": "BackgroundFoot ulcers in diabetes mellitus subjects cause morbidity and mortality and lead to non traumatic amputations worldwide. Knowledge of the microbial burden in the ulcers may improve patients' care and management.ObjectivesThis prospective study was designed to isolate, identify and carry out antibiotic susceptibility testing on bacterial isolates associated with diabetic foot ulcers among subjects in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital.MethodsSubjects with diabetic foot ulcer were recruited after obtaining ethical clearance from the Research Committee and informed consent from the subjects. Samples were obtained from subjects using sterile swabs and subjected to microscopy and culture. Isolates were identified using standard bacteriological techniques. Kirby Bauer method was used for susceptibility testing.ResultsOut of the 50 subjects recruited, 19 (38.1% were males and 31 (62.0% were females with mean age of 55.4 10.1 and a minimum age of 40.0 years. All the subjects had grade 4 wounds. The study recorded 100% infection rates among subjects with 70.0% polymicrobial infections. A total of 97 isolates were obtained from the 50 subjects accounting for the average of 1.94 isolates per subject. The most prevalent isolate was Staphylococcus aureus (32 (32.9% while the least isolated pathogen was Klebsiella pneumonia (10 (20.4% Females harboured more isolates (61 (62.9% than males (36 (37.1% but infection rates were not significantly associated with gender (kh2 15.0, p 0.05) Erythromycin was the most effective antibiotic agent (65.6% against S. aureus while gram negative bacteria were more susceptible to augmentin (87.5% and ciprofloxacin (75.0%.ConclusionThe multiple antibiotic resistance of the bacterial isolates calls for the need to monitor resistance. The best practice is to perform antibiotic susceptibility testing before treatment. Wounds should be evaluated for bacterial agents before treatment is instituted. Information on the mi.uction of morbidity and amputation rates on the patients.", "venue": "Biomedical Dermatology", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Ofonime M Ogba", "Emmanuel Nsan", "Eyam Sunday Eyam"], "n_citations": 12, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 227336222, "title": "Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Phenotypic Detection of MRSA Isolated from Diabetic Foot Infection", "abstract": "Background Diabetic foot infection (DFI) is a common and costly complication of diabetes that may be caused by various bacteria with multi resistant genes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of phenotypic methods for identification of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with genotypic detection of MRSA related genes. Methods In this cross sectional study, swab samples were collected from patients with DFI from hospitals in Sulaimani/Iraq in April July 2019. All the samples were processed for microbiological assessment and further MRSA phenotypic and genotypic testing. Results A total of 46 swab samples were collected from diabetic foot ulcers of 29 males and 17 females. Most samples (93.5% showed positive growth, with higher proportions of monomicrobial (23; 53.5% than mixed bacterial infections (20; 46.5% and S. aureus as the predominant pathogen. Conventional methods of MRSA detection, such as cefoxitin disc diffusion, can predict methicillin resistance in 45.8% of the cases. Real time/conventional PCR showed that 41.6% of Staphylococcus aureus were positive for the mecA gene, while none of the isolates was positive for PVL. Conclusion Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen in DFI. Although cefoxitin and oxacillin disc diffusion methods can help in the prediction of MRSA, real time PCR is a reliable method for MRSA detection and confirmation.", "venue": "International journal of general medicine", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Khanda Abdulateef Anwar", "Dlsoz Hussein", "Jamal M Salih"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 222159246, "title": "Recurrence rates suggest delayed identification of plantar ulceration for patients in diabetic foot remission", "abstract": "Introduction Foot ulcers are a common and costly complication of diabetes, and delays in treatment can result in impaired healing, infection, hospitalization, and lower extremity amputation. Research design and methods We aimed to determine whether patterns in plantar diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) recurrence coincided with typical intervals between routine preventive care appointments, which would suggest that delays exist between ulcer development and identification. We completed an analysis of existing data from two multicenter studies in 300 total participants. We analyzed unadjusted counts of DFU binned in weekly intervals and defined 'exam periods' as intervals from 2 to 4 weeks, from 6 to 8 weeks, within 1 week of 3 months and within 1 week of 6 months. We tested whether recurrence rates during exam periods were equivalent to rates outside exam periods. We estimated the delay between DFU development and DFU identification such that the rate of development would have been constant. Results During exam periods, a total of 43 DFUs were identified (43/86=50% despite the fact that these periods represent only 23.5% of follow up in aggregate. Accounting for censoring, the annualized incidence during exam periods was 0.68 DFU/year (CI 0.48 to 0.89) in contrast to 0.25 DFU/year (CI 0.18 to 0.32) outside exam periods (incidence ratio=2.8, CI 1.8 to 4.3) We estimated delays between DFU occurrence and identification to average 15.3 days (IQR 7.4 23.7 days) Conclusions These findings have potential implications for practice, particularly related to the value of telehealth and in home monitoring of patients in diabetic foot remission. Additionally, there are implications for study design, which should consider the impact of interval censoring and attempt to control for confounders related to frequency and timing of exams.", "venue": "BMJ open diabetes research care", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Brian J Petersen", "Sicco A Bus", "Gary M Rothenberg", "David R Linders", "Lawrence A Lavery", "David G Armstrong"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 184486669, "title": "Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Pathogens Associated With Diabetic Foot Ulcers From a Rural Area.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE This cross sectional study assesses the profile and antibiotic susceptibility of aerobic bacterial pathogens associated with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) MATERIALS AND METHODS Two swab samples from 140 DFUs with various Wagner grades were processed for identification using routine culture methods and antimicrobial susceptibility by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. RESULTS A total of 125 (89.29% samples were found to be positive for bacteria on culture. A higher incidence of positive culture (94.32% was found in individuals with a blood sugar level 200 mg/dL. The highest number of culture positive cases was observed in Wagner grade 2 DFUs (45% Overall infection was monomicrobial in 83.20% (104) and polymicrobial in 16.80% (21) of samples. Staphylococcus aureus (21.09% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.05% were the most common isolates. Linezolid (100% and imipenem (75.70% were the most effective antimicrobial agents against gram positive and gram negative isolates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results show an overall increase in bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents and emphasize the importance of an antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in the selection of appropriate antibiotic(s) to institute the rational antibiotic therapy.", "venue": "Wounds a compendium of clinical research and practice", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Kalpana Jaju", "Asha Pichare", "Milind Davane", "Basavraj Nagoba"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 218609528, "title": "MON 626 Frequency and Associated Factors with Multidrug Resistant Organism Infection in Diabetic Foot Ulcers in a Peruvian Public Hospital", "abstract": "Abstract Objective: To determine the frequency and associated factors with multidrug resistant organism (MDRO) infection among patients with diabetic foot ulcers in a Peruvian Public Hospital. Materials and methods. Cross sectional survey was conducted from January 2017 December 2018 at National Hospital in Lima Peru. Ulcers with clinical signs of infection (erythema, edema, pain, purulent exudate) according Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline were included1. Wounds with only skin involvement were excluded. On admission, specimens for culture were obtained after cleansing and debriding of the wound. Samples were promptly sent to the microbiology laboratory for culture using appropriate transport media. Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using the VITEK(r) 2 automated system (BioMerieux Laboratory, Argentina) Multidrug resistant organisms were identified according to the recommendations of International Expert Proposal2. Prevalence ratios derived from bivariate analysis are given with their 95% CI, which was performed to study factors associated with the presence of multidrug resistant bacteria; and a multivariate analysis with a lineal model to associated variables found in the bivariate analysis. This study has the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the Maria Auxiliadora Hospital. Results Among 153 selected subjects, 75% were male, with an average age of 59 yo, 70% had =10 years of diabetes duration and only 16% had HbA1C <7% A frequency of 85% of patients with MDRO infection was found and was associated with minor amputation RP 1.18 (95% CI 1.01 1.44) and with hospitalization time of 28 days RP 1.21 (95% CI 1.03 1.30) Conclusion. 6 of 7 patients have MDRO infection among patients with diabetic foot ulcers and are associated with the occurrence of minor amputation and hospitalization time 28 days. References 1. Lipsky BA, et al. 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(12):e132 73. 2. Magiorakos AP, et al. Multidrug resistant, extensively drug resistant and pandrugresistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268 81.", "venue": "Journal of the Endocrine Society", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Marlon Yovera-Aldana", "Liset Paola Sifuentes", "Delia Cruz-Estacio", "Diana Consuelo Flores", "Lucy Nelly Damas-Casani"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199026229, "title": "Clinical Profile and Outcome of Diabetic Foot in a Tertiary Care Centre", "abstract": "Background This study attempted to determine the disease burden in terms of clinical profile and outcome of diabetic foot admissions at a tertiary care hospital in a developing country. Method This study was done in Department of Surgery at Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences and Shri Mahant Indiresh Hospital, Dehradun. Duration of the study was 1 year. The demographic characteristic, type of foot lesion, etiology, isolated micro organism, treatment, and outcome were reviewed. Results A total of 49 patient were diagnosed with Diabetic Foot. All patients had type 2 diabetes with no gender predominance. Majority of the patient were above age of 40 years and diabetes control was very poor. Before admission, the ulcers had already developed for 4.7 2.9 weeks; however, the majority of patients were unaware of the preceding causes. More than 70% of ulcers were in Wagner gradeg3 with infection event in nearly all patients. The most common isolates from culture were Gram negative bacteria. A total of 8 patient required lower extremity amputations (LEAs) at various level of the foot were carried out, including major LEA. Conclusions Diabetic foot problems constitute a source of morbidity, a reason for LEA surgery as well as being a cause of death among patients with diabetes mellitus", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Abhishek Gupta", "Subash Chandra Sharma", "Janmejai Prasad Sharma"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219798324, "title": "Nursing care of patients with early diabetic foot ulcer treated with mupirocin ointment combined with ultra laser", "abstract": "Objective To study and analyze the effect of nursing care for patients early diabetic foot ulcer treated with mupirocin ointment and ultra laser. Methods 30 patients with early diabetic foot ulcer admitted to our hospital from June, 2017 to June, 2018 were included as research objects, and were divided into an intervention group and a control group by random lottery, 15 cases for each group. The control group was given iodine volts dressing change nursing, and intervention group was given mopiroxine ointment and ultra laser treatment and nursing care. The wound healing effect, frequency of dressing change, healing time, and pain degree before and after intervention were compared between the two groups. In addition, logistic method was used to analyze the related influencing factors of the patients' prognosis and rehabilitation. Results The total effective rate of wound healing was higher in the intervention group than that in the control group (93.33% vs. 73.00% but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05) The frequency of dressing change and healing time were lower in the intervention group than in the control group (45.12+ 2.49) times vs. (52.04+ 2.77) times and (39.31+ 2.20) d vs. (56.23+ 2.84) d, both P<0.05] The VAS scores of the intervention group and control group were lower after than before the intervention (both P<0.05) and the VAS score was lower in the intervention group than in the control group after the intervention (2.07+ 0.34) vs. (3.41+ 0.51) P<0.05] Logistic regression analysis showed that disease course, ulcer area, foot infection, non use of mopirocin ointment, and no ultra laser intervention were all independent risk factors for poor prognosis in the patients (all P<0.05) Conclusion Mupirocin ointment combined with ultra laser can significantly improve the therapeutic effect of patients with early diabetic foot ulcer, promote their early recovery, and reduce their pain. In addition, disease course, ulcer area, foot infection, non use of mopirocin ointment, and no ultra laser intervention can all adversely affect the patients' prognosis to some extent. Key words: Early diabetic foot ulcer; Mupirocin ointment; Ultra laser; Nursing measures; Wound healing", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Suzhen Mai", "Hui-Fang Yang"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "\"relationship between locus of control and academic achievement of students pdf\"", "session_id": 6909738458255563, "user_id": 281906809656343, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 212671782, "title": "The Relationship between Locus of Control and Student's University Academic Achievement in Case of Wolaita Sodo University", "abstract": "This study was designed to investigate the relationship between Locus of Control (both internal and external) and academic achievement. Emphasis was put on trying to establish the relationship between internal locus of control, external locus of control and academic achievement of graduating class university students at Wolaita Sodo University. The study employed the use of correlation design to establish the nature of the relationships. The validity and reliability of research instruments was established and data was collected from 313 respondents selected from three colleges and two schools in the university by using the simple random sampling method. To analyze the data, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) T Test, and Pearson product moment correlation statistical tools were used with the aim of establishing the difference and relationship between students' locus of control and their academic achievement of university graduating class students. Findings revealed the existence of a significant difference in academic performance in students of different age, significant difference in academic achievement of students from different gender groups. GJHSS A Classification: FOR Code: TheRelationshipbetweenLocusofControlandStudentsUniversityAcademicAchievementinCaseofWolaitaSodoUniversity Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: 170199 The Relationship between Locus of Control and Student's University Academic Achievement in Case of Wolaita Sodo University Bereket Merkine Zebdewos Zekarias s Eskinder Woldeyesus r AbstractThis study was designed to investigate the relationship between Locus of Control (both internal and external) and academic achievement. Emphasis was put on trying to establish the relationship between internal locus of control, external locus of control and academic achievement of graduating class university students at Wolaita Sodo University. The study employed the use of correlation design to establish the nature of the relationships. The validity and reliability of research instruments was established and data was collected from 313 respondents selected from three colleges and two schools in the university by using the simple random sampling method. To analyze the data, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) T Test, and Pearson product moment correlation statistical tools were used with the aim of establishing the difference and relationship between students' locus of control and their academic achievement of university graduating class students. Findings revealed the existence of a significant difference in academic performance in students of different age, significant difference in academic achievement of students from different gender groups. The findings also revealed that there was a significant negative relationship between students' external locus of control and academic achievement. There was significant positive relationship between students' internal locus of control and their academic achievement. On the basis of the findings, the researcher made the following conclusions; Locus of control (internal external) is the most important issue that positively and negatively affects students' academic success and need special attention from university stakeholders. Counseling and psychosocial support, advice and overall support in confidence building skill and life skill training do count on motivating students to manage, resist negative self evaluation. The researcher also confirmed the ecological and social learning theoretical model. On the basis of the conclusions made, the researcher recommended that; Wolaita Sodo University maintains its instruction by considering the influence of Locus of control (internal external) on academic achievement of students. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between Locus of Control (both internal and external) and academic achievement. Emphasis was put on trying to establish the relationship between internal locus of control, external locus of control and academic achievement of graduating class university students at Wolaita Sodo University. The study employed the use of correlation design to establish the nature of the relationships. The validity and reliability of research instruments was established and data was collected from 313 respondents selected from three colleges and two schools in the university by using the simple random sampling method. To analyze the data, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) T Test, and Pearson product moment correlation statistical tools were used with the aim of establishing the difference and relationship between students' locus of control and their academic achievement of university graduating class students. Findings revealed the existence of a significant difference in academic performance in students of different age, significant difference in academic achievement of students from different gender groups. The findings also revealed that there was a significant negative relationship between students' external locus of control and academic achievement. There was significant positive relationship between students' internal locus of control and their academic achievement. On the basis of the findings, the researcher made the following conclusions; Locus of control (internal external) is the most important issue that positively and negatively affects students' academic success and need special attention from university stakeholders. Counseling and psychosocial support, advice and overall support in confidence building skill and life skill training do count on motivating students to manage, resist negative self evaluation. The researcher also confirmed the ecological and social learning theoretical model. On the basis of the conclusions made, the researcher recommended that; Wolaita Sodo University maintains its instruction by considering the influence of Locus of control (internal external) on academic achievement of students.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Bereket Merkine", "Zebdewos Zekarias"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 209483293, "title": "Relation Between Locus of Control and Academic Achievement of Nursing Students at Damanhour University", "abstract": "Background: Academic achievement is considered the alarm button that pressed todays in each academic institution. A competent nursing workforce is important for an effective healthcare which intensified by the development of student's internal locus of control (LOC Aims: this study aimed to 1 assess the locus of control levels among the nursing students at Damanhour University 2assess the relation between locus of control and academic achievement among the nursing students, 3determine the effects of Internal LOC Development Program on the student's academic achievement level. Design: A quasi experimental study design was adopted to carry out this study. Setting: the study was conducted at Faculty of Nursing Damanhour University. Subjects: The 4 th year students were selected. The total number of the students was 250 divided into two groups (control group and experimental group) Tools: data was collected using two tools; Tool (I) socio demographic characteristics and health status sheet for the students, tool (II) entitled trice academic LOC scale. Results: The findings of the present study revealed that 75.2% of the experimental group has an internal locus of control pre the training program application, while it increased to 79.2% post the program. There is a significant relation between LOC and the academic achievement among the experimental group. Recommendations: Academic administrators should pay attention to help students to understand how their perceptions about self may affect their academic achievement. Develop policies regarding coaching, mentoring and counseling undergraduates. Develop mind coaching program to increase the internal LOC. Further researches would be extremely valuable.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["A A Mohamed", "Ahlam Mohammed", "- HendAbo", "El-Olemy Ahmed"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 55715547, "title": "A Study to Investigate the Relationship between Locus of Control and Academic Achievement of Students.", "abstract": "Motivation is regarded as the alpha and omega of learning .It is the heart of teaching learning process. Motivation is defined as an internal state that arouses, directs, and maintains the behavior over time. Thus motivation is the pivotal component of learning and locus of control which is one of the important factors it stems from. Locus of control is a belief about the primary source of a person's behavioreither internal (within a person) or external (with in a person's physical and social environment) The main aim of this research was to measure the locus of control of students in order to determine the degree of their externality or internality of locus of control. And to find out the gender difference in locus of control orientation at College and University levels to relate the locus of control with academic achievement. Sample of study consisted of 466 students, out of which 205 were boys and 261 were girls. This sample was chosen from two female college and one male college located in Rawalpindi city and one Co education University Institute located in Islamabad city. The college students were mostly of 16 and 17 years age group, where as University students were in the 20 and 21 year age group. For the purpose of measuring locus of control questionnaire was used with a few modifications. Academic achievement was measured by the marks obtained by the sample in their recently held examination at their institutions. The obtained data were analyzed and interpreted using statistical tools such as: Mean Standard Deviation, t test and correlation coefficient. The results show that the majority of students were found to be more internal than external in their locus of control. This result is enlightened with others studies that, locus of control and academic achievement were related positively to each other. Boys were found to be more internal than girls at college level however, no gender differences in locus of control were found at the University level.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Aijaz Ahmed Gujjar", "Rukhma Aijaz"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 20666998, "title": "The relationship between locus of control and academic achievement and gender in a selected higher education institution in Jordan", "abstract": "This paper examined the relationship between Locus of Control and academic achievement, and discussed the possibility of gender differences. Past research indicated a positive correlation relationship between internal scores and high academic achievement. Overall, the research regarding gender found males to be more internal and external than females. The sample of this study included 204 first year Yarmouk University students, from four different departments (English. Accounting, Chemistry and Engineering) The multidimensionalmulti attributional causality scales (MMCS) was administered to the respondents of the study. The MMCS were then correlated with academic achievement and gender. The statistical analysis evidenced a correlation between Locus of Control and academic achievement, The internal locus of control were high and positively correlated with academic achievement among the male students (r=.362, p=.000) and positively correlated with external locus of control (r= .208, p=.035) However only the internal locus of control was positively correlated with academic achievement among female students (r=.274, p=.006) and negatively correlated with external locus of control (r=.002, p=.982) The findings showed that males were more internal and external then females. Overall, this study supported the findings of past research supporting a positive relationship between Locus of Control and academic achievement. Key Words: Locus of Control, Academic Achievement, Gender", "venue": "", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Rohaty Mohd Majzub", "Marwan Zaid Bataineh", "Noriah Mohd Ishak", "Saemah Rahman"], "n_citations": 18, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 55656520, "title": "Examining the Relationship between Self Efficacy, Locus of Control and Academic Achievement of Students Girls and Boys in Secondary School of Rustam City", "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between roles of self efficacy and locus of control in academic achievement. The sample consisted of 305 students girls and boys from 3 rd grade of secondary school in Rustam city who were selected by random sampling method step by step. Participants completed the self efficacy and locus of control questionnaire. To assess the variables under study in this research, the self efficacy questionnaire of Pintrich and de Groot was used in order to measure the control locus in control locus questionnaire of Strickland and Nowiki. Also the third year GPA was used as academic achievement. For statistical analysis of data, Pearson correlation and multiple variable regression methods were used. The results of research showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between self efficacy variables and academic achievement, while there is a negative and significant relationship between locus of control and academic achievement. Also the results of regression analysis showed that among the predictive variables, self efficacy has a major role in explaining the educational attainment. Zahra Razmi Far 1", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Zahra Razmefar"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 144804491, "title": "A causal analysis of the relationship between locus of control and academic achievement in first grade", "abstract": "Abstract Eighty nine middle and lower socioeconomic status (SES) first graders from 15 classrooms were seen individually the first week of school and again 7 months later to obtain scores on an achievement test and a measure of locus of control. Results revealed that middle SES children began first grade with a higher average score on the achievement test and a more internal locus of control than lower SES children. While middle SES children gained more in achievement during first grade, the change toward a more internal locus of control was more pronounced for lower SES children. Results of both cross lagged panel correlational and path analyses suggested that an internal locus of control contributed to academic achievement.", "venue": "", "year": 1980.0, "author_names": ["Deborah J Stipek"], "n_citations": 41, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 146722754, "title": "Importance of Relationship Between Locus of Control and Academic Achievement of Senior Secondary Schools", "abstract": "The present paper explain that importance ofrelationship between Locus ofControl's areas and academic achievement because the world is becoming more and more competitive. So, quality of performance has become the key factor for personal progress. The desire for high level of achievement puts a lot of pressure on students, teachers, school, in general and the educational system itself. In fact, it appears as the whole system of education revolves round the academic achievement of students. The importance of academic achievement has raised several questions for us. Like, what factors promote achievement in student? How far do the different factors contribute towards academic achievement? So, the result of this paper revealed that three areas ofLocusofControl havegreat contribution to academic achievement of Sr. Secondary School students.", "venue": "", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Meena Mehta"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 146332035, "title": "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCUS OF CONTROL AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AMONG AT RISK STUDENTS", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2003.0, "author_names": ["Marthina Jacoba Kirchner"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 55166275, "title": "The relationship between locus of control and academic achievement and the role of gender", "abstract": "Smriti Goyal The Relationship Between Locus of Control and Academic Achievement and the Role of Gender 2000", "venue": "", "year": 2000.0, "author_names": ["Smriti Goyal"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 142900262, "title": "The Relationship between a High School Principal's Locus of Control and the Academic Achievement of Students", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 1992.0, "author_names": ["J Ciccone"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "stakeholders analysis chart in automotive industry", "session_id": 6676527607651324, "user_id": 5176882966041830, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 209475216, "title": "FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SANTA CATARINA TECHNOLOGICAL CENTER OF JOINVILLE AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING JESSICA KARINE PROCHNOW Internal Stakeholders' Analysis of Industry 4.0 Working Network within a Multinational Automotive Supplier Joinville 2019 JESSICA KARINE PROCHNOW Internal Stakeholders' Analysis of", "abstract": "Due to technological advances in digitization and connected manufacturing processes, multinational companies have faced challenges imposed by Industry 4.0 in order to improve their productivity. The present work aims to approach a case study involving internal stakeholders analysis for an Industry 4.0 working network of a multinational automotive supplier. From data collection and surveys, it is intended to develop stakeholders' power and influence qualitative analysis, which are based on their main interests in the projects managed by the concerned department. In order to bring a better understanding of the identified stakeholders in regards to the development of the strategic projects, they are initially divided in two categories related to the organizational and project levels. Besides, based on the obtained internal stakeholders classification, it is proposed a communication concept in order to fulfill stakeholders expectations, once these represent, according to their level of power and influence, fundamental factors in a project development. Key Words: Stakeholders, Industry 4.0, multinational automotive supplier.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Jessica Karine Prochnow", "Modesto Hurtado Ferrer", "Janaina Renata Garcia", "Marcos A Rabelo", "Elisete Santos da Silva Zagheni"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 213504172, "title": "Internal Stakeholders' Analysis of Industry 4.0 Working Network within a Multinational Automotive Supplier", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Jessica Karine Prochnow"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 208193788, "title": "THE ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT OF PRODUCT QUALITY USING SELECTED METHODS AND TOOLS IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY ENTERPRISE", "abstract": "The work included a qualitative analysis of a product installed in passenger cars of a selected make and model. The product is an airbag module manufactured for one type of passenger car. This product is produced by an international production company with its plant in the northern part of the Silesian province. The initial analysis covered six calendar months, of which the month chosen for further analysis was the one in which the percentage of nonconforming products in the total production exceeded the assumed acceptable value. The analysis used four basic quality management instruments: the Pareto chart, the FMEA method, Ishikawa chart and the 5 Whys technique. After the analysis, improvement actions were also proposed.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Edyta Kardas", "Pavlina Pustejovska"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 212896858, "title": "Analysis and Improvement of an Assembly Line in the Automotive Industry", "abstract": "Abstract In a market as competitive as the automotive industry, it becomes increasingly important for the organizations to adopt a culture of continuous improvement, which should cross over all stakeholders in the organization. The continuous improvement of the processes, the increase in efficiency, and the elimination of waste, leads to a considerable increase in market competitiveness, not only economically, but also technologically. The focus of this work was the optimization of a production line, with the main goal being the increase of its productive capacity, so that it can comply with customer's requests. Thus, it was defined as a goal of this project: to increase the productive capacity to 1800 parts/day. The methodologies used were based on several continuous improvements and lean techniques, such as line balancing, standard work, visual management and 5S. The work developed allowed an increase of 37% of the production line capacity and an increase of 22% in the OEE of the production line.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Dias Paulo", "Francisco J G Silva", "R D S G Campilho", "Luis Pinto Ferreira", "T Santos"], "n_citations": 7, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 158591790, "title": "Multi criteria decision analysis framework for sustainable manufacturing in automotive industry", "abstract": "Abstract Increase in societal demand for sustainability has resulted in attention to sustainable manufacturing. Although an attractive goal to most, executives face difficulties in implementing; sustainable manufacturing due to the necessity of balancing social, economic and environmental; outcomes associated with the implementation of different manufacturing alternatives and; processes. This is especially true in highly competitive consumer oriented industries, such as the automotive industry. The literature review presented herein indicated that most of the available sustainability frameworks are qualitative in nature and limited to discussion of sustainable materials and processes, while tradeoffs between the environmental, social and economic domains of sustainability are rarely examined. To overcome such shortcomings, we develop a quantitative framework for sustainable manufacturing and illustrate its application for the automotive industry. Multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is utilized to combine the values of industry executives and decision makers with performance criteria of different car manufacturing materials (ferrous metals, aluminum, plastics, organic composites, and synthetic composites) Our results show how material alternatives in manufacturing can be quantitatively selected based on sustainability objectives. Additionally, we illustrate how sensitivity analyses are used to assess the robustness of the resulting alternative selection. Although this framework may be useful for decision makers in its current form, future applications might improve the model by choosing different or more specific alternatives, using objective performance scores supported by industry research, or by investigating a more diverse set of weight distributions representing dissimilar stakeholder values.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Stella Stoycheva", "Dayton Marchese", "Cameron Paul", "Sara Padoan", "Abdul-Salam Juhmani", "Igor Linkov"], "n_citations": 63, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 201234686, "title": "Green supplier selection using multi criterion decision making under fuzzy environment: A case study in automotive industry", "abstract": "Abstract In the past few decades, it has been widely observed that environmental awareness is continuously increasing among people, stakeholders, and governments. However, rigorous environmental rules and policies pushed organizations to accept affirmative changes like green supply chain management practices in their processes of the supply chain. Selection of green supplier is a tedious task and comprises a lot of challenges starting from evaluation to their final selection, which is experienced by supplier management professionals. The development and implementation of practical decision making tools that seek to address these challenges are rapidly evolving. In the present work, the evaluation of a set of suppliers is primarily based on both conventional and environmental criteria. This work proposes a multi criteria decision making (MCDM) based framework that is used to evaluate green supplier selection by using an integrated fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with the other three techniques namely MABAC \"Multi Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison\" WASPAS \"Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment\" and TOPSIS \"Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal Solution\" Initially, six green supplier selection environmental criteria (Environmental management system, green image, staff environment training, eco design, pollution control, and resource consumption) and three conventional criteria (price, quality and service level) have been identified through literature review and expert's opinions to employ MCDM approach. A real world case study of the automotive industry in India is deliberated to exhibit the proposed framework applicability. From AHP findings, 'Environment management system' 'Pollution control' 'Quality' and 'Green image' have been ranked as the topmost four green supplier selection criteria. Besides, the consistency test was performed to check the uniformity of the expert's input whereas the 'robustness' of the approach was tested by performing sensitivity analysis. The results illustrate that the applied fuzzy hybrid methods reach common green supplier rankings. Moreover, out of the four green supplier's alternatives, supplier number 'one' got the highest rank. This shows that the applied models are robust in nature. Further, this study relinquishes a single platform for the selection of green supplier under fuzzy environment. The applied methodology and its analysis will provide insight to decision makers of supplier selection. It may aid decision makers and the procurement department not only to differentiate the significant green supplier selection criteria but also to assess the most efficient green supplier in the supply chain in the global market.", "venue": "Comput. Ind. Eng.", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Shubham Gupta", "Umang Soni", "Girish Kumar"], "n_citations": 52, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 169540698, "title": "Gap analysis study on the compliance of automotive standard IATF 16949 based on internal quality audit score in automotive industry", "abstract": "In August 2016, IATF issued the new requirement of quality management system IATF 16949. With these new requirements, the automotive industry that is willing to migrate to the new version will face some challenges. The main challenge comes from the need to re map the business processes that are needed for the internal audit. The other challenges are the readiness of the quality of the internal auditors, measure gaps, and predict the success of the certification audits. This research is based on a case study at one of the automotive manufacturing company. A framework for measuring the gap analysis of the compliance based on the automotive standards requirements (IATF 16949: 2016) through an internal quality audit score has presented in this research. The analysis has done by using a turtle diagram for risk analysis and follows by a survey on an internal quality auditor's perception. Based on the analysis, it can be determined which processes need to be audited. The research has found that there are 32 processes in the company which is needed to be an audit. The survey has indicated that internal quality auditor is ready with the new requirement of the quality management system. The internal audit's result with a weighted score shows the level that can be achieved by the company to fulfill the standard IATF 16949:2016. The gap that has shown in the spider chart depicts that an automotive manufacturing company will be able to passe the certification audit.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Tulus Puji Ruswanto", "D S Saroso"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 116827776, "title": "An Analysis of the state of the Project Management Maturity in Automotive Industry", "abstract": "Extensive research about the utility of Project Management has already been accomplished in various sorts of industries such as construction, engineering, and information technology, and these larger industry sectors have been able to increase the value of organizational processes with the application of formalized project management methods. These organizations have also seen that improved project success can result in fewer business disruptions, allowing them to concentrate on their primary objectives. Not only are organizations benefiting from using project management for building products and delivering solutions for external clients, but internally the value of project management for the control of project delivery and execution has been improved. In Auto industry, though it started very late, but a lot of work has already been done in Japanese, North American and European car industries. Toyota, Chrysler and Renault have defined history in creating specialized PM knowledge. However not much work has been observed in OEMs that is constituted majorly by small and medium sized auto industry. Therefore, it is reasonably important to track the level of maturity and direction of Project Management implementation in the said sector. Survey research methodology was selected as the research methodology and a survey questionnaire was developed after consulting industry, university and a PM standardization body. Finalized Questionnaire was sent to the companies and responses were analyzed after statistical representation of data received. Data analysis revealed that implementation of Project Management practices in automotive sector is in the mid way and is tactical in nature. Car makers are happy by the results produced by PM techniques in implementation of various other management methodologies and are satisfied with the outcome whenever and in whatever capacity PM was used. Project management also helped the organizations to improve their repute in the market and in attaining competitive edge over competitors. Automotive companies have shown their resolve to further strengthen PM practices in future and convinced to share their experience and knowledge about PM implementation with rest of the industry stakeholders to help creation of new knowledge.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Muhammad Imran"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199723382, "title": "How can the lack of impactful change in electrification of the German automotive industry be explained", "abstract": "The electrification process poses a challenge to the German automotive industry as well as the state. During this thesis, the process of electrification of traffic, as well as the challenges, which this transition brings for the involved stakeholders, are presented. By qualitatively analysing the behaviour of the involved parties, the different strategies pursued during this technological transition are shown. The strategy of the German automotive industry is elaborated by thoroughly analysing secondary data in forms of position papers of the automotive industry. In order to parse the strategy of the EU and German policymakers, primary data in forms of policy papers is analysed. Those analyses show the state as well as the automotive sector being in a complicated situation regarding the electrification of traffic. The analysis shows that European policymakers had little innovative policy input as well as a non cooperating automotive industry, concerning climate protection. Contrasted to Norway, little innovative policy approaches were made, which leads to the current low rates of electrification.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Junes Koohestanian"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 169588559, "title": "A new maturity model for project risk management in the automotive industry", "abstract": "Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present a new maturity model for the assessment and on going management of project risk management capability in the automotive industry. Design/methodology/approach: The research design is based on a multi project case study analysis in a major German automotive company. The approach is qualitative and inductive, using 12 in depth interviews with major stakeholders in the project management function in the company to provide data for the construction of the initial maturity model. This model is then verified and refined via an on line survey and three follow up interviews. Findings: The findings provide material for the construction of a new maturity model that can be used for the assessment of project risk management capability and as a tool for on going monitoring and improvement. The model is structured around four dimensions of risk management identification, assessment, allocation and appetite and has four maturity stages rudimentary, intermediate, standardised and corporate. Research limitations/implications: The model is based on a detailed analysis of in depth interview material in a specific industry sector. It can be used as a basis for similar research in other industries. Originality/value: The model adds to existing risk management maturity models and is unique in being specific to the automotive industry. It can be used by risk and project managers, and can also be adapted to other industry sectors. Keywords risk management; project risk management; centricity; risk identification and assessment; risk ownership and appetite; maturity model; centricity. Paper type: Research paper.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Jose Irizar", "Martin George Wynn"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Inferring lockstep behavior from connectivity pattern in large graphs", "session_id": 986900707413979, "user_id": 4753957018268050, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 10069240, "title": "Inferring lockstep behavior from connectivity pattern in large graphs", "abstract": "Given multimillion node graphs such as \"who follows whom\" \"patent cites patent\" \"user likes page\" and \"actor/director makes movie\" networks, how can we find unexpected behaviors? When companies operate on the graphs with monetary incentives to sell Twitter \"Followers\" and Facebook page \"Likes\" the graphs show strange connectivity patterns. In this paper, we study a complete graph from a large Twitter style social network, spanning up to 3.33 billion edges. We report strange deviations from typical patterns like smooth degree distributions. We find that such deviations are often due to \"lockstep behavior\" that large groups of followers connect to the same groups of followees. Our first contribution is that we study strange patterns on the adjacency matrix and in the spectral subspaces with respect to several flavors of lockstep. We discover that (a) the lockstep behaviors on the graph shape dense \"block\" in its adjacency matrix and creates \"rays\" in spectral subspaces, and (b) partially overlapping of the behaviors shape \"staircase\" in its adjacency matrix and creates \"pearls\" in spectral subspaces. The second contribution is that we provide a fast algorithm, using the discovery as a guide for practitioners, to detect users who offer the lockstep behaviors in undirected/directed/bipartite graphs. We carry out extensive experiments on both synthetic and real datasets, as well as public datasets from IMDb and US Patent. The results demonstrate the scalability and effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.", "venue": "Knowledge and Information Systems", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Meng Jiang", "Peng Cui", "Alex Beutel", "Christos Faloutsos", "Shiqiang Yang"], "n_citations": 39, "n_key_citations": 5, "score": 2}, {"corpus_id": 16690077, "title": "Inferring Strange Behavior from Connectivity Pattern in Social Networks", "abstract": "Given a multimillion node social network, how can we summarize connectivity pattern from the data, and how can we find unexpected user behavior? In this paper we study a complete graph from a large who follows whom network and spot lockstep behavior that large groups of followers connect to the same groups of followees. Our first contribution is that we study strange patterns on the adjacency matrix and in the spectral subspaces with respect to several flavors of lockstep. We discover that (a) the lockstep behavior on the graph shapes dense \"block\" in its adjacency matrix and creates \"ray\" in spectral subspaces, and (b) partially overlapping of the behavior shapes \"staircase\" in the matrix and creates \"pearl\" in the subspaces. The second contribution is that we provide a fast algorithm, using the discovery as a guide for practitioners, to detect users who offer the lockstep behavior. We demonstrate that our approach is effective on both synthetic and real data.", "venue": "PAKDD", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Meng Jiang", "Peng Cui", "Alex Beutel", "Christos Faloutsos", "Shiqiang Yang"], "n_citations": 71, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 1985429, "title": "CatchSync: catching synchronized behavior in large directed graphs", "abstract": "Given a directed graph of millions of nodes, how can we automatically spot anomalous, suspicious nodes, judging only from their connectivity patterns? Suspicious graph patterns show up in many applications, from Twitter users who buy fake followers, manipulating the social network, to botnet members performing distributed denial of service attacks, disturbing the network traffic graph. We propose a fast and effective method, CatchSync, which exploits two of the tell tale signs left in graphs by fraudsters: (a) synchronized behavior: suspicious nodes have extremely similar behavior pattern, because they are often required to perform some task together (such as follow the same user) and (b) rare behavior: their connectivity patterns are very different from the majority. We introduce novel measures to quantify both concepts \"synchronicity\" and \"normality\" and we propose a parameter free algorithm that works on the resulting synchronicity normality plots. Thanks to careful design, CatchSync has the following desirable properties: (a) it is scalable to large datasets, being linear on the graph size; (b) it is parameter free; and (c) it is side information oblivious: it can operate using only the topology, without needing labeled data, nor timing information, etc. while still capable of using side information, if available. We applied CatchSync on two large, real datasets 1 billion edge Twitter social graph and 3 billion edge Tencent Weibo social graph, and several synthetic ones; CatchSync consistently outperforms existing competitors, both in detection accuracy by 36% on Twitter and 20% on Tencent Weibo, as well as in speed.", "venue": "KDD", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Meng Jiang", "Peng Cui", "Alex Beutel", "Christos Faloutsos", "Shiqiang Yang"], "n_citations": 151, "n_key_citations": 10, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 18801049, "title": "Catching Synchronized Behaviors in Large Networks", "abstract": "Given a directed graph of millions of nodes, how can we automatically spot anomalous, suspicious nodes judging only from their connectivity patterns? Suspicious graph patterns show up in many applications, from Twitter users who buy fake followers, manipulating the social network, to botnet members performing distributed denial of service attacks, disturbing the network traffic graph. We propose a fast and effective method, CatchSync, which exploits two of the tell tale signs left in graphs by fraudsters: (a) synchronized behavior: suspicious nodes have extremely similar behavior patterns because they are often required to perform some task together (such as follow the same user) and (b) rare behavior: their connectivity patterns are very different from the majority. We introduce novel measures to quantify both concepts \"synchronicity\" and \"normality\" and we propose a parameter free algorithm that works on the resulting synchronicity normality plots. Thanks to careful design, CatchSync has the following desirable properties: (a) it is scalable to large datasets, being linear in the graph size; (b) it is parameter free; and (c) it is side information oblivious: it can operate using only the topology, without needing labeled data, nor timing information, and the like. while still capable of using side information if available. We applied CatchSync on three large, real datasets, 1 billion edge Twitter social graph, 3 billion edge, and 12 billion edge Tencent Weibo social graphs, and several synthetic ones; CatchSync consistently outperforms existing competitors, both in detection accuracy by 36% on Twitter and 20% on Tencent Weibo, as well as in speed.", "venue": "ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Meng Jiang", "Peng Cui", "Alex Beutel", "Christos Faloutsos", "Shiqiang Yang"], "n_citations": 56, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 204960393, "title": "Mining Anomalies using Static and Dynamic Graphs", "abstract": "Data generated in a multitude of diverse contexts today have relational and temporal characteristics, with multiple entities interacting with each other and also evolving over time. Examples range from e commerce logs to online social networks to the internet of things. Our thesis addresses the problem of detecting and predicting anomalies deviations from usual patterns in such settings. Anomalies often encode suspicious, fraudulent or malicious behavior. They do not just influence users into making sub optimal decisions but also steadily erode their trust in businesses. As such, algorithms to detect ongoing anomalies and warn against upcoming anomalies have high impact for businesses and end users alike. In the first part of the thesis, we focus on the case where only static connectivity information is known, and the goal is to infer labels for vertices, e.g. whether a user account is honest or fraudulent, from limited labeled data. Our completed work broadens the scope of literature by handling heterogeneous graphs, and leveraging label uncertainty for more accurate vertex labeling. In the second part of the thesis, we mine anomalies from data where the connectivity evolves over time. Our primary focus here is on real time detection and early warning so as to enable timely corrective or preventive measures against anomalies. Our completed work can detect anomalous dense subgraphs and edges in near real time, by only storing a small synopsis of the graph seen so far and requiring no supervision. We also show how to early warn against user labeled anomalies in the presence of confounding interventions. As part of ongoing and future work, we will continue to push on both fronts by investigating the importance of higher order structures for vertex labeling and characterizing the anomalousness of any given graph substructure or motif.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Dhivya Eswaran"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 207207305, "title": "Effective connectivity inferred from fMRI transition dynamics during movie viewing points to a balanced reconfiguration of cortical interactions", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Our behavior entails a flexible and context sensitive interplay between brain areas to integrate information according to goal directed requirements. However, the neural mechanisms governing the entrainment of functionally specialized brain areas remain poorly understood. In particular, the question arises whether observed changes in the regional activity for different cognitive conditions are explained by modifications of the inputs to the brain or its connectivity? We observe that transitions of fMRI activity between areas convey information about the tasks performed by 19 subjects, watching a movie versus a black screen (rest) We use a model based framework that explains this spatiotemporal functional connectivity pattern by the local variability for 66 cortical regions and the network effective connectivity between them. We find that, among the estimated model parameters, movie viewing affects to a larger extent the local activity, which we interpret as extrinsic changes related to the increased stimulus load. However, detailed changes in the effective connectivity preserve a balance in the propagating activity and select specific pathways such that high level brain regions integrate visual and auditory information, in particular boosting the communication between the two brain hemispheres. These findings speak to a dynamic coordination underlying the functional integration in the brain.", "venue": "NeuroImage", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Matthieu Gilson", "Gustavo Deco", "Karl J Friston", "Patric Hagmann", "Dante Mantini", "Viviana Betti", "Gian Luca Romani", "Maurizio Corbetta"], "n_citations": 33, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 198262521, "title": "Unsupervised decoding of single trial EEG reveals unique states of functional brain connectivity that drive rapid speech categorization decisions", "abstract": "Categorical perception (CP) is an inherent property of speech perception. The response time (RT) of listeners' perceptual speech identification are highly sensitive to individual differences. While the neural correlates of CP have been well studied in terms of the regional contributions of the brain to behavior, functional connectivity patterns that signify individual differences in listeners' speed (RT) for speech categorization is less clear. To address these questions, we applied several computational approaches to the EEG including graph mining, machine learning (i.e. support vector machine) and stability selection to investigate the unique brain states (functional neural connectivity) that predict the speed of listeners' behavioral decisions. We infer that (i) the listeners' perceptual speed is directly related to dynamic variations in their brain connectomics, (ii) global network assortativity and efficiency distinguished fast, medium, and slow RT, (iii) the functional network underlying speeded decisions increases in negative assortativity (i.e. became disassortative) for slower RTs, (iv) slower categorical speech decisions cause excessive use of neural resources and more aberrant information flow within the CP circuitry, (v) slower perceivers tended to utilize functional brain networks excessively (or inappropriately) whereas fast perceivers (with lower global efficiency) utilized the same neural pathways but with more restricted organization. Our results showed that neural classifiers (SVM) coupled with stability selection correctly classify behavioral RTs from functional connectivity alone with over 90% accuracy (AUC=0.9) Our results corroborate previous studies by confirming the engagement of similar temporal (STG) parietal, motor, and prefrontal regions in CP using an entirely data driven approach.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Rakib Al-Fahad", "Mohammed Yeasin", "Gavin M Bidelman"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 23426935, "title": "Identifying Functional Connectivity in Large Scale Neural Ensemble Recordings: A Multiscale Data Mining Approach", "abstract": "Identifying functional connectivity between neuronal elements is an essential first step toward understanding how the brain orchestrates information processing at the single cell and population levels to carry out biological computations. This letter suggests a new approach to identify functional connectivity between neuronal elements from their simultaneously recorded spike trains. In particular, we identify clusters of neurons that exhibit functional interdependency over variable spatial and temporal patterns of interaction. We represent neurons as objects in a graph and connect them using arbitrarily defined similarity measures calculated across multiple timescales. We then use a probabilistic spectral clustering algorithm to cluster the neurons in the graph by solving a minimum graph cut optimization problem. Using point process theory to model population activity, we demonstrate the robustness of the approach in tracking a broad spectrum of neuronal interaction, from synchrony to rate co modulation, by systematically varying the length of the firing history interval and the strength of the connecting synapses that govern the discharge pattern of each neuron. We also demonstrate how activity dependent plasticity can be tracked and quantified in multiple network topologies built to mimic distinct behavioral contexts. We compare the performance to classical approaches to illustrate the substantial gain in performance.", "venue": "Neural Computation", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Seif Eldawlatly", "Rong Jin", "Karim G Oweiss"], "n_citations": 79, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 54057863, "title": "Improved Community Detection using Deep Embeddings from Multilayer Graphs", "abstract": "Community detection is a challenging, yet crucial, problem while mining large scale graph structured data. Most existing approaches solve this problem by mapping nodes into a vector space and performing unsupervised learning with the resulting embeddings. In cases where multiple types of connectivity patterns exist for the set of nodes, commonly modeled as multilayer graphs, new strategies are required to model the inter layer dependencies in order to perform effective inferencing. In this paper, we focus on learning embeddings for each node of a multilayer graph through neural modeling techniques, such that the complex dependencies can be concisely encoded into low dimensional representations. Referred to as multilayer graph embeddings, these representations can be utilized for discovering community structure in a scalable fashion, even with a large number of layers. Furthermore, in order to ensure that the semantics that persist over a longer range in the network are well modeled, we propose to refine the multilayer embeddings via a proxy clustering loss and a graph modularity measure. Using real world datasets, we demonstrate that this algorithm generates scalable and robust representations, and outperforms existing multilayer community detection approaches. Introduction Community Detection in Multilayer Graphs: Graphs are natural data structures to represent relational data, and hence modeling and inferencing with graph structured data have become central to a wide range of applications, such as social network analysis (Eagle and Pentland 2006) recommendation systems (Rao et al. 2015) neurological modeling (Fornito, Zalesky, and Breakspear 2013) etc. Though some of these applications require supervised or semi supervised learning formulations, mining large networks to identify cohesive clusters of densely connected nodes is a highly prevalent idea in the graph mining literature (Blondel et al. 2008; Kim and Lee 2015) Referred to as community detection, this unsupervised learning problem is most commonly addressed by mapping nodes into a vector space and performing clustering using the resulting embeddings (Dong et al. 2012; *This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE AC52 07NA27344. Copyright c (c) 2019, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org) All rights reserved. Ding, Lin, and Ishwar 2016; Yang et al. 2016) These latent low dimensional embeddings can be inferred by optimizing with a variety of measures that describe the network structure examples include decomposition of the graph Laplacian matrix (Ng, Jordan, and Weiss 2002) stochastic factorization of the adjacency matrix (Ahmed et al. 2013; Tang et al. 2015) and decomposition of the modularity matrix (Newman 2006; Chen, Kuzmin, and Szymanski 2014; Yang et al. 2016) etc. Until recently, the majority of existing work has focused on discovering community structure from a single network. However, with the emergence of multiview network data in real world scenarios, commonly represented as multilayer graphs, community detection has become more challenging. In general, multilayer graphs provide complementary views of connectivity patterns for the same set of nodes, thus requiring the need to model complex dependency structure across the views. The heterogeneity in the relationships, while providing richer information, makes statistical inferencing challenging. Furthermore, the varying levels of sparsity in different layers and the inherent uncertainties in neighborhoods, e.g. noisy edges or outliers, add to the complexity of this problem. Existing work on community detection from multilayer graphs can be broadly categorized into (a) methods that obtain a consensus community structure by fusing information from different layers and producing a single community label for the set of corresponding nodes (Dong et al. 2012; Dong et al. 2014; Kim, Lee, and Lim 2017; Tagarelli, Amelio, and Gullo 2017) and (b) methods that infer a separate embedding for a node in every layer, while exploiting the inter layer dependencies, and produce multiple potential community associations for each node (Mucha et al. 2010; Bazzi et al. 2016) In this paper, we address the problem of building effective latent embeddings for nodes on every layer from multilayer graph data, and our approach falls in the latter category. Constructing Node Embeddings: At their core, node embedding approaches attempt to identify low rank representations that can best represent the network topology. Despite their broad applicability, several of these approaches produce linear embeddings for nodes, naturally motivating the use of deep neural networks to potentially produce more expressive, non linear embeddings. Consequently, stacked graph auto encoder style solutions have been proposed ar X iv :1 81 1. 12 15 6v 1 cs .S I] 2 0 Se p 20 18 (Yang et al. 2016) that directly transform the objective measure (e.g. modularity matrix) into an undercomplete representation through a reconstruction cost. In addition to producing non linear mappings, deep learning approaches enable the use of robust reconstruction losses in lieu of a simple `2 measure (Thiagarajan et al. 2016) and supports the inclusion of additional prior constraints on community structure (Yang et al. 2016) A known limitation of node embedding techniques has been their scalability (e.g. Eigen value decomposition) with large scale graphs, and this issue persists even with graph autoencoders. In order to combat this limitation, recent approaches, such as DeepWalk (Perozzi, Al Rfou, and Skiena 2014) and Node2Vec (Grover and Leskovec 2016) have resorted to a distributional hypothesis, popularly adopted in language modeling (Harris 1954) where co occurrence of two nodes in short random walks implies a strong notion of semantic similarity. As a result, by extending highly scalable neural embedding techniques such as Word2Vec (Mikolov et al. 2013) to the construction of node embeddings, one can obtain state of the art results in community detection with single layer graphs. Proposed Work: In this paper, we develop a novel scalable technique for obtaining deep node embeddings from multilayer graphs. We show that a naive extension of DeepWalk to the multilayer case, that performs independent random walks on each of the layers, can be worse than even simple baselines, thus emphasizing the need to explicitly model dependencies across the different layers. Consequently, we propose to parameterize virtual edges to allow information flow between layers. Furthermore, the premise of using short random walks to infer the underlying semantic structure relies on the assumption that the networks are highly sparse and the node co occurrences follow a power law. However, by allowing inter layer edges, that assumption can be violated in cases where the semantics can persist over even longer walks. We address this challenge by including a refinement stage, where the multilayer embeddings are finetuned to produce more cohesive communities. In particular, we use entropy based proxy clustering cost and modularity based refinement. We show that the proposed approach is highly effective for as many as 37 layers and it outperforms existing approaches for multilayer community detection. Mathematical Preliminaries Definitions: A single layer undirected, unweighted graph is represented by G (V, E) where V denotes the set of nodes with cardinality |V| N and E denotes the set of edges. The goal of embedding techniques is to generate latent representations, X RNxd, where d is the desired number of latent dimensions. A multilayer graph is represented using a set of L inter dependent graphs G (V, E) for l 1, L, where there exists a node mapping between every pair of layers to indicate which vertices in one graph correspond to vertices in the other. Deep Embeddings for Network Analysis: The scalability challenge of factorization techniques has motivated the use of deep learning methods to obtain node embeddings. The earliest work to report results on this direction was the DeepWalk algorithm by Perozzi et al. (Perozzi, Al Rfou, and Skiena 2014) Interestingly, it draws analogy between node sequences generated by short random walks on graphs and sentences in a document corpus. Given this formulation, the authors utilize popular language modeling tools to obtain latent representations for the nodes (Mikolov et al. 2013) Let us consider a simple metric walkWt in step t, which is rooted at the vertex vi. The transition probability between the nodes vi and vj can be expressed as P (Wt+1 vj |Wt vi) h(|xi xj||2/s) (1) where |xi xj||2 indicates the similarity metric between the two vertices in the latent space to be recovered and h is a linking function that connects the vertex similarity to the actual co occurrence probability. With appropriate choice of the walk length, the true metric can be recovered accurately from the co occurrence statistics constructed using random walks. Furthermore, the authors note that the frequency in which vertices appear in the short random walks follows a power law distribution, similar to words in natural language. Given a length S sequence of words, (w0, w1, wS 1) wherews denotes a word in the vocabulary, neural word embeddings attempt to obtain vector spaces that can recover the likelihood of observing a word given its context, i.e. P (ws|w0, w1, ws 1) over all sequences. Extending this idea to the case of graphs, a random walk on the nodes, starting from node vi, produces the sequence analogous to sentences in language data. Modularity based Community Detection: A popular measure used in community detection algorithms is the modularity function Q (Newman 2006) defined as the difference between the number of edges within cohesive communities and the expected number of", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Huan Song", "Jayaraman J Thiagarajan"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 209314283, "title": "Decoding of single trial EEG reveals unique states of functional brain connectivity that drive rapid speech categorization decisions.", "abstract": "Categorical perception (CP) is an inherent property of speech perception. The response time (RT) of listeners' perceptual speech identification is highly sensitive to individual differences. While the neural correlates of CP have been well studied in terms of the regional contributions of the brain to behavior, functional connectivity patterns that signify individual differences in listeners' speed (RT) for speech categorization is less clear. To address these questions, we applied several computational approaches to the EEG, including graph mining, machine learning (i.e. support vector machine) and stability selection to investigate the unique brain states (functional neural connectivity) that predict the speed of listeners' behavioral decisions. We infer that (i) the listeners' perceptual speed is directly related to dynamic variations in their brain connectomics, (ii) global network assortativity and efficiency distinguished fast, medium, and slow RT, (iii) the functional network underlying speeded decisions increases in negative assortativity (i.e. became disassortative) for slower RTs, (iv) slower categorical speech decisions cause excessive use of neural resources and more aberrant information flow within the CP circuitry, (v) slower responders tended to utilize functional brain networks excessively (or inappropriately) whereas fast responders (with lower global efficiency) utilized the same neural pathways but with more restricted organization. Our results showed that neural classifiers (SVM) coupled with stability selection correctly classify behavioral RTs from functional connectivity alone with over 92% accuracy (AUC=0.9) Our results corroborate previous studies by supporting the engagement of similar temporal (STG) parietal, motor, and prefrontal regions in CP using an entirely data driven approach.", "venue": "Journal of neural engineering", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Rakib Al-Fahad", "Mohammed Yeasin", "Gavin M Bidelman"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Buddhism after mao", "session_id": 2255795081427968, "user_id": 5901516120075555, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 225816141, "title": "Buddhism after Mao: Negotiations, Continuities and Reinventions Edited by Ji Zhe, Gareth Fisher and Andre Laliberte Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2019 viii 355 pp. $72.00 ISBN 978 0 8248 7734 7", "abstract": "", "venue": "The China Quarterly", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Natasha Heller"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 229191187, "title": "Buddhism after Mao: Negotiations, Continuities, and Reinventions, edited by Ji Zhe, Gareth Fisher, and Andre Laliberte", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Tzu-Lung Chiu"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 146991445, "title": "Buddhism Under Mao", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 1972.0, "author_names": ["Holmes H Welch"], "n_citations": 56, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 171306684, "title": "Recovering Buddhism in Modern China", "abstract": "AcknowledgmentsIntroductionPart I: Republican Era Modernity1. Buddhist Activism, Urban Space, and Ambivalent Modernity in 1920s Shanghai, by J. Brooks Jessup2. Buddhism and the Modern Epistemic Space: Buddhist Intellectuals in the Science and Philosophy of Life Debates, by Erik J. Hammerstrom3. A Revolution of Ink: Chinese Buddhist Periodicals in the Early Republic, by Gregory Adam ScottPart II: Midcentury War and Revolution4. Resurrecting Xuanzang: The Modern Travels of a Medieval Monk, by Benjamin Brose5. Buddhist Efforts for the Reconciliation of Buddhism and Marxism in the Early Years of the People's Republic of China, by Xue Yu6. The Communist Dismantling of Temple and Monastic Buddhism in Suzhou, by Jan KielyPart III: Contemporary Social Practice7. Mapping Religious Difference: Lay Buddhist Textual Communities in the Post Mao Period, by Gareth Fisher8. \"Receiving Prayer Beads\" A Lay Buddhist Ritual Performed by Menopausal Women in Ninghua, Western Fujian, by Neky Tak ching CheungBibliographyList of ContributorsIndex", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Jan Kiely", "J Brooks Jessup"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 148186786, "title": "Chinese Buddhism as a Social Force", "abstract": "This article examines the level of religious mobilization of Buddhism in post Mao China and explores the potential of Buddhism for reconfiguring the relationships between religion, state, and society. In the first part, with existing data, three aspects of the ongoing Buddhist revival are measured: the number of lay Buddhists, the size and composition of sangha (Buddhist clergy) and the number and geographical repartition of monasteries. In the second part, the author analyzes three possible roles that Buddhism may play in Chinese public life, which are, respectively, a spiritual reference for political protest, a source of civil religion, and an element of the state's soft power. The author argues that although Buddhism has become a basic system of symbolic reference for 10 to 20 percent of the Chinese adult population, it is politically conservative and contributes little to changing the existing social structure and power relations", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Zhe Ji"], "n_citations": 17, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 142281151, "title": "BUDDHISM: RETHINKING SEXUAL MISCONDUCT", "abstract": "Man has actively engaged in creating religions ever since the beginning of humankind. Religion, reversely, creates an illusory reality for man to live in, which sets its systematic moral sanction that can be rendered a double edge sword: one edge works as moral enhancement and the other what I call moral terrorism, derived from the dominant moral claim and the fear of inability or failure to fulfill. This article explores under the revival of Buddhism in post Mao China, how the dominant interpretation of sexual misconduct has, instead of functioning as initially intended, victimized women and queer bodies, pushing them to the forefront of moral criticism. Through textual analysis and sociological approach, the article attempts to give an up to date interpretation to sexual misconduct, largely not only helping man, oftentimes stuck in such a dilemma, abstain from growing materialism but liberate from fear created by man himself.", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Huai Bao"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 146958425, "title": "The Chinese Buddhist Ecology in Post Mao China: Contours, Types and Dynamics", "abstract": "The author delineates the configuration of the Chinese Buddhist ecology in post Mao China by focusing on three major types of religious actor found in the ecology. She spells out how the interactions between the internal characteristics of religious groups and external structural conditions have shaped the development patterns of groups in each type. First, the dominant Buddhist temples, which enjoy state recognition, have been beset by the hollowing out process. Second, the type of Buddhist groups with ambiguous legal status has been growing vigorously in the interstices of the current Chinese socio political structure but faces uncertainties. An array of actors and forms, including self appointed monks and the mixed form of Buddhism and popular religion, exist on the fringe of institutional Buddhism and constitute the third type. Within this type, the syncretic sects, receiving censure from both the state and the Buddhist establishment, are forced to operate underground.", "venue": "", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["Sun Yanfei"], "n_citations": 19, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 144863880, "title": "The Central Position of the Shan/Tai Buddhism for the Socio Political Development of Wa and Kayah Peoples", "abstract": "This paper concerns work I have done on the China Burma border between 2001 and 2007, with background of work with Shan both in Burma and in North Western Thailand. It will be about the place of the Shan and their Buddhism in the network of ethnic and trade relations on this border. It will raise questions about Shan Monastic traditions. On the one hand I have worked on the nature of Wa (Pirok) Theravada Buddhism and the history of the Wa 'kingdom' of Ban Hong, and the Shan have played a central role as source of knowledge about Buddhism and of kingship, providing models of both for these Wa. A number of interesting questions arise about the Shan sources of models of Buddhist monastic organisation here; and it is quite clear that Wa 'kingship' was based upon the Shan notion of a Caofa or Cao Mang. The second focus (during most of 2003, mostly at Ruili/Meng Mao) has been the cross border, inter ethnic trade system chiefly in gemstones and jade. In this context the Shan have played a central role as what an.", "venue": "", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Chit Su Hlaing"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 145177982, "title": "Buddhism and Christianity: Rivals and Allies", "abstract": "Diverse worldviews in today's world contrasts and comparisons between Buddhism and Christianity Buddhism in the context of Chinese religion and philosophy meditation in the two traditions Nirvana versus God Hua yen, Buddhism and modern Japanese thought new Christian interpretations science, liberalism and religion continuities and discontinuities between Mao Zedong thought and the traditional religions of China Buddhism, Christianity complementarity? Buddhism, Christianity and other religions towards a higher order agreement on worldviews the coming victory of pluralism. Appendix: the Western meaning of Eastern philosophies.", "venue": "", "year": 1993.0, "author_names": ["Ninian Smart"], "n_citations": 21, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 59393123, "title": "The Protection and Development of Guizhou Ethnic Characteristic Culture from the Perspective of Ecological Civilization On the Experience and Enlightenment of Buddhist Cultural Localization", "abstract": "Since the late Han Dynasty was introduced into China, Buddhism has quickly harmonized with local Confucian and Taoist culture in the fields of religion, art and literature by adhering to great compassion for all the common people and equality of all living creatures, to the extraordinary ideological level of detachment from secular world and the pursuit of peace, happiness and wisdom. After two thousand years spread, inheritance, development and evolution, Buddhism gradually integrated into the local culture, converged and formed the trinity culture pattern of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, which highlights the value concept of pluralism and the spirit of tolerance of coexistence of Chinese traditional culture. On the one hand, the active guide of Buddhism for people's yearning for the value pursuit of peace, happiness and wisdom, equality, and the reflections on life of equality of all living creatures and cause and effect transmigration are intrinsically in accordance with the harmonious development between people and nature, economic construction and environmental protection advocated by ecological civilization, which conforms to the value concept of sustainable economic and social development and exerts the important enlightenment significance to the protection of Guizhou ethnic characteristic culture under the background of urbanization. On the other hand, the experience and practice of localization of Buddhist culture exert the vital significance to the development of Guizhou ethnic characteristic culture under the background of urbanization.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Jin-Ru Mao", "Bowen Zhang"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "safety in neighborhoods", "session_id": 3323277646110868, "user_id": 399276823977584, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 17972809, "title": "Neighborhoods and health", "abstract": "Features of neighborhoods or residential environments may affect health and contribute to social and race/ethnic inequalities in health. The study of neighborhood health effects has grown exponentially over the past 15 years. This chapter summarizes key work in this area with a particular focus on chronic disease outcomes (specifically obesity and related risk factors) and mental health (specifically depression and depressive symptoms) Empirical work is classified into two main eras: studies that use census proxies and studies that directly measure neighborhood attributes using a variety of approaches. Key conceptual and methodological challenges in studying neighborhood health effects are reviewed. Existing gaps in knowledge and promising new directions in the field are highlighted.", "venue": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Ana V Diez Roux", "Christina F Mair"], "n_citations": 1987, "n_key_citations": 131, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 9277333, "title": "The neighborhoods they live in: the effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes.", "abstract": "This article provides a comprehensive review of research on the effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent well being. The first section reviews key methodological issues. The following section considers links between neighborhood characteristics and child outcomes and suggests the importance of high socioeconomic status (SES) for achievement and low SES and residential instability for behavioral/emotional outcomes. The third section identifies 3 pathways (institutional resources, relationships, and norms/collective efficacy) through which neighborhoods might influence development, and which represent an extension of models identified by C. Jencks and S. Mayer (1990) and R. J. Sampson (1992) The models provide a theoretical base for studying neighborhood mechanisms and specify different levels (individual, family, school, peer, community) at which processes may operate. Implications for an emerging developmental framework for research on neighborhoods are discussed.", "venue": "Psychological bulletin", "year": 2000.0, "author_names": ["Tama Leventhal", "Jeanne Brooks-Gunn"], "n_citations": 3092, "n_key_citations": 205, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 17153821, "title": "Neighborhood based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVES This study evaluated a neighborhood environment survey and compared the physical activity and weight status of the residents in 2 neighborhoods. METHODS On 2 occasions, 107 adults from neighborhoods with differing \"walkability\" were selected to complete a survey on their neighborhood environment. Physical activity was assessed by self report and by accelerometer; height and weight were assessed by self report. RESULTS Neighborhood environment characteristics had moderate to high test retest reliabilities. Residents of high walkability neighborhoods reported higher residential density, land use mix, street connectivity, aesthetics, and safety. They had more than 70 more minutes of physical activity and had lower obesity prevalence (adjusted for individual demographics) than did residents of low walkability neighborhoods. CONCLUSIONS The reliability and validity of self reported neighborhood environment subscales were supported. Neighborhood environment was associated with physical activity and overweight prevalence.", "venue": "American journal of public health", "year": 2003.0, "author_names": ["Brian E Saelens", "James F Sallis", "Jennifer B Black", "Diana Chen"], "n_citations": 1675, "n_key_citations": 125, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 146392027, "title": "Neighborhoods and health", "abstract": "1. Introduction 2. Neighbourhoods and Health: An Overview PART I: METHODOLOGICAL AND CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO STUDYING NEIGHBOURHOOD EFFECTS ON HEALTH 3. The examination of neighbourhood effects on health: Conceptual and methodological issues related to the presence of multiple levels of organization 4. Multilevel methods for public health research 5. The quantitative assessment of neighbourhood social environments 6. Neighbourhood level context and health: lessons from sociology 7. Geocoding and measurement of neighbourhood socioeconomic position: A U.S. perspective 8. Area based deprivation measures: A UK perspective PART II: NEIGHBOURHOODS AND HEALTH OUTCOMES 9. Neighbourhoods and infectious diseases 10. Infant health: Race, risk, and residence 11. Putting asthma into context: community influences on risk, behaviour, and intervention PART III: THE CONTOURS OF NEIGHBOURHOOD EFFECTS ON HEALTH 12. Residential segregation and health 13. Neighbourhoods and networks: The construction of safe places and bridges 14. Neighbourhoods, aging and functional limitations 15. Neighbourhoods, health research, and its relevance to public policy", "venue": "", "year": 2003.0, "author_names": ["Ichiro Kawachi", "Lisa F Berkman"], "n_citations": 831, "n_key_citations": 28, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 144936250, "title": "Do Neighborhoods Influence Child and Adolescent Development?", "abstract": "The effects of neighborhood characteristics on the development of children and adolescents are estimated, using two data sets, each of which contains information gathered about individual children and the families and neighborhoods in which they reside. There are reasonalby powerful neighborhood effects particularly effects of the presence of affluent neighbors on Childhood IQ, teenage births, and school leaving, even after the differences in the socioeconomic characteristics of families are adjusted for. The study finds that white teenagers benefit more from the presence of affluent neighbors than do black teenagers.", "venue": "American Journal of Sociology", "year": 1993.0, "author_names": ["Jeanne Brooks-Gunn", "Greg J Duncan", "Pamela Kato Klebanov", "Naomi Sealand"], "n_citations": 1669, "n_key_citations": 80, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3263276, "title": "Unsafe to Play? Neighborhood Disorder and Lack of Safety Predict Reduced Physical Activity among Urban Children and Adolescents", "abstract": "Purpose. Lack of physical activity is associated with increased risk of overweight and cardiovascular disease, conditions associated with lower socioeconomic status (SES) Associations between activity levels of urban youth and limited access to safe recreation areas in their neighborhoods of residence were investigated. Design. Analyses of data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, a multilevel longitudinal study of families and communities, are reported. Setting. Chicago, Illinois. Subjects. Individual level data were obtained from 1378 youth 11 to 16 years old and caregivers living in 80 neighborhood clusters. Neighborhood level data were collected from 8782 community residents and videotapes of 15,141 block faces. Measures. Parental estimates of hours youth spent in recreational programming were used to estimate physical activity. A scale of residents' assessment of neighborhood safety for children's play was created; disorder measures came from videotaped observations. Results. Physical activity averaged 2.7 hours/week (SD 5.0) varying significantly across neighborhoods. Using hierarchical linear regression, SES, age, and male gender, but not body mass index, were independently associated with physical activity. Lower neighborhood safety and social disorder were significantly associated with less activity, controlling for demographics. Conclusions. One mechanism for reduced physical activity among youth may be the influence of unsafe neighborhoods. Neighborhood interventions to increase safety and reduce disorder may be efficacious in increasing physical activity, thereby reducing risk of overweight and cardiovascular disease.", "venue": "American journal of health promotion AJHP", "year": 2004.0, "author_names": ["Beth E Molnar", "Steven L Gortmaker", "Fiona C Bull", "Stephen L Buka"], "n_citations": 506, "n_key_citations": 14, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 23854385, "title": "Perceived School and Neighborhood Safety, Neighborhood Violence and Academic Achievement in Urban School Children.", "abstract": "Community and school violence continue to be a major public health problem, especially among urban children and adolescents. Little research has focused on the effect of school safety and neighborhood violence on academic performance. This study examines the effect of the school and neighborhood climate on academic achievement among a population of 3(rd) 5(th) grade students in an urban public school system. Community and school safety were assessed using the School Climate Survey, an annual city wide assessment of student's perception of school and community safety. Community violence was measured using the Neighborhood Inventory for Environmental Typology, an objective observational assessment of neighborhood characteristics. Academic achievement was measured using the Maryland State Assessment (MSA) a standardized exam given to all Maryland 3(rd) 8(th) graders. School Climate Data and MSA data were aggregated by school and grade. Objective assessments of neighborhood environment and students' self reported school and neighborhood safety were both strongly associated with academic performance. Increasing neighborhood violence was associated with statistically significant decreases from 4.2% 8.7% in math and reading achievement; increasing perceived safety was associated with significant increases in achievement from 16% 22% These preliminary findings highlight the adverse impact of perceived safety and community violence exposure on primary school children's academic performance.", "venue": "The Urban review", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Milam Aj", "Furr-Holden Cdm", "Leaf Pj"], "n_citations": 123, "n_key_citations": 10, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 1265950, "title": "Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE This study provides a multivariate analysis of the availability of food store outlets in the US and associations with neighborhood characteristics on race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) METHOD Commercial food store outlet data are linked across 28,050 zip codes to Census 2000 data. Multivariate regression analyses are used to examine associations between the availability of chain supermarkets, non chain supermarkets, grocery stores and convenience stores and neighborhood characteristics on race, ethnicity and SES including additional controls for population size, urbanization and region. RESULTS Low income neighborhoods have fewer chain supermarkets with only 75% (p<0.01) of that available in middle income neighborhoods. Even after controlling for income and other covariates, the availability of chain supermarkets in African American neighborhoods is only 52% (p<0.01) of that in White neighborhoods with even less relative availability in urban areas. Hispanic neighborhoods have only 32% (p<0.01) as many chain supermarkets compared to non Hispanic neighborhoods. Non chain supermarkets and grocery stores are more prevalent in low income and minority neighborhoods. CONCLUSION The study results highlight the importance of various potential public policy measures for improving access to supermarkets that may serve to reduce systematic local area barriers that are shown to exist by race, ethnicity and income.", "venue": "Preventive medicine", "year": 2007.0, "author_names": ["Lisa M Powell", "Sandy J Slater", "Donka M Mirtcheva", "Yanjun Bao", "Frank J Chaloupka"], "n_citations": 992, "n_key_citations": 58, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 40418902, "title": "ASSESSING \"NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECTS\" Social Processes and New Directions in Research", "abstract": "Abstract This paper assesses and synthesizes the cumulative results of a new \"neighborhood effects\" literature that examines social processes related to problem behaviors and health related outcomes. Our review identified over 40 relevant studies published in peer reviewed journals from the mid 1990s to 2001, the take off point for an increasing level of interest in neighborhood effects. Moving beyond traditional characteristics such as concentrated poverty, we evaluate the salience of social interactional and institutional mechanisms hypothesized to account for neighborhood level variations in a variety of phenomena (e.g. delinquency, violence, depression, high risk behavior) especially among adolescents. We highlight neighborhood ties, social control, mutual trust, institutional resources, disorder, and routine activity patterns. We also discuss a set of thorny methodological problems that plague the study of neighborhood effects, with special attention to selection bias. We conclude with promising", "venue": "", "year": 2002.0, "author_names": ["Robert J Sampson", "Jeffrey D Morenoff", "Thomas Gannon-Rowley"], "n_citations": 3514, "n_key_citations": 168, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 21296949, "title": "Parents' perceptions of neighborhood safety and children's physical activity.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE The obesity epidemic disproportionately affects minority and poor children. Negative perceptions of neighborhood safety in poor communities may affect overweight by inhibiting children's physical activity. This study investigates the degree to which parents in a poor inner city vs. a middle class suburban community limit their children's outdoor activity because of neighborhood safety concerns. METHOD Parents of children aged 5 10 years from an inner city family practice in a poor community and from a suburban pediatric practice in a middle class community completed a 20 item questionnaire. Parents estimated the amount of their child's activity in various situations and indicated their level of anxiety concerning gangs, child aggression, crime, traffic, and personal safety in their neighborhood. RESULTS Inner city children (n 204) engaged in less physical activity than suburban children (N 103) (P 0.001) Inner city parents expressed much greater anxiety about neighborhood safety than suburban parents (P 0.0001) In the inner city population, children's physical activity levels were negatively correlated with parental anxiety about neighborhood safety (r 0.18, P 0.05) CONCLUSIONS Inner city parents have high levels of anxiety about neighborhood safety. While these concerns may not entirely explain the discrepancy in activity levels between inner city and suburban children, a safe environment is crucial to increasing opportunities for physical activity.", "venue": "Preventive medicine", "year": 2006.0, "author_names": ["Lori Weir", "Debra Etelson", "Donald A Brand"], "n_citations": 337, "n_key_citations": 10, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Development of a Digital Content-Free Speech Analysis Tool for the Measurement of Mental Health and Follow-Up for Mental Disorders: Protocol for a Case-Control Study", "session_id": 5067075983716378, "user_id": 3217267898288310, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 201967112, "title": "Development of a Digital Content Free Speech Analysis Tool for the Measurement of Mental Health and Follow Up for Mental Disorders: Protocol for a Case Control Study", "abstract": "Background The prevalence of mental disorders worldwide is very high. The guideline oriented care of patients depends on early diagnosis and regular and valid evaluation of their treatment to be able to quickly intervene should the patient's mental health deteriorate. To ensure effective treatment, the level of experience of the physician or therapist is of importance, both in the initial diagnosis and in the treatment of mental illnesses. Nevertheless, experienced physicians and psychotherapists are not available in enough numbers everywhere, especially in rural areas or in less developed countries. Human speech can reveal a speaker's mental state by altering its noncontent aspects (speech melody, intonations, speech rate, etc) This is noticeable in both the clinic and everyday life by having prior knowledge of the normal speech patterns of the affected person, and with enough time spent listening to the patient. However, this time and experience are often unavailable, leaving unused opportunities to capture linguistic, noncontent information. To improve the care of patients with mental disorders, we have developed a concept for assessing their most important mental parameters through a noncontent analysis of their active speech. Using speech analysis for the assessment and tracking of mental health patients opens up the possibility of remote, automatic, and ongoing evaluation when used with patients' smartphones, as part of the current trends toward the increasing use of digital and mobile health tools. Objective The primary objective of this study is to evaluate measurements of participants' mental state by comparing the analysis of noncontent speech parameters to the results of several psychological questionnaires (Symptom Checklist 90 [SCL 90] the Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ] and the Big 5 Test) Methods In this paper, we described a case controlled study (with a case group and one control group) The participants will be recruited in an outpatient neuropsychiatric treatment center. Inclusion criteria are a neurological or psychiatric diagnosis made by a specialist, no terminal or life threatening illnesses, and fluent use of the German language. Exclusion criteria include psychosis, dementia, speech or language disorders in neurological diseases, addiction history, a suicide attempt recently or in the last 12 months, or insufficient language skills. The measuring instrument will be the VoiceSense digital voice analysis tool, which enables the analysis of 200 specific speech parameters, and the assessment of findings using psychometric instruments and questionnaires (SCL 90, PHQ, Big 5 Test) Results The study is ongoing as of September 2019, but we have enrolled 254 participants. There have been 161 measurements completed at timepoint 1, and a total of 62 participants have completed every psychological and speech analysis measurement. Conclusions It appears that the tone and modulation of speech are as important, if not more so, than the content, and should not be underestimated. This is particularly evident in the interpretation of the psychological findings thus far acquired. Therefore, the application of a software analysis tool could increase the accuracy of finding assessments and improve patient care. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03700008; https:/clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03700008 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1 10.2196/13852", "venue": "JMIR research protocols", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Peter Tonn", "Yoav Degani", "Shani Hershko", "Amit Klein", "Lea Seule", "Nina Schulze"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 209494486, "title": "Development of the eTAP T: A measure of mental health professionals' attitudes and process towards e interventions", "abstract": "Background The development of technological applications within psychotherapy has opened up new opportunities for mental health professionals (MHPs) to address client need. Despite the clinical efficacy and utility of evidence based electronic interventions, MHPs' engagement with these interventions remains poorly understood. Objective The aim of the current study was to develop and conduct a preliminary psychometric investigation of the measurement properties of the electronic therapy attitudes and process questionnaire therapist version (eTAP T) Based upon the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) the eTAP T measures factors related to MHPs' engagement with e interventions for clients' mental health concerns. Methods Participants were 222 practicing MHPs who reported being in direct contact with clients. Participants completed the eTAP T and related measures with a subsample of 40 participants completing a two week follow up questionnaire. Results Exploratory factor analysis with item reduction resulted in a 12 item eTAP T, with four factors accounting for 82% of variance. The four factors (subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, attitudes and intentions) were consistent with the four TPB domains. The eTAP T demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability as per the consensus based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments. Conclusions The development and preliminary psychometric investigation supported the validity and reliability of the eTAP T. Further research is required for confirmatory analyses. The eTAP T may be useful in identifying the training needs of MHPs and evaluating training programs. Specific areas for intervention, such as attitudes or perceived credibility may be identified and targetted, with the measure then also used to evaluate change across these domains. It is anticipated that the eTAP T may useful tool in improving uptake of digital interventions by MHPs.", "venue": "Internet interventions", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Bonnie A Clough", "Dale Rowland", "Leanne M Casey"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3613158, "title": "Pre post, mixed methods feasibility study of the WorkingWell mobile support tool for individuals with serious mental illness in the USA: a pilot study protocol", "abstract": "Introduction Successful competitive employment has been found to be related to enhanced self esteem, higher quality of life and reduced mental health service use for individuals living with serious mental illnesses (SMIs) including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression. The effectiveness of the individual placement and support model has been demonstrated in multiple randomised controlled trials in many countries. The management of stress, depression and anxiety in the workplace may be effectively enhanced through digital mental health interventions. The WorkingWell mobile support tool 'app' is specifically designed to meet the need for illness management support for individuals with SMI in the workplace, as an adjunct to professional treatment. Methods and analysis The WorkingWell app, grounded in evidence based supported employment, is informed by user experience design. It will be tested in a pre post design, mixed methods pilot study to explore issues of feasibility, acceptability and usefulness, and to provide preliminary data on the impact of use. Putative mediators of improved job tenure and psychological well being, including postintervention changes in social support, self efficacy and work related motivation, will be investigated. Forty individuals at least 18 years of age, meeting the eligibility requirements for supported employment services (ie, diagnosed with a mental illness meeting the criteria for severity, duration and treatment) working a minimum of 10 hours per week at study enrolment, and speaking, reading and writing in English will be recruited for the pilot study. Research staff will recruit individuals at community based mental health agencies; provide orientation to the study, the study smartphones and the WorkingWell app; conduct research interviews including standardised measures as well as semistructured items; and provide technical assistance in telephone calls and inperson meetings. A sample of 10 agency staff will be recruited to obtain further information on the feasibility, acceptability and usefulness of WorkingWell. Ethics and dissemination The study design and procedures are approved by the Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects, the Massachusetts Department of Mental Health Central Office Research Review Committee and the Vermont Agency of Human Services Institutional Review Board. Study findings will be disseminated to agency partners, state agencies and funders, and to the research and technology development communities. Findings from the study will inform the design, data collection procedures and protocol for future full scale randomised controlled trial testing of the effectiveness of the WorkingWell app, as well as investigations of work related variables as mediators of psychological well being and quality of life for individuals with SMI.", "venue": "BMJ Open", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Joanne Nicholson", "Spenser M Wright", "Alyssa M Carlisle"], "n_citations": 11, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 91002642, "title": "The Healthy Brain Network Biobank: An open resource for transdiagnostic research in pediatric mental health and learning disorders", "abstract": "Innovations in methods and technologies are equipping researchers with unprecedented capabilities for detecting and characterizing pathologic processes in the developing human brain. As a result, there is growing enthusiasm about the prospect of achieving clinically useful tools that can assist in the diagnosis and management of mental health and learning disorders. For these ambitions to be realized, it is critical to accrue large scale multimodal datasets that capture a broad range of commonly encountered clinical psychopathology. To this end, the Child Mind Institute has launched the Healthy Brain Network (HBN) an ongoing initiative focused on creating and sharing a biobank comprised of data from 10,000 New York City area children and adolescents (ages 5 21) The HBN has adopted a community referred recruitment model. Specifically, study advertisements seek the participation of families who have concerns about one or more psychiatric symptoms in their child. The HBN Biobank houses data about psychiatric, behavioral, cognitive, and lifestyle (e.g. fitness, diet) phenotypes, as well as multimodal brain imaging, electroencephalography, digital voice and video recordings, genetics, and actigraphy. In this paper, we present the motivation, rationale and design for the HBN along with the initial implementation and evolution of the HBN protocols. We describe the first major open data release (n 664) containing descriptive, electroencephalography, and multimodal brain imaging data (resting state and naturalistic viewing functional MRI, diffusion MRI and morphometric MRI) Beyond accelerating transdiagnostic research, we discuss the potential of the HBN Biobank to advance related areas, such as biophysical modeling, voice and speech analysis, natural viewing fMRI and EEG, and methods optimization.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Lindsay M Alexander", "Jasmine Escalera", "Lei Ai", "Charissa F Andreotti", "Karina Febre", "Alexander Mangone", "Natan Vega Potler", "Nicolas Langer", "Alexis Alexander", "Meagan Kovacs", "Shannon G Litke", "Bridget O'Hagan", "Batya Bronstein", "Anastasia Bui", "Marijayne T Bushey", "Victoria Castagna", "Nicolas Camacho", "Elisha Chan", "Danielle Citera", "Jon C Clucas", "Samantha Cohen", "Megan Eaves", "Brian Fradera", "Natalie Grant-Villegas", "Gabriella Green", "Camille Gregory", "Emily Hart", "Shana Harris", "Catherine Lord", "Danielle Kahn", "Katya Kabotyanski", "Kayla Kleinman", "Bonhwang Koo", "Eliza Kramer", "Amy E Margolis", "Kathleen R Merikangas", "Judith Milham", "Giuseppe Minniti", "Rebecca Neuhaus", "Alexandra Nussbaum", "Yael Osman", "Lucas C Parra", "Kenneth R Pugh", "Amy Racanello", "Anita Restrepo", "Tian Saltzman", "Batya Septimus", "Russell H Tobe", "Rachel Waltz", "Anna Williams", "Anna J Yeo", "Francisco Xavier Castellanos", "Arno Klein", "Tomas Paus", "Bennett L Leventhal", "Cameron Craddock", "Harold S Koplewicz", "Michael Peter Milham"], "n_citations": 25, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 218560354, "title": "PSYCHIATRIC NURSING Review A technological tool for treating social anxiety: Virtual reality", "abstract": "What is known on this subject? Virtual reality is not used for mental health care in Turkey, but it has been used to treat many psychological problems in other countries for more than 20 years. What is the contribution of this paper? This study is a compilation of the studies that examine the use of virtual reality to treat social anxiety problems. It conveyed the characteristics of virtual reality interventions and presented a holistic view to the literature concerning it. What is its contribution to the practice? Experimental studies of using virtual reality practices can be planned, and research projects regarding different problem fields can be conducted. 297 Omer Ozer, Virtual reality in social anxiety dx.doi.org/10.14744/phd.2019.75010 environments. VR based treatment can be done in a variety of environments with the technological opportunities of researchers and their different exposure interventions. The most common environments are based on manipulating spectator reactions or performances before various spectator profiles. This study is a compilation of the studies that examine the use of VR to treat social anxiety. Its aim is to provide information about their results related to the studies in which VR interventions are used against the social anxiety problem in relation to the VR practices used in psychological assistance period, about the methodological characteristics of the studies, and about the current state in this regard in Turkey. The Use of Virtual Reality for Psychological Assistance VR has been used successfully to treat a variety of psychological problems. Compilation studies, experimental studies without control groups, randomized controlled studies and even meta analyses have been conducted in this field. VR is used to treat post traumatic stress disorder,[6 10] obsessivecompulsive disorder,[11 13] alcohol abuse,[14] eating disorders, problems related to body image[15,16] and schizophrenia.[17,18] VR has been used both as an intervention method and as a diagnostic tool. VR treatments are based on cognitive behavioral therapy, which was developed as a treatment for anxiety disorders and is related to exposure practices[19] They were first used for specific phobias such as arachnophobia,[20,21] acrophobia,[22,23] and flying phobia.[24 28] VR is also used to treat claustrophobia, common anxiety disorder and panic attacks. VR treatments for anxiety disorders are based on exposure/facing interventions. Exposure therapy involves confronting the stimulus that causes anxiety,[29] which may be objects such as snakes or spiders, environments such as busses, restaurants or meeting halls, or situations such as speaking before an audience or communicating with the opposite gender. The main point here is confronting the issues causing disorders. Exposure, which is based on a behavioral method, is often used with the interventions based on the cognitive behavioral approach. The literature includes several types of exposure therapy. One is in vivo exposure therapy. Individuals directly confront the cause of their anxiety in vivo exposure therapy. Putting a cynophobic person and a dog in the same environment is an example of in vivo exposure therapy. Another exposure therapy type is based on the objects or environment avoided by individuals. This type of exposure therapy is called imaginal exposure therapy.[29] Another treatment, interoceptive exposure therapy, involves replicating the physical sensations that occur during panic attacks.[30] The use of digital environments created with VR has become more common. Exposure therapy in digital environments is called in virtuo exposure therapy. Although VR can be used to treat almost all anxiety disorders, most of the studies of this topic concern social anxiety. The details of these studies are provided under the effect title. In addition to experimental research, there are meta analyses that evaluate the research on VR treatments. Opris et al.[31] Parsons and Rizzo,[32] and Powers and Emmelkamp,[33] who have studied VR interventions in anxiety disorders, performed similar studies. Opris et al.[31] evaluated studies of VR based exposure therapy and included 23 studies in their analysis. They found that VR based exposure therapy yields more positive results, and that it yields results similar to those of conventional cognitive behavioral approaches. Evidence also indicates that VR treatments are as effective as conventional approaches, that their effects are long lasting, and that they have a dosage response relationship. No significant differences were found between two methods in regard to in vivo exposure, VR and exposure interventions. Parsons and Rizzo's meta analysis[32] evaluated the effectiveness of VR based exposure therapy for anxiety problems and specific phobias and found that it was effective, although the number of analyses of moderator effects was limited due to inconsistent reporting in the literature. They included 21 studies in their meta analysis, and it was stated that VRbased exposure therapy was an effective clinical psychology treatment for all anxiety and phobia cases (social anxiety, arachnophobia, acrophobia, panic attacks with agoraphobia and flying phobia)[32] Powers and Emmelkamp's meta analysis[33] included 13 studies (n=397) They found that VR based exposure therapy has a significant effect, that findings are specific to the problem, and that it is effective for subjective stress levels, and cognitive and behavioral psychophysiology. They found that results are not related to sample sizes, and that there is an exposure response relationship in VRbased exposure therapy.[33] The Characteristics of Virtual Reality Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder This section briefly describes the VR treatments for social anxiety, reviewing their common aspects, types of exposure therapy, the characteristics of study samples, and experimental patterns and scenarios. Studies of VR treatments for social anxiety have been conducted with control groups who were on the waiting list of certain studies,[3 5] who did exposure therapy using their imagination,[34,35] or in vivo exposure therapy,[36,37] making it possible to compare the effectiveness of the method with different intervention methods. The literature has study samples with different characteristics. They were generally conducted with clinical cases.[37,38] However, one study did not have a clinical sample,[39] and another did not clearly define its sample's characteristics.[40] The participants in most of the studies were diagnosed with social anxiety.[3,36,37,41] Bouchard et al.[36] used a program with scenarios such as giving a speech at a meeting, introducing oneself, talking to 298 Psikiyatri Hemsireligi Dergisi Journal of Psychiatric Nursing so called relatives in an apartment and communicating with an insistent salesperson. The same program was used by Klinger et al.[37] In the VR environment developed by Heuett and Heuett[35] for the purpose of reducing the fear of speaking before an audience, the subject stands on a stage in a conference room. Package programs can be purchased in accordance with study aims, and study specific VR environments can be developed.[35] Some VR environments are interactive, but some environments have been designed to be non interactive. The Effects of Virtual Reality Treatments for Social Anxiety Some studies have focused on whether VR environments actually cause anxiety before examining their effectiveness as a treatment for social anxiety. Pertaub, Slater and Barker[42] attempted to answer to this question and assessed the anxiety related reactions of individuals who made a presentation before virtual audiences of eight male avatars. The experiment used three different virtual audiences: emotionally neutral spectators who were static during the entire experiment, positive spectators who displayed sincere and appreciative behaviors toward the speakers, and negative spectators who were bored and displayed hostile expressions. The study found that the negative audience clearly caused anxiety, and the participants were anxious despite their awareness that the environment was virtual.[42] Owens and Beidel[43] assessed the effects of a VR environment on 21 participants with social anxiety disorder and 24 participants with no disorders. Their study was conducted to determine the effect of giving an in vivo speech before an audience in a VR environment on physiological and subjective stimulation. All the participants had more anxiety symptoms than they did in face to face interactions. The evidence indicated that the VR environment significantly increased pulse rates, electrothermal activity and sinus arrhythmia, and the subjects reported that they experienced anxiety. Another significant result is that there were no significant differences in their physiological measurements during the face to face speech and the speech in the VR environment. Another study did physiological measurements of 12 participants who were assigned tasks in both a VR environment and real life. There were significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate as a response to all stressful tasks. There was also a physiological reaction. The VR treatments in the literature were reviewed from a different point of view, and their usefulness as a diagnosis instrument was assessed.[44] Among 119 participants, physiological measurements of 19 individuals who had the highest social anxiety scores and 18 individuals who had the lowest score in this regard were assessed. This pilot study found that VR solutions can also be used for diagnosis. These studies show that VR environments can successfully be used to diagnose anxiety reactions, and practices based on diagnostic assessment can be formed in the future. Only VR is used in some of the studies that examine its effectiveness as a treatment for social anxiety. A randomized controlled study conducted by An", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Omer Akil Ozer", "Mustafa Kemal Yontem"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199597022, "title": "Development of a computer based algorithm for supporting community pharmacists in providing personalised lifestyle interventions for men with prostate cancer", "abstract": "Background: The number of people living with and beyond a cancer diagnosis has increased, however survivors may experience long term side effects from treatment that can impact on physical fitness and cardiovascular health. Lifestyle interventions enhance outcomes after cancer treatment but innovations and technology are needed to provide consistency and scalability. Interventions to support exercise and dietary modification in secondary care settings have been limited by the lack of personalisation, clinician time and resources. Community pharmacies are well positioned to provide lifestyle advice for people with cancer and long term conditions. This study is the first to develop a tailored lifestyle intervention using a computer algorithm to enable community pharmacists to provide personalised advice for cancer patients. Objective: To create a computer based algorithm to support community pharmacists to deliver a tailored lifestyle intervention for men during and after treatment for prostate cancer. Method: An observational study was conducted at two UK centres involving 83 men with prostate cancer who were 3 36 months' post diagnosis. Physical fitness, strength and cardiovascular health were assessed. Qualitative interviews were undertaken with 20 participants to understand their interpretation of the assessment and analysed using a framework analysis. These data were used to inform our computer based algorithm and lifestyle prescriptions. Results: Physical fitness varied across participants. Limb strength was categorised with upper body strength low for 40% of men compared to their age (40 out of 83) and lower limb strength (44 of 83) 53% of men were low in comparison to age normative values. The Siconolfi step test provided classification of cardiopulmonary fitness with 26.5% (22 of 83) men unable to complete level 1 with very low physical fitness and 41% (34 of 83) of men moderate completing stage 2 of the test. Cardiovascular risk was categorised as high >20% QRISK2) in 41% of men contributed to by the number of men who had a high hip to waist ratio 72 of 83 men (86.7% indicating abdominal fat. Three emergent themes from the qualitative analysis highlighted different perceptions of the physical assessment experience. The algorithm provided a clear pathway for decision making, that it was safe and effective to enable community pharmacists to prescribe tailored lifestyle advice for men with prostate cancer. Conclusion: We have developed a computer algorithm that uses simple, safe and validated assessments to provide tailored lifestyle advice which addresses specific areas of cardiovascular risk, strength and physical fitness in men with prostate cancer. It generates a real time lifestyle prescription at the point of care and has been integrated into the software platform used by pharmacies in the UK. The algorithm was integrated into the software platform used by pharmacies within the UK. INTRODUCTION Improving cancer survivors' lifestyle to reduce future health risks In 2012, there were more than 32 million people living beyond 5 years of a cancer diagnosis globally [1] and in the UK half of all people diagnosed will now survive 10 years or more [2] Cancer is increasingly being recognised as a chronic disease and survivors are at elevated risk of disease recurrence and cardio metabolic problems [3, 4] Comorbid conditions such as obesity, hypertension, chronic heart disease and mental health problems, which are commonly reported in cancer survivors [5 7] are linked with poorer survival, reduced quality of life and higher healthcare costs [8] Evidence for the positive impact of lifestyle interventions in relation to recovery from cancer and reducing comorbidity has been well documented in several systematic reviews and meta analyses [911] Real time assessments of health and function are needed to support effective lifestyle interventions in follow up care and this is increasingly important as survivorship services are transferred to primary and community care settings [12, 13] Technology supported physical activity and nutrition interventions are an opportunity to deliver health interventions to adults with cancer, however current programmes lack an evidence base for benefit [14] The number of men with prostate cancer living longer is increasing because of improvements in diagnosis and the introduction of better treatments [15] Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in developed countries [1] and 1.1 million men are diagnosed per year globally. This accounts for 15% of all cancer diagnoses in men [16] In the United Kingdom (UK) over 47,000 men are diagnosed with prostate cancer each year and 84% are now surviving 10 years or more [17] Enhancing men's health by addressing factors such as obesity and physical inactivity are vital, as excess body weight and poor lifestyle behaviours are associated with increased risk of prostate cancer recurrence, aggressiveness and comorbidity [18 20] Furthermore, prostate cancer treatments such as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) widely used as an adjunct for localised and high risk disease, have been associated with adverse cardiovascular effects [21 26] Specific lifestyle recommendations for men on ADT exist in the UK with the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) advocating a 12 week exercise programme to reduce fatigue symptoms [27] Cardio oncology recommendations for people with cancer on hormone therapies advise pre assessment of existing cardiovascular disease and lifestyle intervention to reduce risk of adverse effects [28 30] There is a growing requirement to include lifestyle interventions as part of the cancer pathway, with recent reports highlighting the value of prehabilitation and rehabilitation for recovery [31 33] Community pharmacy have a role in supporting cancer survivors Improved survivorship has shifted cancer care from secondary to primary and community care, providing links to existing health and well being services. Lifestyle or physical activity on prescription schemes (PARs) for individuals with long term conditions have been implemented in primary care settings for promoting health in a range of conditions [34 36] However, people with cancer are included as eligible 'at risk' populations only in Australia and New Zealand [37] PARs aim to increase a patient's physical activity levels via general practitioner or nurse referral to a specialist sport and exercise practitioner led supervised exercise programme [38] Such interventions have been shown to increase self reported physical activity and improve health but have the recognised issues of poor adherence and high costs [39 41] Increasingly, pharmacy teams are being encouraged to provide brief interventions to promote obesity management and increase physical activity in people with long term conditions, as a supplement to such schemes [42] Community pharmacies are well positioned to provide general lifestyle advice for people with cancer due to their experience with health checks, smoking cessation and obesity management [43 45] High street pharmacists are accessible and understand behavioural change techniques [43] Pharmacists can enquire about physical activity at medicine reviews, refer their clients to local services and integrate brief advice about physical activity into routine consultations [46] However, for such advice to be most effective it needs to be responsive to the person's own lifestyle needs, co morbidities and existing level of physical fitness. Community pharmacists have limited training in physical activity assessment, knowledge of exercise advice or cancer treatment adverse effects but with more training and support tools, could effectively deliver lifestyle interventions for cancer survivors [47, 48] Pharmacists also need skills in motivating men to maintain and adhere to healthy lifestyle changes [49] The challenge is to ensure that lifestyle interventions are personalised, appealing and accessible [50] This requires innovations in assessment and technology tools that can be used within existing computer technology used by pharmacy teams. Developing algorithm led computer interventions for pharmacy Remote support for lifestyle interventions is a growing area of patient care, which is driven by the rising use of internet, smartphones and mobile technology [51, 52] Digital health behaviour change interventions (DCBIs) have mainly focused on direct communication with patients using text messages, email and web based applications [53] These have been shown to be successful in empowering people with long term conditions [54] and cancer survivors [55] and can be used to promote lifestyle change and increase physical activity [56] Digital technology holds promise to encourage behaviour change but needs methodologies and tailored approaches to promote user engagement [14, 53] Computer based tailoring is a method of assessing individuals and selecting communication content using data driven decision rules that produce feedback automatically from a database of content elements [57] The use of use of computer based tailoring for supporting lifestyle interventions in a community pharmacy setting is unique and is based on the recommended guidance for developing digital interventions to promote behaviour change in health and healthcare [53] In this study, we assessed: (i) objective measurements of cardio metabolic health, strength and physical fitness of men with prostate cancer that could be undertaken within a pharmacy, (ii) how to communicate risk and promote lifestyle behaviour change, and (iii) developed a computer algorithm to provide a safe and personalised lifestyle prescription at the point of care.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Jennifer Spink BMedSci"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 209501606, "title": "Study protocol: The Dutch 20|30 Postmeningitis study: a cross sectional follow up of two historical childhood bacterial meningitis cohorts on long term outcomes", "abstract": "BackgroundBacterial meningitis (BM) is a serious, life threatening infectious disease of the central nervous system that often occurs in young children. The most common severe to moderate sequelae following BM are sensorineural hearing loss, neuromotor disabilities and mental retardation, while subtle sequelae include academic and behavioral disabilities. It is largely unknown whether these more subtle sequelae persist into adolescence and adulthood. Therefore, this study will investigate the very long term effects of childhood BM in later life. Better understanding of long term effects and early identification of adverse outcomes after BM are essential for more timely interventions. Additionally, certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with disease severity and might predict adverse sequelae. These include SNPs in genes encoding for pathogen recognition and immune response upon infection. Accordingly, a secondary objective of this study is to investigate the role of genetic variation in BM and use any insights to predict short and long term outcomes.MethodsIn the Dutch 20|30 Postmeningitis study, adolescents and young adults (n 947) from two historical cohorts with a prior episode of BM during childhood will be enrolled into a cross sectional follow up investigation using mainly questionnaires that examine executive and behavioral functioning, health related quality of life, subjective hearing, mood and sleeping disorders, academic performance, and economic self sufficiency. The results will be compared to normative data by one sample t tests. Multivariable regression analysis will be used to assess for any associations with causative pathogens and severity of BM. Participants that complete the questionnaires will be approached to provide a swab for buccal DNA and subsequent sequencing analyses. Logistic regression models will be used to predict sequelae.DiscussionThe unique follow up duration of this cohort will enable us to gain insights into the possible very long term adverse effects of childhood BM and how these might impact on quality of life. The investigation of host genetic factors will contribute to the development of prediction models which will serve as prognostic tools to identify children who are at high risk of adverse outcome after BM.Trial RegistrationDutch Trial Register NTR 6891. Retrospectively registered 28 December 2017.", "venue": "BMC Pediatrics", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["O El Tahir", "Rogier C J de Jonge", "Sander Ouburg", "Servaas Antonie Morre", "A Marceline van Furth"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 13913179, "title": "Effects of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on the mental health of university students: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial", "abstract": "BackgroundInsomnia, defined as repeated difficulties getting or staying asleep, is common in the general population. Such sleep difficulties are a problem in their own right, but increasingly it is being recognised that they may also be a contributory factor in the development of a wide range of mental health problems. Our focus is upon the relationship between insomnia and psychotic experiences, such as paranoia and hallucinations. Psychotic experiences commonly occur in mild forms in the general population and have been linked to disrupted sleep. These psychotic like experiences raise the risk of development of a clinical disorder. Our aim is to reduce insomnia in a large general population group, and examine the effect on paranoia and hallucinations at the age when mental health problems typically emerge. The primary hypotheses are that cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for insomnia will reduce insomnia and also levels of paranoia and hallucinations. The theoretical links will be substantiated by a planned mediation analysis. Improvements in a number of other mental health outcomes are also predicted.Methods/DesignWe will carry out a parallel group, randomised controlled trial of 2,614 students with insomnia in universities across the UK. In the Oxford Access for Students Improving Sleep (OASIS) trial, participants will be randomised to digital CBT for insomnia (in addition to treatment as usual) or treatment as usual. Online assessments will take place at zero, three, 10 (post treatment) and 22 (follow up) weeks. Primary outcomes are insomnia and psychotic like experiences (paranoia or hallucinatory experiences) at 10 weeks. Secondary outcomes are levels of mania, depression, anxiety, nightmares, psychological wellbeing, and the development of mental health disorders. All main analyses will be carried out at the end of the last follow up assessment and will be based on the intention to treat principle. The trial is funded by the Wellcome Trust.DiscussionThis study will be the first large scale causal test of the relationship between sleep disturbance and psychotic experiences. It will provide evidence concerning the clinical effects of treating insomnia in young adults.Trial registrationThis trial was registered with Current Controlled Trials (identifier: ISRCTN61272251) on 29 January 2015.", "venue": "Trials", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Daniel Freeman", "Bryony Sheaves", "Guy M Goodwin", "Ly-Mee Yu", "Paul J Harrison", "Richard Emsley", "Sophie Bostock", "Russell G Foster", "Vanashree Wadekar", "Christopher Hinds", "Colin A Espie"], "n_citations": 34, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 31576960, "title": "Tech giants enter mental health", "abstract": "In September 2015, the Director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) T. Insel, announced his departure from the NIMH to lead Google's Life Sciences Mental Health Division. His decision attracted global attention. Interestingly for the field of mental health, Google intends to only back innovations expected to be ten times \"10x\" better than competitors. Indeed, mental health care and research are beset with myriad challenges that may be better tackled using the informatic capacity that tech giants can leverage. The field of mental health captures arguably the largest amount of data of any medical specialty, given that it encompasses behaviour, the brain and the mind. The physical neuroscience of psychiatry is augmented by high resolution neuroimaging of various modalities, as well as \"omic\" data including genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, microbiomics and metabolomics. The growth of such big data aggregation in psychiatry provides unprecedented opportunities for exploration, descriptive observation, hypothesis generation, and prediction for clinical, research and business/operational issues. The scale of data outputs, however, means that computer models are required to assist humans to find and comprehend meaning and delineate non obvious patterns converting data to information, knowledge and wisdom. Computerized analysis of complex human behaviours such as speech may present an opportunity to move psychiatry beyond reliance on self report and clinical observation toward more objective measures of health and illness in the individual patient. A recent pilot study used automated speech analyses to predict later psychosis onset in youths at clinical high risk for psychosis1. The analysis assessed for semantic coherence and two syntactic markers of speech complexity. These speech features predicted psychosis development with 100% accuracy and outperformed classification from structured clinical interviews. Electronic health records (EHRs) have changed the landscape of clinical data collecting and sharing, facilitating more efficient care delivery. They provide multiple types of data about individual patient encounters, as well as longitudinal data about a patient's medical history over an extended period of time (see Hayes et al2 in this issue of the journal) An example of the value of EHR data comes from a study which developed a statistical suicide risk stratification model3. The model resulted from examining suicide attempts and completed suicide in a large cohort of patients who underwent assessment in a regional health service. Researchers compared EHR based predictions of suicidal behaviour at 3 months with clinician predictions, which were based on a checklist. The model derived EHR was superior (area under the ROC curves, AUC=0.79 vs. 0.58 using the checklist) Big biomedical data are currently scattered across databases, and intentionally isolated to protect patient privacy. Linking big data will enable physicians and researchers to test new hypotheses and identify areas of possible intervention4. An example of the value of data linkage between genomics and EHRs comes from a large scale application of the phenome wide association study (PheWAS) paradigm5. The researchers scanned for associations between 2,476 single nucleotide polymorphisms (previously implicated by genome wide association studies as mediators of human traits) and 539 EHR derived phenotypes in 4,268 individuals of European ancestry. Several new PheWAS findings were identified, including a cluster of association near the NDFIP1 gene for mental retardation, and an association near PLCL1 gene for developmental delays and speech disorder. With the number of smart devices (i.e. smartphones and tablets) reaching into the billions worldwide, there are increasing opportunities to harness their power and multifunctionality for clinical use. There are now several examples of psychoeducation based products in use for depression, bipolar disorder, dementia and psychological distress. Smartphones also have capacity to offer telemental health functions. These functions are increasingly viewed as useful opportunities for more rapid patient clinician engagement and offering services to geographically isolated areas. They are reported to be as good as in person care for diagnosis and treatment in comparative and non inferiority studies. However, there are concerns about effects on the therapeutic alliance, and more research is required in specific populations (i.e. geriatric, child and minorities)6. With the huge number of \"apps\" available to patients and clinicians, it is important to use sensible approaches to analyzing clinical value. A Mobile App Rating Scale has been developed7, and there are websites available which appraise digital mental health programs. Recent years have seen the rise and miniaturization of many wearable sensors, for personal health care, fitness and activity awareness, as well as the wireless networking of these devices with EHRs and smartphones. These innovations also coincide with the popularity of patient owned health records, community based management of disease aiming to avoid hospitalization, and finally participatory health care, where patients are hypothetically empowered for health behaviour change through accessing their own health data. Smart and connected health care aims to accelerate the development and use of innovative approaches that would support the much needed transformation of health care from reactive and hospital centered to preventive, proactive, evidence based, person centered and focused on well being rather than disease. The opportunities afforded by tech giants moving into mental health, with their capital, digital and data analysis tools, and human resource talent pools, provide much hope for mental health sufferers around the world. While the encounter of electronic approaches with health is not without its risks, surrounding data privacy, use and storage, its potential is overt8. The engagement of tech giants also raises many questions for how we train our next generation of researchers and clinicians. Convergence science involves the transdisciplinary integration of fields including computer science, physics, engineering, medicine, chemistry, mathematics, the arts and biology; synergy between government, academia and industry is also critical. Convergence psychiatry involves embedding convergence science into the clinical mental health care setting by closer integration of scientists, clinicians and industry, as well as enhanced education of health professionals. This approach is critical, given modern psychiatric research problems are characterized by their complexity, multi systemic nature and broad societal impact, hence making them poorly suited to siloed approaches of thinking and innovation. Care must be taken to ensure researchers and clinicians are exposed to these frontier fields, and potential mechanisms include hackathons (intensive collaborations with coders, designers and managers on projects to meet a specific brief) multidisciplinary research groups, educational systems involving convergence science concepts, and industry academic collaborations. Harris A. Eyre1,2, Ajeet B. Singh2, Charles Reynolds III3 1Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 2Deakin University, IMPACT SRC, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; 3University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, Pittsburgh, PA, USA", "venue": "World psychiatry official journal of the World Psychiatric Association", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Harris A Eyre", "Ajeet B Singh", "Charles F Reynolds"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 208164451, "title": "Treatments for Poststroke Motor Deficits and Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review for the 2019 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense Guidelines for Stroke Rehabilitation", "abstract": "Background Early rehabilitation after stroke is essential to help reduce disability. Purpose To summarize evidence on the benefits and harms of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments for motor deficits and mood disorders in adults who have had stroke. Data Sources English language searches of multiple electronic databases from April 2009 through July 2018; targeted searches to December 2018 for studies of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Study Selection 19 systematic reviews and 37 randomized controlled trials addressing therapies for motor deficits or mood disorders in adults with stroke. Data Extraction One investigator abstracted the data, and quality and GRADE assessment were checked by a second investigator. Data Synthesis Most interventions (for example, SSRIs, mental practice, mirror therapy) did not improve motor function. High quality evidence did not support use of fluoxetine to improve motor function. Moderate quality evidence supported use of cardiorespiratory training to improve maximum walking speed and repetitive task training or transcranial direct current stimulation to improve activities of daily living (ADLs) Low quality evidence supported use of robotic arm training to improve ADLs. Low quality evidence indicated that antidepressants may reduce depression, whereas the frequency and severity of antidepressant related adverse effects was unclear. Low quality evidence suggested that cognitive behavioral therapy and exercise, including mind body exercise, may reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. Limitation Studies were of poor quality, interventions and comparators were heterogeneous, and evidence on harms was scarce. Conclusion Cardiorespiratory training, repetitive task training, and transcranial direct current stimulation may improve ADLs in adults with stroke. Cognitive behavioral therapy, exercise, and SSRIs may reduce symptoms of poststroke depression, but use of SSRIs to prevent depression or improve motor function was not supported. Primary Funding Source U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration.", "venue": "Annals of Internal Medicine", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["K E D'anci", "Stacey Uhl", "Jeff Oristaglio", "Nancy M Sullivan", "Amy Y Tsou"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Scholarly journal evaluation based on panel data analysis", "session_id": 2055665381813292, "user_id": 1030841885142456, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 13568471, "title": "Scholarly journal evaluation based on panel data analysis", "abstract": "This paper proposes a new method for indicator selection in panel data analysis and tests the method with relevant data on agricultural journals provided by the Institute of Scientific Technical Information of China. An evaluation exercise by the TOPSIS method is conducted as a comparison. The result shows that panel data analysis is an effective method for indicator selection in scholarly journal evaluation; journals of different disciplines should not be evaluated with the same criteria; it is beneficial to publish all the evaluation indicators; unavailability of a few indicators has a limited influence on evaluation results; simplifying indicators can reduce costs and increase efficiency as well as accuracy of journal evaluation.", "venue": "J. Informetrics", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Liping Yu", "Xiaoming Shen", "Yuntao Pan", "Yishan Wu"], "n_citations": 11, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 214765151, "title": "Are subsidies for Polish enterprises effective: empirical results based on panel data", "abstract": "Abstract The objective of this article was to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of subsidies used by companies, as well as to develop an approach to assess the effectiveness of subsidies for the manufacturing sector of Polish economy. In order to organise the results obtained by researchers dealing with the efficacy of subsidies, a meta analysis, i.e. a quantitative assessment of empirical literature, was carried out. Based on the data from the financial statements of medium sized and large Polish companies, published in Monitor Polski B (a former Official Journal of the Republic of Poland) an evaluation study was conducted to verify the research hypotheses. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the aid in the form of subsidies did not have a significant impact on the productivity of the subsidised companies, growth rate of assets or profitability.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Beata Gosk", "Natalia Nehrebecka"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 232132940, "title": "The Evaluation of Problem Based Learning Model Towards High School Students' Critical Thinking Skills: A Meta Analysis Study in Indonesia", "abstract": "ABSTRACT This study aims to see the effectiveness of applying PBL (Problem Based Learning) models in Indonesian High School students' mathematical critical thinking skills that are based on the series of similar studies. This study uses a meta analysis method from a number of national scholarly journal articles indexed by Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, Garuda Portal, DOAJ, ERIC and direct URL from the national journals published between 2012 2019 based on inclusion criteria. The statistical data processing used Comprehensive Meta Analysis (CMA) V3 software. The results of the study based on the random effect model shows that the combined effect size is 1.201 with large effect criteria. It means that the application of the PBL model significantly has a greater effect on students' mathematical critical thinking skills than the application of conventional models. In addition, there are four study characteristics that are used in the analysis such as; research class, type of research school, year of research and sample size. There were significant differences in the application of the PBL model to students' mathematical critical thinking skills in terms of years of research based on the study characteristics. Meanwhile, from the research class, type of research school and sample size implicate no difference in the effect of applying the PBL model between the study groups. The findings unveil the effectiveness of using the PBL model in mathematical learning that is based on the study characteristics.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Yohannes Yohannes", "Dadang Juandi", "Nanang Diana Diana"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 213858507, "title": "Can we automate expert based journal rankings? Analysis of the Finnish publication indicator", "abstract": "Abstract The publication indicator of the Finnish research funding system is based on a manual ranking of scholarly publication channels. These ranks, which represent the evaluated quality of the channels, are continuously kept up to date and thoroughly reevaluated every four years by groups of nominated scholars belonging to different disciplinary panels. This expert based decision making process is informed by available citation based metrics and other relevant metadata characterizing the publication channels. The purpose of this paper is to introduce various approaches that can explain the basis and evolution of the quality of publication channels, i.e. ranks. This is important for the academic community, whose research work is being governed using the system. Data based models that, with sufficient accuracy, explain the level of or changes in ranks provide assistance to the panels in their multi objective decision making, thus suggesting and supporting the need to use more cost effective, automated ranking mechanisms. The analysis relies on novel advances in machine learning systems for classification and predictive analysis, with special emphasis on local and global feature importance techniques.", "venue": "J. Informetrics", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Mirka Saarela", "Tommi J Karkkainen"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 49681425, "title": "Journal editorship index for assessing the scholarly impact of academic institutions: An empirical analysis in the field of economics", "abstract": "Abstract Assessing the scholarly impact of academic institutions has become increasingly important. The achievements of editorial board members can create benchmarks for research excellence and can be used to evaluate both individual and institutional performance. This paper proposes a new method based on journal editor data for assessing an institution's scholarly impact. In this paper, a journal editorship index (JEI) that simultaneously accounts for the journal rating (JR) editor title (ET) and board size (BS) is constructed. We assess the scholarly impact of economics institutions based on the editorial boards of 211 economics journals (which include 8640 editorial board members) in the ABS Academic Journal Guide. Three indices (JEI/ET, JEI/JR, and JEI/BS) are also used to rank the institutions. It was found that there was only a slight change in the relative institutional rankings using the JEI/ET and JEI/BS compared to the JEI. The BS and ET weight factors did not have a substantial influence on the ranking of institutions. It was also found that the journal rating weight factor had a large effect on the ranking of institutions. This paper presents an alternative approach to using editorial board memberships as the basis for assessing the scholarly impact of economics institutions.", "venue": "J. Informetrics", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Dengsheng Wu", "Jing Li", "Xiaoli Lu", "Jianping Li"], "n_citations": 10, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 69284125, "title": "Multilevel Graph Based Decision Making in Big Scholarly Data: An Approach to Identify Expert Reviewer, Finding Quality Impact Factor, Ranking Journals and Researchers", "abstract": "Digital libraries, such as conference papers, journal documents, books and thesis, research patents, and experiments generate a vast amount of data, named as, Scholarly Big Data. It covers scholarly related information for both researcher's perspective as well as publisher's perspective, such as academic activities, author's demography, academic social networks, etc. The relationships among Big Scholarly Data can be worthy of solving researcher as well as journal related concerns, if they are prudently treated to extract knowledge. The best approach to efficiently process these relationships is the graph. However, with the rapid growth in the number of digital articles by various libraries, the relationships raise exponentially, generating large graphs, which have become increasingly challenging to be handled in order to analyze scholarly information. On the other hand, many researchers and publishers/journals have severe concerns about the ranking control mechanisms and the consideration of quantity rather than quality. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed graph based mechanisms to perform four critical decisions that are the need of the today's scholarly community. To improve the quality of the article, we proposed a mechanism for selecting and recommending suitable reviewers for a submitted paper based on researchers' expertise and their popularity in that particular field while avoiding conflict of interest. Also, due to shortcomings in the existing journal ranking approaches, we also designed a journal ranking mechanism including its new impact factor and relative ranking by using a modified version of traditional page ranking algorithm and excluding self authors citations as well as self journal citations. Similarly, researchers ranking is also important for various motives that is calculated based on the expert's field, citation count, and a number of publications while avoiding any loophole to increase the ranking such as, self citations and wrong citations. Also, to efficiently process big graphs generated by a massive number of scholarly related relationships, we proposed an architecture that uses the parallel processing mechanism of the Hadoop ecosystem over the real time analysis approach of Apache Spark with GraphX. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed system is evaluated in terms of processing time and throughput while implementing the designed decision mechanisms.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Muhammad Mazhar Ullah Rathore", "Malik junaid jami Gul", "Anand Paul", "Ashraf Ali Khan", "Raja Wasim Ahmad", "Joel J P C Rodrigues", "Spiridon Bakiras"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 44148914, "title": "Evaluate academic influence of research teams in scholarly data", "abstract": "This paper builds a network of author cooperation and cooperation in the field of complex networks based on journal articles of Web of Science Core Database from 2013 to 2017 as sources of information. Considering the two aspects of literature measurement and social network analysis, the research comprehensively adopts a number of indicators, identifies the research team, and evaluates the academic influence of the research team. When assigning the weight to the index, this study adopts the method of entropy, which avoids the disadvantage of subjective determination of weight to some extent. Finally, this study tests consistency of the evaluation index and the comprehensive rankings by Spearman's rank correlation. The results show that Yu Wenwu, Cao Jinde, Kurths Juergen led the team's composite score is the highest and most influential. It is of great significance to mine the invisible research teams based on scholarly data and to make a reasonable evaluation of the research teams. It not only inspires research teams to innovate, but also guides and encourages scholars to constantly adjust and calibrate their research direction so as to engage in more valuable scientific research activities.", "venue": "2018 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Big Data Analysis (ICBDA)", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Kaiyu Liu", "Hong Qiao", "Mingchun Zheng"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 218471108, "title": "Panel: Peer Based Faculty Evaluation v. Student Evaluation of Teaching", "abstract": "Bargaining regarding faculty evaluation is challenging in an environment in which administrators throughout higher education have successfully imposed corporate style forms of evaluation and supervision that many have come to accept as normal, despite their incompatibility with principles of academic freedom and peer review. Student surveys of teaching are increasingly central to this management strategy, despite the growing body of evidence indicating bias against historically marginalized groups in student survey results. In our presentation we will discuss our 2016 contract negotiations at Dutchess Community College (SUNY) in Poughkeepsie, New York as a case study. During these negotiations the college administration sought to expand the use of \"student evaluations\" of teaching (SET) despite significant evidence that student feedback provides limited meaningful evaluative content concerning teaching and is shaped by gender, racial, and ethnic bias, as well as bias against academic rigor. Our presentation will briefly describe our effort to maintain a peer based evaluation of student survey data, including the published research we used during negotiations, and we will analyze the strengths and weaknesses of our approach and results. These results include: a successful effort to maintain the practice of limiting review of qualitative student feedback to peer based review between faculty and department chairs within academic departments limited but significant expansion of administrative oversight of some quantitative student survey data contract language that limits the use of student survey results in faculty evaluation contract language that requires that all consideration of these data shall be undertaken with the understanding that student feedback is an important but limited vehicle for understanding the effectiveness of an individual's teaching contract language that established an all faculty committee of full time and part time faculty that is charged with evaluating the new survey form and process Background: During the last contract negotiations undertaken between Dutchess United Educators (DUE) the union representing faculty and most professional staff at Dutchess Community College, and the L. Akins and L. Murphy, NCSCBHEP 2019 1 1 Akins and Murphy: Panel: Peer Based Faculty Evaluation v. Student Evaluation of Tea Published by The Keep, 2019 college administration, DUE negotiators were confronted with a demand to change the long established process of faculty evaluation and use of student surveys of teaching that would affect both full time and part time faculty. The decades old full time faculty evaluation process involved two reports produced by the faculty member's department chair and submitted to the Dean of Academic Affairs: (1) a classroom observation report and (2) a professional development report (PDR) that covered teaching effectiveness, student advisement, professional activities, and contributions to the department and college. Additionally, student surveys of teaching were administered on paper in all course sections every spring with results going to the faculty member's department chair and eventually returned to the faculty member. These surveys included statements to be rated on a Likert scale as well as opportunities for students to respond to reflective questions. Survey data was not compiled or quantified but were used by department chairs to inform their commentary on teaching effectiveness in the PDR and/or to generate conversations about teaching. No results were submitted to Academic Affairs. The demand from administration during negotiations was that survey data needed to be submitted to Academic Affairs to assure that student voice was clearly a part of the process of evaluating faculty. Even though the negotiations went on for two years (2014 2016) with a one year contract agreed to for 2015 2016 before eventually agreeing to a four year contract for 2016 2020, pressure concerning student surveys of teaching was a recurring theme. To address this concern, union and college negotiators agreed to research the matter and make evidence based decisions to resolve the disagreement. At the time, Dr. Akins served on the negotiating team for the Full time Faculty and Staff 2016 2020 contract and Dr. Murphy served on the negotiating team for the Part time Faculty and Staff 2016 2020 contract. For the purpose of collecting research and formulating our arguments for negotiations, a joint subcommittee on Faculty Evaluations made up of members of both the full time and part time teams was formed. Both Akins and Murphy served on this sub committee and led the research effort. Research: Our study of the research on student surveys quickly led to an ever expanding body of scholarship indicating that student surveys do not reliably measure the quality of teaching. While student opinions about their educational experiences are important and valuable, numerous studies demonstrate that students are not qualified to judge teaching effectiveness. In addition, research indicates that survey results are influenced by the gender, race, ethnicity, and perceived attractiveness of the instructor. For example, Anne Boring, Kellie Ottoboni, and Philip B. Stark write that \"SET are biased against female instructors by an amount that is large and statistically significant,\" and \"gender biases can be large enough to cause more effective instructors to get lower SET than less effective instructors.\" Boring, Ottoboni, and Stark argue that \"it is not L. Akins and L. Murphy, NCSCBHEP 2019 2 2 Journal of Collective Bargaining in the Academy, Vol. 0, Iss. 14 [2019] Art. 57 https:/thekeep.eiu.edu/jcba/vol0/iss14/57 possible to adjust for the bias, because it depends on so many factors.\" There is also evidence to 1 suggest that the academic rigor of a course, as well as a student's desire to take a course and how much prior knowledge student has about a subject impact survey results. Any implementation of 2 student surveys with low response rates, such as commonly occurs when surveys are delivered online, is statistically problematic, further distorting the data. 3 Based on our review of the available scholarship we concluded that our then present system of faculty evaluation utilized student surveys in a way that was best suited to provide faculty with the opportunity to gain what is valuable about student opinions expressed in surveys while minimizing damage to academic freedom and academic integrity, and minimizing discrimination against faculty who are rated lower on surveys for reasons that have nothing to do with their teaching effectiveness, or are even rated lower because they are effective teachers. A list of articles consulted for contract negotiations and subsequent Evaluation Committee work is provided at the end of this paper. Negotiations: As described in the previous section, for the purpose of negotiations we researched important questions about evaluations of teachers and the use of Student Evaluation of Teaching (SET) or, as we prefer to call it Student Surveys of Teaching (SST) This preferred name is what the form has been called historically at our campus and we believe \"survey\" better reflects its output. The negotiations process was based on an interest based bargaining (IBB) model without formal training for either side to assure we understood how to apply IBB principles fairly and equitably, which was a challenge to effective negotiations. Another challenge to effective negotiations was a silence agreement that limited our ability to mobilize faculty. Within this framework for discussion, however, there was agreement around the table that student voice had a role in evaluating the effectiveness of a faculty member. Our conflict was in the appropriate extent of that role and the process to include that voice as well as other relevant voices in the evaluation process. That conflict was not only with management but also with other faculty negotiators, which was further complicated by the silence agreement because it limited these discussions to a very small group of faculty. 1 Anne Boring, Kellie Ottoboni, and Philip B. Stark, \"Student evaluations of teaching (mostly) do not measure teaching effectiveness,\" ScienceOpen Research (2016) https:/www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=818d8ec0 5908 47d8 86b4 5dc38f04b23e 2 Stephen L. Benton and Kenneth R. Ryalls, \"Challenging Misconceptions About Student Ratings of Instruction\" The IDEA Center* IDEA IDEA paper #58, (April 2016) https:/www.ideaedu.org/Portals/0/Uploads/Documents/Challenging_Misconceptions_About_Student_Ratings_of_Instruction.pd f 3 Philip B. Stark and Richard Freishtat, \"An evaluation of course evaluations.\" ScienceOpen Research, (2014) https:/www.stat.berkeley.edu/~stark/Preprints/evaluations14.pdf L. Akins and L. Murphy, NCSCBHEP 2019 3 3 Akins and Murphy: Panel: Peer Based Faculty Evaluation v. Student Evaluation of Tea Published by The Keep, 2019 Our limited understanding of the IBB process meant that we would agree on a shared interest, separately perform research on the topic including data collection and analysis, share with the other side our research and analysis, then discuss our differences to find what we all could agree to. While we did a significant review of literature on the topic, as described above, the administration shared a limited number of articles which mostly focussed on outdated data and analysis or were crafted by organizations that benefit financially from \"quantifying\" student feedback. When confronted with evidence, including from the very same documents supplied by the administration, that the decades long trend outside of our institution to collect, quantify, and elevate the numerical significance of student feedback is problematic, the administration was not swayed. In negotiations, we focused on two conclusions from the research: (1) students are not effective evaluator", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Leah M Akins", "Laura Murphy"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 49593963, "title": "Author based analysis of conference versus journal publication in computer science", "abstract": "Conference publications in computer science (CS) have attracted scholarly attention due to their unique status as a main research outlet, unlike other science fields where journals are dominantly used for communicating research findings. One frequent research question has been how different conference and journal publications are, considering an article as a unit of analysis. This study takes an author based approach to analyze the publishing patterns of 517,763 scholars who have ever published both in CS conferences and journals for the last 57 years, as recorded in DBLP. The analysis shows that the majority of CS scholars tend to make their scholarly debut, publish more articles, and collaborate with more coauthors in conferences than in journals. Importantly, conference articles seem to serve as a distinct channel of scholarly communication, not a mere preceding step to journal publications: coauthors and title words of authors across conferences and journals tend not to overlap much. This study corroborates findings of previous studies on this topic from a distinctive perspective and suggests that conference authorship in CS calls for more special attention from scholars and administrators outside CS who have focused on journal publications to mine authorship data and evaluate scholarly performance.", "venue": "J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol.", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Jinseok Kim"], "n_citations": 20, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221102579, "title": "Evaluation of Cycle Performance of End Plate Bolt Connections Based on Connection parameters", "abstract": "The precise study of connections performance in a steel structure is important. End plate connections are commonly used in steel structures. In this research, the cyclic behavior of cantilever beam connection to the endplate column under cyclic loading has been evaluated. In the calculations, all of the parameters affecting the behavior of this connection have been investigated and solutions are proposed to reach the maximum connection capacity. Two general models of connecting beams to different columns have been considered for the research with beams of 30 and 40 centimeters depth. The end plate thickness, end plate shape, column thickness, strength or the material of the bolt, necessity of using the continuity plate, double and gusset plate, are the parameters that were considered in the analyzes. According to the results of this study, the use of a thin end plate causes localized buckling in the plate. The use of continuity plates is very important and prevents local buckling in the panel zone. It is also necessary to use a double plate if the column web is thin. Also, the use of gussets improves the flexural strength of the section. Keywordscyclic behavior, bolt connections, end plate, continuity plate, ductility. IINTRODUCTION Due to the increasing use of steel structures and the extended application of bolt connections, a careful examination of the connections performance in a steel structure is important, and inaccuracy in the design and implementation of connections not only causes failure in the joint, but also has devastating effects on other members of the structure. The beams and end plate set with embedded holes are connected to the column flange usig high strength bolts in the workshop. There are two types of beam column flange connections with named four bolts and eight bolts. The four bolt connection is used for lower moment values and the eight bolt connection for more bending moment values. In this research, the bending behavior of flange connection under increasing cyclic loading is evaluated by changing the effective parameters such as the end plate shape and the bolt material. For this purpose, several numerical models are prepared using finite element software and the extent of the effect of parameters on the flange connection behavior is determined. The main objective of this research is to investigate the bending behavior of end plate connection in steel structures under incremental cyclic loading by Impact Factor Value 5.856 e ISSN: 2456 3463 International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Science, Vol 5, No.8, 2020 www.ijies.net 24 varying parameters affecting the connection behavior, such as bolt, the use of stiffener (gusset) continuity plate and double plate. To this end, stress distribution in the connection components is investigated by changing the parameters and changing the position of the plastic joint in the beam and the bending capacity of the connection and the connection behavior based on hysteresis and rotational capacity and energy depletion. The results of this research can help to better design the flange bending connection. This study evaluates the cyclic behavior of beam column flange connection in steel frames using finite element analysis. The ability to simulate the nonlinear behavior of the connection provides very high precision. In this connection, the steel beam is connected to the end plate using groove weld in flanges and groove or fillet weld in web with a suitable control. The set of beams and end plates in which holes are embedded, is attached to the column flange using high strength bolts. Types of rigid connections used in steel structures include: rigid welded flange plate connection, rigid connection with straight welding of beam to column, rigid flange plate connection with 4 and 8 bolts, rigid end plate flange connection, flush and extended end plate connections, with and without stiffener. In the flush end plate connection, the dimensions of the end plate do not exceed the beam flange, but the extended end plate connection, the dimensions of the end plate should exceed beam flange so that the bolt can be placed in the outer part of the plate. The extended end plate connections can be with or without hardening between the tensile flange of the beam and the end plate on the web plate, which is used rigid connection of beam to column. IIPREVIOUS RESEARCH Grundy et al. in 1980 [1] studied various parameters affecting the performance of flange connections. In their experiments, they measured three parameters, including the bolt diameter, the plate thickness and the column stiffener. Tsai and Popov in 1990 [2] tested three types of bending flange connection under a cyclic load using finite element analysis. The results show that the flange plate connections have excellent energy dissipation capacity. Hejazi and Mehdad in 2009 [3] investigated the effects of reinforcing plates on the flange connection of beam to the column using finite element analysis. In this research, 6 numerical models were modeled using Ansys software. Based on the results obtained, the use of stiffener, especially triangular plates, significantly increases the ductility, rigidity and load bearing capacity of flanged connections. Joshi and colleagues in 2014 [4] modeled rigid flange connections using Abaqus software. The results of this study showed that, with increasing bolt diameter, the bending bearing capacity of the connection increases, and also the failure mode is located on the column flange. Rajeshkumar et al. In 2013 [5] investigated the rigid flange connection under fire induced heat. The modeling was performed using Abaqus finite element software different end plate thicknesses were evaluated. According to the results of this study, the increase in plate thickness, although increasing the flexural strength of the joint, increases the force in bolts and increases the risk of brittle fracture in the bolts. Balc In 2012 [6] investigated the beam connection to welded and bolted columns using numerical models. In this study, two samples of welded and bolted flange plates were analyzed using the finite element method in Abaqus software and the results were evaluated using laboratory data. Baei et al. In 2012 [7] presented a finite element modeling approach for numerical verification of the seismic performance of a rigid connection with bolted end plate, taking into account axial force. The results of the research showed that the presence of axial force affects the connection performance, so that the presence of the tensile force reduces the final bending strength of the joint. Ismail et al. In 2016 [8] examined the final performance of the end plate steel connections. The results show that the non stiffening model with flush end plate has a much lower bending strength than other models, and with increasing stiffening angle, the bending strength of the connection also increases. Saberi et.al In 2014,2016 [9] have explored comparison of bolted end plate and T stub connection Sensivity to component thickness and bolt diameter on cyclic behavior. The result showed that The bolted T stub connections are more sensitive to component thickness and bolt diameter rather than end plate connections.Moreover, they proposed using of post tensioned tendons for rehabilitation of mentioned weak connections. Dessouki et al. In 2013 [10] investigated the bending behavior of Ibeam to end plate connection in 2013. In this research, Impact Factor Value 5.856 e ISSN: 2456 3463 International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Science, Vol 5, No.8, 2020 www.ijies.net 25 Ansys software was used to analyze the parameters such as beam depth, plate thickness, bolt diameter, bolt thread, bolt strength and stiffness. Ghassemieh et al. In 2012 [11] used an artificial neural network supra innovative algorithm to optimize the stiffened bending flange connection. Chen and Shi in 2016 [12] performed a finite elemental study on end plate bending connection for very high bending strength. In order to study the seismic behavior of bending frames with flange connections, a precise and effective finite element model under cyclic loading was prepared by Wang and colleagues in 2013 [13] study the effect of retrofit parameters on cyclic behavior of bolted connections with weak end plate. The analytical study is about the cyclic behavior of bolted connections with weak end plate retrofitted by welded haunches, the accuracy of modeling is verified by comparing the finite element model result with the experimental test results two specimens EP R And EPWP H15 D30 that are tested by saberi et .al In 2017 [14] under SAC cyclic load Since end plate and beam are connected with complete joint penetration (CJP) groove and fillet welds, they are considered to be continuous in the FE model by Saberi et.al. In 2011 [15] Saedi Daryan et. al. in 2012 [16] to consider interaction in contact surfaces of the connection, tangential behavior is defined by friction coulomb's coefficient of 0.3 and hard contact normal behavior. A pretension stress of 550Mpa is applied to all bolts. In this research, both extended and flush flange connections were modeled and analyzed. IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGY In this study, using nonlinear analyzes and finite element, several examples beam column bolt connections with endplate have been investigated. In this regard, static nonlinear analysis was performed using Abaqus software. With reliable modeling results from comparison of numerical and experimental results, effective parameters in the design of connections, such as the number of bolts and their placement, as well as the presence of stiffening agents, were investigated. For this purpose, two general models, including (A, a beam of 30 centimeters depth) and (B, a beam of 40 centimeters depth) are considered. Each of A and B models are modeled and analyzed in different modes and their performance have been evaluated under cyclic loads.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Farzan Ekhlasi", "Hamid Khabbaz Saberi", "Vahid Saberi"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "transfer learning in computer vision", "session_id": 2060296050204267, "user_id": 2055640442831930, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 209522368, "title": "Transfer learning in computer vision tasks: Remember where you come from", "abstract": "Abstract Fine tuning pre trained deep networks is a practical way of benefiting from the representation learned on a large database while having relatively few examples to train a model. This adjustment is nowadays routinely performed so as to benefit of the latest improvements of convolutional neural networks trained on large databases. Fine tuning requires some form of regularization, which is typically implemented by weight decay that drives the network parameters towards zero. This choice conflicts with the motivation for fine tuning, as starting from a pre trained solution aims at taking advantage of the previously acquired knowledge. Hence, regularizers promoting an explicit inductive bias towards the pre trained model have been recently proposed. This paper demonstrates the versatility of this type of regularizer across transfer learning scenarios. We replicated experiments on three state of the art approaches in image classification, image segmentation, and video analysis to compare the relative merits of regularizers. These tests show systematic improvements compared to weight decay. Our experimental protocol put forward the versatility of a regularizer that is easy to implement and to operate that we eventually recommend as the new baseline for future approaches to transfer learning relying on fine tuning.", "venue": "Image Vis. Comput.", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Xuhong Li", "Yves Grandvalet", "Franck Davoine", "Jingchun Cheng", "Yin Cui", "Han Zhang", "Serge J Belongie", "Yi-Hsuan Tsai", "Ming-Hsuan Yang"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 67855411, "title": "FixyNN: Efficient Hardware for Mobile Computer Vision via Transfer Learning", "abstract": "The computational demands of computer vision tasks based on state of the art Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) image classification far exceed the energy budgets of mobile devices. This paper proposes FixyNN, which consists of a fixed weight feature extractor that generates ubiquitous CNN features, and a conventional programmable CNN accelerator which processes a dataset specific CNN. Image classification models for FixyNN are trained end to end via transfer learning, with the common feature extractor representing the transfered part, and the programmable part being learnt on the target dataset. Experimental results demonstrate FixyNN hardware can achieve very high energy efficiencies up to 26.6 TOPS/W $4.81 \\times$ better than iso area programmable accelerator) Over a suite of six datasets we trained models via transfer learning with an accuracy loss of <1\\ resulting in up to 11.2 TOPS/W nearly $2 \\times$ more efficient than a conventional programmable CNN accelerator of the same area.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Paul N Whatmough", "Chuteng Zhou", "Patrick Hansen", "Shreyas Kolala Venkataramanaiah", "Jae-sun Seo", "Matthew Mattina"], "n_citations": 38, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219850485, "title": "FixyNN: Energy Efficient Real Time Mobile Computer Vision Hardware Acceleration via Transfer Learning", "abstract": "", "venue": "MLSys", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Paul N Whatmough", "Chuteng Zhou", "Patrick Hansen", "Shreyas Kolala Venkataramanaiah", "Jae-sun Seo", "Matthew Mattina"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 116738023, "title": "Deep Convolutional Neural Networks with transfer learning for computer vision based data driven pavement distress detection", "abstract": "Abstract Automated pavement distress detection and classification has remained one of the high priority research areas for transportation agencies. In this paper, we employed a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) trained on the 'big data' ImageNet database, which contains millions of images, and transfer that learning to automatically detect cracks in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) surfaced pavement images that also include a variety of non crack anomalies and defects. Apart from the common sources of false positives encountered in vision based automated pavement crack detection, a significantly higher order of complexity was introduced in this study by trying to train a classifier on combined HMA surfaced and PCC surfaced images that have different surface characteristics. A single layer neural network classifier (with 'adam' optimizer) trained on ImageNet pre trained VGG 16 DCNN features yielded the best performance.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan", "Siddhartha Kumar Khaitan", "Alok N Choudhary", "Ankit Agrawal"], "n_citations": 335, "n_key_citations": 5, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 216552893, "title": "Transfer learning for leveraging computer vision in infrastructure maintenance", "abstract": "Monitoring the technical condition of infrastructure is a crucial element to its maintenance. Currently, the applied methods are outdated, labour intensive and highly inaccurate. At the same time, the latest methods using Artificial Intelligence techniques, despite achieving satisfactory results in the detection of infrastructure damage, are severely limited in their application due to two main factors labour intensive gathering of new datasets and high demand for computing power. In the presented work, we propose to utilize Transfer Learning techniques and computer vision to overcome these limiting factor and fully harness the advantages of Artificial Intelligence methods. We describe a framework which enables hassle free development of unique infrastructure defects detectors on digital images, achieving the accuracy of above 90% The framework supports semi automatic creation of new datasets and has modest computing power requirements. It is implemented in the form of a ready to use software package distributed under an open software licence and available for the public. Thus, it can be used to immediately implement the methods proposed in this paper in the process of infrastructure management by government units, regardless of their financial capabilities. With the help of introduced framework it is possible to improve the efficiency of infrastructure management and the quality of its life cycle documentation globally, leading to a more accurate mapping of the processes taking place in the infrastructure's life cycle for better infrastructure planning in the future.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Mateusz Zarski", "Bartosz W'ojcik", "Jaroslaw Adam Miszczak"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221593825, "title": "An Innovative Approach of Textile Fabrics Identification from Mobile Images using Computer Vision based on Deep Transfer Learning", "abstract": "The identification of different textile fabrics is a task commonly learned in practice and, therefore, is considered a very strenuous and costly form of learning, causing annoyance to the individual who performs it. Based on this context, this paper proposes a new method for classifying textile fabrics, based on the development of a computer vision system using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) CNN works as a feature extractor by incorporating the concept of Transfer Learning. Using Transfer Learning allows a pre trained CNN model to be reused for a new problem. In order to highlight the high performance of CNN, an analysis is performed with feature extractors established in the literature. Parameters such as Accuracy, F1 Score, and processing time are considered to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed approach. For the classification were used Bayesian Classifier, Multi layer Perceptron (MLP) k Nearest Neighbor (kNN) Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) The results show that the best combination is the CNN architecture DenseNet201 with SVM (RBF) obtaining an accuracy of 94% and F1 Score of 94.2%", "venue": "2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Antonio Carlos da Silva Barros", "Elene Firmeza Ohata", "Suane Pires Pinheiro da Silva", "Jefferson Silva Almeida", "Pedro Pedrosa Reboucas"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 222143274, "title": "An Innovative Approach of Textile Fabrics Identification from Mobile Images using Computer Vision based on Deep Transfer Learning", "abstract": "The identification of different textile fabrics is a task commonly learned in practice and, therefore, is considered a very strenuous and costly form of learning, causing annoyance to the individual who performs it. Based on this context, this paper proposes a new method for classifying textile fabrics, based on the development of a computer vision system using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) CNN works as a feature extractor by incorporating the concept of Transfer Learning. Using Transfer Learning allows a pre trained CNN model to be reused for a new problem. In order to highlight the high performance of CNN, an analysis is performed with feature extractors established in the literature. Parameters such as Accuracy, F1 Score, and processing time are considered to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed approach. For the classification were used Bayesian Classifier, Multi layer Perceptron (MLP) k Nearest Neighbor (kNN) Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) The results show that the best combination is the CNN architecture DenseNet201 with SVM (RBF) obtaining an accuracy of 94% and F1 Score of 94.2%", "venue": "IJCNN", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Antonio Carlos da Silva Barros", "Elene Firmeza Ohata", "Suane Pires Pinheiro da Silva", "Jefferson Silva Almeida", "Pedro Pedrosa Reboucas Filho"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 216648453, "title": "Computer Vision and Deep Learning Techniques for the Analysis of Drone Acquired Forest Images, a Transfer Learning Study", "abstract": "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are becoming an essential tool for evaluating the status and the changes in forest ecosystems. This is especially important in Japan due to the sheer magnitude and complexity of the forest area, made up mostly of natural mixed broadleaf deciduous forests. Additionally, Deep Learning (DL) is becoming more popular for forestry applications because it allows for the inclusion of expert human knowledge into the automatic image processing pipeline. In this paper we study and quantify issues related to the use of DL with our own UAV acquired images in forestry applications such as: the effect of Transfer Learning (TL) and the Deep Learning architecture chosen or whether a simple patch based framework may produce results in different practical problems. We use two different Deep Learning architectures (ResNet50 and UNet) two in house datasets (winter and coastal forest) and focus on two separate problem formalizations (Multi Label Patch or MLP classification and semantic segmentation) Our results show that Transfer Learning is necessary to obtain satisfactory outcome in the problem of MLP classification of deciduous vs evergreen trees in the winter orthomosaic dataset (with a 9.78% improvement from no transfer learning to transfer learning from a a general purpose dataset) We also observe a further 2.7% improvement when Transfer Learning is performed from a dataset that is closer to our type of images. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the patch based framework with the ResNet50 architecture in a different and complex example: Detection of the invasive broadleaf deciduous black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in an evergreen coniferous black pine (Pinus thunbergii) coastal forest typical of Japan. In this case we detect images containing the invasive species with a 75% of True Positives (TP) and 9% False Positives (FP) while the detection of native trees was 95% TP and 10% FP.", "venue": "Remote. Sens.", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Sarah Kentsch", "Maximo Larry Lopez Caceres", "Daniel Serrano", "Ferran Roure", "Yago Diez"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221476012, "title": "Classification of Electroencephalogram Signals for Detecting Predisposition to Alcoholism using Computer Vision and Transfer Learning", "abstract": "Recent statistics have shown that the main difficulty in detecting alcoholism is the unreliability of the information presented by patients with addiction; this hampers early diagnosis and reduces the effectiveness of treatment. However, electroencephalogram (EEG) exams can contribute with more reliable data for this analysis. This paper proposes a new approach for the automatic diagnosis of patients with alcoholism. It offers a method for examining the EEG signals from a two dimensional perspective according to changes in the neural activity, highlighting the influence of high and low frequency signals. This approach combines Transfer Learning and Con volutional Neural Networks (CNN) to EEG signals analysis. The methodology to evaluate our proposal used 21 combinations of the classification traditional methods and 35 combinations of recent CNN architectures used as feature extractors combined with the following classical classifiers: Gaussian Naive Bayes, K Nearest Neighbor (k NN) Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) CNN MobileNet combined with SVM achieved the best results in Accuracy (95.33% Precision (95.68% F1 Score (95.24% and Recall (95.00% This combination outperformed traditional methods by up to 8% Thus, this approach is applicable as a classification stage for computer aided diagnoses, useful for the triage of patients, and clinical support for the early diagnosis of this disease.", "venue": "2020 IEEE 33rd International Symposium on Computer Based Medical Systems (CBMS)", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Francisco H S Silva", "Aldisio Goncalves Medeiros", "Elene Firmeza Ohata", "Pedro Pedrosa Reboucas Filho"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221339124, "title": "British Sign Language Recognition via Late Fusion of Computer Vision and Leap Motion with Transfer Learning to American Sign Language", "abstract": "In this work, we show that a late fusion approach to multimodality in sign language recognition improves the overall ability of the model in comparison to the singular approaches of image classification (88.14% and Leap Motion data classification (72.73% With a large synchronous dataset of 18 BSL gestures collected from multiple subjects, two deep neural networks are benchmarked and compared to derive a best topology for each. The Vision model is implemented by a Convolutional Neural Network and optimised Artificial Neural Network, and the Leap Motion model is implemented by an evolutionary search of Artificial Neural Network topology. Next, the two best networks are fused for synchronised processing, which results in a better overall result (94.44% as complementary features are learnt in addition to the original task. The hypothesis is further supported by application of the three models to a set of completely unseen data where a multimodality approach achieves the best results relative to the single sensor method. When transfer learning with the weights trained via British Sign Language, all three models outperform standard random weight distribution when classifying American Sign Language (ASL) and the best model overall for ASL classification was the transfer learning multimodality approach, which scored 82.55% accuracy.", "venue": "Sensors", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Jordan J Bird", "Aniko Ekart", "Diego Resende Faria"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Towards More Practical Adversarial Attacks on Graph Neural Networks", "session_id": 5350093546078525, "user_id": 3541393512395607, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 225086593, "title": "Towards More Practical Adversarial Attacks on Graph Neural Networks", "abstract": "We study the black box attacks on graph neural networks (GNNs) under a novel and realistic constraint: attackers have access to only a subset of nodes in the network, and they can only attack a small number of them. A node selection step is essential under this setup. We demonstrate that the structural inductive biases of GNN models can be an effective source for this type of attacks. Specifically, by exploiting the connection between the backward propagation of GNNs and random walks, we show that the common gradient based white box attacks can be generalized to the black box setting via the connection between the gradient and an importance score similar to PageRank. In practice, we find attacks based on this importance score indeed increase the classification loss by a large margin, but they fail to significantly increase the mis classification rate. Our theoretical and empirical analyses suggest that there is a discrepancy between the loss and mis classification rate, as the latter presents a diminishing return pattern when the number of attacked nodes increases. Therefore, we propose a greedy procedure to correct the importance score that takes into account of the diminishing return pattern. Experimental results show that the proposed procedure can significantly increase the mis classification rate of common GNNs on real world data without access to model parameters nor predictions.", "venue": "NeurIPS", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Jiaqi Ma", "Shuangrui Ding", "Qiaozhu Mei"], "n_citations": 15, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 218517553, "title": "Adversarial Attacks on Graph Neural Networks", "abstract": "Deep learning models for graphs have achieved strong performance for the task of node classification. Despite their proliferation, little is known about their robustness to adversarial attacks. Yet, in domains where they are likely to be used, e.g. the web, adversaries are common. Can deep learning models for graphs be easily fooled? In this work, we present a study of adversarial attacks on attributed graphs, specifically focusing on models exploiting ideas of graph convolutions. In addition to attacks at test time, we tackle the more challenging class of poisoning/causative attacks, which focus on the training phase of a machine learning model. We generate adversarial perturbations targeting the node's features and the graph structure, thus, taking the dependencies between instances in account. Moreover, we ensure that the perturbations remain unnoticeable by preserving important data characteristics. To cope with the underlying discrete domain, we propose an efficient algorithm Nettack exploiting incremental computations. Our experimental study shows that accuracy of node classification significantly drops even when performing only few perturbations. Even more, our attacks are transferable: the learned attacks generalize to other state of the art node classification models and unsupervised approaches, and likewise are successful even when only limited knowledge about the graph is given. For the first time, we successfully identify important patterns of adversarial attacks on graph neural networks (GNNs) a first step towards being able to detect adversarial attacks on GNNs.", "venue": "ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Daniel Zugner", "Oliver Borchert", "Amir Akbarnejad", "Stephan Gunnemann"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 211171800, "title": "Indirect Adversarial Attacks via Poisoning Neighbors for Graph Convolutional Networks", "abstract": "Graph convolutional neural networks, which learn aggregations over neighbor nodes, have achieved great performance in node classification tasks. However, recent studies reported that such graph convolutional node classifier can be deceived by adversarial perturbations on graphs. Abusing graph convolutions, a node's classification result can be influenced by poisoning its neighbors. Given an attributed graph and a node classifier, how can we evaluate robustness against such indirect adversarial attacks? Can we generate strong adversarial perturbations which are effective on not only one hop neighbors, but more far from the target? In this paper, we demonstrate that the node classifier can be deceived with high confidence by poisoning just a single node even two hops or more far from the target. Towards achieving the attack, we propose a new approach which searches smaller perturbations on just a single node far from the target. In our experiments, our proposed method shows 99% attack success rate within two hops from the target in two datasets. We also demonstrate that $m $layer graph convolutional neural networks have chance to be deceived by our indirect attack within m hop neighbors. The proposed attack can be used as a benchmark in future defense attempts to develop graph convolutional neural networks with having adversary robustness.", "venue": "2019 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Tsubasa Takahashi"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199442418, "title": "The General Black box Attack Method for Graph Neural Networks", "abstract": "With the great success of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) towards representation learning on graph structure data, the robustness of GNNs against adversarial attack inevitably becomes a central problem in graph learning domain. Regardless of the fruitful progress, current works suffer from two main limitations: First, the attack method required to be developed case by case; Second, most of them are restricted to the white box attack. This paper promotes current frameworks in a more general and flexible sense we demand only one single method to attack various kinds of GNNs and this attacker is black box driven. To this end, we begin by investigating the theoretical connections between different kinds of GNNs in a principled way and integrate different GNN models into a unified framework, dubbed as General Spectral Graph Convolution. As such, a generalized adversarial attacker is proposed towards two families of GNNs: Convolution based model and sampling based model. More interestingly, our attacker does not require any knowledge of the target classifiers used in GNNs. Extensive experimental results validate the effectiveness of our method on several benchmark datasets. Particularly by using our attack, even small graph perturbations like one edge flip is able to consistently make a strong attack in performance to different GNN models.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Heng Chang", "Yu Rong", "Tingyang Xu", "Wenbing Huang", "Honglei Zhang", "Peng Cui", "Wenwu Zhu", "Junzhou Huang"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 52182712, "title": "Towards Query Efficient Black box Attacks: An Input free Perspective", "abstract": "Recent studies have highlighted that deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, even in a black box scenario. However, most of the existing black box attack algorithms need to make a huge amount of queries to perform attacks, which is not practical in the real world. We note one of the main reasons for the massive queries is that the adversarial example is required to be visually similar to the original image, but in many cases, how adversarial examples look like does not matter much. It inspires us to introduce a new attack called input free attack, under which an adversary can choose an arbitrary image to start with and is allowed to add perceptible perturbations on it. Following this approach, we propose two techniques to significantly reduce the query complexity. First, we initialize an adversarial example with a gray color image on which every pixel has roughly the same importance for the target model. Then we shrink the dimension of the attack space by perturbing a small region and tiling it to cover the input image. To make our algorithm more effective, we stabilize a projected gradient ascent algorithm with momentum, and also propose a heuristic approach for region size selection. Recent studies have highlighted that deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, even in a black box scenario. However, most of the existing black box attack algorithms need to make a huge amount of queries to perform attacks, which is not practical in the real world. We note one of the main reasons for the massive queries is that the adversarial example is required to be visually similar to the original image, but in many cases, how adversarial examples look like does not matter much. It inspires us to introduce a new attack called input free attack, under which an adversary can choose an arbitrary image to start with and is allowed to add perceptible perturbations on it. Following this approach, we propose two techniques to significantly reduce the query complexity. First, we initialize an adversarial example with a gray color image on which every pixel has roughly the same importance for the target model. Then we shrink the dimension of the attack space by perturbing a small region and tiling it to cover the input image. To make our algorithm more effective, we stabilize a projected gradient ascent algorithm with momentum, and also propose a heuristic approach for region size selection. Through extensive experiments, we show that with only 1,701 queries on average, we can perturb a gray image to any target class of ImageNet with a 100% success rate on InceptionV3. Besides, our algorithm has successfully defeated two real world systems, the Clarifai food detection API and the Baidu Animal Identification API.", "venue": "AISec@CCS", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Yali Du", "Meng Fang", "Jinfeng Yi", "Jun Cheng", "Dacheng Tao"], "n_citations": 12, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 214807853, "title": "RoLMA: A Practical Adversarial Attack Against Deep Learning Based LPR Systems", "abstract": "With the advances of deep learning, license plate recognition (LPR) based on deep learning has been widely used in public transport such as electronic toll collection, car parking management and law enforcement. Deep neural networks are proverbially vulnerable to crafted adversarial examples, which has been proved in many applications like object recognition, malware detection, etc. However, it is more challenging to launch a practical adversarial attack against LPR systems as any covering or scrawling to license plate is prohibited by law. On the other hand, the created perturbations are susceptible to the surrounding environment including illumination conditions, shooting distances and angles of LPR systems. To this end, we propose the first practical adversarial attack, named as RoLMA, against deep learning based LPR systems. We adopt illumination technologies to create a number of light spots as noises on the license plate, and design targeted and non targeted strategies to find out the optimal adversarial example against HyperLPR, a state of the art LPR system. We physicalize these perturbations on a real license plate by virtue of generated adversarial examples. Extensive experiments demonstrate that RoLMA can effectively deceive HyperLPR with an 89.15% success rate in targeted attacks and 97.3% in non targeted attacks. Moreover, our experiments also prove its high practicality with a 91.43% success rate towards physical license plates, and imperceptibility with around 93.56% of investigated participants being able to correctly recognize license plates.", "venue": "Inscrypt", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Mingming Zha", "Guozhu Meng", "Chaoyang Lin", "Zhe Zhou", "Kai Chen"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 209315004, "title": "SEMANTICADV: GENERATING ADVERSARIAL EXAM", "abstract": "Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved great success in various applications due to their strong expressive power. However, recent studies have shown that DNNs are vulnerable to adversarial examples which are manipulated instances targeting to mislead DNNs to make incorrect predictions. Currently, most such adversarial examples try to guarantee \"subtle perturbation\" by limiting the Lp norm of the perturbation. In this paper, we aim to explore the impact of semantic manipulation on DNNs predictions by manipulating the semantic attributes of images and generate \"unrestricted adversarial examples\" Such semantic based perturbation is more practical compared with the Lp bounded perturbation. In particular, we propose an algorithm SemanticAdv which leverages disentangled semantic factors to generate adversarial perturbation by altering controlled semantic attributes to fool the learner towards various \"adversarial\" targets. We conduct extensive experiments to show that the semantic based adversarial examples can not only fool different learning tasks such as face verification and landmark detection, but also achieve high targeted attack success rate against real world black box services such as Azure face verification service based on transferability. To further demonstrate the applicability of SemanticAdv beyond face recognition domain, we also generate semantic perturbations on street view images. Such adversarial examples with controlled semantic manipulation can shed light on further understanding about vulnerabilities of DNNs as well as potential defensive approaches.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Ples Via"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 4731502, "title": "Adaptive Spatial Steganography Based on Probability Controlled Adversarial Examples", "abstract": "Deep learning model is vulnerable to adversarial attack, which generates special input sample to the deep learning model that can make the model misclassify the sample. Besides deep learning model, adversarial attack is also effective to feature based machine learning model. In this paper, we discuss the application of adversarial attack for improving the capability to resist steganalysis of steganographic schemes. We apply the steganalytic neural network as the adversarial generator. Our goal is to improve the performance of typical spatial adaptive steganography towards the steganalysis of rich model feature and neural network. The adversarial method can be combined with adaptive steganography by controlling the flipping directions of pixels following the gradient map. The steganographic adversarial example can make itself \"seems like\" innocent cover towards steganalyzer. However, the generated steganographic adversarial examples are only effective to deceive the steganalyzer trained with non adversarial examples. When facing the steganalyzer trained with adversarial examples, they can be easily detected with a low detecting error rate. The adversarial method makes the generated stego image more distinguishable from the cover image. To improve this situation, we adjust the method to calculate the gradient map by modifying the probability vector of softmax layer to a particular vector rather than modifying the category vector. Therefore, the generated adversarial example is controlled by probability output of softmax. With the adjustment, the adversarial scheme performs better than the typical adaptive steganography. We develop an practical adversarial steganographic method with double layered STC. The experiment proves its effectiveness on rich model and neural network.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Sai Ma", "Qingxiao Guan", "Xianfeng Zhao", "Yaqi Liu"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 213175598, "title": "MINT: Deep Network Compression via Mutual Information based Neuron Trimming", "abstract": "Most approaches to deep neural network compression via pruning either directly evaluate a filter's importance using its weights or optimize an alternative objective function with sparsity constraints. While these methods offer a useful way to approximate contributions from similar filters, they often either ignore the dependency between layers or solve a more difficult optimization objective than standard cross entropy. Our method, Mutual Information based Neuron Trimming (MINT) approaches deep compression via pruning by enforcing sparsity based on the strength of the dependency between filters of adjacent layers, across every pair of layers in the network. The dependency is calculated using conditional geometric mutual information which evaluates the amount of similar information exchanged between filters using a graph based criterion. When pruning a network, we ensure that retained filters contribute the majority of the information towards succeeding layers which ensures high performance. Our novel approach is highly competitive with existing state of the art compression via pruning methods on standard benchmarks for this task: MNIST, CIFAR 10, and ILSVRC2012, across a variety of network architectures despite using only a single retraining pass. Also, we discuss our observations of a common denominator between our pruning methodology's response to adversarial attacks and calibration statistics when compared to the original network.", "venue": "2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Madan Ravi Ganesh", "Jason J Corso", "Salimeh Yasaei Sekeh"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 151361297, "title": "Combating Attacks and Abuse in Large Online Communities", "abstract": "Author(s) Wang, Gang Advisor(s) Zhao, Ben Y; Zheng, Haitao Abstract: Internet users today are connected more widely and ubiquitously than ever before. As a result, various online communities are formed, ranging from online social networks (Facebook, Twitter) to mobile communities (Foursquare, Waze) to content/interests based networks (Wikipedia, Yelp, Quora) While users are benefiting from the ease of access to information and social interactions, there is a growing concern for users' security and privacy against various attacks such as spam, phishing, malware infection and identity theft. Combating attacks and abuse in online communities is challenging. First, today's online communities are increasingly dependent on users and user generated content. Securing online systems demands a deep understanding of the complex and often unpredictable human behaviors. Second, online communities can easily have millions or even billions of users, which requires the corresponding security mechanisms to be highly scalable. Finally, cybercriminals are constantly evolving to launch new types of attacks. This further demands high robustness of security defenses. In this thesis, we take concrete steps towards measuring, understanding, and defending against attacks and abuse in online communities. We begin with a series of empirical measurements to understand user behaviors in different online services and the uniquesecurity and privacy challenges that users are facing with. This effort covers a broad set of popular online services including social networks for question and answering (Quora) anonymous social networks (Whisper) and crowdsourced mobile communities (Waze) Despite the differences of specific online communities, our study provides a first look at their user activity patterns based on empirical data, and reveals the need for reliable mechanisms to curate user content, protect privacy, and defend against emerging attacks. Next, we turn our attention to attacks targeting online communities, with focus on spam campaigns. While traditional spam is mostly generated by automated software, attackers today start to introduce \"human intelligence\" to implement attacks. This is maliciouscrowdsourcing (or crowdturfing) where a large group of real users are organized to carry out malicious campaigns, such as writing fake reviews or spreading rumors on social media. Using collective human efforts, attackers can easily bypass many existing defenses (e.g.,CAPTCHA) To understand the ecosystem of crowdturfing, we first use measurements to examine their detailed campaign organization, workers and revenue. Based on insights from empirical data, we develop effective machine learning classifiers to detect crowdturfingactivities. In the meantime, considering the adversarial nature of crowdturfing, we also build practical adversarial models to simulate how attackers can evade or disrupt machine learning based defenses. To aid in this effort, we next explore using user behavior models to detect a wider range of attacks. Instead of making assumptions about attacker behavior, our idea is to model normal user behaviors and capture (malicious) behaviors that are deviated from norm. In this way, we can detect previously unknown attacks. Our behavior model is based on detailed clickstream data, which are sequences of click events generated by users when using the service. We build a similarity graph where each user is a node and the edges are weightedby clickstream similarity. By partitioning this graph, we obtain \"clusters\" of users with similar behaviors. We then use a small set of known good users to \"color\" these clusters to differentiate the malicious ones. This technique has been adopted by real world social networks (Renren and LinkedIn) and already detected unexpected attacks. Finally, we extend clickstream model to understanding more grained behaviors of attackers (and real users) and tracking how user behavior changes over time. In summary, this thesis illustrates a data driven approach to understanding and defending against attacks and abuse in online communities. Our measurements have revealed new insights about how attackers are evolving to bypass existing security defenses today. Inaddition, our data driven systems provide new solutions for online services to gain a deep understanding of their users, and defend them from emerging attacks and abuse.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Gang Wang"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "direct policy optimization", "session_id": 5023878665266933, "user_id": 620941871913435, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 223953572, "title": "Direct Policy Optimization Using Deterministic Sampling and Collocation", "abstract": "We present an approach for approximately solving discrete time stochastic optimal control problems by combining direct trajectory optimization, deterministic sampling, and policy optimization. Our feedback motion planning algorithm uses a quasi Newton method to simultaneously optimize a reference trajectory, a set of deterministically chosen sample trajectories, and a parameterized policy. We demonstrate that this approach exactly recovers LQR policies in the case of linear dynamics, quadratic objective, and Gaussian disturbances. We also demonstrate the algorithm on several nonlinear, underactuated robotic systems to highlight its performance and ability to handle control limits, safely avoid obstacles, and generate robust plans in the presence of unmodeled dynamics.", "venue": "IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Taylor A Howell", "Chunjiang Fu", "Zachary Manchester"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 189897944, "title": "Direct Policy Gradients: Direct Optimization of Policies in Discrete Action Spaces", "abstract": "Direct optimization is an appealing framework that replaces integration with optimization of a random objective for approximating gradients in models with discrete random variables. A$\\star$ sampling is a framework for optimizing such random objectives over large spaces. We show how to combine these techniques to yield a reinforcement learning algorithm that approximates a policy gradient by finding trajectories that optimize a random objective. We call the resulting algorithms \"direct policy gradient\" (DirPG) algorithms. A main benefit of DirPG algorithms is that they allow the insertion of domain knowledge in the form of upper bounds on return to go at training time, like is used in heuristic search, while still directly computing a policy gradient. We further analyze their properties, showing there are cases where DirPG has an exponentially larger probability of sampling informative gradients compared to REINFORCE. We also show that there is a built in variance reduction technique and that a parameter that was previously viewed as a numerical approximation can be interpreted as controlling risk sensitivity. Empirically, we evaluate the effect of key degrees of freedom and show that the algorithm performs well in illustrative domains compared to baselines.", "venue": "NeurIPS", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Guy Lorberbom", "Chris J Maddison", "Nicolas Manfred Otto Heess", "Tamir Hazan", "Daniel Tarlow"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 211075805, "title": "Convergence Guarantees of Policy Optimization Methods for Markovian Jump Linear Systems", "abstract": "Recently, policy optimization for control purposes has received renewed attention due to the increasing interest in reinforcement learning. In this paper, we investigate the convergence of policy optimization for quadratic control of Markovian jump linear systems (MJLS) First, we study the optimization landscape of direct policy optimization for MJLS, and, in particular, show that despite the non convexity of the resultant problem the unique stationary point is the global optimal solution. Next, we prove that the Gauss Newton method and the natural policy gradient method converge to the optimal state feedback controller for MJLS at a linear rate if initialized at a controller which stabilizes the closed loop dynamics in the mean square sense. We propose a novel Lyapunov argument to fix a key stability issue in the convergence proof. Finally, we present a numerical example to support our theory. Our work brings new insights for understanding the performance of policy learning methods on controlling unknown MJLS.", "venue": "2020 American Control Conference (ACC)", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Joao P Jansch-Porto", "Bin Hu", "Geir E Dullerud"], "n_citations": 20, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3841474, "title": "Bayesian Optimization with Automatic Prior Selection for Data Efficient Direct Policy Search", "abstract": "One of the most interesting features of Bayesian optimization for direct policy search is that it can leverage priors (e.g. from simulation or from previous tasks) to accelerate learning on a robot. In this paper, we are interested in situations for which several priors exist but we do not know in advance which one fits best the current situation. We tackle this problem by introducing a novel acquisition function, called Most Likely Expected Improvement (MLEI) that combines the likelihood of the priors and the expected improvement. We evaluate this new acquisition function on a transfer learning task for a 5 DOF planar arm and on a possibly damaged, 6 legged robot that has to learn to walk on flat ground and on stairs, with priors corresponding to different stairs and different kinds of damages. Our results show that MLEI effectively identifies and exploits the priors, even when there is no obvious match between the current situations and the priors.", "venue": "2018 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Remi Pautrat", "Konstantinos Chatzilygeroudis", "Jean-Baptiste Mouret"], "n_citations": 29, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 227151643, "title": "Policy Optimization for Markovian Jump Linear Quadratic Control: Gradient Based Methods and Global Convergence", "abstract": "Recently, policy optimization for control purposes has received renewed attention due to the increasing interest in reinforcement learning. In this paper, we investigate the global convergence of gradient based policy optimization methods for quadratic optimal control of discrete time Markovian jump linear systems (MJLS) First, we study the optimization landscape of direct policy optimization for MJLS, with static state feedback controllers and quadratic performance costs. Despite the non convexity of the resultant problem, we are still able to identify several useful properties such as coercivity, gradient dominance, and almost smoothness. Based on these properties, we show global convergence of three types of policy optimization methods: the gradient descent method; the Gauss Newton method; and the natural policy gradient method. We prove that all three methods converge to the optimal state feedback controller for MJLS at a linear rate if initialized at a controller which is mean square stabilizing. Some numerical examples are presented to support the theory. This work brings new insights for understanding the performance of policy gradient methods on the Markovian jump linear quadratic control problem.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Joao P Jansch-Porto", "Bin Hu", "Geir E Dullerud"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 224819491, "title": "Iterative Amortized Policy Optimization", "abstract": "Policy networks are a central feature of deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms for continuous control, enabling the estimation and sampling of high value actions. From the variational inference perspective on RL, policy networks, when employed with entropy or KL regularization, are a form of amortized optimization, optimizing network parameters rather than the policy distributions directly. However, this direct amortized mapping can empirically yield suboptimal policy estimates. Given this perspective, we consider the more flexible class of iterative amortized optimizers. We demonstrate that the resulting technique, iterative amortized policy optimization, yields performance improvements over conventional direct amortization methods on benchmark continuous control tasks.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Joseph Marino", "Alexandre Piche", "Alessandro Davide Ialongo", "Yisong Yue"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 5564303, "title": "Sequential Classification Based Optimization for Direct Policy Search", "abstract": "Direct policy search often results in high quality policies in complex reinforcement learning problems, which employs some optimization algorithms to search the parameters of the policy for maximizing the its total reward. Classificationbased optimization is a recently developed framework for derivative free optimization, which has shown to be effective and efficient for non convex optimization problems with many local optima, and may provide a power optimization tool for direct policy search. However, this framework requires to sample a batch of solutions for every update of the search model, while in reinforcement learning, the environment often offers only sequential policy evaluation. Thus the classification based optimization may not efficient for direct policy search, where solutions have to be sampled sequentially. In this paper, we adapt the classification based optimization for sequential sampled solutions by forming the sample batch via reusing historical solutions. Experiments on a helicopter hovering task and controlling tasks in OpenAI Gym show that the new algorithm significantly improve the performance from several state of the art derivative free optimization approaches.", "venue": "AAAI", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Yi-Qi Hu", "Hong Qian", "Yang Yu"], "n_citations": 24, "n_key_citations": 8, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 32749750, "title": "Parallel Nonstationary Direct Policy Search for Risk Averse Stochastic Optimization", "abstract": "This paper presents an algorithmic strategy to nonstationary policy search for finite horizon, discrete time Markovian decision problems with large state spaces, constrained action sets, and a risk sensitive optimality criterion. The methodology relies on modeling time variant policy parameters by a nonparametric response surface model for an indirect parametrized policy motivated by Bellman's equation. The policy structure is heuristic when the optimization of the risk sensitive criterion does not admit a dynamic programming reformulation. Through the interpolating approximation, the level of nonstationarity of the policy, and consequently, the size of the resulting search problem can be adjusted. The computational tractability and the generality of the approach follow from a nested parallel implementation of derivative free optimization in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation. We demonstrate the efficiency of the approach on an optimal energy storage charging problem, and illustrate the effect of the.", "venue": "INFORMS J. Comput.", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Somayeh Moazeni", "Warrren B Powell", "Boris Defourny", "Belgacem Bouzaiene-Ayari"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 5, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 116057571, "title": "Contextual Direct Policy Search", "abstract": "Stochastic search and optimization techniques are used in a vast number of areas, ranging from refining the design of vehicles, determining the effectiveness of new drugs, developing efficient strategies in games, or learning proper behaviors in robotics. However, they specialize for the specific problem they are solving, and if the problem's context slightly changes, they cannot adapt properly. In fact, they require complete re leaning in order to perform correctly in new unseen scenarios, regardless of how similar they are to previous learned environments. Contextual algorithms have recently emerged as solutions to this problem. They learn the policy for a task that depends on a given context, such that widely different contexts belonging to the same task are learned simultaneously. That being said, the state of the art proposals of this class of algorithms prematurely converge, and simply cannot compete with algorithms that learn a policy for a single context. We describe the Contextual Relative Entropy Policy Search (CREPS) algorithm, which belongs to the before mentioned class of contextual algorithms. We extend it with a technique that allows the algorithm to severely increase its performance, and we call it Contextual Relative Entropy Policy Search with Covariance Matrix Adaptation (CREPS CMA) We propose two variants, and demonstrate their behavior in a set of classic contextual optimization problems, and on complex simulator robot tasks.", "venue": "J. Intell. Robotic Syst.", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Abbas Abdolmaleki", "David Apolinario Simoes", "Nuno Lau", "Luis Paulo Reis", "Gerhard Neumann"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 4902958, "title": "Using direct policy search to identify robust strategies in adapting to uncertain sea level rise and storm surge", "abstract": "Sea level rise poses considerable risks to coastal communities, ecosystems, and infrastructure. Decision makers are faced with uncertain sea level projections when designing a strategy for coastal adaptation. The traditional methods are often silent on tradeoffs as well as the effects of tail area events and of potential future learning. Here we reformulate a simple sea level rise adaptation model to address these concerns. We show that Direct Policy Search yields improved solution quality, with respect to Pareto dominance in the objectives, over the traditional approach under uncertain sea level rise projections and storm surge. Additionally, the new formulation produces high quality solutions with less computational demands than an intertemporal optimization approach. Our results illustrate the utility of multi objective adaptive formulations for the example of coastal adaptation and point to wider ranging application in climate change adaptation decision problems.", "venue": "Environ. Model. Softw.", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Gregory Garner", "Klaus Keller"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "How Software Platforms Drive Innovation and Transform Industries.", "session_id": 4169469681958080, "user_id": 6706012333891098, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 109112539, "title": "Invisible Engines: How Software Platforms Drive Innovation and Transform Industries", "abstract": "Winner of the Business, Management Accounting category in the 2006 Professional/Scholarly Publishing Annual Awards Competition presented by the Association of American Publishers, Inc. Software platforms are the invisible engines that have created, touched, or transformed nearly every major industry for the past quarter century. They power everything from mobile phones and automobile navigation systems to search engines and web portals. They have been the source of enormous value to consumers and helped some entrepreneurs build great fortunes. And they are likely to drive change that will dwarf the business and technology revolution we have seen to this point. Invisible Engines examines the business dynamics and strategies used by firms that recognize the transformative power unleashed by this new revolutiona revolution that will change both new and old industries. The authors argue that in order to understand the successes of software platforms, we must first understand their role as a technological meeting ground where application developers and end users converge. Apple, Microsoft, and Google, for example, charge developers little or nothing for using their platforms and make most of their money from end users; Sony PlayStation and other game consoles, by contrast, subsidize users and make more money from developers, who pay royalties for access to the code they need to write games. More applications attract more users, and more users attract more applications. And more applications and more users lead to more profits. Invisible Engines explores this story through the lens of the companies that have mastered this platform balancing act. It offers detailed studies of the personal computer, video game console, personal digital assistant, smart mobile phone, and digital media software platform industries, focusing on the business decisions made by industry players to drive profits and stay a step ahead of the competition. Shorter discussions of Internet based software platforms provide an important glimpse into a future in which the way we buy, pay, watch, listen, learn, and communicate will change forever. An electronic version of this book is available under a Creative Commons license.", "venue": "", "year": 2006.0, "author_names": ["David S Evans", "Andrei Hagiu", "Richard Schmalensee"], "n_citations": 425, "n_key_citations": 30, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 109112945, "title": "Book Review: Evans, Hagiu Schmalensee, Invisible Engines: How Software Platforms Drive Innovation and Transform Industries", "abstract": "This is a review of the book Invisible Engines: How Software Platforms Drive Innovation and Transform Industries by Evans, Hagiu Schmalensee.What makes the PlayStation 3 tick? The Apple iPod? Your BlackBerry? Software, or, more precisely and much more interestingly a software platform makes the hardware sing and sits in the middle of a business ecosystem of users, hardware makers and software developers. An invisible engine.The book centers on software platforms, one example of a two sided market. These are old markets newspapers, for example but many new markets are organized around these software platforms. The core question in two sided markets is open or closed? That turns importantly (but not necessarily decisively) on the pricing approach of the platform. If the platform is sold at a substantial loss, money has to be made somewhere. It is hard to sell the platform at a loss and open it fully for third parties. The platform either needs to be bundled with something else cell phones sold below cost bundled with service plans or the platform needs to be locked and participants need to be charged for unlocking it.Multi sided markets are rich places, and we need to master new rules of the road to navigate there. Our simple one market understandings will not map easily to this new, richer space. Invisible Engines sets all of this is out in a comprehensive and interesting way. If you are ready to jump in to better understand these markets, Invisible Engines is a very good place to start.", "venue": "", "year": 2008.0, "author_names": ["Randal C Picker"], "n_citations": 15, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 167973746, "title": "Catalyst Code: The Strategies behind the World's Most Dynamic Companies by David S. Evans and Richard Schmalensee and Invisible Engines: How Software Platforms Drive Innovation and Transform Industries by David S. Evans, Andrei Hagiu, and Richard Schmalensee", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2008.0, "author_names": ["George Augustus Castellion"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 106424678, "title": "Book Review: Invisible Engines: How Software Platforms Drive Innovation and Transform Industries by David S. Evans, Andrei Hagiu, and Richard Schmalensee. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2006.", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2008.0, "author_names": ["Ray Bert"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 167529320, "title": "Lean Product and Process Development by Allen C. Ward", "abstract": "Books reviewed in this issue: #Lean Product and Process Development #Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation Landscape #Putting Hope to Work: Five Principles to Activate Your Organization's Most Powerful Resource #Catalyst Code: The Strategies behind the World's Most Dynamic Companies #Invisible Engines: How Software Platforms Drive Innovation and Transform Industries", "venue": "", "year": 2008.0, "author_names": ["Donald G Reinertsen"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 201041803, "title": "Solving the Global Continual Improvement and Innovation Challenge: How an Effective Pharmaceutical Quality System Can Transform Post Approval Change Management", "abstract": "Post approval changes are inevitable and necessary throughout the life of a drug product to implement new knowledge, maintain a state of control, and drive continual improvement. Many of these post approval changes require regulatory agency approval by individual countries before implementation. Because of the global regulatory complexity, individual post approval changes usually take years for full worldwide approval even when they reduce patient risk, improve compliance, or enhance the manufacturing process or test methods. This global complexity slows down continual improvement and innovation and can cause drug shortages and current good manufacturing practices compliance issues. Manufacturers that market products globally experience the greatest challenge and risks in their daily operations because of this post approval change complexity. A global problem needs a global solution. Quality leaders speaking globally with \"One Voice of Quality\" are essential for solving this difficult problem. This concept paper has been developed under the sponsorship of a group of Chief Quality Officers (Heads of Quality) from >25 global pharmaceutical companies and has been endorsed by the Parenteral Drug Association. The intent of this concept paper is to develop and implement aligned, standard solutions within the industry, leveraging the core foundation of the pharmaceutical quality system, such that a transformational shift can be achieved with faster implementation of new knowledge, continual improvement, and innovation through post approval changes. LAY ABSTRACT: Pharmaceutical manufacturers must make changes to their products and manufacturing processes over time as they incorporate new technology and new information. Because drug products are highly regulated in every country, the manufacturer must often contact national drug regulators before making these changes, even if the manufacturer is confident, based on testing and process controls, that the change will not have a negative impact on product quality or patient safety. For a product that is globally marketed, the manufacturer may have to contact dozens of regulators before making a change. This paper suggests that industry work together to identify ways to demonstrate to regulators that product and process knowledge as well as pharmaceutical quality systems are strong enough that the manufacturers should be allowed to manage some post approval changes themselves.", "venue": "PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Anders Lerbech Vinther", "Emma Ramnarine"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 214799071, "title": "Recent Trends in Innovation and Business Models in the New Digital Economy", "abstract": "In this paper, we present a model that shows how the new innovation environment defined by co creation experiments within a value chain and supported by e networks connecting suppliers, partners and customers at world level is changing business models. Due to the ongoing convergence of products, industries and technologies at world level, innovation capacity is rapidly improving. To succeed in this new environment for innovation, multinationals will have to rely on an \"ecosystem\" (M.Iansiti and R.Levien, 2004) made of external competencies and bear on all participants in the value chain from customers to suppliers, partners and universities R&D departments. CONVERGENCE OF PRODUCTS, TECHNOLOGIES AND INDUSTRIES AS THE SOURCE OF NEW WAYS FOR GENERATING INNOVATION The convergence of technologies, industries and markets is transforming the process and even the meaning of innovation (Prahald and Romaswamy, 2003) The digital era is remodelling the industries boundaries and even the frontiers of products and services. Before the Internet revolution, education, communication and leisure markets for example, used to be linked to very specific industries such as electronic (including TV, audio and video products) computer (PCs, laptops and video consoles) communication devices (phones, pages) software, movies and music industries (Prahald and Romaswamy, 2003) Each industry had well defined competitors. A computer was different from a mobile phone, and a mobile phone was different from a music player. As the digital economy unfolds, the frontiers between computers, mobile devices, video cameras, and music players tend to disappear. A mobile phone is no more a mobile communication tool, but is used as an Internet access and music download device. Diagram 1. New trends in market innovation: main components New technologies and the ability to bundle services on competing infrastructures, are driving this convergence and transforming many industries. The digital technology is eroding the traditional space of products and reshaping the solution space into an experience space including new ways of creating value and generating innovation. The product space is defined by the traditional way of innovating and producing goods and services (technological features generated by the firm and its base of suppliers) whereas the solution space is characterized by the recent trend of bundling sets of interconnected products and services to customers. On the other hand, networks effects and customers' communities form the new emerging experience space. Moreover, innovation includes changes not only in the products technology or features, but also encompasses changes in processes, organizations or business models. Furthermore, disrupting factors in any competitive landscape, due to deregulation, opening of borders and new customers' behaviour or new commercial channels, naturally lead to the new experience space involving more and more stakeholders. The model depicted in diagram 1 illustrates these new trends. THE NEED OF FLEXIBILITY, MASS CUSTOMISATION AND RESPONSIVENESS Companies are currently facing the strategic challenge of improving their customer relationship management as on line technology makes it possible to customize products and also makes both individual and business customers much more informed than they were not so long ago about prices, quality and other dimensions of goods and services. As a consequence, to survive, businesses can no longer keep the customers outside their core innovation process. Thus, customer retention and strategic competitiveness required redefining business models based on a close relationship with the customers to make them active partners within the innovation and marketing process. THE CO CREATION OF VALUE Information based economy has encouraged the trend of coo petition between all the industries. Competitors work in a network of shared resources and competencies for a better performance. Information networks are including competitors, who behave as co operators in a coproduction and co innovation process (B. Chakravorti, 2004 and C.K Prahald and V. Ramaswamy, 2003) As markets are more and more global, co creation of value through customized experiences is becoming the new opportunity space. Firms will rely on a locus of competencies including partners and customers, far beyond internal and suppliers' frontiers base. The innovation process is no more the strategic competency of large companies, but tends to be developed by e value added chains including small to medium suppliers. As there are less and less geographic constraints, new relations of alliances of all sorts are shaping complex co production constellations of actors. The co creation and the expansion of sharing information and experience among the value constellation drive financial ant IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING This paper appears in the book, Emerging Trends and Challenges in Information Technology Management, Volume 1 and Volume 2 edited by Mehdi Khosrow Pour (c) 2006, Idea Group Inc. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033 1240, USA Tel: 717/533 8845; Fax 717/533 8661; URL http:/www.idea group.com ITB12595", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Soumaya Ben Letaifa"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 108964347, "title": "Theorizing Digital Business Innovation: Platforms and Capabilities in Ecosystems", "abstract": "This paper focuses on how information and technology drive digital business innovation in business ecosystems where multiple co contributors work together to innovate new business models. Specifically, we develop a framework based on two novel concepts (1) digital business innovation (DBI) platforms; and (2) digital business innovation capability at the ecosystem level of analysis. First, we describe DBI platform through three properties scale, scope and speed. Second, we describe DBI ecosystem capability using three dimensions operational, dynamic and improvisational capabilities. The DBI platform and capabilities together give rise to business value that are created at the level of the ecosystem and shared by the various co contributors. We generate a set of theoretical propositions by bringing the role of information and technology as drivers of value creation and capture in ecosystems. While extant research on IT and innovation has focused on the individual, organizational, and rarely at the inter organizational level of analysis, this paper argues for the importance of innovation ecosystems, which are complex, interdependent, and constantly evolving. We support our conceptual framework and propositions with a case example of digital business innovations with digital technologies underway in the automotive sector. We conclude with a set of critical issues for further development of theory on DBI platforms and ecosystem capabilities that are disrupting and transforming firms, industries, and markets. Our belief is that IS research could make important contributions to the broader innovation literature by explicating how information and technology individually and in tandem give rise to business value co created in ecosystems and shared by the various co contributors in the ecosystem. Accordingly, we hope this paper will entice IS research to rethink digital business innovation at the level of the ecosystem.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["N Venkatraman", "Omar El Sawy", "Paul A Pavlou", "Anandhi S Bharadwaj"], "n_citations": 26, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 209459288, "title": "Investigating How the Cloud Computing Transforms the Development of Industries", "abstract": "The Internet of Things (IoT) transforms many fields, including the educational, logistics, and manufacturing industries. The IoT is an internet framework whereby a large number of devices or equipment are connected and synchronized using gateways, third party technologies, and software in machine to machine and cloud computing networks. With the flourishing development of IoT, cloud computing plays an essential role in its application layer. Cloud computing technology has been widely applied in various industries and developed as particular cloud computing types: education as a service (EaaS) logistics as a service (LaaS) and manufacturing as a service (MaaS) The applicability of cloud computing in various industries has attracted significant attention from researchers and professionals. This study investigated the technical trends of emerging cloud computing technologies and surveyed 3,697 cloud computing related studies from 2010 to 2019. The findings indicate that intelligence and automation are the core issues that drive research on cloud computing. The main types of research are critical review, system design, and systematic analysis. Cloud computing services (e.g. XaaS, EaaS, LaaS, MaaS) are related to big data, analytical technologies, service orientation, and IoT. This study applied machine learning algorithms to analyze educational, logistic, and manufacturing data and yielded results with more than 90% accuracy and AUC. This study used various devices such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones to configure and review machine learning models using third party cloud platforms, which are infinitely scalable and flexible for data analytics, thereby allowing users to make quicker predictions and decisions focused on business needs.", "venue": "IEEE Access", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Yu Hsin Hung"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 166233543, "title": "The Role of Platforms in Software Development Planting Real Options to Manage Uncertainties", "abstract": "The innovation process of developing new software is a challenging job and an uncertain process because of the tasks associated with the development. These uncertainties can be categorized based on what drives the uncertainty. In this paper we separate between inner and outer uncertainty. Inner uncertainty stems from how a software product shall be developed and the cost associated with it. The outer uncertainty stems from what software product shall be developed and the revenues associated with it. This paper draws on theories from innovation and development research to develop a model to analyze how the uncertainty during a software development project can be managed. In doing so, we take a supply side view on software development where the firm does not merely respond to given market needs in the development cycle but instead plays a more active role. We operationalize the supply side of the innovation process in the software development by developing a model where we analyze how service platforms create real options for future innovations. An empirical study has been conducted to examine whether and how platforms are used in software development to plant options for future innovations as suggested by the model. The study was conducted at a company that primarily develops IT phone service products. This study shows that the company use platforms for the development of their products. Further, it is a prerequisite for developing software at the pace as well as the cost and the quality demanded by their customers. The platforms play different roles in the development depending on the product being developed. The study describes the development of two different products and how the platforms are used in different ways in the development of these products. The differences in the use of platforms is partly because of the different nature of the products but also due to the market maturity of the software, this result in a difference in the kind of real options that is created for the future. The study shows that both inner and outer uncertainties are reduced by the use of platforms in the development phase.", "venue": "", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Emil Numminen", "Anders Wrenne"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Aspek mahasiswa stres pada saat pandemi covid 19", "session_id": 2875764666788853, "user_id": 4074000896318596, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 224958893, "title": "PENERAPAN MCA PADA PERBANDINGAN LAMA BELAJAR MAHASISWA TINGKAT III POLITEKNIK STATISTIKA STIS SEBELUM DAN SAAT PANDEMI COVID 19", "abstract": "Pandemi Covid 19 yang terjadi saat ini memaksa kampus Politeknik Statistika STIS untuk melakukan Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh. Dalam sistem tersebut dosen sebagai pihak pemberi material stimulus dan pendorong, sedangkan peserta belajar sebagai pihak penerima informasi yang berperan untuk mempraktekan stimulus dan respon yang diberikan. Hal ini menyebabkan mahasiswa harus melakukan effort yang lebih besar untuk mendapatkan tingkat pemahaman yang maksimal. Penelitian ini berupa studi kasus dengan populasi seluruh mahasiswa tingkat III Politeknik Statistika STIS tahun akademik 2019/2020. Adapun tujuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis perbedaan lama waktu belajar mahasiswa dan faktor faktor apa saja yang memengaruhinya pada sebelum dan saat terjadinya pandemi Covid 19. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu dengan MCA Multiple Classification Analysis) Adapun variabel yang diduga berpengaruh terhadap lamanya waktu belajar yaitu jenis kelamin, peminatan, daerah tempat tinggal, indeks prestasi, dan jabatan dalam kegiatan PKL (Praktik Kerja Lapangan) Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penurunan waktu belajar mahasiswa pada saat kondisi pandemik Covid 19 dibandingkan saat kondisi normal. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan penurunan nilai grand mean waktu belajar mahasiswa. Selanjutnya diperoleh bahwa sebelum adanya Covid 19, hanya variabel jabatan di PKL yang menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan dalam mempengaruhi lama waktu belajar mahasiswa. Sedangkan pada saat kondisi pandemi Covid 19, tidak hanya jabatan di PKL, melainkan juga peminatan yang diambil mahasiswa berpengaruh signifikan terhadap lama waktu belajarnya.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Firza Refo Adi Pratama", "Nadhifan Humam Fitrial", "Novia Putri Lestari", "Siti Andhasah", "Risni Julaeni Yuhan"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 225533820, "title": "Efektifitas Perkuliahan Daring (Online) pada Mahasiswa PGSD di Saat Pandemi Covid 19", "abstract": "Perkuliahan daring (online) merupakan sarana utama dalam pembelajaran ketika wabah Pandemi Covid 19. Tidak terkecuali Prodi PGSD FTIK Unisnu Jepara yang yang menggunakan sarana aplikasi online, seperti whatsapp grup, telegram grup, google classroom, dan media aplikasi lain ketika perkuliahan daring. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektifitas perkuliahan daring pada mahasiswa Prodi PGSD di saat Pandemi Covid 19. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode survey melalui google form secara online. Hasil pengujiannya dihasilkan bahwa mayoritas mahasiswa Prodi PGSD FTIK Unisnu Jepara mengikuti perkuliahan daring dirumah menggunakan gadget (hp) dengan koneksi data dalam keadaan sinyal internet yang cukup baik. Perkuliahan daring memberikan gambaran umum tentang kurang optimalnya pemahaman materi dan banyaknya tugas yang diberikan pada mahasiswa sehingga mengakibatkan proses perkuliahan yang kurang efektif. Hasil lain menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa siap menghadapi aturan baru the new normal live apabila dilaksanakan perkuliahan secara luring. Sedangkan untuk sistem perkuliahan yang efektif selama pandemi adalah daring dan luring secara bergantian dengan memperhatikan prinsip protocol pencegahan Covid 19.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Aan Widiyono"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 225707220, "title": "PENERAPAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN E LEARNING BERBASIS EDMODO PADA PEMBELAJARAN DARING SAAT PANDEMI COVID 19 (DITINJAU DARI PERSEPSI SISWA)", "abstract": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persepsi siswa terhadap penerapan media pembelajaran e learning berbasis Edmodo pada pembelajaran daring saat pandemi Covid 19. Subjek penelitian ini terdiri dari 68 siswa Kelas X dan XI yang dipilih secara acak disalah satu SMK Negeri di Kota Cimahi. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan berupa kuisioner yang terdiri dari 36 pernyataan. Teknik analisis yang digunakan oleh peneliti yaitu teknik analisis deskriptif untuk mengetahui tingkat persepsi siswa terhadap Edmodo pada pembelajaran daring. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat persepsi siswa terhadap penerapan Edmodo pada masing masing aspek berada pada kategori tinggi, yaitu kategori pengukuran dan prestasi akademik sebesar 74% kategori komunikasi dan interaksi sebesar 73% dan kategori mengakes informasi sebesar 73% Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa rata rata persepsi siswa terhadap Edmodo berada pada kategori tinggi yaitu sebesar 73,3% Artinya menurut siswa media pembelajaran Edmodo dapat membantu mereka dalam pembelajaran daring selama pandemi Covid 19.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Indri Oktaviani", "Ika Putera Waspada", "Neti Budiwati"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 234761018, "title": "Studi Eksplorasi Pembelajaran Pendidikan IPA Saat Masa Pandemi COVID 19 Di UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya", "abstract": "Pandemi COVID 19 telah merubah tatanan hidup sebagian besar penduduk dunia, termasuk dalam dunia Pendidikan. Problematika pun muncul satu persatu sejalan dengan peralihan metode pembelajaran Universitas secara offline/tatap muka ke online/melalui jaringan internet. Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam juga memiliki masalah yang rumit saat materi yang seharusnya disampaikan dengan penuh perhatian pada pemodelan dan praktikum, harus di switch dengan metode tanpa tatap muka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi apa saja yang dirasakan mahasiswa selama pembelajaran daring ini dilakukan. Penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dilakukan pada 40 responden mahasiswa Pendidikan IPA Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Keguruan UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pada aspek Kelancaran Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran 52,5% mahasiswa berpendapat Jumlah Pertemuan dan Kesesuaian Materi dengan Silabus Baik, sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. 37,5% Sistem Perkuliahan yang menggunakan Platform Daring atau Online berjalan baik namun 30% berpendapat tidak sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Cara Penyampaian Dosen cukup sesuai dengan yang diharapkan berkaitan dengan penguasaan materi dan penguasaan penggunaan Platform Online oleh dosen, aspek ini mendapatkan penilaian 52,5% dari mahasiswa. Penugasan selama pembelajaran online ini dilakukan dirasa cukup memberatkan mahasiswa terbukti pada 30% mahasiwa menyatakan aspek ini tidak sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Sementara aspek paling memberatkan dilakukan pembelajaran online salama pandemi COVID 19 ini adalah masalah jaringan yang berkaitan dengan Sinyal dan Kuota Paket Data. 40% mahasiswa meyatakan bahwa aspek ini dirasa tidak sesuai dengan yang diharapkan dan memberatkan. Whats App Group adalah Platform Online yang paling diminati mahasiswa, sementara Zoom bukan menjadi pilihan prioritas.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Yuanita Lely Rachmawati", "Muhammad Ma'arif", "Ninik Fadhillah", "Nailil Inayah", "Khoirotul Ummah", "Muh Nuh Fathsyah Siregar", "Rela Amalyaningsih", "Fahira Aftannailah", "Aisyatul Auliyah"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 218956142, "title": "Implementasi Model Kesuksesan Sistem Informasi DeLone And McLean Terhadap Sistem Pembelajaran Berbasis Aplikasi Zoom Di Saat Pandemi Covid 19", "abstract": "Investasi dalam sistem informasi saat ini memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap aspek yang multidimensional dalam artian mencakup berbagai aspek dalam kehidupan berbisnis seperti perbankan, pendidikan, kepariwisataan dan lainnya karena sistem informasi memainkan peran penting dalam memberikan pelayanan yang lebih baik dan keunggulan kompetitif. Tidak terlepas pada dunia pendidikan dimasa saat ini kondisi dunia dan Indonesia mengalami pendemi COVID 19 sehingga himbauan pemerintah yang menyatakan bekerja dari rumah work from home social distancing serta penyesuaian sistem kerja bukan berarti pelayan public dan pembelajaran dihentikan, namun semua aktivitas dilakukan dengan bantuan teknologi informasi atau secara online. Salah satu media atau aplikasi yang biasa digunakan untuk sistem pembelajaran adalah aplikasi zoom. Peningkatan penggunaan aplikasi yang pesat menarik peneliti untuk melihat implementasi dari model yang diterapkan oleh DeLone dan McLean dimana model kesuksesan sistem dapat dilihat dari sisi kualitas sistem, kualitas informasi dan kualitas pelayanan serta kebutuhan dan kepuasan dari pengguna informasi. Penelitian ini merupakan explanatory research, lokasi penelitian ini dilakukan di kota Malang Jawa Timur. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua orang yang pernah menggunakan aplikasi zoom dalam beraktivitas terutama bidang pendidikan dengan jumlah sampel 180 responden. Pengumpulan data dengan penyebaran kuesioner, karena kondisi pandemic Covid 19 dengan pentingnya menerapkan Social Distancing maka penyebaran kuesioner dilakukan secara online. Teknik analisis data menggunakan Analisis Statistik Deskriptif, Analisis data menggunakan SEM dan Pengujian Hipotesis. Hasil dari penelitian ini system quality berpengaruh positif terhadap User Satisfaction, Information Quality berpengaruh positif terhadap User Satisfaction, Service Quality berpengaruh positif terhadap User Satisfaction dan User Satisfaction berpengaruh positif terhadap Net Benefit. DOI: https:/doi.org/10.26905/jtmi.v6i1.4165", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Syarif Hidayatullah", "Umu Khouroh", "Irany Windhyastiti", "Ryan Gerry Patalo", "Abd Waris"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 225664788, "title": "Learning From Home dalam Perspektif Persepsi Mahasiswa Era Pandemi Covid 19", "abstract": "Covid 19 saat ini telah menyebar ke berbagai negara di dunia. WHO (World Health Organisation) telah menyatakan Covid 19 sebagai pandemi pada 11 Maret 2020. Pandemi Covid 19 telah mempengaruhi semua sistem pendidikan di seluruh jenjang pendidikan dasar sampai pergurun tinggi, termasuk Stikes Rajekwesi Bojonegoro. Proses pembelajaran peserta didik dalam kelas harus dirubah metodenya dengan learning from home. Persepsi mahasiswa perlu diukur sebagai bahan evaluasi untuk perbaikan kualitas pelaksanaan learning from home sehingga tujuan pembelajaran bisa tercapai. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengeksplorasi persepsi mahasiswa Stikes Rajekwesi Bojonegoro T.A 2019/2020 terhadap learning from home di era pandemi Covid 19. Desain penelitian adalah deskriptif dengan sampel mahasiswa Stikes Rajekwesi Bojonegoro T.A 2019/2020 berjumlah 200 orang yang diambil dengan Accidental Sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui Google Form, dan dikonversikan dalam bentuk prosentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemahaman materi perkuliahan 54.5% sulit memahami, kreativitas mahasiswa 50% kreatif, metode dan strategi pembelajaran 51.5% cukup sesuai, hubungan antara dosen dengan mahasiswa 46% kurang dekat, pelaksanaan tugas oleh mahasiswa 56.5% sulit dan lambat, dan 41% mahasiswa kurang aktif selama perkuliahan. Persepsi mahasiswa terkait learning from home masih kurang memuaskan. Perlu inovasi, komunikasi, dan strategi pelaksanaan learning from home yang lebih menyenangkan agar motivasi belajar mahasiswa bisa meningkat", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Rahmawati Rahmawati", "Evita Muslima Isnanda Putri"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 225702865, "title": "Analisis Perubahan Orientasi Pola Hidup Mahasiswa Pasca Berakhirnya Masa Pandemi Covid 19", "abstract": "Krisis yang terjadi di dunia saat ini akibat munculnya Covid 19 telah memberikan berbagai perubahan mendasar pada kehidupan sosial masyarakat. Salah satu yang patut disoroti adalah dalam bidang pembelajaran pada tingkat mahasiswa, dimana telah nampak terjadi perubahan secara mendasar. Mahasiswa merupakan salah satu status sosial yang disandang oleh orang orang yang menempuh pendidikan tingkat tinggi, yang juga sarat dengan keilmuan maupun sisi intelektualnya. Pemikiran mahasiswa yang cenderung maju dan kerapnya melakukan aksi sosial, menjadikan mahasiswa sebagai jembatan penghubung bagi perkembangan kehidupan masyarakat luas. Di tengah era Covid 19 ini, potensi sosial dari mahasiswa menjadi perbincangan oleh sebagian pihak terutama para akademisi dan peneliti. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah berupa bentuk analisis terhadap kemungkinan perubahan orientasi pada kehidupan mahasiswa pasca berakhirnya masa pandemi Covid 19. Metode yang dilakukan adalah dengan (studi kepustakaan) dimana mengamati fenomena yang terjadi serta didukung berbagai penelitian, artikel, maupun opini terkait untuk kemudian dijelaskan secara deskriptif. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa sangat berpotensi besar untuk mengalami perubahan pada pola hidup dan interaksi akibat penerapan belajar online. Eksistensi mahasiswa menjadi dikhawatirkan, sehingga hal ini mengancam terbentuknya generasi intelektual yang berkualitas. Mengingat saat ini pola interaksi dan pembelajaran pada mahasiswa menjadi berbeda, serta mereka juga berada dalam tahap penyesuaian. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan sebagai suatu permasalahan kompleks, tentang realitas sosial yang telah terjadi dan diprediksi pada kalangan mahasiswa. Maka dari itu, pola pembelajaran online merupakan sesuatu yang tak boleh habis untuk dikaji.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["B Ahmad Farah", "Robby Darwis Nasution"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 225926306, "title": "MEMBANGUN KEMANDIRIAN BELAJAR MAHASISWA MELALUI BLENDED LEARNING DI MASA PANDEMI COVID 19", "abstract": "Pada masa pandemic covid 19 ini pembelajaran dilakukan secara daring demi memutus penyebaran covid 19, sehingga mahasiswa dituntut untuk dapat lebih mandiri dalam belajar karena pembelajaran tidak dilakukan secara tatap muka. Pada masa ini Kemandirian belajar merupakan salah satu aspek penting yang harus dimiliki oleh mahasiswa demi tercapainya kompetensi secara optimal, namun nyatanya kemandirian mahasiswa dalam belajar masih kurang begitu baik, mengingat pentingnya sikap ini dan dihadapkan pada situasi yang sulit akibat covid 19 maka pendidik sudah seharusnya melaksanakan pembelajaran yang dapat memfasilitasi terbentuknya kemandirian belajar. Salah satu bentuk pembelajaran yang mampu mengembangkan kemandirian belajar mahasiswa adalah blended learning, pembelajaran ini memadukan pembelajaran secara daring dan juga tatap muka. Bentuk pembelajaran ini memungkinkan mahasiswa dapat belajar secara efektif dan efesien, lebih mudah mengakses materi ajar, dan pada akhirnya meningkatkan kemandirian belajar mahasiswa karena belajar dilakukan secara mandiri.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Yuyu Yuliati", "Dudu Suhandi Saputra"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 224845590, "title": "Persepsi Mahasiswa Terhadap Pembelajaran Daring Pada Masa Pandemi Covid 19", "abstract": "Abstrak: Pandemi Covid 19 telah mengubah tatanan hidup masyarakat termasuk pada bidang pendidikan. Untuk menghindari bertambahnya kasus, Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan telah membuat kebijakan tentang proses belajar mengajar yang dilakukan secara daring Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persepsi mahasiswa terhadap pembelajaran daring di masa pandemi Covid 19. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dengan instrumen penelitian berupa kuisioner yang disebar secara online dengan bantuan google form Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 95 mahasiswa Program Studi Teknologi Pendidikan Universitas Baturaja yang telah terlibat dalam pembelajaran daring selama masa pandemi Covid 19. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 100% mahasiswa Program Studi Teknologi Pendidikan Universitas Baturaja menjalankan pembelajaran daring di semester genap tahun akademik 2019/2020. Adapun media online yang paling diminati mahasiswa saat pembelajaran daring yaitu Google Classroom (46,8% Whatsapp (27,4% Edmodo (19,4% dan Zoom (6,4% Meskipun begitu mayoritas mahasiswa yaitu 93,5% lebih menyukai pembelajaran secara offline di kelas tatap muka dibandingkan pembelajaran daring Abstract The Covid 19 pandemic has changed the way people live, including in the field of education. In order to avoid increasing cases, the Minister of Education and Culture has made a policy regarding the teaching and learning process which is carried out online. This study aims to determine students' perceptions of online learning during the Covid 19 pandemic. This study uses a quantitative descriptive analysis method with a research instrument in the form of a questionnaire distributed online with the help of google form. The number of samples in this study were 95 students of the University of Baturaja Educational Technology Study Program who had been involved in online learning during the Covid 19 pandemic. The results showed that 100% of Baturaja University Educational Technology Study Program students carried out online learning in the even semester of the 2019/2020 academic year. The online media that students are most interested in when learning online are Google Classroom (46.8% Whatsapp (27.4% Edmodo (19.4% and Zoom (6.4% Even so, the majority of students, namely 93.5% prefer offline learning in face to face classes compared to online learning.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Sulia Ningsih"], "n_citations": 7, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 225569790, "title": "Dampak pandemi Covid 19 terhadap kepuasan pembelajaran jarak jauh", "abstract": "Pandemi Covid 19 saat ini berdampak pada perguruan tinggi. IAIN Padangsidimpuan sebagai salah satu institusi pendidikan tinggi negeri keagamaan Islam di Indonesia dituntut untuk mengikuti perubahan metode pembelajaran yaitu pembelajaran jarak jauh (PJJ) yang semula sepenuhnya dilakukan dengan tatap muka. Letak kampus yang berada di Bagian Selatan Sumatera Utara dengan asal mahasiswa yang beragam dan berada jauh dari perkotaan menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi institusi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif. Jumlah informan 384 orang yang terdiri dari mahasiswa aktif Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam IAIN Padangsidimpuan yang dipilih secara acak. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa, meskipun mayoritas mahasiswa (95,8% sudah memiliki perangkat untuk menjalani PJJ, namun di sisi lain mahasiswa merasa metode PJJ saat ini belum tepat karena mahasiswa merasa tidak dapat memantau perkembangan PJJ dengan mudah, tidak dapat memperoleh materi pembelajaran dengan mudah juga tidak dapat mempelajari materi dengan mudah. Secara keseluruhan, baik dari sisi teknologi maupun sisi dosen, mahasiswa tidak puas dengan metode PJJ yang dijalaninya saat ini dan juga merasa tidak puas dengan kemampuan dosen dalam menyampaikan materi pada PJJ. Abstract The Covid19 pandemic is currently affecting universities. IAIN Padangsidimpuan as one of the institutions of Islamic religious state higher education in Indonesia is required to follow the changes in learning methods, namely distance learning (PJJ) which is from the beginning is fully face to face. The location of the campus in the Southern Part of North Sumatra with diverse origins of students and being far from urban areas is a challenge for institutions. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis. The number of informants 384 people consisting of active students of the Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business were randomly selected. Based on the results of the study note that, although the majority of students (95.8% already have the tools to undergo Distance Learning, on the other hand students feel the distance learning method is currently not appropriate because students feel unable to monitor the development of distance learning easily, cannot obtain learning material easily nor can study material easily. Overall, both in terms of technology and the Lecturer side, students are not satisfied with the distance learning method they are currently undergoing and also feel dissatisfied with the ability of the Lecturer to deliver material to distance learning.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Rodame Monitorir Napitupulu"], "n_citations": 15, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 1}]} -{"query": "peer specialist services: new Frontiers and new roles", "session_id": 5779217695792665, "user_id": 144322563056877, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 199503789, "title": "Peer specialist services: New frontiers and new roles.", "abstract": "This special section of Psychological Services is devoted to the most recent work on services provided by peer specialists. As individuals who have overcome obstacles in life and who are trained to provide services to others with similar life challenges, peer specialists promote recovery, foster resilience, and build on patients' strengths to support community integration and help them lead more fulfilling lives. Expanding beyond the basic peer specialist model, this special section showcases innovative programs that more fully utilize peer specialists such as partnering with them in treatment engagement as well as successfully moving into new arenas such as suicide prevention. This special section speaks to both the increasing range of work peer specialists are engaging in and how their roles are growing in complexity. It also explores the impact this discipline is having on systems of care and provides research on approaches to optimize their implementation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)", "venue": "Psychological services", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Anne Klee", "Matthew J Chinman", "Lisa K Kearney"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 237005395, "title": "A Longitudinal Qualitative Analysis of the Way Peer Support Specialist Roles Change Over Time in a Psychiatric Hospital Setting in Asia", "abstract": "The current study seeks to determine how peer support roles change as peer support specialists' positions within organizations and departments mature. We followed ten peer support specialists over the course of a year, interviewing them at three points, starting approximately three months after they began working as peer support specialists. We used an inductive process to analyze our data and followed guidelines on the structuring of longitudinal qualitative trajectories to divide the data into watershed moments. Our participants worked in a variety of departments in the hospital, and their service use experiences generally echo those of their service users. Participants appear to pass through four phases over the course of their employment as peers: early beginnings, establishing the role, role narrowing, and role sustainability. Services wishing to integrate new peers must be aware of the time required for integration. Having general job descriptions limited to specifying that peers are expected to use their lived experience to support current service users may lead to uncertainty amongst new and existing staff. Without role clarity, peers may struggle to find their place. Pairing new staff with mentors may limit this burden. As roles consolidate, boundaries may emerge. If these boundaries narrow the role of the PSS, they may no longer find the role appealing. They may then choose other caregiver roles with wider or different spheres of influence. Organizations may benefit by clearly indicating if they expect peer support positions to be static or transitionary.", "venue": "Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Daniel Poremski", "Jonathan Han Loong Kuek", "Kah Lai Yow", "Pui Wai Eu", "Hong Choon Chua"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 4737206, "title": "Provision of peer specialist services in VA patient aligned care teams: protocol for testing a cluster randomized implementation trial", "abstract": "BackgroundOver 1100 Veterans work in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) as peer specialists (PSs) PSs are Veterans with formal training who provide support to other Veterans with similar diagnoses, primarily in mental health settings. A White House Executive Action mandated the pilot reassignment of VHA PSs from mental health to 25 primary care Patient Aligned Care Teams (PACT) in order to broaden the provision of wellness services that can address many chronic illnesses. An evaluation of this initiative was undertaken to assess the impact of outside assistance on the deployment of PS in PACT, as implementation support is often needed to prevent challenges commonly experienced when first deploying PSs in VHA settings. We present the protocol for this cluster randomized hybrid type II trial to test the impact of standard implementation (receive minimal assistance) vs. facilitated implementation (receive outside assistance) on the deployment of VHA PSs in PACT.MethodsA VHA Office of Mental Health Services work group is recruiting 25 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers to reassign a mental health PSs to provide wellness oriented care in PACT. Sites in three successive cohorts (n 8, 8, 9) beginning over 6 month blocks will be matched and randomized to either standard or facilitated implementation. In facilitated implementation, an outside expert works with site stakeholders through a site visit, regular calls, and performance data to guide the planning and address challenges. Standard implementation sites will receive a webinar and access the Office of Mental Health Services work group. The two conditions will be compared on PS workload data, fidelity to the PS model of service delivery, team functioning, and Veteran measures of activation, satisfaction, and functioning. Qualitative interviews will collect information on implementation barriers and facilitators.DiscussionThis evaluation will provide critical data to guide administrators and VHA policy makers on future deployment of PSs, as their role has been expanding beyond mental health. In addition, development of novel implementation strategies (facilitation tailored to PSs) and the use of new tools (peer fidelity) can be models for monitoring and supporting deployment of PSs throughout VHA.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02732600 (URL:https:/clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02732600)", "venue": "Implementation Science", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Matthew J Chinman", "Karin Elizabeth Daniels", "Jeff Smith", "Sharon McCarthy", "Deborah Medoff", "Amanda Peeples", "Richard W Goldberg"], "n_citations": 11, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 72126953, "title": "Exploring New Frontiers: Recovery Oriented Peer Support Programming in a Psychiatric ED", "abstract": "Enhancing the diversity of roles for paid peer support specialists is a topic of increasing interest throughout the country. Peer specialist positions promote a renewed sense of hope for the possibility of recovery, while also offering unique and valuable competitive employment options for mental health consumers. As we strive toward local and national recovery oriented systems of care, we must continue to explore practical program applications and their associated benefits and challenges. The authors describe the development and implementation of a recovery oriented peer support team within the psychiatric service of an emergency department (psychiatric ED) located at an academic medical center in a northeastern state.", "venue": "", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["Scott Migdole", "Janis Tondora", "Michelle A Silva", "Alan D Barry", "Jane C Milligan", "Edward Mattison", "Wiley Rutledge", "Seth M Powsner"], "n_citations": 17, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 227174897, "title": "Actionable Items to Address Challenges Incorporating Peer Support Specialists Within an Integrated Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder System: Co Designed Qualitative Study", "abstract": "Background Peer support specialists offering mental health and substance use support services have been shown to reduce stigma, hospitalizations, and health care costs. However, as peer support specialists are part of a fast growing mental health and substance use workforce in innovative integrated care settings, they encounter various challenges in their new roles and tasks. Objective The purpose of this study was to explore peer support specialists' experiences regarding employment challenges in integrated mental health and substance use workplace settings in New Hampshire, USA. Methods Using experience based co design, nonpeer academic researchers co designed this study with peer support specialists. We conducted a series of focus groups with peer support specialists (N=15) from 3 different integrated mental health and substance use agencies. Audio recordings were transcribed. Data analysis included content analysis and thematic analysis. Results We identified 90 final codes relating to 6 themes: (1) work role and boundaries, (2) hiring, (3) work life balance, (4) work support, (5) challenges, and (6) identified training needs. Conclusions The shared values of experience based co design and peer support specialists eased facilitation between peer support specialists and nonpeer academic researchers, and indicated that this methodology is feasible for nonpeer academic researchers and peer support specialists alike. Participants expressed challenges with agency restrictions, achieving work life balance, stigma, and low compensation. We present actionable items to address these challenges in integrated mental health and substance use systems to potentially offset workforce dissatisfaction and high turnover rates.", "venue": "Journal of participatory medicine", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Margareth Aparecida Santini de Almeida", "Annie Day", "Bret Smith", "Cynthia L Bianco", "Karen L Fortuna"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 44909286, "title": "The role of the specialist acute oncology nurse in the new acute oncology services.", "abstract": "Specialist acute oncology nurses (AON) are appearing all over the UK, not just in England, where they are a recommendation of peer review, but also in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. The role of the specialist AON is multifaceted and demands that these nurses show many skills, including leadership, innovation, negotiation, teaching and, importantly, expert clinical skills. Services are designed to be responsive to local need so the role can differ between cancer centres and units. It is also influenced by the presence of an emergency department or an acute medical admissions unit. It is clear that however local services are configured, there are core elements to the specialist AON role.", "venue": "Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Larry O'Neil Putt", "P Jones"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 233275423, "title": "Actionable Items to Address Challenges Incorporating Peer Support Specialists Within an Integrated Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder System: Co Designed Qualitative Study", "abstract": "Background: Peer support specialists offering mental health and substance use support services have been shown to reduce stigma, hospitalizations, and health care costs. However, as peer support specialists are part of a fast growing mental health and substance use workforce in innovative integrated care settings, they encounter various challenges in their new roles and tasks. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore peer support specialists' experiences regarding employment challenges in integrated mental health and substance use workplace settings in New Hampshire, USA. Methods: Using experience based co design, nonpeer academic researchers co designed this study with peer support specialists. We conducted a series of focus groups with peer support specialists (N=15) from 3 different integrated mental health and substance use agencies. Audio recordings were transcribed. Data analysis included content analysis and thematic analysis. Results: We identified 90 final codes relating to 6 themes: (1) work role and boundaries, (2) hiring, (3) work life balance, (4) work support, (5) challenges, and (6) identified training needs. Conclusions: The shared values of experience based co design and peer support specialists eased facilitation between peer support specialists and nonpeer academic researchers, and indicated that this methodology is feasible for nonpeer academic researchers and peer support specialists alike. Participants expressed challenges with agency restrictions, achieving work life balance, stigma, and low compensation. We present actionable items to address these challenges in integrated mental health and substance use systems to potentially offset workforce dissatisfaction and high turnover rates. (J Participat Med 2020;12(4):e17053) doi:10.2196/17053", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Adam Bouras", "Eduardo J Simoes", "S Boren", "Lanis L Hicks", "Iris Zachary", "Christoph Buck", "Satvinder S Dhingra", "Richard Ellis"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 205660184, "title": "Military veteran engagement with mental health and well being services: a qualitative study of the role of the peer support worker", "abstract": "Abstract Background: Many UK military veterans experiencing mental health and well being difficulties do not engage with support services to get the help they need. Some mental health clinics employ Peer Support Workers (PSWs) to help veteran patients engage, however it is not known how the role influences UK veteran engagement. Aims: To gain insight into the role of peer support in UK veteran engagement with mental health and well being services. Method: A qualitative study based on 18 semi structured interviews with veterans, PSWs and mental health clinicians at a specialist veteran mental health and well being clinic in Scotland. Results: Four themes of the PSW role as positive first impression, understanding professional friend, helpful and supportive connector, and an open door were identified across all participants. The PSWs' military connection, social and well being support and role in providing veterans with an easily accessible route to dis engage and re engage with the service over multiple engagement attempts were particularly crucial. Conclusions: The Peer Support role enhanced veteran engagement in the majority of instances. Study findings mirrored existing peer support literature, provided new evidence in relation to engaging UK veterans, and made recommendations for future veteran research and service provision.", "venue": "Journal of mental health", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Bronagh Weir", "Margaret Cunningham", "Lucy Abraham", "Charlie Allanson-Oddy"], "n_citations": 15, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 216459917, "title": "Specialist inflammatory bowel disease nursing in the UK: current situation and future proofing", "abstract": "Objective To determine the impact to date of the ongoing Crohn's Colitis UK inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) clinical nurse specialists (CNS) campaign. Methods A survey based design was used. 2 questionnaires were sent to the UK IBD nursing community and promoted via nursing and clinical networks. Respondents were asked to provide data at both an individual and trust level about their nursing services. Results 394 IBD CNS posts were identified across the UK, with a 32% increase in posts since the start of the campaign. 27% felt the campaign had been influential in securing new posts. Greater numbers of posts were reported in England when compared with the devolved nations. Most services remain below the UK standards recommendation of 2.5 IBD CNS per 250 000 patient population. Cross site working was reported in 59% of services. 45% of respondents were non medical prescribers, with 13% educated to MSc level. High levels of stress were reported by IBD CNS associated with managing advice line services. Conclusions Crohn's Colitis UK's 'More IBD Nurses Better Care' campaign has contributed to the numbers of CNS posts in IBD continuing to rise, but they remain lower than the recommended standard of 2.5 IBD CNS per 250 000. Educational and career pathways are not clearly defined, and aspects of the role such as advice line provision contribute to stress within the workforce. The ongoing aims of the charity campaign hope to address these issues by improving access to formal education pathways with peer support for IBD specialist nurses, and advice line training, in addition to supporting trusts and services throughout the UK to reduce the workforce deficit with effective business cases.", "venue": "Frontline Gastroenterology", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Lisa Younge", "Isobel Mason", "Rukshana Kapasi"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 226714938, "title": "The experiences of peer support specialists supervised by non peer supervisors.", "abstract": "This qualitative study examines the experiences of peer support specialists (PSS) supervised by non peer supervisors (NPS) in adult community mental health settings. Participants completed a demographic survey designed to address inclusionary criteria. From those eligible, a random number generator was used to select participants who would be interviewed using a semi structured interview guide. The critical incident technique was used to elicit memorable experiences of supervision. Data was analyzed thematically. Twenty interviews were completed before saturation was reached. Thematic analysis revealed eight major themes which are best understood in the context of the ongoing transformation of mental health services from the traditional medical model to a recovery oriented model. Those eight themes were supervisor attitudes, role integration, trauma informed supervisory techniques, facilitative/supportive environment, perspective taking, mutual learning, opportunities for peer networking and the desire for a supervisor who was a more experienced peer support worker. The supervisor's attitude was a critical factor in providing what PSS perceived as adequate supervision. An attitude of respect for the peer role combined synergistically with positive nonjudgmental communication to create a facilitative/supportive environment. That environment supported autonomous functioning which in turn worked to address role integration and suggest trauma informed supervisory techniques. Peer Support Specialists are integrating into a mental health service system transitioning from a medical model to a recovery oriented model of care. PSS are the embodiment of recovery. The experiences of PSS reflect the challenges inherent in role THE EXPERIENCES OF PEER SUPPORT SPECIALISTS SUPERVISED 10 innovation. NPS are the necessary guides who assist the PSS in navigating a system not yet aligned with peer values. If the mental health system is going to successfully become recovery oriented, then NPS need a unique skill set to support those with lived experience whose recovery can help point the way. THE EXPERIENCES OF PEER SUPPORT SPECIALISTS SUPERVISED 11 Chapter I BACKGROUND In the past few years, peer support has become part of the mental health landscape (Cronise, Teixeira, Rogers, Harrington, 2016; Salzer, Schwenk, Brusilovsky, 2010) In step with the empowerment education movement, which sought to redefine the relationship of patients and healthcare providers, health systems began moving towards a system of care that included the patient as an active participant (Anderson Funnell, 2004; Wallerstein Bernstein, 1988; Wallerstein Bernstein, 1994) In a similar fashion, the location of peer support has migrated from its initial location in self help groups to free standing peer run agencies to peer agencies working alongside traditional mental health agencies and ultimately, in the last decade, a move towards integration of peers into both health and mental health systems. Evolution of Peer Support Peer support is generally defined as a way of giving and receiving help from people who have similar experiences (Davidson, Bellamy, Guy, Miller, 2012; Lammers Happell, 2003; Mead, 2003; President's New Freedom Commission, 2003; Repper Carter, 2011) More specifically, peer support is defined as a way of giving and receiving help from people who have similar experiences based on key principles of respect, shared responsibility and mutual agreement about what is helpful (Davidson, Bellamy, Guy, Miller, 2013; Lammers Happell, 2003; Mead, 2003; President's New Freedom Commission, 2003; Repper Carter, 2010) Peer support in mental health has evolved. Originally peer support was located within self help groups and later within THE EXPERIENCES OF PEER SUPPORT SPECIALISTS SUPERVISED 12 peer run agencies. Now, peers provide peer support in a variety of settings from independent peer agencies to case management teams to inclusion in more traditional settings like partial hospitalization programs, clubhouses and drop in centers (Salzer et al. 2010) The evolution has also been reflected in how peers refer to themselves. For example, early literature referred to such individuals as psychiatric survivors, a term connoting the low regard many had for the mental health system where they were treated (Chamberlin, 1978; Chamberlin, 1990) The moniker shifted to consumers and then to peers. Likewise, there has been a change in how peers who provide support for other peers refer to themselves. Titles have shifted from peer advocate, peer supporter, peer provider, peer support specialist, certified peer specialist and most recently to peer professional. For the purposes of this study, the term peer support specialist (PSS) will be used as it is a term commonly used as a job title for peers hired to support others with a mental health diagnosis. It is widely accepted that peer support is a critical element of a recovery oriented system of care (Anthony, 1993; Deegan, 1988; Lunt, 2002; President's New Freedom Commission, 2003; Ralph, 2000) Research suggests efforts to integrate into this disparate system of care bring both barriers and challenges. Given that PSS who are credentialed by their lived experience work among other professionals who are credentialed by their educational experience (Gates, Mandiberg, Akabas, 2010; Bennetts, Pinches, Paluch, Fossey, 2013; Budd, 1987; Chesler, 1990; Gartner Riesman, 1982; Kemp Henderson, 2012; Repper Carter, 2010; Smith et al. 2016; Vandewalle et al. 2016) Much of the current literature studying barriers and challenges THE EXPERIENCES OF PEER SUPPORT SPECIALISTS SUPERVISED 13 to integration suggests that supervision is a key component of successful integration. There is little known about the supervision of PSS in general or about PSS supervision by non peer professionals. There is currently no empirical literature which addresses the experiences of PSS receiving supervision. Data suggests that the trend of peers working as PSS alongside non peer mental health professionals continues to grow (Chapman, Blash, Chan, 2015) Given this trend, there is a need to understand whether supervision by a non peer meets the supervisory needs of a PSS when integrating into a clinical adult mental health team (Middleton, Stanton, Renouf, 2004) In this chapter, the history leading to the current mental health landscape, the empirical studies of peer support, differences in peer and professional perspectives, and establishment of what is currently understood about the challenges of peer integration will be presented. Additionally, the framework of clinical supervision and a 2015 report titled the Pillars of Peer Supervision (Daniels, Tunner, Powell, Fricks, Ashenden, 2015) are employed as ways of understanding the supervision of peers by non peer supervisors (NPS) Finally, the use of a qualitative research design is suggested as the methodology best suited to understand situations or experiences about which little is known, such as the non peer supervision of PSS (Creswell, 2013) If peer support is to provide an efficacious service element for persons with serious mental illness, we must understand more about what supports its success and how supervision can contribute. The Role of Recovery in the Historical Context The mental health recovery paradigm has become a significant philosophical influence on the delivery of mental health services; however, the use of the term recovery THE EXPERIENCES OF PEER SUPPORT SPECIALISTS SUPERVISED 14 has varied widely. As the possibility of recovery was introduced into mental health systems through the writings of proponents and through documents such as the President's New Freedom Commission (2003) mental health service providers slowly began to incorporate the language and tools of recovery into mental health settings. The term recovery is used differently in different settings. For some mental health practitioners, the term may refer to expected clinical outcomes or for other practitioners, it may refer to a philosophy or attitude that casts doubt about viewing all serious mental illness as a chronic condition (Anthony, 1993; Deegan, 1988; Harding, Brooks, Ashikaga, Strauss, Brieier, 1987) The concept of clinical recovery implies that a person is experiencing no signs or symptoms of mental illness, living independently, having a social life and working. In short, the individual is considered disease free. The philosophy of personal recovery as noted by Deegan (1988) and Anthony (1993) generally refers to a process whereby a person develops a new sense of self that encompasses the presence of mental illness and continues with their life. In essence, the mental illness becomes a long term condition that must be dealt with but which does not define the individual. Recovery in the substance abuse field, for example, generally reflects a philosophical stance suggesting acceptance of abstinence from addictive substances as a goal which is achieved one day at a time (White, 2007) In this study, we will refer to recovery as personal recovery, that is the ability to live a satisfying and contributing life irrespective of ongoing symptoms and disability which is the philosophical understanding promoted by Deegan (1988) and Anthony (1993) THE EXPERIENCES OF PEER SUPPORT SPECIALISTS SUPERVISED 15 Until longitudinal studies such as those conducted by Harding, Brooks, Ashikaga, Strauss, and Brieier (1987a) clinical recovery was generally not considered a likely outcome for individuals with serious mental illness. This prognostic conception of serious mental illness was likely reinforced by the seemingly chronic nature of the individuals in treatment facilities. This misconception was best explained by Cohen and Cohen's, The Clinician's Illusion (1984) Essentially, clinicians do not see persons who clinically recover from severe mental illness since they no lo", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Joan Forbes"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "car door handle inner design", "session_id": 6663181305931034, "user_id": 2310679963477633, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 159285992, "title": "Research on the use of lignocellulosic fibers reinforced bio polyamide 11 with composites for automotive parts: Car door handle case study", "abstract": "Abstract Most of the decisions taken during the early design and development steps of a new product compromise a large part of its cost, including its environmental footprint and energy consumption. This is of special interest for the automotive industry that has made an effort to increase its sustainability. Adjectives like bio based, recyclable or biodegradable are commonly used as synonyms of greener; nonetheless, such materials must achieve the requirements of the industry. This paper researches the use of alternative materials instead of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene, a commodity material. The authors propose using a wood fiber reinforced polyamide 11 composite as replacement. The research discussed the mechanical properties of such composites, obtaining values similar to the currently used materials. Moreover, a case study was performed to assess the behavior of the composites when used to manufacture a door car handle. The materials with reinforcement contents ranging from 40 to 60% showed its ability to replace the commodity materials. Furthermore, a preliminary LCA analysis was performed to evaluate the environmental footprint of the researched materials. In was found, that, in terms of energy and carbon footprint, the PA11 composites were penalized by the energy cost of the PA11 monomer production.", "venue": "Journal of Cleaner Production", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Helena Oliver-Ortega", "Fernando Julian", "Francesc Xavier Espinach", "Quim Tarres", "Monica Ardanuy", "Pere Mutje"], "n_citations": 23, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 114732132, "title": "A design for an autonomous car door handle", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Taa Tommie Perenboom"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 218919140, "title": "Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Work for the Punching and Cutting Operations on Inner Plate of the Front Car Door", "abstract": "In this paper we displayed the problematic of modeling, analysis and simulating work process of specific tool used for punching and cutting operations on inner plate of the front car door. Basic principles of treating material with deformations are displayed, to easily understand operations that are performed during the work of the tool. Principles of geometric modeling, application of Boolean operations, parametrized individual standard parts and databases are very important factors for tool modeling. Beside modeling it is very important to calculate the specific parts based on standards which are used in car industry. After geometrical modeling of tool, simulation and work analysis have been performed to control the movement speed of the tool during production. Simulation also enables faster design process for the tool, increases work safety etc.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Isad Saric", "Enis Muratovic", "Harun Music"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 88500997, "title": "Design and Manufacturing of Real Scale Mockup Car Door Via 3d Printer", "abstract": "In this study, a door of a real scale Mocap electric car that we previously produced, was designed by using package design programs available for the production of the body elements. In this comprehensive design, connection interfaces between the door and the car body, the door handle, the elements for window mechanisms, the elements for door locking and the door hinge were designed in detail. Before the production of these designed parts, conformity analysis and tests were performed in the computer environment. Instead of the conventional car manufacturing processes, modern, fast and economical 3D printers were used for manufacturing. The door, door components and their 3D printer production data which were created and assembled in computer environment were further manufactured via 3D printer.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Kemal Ersan", "Yunus Ali Demiroglu", "Burhan Guldur"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219722161, "title": "Novel Design for Door Handle A Potential Technology to Reduce Hand Contamination in the COVID 19 Pandemic", "abstract": "Key words Coronavirus disease 2019; COVID 19; 3D printing; door handle", "venue": "The American Journal of Medicine", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Kuan-Lin Chen", "Shyh-Jen Wang", "Chien Chuang", "Li-Ying Huang", "Fang-Yao Chiu", "Fu-Der Wang", "Yi-Tsung Lin", "Wei-Ming Chen"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 207906674, "title": "Three Dimension Model and Rapid Prototyping of Car Interior Handle Based on Reverse Engineering", "abstract": "The reverse engineering and rapid prototyping technology are used to analyze and improve the car interior handle. Digital information of the selected car interior handle are collected and sorted by hand held laser scanner due to its structural characteristics. By the reverse design idea, the reconstruction of the inner handle surface and the 3D solid modeling are completed based on Imageware and SolidWorks software Finally, the car interior handle is obtained through rapid prototyping technology. The application of reverse engineering and rapid prototyping technology can greatly shorten the design and development cycle and effectively improve the design efficiency of products.", "venue": "AIAM", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Hong-jun Ni", "Weijia Tang", "Shuaishuai Lv", "Yu Zhu", "Xingxing Wang", "Kaixuan Wang", "Tiancheng Huang", "Jianhua Sun"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 145928076, "title": "Integrated outer door handle structure of car", "abstract": "An integrated outer door handle structure of a car comprises a base assembly, a handle assembly and a locking block, wherein the base assembly and the handle assembly are arranged on the two sides of a door sheet metal part respectively, and a third connecting hole is formed in the position, on the inner side of a base framework, of the locking block. The locking block forwards stretches to form a first clasping arm and a second clasping arm, guide strips are arranged on the two sides of the first clasping arm and the two sides of the second clasping arm, and the tail end of the first clasping arm and the tail end of the second clasping arm abut against rear clamping strips. A first connecting hole, a second connecting hole and a third connecting hole are in the same straight line and are fixed together through a set screw in a screw mode. The integrated outer door handle structure has the advantages that the car handle integrated structure and the locking block are adopted, compared with a traditional separated car handle and screw fixation, the number of parts is reduced, production efficiency and assembly efficiency are improved, the defect of chromatic aberration existing in the prior art is overcome, and the yield of products is increased.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": [""], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 140900799, "title": "Inner plate windowsill reinforcing plate structure and car door with the same", "abstract": "The invention discloses an inner plate windowsill reinforcing plate structure and a car door with the same and belongs to the field of automobile parts. The inner plate windowsill reinforcing plate structure comprises a convex step surface, an upper welding edge at the upper part of the convex step surface, a lower welding edge at the lower part of the convex step surface, and lateral plates at two sides of the convex step surface and firmly connected with an inner plate, the lower welding edge is zigzag, each rack of the lower welding edge is provided with a welding spot welded with the inner plate, and the scrap edge of the other part of the lower welding edge is separated from the inner plate. The inner plate windowsill reinforcing plate structure has beneficial effects that the strip line rigidity of the inner plate is improved; the anti rust ability of the part is reinforced; the light design is realized through the part structure, and the manual welding operation convenience is improved.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": [""], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 181806853, "title": "Optimization of Passenger Car Door Impact Beam using Quasi Static CAE Analysis", "abstract": "Automotive side impacts are particularly dangerous as location of impact is very close to the passenger, who can be immediately reached by the impacting vehicle. FMVSS 214 static is a US safety regulation for occupant safety during side impacts, in which the vehicle is tested at static loading conditions to measure its load baring capacity and integrity of side closures. The CAE load case, virtually simulating the test, was handled as a quasi static problem in this study. Impact beam is a component that helps in improving vehicle passive safety performance during side impacts by minimizing door intrusion to the occupant cabin. It plays an important role in achieving side impact regulatory norms. Through this study, a mass optimized front door impact beam design was developed for a passenger car with the help of CAE simulations; FMVSS 214S regulation norms are met. Component thickness, material and cross section shape were the design variables considered for the study. A methodology to perform the component level simulation of the impact beam loading such that it replicates component behaviour during full vehicle simulation was developed. This has helped in reducing the total problem calculation time in solver. This also has minimized the computational cost for the project. CAE simulations required for the study were done using LS DYNA. ANSA and PRIMER were used as pre processors and hyper graph and meta post were used for post processing.", "venue": "International Journal of Vehicle Structures and Systems", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["S P Sundar Singh Sivam", "Ganesh Babu Loganathan", "Krishnaswamy Saravanan", "V G Umasekar", "T P Mohammed Rameez"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 114113250, "title": "Numerical simulation of drawing process for laser tailor welded blank of car door inner plate", "abstract": "The stamping forming of laser tailor welded blank for car door inner panel was simulated based on the Dynaform,stamping process and the deflects that influence the product quality seriously in stamping process,such as the wrinkling,cracking,insufficient deformation and large quantities movement of weld line,were simulated and analyzed.After the comprehensive analysis of wrinkling and cracking,the drawing technological parameters and modular structure parameters were designed using orthogonal experiment.The prioritization schemes were proposed,such as optimum blank holder force,the height of drawing tendon,lubrication condition and so on,which could improve forming quality.The drawbacks of wrinkling,cracking,insufficient deformation and large quantities movement can be greatly improved,when adopting twice drawing forming technology.Practical process design and manufacture show that forming process and the result of numerical simulation experiment fit well.", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Ouyang Bo-yi"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Nonlinear adaptive control of an underwater towed vehicle", "session_id": 1612159376575213, "user_id": 5949683804348593, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 56077418, "title": "Nonlinear adaptive control of an underwater towed vehicle", "abstract": "This paper addresses the problem of simultaneous depth tracking and attitude control of an underwater towed vehicle. The system proposed uses a two stage towing arrangement that includes a long primary cable, a gravitic depressor, and a secondary cable. The towfish motion induced by wave driven disturbances in both the vertical and horizontal planes is described using an empirical model of the depressor motion and a spring damper model of the secondary cable. A nonlinear, Lyapunov based, adaptive output feedback control law is designed and shown to regulate pitch, yaw, and depth tracking errors to zero. The controller is designed to operate in the presence of plant parameter uncertainty. When subjected to bounded external disturbances, the tracking errors converge to a neighbourhood of the origin that can be made arbitrarily small. In the implementation proposed, a nonlinear observer is used to estimate the linear velocities used by the controller thus dispensing with the need for costly sensor suites. The results obtained with computer simulations show that the controlled system exhibits good performance about different operating conditions when subjected to sea wave driven disturbances and in the presence of sensor noise. The system holds promise for application in oceanographic missions that require depth tracking or bottom following combined with precise vehicle attitude control.", "venue": "", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Francisco Curado Teixeira", "Antonio Pedro Aguiar", "Antonio Manuel Santos Pascoal"], "n_citations": 24, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 110675054, "title": "Nonlinear adaptive depth tracking and attitude control of an underwater towed vehicle", "abstract": "Abstract This paper addresses the problem of simultaneous depth tracking and precise attitude control of an underwater towed vehicle integrated in a two stage towing arrangement. A nonlinear Lyapunov based output feedback controller is designed to operate in the presence of plant parameter uncertainty and proven to regulate pitch, yaw, and depth tracking errors to zero. When subjected to bounded external disturbances, the tracking errors converge to a neighborhood of the origin that can be made arbitrarily small. In the implementation proposed, a nonlinear observer is used to estimate the linear velocities used by the controller. The results obtained with computer simulations including sea wave driven disturbances and sensor noise, show that the controlled system exhibits good performance about different operating conditions and holds considerable potential for oceanographic missions that require simultaneous depth and attitude control.", "venue": "", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Francisco Curado Teixeira", "Antonio Pedro Aguiar", "Antonio Manuel Santos Pascoal"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 42381245, "title": "NONLINEAR CONTROL OF AN UNDERWATER TOWED VEHICLE", "abstract": "This paper addresses the problem of pitch and depth control of an underwater towed vehicle. A nonlinear adaptive Lyapunov based controller is designed and proven to regulate the pitch and depth tracking errors to zero. When in the presence of external disturbances and parameter uncertainties, the errors are shown to converge to a neighbourhood of the origin that can be made arbitrarily small. We show through computer simulations that the controlled system exhibits good performance about difierent operating conditions when subjected to sea wave driven disturbances and in the presence of sensor noise.", "venue": "", "year": 2006.0, "author_names": ["Francisco Curado Teixeira", "Antonio Pedro Aguiar"], "n_citations": 7, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 43845350, "title": "Tracking performance control of a cable communicated underwater vehicle using adaptive neural network controllers", "abstract": "In this paper, design, dynamic modeling and control of the fabricated underwater remotely operated vehicle have been considered. Dynamic model of the vehicle is presented for four degrees of freedom and an accurate representation of the dynamic effects of the towed cable is used for dynamic simulation and control design. A nonlinear adaptive neural network controller is developed and simulated. Multi layer and radial basis function neural networks are used for designing the adaptive controllers. Finally, the performance of the vehicle with neural network controllers is compared with a PD controller. The significant improvement is observed for tracking performance of the vehicle in all controllable degrees of freedom. Also, the simulation illustrated the robustness of controllers for the relative large distributions of the communication cable.", "venue": "Appl. Soft Comput.", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Ahmad Bagheri", "T Karimi", "Nima Amanifard"], "n_citations": 50, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 71149231, "title": "Diving Adaptive Position Tracking Control for Underwater Vehicles", "abstract": "This paper presents a robust position tracking control scheme for underwater vehicles moving in a vertical plane. The idea comes from the demand of underwater position tracking control for the newly borne Trans media Aerial Underwater Vehicle (TMAUV) Although position control of a TMAUV is still within the scope of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) control, it has new features. An underwater reference path for the TMAUV could be characterized by a strong maneuver that many assumptions in the conventional AUV controller design could not be employed. In this paper, a Lyapunov based backstepping controller is developed for a nonlinear coupled input system releasing all constraints on the pitch angle, heave velocity, and angular velocity. Furthermore, neural networks and parameter estimation are employed to develop a robust controller in the presence of model uncertainties, parameter uncertainties, and external disturbances. This paper also solves the problem of adaptive estimation for the system parameters under the coupled input condition. Simulations are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness.", "venue": "IEEE Access", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Zongcheng Ma", "Junhua Hu", "Jinfu Feng", "An Liu"], "n_citations": 7, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 114935036, "title": "Design and Experimental Realization of Adaptive Control Schemes for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle", "abstract": "Research on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle(AUV) has attracted increased attention of control engineering community in the recent years due to its many interesting applications such as in Defense organisations for underwater mine detection, region surveillance, oceanography studies, oil/gas industries for inspection of underwater pipelines and other marine related industries. However, for the realization of these applications, effective motion control algorithms need to be developed. These motion control algorithms require mathematical representation of AUV which comprises of hydrodynamic damping, Coriolis terms, mass and inertia terms etc. To obtain dynamics of an AUV, different analytical and empirical methods are reported in the literature such as tow tank test, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis and on line system identification. Among these methods, tow tank test and CFD analysis provide white box identified model of the AUV dynamics. Thus, the control design using these methods are found to be ineffective in situation of change in payloads of an AUV or parametric variations in AUV dynamics. On the other hand, control design using on line identification, the dynamics of AUV can be obtained at every sampling time and thus the aforesaid parametric variations in AUV dynamics can be handled effectively. In this thesis, adaptive control strategies are developed using the parameters of AUV obtained through on line system identification. The proposed algorithms are verified first through simulation and then through experimentation on the prototype AUV. Among various motion control algorithms, waypoint tracking has more practical significance for oceanographic surveys and many other applications. In order to implement, waypoint motion control schemes, Line of Sight (LoS) guidance law can be used which is computationally less expensive. In this thesis, adaptive control schemes are developed to implement LoS guidance for an AUV for practical realization of the control algorithm. Further, in order to realize the proposed control algorithms, a prototype AUV is developed in the laboratory. The developed AUV is a torpedo shaped in order to experience low drag force, underactuated AUV with a single thruster for forward motion and control planes for angular motion. Firstly, the AUV structure such as nose profile, tail profile, hull section and control planes are designed and developed. Secondly, the hardware configuration of the AUV such as sensors, actuators, computational unit, communication module etc. are appropriately selected. Finally, a software framework called Robot Operating System (ROS) is used for seamless integration of various sensors, actuators with the computational unit. ROS is a software platform which provides right platform for the implementation of the control algorithms using the sensor data to achieve autonomous capability of the AUV. In order to develop adaptive control strategies, the unknown dynamics of the AUV is identified using polynomial based Nonlinear Autoregressive Moving Average eXogenous (NARMAX) model structure. The parameters of this NARMAX model structure are identified online using Recursive Extended Least Square (RELS) method. Then an adaptive controller is developed for realization of the LoS guidance law for an AUV. Using the kinematic equation and the desired path parameters, a Lyapunov based backstepping controller is designed to obtain the reference velocities for the dynamics. Subsequently, a self tuning PID controller is designed for the AUV to track these reference velocities. Using an inverse optimal control technique, the gains of the selftuning PID controller are tuned on line. Although, this algorithm is computationally less expensive but there lie issues such as actuator constraints and state constraints which need to be resolved in view of practical realization of the control law. It is also observed that the proposed NARMAX structure of the AUV consists of redundant regressor terms. To alleviate the aforesaid limitations of the Inverse optimal self tuning control scheme, a constrained adaptive control scheme is proposed that employs a minimum representation of the NARMAX structure (MR NARMAX) for capturing AUV dynamics. The regressors of the MR NARMAX structure are identified using Forward Regressor Orthogonal Least Square algorithm. Further, the parameters of this MRNARMAX model structure of the AUV are identified at every sampling time using RELS algorithm. Using the desired path parameters and the identified dynamics, an error objective function is defined which is to be minimized. The minimization problem where the objective function with the state and actuator constraints is formulated as a convex optimization problem. This optimization problem is solved using quadratic programming technique. The proposed MR NARMAX based adaptive control is verified in the simulation and then on the prototype AUV. From the obtained results it is observed that this algorithm provides successful tracking of the desired heading. But, the proposed control algorithm is computational expensive, as an optimization problem is to be solved at each sampling instant. In order to reduce the computational time, an explicit model predictive control strategy is developed using the concept of multi parametric programming. A Lyapunov based backstepping controller is designed to generate desired yaw velocity in order to steer the AUV towards the desired path. This explicit model predictive controller is designed using the identified NARMAX model for tracking the desired yaw velocity. The proposed explicit MPC algorithm is implemented first in simulation and then in the prototype AUV. From the simulation and experimental results, it is found that this controller has less computation time and also it considers both the state and actuator constraints whilst exhibiting good tracking performance.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["R Rout"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199392510, "title": "THE UNDERWATER TOWED SYSTEM BEHAVIOR DURING SHIP TURNING MANEUVERS", "abstract": "The depth and attitude of underwater towed system show complex behavior during the towing ship turning maneuvers. However, it remains unclear how the two indexes change when the coupling relationship between the cable and the towed vehicle is considered. Here, to solve this issue, and we develop a new numerical method that can be used to predict the behavior of towed system during towing ship turning maneuvers. Specially, a finite difference method and six degree of freedom equations are used to describe the motion of towed cable and towed vehicle respectively. Based on the center finite difference method, the partial differential equations and differential equations are transformed to nonlinear algebra equations then the Newton iteration method is used to solve the nonlinear equations. Then, we simulate the transient behaviors of towed system during the towing ship making 180 and 360 with different turning radius, and find that the depth and attitude of towed system are affected by the towing ship turning maneuvers. We show that the smaller of the turning radius, the variations of depth and attitude are larger. Moreover, the new steady state can be achieved easily during the 360 turning maneuver. The numerical method and result that we derived can be applied to design the towing ship turning maneuvers, towed system and control method.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Zhi-jiang Yuan", "Liang-an Jin", "Wei Chi", "Xiao-gang Jiang", "Zheng Zhi-Lin"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 59186537, "title": "Route optimizing and following for autonomous underwater vehicle ladder surveys", "abstract": "An autonomous underwater vehicle is able to conduct coverage detections, such as sea terrain mapping and submerged objects detection, using sonar. This work addresses the task of both optimizing and following routes that present a ladder shape. First, a planning method to determine a nearly optimal coverage route is designed. The track spacing is optimized considering the seabed type and the sonar range for the purpose of increasing detection probability. It also adds adaptability to confined water, such as harbors, by decomposing the geometrically concave mission region during the processing of the environmental data. Next, a decoupled and two layered structure is adopted to design the following controller. The route is followed in the form of sequenced lines tracking. A proportion integral derivative algorithm with fuzzy parameters adjustment is employed to calculate a reference heading angle according to the transverse position deviation in designing the guidance controller. An adaptive nonlinear S surface law is adopted to design the yaw control. The route following the method is demonstrated with sonar (including side scanning sonar and multi beam echo sounder) imagery collected in terrain mapping and object detection through sea trials.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Yanqing Jiang", "Ye Li", "Yumin Su", "Ziye Zhou", "Teng Ma", "Li An", "Jiayu He"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221970205, "title": "Secure distributed adaptive optimal coordination of nonlinear cyber physical systems with attack diagnosis", "abstract": "This paper studies the problem of distributed optimal coordination (DOC) for a class of nonlinear large scale cyber physical systems (CPSs) in the presence of cyber attacks. A secure DOC architecture with attack diagnosis is proposed that guarantees the attack free subsystems to achieve the output consensus which minimizes the sum of their objective functions, while the attacked subsystems converge to preset secure states. A two layer DOC structure is established with emphasis on the interactions between cyber and physical layers, where a command driven control law is designed that generates provable optimal output consensus. Differing from the existing fault diagnosis methods which are generally applicable to given failure types, the focus of the attack diagnosis is to achieve detection and isolation for arbitrary malicious behaviors. To this end, double coupling residuals are generated by a carefully designed distributed filter. The adaptive thresholds with prescribed performance are designed to enhance the detectability and isolability. It is theoretically guaranteed that any attack signal cannot bypass the designed attack diagnosis methodology to destroy the convergence of the DOC algorithm, and the locally occurring detectable attack can be isolated from the propagating attacks from neighboring subsystems. Simulation results for the motion coordination of multiple remotely operated underwater vehicles illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Liwei An", "Guang-Hong yang"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 222129717, "title": "Securedistributedadaptive optimal coordinationof nonlinear cyber physical systemswithattackdiagnosis", "abstract": "This paper studies the problem of distributed optimal coordination (DOC) for a class of nonlinear large scale cyber physical systems (CPSs) in the presence of cyber attacks. A secure DOC architecture with attack diagnosis is proposed that guarantees the attack free subsystems to achieve the output consensus which minimizes the sum of their objective functions, while the attacked subsystems converge to preset secure states. A two layer DOC structure is established with emphasis on the interactions between cyber and physical layers, where a command driven control law is designed that generates provable optimal output consensus. Differing from the existing fault diagnosis methods which are generally applicable to given failure types, the focus of the attack diagnosis is to achieve detection and isolation for arbitrary malicious behaviors. To this end, double coupling residuals are generated by a carefully designed distributed filter. The adaptive thresholds with prescribed performance are designed to enhance the detectability and isolability. It is theoretically guaranteed that any attack signal cannot bypass the designed attack diagnosis methodology to destroy the convergence of the DOC algorithm, and the locally occurring detectable attack can be isolated from the propagating attacks from neighboring subsystems. Simulation results for the motion coordination of multiple remotely operated underwater vehicles illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Liwei An", "Guang-Hong yang"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "deep graph infomax", "session_id": 4522539891928705, "user_id": 2868542350631663, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 52877454, "title": "Deep Graph Infomax", "abstract": "We present Deep Graph Infomax (DGI) a general approach for learning node representations within graph structured data in an unsupervised manner. DGI relies on maximizing mutual information between patch representations and corresponding high level summaries of graphs both derived using established graph convolutional network architectures. The learnt patch representations summarize subgraphs centered around nodes of interest, and can thus be reused for downstream node wise learning tasks. In contrast to most prior approaches to unsupervised learning with GCNs, DGI does not rely on random walk objectives, and is readily applicable to both transductive and inductive learning setups. We demonstrate competitive performance on a variety of node classification benchmarks, which at times even exceeds the performance of supervised learning.", "venue": "ICLR", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Petar Velickovic", "William Fedus", "William L Hamilton", "Pietro Lio'", "Yoshua Bengio", "R Devon Hjelm"], "n_citations": 481, "n_key_citations": 144, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 208175960, "title": "Heterogeneous Deep Graph Infomax", "abstract": "Graph representation learning is to learn universal node representations that preserve both node attributes and structural information. The derived node representations can be used to serve various downstream tasks, such as node classification and node clustering. When a graph is heterogeneous, the problem becomes more challenging than the homogeneous graph node learning problem. Inspired by the emerging information theoretic based learning algorithm, in this paper we propose an unsupervised graph neural network Heterogeneous Deep Graph Infomax (HDGI) for heterogeneous graph representation learning. We use the meta path structure to analyze the connections involving semantics in heterogeneous graphs and utilize graph convolution module and semantic level attention mechanism to capture local representations. By maximizing local global mutual information, HDGI effectively learns high level node representations that can be utilized in downstream graph related tasks. Experiment results show that HDGI remarkably outperforms state of the art unsupervised graph representation learning methods on both classification and clustering tasks. By feeding the learned representations into a parametric model, such as logistic regression, we even achieve comparable performance in node classification tasks when comparing with state of the art supervised end to end GNN models.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Yuxiang Ren", "Bo Liu", "Chao Huang", "Peng Dai", "Liefeng Bo", "Jiawei Zhang"], "n_citations": 26, "n_key_citations": 6, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 119309186, "title": "Spatio Temporal Deep Graph Infomax", "abstract": "Spatio temporal graphs such as traffic networks or gene regulatory systems present challenges for the existing deep learning methods due to the complexity of structural changes over time. To address these issues, we introduce Spatio Temporal Deep Graph Infomax (STDGI) a fully unsupervised node representation learning approach based on mutual information maximization that exploits both the temporal and spatial dynamics of the graph. Our model tackles the challenging task of node level regression by training embeddings to maximize the mutual information between patches of the graph, at any given time step, and between features of the central nodes of patches, in the future. We demonstrate through experiments and qualitative studies that the learned representations can successfully encode relevant information about the input graph and improve the predictive performance of spatio temporal auto regressive forecasting models.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Felix L Opolka", "Aaron Solomon", "Catalina Cangea", "Petar Velickovic", "Pietro Lio'", "R Devon Hjelm"], "n_citations": 8, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 216520451, "title": "Deep multiplex graph infomax: Attentive multiplex network embedding using global information", "abstract": "Abstract Network embedding has recently garnered attention due to the ubiquity of the networked data in the real world. A network is useful for representing the relationships among objects, and these network include social network, publication network, and protein protein interaction network. Most existing network embedding methods assume that only a single type of relation exists between nodes. However, we focus on the fact that two nodes in a network can be connected by multiple types of relations; such a network is called multi view network or multiplex network. Although several existing work consider the multiplexity of a network, they overlook node attributes, resort to node labels for training, and fail to model the global properties of a graph. In this work, we present an unsupervised network embedding method for attributed multiplex network called DMGI inspired by Deep Graph Infomax (DGI) that maximizes the mutual information between local patches of a graph, and the global representation of the entire graph. Building on top of DGI, we devise a systematic way to jointly integrate the node embeddings from multiple graphs by introducing (1) the consensus regularization framework that minimizes the disagreements among the relation type specific node embeddings, and (2) the universal discriminator that discriminates true samples regardless of the relation types. We also show that the attention mechanism infers the importance of each relation type, and thus can be useful for filtering unnecessary relation types as a preprocessing step. We perform comprehensive experiments not only on unsupervised downstream tasks, such as clustering and similarity search, but also a supervised downstream task, i.e. node classification, and demonstrate that DMGI outperforms the state of the art methods, even though DMGI is fully unsupervised. The source code is can be found here https:/github.com/pcy1302/DMGI", "venue": "Knowl. Based Syst.", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Chanyoung Park", "Jiawei Han", "Hwanjo Yu"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 208076828, "title": "Unsupervised Attributed Multiplex Network Embedding", "abstract": "Nodes in a multiplex network are connected by multiple types of relations. However, most existing network embedding methods assume that only a single type of relation exists between nodes. Even for those that consider the multiplexity of a network, they overlook node attributes, resort to node labels for training, and fail to model the global properties of a graph. We present a simple yet effective unsupervised network embedding method for attributed multiplex network called DMGI, inspired by Deep Graph Infomax (DGI) that maximizes the mutual information between local patches of a graph, and the global representation of the entire graph. We devise a systematic way to jointly integrate the node embeddings from multiple graphs by introducing 1) the consensus regularization framework that minimizes the disagreements among the relation type specific node embeddings, and 2) the universal discriminator that discriminates true samples regardless of the relation types. We also show that the attention mechanism infers the importance of each relation type, and thus can be useful for filtering unnecessary relation types as a preprocessing step. Extensive experiments on various downstream tasks demonstrate that DMGI outperforms the state of the art methods, even though DMGI is fully unsupervised.", "venue": "AAAI", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Chanyoung Park", "Donghyun Kim", "Jiawei Han", "Hwanjo Yu"], "n_citations": 33, "n_key_citations": 9, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 202539732, "title": "Deep Graph Library: Towards Efficient and Scalable Deep Learning on Graphs", "abstract": "Accelerating research in the emerging field of deep graph learning requires new tools. Such systems should support graph as the core abstraction and take care to maintain both forward (i.e. supporting new research ideas) and backward (i.e. integration with existing components) compatibility. In this paper, we present Deep Graph Library (DGL) DGL enables arbitrary message handling and mutation operators, flexible propagation rules, and is framework agnostic so as to leverage high performance tensor, autograd operations, and other feature extraction modules already available in existing frameworks. DGL carefully handles the sparse and irregular graph structure, deals with graphs big and small which may change dynamically, fuses operations, and performs auto batching, all to take advantages of modern hardware. DGL has been tested on a variety of models, including but not limited to the popular Graph Neural Networks (GNN) and its variants, with promising speed, memory footprint and scalability.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Minjie Wang", "Lingfan Yu", "Da Zheng", "Quan Gan", "Yujie Gai", "Zihao Ye", "Mufei Li", "Jinjing Zhou", "Qi Huang", "Chao Ma", "Ziyue Huang", "Qipeng Guo", "Hao Zhang", "Haibin Lin", "Junbo Zhao", "Jinyang Li", "Alex Smola", "Zheng Zhang"], "n_citations": 258, "n_key_citations": 35, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 57573752, "title": "LanczosNet: Multi Scale Deep Graph Convolutional Networks", "abstract": "We propose the Lanczos network (LanczosNet) which uses the Lanczos algorithm to construct low rank approximations of the graph Laplacian for graph convolution. Relying on the tridiagonal decomposition of the Lanczos algorithm, we not only efficiently exploit multi scale information via fast approximated computation of matrix power but also design learnable spectral filters. Being fully differentiable, LanczosNet facilitates both graph kernel learning as well as learning node embeddings. We show the connection between our LanczosNet and graph based manifold learning methods, especially the diffusion maps. We benchmark our model against several recent deep graph networks on citation networks and QM8 quantum chemistry dataset. Experimental results show that our model achieves the state of the art performance in most tasks. Code is released at: \\url{this https URL}", "venue": "ICLR", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Renjie Liao", "Zhizhen Zhao", "Raquel Urtasun", "Richard S Zemel"], "n_citations": 105, "n_key_citations": 12, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 90263007, "title": "Learning Combinatorial Embedding Networks for Deep Graph Matching", "abstract": "Graph matching refers to finding node correspondence between graphs, such that the corresponding node and edge's affinity can be maximized. In addition with its NP completeness nature, another important challenge is effective modeling of the node wise and structure wise affinity across graphs and the resulting objective, to guide the matching procedure effectively finding the true matching against noises. To this end, this paper devises an end to end differentiable deep network pipeline to learn the affinity for graph matching. It involves a supervised permutation loss regarding with node correspondence to capture the combinatorial nature for graph matching. Meanwhile deep graph embedding models are adopted to parameterize both intra graph and cross graph affinity functions, instead of the traditional shallow and simple parametric forms e.g. a Gaussian kernel. The embedding can also effectively capture the higher order structure beyond second order edges. The permutation loss model is agnostic to the number of nodes, and the embedding model is shared among nodes such that the network allows for varying numbers of nodes in graphs for training and inference. Moreover, our network is class agnostic with some generalization capability across different categories. All these features are welcomed for real world applications. Experiments show its superiority against state of the art graph matching learning methods.", "venue": "2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Runzhong Wang", "Junchi Yan", "Xiaokang Yang"], "n_citations": 74, "n_key_citations": 18, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 174799303, "title": "Break the Ceiling: Stronger Multi scale Deep Graph Convolutional Networks", "abstract": "Recently, neural network based approaches have achieved significant improvement for solving large, complex, graph structured problems. However, their bottlenecks still need to be addressed, and the advantages of multi scale information and deep architectures have not been sufficiently exploited. In this paper, we theoretically analyze how existing Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) have limited expressive power due to the constraint of the activation functions and their architectures. We generalize spectral graph convolution and deep GCN in block Krylov subspace forms and devise two architectures, both with the potential to be scaled deeper but each making use of the multi scale information in different ways. We further show that the equivalence of these two architectures can be established under certain conditions. On several node classification tasks, with or without the help of validation, the two new architectures achieve better performance compared to many state of the art methods.", "venue": "NeurIPS", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Sitao Luan", "Mingde Zhao", "Xiao-Wen Chang", "Doina Precup"], "n_citations": 55, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 131777802, "title": "PAN: Path Integral Based Convolution for Deep Graph Neural Networks", "abstract": "Convolution operations designed for graph structured data usually utilize the graph Laplacian, which can be seen as message passing between the adjacent neighbors through a generic random walk. In this paper, we propose PAN, a new graph convolution framework that involves every path linking the message sender and receiver with learnable weights depending on the path length, which corresponds to the maximal entropy random walk. PAN generalizes the graph Laplacian to a new transition matrix we call \\emph{maximal entropy transition} (MET) matrix derived from a path integral formalism. Most previous graph convolutional network architectures can be adapted to our framework, and many variations and derivatives based on the path integral idea can be developed. Experimental results show that the path integral based graph neural networks have great learnability and fast convergence rate, and achieve state of the art performance on benchmark tasks.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Zheng Ma", "Ming Li", "Yuguang Wang"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Kinematic and dynamic vehicle models for autonomous driving control design", "session_id": 691423168885503, "user_id": 1397749986796135, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 207012925, "title": "Kinematic and dynamic vehicle models for autonomous driving control design", "abstract": "We study the use of kinematic and dynamic vehicle models for model based control design used in autonomous driving. In particular, we analyze the statistics of the forecast error of these two models by using experimental data. In addition, we study the effect of discretization on forecast error. We use the results of the first part to motivate the design of a controller for an autonomous vehicle using model predictive control (MPC) and a simple kinematic bicycle model. The proposed approach is less computationally expensive than existing methods which use vehicle tire models. Moreover it can be implemented at low vehicle speeds where tire models become singular. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach at various speeds on windy roads.", "venue": "2015 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Jason Kong", "Mark Pfeiffer", "Georg Schildbach", "Francesco Borrelli"], "n_citations": 322, "n_key_citations": 16, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 231735584, "title": "A Path Planning and Tracking Control for Autonomous Vehicle With Obstacle Avoidance", "abstract": "This paper presents a path planning and tracking framework to implement obstacle avoidance for autonomous car. The safe driving area model, which is made up of a serious of nodes, designed by using the longitudinal and lateral motion relationship of the vehicle, is proposed to describe the location of automobile with sideslip constraint in driving and position of the obstacles on the road, and Q learning algorithm is used to learn the optimal strategy on each node and the optimal path is obtained under the predefined rules. In order to execute precise path tracking control, linear output regulation method is introduced to design the tracking controller based on both the kinematic and dynamic vehicle models. CarSim simulations are conducted with different scenarios and the effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated.", "venue": "2020 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC)", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Xin Wang", "Xinghu Yu", "Weichao Sun"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3863565, "title": "Fuzzy model based H dynamic output feedback control with feedforward for autonomous vehicle path tracking", "abstract": "In this paper, the problem of H dynamic output feedback control with feedforward is presented for path tracking in autonomous vehicle. To achieve the desired performance during high speed driving, both the kinematic and dynamic models of the vehicle are considered. Within the fuzzy model based framework, an approach to the fuzzy dynamic output feedback controller design is proposed. The desired yaw rate of the vehicle is regarded as the external disturbance of the vehicle lateral dynamics, which are norm bounded uncertainties and can be approximated by the curvature of the reference path. By adopting the dynamic model in terms of error with respect to centerline of the reference road and Lyapunov stability theory, a sufficient condition to derive the fuzzy H dynamic output feedback controller is developed. Moreover, to further improve the performance of the overall closed loop system, the feedforward loop is introduced by estimating the desired steering angle under certain vehicle velocity. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by the co simulation between Matlab/Simulink and Carsim.", "venue": "2017 International Conference on Fuzzy Theory and Its Applications (iFUZZY)", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Hong Sun", "Changzhu Zhang", "Guangyong An", "Qijun J Chen", "Chengju Liu"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 196152875, "title": "Takagi Sugeno Fault Tolerant Control of an Autonomous Vehicle", "abstract": "This work proposes a solution for the longitudinal and lateral control problem of urban autonomous vehicles using a gain scheduling Takagi Sugeno (TS) control approach. Using the kinematic and dynamic vehicle models, a TS representation is adopted and a cascade control methodology is proposed for controlling both vehicle behaviours. In particular, for the control design, the use of both models separately will lead to solve two TS LMI LQR problems. Furthermore, to achieve the desired levels of performance, an approach based on cascade design of the the kinematic and dynamic controllers has been proposed. This cascade control scheme is based on the idea that the dynamic closed loop behaviour is designed to be faster than the kinematic closed loop one. The obtained gain scheduling TS control approach, jointly with a trajectory generation module, has presented suitable results in a simulated city driving scenario.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Konstantinos Spanos"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 214248347, "title": "A simple and reliable technique to design kinematic based sideslip estimators", "abstract": "Abstract This paper proposes two novel vehicle sideslip estimators, that aim at achieving ease of implementation and tuning, low computational cost and robustness, using only the most common automotive measurements, like vehicle position, acceleration and rotational velocity. The two estimators are only based on the unicycle kinematic model, thus they do not require any knowledge of uncertain or time varying parameters, like vehicle parameters, or of road conditions, as it usually happens when dynamic models are adopted, and they have been derived by recasting an estimation problem into a linear control problem. Different experiments, ranging from standard driving manoeuvres to drifting driving and autonomous driving, have been performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposal even in particularly critical scenarios, like driving at the limits of vehicle's handling. A comparison with a state of the art sideslip estimator, using simulation and experimental data, is presented, as well.", "venue": "Control Engineering Practice", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Luca Bascetta", "Marco Baur", "Gianni Ferretti"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 44671726, "title": "Gain Scheduling LPV Control Scheme for the Autonomous Guidance Problem using a Dynamic Modelling Approach", "abstract": "This work proposes a solution for the longitudinal and lateral control problem of urban autonomous vehicles using a gain scheduling LPV control approach. Using the kinematic and dynamic vehicle models, a linear parameter varying (LPV) representation is adopted and a cascade control methodology is proposed for controlling both vehicle behaviours. In particular, for the control design, the use of both models separately lead to solve two LPV LMI LQR problems. Furthermore, to achieve the desired levels of performance, an approach based on cascade design of the the kinematic and dynamic controllers has been proposed. This cascade control scheme is based on the idea that the dynamic closed loop behaviour is designed to be faster than the kinematic closed loop one. The obtained gain scheduling LPV control approach, jointly with a trajectory generation module, has presented suitable results in a simulated city driving scenario.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Eugenio Alcala", "Vicenc Puig", "Joseba Quevedo", "Teresa Escobet"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221137581, "title": "Kinematic and Dynamic Controller Design for Autonomous Driving of Car like Mobile Robot", "abstract": "Autonomous driving technologies are taken into account for numerous applications such as spraying agricultural chemicals, mowing golf course grass, unmanned military operations and commercial applications such as self driving cars. This paper presents a kinematic and dynamic controller design of autonomous mobile robot for a car like vehicle to self drive using GPS. In this paper, a simple kinematic bicycle model is introduced and Model Predictive Controller (MPC) is derived for controlling the mobile robot. Computational simulation results show that the robot can successfully navigate and drive toward a final destination reacting to the changes in the environment. Finally this study presents experimental results to show the effectiveness of the proposed controller.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Ki-Won Yeom"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 225155150, "title": "Lateral Acceleration Based Vehicle Models Blending for Automated Driving Controllers", "abstract": "Model based trajectory tracking has become a widely used technique for automated driving system applications. A critical design decision is the proper selection of a vehicle model that achieves the best trade off between real time capability and robustness. Blending different types of vehicle models is a recent practice to increase the operating range of model based trajectory tracking control applications. However, current approaches focus on the use of longitudinal speed as the blending parameter, with a formal procedure to tune and select its parameters still lacking. This work presents a novel approach based on lateral accelerations, along with a formal procedure and criteria to tune and select blending parameters, for its use on model based predictive controllers for autonomous driving. An electric passenger bus traveling at different speeds over urban routes is proposed as a case study. Results demonstrate that the lateral acceleration, which is proportional to the lateral forces that differentiate kinematic and dynamic models, is a more appropriate model switching enabler than the currently used longitudinal velocity. Moreover, the advanced procedure to define blending parameters is shown to be effective. Finally, a smooth blending method offers better tracking results versus sudden model switching ones and non blending techniques.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Jose Angel Matute-Peaspan", "Mauricio Marcano", "Sergio E Diaz", "Asier Zubizarreta", "Joshue Perez"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219461155, "title": "Integral vector field control for three dimensional path following of autonomous underwater vehicle", "abstract": "A new control method for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is developed to achieve three dimensional (3D) path following under ocean current disturbances when AUV lacks lateral and vertical driving forces. To make the control system more convenient for practical application and reduce the energy consumption of AUV, the controller is designed with relative velocities. To avoid the singularity problem of curve path following, the Serret Frenet frame is introduced as virtual target and the error model is defined. The adaptive law of the virtual target and an integral vector field (IVF) guidance law are designed in the kinematic controller. The back stepping method and adaptive dynamical sliding mode control (BADSMC) technology are applied in the design of dynamic controller. The Lyapunov theory and nonlinear cascade system theory are applied to prove the closed loop stability. Finally, the performances of the IVF BADSMC and ILOS PID algorithm are compared through simulation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller can realize the path following of AUV under disturbances of ocean current and can improve the following quality.", "venue": "Journal of Marine Science and Technology", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Xuliang Yao", "Xiaowei Wang"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 211045692, "title": "Path Following Based on Waypoints and Real Time Obstacle Avoidance Control of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle", "abstract": "This paper studies three dimensional (3D) straight line path following and obstacle avoidance control for an underactuated autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) without lateral and vertical driving forces. Firstly, the expected angular velocities are designed by using two different methods in the kinematic controller. The first one is a traditional method based on Line of sight (LOS) guidance law, and the second one is an improved method based on model predictive control (MPC) At the same time, a penalty item is designed by using the obstacle information detected by onboard sensors, which can realize the real time obstacle avoidance of the unknown obstacle. Then, in order to overcome the uncertainty of the dynamics model and the saturation of actual control input, the dynamic controller is designed by using sliding mode control (SMC) technology. Finally, in the simulation experiment, the performance of the improved control method is verified by comparison with two traditional control methods based on LOS guidance law. Since the constraint of an AUV's angular velocities are considered in MPC, simulation results show that the improved control method uses MPC, and SMC not only improves the tracking quality of the AUV when switching paths near the waypoints and realizes real time obstacle avoidance but also effectively reduces the mean square error (MSE) and saturation rate of the rudder angle. Therefore, this control method is more conducive to the system stability and saves energy.", "venue": "Sensors", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Xuliang Yao", "Xiaowei Wang", "Feng Wang", "Le Zhang"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Relevant sarscov2 genome variation", "session_id": 5999113626080401, "user_id": 5406932255946813, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 235811170, "title": "Relevant SARS CoV 2 Genome Variation through Six Months of Worldwide Monitoring", "abstract": "Real time genome monitoring of the SARS CoV 2 pandemic outbreak is of utmost importance for designing diagnostic tools, guiding antiviral treatment and vaccination strategies. In this study, we present an accurate method for temporal and geographical comparison of mutational events based on GISAID database genome sequencing. Among 42523 SARS CoV 2 genomes analyzed, we found 23202 variants compared to the reference genome. The Ti/Tv (transition/transversion) ratio was used to filter out possible false positive errors. Transition mutations generally occurred more frequently than transversions. Our clustering analysis revealed remarkable hotspot mutation patterns for SARS CoV 2. Mutations were clustered based on how their frequencies changed over time according to each geographical location. We observed some clusters showing a clear variation in mutation frequency and continuously evolving in the world. However, many mutations appeared in specific periods without a clear pattern over time. Various important nonsynonymous mutations were observed, mainly in Oceania and Asia. More than half of these mutations were observed only once. Four hotspot mutations were found in all geographical locations at least once: T265I (NSP2) P314L (NSP12) D614G (S) and Q57H (ORF3a) The current analysis of SARS CoV 2 genomes provides valuable information on the geographical and temporal mutational evolution of SARS CoV 2.", "venue": "BioMed research international", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Abdelmalek Hakmaoui", "Faisal M Khan", "Abdelhamid Liacini", "Amanjot Kaur", "Yacine Berka", "Safaa Machraoui", "Hafid Soualhine", "Noureddine Berka", "Hanane Rais", "Brahim Admou"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 83462492, "title": "Fine Scale Characterization of Genomic Structural Variation in the Human Genome Reveals Adaptive and Biomedically Relevant Hotspots", "abstract": "Abstract Genomic structural variants (SVs) are distributed nonrandomly across the human genome. The \"hotspots\" of SVs have been implicated in evolutionary innovations, as well as medical conditions. However, the evolutionary and biomedical features of these hotspots remain incompletely understood. Here, we analyzed data from 2,504 genomes to construct a refined map of 1,148 SV hotspots in human genomes. We confirmed that segmental duplication related nonallelic homologous recombination is an important mechanistic driver of SV hotspot formation. However, to our surprise, we also found that a majority of SVs in hotspots do not form through such recombination based mechanisms, suggesting diverse mechanistic and selective forces shaping hotspots. Indeed, our evolutionary analyses showed that the majority of SV hotspots are within gene poor regions and evolve under relaxed negative selection or neutrality. However, we still found a small subset of SV hotspots harboring genes that are enriched for anthropologically crucial functions and evolve under geography specific and balancing adaptive forces. These include two independent hotspots on different chromosomes affecting alpha and beta hemoglobin gene clusters. Biomedically, we found that the SV hotspots coincide with breakpoints of clinically relevant, large de novo SVs, significantly more often than genome wide expectations. For example, we showed that the breakpoints of multiple large SVs, which lead to idiopathic short stature, coincide with SV hotspots. Therefore, the mutational instability in SV hotpots likely enables chromosomal breaks that lead to pathogenic structural variation formations. Overall, our study contributes to a better understanding of the mutational and adaptive landscape of the genome.", "venue": "Genome biology and evolution", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Yen-Lung Lin", "Omer Gokcumen"], "n_citations": 19, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 34744252, "title": "Clinically Relevant Variants Identifying, Collecting, Interpreting, and Disseminating: The 2013 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Human Genome Variation Society", "abstract": "The dramatic advances in genetic sequencing technologies used in research laboratories are now entering the clinic, and applications of whole genome and whole exome sequencing to disease diagnosis, predisposition, and treatment will soon be commonplace. However, the standards and methods for identifying clinically relevant variants are currently being debated and defined. Multiple agencies worldwide have recognized that we have reached an exciting and critical transition point into the clinic, and many important issues are being discussed that impact how genetic variation data in the clinic will be interpreted and used. The 2013 annual scientific meeting of the Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) had as its main theme the discovery, interpretation, and dissemination of clinically relevant DNA variants. The meeting featured the continuously developing technology of databasing genetic variation and computational tools for allelic variant discovery. Attention was given to curating and integrating these data with clinical findings, including approaches to distinguish between functional alleles underlying clinical phenotypes and benign sequence variants and making data sources interoperable and functional for clinical diagnostic utility, citing examples in specific diseases.", "venue": "Human mutation", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Christine M Stanley", "Shamil R Sunyaev", "Marc S Greenblatt", "William S Oetting"], "n_citations": 16, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 90194111, "title": "Fine scale characterization of genomic structural variation in the human genome reveals adaptive and biomedically relevant hotspots", "abstract": "Genomic structural variants (SVs) are distributed nonrandomly across the human genome. These \"hotspots\" have been implicated in critical evolutionary innovations, as well as serious medical conditions. However, the evolutionary and biomedical features of these hotspots remain incompletely understood. In this study, we analyzed data from 2,504 genomes from the 1000 Genomes Project Consortium and constructed a refined map of 1,148 SV hotspots in human genomes. By studying the genomic architecture of these hotspots, we found that both nonallelic homologous recombination and non homologous mechanisms act as mechanistic drivers of SV formation. We found that the majority of SV hotspots are within gene poor regions and evolve under relaxed negative selection or neutrality. However, we found that a small subset of SV hotspots harbor genes that are enriched for anthropologically crucial functions, including blood oxygen transport, olfaction, synapse assembly, and antigen binding. We provide evidence that balancing selection may have maintained these SV hotspots, which include two independent hotspots on different chromosomes affecting alpha and beta hemoglobin gene clusters. Biomedically, we found that the SV hotspots coincide with breakpoints of clinically relevant, large de novo SVs, significantly more often than genome wide expectations. As an example, we showed that the breakpoints of multiple large de novo SVs, which lead to idiopathic short stature, coincide with SV hotspots. As such, the mutational instability in SV hotpots likely enables chromosomal breaks that lead to pathogenic structural variation formations. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the mutational landscape of the genome and implicates both mechanistic and adaptive forces in the formation and maintenance of SV hotspots.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Yen-Lung Lin", "Omer Gokcumen"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 226292326, "title": "Massive gene presence absence variation shapes an open pan genome in the Mediterranean mussel", "abstract": "Background The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is an ecologically and economically relevant edible marine bivalve, highly invasive and resilient to biotic and abiotic stressors causing recurrent massive mortalities in other bivalves. Although these traits have been recently linked with the maintenance of a high genetic variation within natural populations, the factors underlying the evolutionary success of this species remain unclear. Results Here, after the assembly of a 1.28 Gb reference genome and the resequencing of 14 individuals from two independent populations, we reveal a complex pan genomic architecture in M. galloprovincialis with a core set of 45,000 genes plus a strikingly high number of dispensable genes (20,000) subject to presence absence variation, which may be entirely missing in several individuals. We show that dispensable genes are associated with hemizygous genomic regions affected by structural variants, which overall account for nearly 580 Mb of DNA sequence not included in the reference genome assembly. As such, this is the first study to report the widespread occurrence of gene presence absence variation at a whole genome scale in the animal kingdom. Conclusions Dispensable genes usually belong to young and recently expanded gene families enriched in survival functions, which might be the key to explain the resilience and invasiveness of this species. This unique pan genome architecture is characterized by dispensable genes in accessory genomic regions that exceed by orders of magnitude those observed in other metazoans, including humans, and closely mirror the open pan genomes found in prokaryotes and in a few non metazoan eukaryotes.", "venue": "Genome biology", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Marco Gerdol", "Rebeca Moreira", "Fernando Cruz", "Jessica Gomez-Garrido", "Anna Vlasova", "Umberto Rosani", "Paola Venier", "Miguel A Naranjo-Ortiz", "Maria Murgarella", "Samuele Greco", "Pablo Balseiro", "Andre Corvelo", "Leonor Frias", "Marta Gut", "Toni Gabaldon", "Alberto Pallavicini", "Carlos Canchaya", "Beatriz Novoa", "Tyler S Alioto", "David Posada", "Antonio Figueras"], "n_citations": 27, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 84841550, "title": "Resolving the full spectrum of human genome variation using Linked Reads.", "abstract": "Large scale population analyses coupled with advances in technology have demonstrated that the human genome is more diverse than originally thought. To date, this diversity has largely been uncovered using short read whole genome sequencing. However, these short read approaches fail to give a complete picture of a genome. They struggle to identify structural events, cannot access repetitive regions, and fail to resolve the human genome into haplotypes. Here, we describe an approach that retains long range information while maintaining the advantages of short reads. Starting from ~1 ng of high molecular weight DNA, we produce barcoded short read libraries. Novel informatic approaches allow for the barcoded short reads to be associated with their original long molecules producing a novel data type known as \"Linked Reads\" This approach allows for simultaneous detection of small and large variants from a single library. In this manuscript, we show the advantages of Linked Reads over standard short read approaches for reference based analysis. Linked Reads allow mapping to 38 Mb of sequence not accessible to short reads, adding sequence in 423 difficult to sequence genes including disease relevant genes STRC, SMN1, and SMN2 Both Linked Read whole genome and whole exome sequencing identify complex structural variations, including balanced events and single exon deletions and duplications. Further, Linked Reads extend the region of high confidence calls by 68.9 Mb. The data presented here show that Linked Reads provide a scalable approach for comprehensive genome analysis that is not possible using short reads alone.", "venue": "Genome research", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Patrick Marks", "Sarah Garcia", "Alvaro Martinez Barrio", "Kamila Belhocine", "Jorge A Bernate", "Rajiv Bharadwaj", "Keith P Bjornson", "Claudia Catalanotti", "Josh Delaney", "Adrian N Fehr", "Ian T Fiddes", "Brendan Galvin", "Haynes Heaton", "Jill Herschleb", "Christopher M Hindson", "Esty Holt", "Cassandra B Jabara", "Susanna Jett", "Nikka Keivanfar", "Sofia Kyriazopoulou-Panagiotopoulou", "Monkol Lek", "Bill Lin", "Adam J Lowe", "Shazia S Mahamdallie", "Shamoni Maheshwari", "Tony Makarewicz", "Jamie L Marshall", "Francesca Meschi", "Christopher J O'Keefe", "Heather S Ordonez", "Pranav Patel", "Andrew Price", "Ariel E Royall", "Elise Ruark", "Sheila Seal", "Michael Schnall-Levin", "Preyas Shah", "David Stafford", "Stephen R Williams", "Indira Wu", "Andrew Wei Xu", "Nazneen Rahman", "Daniel G MacArthur", "Deanna M Church"], "n_citations": 102, "n_key_citations": 11, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3303134, "title": "Demographic history and biologically relevant genetic variation of Native Mexicans inferred from whole genome sequencing", "abstract": "Understanding the genetic structure of Native American populations is important to clarify their diversity, demographic history, and to identify genetic factors relevant for biomedical traits. Here, we show a demographic history reconstruction from 12 Native American whole genomes belonging to six distinct ethnic groups representing the three main described genetic clusters of Mexico (Northern, Southern, and Maya) Effective population size estimates of all Native American groups remained below 2,000 individuals for up to 10,000 years ago. The proportion of missense variants predicted as damaging is higher for undescribed 30% than for previously reported variants 15% Several variants previously associated with biological traits are highly frequent in the Native American genomes. These findings suggest that the demographic and adaptive processes that occurred in these groups shaped their genetic architecture and could have implications in biological processes of the Native Americans and Mestizos of today.People of Mexico have diverse historical and genetic background. Here, Romero Hidalgo and colleagues sequence whole genomes of Native Americans of Mexico, and show demographic history and genetic variation shared among subgroups of Native Americans.", "venue": "Nature Communications", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Sandra Romero-Hidalgo", "Adrian Ochoa-Leyva", "Alejandro Garciarrubio", "Victor Acuna-Alonzo", "Erika Antunez-Arguelles", "Martha Balcazar-Quintero", "Rodrigo Barquera-Lozano", "Alessandra Carnevale", "Fernanda Cornejo-Granados", "Juan Carlos Fernandez-Lopez", "Rodrigo Garcia-Herrera", "Humberto Garcia-Ortiz", "Angeles Granados-Silvestre", "Julio Granados", "Fernando Guerrero-Romero", "Enrique Hernandez-Lemus", "Paola Leon-Mimila", "Gaston Macin-Perez", "Angelica Martinez-Hernandez", "Marta Menjivar", "Enrique Morett", "Lorena Orozco", "Guadalupe Ortiz-Lopez", "Fernando Perez-Villatoro", "Javier Rivera-Morales", "Fernando Riveros-Mckay", "Marisela Villalobos-Comparan", "Hugo Villamil-Ramirez", "Teresa Villarreal-Molina", "Samuel Canizales-Quinteros", "Xavier Soberon"], "n_citations": 27, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 30165405, "title": "DNA Damage Follows Repair Factor Depletion and Portends Genome Variation in Cancer Cells after Pore Migration", "abstract": "Migration through micron size constrictions has been seen to rupture the nucleus, release nuclear localized GFP, and cause localized accumulations of ectopic 53BP1 a DNA repair protein. Here, constricted migration of two human cancer cell types and primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) increases DNA breaks throughout the nucleoplasm as assessed by endogenous damage markers and by electrophoretic \"comet\" measurements. Migration also causes multiple DNA repair proteins to segregate away from DNA, with cytoplasmic mis localization sustained for many hours as is relevant to delayed repair. Partial knockdown of repair factors that also regulate chromosome copy numbers is seen to increase DNA breaks in U2OS osteosarcoma cells without affecting migration and with nucleoplasmic patterns of damage similar to constricted migration. Such depletion also causes aberrant levels of DNA. Migration induced nuclear damage is nonetheless reversible for wild type and sub cloned U2OS cells, except for lasting genomic differences between stable clones as revealed by DNA arrays and sequencing. Gains and losses of hundreds of megabases in many chromosomes are typical of the changes and heterogeneity in bone cancer. Phenotypic differences that arise from constricted migration of U2OS clones are further illustrated by a clone with a highly elongated and stable MSC like shape that depends on microtubule assembly downstream of the transcription factor GATA4. Such changes are consistent with reversion to a more stem like state upstream of cancerous osteoblastic cells. Migration induced genomic instability can thus associate with heritable changes.", "venue": "Current Biology", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Jerome Irianto", "Yuntao Xia", "Charlotte R Pfeifer", "Avathamsa Athirasala", "Jiazheng Ji", "Cory Alvey", "Manu Tewari", "Rachel R Bennett", "Shane M Harding", "Andrea J Liu", "Roger A Greenberg", "Dennis E Discher"], "n_citations": 176, "n_key_citations": 11, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 12999345, "title": "The international Genome sample resource (IGSR) A worldwide collection of genome variation incorporating the 1000 Genomes Project data", "abstract": "The International Genome Sample Resource (IGSR; http:/www.internationalgenome.org) expands in data type and population diversity the resources from the 1000 Genomes Project. IGSR represents the largest open collection of human variation data and provides easy access to these resources. IGSR was established in 2015 to maintain and extend the 1000 Genomes Project data, which has been widely used as a reference set of human variation and by researchers developing analysis methods. IGSR has mapped all of the 1000 Genomes sequence to the newest human reference (GRCh38) and will release updated variant calls to ensure maximal usefulness of the existing data. IGSR is collecting new structural variation data on the 1000 Genomes samples from long read sequencing and other technologies, and will collect relevant functional data into a single comprehensive resource. IGSR is extending coverage with new populations sequenced by collaborating groups. Here, we present the new data and analysis that IGSR has made available. We have also introduced a new data portal that increases discoverability of our data previously only browseable through our FTP site by focusing on particular samples, populations or data sets of interest.", "venue": "Nucleic Acids Res.", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Laura Clarke", "Susan Fairley", "Xiangqun Zheng Bradley", "Ian Streeter", "Emily Perry", "Ernesto Lowy-Gallego", "Anne Marie Tasse", "Paul Flicek"], "n_citations": 102, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 4522152, "title": "Genome variation across cancers scales with tissue stiffness an invasion mutation mechanism and implications for immune cell infiltration.", "abstract": "Many different types of soft and solid tumors have now been sequenced, and meta analyses suggest that genomic variation across tumors scales with the stiffness of the tumors' tissues of origin. The opinion expressed here is based on a review of current genomics data, and it considers multiple 'mechanogenomics' mechanisms to potentially explain this scaling of mutation rate with tissue stiffness. Since stiff solid tissues have higher density of fibrous collagen matrix, which should decrease tissue porosity, cancer cell proliferation could be affected and so could invasion into stiff tissues as the nucleus is squeezed sufficiently to enhance DNA damage. Diversification of a cancer genome after constricted migration is now clear. Understanding genome changes that give rise to neo antigens is important to selection as well as to the development of immunotherapies, and we discuss engineered monocytes/macrophages as particularly relevant to understanding infiltration into solid tumors.", "venue": "Current opinion in systems biology", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Charlotte R Pfeifer", "Cory M Alvey", "Jerome Irianto", "Dennis E Discher"], "n_citations": 37, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "The Composite Steel Reinforced Concrete Column Under Axial and Seismic Loads: A Review", "session_id": 3973289931889774, "user_id": 5512173545272523, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 199654021, "title": "The Composite Steel Reinforced Concrete Column Under Axial and Seismic Loads: A Review", "abstract": "The composite steel reinforced concrete (SRC) columns with the form of partial or full encasement of the steel section in the reinforced concrete (RC) have attracted pervasive attention due to their advantages compared to the conventional RC columns. This paper aims to summarize the representative publications regarding the SRC columns. Firstly, the analytical studies of the SRC columns, including comparative studies between available codes to address the philosophy of design and the limits in the available codes of design, bond slip behavior, analytical confinement material models, and finite element analysis, are addressed. In addition, the discussion and summary of the axial behavior of the SRC columns and the important parameters affecting the axial behavior of these types of columns were included. It also attempts to cover the parameters affecting the seismic behavior of the SRC columns. Important progress has been made by the previous studies in the SRC columns under the axial load and the combination of axial and seismic loads, but they fundamentally focused on the columns with the simple arrangement of steel section, and a few attention was paid to the new type of SRC columns with rotated cross shaped steel section whose webs coincide with the diagonal lines of the columns' section. Due to the lack of study and the brittle failure of the columns with lightweight and high strength concrete, more studies should still be made to know the behavior of the SRC columns. The paper concludes with suggestions for the future studies to enhance the effectiveness of the SRC columns.", "venue": "International Journal of Steel Structures", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Mostafa Mahmoud Mostafa", "Tao Wu", "Xi Liu", "Bo Fu"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 139858758, "title": "CFRP reinforced concrete filled steel tubes with timber core under axial loading", "abstract": "Abstract This paper experimentally investigates the effect of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) on the axial capacity of concrete filled steel tubes with different timber cores. The stub columns were designed having the size of the infill and the CFRP as the main two variables. The structural response including failure, ductility, stiffness and structural efficiency were evaluated and discussed. It was found that the effect of timber core is significant in lightening the weight of the composite, although the total capacity of the composite depends upon the material properties of the core versus the grade of concrete and steel employed in the composite columns. For the structural applications, where the weight reduction and ductility are crucial, the development of this innovative composite is highly recommended. To quantify this, the ratio of ductility index to weight is introduced including these two crucial parameters in the seismic design. An equation is also developed to estimate the axial capacity of timber concrete filled steel tubes. Furthermore, the environmental and sustainability assessment are touched on briefly to pave a path for the future work aiming at possibly reducing the contribution of the concrete in the construction.", "venue": "Composite Structures", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Amin Nabati", "Tohid Ghanbari-Ghazijahani", "Ching-Tai Ng"], "n_citations": 12, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 62830886, "title": "The Increase of Circular Concrete Column Strength Confined with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer", "abstract": "On the structural components, the use of a combination of two high performance materials is a natural thing and It can not be avoided anymore, such a combination use of concrete which is accompanied by the use of high quality steel for transversal reinforcement that useful as a confinement reinforcement on the column or using for a polymer fiber as external confinement material on the column. Column is a very important structural component in ensuring a structure is not a total failure. In designing earthquake resistant structure, the column must have sufficient strength and ductility to behave ductile to absorb and emit seismic energy. Design faults and damage caused by the earthquake cause column have to enhance axial load capacity and flexural capacity. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is a new composite material for strengthening method that should be considered as an alternative, because of its light weight and high tensile strength. Confinement of externally circular concrete columns makes the column more strongly to the flexural and axial load because it has a very high tensile strength. The analysis performed shows an enhancement in compressive strength caused by FRP confinement and it's also show that the increases of maximum axial load capacity are significant. Maximum axial load of confined concrete and confined concrete with tensile FRP tensile compared with unconfined concrete are 10.367% and 58.35 higher respectively and the maximum axial load of confined concrete with full FRP is 91.18 higher than the one of unconfined concrete for circular column. (c) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Department of Civil Engineering, Sebelas Maret University", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": [""], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 233524873, "title": "Experimental seismic behavior of ultra high performance concrete columns with high strength steel reinforcement", "abstract": "Abstract Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is an advanced cementitious composite material that exhibits high ductility and durability with superior mechanical properties, e.g. compressive strength in excess of 22 ksi (150 MPa) and sustained post cracking tensile strength greater than 0.7 ksi (5 MPa) These characteristics have promoted UHPC to be considered for new construction applications specially for next generation bridge structures. Currently, UHPC is commonly used in limited structural applications, such as joints and connections between precast structural elements. However, there is a growing interest in larger UHPC applications and new designs of full structural members as the UHPC market keeps growing and material becomes more available. One potential application for structural elements is full UHPC columns, which is the focus of this study. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the structural and seismic behavior of large scale full UHPC columns reinforced with conventional and high strength steel reinforcement. The UHPC columns were tested under combined axial and quasi static cyclic lateral loading at the University of Nevada, Reno. The testing program included four columns where the seismic performance of three different columns with grade 100 reinforcement is compared with a reference UHPC column with regular grade 60 reinforcement. Thus, the varied experimental parameters included the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and grade as well as the transverse reinforcement ratio. Results demonstrate that UHPC columns have reasonable ductility and drift capacity. Moreover, higher reinforcement ratio or grade is needed to better utilize the superior mechanical properties of UHPC and recommended to inform future design.", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Mahmoud Aboukifa", "Mohamed A Moustafa"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 139013893, "title": "Experimental study on short rubberized concrete filled steel tubes under cyclic loading", "abstract": "Abstract This paper presents an experimental investigation on the cyclic behaviour of short steel tubes filled with rubberized concrete (RuC) a composite material that mixes concrete with rubber particles. A brief literature review on the cyclic behaviour of CFST columns, the mechanical properties of RuC and recent research on RuC filled steel tubes (RuCFSTs) is presented. Then, the tested specimens are characterized, comprising three cross section shapes (square, rectangular, circular) three steel grades (S235, S275, S355) three concrete mixes (0% 5% 15% of rubber particles content) and two axial load levels (10% 20% of axial plastic load) After that, the loading protocol, test rig and experimental procedure are described in detail. The experimental results are extensively discussed, focusing on the columns' cyclic strength, failure modes, hysteretic and envelope curves, as well as on the energy based ductility factors. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding all these parameters. The most relevant achievement is that a concrete mix with a low content (5% of rubber particles leads simultaneously to the lowest decrease (5% in the cyclic strength and the highest increase (52% in the ductility of RuCFST columns, thus being the most suitable mix to use in seismic areas, where ductility and energy dissipation requirements are mandatory.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["A P C Duarte", "Bruna Silva", "Nuno Silvestre", "Jorge de Brito", "Eduardo Julio", "Jose Miguel Castro"], "n_citations": 35, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 137151829, "title": "Retrofit of Circular Reinforced Concrete Columns using FRP, Steel and Concrete Jackets", "abstract": "A large number of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings and bridges is deemed structurally deficient. This is either because the infrastructure continues to age and deteriorate or the strength or deformation capacity of the existing older infratructure does not meet the current code requiremetns, e.g. in high seismic regions. Thus, the need for more efficient retrofit methods has increased in recent years. Currently, there are only a few methods used for strengthening or retrofitting columns. Steel jackets and Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites are the two most commonly used methods. In this study, along with these two retrofit methods, concrete jackets reinforced with spiral rebar, Welded Wire Fabric (WWF) and a new steel reinforcement termed PCS are investigated under different axial load conditions.", "venue": "", "year": 2007.0, "author_names": ["Halil Sezen", "Eric A Miller"], "n_citations": 10, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 137218674, "title": "Seismic Performance of Aramid Fiber Square Tubed Concrete Columns with Metallic and/or Non Metallic Reinforcement", "abstract": "In prefabricated Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymer (AFRP) tubed concrete columns with metallic and/or nonmetallic reinforcement, the AFRP square tube performs the dual functions of stay in place formwork and transverse reinforcement. Nine column specimens including a hybrid concrete column with steel bars or AFRP rods for longitudinal reinforcement, were tested under cyclic lateral forces while simultaneously subjected to a constant axial load. Double confinement due to an aramid fiber tube and steel hoops with cross ties can provide a much greater transverse confinement effect. The ply of composite laminates can be designed such that when the shear and the bond strengths exceed the flexural strengths, adequate seismic performance of the hybrid RC columns can be ensured.", "venue": "", "year": 2003.0, "author_names": ["Tetsuo Yamakawa", "Peng Zhong", "Allison A Ohama"], "n_citations": 25, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 15304599, "title": "FRP Composites Strengthening of Concrete Columns under Various Loading Conditions", "abstract": "This paper provides a review of some of the progress in the area of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) strengthening of columns for several loading scenarios including impact load. The addition of FRP materials to upgrade deficiencies or to strengthen structural components can save lives by preventing collapse, reduce the damage to infrastructure, and the need for their costly replacement. The retrofit with FRP materials with desirable properties provides an excellent replacement for traditional materials, such as steel jacket, to strengthen the reinforced concrete structural members. Existing studies have shown that the use of FRP materials restore or improve the column original design strength for possible axial, shear, or flexure and in some cases allow the structure to carry more load than it was designed for. The paper further concludes that there is a need for additional research for the columns under impact loading senarios. The compiled information prepares the ground work for further evaluation of FRP strengthening of columns that are deficient in design or are in serious need for repair due to additional load or deterioration.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Azadeh Parvin", "David Brighton"], "n_citations": 77, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 198905666, "title": "FIRE RESISTANCE OF INTERNALLY OR EXTERNALLY CONFINED REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS", "abstract": "The aim of this investigation is firstly to evaluate the different methods used for confining the reinforced concrete (R.C) columns either internally or externally. Secondly, the effect of overheating on the performance of confining methods is studied using the computer program \"ANSYS 5.4\" Beside the traditional transverse steel ties, the internal confinement was satisfied by steel fibers or a cage of expanded metal mesh inside the ties, while external confinement was achieved by wrapping the studied columns with ferrocement layers or GFRP sheets. Six R. C columns were prepared, namely, the control column reinforced traditionally with transverse ties only, two columns containing 1% and 2% steel fibers, one column reinforced additionally with a cage of expanded metal mesh, two columns wrapped with either ferrocement laminates or glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) The columns were tested under axial loads to evaluate the effect of the different confining methods on the ultimate capacity and ductility. It was found that adding 2% steel fibers or reinforcing the column with a cage of expanded metal mesh inside the ties gave almost similar results (26% increase in the ultimate capacity compared with that of the control column) Despite that the ultimate capacity of the column wrapped with GFRP was the highest among the studied columns (37% increase in the ultimate capacity) its ductility was the lowest. The parametric study using ANSYS 5.4 showed that the R.C columns containing steel fibers were less affected by fire than the other columns. It was also found that the ultimate capacity of R.C columns wrapped with GFRP was reduced by fire to a high degree (approximately 53% reduction in the ultimate capacity) \" \" \" ,5.4 ANSYS /0 1 2 1 3 5 6 7 8 8 6 3 2 7 59 \" 2 2A 2+ *2 6 C 6 8 A 5 3 7 E 1F 5 3 GFRP E 3 6 $F 6 G 2+ H 3( 3 3 C 6 I 6 3 GFRP 6 I 6 3 \" 5C 3 A 7 \" \" 2 2 2 E 3 $F 3 8 $F 6 \" 3 K/ LC 1 8 A 3 8 H I $F 6 \" M C' *2 GFRP \" G ,3 1 8: (6 C \" 1 A \" 6 5 7 1 Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Banha University 2 Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Cairo University, Fayoum Branch INTRODUCTION The key factors for resistance of reinforced concrete (R.C. columns to gravity and lateral loads are the ultimate capacity and ductility of such columns. Satisfying these key factors were normally achieved by proper internal confinement of R.C. columns using the traditional tie \"transverse\" reinforcement. Recently, internal confinement using short steel fibers or a cage of wire mesh [1 and 2] and external confinement using wire mesh imbedded in mortar (ferrocement) or wraps of advanced composite sheets [3 and 4] greatly improved the performance of R.C columns, in buildings under gravity or seismic loads. Harajli and Rteil [1] reported that internal confinement using steel fibers in the columns improved performance similar to external confinement with carbon fiber sheets. Razvi and Saatcioglu [2] Furlong et al. [5] Mau et al. [6] and Aikhionbare and Tabsh [7] found that the columns internally confined by welded wire fabric inside or outside the transverse ties showed a significant improvement in strength and ductility compared with those designed according to ACI Building Code [8] with closely spaced ties and longitudinal reinforcement only. Saatcioglu and Grira [9] found that welded grids offer an economic alternative to conventional ties with reduced construction time, especially for earthquake resistant construction where the tie details may be prohibitively complex. Fahmy et al [3] studied the external wrapping of ferrocement laminates in repairing of reinforced concrete. It was found that the results of all repaired specimens demonstrated better behavior and load carrying capacity compared to their original behavior. Saadatmanesh [4] found that the stress strain models for concrete confined with composite straps indicate significant increases in compressive strength and strain at failure when compared with the stress strain behavior of unconfined concrete. Naguib and Mirmiran [10] studied the effect of lateral confinement on the behavior of the concrete columns. Harajli and Rteil [1] studied the seismic performance of concrete columns reinforced with ordinary transverse steel and those confined externally with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. They found that confinement with the traditional transverse steel enhanced the seismic behavior and increased the energy absorption capacities of the columns but not as effective as confinement externally with CFRP. The different techniques for internal or external confinement of R.C columns are affected by the elevated temperature to different degrees. Poon and Lam [11] reported that the addition of steel fibers (internal confinement) is more effective in minimizing the degradation of compressive strength for the concrete after exposure to the elevated temperatures compared to traditional reinforcement using transverse ties only. In addition, steel fiber reinforced concretes showed the highest energy absorption capacity after the high temperature exposure, although they suffered a quick loss of this capacity. Very little information is available for the effect of fire resistance on the wire mesh used as additional reinforcement in R. C. columns. However, it was reported that expanded metal reinforcement is better than welded wire reinforcement in fire resistance because the welds at the wire junctions melt at a temperature much smaller than that of steel wires [12] ACI committee 549R 97 [12] stated the potentially poor fire resistance of ferrocement sections because of the inherent thinness of its structural forms and the abnormally low cover to the reinforcement. This is also applicable for the use of ferrocement as external confining tool. However, Naaman [13] proofed that ferrocement compares very favorably with GFRP when exposed to fire. Bisby et al. [14] reported that although the structural effectiveness of FRP materials can be maintained during fire, the fire behavior of FRP wrapped columns can be dramatically improved by providing supplemental insulation for the FRP. The objective of this research is firstly to evaluate the different methods used in confining square R.C columns, internally using expanded metal mesh or steel fibers, and externally using ferrocement laminates or GFRP, in improving the behavior of concrete columns compared with traditional reinforcement with transverse ties. Secondly, the effect of fire on the performance of the confining methods was conducted using the ready package computer program \"ANSYS 5.4\" [15] EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM Test Specimens Six R. C columns were prepared, namely, the control column reinforced traditionally with transverse ties only, two columns containing 1% and 2% steel fibers, one column reinforced additionally with a cage of expanded steel mesh (ESM) two columns wrapped with either ferrocement laminates or glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) (see Figure 1) The columns were tested under axial loads concerning both strength and behavior to evaluate the effect of the different confining methods on the ultimate capacity and ductility. All columns were square in shape of height \"h\" 100 cm and width \"b\" 15 cm in order to achieve height to width ratio \" h/b\" 6.6 to avoid buckling. The details of the tested specimens are listed in Table 1. Materials and Mix Design All concrete constituents used conformed to the relevant Egyptian Standard Specifications [16] Sand and coarse aggregate (basalt) used were from a local pit. Two different size distributions of the basalt (14 and 5mm) were blended to obtain a uniform distribution. A superplasticizer based on polynaphthalene sulphate was used to improve the workability of the concrete mix. The actual cube compressive strengths for different specimens are given in Table 1. Table 2 provides the mix proportions. The steel used for the longitudinal reinforcement consisted of four 10 mm diameter high grade steel (reinforcement ratio of 2.8% The characteristic yield strength for steel used was 360 MPa. Column tie reinforcement was fabricated from 6 mm mild steel round bars, spaced at 20 cm, of characteristic yield strength 240 MPa. Hooked end steel fibers of varying amounts, having yield strength of 400 MPa, were added in the mixes of columns with steel fibers. The aspect ratio of fibers was constant (Lf Df 60 mm /1 mm 60) Expanded steel mesh (ESM) used in this investigation was expanded metal lath conforming to ACI Committee 549, 1R 88 [17] The mesh has a diamond shape of wire diameter equals 1.5 mm and the yield strength was considered 260 MPa [17] For columns wrapped with GFRP, unidirectional E glass composite (resin fiber) tapes were used to wrap concrete columns. The properties of GFRP used were given by the manufacturer as follows; tensile strength =1103 MPa and modulus of elasticity 48.2 Gpa. Preparation of the Test Specimens All the column specimens including the control specimen, C1, were reinforced with four corner bars of diameter 10 mm as longitudinal reinforcement and transverse ties of 6 mm diameter spaced at 20 cm along the column. Electrical strain gauges were fixed on the longitudinal reinforcement to record the strains. For column specimens, C2 and C3, hooked end steel fibers of volume content 1 and 2% respectively, (see Table 1) were added during mixing of concrete. Column specimen, C4, was additionally reinforced by a cage of ESM of volume fraction, vf 2.2% in the core inside the transverse ties. Column specimens, C5 and C6, were wrapped after casting and curing with one layer of ferrocement (a cage of ESM imbedded in mortar around the column) or a layer of GFRP imbedded in a resin, respectively.", "venue": "", "year": 2005.0, "author_names": ["Hanaa I El-Sayad", "A A Shaheen"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 55737824, "title": "RESPONSE OF REPAIRED FUSE BEAMS TO DYNAMIC TESTING", "abstract": "Controlled energy distribution is desirable for structures subjected to severe earthquakes. EC8[1] prescribes (for steel structures) that reduced beam sections may behave like a fuse that protects beam to column connections against early fracture (cl. B.S.3. provided that they can develop the minimum rotations specified. Unlike common steel structures, innovative types of seismic resistant steel frames have been proposed, with dissipative fuses, where only damage will occur. Fuses are designed to be easily replaced. They usually consist of steel hollow sections. In the present paper, used hollow beams, that had suffered strength degradation of more than 50% were filled with cement based repair mortar (fcd =35 MPa) forming concrete filled composite beams (CFCBs) and were retested, without any other kind of repair. CFCBs are reported to have demonstrated higher axial load capacity, better ductility performance, larger energy absorption capacity and lower strength degradation than conventional reinforced concrete and steel hollow section columns. This became apparent by the results or the tests achieved by the experiments; bearing capacity of fuse beam was practically restored to its initial value when the damaged side of the initial beam was subjected to tension, while it increased to about 2.5 times its initial value, when the damaged side is subjected to compression. Increase of energy dissipation per loading cycle was also remarkable (increase about 150% Calculation of the stiffness of the fuse beam is performed, as it varies with the imposed displacement. Its effect on the eigenperiod of the main structure is discussed. The deformation limits that the cement based repair mortar has reached are calculated. Ideas for further research on the subject are proposed. 4270 Available online at www.eccomasproceedia.org Eccomas Proceedia COMPDYN (2017) 4270 4276 (c) 2017 The Authors. Published by Eccomas Proceedia. Peer review under responsibility of the organizing committee of COMPDYN 2017. doi: 10.7712/120117.5722.18233 Emmanouil Vougioukas, Stella Avgerinou and Konstantinos Theocharis", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Emmanouil Vougioukas", "Stella Avgerinou", "Konstantinos Theocharis"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Understanding Me: Lectures and Interviews", "session_id": 5829904072194407, "user_id": 3776863851699000, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 142787329, "title": "Understanding Me: Lectures and Interviews", "abstract": "In the last twenty years of his life, Marshall McLuhan published a series of books that established his reputation as a world renowned communications theorist and the pre eminent seer of the modern age. It was McLuhan who made the distinction between \"hot\" and \"cool\" media. And it was he who coined the phrases \"the medium is the message\" and \"the global village\" and popularized other memorable terms including \"feedback\" and \"iconic.\"McLuhan was far more than a pithy phrasemaker, however. He foresaw the development of personal computers at a time when computers were huge, unwieldy machines available only to institutions. He anticipated the wide ranging effects of the Internet. And he understood, better than any of his contemporaries, the transformations that would be wrought by digital technology in particular, the globalization of communications and the instantaneous simultaneous nature of the new, electric world. In many ways, we're still catching up to him forty years after the publication of Understanding Media.In Understanding Me, Stephanie McLuhan and David Staines have brought together nineteen previously unpublished lectures and interviews either by or with Marshall McLuhan. They have in common the informality and accessibility of the spoken word. In every case, the text has been transcribed from the original audio, film, or videotape of McLuhan's actual appearances. This is not what McLuhan wrote but what he said the spoken words of a surprisingly accessible public man. He comes across as outrageous, funny, perplexing, stimulating, and provocative. McLuhan will never seem quite the same again.The foreword by Tom Wolfe provides a twenty first century perspective on McLuhan's life and work, and co editor David Staines's insightful afterword offers a personal account of McLuhan as teacher and friend.", "venue": "", "year": 2003.0, "author_names": ["Marshall Mcluhan", "Stephanie McLuhan", "David Staines"], "n_citations": 77, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 7790063, "title": "Understanding me: lectures and interviews, Marshall McLuhan", "abstract": "t is a fine autumn morning in a New England September, one that breaks your heart because somehow you are sitting in a darkened classroom listening to a dean or some vice president giving a Power Point presentation about the future of your department. Putting aside your fantasy of trading your tenured position with that of your postman who was whistling to himself as he made his rounds this bright day, you become puzzled by a conundrum hidden in this spiel you're getting. The lecturer is showing the gathering a Power Point slide of a bulleted list while a paper copy of this very document has been handed to everyone in the audience, and the speaker himself (believing that a roomful of Ph.D.s can't read) is telling you exactly what's on your paper. Bemused by this double redundancy, you're shaken out of your self pity; from somewhere in your dusty late middle aged memory comes a slogan of American campus life and pop culture of the 1960s: \"The Medium is the Message.\" It all makes sense Power Point is the medium, and the message is that this hot shot manager uses the latest technology. Score one for Marshall McLuhan, the medium/message inventor. McLuhan's stock has fallen rapidly since his death in 1980. He is now almost part of that forgotten pantheon of gurus of the 1960s and 1970's: Charles Reich, Timothy Leary, Abby Hoffman et al. It was an age of gurus. Best known now for his famous slogan equating medium and message, he has a resiliency lacking in these other \"famous long ago\" heroes. In 1993, Wired magazine designated him their \"patron saint.\" Now M.I.T. Press has recently published a collection of his interviews and speeches that date from 1967 to 1979 (he died in 1980) The editors of Understanding Me are Stephanie McLuhan and David Staines. The latter is an admiring ex student of the great man while the former apparently expects us to know that she is Marshall's daughter her contribution to the book is silent on the family connection. The coyness here is annoying, but her identity is easily verified in yet another recent M.I.T. Press publication: a critical biography, Marshall McLuhan: The Medium and the Messenger, by Philip Marchand (1998) McLuhan was for many years a Professor of Literature at the University of Toronto. He also presided over a Centre for Culture and Technology at the same institution an early example of the interdisciplinary college think tank partly floated with corporate money. Unlike most scholars of literature who got their education between the wars, McLuhan turned his attention early to popular culture. An entertaining book with a sardonic take on the sex pop culture advertising nexus, The Mechanical Bride (1951) brought him some minor fame. His major works however are The Gutenberg Galaxy (1962) and Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964) The main ideas from the principal books are readily gleaned from the pronouncements contained in Understanding Me. Resisting the temptation to use a bulleted list, we may summarize them as follows:", "venue": "IEEE Technology and Society Magazine", "year": 2006.0, "author_names": ["Stephanie McLuhan", "David Staines"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 178581908, "title": "Understanding Me: Lectures and Interviews by Marshall McLuhan", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2006.0, "author_names": ["Donald Theal"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 197735735, "title": "Chinese students' perceptions of humour in British academic lectures", "abstract": "My PhD study explores humour in British academic lectures and Chinese students' perceptions of it. The research interest was derived from my personal experience as an international student in Britain, when I repeatedly encountered occasions on which the lecturers' jokes fell flat for me. Britain is one of the most popular destinations for international students, but there are hardly any investigations into humour in academic contexts or international students' understanding of it, and none on Chinese students' problems with humour in lectures. In my study, instances of humour, referred to as 'humour episodes' (REs) were identified and analysed in a large number of lectures recorded in the British Academic Spoken English (BASE) corpus and nine academic lectures recorded by me. Some Chinese students, non Chinese students and all of the lecturers at the lectures in my corpus, commented on selected REs in interviews and group discussions. Analysis of the REs was informed by interactional sociolinguistic and pragmatic theories. Major formal, semantic, and functional properties of humour in the lectures were identified. Humour arose from the incongruous interplay between these properties. The lecturers used humour to carry out teaching tasks and interpersonal activities. Humour heightened the lecturers' stances toward their topics. These stances embodied sociocultural values. The Chinese students had evident problems comprehending their lecturers' humour. Some expressed a feeling of alienation at having to laugh with other classmates without understanding the cause. The lecturers were often unaware of the Chinese students' perceptions of their humour, and sometimes appeared to be insensitive to their negative feelings. Expression of stance in the humour was particularly problematic to the Chinese students, but they tended to consider it peripheral to the main purpose of their studies. My study has implications for Chinese students' experience in British universities, and the internationalisation of British higher education.", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": "", "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 207514496, "title": "A multi professional full scale simulation course in the recognition and management of deteriorating hospital patients.", "abstract": "INTRODUCTION Recognition and management of deteriorating patients is often suboptimal, resulting in adverse events that may be avoided if a unified understanding of the signs and needs of deteriorating patients is secured through the education of staff. This paper describes the planning and evaluation of a multi professional, full scale simulation based course for hospital professionals. METHODS A systematic approach to course development was used and the programme was introduced on four general wards in a university hospital. Experts from the wards were trained as educators and participated in the course development. A needs assessment consisting of an observational study, questionnaires and interviews resulted in the creation of learning objectives to provide the road map for content and teaching methods. A 1 day multi professional ward specific educational programme with full scale simulations, mini lectures, case discussions and practical training was planned. Course material, a manual for educators and questionnaires for evaluation of the course were developed. RESULTS A 1 day full scale simulation based educational programme was developed and 50% of the medical staff and 70% of the nursing staff on four wards were trained in a 5 month period. The course was highly rated in terms of content and teaching methods. DISCUSSION The systematic approach for developing the course resulted in a relevant, highly rated course, deeply rooted in the wards, implying the opportunity to facilitate local improvements and adjust the content to local needs. CONCLUSION The use of a systematic approach was successful in the development of this multi professional full scale simulation based educational programme, which has proven to be easily applicable and usable.", "venue": "Resuscitation", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Lone Fuhrmann", "Doris Ostergaard", "Anne Lippert", "Anders Perner"], "n_citations": 40, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 42234229, "title": "Book Review: Marshall McLuhan reconsidered: review of reprinted editions, previously unpublished work, and two tributes", "abstract": "Eric McLuhan and William Kuhns (eds) The Book of Probes. Corte Madera, CA: Gingko Press, 2003. 573 pp. ISBN 1 58423 056 8, US$39.95 (hbk) Paul Benedetti and Nancy DeHart (eds) Forward Through the Rearview Mirror: Reflections on and by Marshall McLuhan. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997. 207 pp. ISBN 0 262 52233 0, US$25.00 (pbk) Marshall McLuhan, The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man (with an introduction by Philip B. Meggs) Corte Madera, CA: Gingko Press, 2002. 157 pp. ISBN 1 58423 050 9, US$35.00 (hbk) Stephanie McLuhan and David Staines (eds) Understanding Me: Lectures and Interviews. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003. 317 pp. ISBN 0 262 13442 X, US$27.95 hbk. W. Terrence Gordon (ed) Understanding Media: the Extensions of Man. Corte Madera, CA: Gingko Press, 2003[1964] 611 pp. ISBN 1 58423 073 8, US$52.90 (hbk)", "venue": "New Media Soc.", "year": 2005.0, "author_names": ["Wendy Robinson"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 145175828, "title": "Original sin or saving grace? Speech in media ecology", "abstract": "Albrecht, R. (2004) Mediating the muse: A communications approach to music, media, and culture change. Creskill, NJ: Hampton Press. 450 pp. $85.00 (hardcover) $34.50 (paper) Cassidy, M. (2004) BookEnds: The changing media environment of American classrooms. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. 335 pp. $65.00 (hardcover) $29.95 (paper) Levinson, P. (2004) Cellphone. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 221 pp. $29.95 (hardcover) Heyer, P. (2003) Harold Innis. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. 133 pp. $21.95 (paper) McLuhan, M. Carson, D. (2003) The book of probes. Madera, CA: Ginko Press. 574 pp. $39.95 (hardcover) McLuhan, M. (2003) Understanding media (critical edition with a new introduction by W. Terrence Gordon) Madera, CA: Gingko Press. 611 pp. $24.95 (hardcover) (Original work published 1964) McLuhan, S. Staines, D. (Eds. (2003) Understanding me: Lectures and interviews (with a foreword by Tom Wolfe) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 315 pp. $27.95 (hardcover)", "venue": "", "year": 2004.0, "author_names": ["Lance Haynes"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 220061384, "title": "Given that the detailed original criteria for deliberate practice have not changed, could the understanding of this complex concept have improved over time? A response to Macnamara and Hambrick (2020)", "abstract": "In their commentary, Macnamara and Hambrick (Psychol Res, 2017) accused my colleagues and me of systematically changing the definition of the concept of deliberate practice. Deliberate practice was the result of a search for characteristics of effective practice in the laboratory that was shown to improve expert professional performance in domains, such as music. In this reply, I will first describe five different criteria that defined the original concept of deliberate practice and each of them is presented with directly supporting quotes from Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch Romer (Psychol Rev 100:396 406, 10.1037/0033 295X.87.3.215, 1993) paper. Unfortunately, Macnamara, Hambrick, and Oswald (Psychol Sci 25:1608 1618, 10.1177/0956797614535810, 2014) misinterpreted our concept of deliberate practice, and defined it much more broadly: \"as engagement in structured activities created specifically to improve performance in a domain\" (p. 914) This definition led them to include activities, such as attending lectures, studying alone by students, and group activities led by a coach, where each activity does not meet one or more of our criteria for deliberate practice. In this commentary, I will argue that Macnamara and Hambrick (2020) became aware of some of the original criteria for deliberate practice, such as the role of individualized training by a teacher, and these discoveries misled them to assume that we had changed our definition. The intended meaning of sentences that Macnamara and Hambrick (2020) had carefully selected is shown to have an appropriate interpretation in Standard English that is consistent with our original definition of deliberate practice. In conclusion, I will give a proposal for how the different perspectives can be reconciled.", "venue": "Psychological research", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["K Anders Ericsson"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 141509323, "title": "Brainstorming: Views and Interviews on the Mind", "abstract": "Gallagher presents a collection of dialogues between himself and a number of neuroscientists, including Michael Gazzaniga, Marc Jeannerod, and Chris Frith, on the relation between the mind and brain. I did not write this book, I constructed it. And in regard to its content, let me admit at the beginning that in this book I beg, borrow, and steal (well maybe not steal, since I have observed copyrights) as much wisdom as I can from some of the best minds of our time. These are people who think about brains and minds professionally. Although this is a book about the philosophy of mind, it is also interdisciplinary, so I have made use not only of philosophers, but also of neuropsychologists and neuroscientists, people who have gained their understanding of how brain and behavior and mental experience go together through experimentation. I've borrowed from people in person in a series of interviews, many of which have been published in the Journal of Consciousness Studies. I've borrowed by means of e mail exchanges that I've had with numerous people over the past several years. And of course, I've borrowed from books. This book includes interviews, but is not strictly a collection of interviews. I have mixed in explanations and descriptions that are meant to clarify and explicate the issues under discussion. More specifically, this book is intended to be an unorthodox but very accessible introduction to certain themes that cut across the philosophy of mind and psychology. This might rightfully seem a contradiction. An introduction to a certain subject matter is supposed to be orthodox, if nothing else. That is, if one intends to introduce someone to a subject matter, one normally intends to review the established and received views that define the field. So in what sense can this be at the same time an introduction and unorthodox? Well first, the genre of this book is not standard for introductory textbooks since it consists in large parts of interviews rather than straight explanatory discourses. In addition, I can honestly say that there was no preconceived plan to the book, although this does not mean that a plan did not emerge in its construction. The topics and themes that we cover have emerged from the interviews themselves. But this is also why this can be considered an introductory text. The interview style, I believe, makes the various topics and themes very accessible, in the way that conversation tends to be more accessible than formal lecture. And as in a conversation, topics tend to emerge on their own and can be deeply engaging. Furthermore, the fact that these are the topics that emerged in conversations with some of the most important researchers in the field means that we will be exploring views that are close to the cutting edge of contemporary philosophy and science. So what we find expressed here are not so much the received and established views but a set of ongoing questions and discussions that define the field. If these are the issues that the leading researchers are concerned about and find exciting, it seems appropriate to think that these are the most appropriate issues to begin with, and that these are the issues that beginning students, or even experts who are approaching these topics from different fields, might find the most interesting.", "venue": "", "year": 2008.0, "author_names": ["Shaun Gallagher"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 232019367, "title": "A moment just for me parents' experiences of an intervention for person centred information in paediatric oncology.", "abstract": "PURPOSE Information can help parents of children with cancer by reducing uncertainty and giving them a sense of control in a chaotic situation. Although providing information to parents is a core activity of paediatric oncology nursing, few studies focus on interventions for informing parents. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate parents' experiences after participating in a person centred information intervention for parents of children with cancer. METHOD This study is part of a process evaluation of a person centred informational intervention in paediatric oncology for patients' parents. Qualitative semi structured interviews with 13 parents who had taken part in the intervention were analysed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS An opening for healing emerged as the overarching theme, consisting of three categories. Gaining a deeper understanding of the entire situation describes how parents benefitted from processing current topics and moving forward by learning. Caring reflections in a safe space describes how parents appreciated having a moment just for themselves and feeling better by venting their feelings. Meeting a competent and compassionate nurse describes how parents experienced trust and being listened to. CONCLUSION Having individual information meetings integrated as a primary nursing responsibility, mediated by competent and compassionate nurses also responsible for the care of the child, could enhance person centred care and individualise parental education.", "venue": "European journal of oncology nursing the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Anders Ringner", "Cecilia Olsson", "Emma Eriksson", "Ida From", "Maria Bjork"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Attention and perceptual decision making.", "session_id": 601465813738200, "user_id": 3850914259204752, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 151456087, "title": "Attention and Perceptual Decision Making", "abstract": "Abstract Selective attention has a direct influence on perceptual decision making. This chapter reviews how attention biases or facilitates judgments of sensory stimuli by examining decision theoretic models, such as the signal detection model and sequential sampling models. These models assume that the processing order of multiple signals is invariant to attentional influence. By contrast, the relative saliency hypothesis suggests that attention affects how multiple signals are accumulated for perceptual decision making. To support this suggestion, studies using Systems Factorial Technology (SFT, Townsend Nozawa, 1995 are reviewed to examine the impact of attentional manipulations (e.g. spatial cueing, contingency, attentional instruction, payoff) on perceptual decisions in a redundant target detection task. Results highlight the flexibility of the perceptual decision mechanism, the role of top down attentional control, and conscious awareness in selecting a decision strategy to optimize detection performance. Finally, the concept of processing capacity is discussed in relation to attentional capacity.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Cheng-Ta Yang"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 76666045, "title": "Disentangling expectation from selective attention during perceptual decision making.", "abstract": "A large body of work has investigated the effects of attention and expectation on early sensory processing to support decision making. In a recent paper published in The Journal of Neuroscience, Rungratsameetaweemana et al. (Rungratsameetaweemana N, Itthipuripat S, Salazar A, Serences JT. J Neurosci 38: 5632 5648, 2018) found that expectations driven by implicitly learned task regularities do not modulate neural markers of early visual processing. Here, we discuss these findings and propose several lines of follow up analyses and experiments that could expand on these findings in the broader perceptual decision making literature.", "venue": "Journal of neurophysiology", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Alexander J Simon", "Jessica Schachtner", "Courtney L Gallen"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 228936564, "title": "Cue reliability modulates interdependency between space and feature based attention during perceptual decision making", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Guangsheng Liang", "Miranda Scolari"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 21989959, "title": "How attention influences perceptual decision making: Single trial EEG correlates of drift diffusion model parameters.", "abstract": "Perceptual decision making can be accounted for by drift diffusion models, a class of decision making models that assume a stochastic accumulation of evidence on each trial. Fitting response time and accuracy to a drift diffusion model produces evidence accumulation rate and non decision time parameter estimates that reflect cognitive processes. Our goal is to elucidate the effect of attention on visual decision making. In this study, we show that measures of attention obtained from simultaneous EEG recordings can explain per trial evidence accumulation rates and perceptual preprocessing times during a visual decision making task. Models assuming linear relationships between diffusion model parameters and EEG measures as external inputs were fit in a single step in a hierarchical Bayesian framework. The EEG measures were features of the evoked potential (EP) to the onset of a masking noise and the onset of a task relevant signal stimulus. Single trial evoked EEG responses, P200s to the onsets of visual noise and N200s to the onsets of visual signal, explain single trial evidence accumulation and preprocessing times. Within trial evidence accumulation variance was not found to be influenced by attention to the signal or noise. Single trial measures of attention lead to better out of sample predictions of accuracy and correct reaction time distributions for individual subjects.", "venue": "Journal of mathematical psychology", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Michael D Nunez", "Joachim Vandekerckhove", "Ramesh Srinivasan"], "n_citations": 70, "n_key_citations": 7, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 204368620, "title": "Dissociable effects of attention and expectation on perceptual decision making", "abstract": "", "venue": "Journal of Vision", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Nuttida Rungratsameetaweeman", "Sirawaj Itthipuripat", "John T Serences"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 215410426, "title": "A Causal Role for Mouse Superior Colliculus in Visual Perceptual Decision Making", "abstract": "The superior colliculus (SC) is arguably the most important visual structure in the mouse brain and is well known for its involvement in innate responses to visual threats and prey items. In other species, the SC plays a central role in voluntary as well as innate visual functions, including crucial contributions to selective attention and perceptual decision making. In the mouse, the possible role of the SC in voluntary visual choice behaviors has not been established. Here, we demonstrate that the mouse SC of both sexes plays a causal role in visual perceptual decision making by transiently inhibiting SC activity during an orientation change detection task. First, unilateral SC inhibition induced spatially specific deficits in detection. Hit rates were reduced, and reaction times increased for orientation changes in the contralateral but not ipsilateral visual field. Second, the deficits caused by SC inhibition were specific to a temporal epoch coincident with early visual burst responses in the SC. Inhibiting SC during this 100 ms period caused a contralateral detection deficit, whereas inhibition immediately before or after did not. Third, SC inhibition reduced visual detection sensitivity. Psychometric analysis revealed that inhibiting SC visual activity significantly increased detection thresholds for contralateral orientation changes. In addition, effects on detection thresholds and lapse rates caused by SC inhibition were larger in the presence of a competing visual stimulus, indicating a role for the mouse SC in visual target selection. Together, our results demonstrate that the mouse SC is necessary for the normal performance of voluntary visual choice behaviors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mouse superior colliculus (SC) has become a popular model for studying the circuit organization and development of the visual system. Although the SC is a fundamental component of the visual pathways in mice, its role in visual perceptual decision making is not clear. By investigating how temporally precise SC inhibition influenced behavioral performance during a visually guided orientation change detection task, we identified a 100 ms temporal epoch of SC visual activity that is crucial for the ability of mice to detect behaviorally relevant visual changes. In addition, we found that SC inhibition also caused deficits in visual target selection. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of the SC for visual perceptual choice behavior in the mouse.", "venue": "The Journal of Neuroscience", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Lupeng Wang", "Kerry McAlonan", "Sheridan Goldstein", "Charles R Gerfen", "Richard J Krauzlis"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 203454561, "title": "Evidence accumulation during perceptual decision making is sensitive to the dynamics of attentional selection", "abstract": "The ability to select and combine multiple sensory inputs in support of accurate decisions is a hallmark of adaptive behaviour. Attentional selection is often needed to prioritize stimuli that are task relevant and to attenuate potentially distracting sources of sensory information. As most studies of perceptual decision making to date have made use of task relevant stimuli only, relatively little is known about how attention modulates decision making. To address this issue, we developed a novel 'integrated' decision making task, in which participants judged the average direction of successive target motion signals while ignoring concurrent and spatially overlapping distractor motion signals. In two experiments that varied the role of attentional selection, we used linear regression to quantify the influence of target and distractor stimuli on behaviour. Using electroencephalography, we characterised the neural correlates of decision making, attentional selection and feature specific responses to target and distractor signals. While targets strongly influenced perceptual decisions and associated neural activity, we also found that concurrent and spatially coincident distractors exerted a measurable bias on both behaviour and brain activity. Our findings suggest that attention operates as a real time but imperfect filter during perceptual decision making by dynamically modulating the contributions of task relevant and irrelevant sensory inputs.", "venue": "NeuroImage", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Dragan Rangelov", "Jason B Mattingley"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 18116447, "title": "Individual differences in attention influence perceptual decision making", "abstract": "Sequential sampling decision making models have been successful in accounting for reaction time (RT) and accuracy data in two alternative forced choice tasks. These models have been used to describe the behavior of populations of participants, and explanatory structures have been proposed to account for between individual variability in model parameters. In this study we show that individual differences in behavior from a novel perceptual decision making task can be attributed to (1) differences in evidence accumulation rates, (2) differences in variability of evidence accumulation within trials, and (3) differences in non decision times across individuals. Using electroencephalography (EEG) we demonstrate that these differences in cognitive variables, in turn, can be explained by attentional differences as measured by phase locking of steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) responses to the signal and noise components of the visual stimulus. Parameters of a cognitive model (a diffusion model) were obtained from accuracy and RT distributions and related to phase locking indices (PLIs) of SSVEPs with a single step in a hierarchical Bayesian framework. Participants who were able to suppress the SSVEP response to visual noise in high frequency bands were able to accumulate correct evidence faster and had shorter non decision times (preprocessing or motor response times) leading to more accurate responses and faster response times. We show that the combination of cognitive modeling and neural data in a hierarchical Bayesian framework relates physiological processes to the cognitive processes of participants, and that a model with a new (out of sample) participant's neural data can predict that participant's behavior more accurately than models without physiological data.", "venue": "Front. Psychol.", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Michael D Nunez", "Ramesh Srinivasan", "Joachim Vandekerckhove"], "n_citations": 50, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 220072185, "title": "Evidence accumulation during perceptual decision making is sensitive to the dynamics of attentional selection", "abstract": "The ability to select and combine multiple sensory inputs in support of accurate decisions is a hallmark of adaptive behaviour. Attentional selection is often needed to prioritize task relevant stimuli relative to irrelevant, potentially distracting stimuli. As most studies of perceptual decision making to date have made use of task relevant stimuli only, relatively little is known about how attention modulates decision making. To address this issue, we developed a novel 'integrated' decision making task, in which participants judged the average direction of successive target motion signals while ignoring concurrent and spatially overlapping distractor motion signals. In two experiments that varied the role of attentional selection, we used regression to quantify the influence of target and distractor stimuli on behaviour. Using electroencephalography, we characterised the neural correlates of decision making, attentional selection and feature specific responses to target and distractor signals. While targets strongly influenced perceptual decisions and associated neural activity, we also found that concurrent and spatially coincident distractors exerted a measurable bias on both behaviour and brain activity. Our findings suggest that attention operates as a real time but imperfect filter during perceptual decision making by dynamically modulating the contributions of task relevant and irrelevant sensory inputs.", "venue": "NeuroImage", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Dragan Rangelov", "Jason B Mattingley"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 224812988, "title": "Systematic and random sources of variability in perceptual decision making: Comment on Ratcliff, Voskuilen, and McKoon (2018)", "abstract": "A key assumption of models of human cognition is that there is variability in information processing. Evidence accumulation models (EAMs) commonly assume 2 broad variabilities in information processing: within trial variability, which is thought to reflect moment to moment fluctuations in perceptual processes, and between trial variability, which is thought to reflect variability in slower changing processes like attention, or systematic variability between the stimuli on different trials. Recently, Ratcliff, Voskuilen, and McKoon (2018) claimed to \"provide direct evidence that external noise is, in fact, required to explain the data from five simple two choice decision tasks\" (p. 33) suggesting that at least some portion of the between trial variability in information processing is due to \"noise.\" However, we argue that Ratcliff et al. (2018) failed to distinguish between 2 different potential sources of between trial variability: random (i.e. \"external noise\" and systematic (e.g. item effects) Contrary to the claims of Ratcliff et al. (2018) we show that \"external noise\" is not required to explain their findings, as the same trends of data can be produced when only item effects are present. Furthermore, we contend that the concept of \"noise\" within cognitive models merely serves as a convenience parameter for sources of variability that we know exist but are unable to account for. Therefore, we question the usefulness of experiments aimed at testing the general existence of \"random\" variability and instead suggest that future research should attempt to replace the random variability terms within cognitive models with actual explanations of the process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)", "venue": "Psychological review", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Nathan J Evans", "Gabriel Tillman", "Eric-Jan Wagenmakers"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "semantic segmentation 2021", "session_id": 2558961262215545, "user_id": 1832809619762987, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 67788034, "title": "Deep Multi Modal Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation for Autonomous Driving: Datasets, Methods, and Challenges", "abstract": "Recent advancements in perception for autonomous driving are driven by deep learning. In order to achieve robust and accurate scene understanding, autonomous vehicles are usually equipped with different sensors (e.g. cameras, LiDARs, Radars) and multiple sensing modalities can be fused to exploit their complementary properties. In this context, many methods have been proposed for deep multi modal perception problems. However, there is no general guideline for network architecture design, and questions of \"what to fuse\" \"when to fuse\" and \"how to fuse\" remain open. This review paper attempts to systematically summarize methodologies and discuss challenges for deep multi modal object detection and semantic segmentation in autonomous driving. To this end, we first provide an overview of on board sensors on test vehicles, open datasets, and background information for object detection and semantic segmentation in autonomous driving research. We then summarize the fusion methodologies and discuss challenges and open questions. In the appendix, we provide tables that summarize topics and methods. We also provide an interactive online platform to navigate each reference: https:/boschresearch.github.io/multimodalperception/", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Di Feng", "Christian Haase-Schuetz", "Lars Rosenbaum", "Heinz Hertlein", "Fabian Duffhauss", "Claudius Glaser", "Werner Wiesbeck", "Klaus C J Dietmayer"], "n_citations": 161, "n_key_citations": 7, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 53726367, "title": "CGNet: A Light Weight Context Guided Network for Semantic Segmentation", "abstract": "The demand of applying semantic segmentation model on mobile devices has been increasing rapidly. Current state of the art networks have enormous amount of parameters hence unsuitable for mobile devices, while other small memory footprint models follow the spirit of classification network and ignore the inherent characteristic of semantic segmentation. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel Context Guided Network (CGNet) which is a light weight and efficient network for semantic segmentation. We first propose the Context Guided (CG) block, which learns the joint feature of both local feature and surrounding context effectively and efficiently, and further improves the joint feature with the global context. Based on the CG block, we develop CGNet which captures contextual information in all stages of the network. CGNet is specially tailored to exploit the inherent property of semantic segmentation and increase the segmentation accuracy. Moreover, CGNet is elaborately designed to reduce the number of parameters and save memory footprint. Under an equivalent number of parameters, the proposed CGNet significantly outperforms existing light weight segmentation networks. Extensive experiments on Cityscapes and CamVid datasets verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Specifically, without any post processing and multi scale testing, the proposed CGNet achieves 64.8% mean IoU on Cityscapes with less than 0.5 M parameters.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Image Processing", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Tianyi Wu", "Sheng Tang", "Rui Zhang", "Yongdong Zhang"], "n_citations": 92, "n_key_citations": 16, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 201058657, "title": "Semi Supervised Semantic Segmentation With High and Low Level Consistency", "abstract": "The ability to understand visual information from limited labeled data is an important aspect of machine learning. While image level classification has been extensively studied in a semi supervised setting, dense pixel level classification with limited data has only drawn attention recently. In this work, we propose an approach for semi supervised semantic segmentation that learns from limited pixel wise annotated samples while exploiting additional annotation free images. The proposed approach relies on adversarial training with a feature matching loss to learn from unlabeled images. It uses two network branches that link semi supervised classification with semi supervised segmentation including self training. The dual branch approach reduces both the low level and the high level artifacts typical when training with few labels. The approach attains significant improvement over existing methods, especially when trained with very few labeled samples. On several standard benchmarks PASCAL VOC 2012, PASCAL Context, and Cityscapes the approach achieves new state of the art in semi supervised learning.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Sudhanshu Mittal", "Maxim Tatarchenko", "Thomas Brox"], "n_citations": 72, "n_key_citations": 14, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 212634017, "title": "Rectifying Pseudo Label Learning via Uncertainty Estimation for Domain Adaptive Semantic Segmentation", "abstract": "This paper focuses on the unsupervised domain adaptation of transferring the knowledge from the source domain to the target domain in the context of semantic segmentation. Existing approaches usually regard the pseudo label as the ground truth to fully exploit the unlabeled target domain data. Yet the pseudo labels of the target domain data are usually predicted by the model trained on the source domain. Thus, the generated labels inevitably contain the incorrect prediction due to the discrepancy between the training domain and the test domain, which could be transferred to the final adapted model and largely compromises the training process. To overcome the problem, this paper proposes to explicitly estimate the prediction uncertainty during training to rectify the pseudo label learning for unsupervised semantic segmentation adaptation. Given the input image, the model outputs the semantic segmentation prediction as well as the uncertainty of the prediction. Specifically, we model the uncertainty via the prediction variance and involve the uncertainty into the optimization objective. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, we evaluate the proposed method on two prevalent synthetic to real semantic segmentation benchmarks, i.e. GTA5 \\rightarrow Cityscapes and SYNTHIA \\rightarrow Cityscapes, as well as one cross city benchmark, i.e. Cityscapes \\rightarrow Oxford RobotCar. We demonstrate through extensive experiments that the proposed approach (1) dynamically sets different confidence thresholds according to the prediction variance, (2) rectifies the learning from noisy pseudo labels, and (3) achieves significant improvements over the conventional pseudo label learning and yields competitive performance on all three benchmarks.", "venue": "Int. J. Comput. Vis.", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Zhedong Zheng", "Yi Wei Yang"], "n_citations": 58, "n_key_citations": 6, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 232372493, "title": "Improved Scan Matching Performance in Snowy Environments Using Semantic Segmentation", "abstract": "Inclement weather conditions such as snowy environments poses a lot of challenge for autonomous driving. Because of the dynamic changes in the environment, there will be difference between the prior map obtained from a LiDAR system and current sensor data. To overcome this problem, in this study, we present a semantic segmentation based method to recognize the snow cover from the camera images and project the results on the LiDAR point cloud to distinguish the differences. Our results shows improved localization accuracy in snow environment.", "venue": "2021 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII)", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Masahiro Obuchi", "Takanori Emaru", "Ankit A Ravankar"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 227225684, "title": "Domain Adaptive Knowledge Distillation for Driving Scene Semantic Segmentation", "abstract": "Practical autonomous driving systems face two crucial challenges: memory constraints and domain gap issues. In this paper, we present a novel approach to learn domain adaptive knowledge in models with limited memory, thus bestowing the model with the ability to deal with these issues in a comprehensive manner. We term this as \"Domain Adaptive Knowledge Distillation \" and address the same in the context of unsupervised domain adaptive semantic segmentation by proposing a multi level distillation strategy to effectively distil knowledge at different levels. Further, we introduce a novel cross entropy loss that leverages pseudo labels from the teacher. These pseudo teacher labels play a multifaceted role towards: (i) knowledge distillation from the teacher network to the student network (ii) serving as a proxy for the ground truth for target domain images, where the problem is completely unsupervised. We introduce four paradigms for distilling domain adaptive knowledge and carry out extensive experiments and ablation studies on real to real as well as synthetic to real scenarios. Our experiments demonstrate the profound success of our proposed method.", "venue": "2021 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision Workshops (WACVW)", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Divya Kothandaraman", "Athira M Nambiar", "Anurag Mittal"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 233332334, "title": "Multi Scale Voxel Class Balanced ASPP for LIDAR Pointcloud Semantic Segmentation", "abstract": "This paper explores efficient techniques to improve PolarNet model performance to address the real time semantic segmentation of LiDAR point clouds. The core framework consists of an encoder network, Atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP)/Dense Atrous spatial pyramid pooling (DenseASPP) followed by a decoder network. Encoder extracts multi scale voxel information in a top down manner while decoder fuses multiple feature maps from various scales in a bottom up manner. In between encoder and decoder block, an ASPP/DenseASPP block is inserted to enlarge receptive fields in a very dense manner. In contrast to PolarNet model, we use weighted cross entropy in conjunction with Lovasz softmax loss to improve segmentation accuracy. Also this paper accelerates training mechanism of PolarNet model by incorporating learning rate schedulers in conjunction with Adam optimizer for faster convergence with fewer epochs without degrading accuracy. Extensive experiments conducted on challenging SemanticKITTI dataset shows that our high resolution grid model obtains competitive state of art result of 60.6 mIOU @21fps whereas our low resolution grid model obtains 54.01 mIOU @35fps thereby balancing accuracy/speed trade off.", "venue": "2021 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision Workshops (WACVW)", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["K S Chidanand Kumar", "Samir Al-Stouhi"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 233226828, "title": "Automatic Detection of Mounting Behavior in Cattle using Semantic Segmentation and Classification", "abstract": "In cattle farming sector, the accurate detection of estrus plays a vital role because incorrect timing for artificial insemination affects the cattle business. The noticeable sign of estrus is the standing heat, where the cattle standing to be mounted by other cows for a couple of seconds. In this paper, we proposed cattle region detection using deep learning semantic segmentation model and automatic detection of mounting behavior with machine learning classification methods. Based on the conducted experiment, the results show that a mean Intersection of Union (IoU) of 98% on the validation set. The pixel wise accuracy for two classes (cattle and background) was found to be both 98% respectively. For the classification, the proposed method compares the four supervised machine learning methods which can detect with the accuracy rate of Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression and Linear Regression are 87% 96% 90% and 80% respectively. Among them, Naive Bayes algorithm perform the best. The novelty of this work noticeably implies that deep learning semantic segmentation could be effectively employed as a preprocessing step in segmenting the cattle and background prior to using various classification models.", "venue": "2021 IEEE 3rd Global Conference on Life Sciences and Technologies (LifeTech)", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Su Myat Noe", "Thi Thi Zin", "Pyke Tin", "Ikuo Kobayashi"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 231915434, "title": "Auto generated Wires Dataset for Semantic Segmentation with Domain Independence", "abstract": "In this work, we present a procedure to automatically generate an high quality training dataset of cable like objects for semantic segmentation. The proposed method is explained in detail using the recognition of electric wires as a use case. These particular objects are commonly used in an extremely wide set of industrial applications, since they are of information and communication infrastructures, they are used in construction, industrial manufacturing and power distribution. The proposed approach uses an image of the target object placed in front of a monochromatic background. By employing the chroma key technique, we can easily obtain the training masks of the target object and replace the background to produce a domain independent dataset. How to reduce the reality gap is also investigated in this work by correctly choosing the backgrounds, augmenting the foreground images exploiting masks. The produced dataset is experimentally validated by training two algorithms and testing them on a real image set. Moreover, they are compared to a baseline algorithm specifically designed to recognise deformable linear objects.", "venue": "2021 International Conference on Computer, Control and Robotics (ICCCR)", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Riccardo Zanella", "Alessio Caporali", "Kalyan Tadaka", "Daniele De Gregorio", "Gianluca Palli"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 233196330, "title": "Semantic segmentation based on DeeplabV3+ with multiple fusions of low level features", "abstract": "For the problem that DeeplabV3+ semantic segmentation model uses downsampling operation several times in the encoder process, a large amount of object boundary information is lost, resulting in inaccurate segmentation at the object boundary location, this paper proposes a new semantic segmentation model that fuses low level features several times based on DeeplabV3+ algorithm. Firstly, we use the encoding module of DeeplabV3+ algorithm to extract the high level semantic information of the object; then we use the method of this paper to extract the low level features several times to obtain the detailed information of the object boundary; finally, we fuse the high level semantic information and the detailed information of the object to obtain the optimized semantic segmentation result. The experimental results on the current open source dataset PASCAL VOC 2012 show that compared with the DeeplabV3+ algorithm, the algorithm model proposed in this paper has better semantic segmentation results by fusing the low level features multiple times, especially at the boundary position of the object, with a pixel accuracy of 94.1% and a mean intersection over union of 77.5% The overall performance of the algorithm model proposed in this paper has reached the current leading level.", "venue": "2021 IEEE 5th Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC)", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Jiang Libiao", "Zhou Wenchao", "Lin Changyu"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Withdrawing from school", "session_id": 2874626252214071, "user_id": 2220919421871823, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 1367009, "title": "Withdrawing From School", "abstract": "Research on dropping out of school has focused on characteristics of the individual or institution that correlate with the dropout decision. Many of these characteristics are nonmanipulable, and all are measured at one point in time, late in the youngster's school career. This paper describes two models for understanding dropping out as a developmental process that may begin in the earliest grades. The frustration self esteem model has been used for years in the study of juvenile delinquency; it identifies school failure as the starting point in a cycle that may culminate in the student's rejecting, or being rejected by, the school. The participation identification model focuses on students' \"involvement in schooling,\" with both behavioral and emotional components. According to this formulation, the likelihood that a youngster will successfully complete 12 years of schooling is maximized if he or she maintains multiple, expanding forms of participation in school relevant activities. The failure of a youngster to participate in school and class activities, or to develop a sense of identification with school, may have significant deleterious consequences. The ability to manipulate modes of participation poses promising avenues for further research as well as for intervention efforts.", "venue": "", "year": 1989.0, "author_names": ["Jeremy D Finn"], "n_citations": 2439, "n_key_citations": 336, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 210827446, "title": "First Year Students' Reasons for Withdrawing From College", "abstract": "First Year Students' Reasons for Withdrawing From College by Margaret Ann Nelson MBA, Long Island University, 2010 MS, Long Island University, 2007 BS, Long Island University, 2007 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education Higher Education and Adult Learning Walden University June 2019 Abstract Retention of first year students was a problem at a private 4 year university in the Southeastern United States. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine the reasons entering first year students who were part of the Promise Program withdrew from the university during their first year. Tinto's model of student attrition provided the conceptual framework for the study. Research questions addressed students' rationale for selecting the school, their perspectives on the main causes of first year attrition, their expectations of campus support services, and their recommendations for how to decrease student attrition. Data were collected from semistructured interviews with 7 students from the spring 2016 and fall 2016 semesters. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using manual coding and coding software. Findings indicated that students' sense of belonging was the most influential factor in their decision to withdraw from college. Recommendations included a training program for administrators and staff on customer service techniques. This study can bring positive social change to the profession by seeking out systemic changes to promote entering freshmen's college completion. Conclusively, the implications of positive social change is most benefical to studentsRetention of first year students was a problem at a private 4 year university in the Southeastern United States. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine the reasons entering first year students who were part of the Promise Program withdrew from the university during their first year. Tinto's model of student attrition provided the conceptual framework for the study. Research questions addressed students' rationale for selecting the school, their perspectives on the main causes of first year attrition, their expectations of campus support services, and their recommendations for how to decrease student attrition. Data were collected from semistructured interviews with 7 students from the spring 2016 and fall 2016 semesters. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using manual coding and coding software. Findings indicated that students' sense of belonging was the most influential factor in their decision to withdraw from college. Recommendations included a training program for administrators and staff on customer service techniques. This study can bring positive social change to the profession by seeking out systemic changes to promote entering freshmen's college completion. Conclusively, the implications of positive social change is most benefical to students when more students are able to earn a degree, and better their livelihood. The university would benefit by graduating more students and the success of their college graduates could be seen as their own success of addressing student's social and academic needs. Finally, the positive social change for externalities would benefit from the investment in human beings and human capital as a critical input for change and innovations to society. First Year Students' Reasons for Withdrawing From College by Margaret Ann Nelson MBA, Long Island University, 2010 MS, Long Island University, 2007 BS, Long Island University, 2007 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education Higher Education and Adult Learning", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Mary Ann Nelson"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 198828146, "title": "Withdrawing the No detention Policy: Punishing Children for the System's Failure", "abstract": "The Right to Education Act, 2009 that came into existence after a decade long struggle by civil society organisations, mandates that no children shall be detained till they complete their elementary education, that is, Class 8. However, an amendment to the Act, The Second Amendment Bill, 2017, on the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education, 2009, amends this provision by stating that regular examinations should be held in Class 5 and Class 8. If the child fails in the examination, s/he will be given additional instructions to take a re examination within two months and if the child again fails, then the state government will have the discretion to detain the child in the same class. There are differing views on whether children should be detained for failing examinations in elementary school. Some argue that an automatic promotion reduces incentives for children to learn and for teachers to teach. Others point out that detention demotivates children and results in increased dropouts and shifts the focus away from the systemic factors that affect learning such as the availability of trained qualified teachers, adequate infrastructure, textbooks, safety and security in schools.", "venue": "Social Change", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Ambarish Kumar Rai", "S Majumder"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 145404335, "title": "Improving Public Schools Through the Dissent of Parents: Opting Out of Tests, Demanding Alternative Curricula, Invoking Parent Trigger Laws, and Withdrawing Entirely", "abstract": "Some parents and caregivers, frustrated by low academic performance of their local school, emphasis on testing, or the content of the curriculum, have worked independently or formed parent groups to speak out and demand improvements. Parents and families enact solutions such as opting out of tests, developing alternative curricula, invoking parent trigger laws, and withdrawing their children from public schools. When engaged well, these outcries of family dissent can be used to improve public schools and to keep them truly public. In this article, I define good dissent and show how it keeps schools healthy. I examine the actions, publications, and web sites of major parent organizations and individual parents to argue that some parents are demonstrating good and admirable dissent that can help improve school quality, parent satisfaction with schools, and student experiences in them; others not only fail to employ good dissent, but may actually be hurting the viability of our public schools and the type of graduate they produce.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Sarah Marie Stitzlein"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 233924766, "title": "Mobile Money and School Participation: Evidence from Africa", "abstract": "This paper shows that mobile money technology an electronic wallet service that allows users to deposit, transfer, and receive money using their mobile phones is positively correlated with increased school participation of children in school age. By using data from 4 African countries, we argue that, by reducing transaction costs, and by making it easier and less expensive to receive remittances, mobile money reduces the need for coping strategies that are detrimental to child development, such as withdrawing children from school and sending them to work. We find that mobile money increases the chances of children attending school. This finding is robust to different empirical models. In a nutshell, our results show that 1 million children could start attending school in low income countries if mobile money was available to all.", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Valentina Rotondi", "Francesco C Billari"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 96475830, "title": "Stereotype Threat, Identification with Academics, and Withdrawal from School: Why the most successful students of colour might be most likely to withdraw", "abstract": "Claude Steele's stereotype threat hypothesis posits that when there are negative stereotypes about the intellectual capacity of certain (stigmatised) groups, members of that group suffer aversive consequences; group members who are most strongly identified with the stigmatised domain in question (e.g. intellectual or academic ability) are those most likely to suffer the effects of stereotype threat. In education, it is widely held that personal investment in schooling should lead to more positive outcomes. However, highly invested individuals will most keenly experience the negative effects of stigma. Thus those most at risk for withdrawing from school among students of colour (who suffer a stigma of intellectual inferiority) could be those most invested in schooling. This hypothesis was tested by measuring identification with academics among a group of incoming students at a racially diverse inner city high school in the Midwest USA. Regardless of race, the students who most strongly identified with academics (they valued and considered academics central to the self) had higher GPAs, lower levels of absenteeism, and fewer behavioural referrals. However, among students of colour the most strongly identified were more likely to withdraw, while identification with academics did not significantly influence the withdrawal of Caucasian students. These results highlight the importance of providing a supportive environment that diffuses stereotype threat for all students, even those who appear to be academically successful.", "venue": "", "year": 2006.0, "author_names": ["Jason W Osborne", "Christopher O Walker"], "n_citations": 175, "n_key_citations": 13, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 150195345, "title": "Social Interactive Behavioral Problems of Social Studies Students of Cabiao National High School", "abstract": "Student misbehavior is a problem affecting schools across the nation and around the world. The study focused on students' misbehavior in the context of personal, emotional, social, spiritual, economic and psychological influences and the degree of seriousness of aggressive, delinquent, withdrawing and non compliant behavior of Social Studies students of Cabiao National High School, Cabiao, Nueva Ecija. Descriptive research was employed using questionnaire, personal interviews and observation in gathering data. It employed both quantitative and qualitative processes. Samples were composed of students and teachers drawn from 6,730 total populations of students and 20 Social Studies teachers. The teachers assess the degree of seriousness of the different behavioral problems manifested by the student. The students manifest serious or intense aggressive, delinquent, withdrawing and non compliant behaviors. There is no significant difference between factors that contribute to the behavioral problems of Social Studies students in personal, emotional, social, spiritual, economic and psychological factors.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Bernardo Asperin Zabala", "Claire Ann Zabala Penol"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 165511141, "title": "WWII POW gets surprise diploma 75 years after leaving high school to join Army", "abstract": "Seventy five years after withdrawing from high school to serve the U.S. as an Army soldier during World War II, Vito Trause had one last (surprise) mission to complete.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Nicole Darrah"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 153963317, "title": "Withdrawing federal funding for public schooling would exacerbate two tiered system", "abstract": "Fairfax press has reported the federal government's green paper on reforming the federation has suggested four possible scenarios for school funding: 1.Give states and territories complete funding responsibility 2.The federal government to fund independent schools, while states and territories fully fund public schools 3.Reduce overall federal involvement in schools 4.The federal government to become the major funder of schools. Given there is nearly a A$30 billion shortfall in school funding from 2018 in this year's federal budget, it can be assumed that number 4 is the most unlikely scenario. Given the Coalition's commitment to small central government, it is most likely they would support divesting in school funding, pushing back onto the states and territories.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Stewart Riddle"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 71874833, "title": "Medical Residents' Perception and Emotional Stress on Withdrawing Life Sustaining Therapy", "abstract": "Background: In order to promote the dignity of terminal patients, and improve end of life care (EOL care) in Korea, consensus guidelines to the withdrawal of life sustaining therapies (LST) were published in October, 2009. The aim of this study was to assess the current perception of the guideline among internal medicine residents and to identify barriers to the application of the guidelines. Methods: The study was designed prospectively on the basis of data from e mail survey. We surveyed 98 medical residents working in 19 medical centers. Results: 75.5% of respondents agreed with withdrawing (WD) of LST and 33.3% (33/98) of respondents were unaware of the guideline. Although 58.1% of all respondents had taken an EOL care class in medical school, about 30% of residents did feel uncomfortable with communicating with patients and surrogates. The most important obstacle for decision of WD of LST was the resident's psychological stress. 39.8% of medical residents felt guilty or failure after a patient's death, and 41.8% became often or always depressed in a patient's dying. Conclusions: In order to protect and enhance the dignity and autonomy of terminal patients, the improvement of the medical training program in the hospitals and the more concern of educational leaders are urgent.", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Jae Young Moon", "Hee Young Lee", "Chae Man Lim", "Younsuck Koh"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Deep continuous fusion for multi-sensor 3d object detection", "session_id": 5861573354150662, "user_id": 5391699474499438, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 52211898, "title": "Deep Continuous Fusion for Multi sensor 3D Object Detection", "abstract": "In this paper, we propose a novel 3D object detector that can exploit both LIDAR as well as cameras to perform very accurate localization. Towards this goal, we design an end to end learnable architecture that exploits continuous convolutions to fuse image and LIDAR feature maps at different levels of resolution. Our proposed continuous fusion layer encode both discrete state image features as well as continuous geometric information. This enables us to design a novel, reliable and efficient end to end learnable 3D object detector based on multiple sensors. Our experimental evaluation on both KITTI as well as a large scale 3D object detection benchmark shows significant improvements over the state of the art.", "venue": "ECCV", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Ming Liang", "Binh Yang", "Shenlong Wang", "Raquel Urtasun"], "n_citations": 346, "n_key_citations": 32, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 198146138, "title": "MCF3D: Multi Stage Complementary Fusion for Multi Sensor 3D Object Detection", "abstract": "We present MCF3D, a multi stage complementary fusion three dimensional (3D) object detection network for autonomous driving, robot navigation, and virtual reality. This is an end to end learnable architecture, which takes both LIDAR point clouds and RGB images as inputs and utilizes a 3D region proposal subnet and second stage detector(s) subnet to achieve high precision oriented 3D bounding box prediction. To fully exploit the strength of multimodal information, we design a series of fine and targeted fusion methods based on the attention mechanism and prior knowledge, including \"pre fusion,\" \"anchor fusion,\" and \"proposal fusion.\" Our proposed RGB Intensity form encodes the reflection intensity onto the input image to strengthen the representational power. Our designed proposal element attention module allows the network to be guided to focus more on efficient and critical information with negligible overheads. In addition, we propose a cascade enhanced detector for small classes, which is more selective against close false positives. The experiments on the challenging KITTI benchmark show that our MCF3D method produces state of the art results while running in near real time with a low memory footprint.", "venue": "IEEE Access", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Jiarong Wang", "Ming Zhu", "Deyao Sun", "Bo Wang", "Wen Long Gao", "Hua Wei"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 208006295, "title": "PI RCNN: An Efficient Multi sensor 3D Object Detector with Point based Attentive Cont conv Fusion Module", "abstract": "LIDAR point clouds and RGB images are both extremely essential for 3D object detection. So many state of the art 3D detection algorithms dedicate in fusing these two types of data effectively. However, their fusion methods based on Birds Eye View (BEV) or voxel format are not accurate. In this paper, we propose a novel fusion approach named Point based Attentive Cont conv Fusion(PACF) module, which fuses multi sensor features directly on 3D points. Except for continuous convolution, we additionally add a Point Pooling and an Attentive Aggregation to make the fused features more expressive. Moreover, based on the PACF module, we propose a 3D multi sensor multi task network called Pointcloud Image RCNN(PI RCNN as brief) which handles the image segmentation and 3D object detection tasks. PI RCNN employs a segmentation sub network to extract full resolution semantic feature maps from images and then fuses the multi sensor features via powerful PACF module. Beneficial from the effectiveness of the PACF module and the expressive semantic features from the segmentation module, PI RCNN can improve much in 3D object detection. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the PACF module and PI RCNN on the KITTI 3D Detection benchmark, and our method can achieve state of the art on the metric of 3D AP.", "venue": "AAAI", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Liang Xie", "Chao Xiang", "Zhengxu Yu", "Guodong Xu", "Zheng Yang", "Deng Cai", "Xiaofei He"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 225042600, "title": "LiDAR Camera Based Deep Dense Fusion for Robust 3D Object Detection", "abstract": "For the camera LiDAR based three dimensional (3D) object detection, image features have rich texture descriptions and LiDAR features possess objects' 3D information. To fully fuse view specific feature maps, this paper aims to explore the two directional fusion of arbitrary size camera feature maps and LiDAR feature maps in the early feature extraction stage. Towards this target, a deep dense fusion 3D object detection framework is proposed for autonomous driving. This is a two stage end to end learnable architecture, which takes 2D images and raw LiDAR point clouds as inputs and fully fuses view specific features to achieve high precision oriented 3D detection. To fuse the arbitrary size features from different views, a multi view resizes layer (MVRL) is born. Massive experiments evaluated on the KITTI benchmark suite show that the proposed approach outperforms most state of the art multi sensor based methods on all three classes on moderate difficulty (3D/BEV) Car (75.60%/88.65% Pedestrian (64.36%/66.98% Cyclist (57.53%/57.30% Specifically, the DDF3D greatly improves the detection accuracy of hard difficulty in 2D detection with an 88.19% accuracy for the car class.", "venue": "ICIC", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Li-hua Wen", "Kang-Hyun Jo"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 102492236, "title": "A 3D Object Detection Based on Multi Modality Sensors of USV", "abstract": "Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) are commonly equipped with multi modality sensors. Fully utilized sensors could improve object detection of USVs. This could further contribute to better autonomous navigation. The purpose of this paper is to solve the problems of 3D object detection of USVs in complicated marine environment. We propose a 3D object detection Depth Neural Network based on multi modality data of USVs. This model includes a modified Proposal Generation Network and Deep Fusion Detection Network. The Proposal Generation Network improves feature extraction. Meanwhile, the Deep Fusion Detection Network enhances the fusion performance and can achieve more accurate results of object detection. The model was tested on both the KITTI 3D object detection dataset (A project of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago) and a self collected offshore dataset. The model shows excellent performance in a small memory condition. The results further prove that the method based on deep learning can give good accuracy in conditions of complicated surface in marine environment.", "venue": "Applied Sciences", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Yingying Wu", "Huacheng Qin", "Tao Liu", "Hao Liu", "Zhiqiang Wei"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 215817676, "title": "Object Recognition Based Interpolation With 3D LIDAR and Vision for Autonomous Driving of an Intelligent Vehicle", "abstract": "An algorithm has been developed for fusing 3D LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) systems that receive objects detected in deep learning based image sensors and object data in the form of 3D point clouds. 3D LIDAR represents 3D point data in a planar rectangular coordinate system with a 360deg representation of the detected object surface, including the front face. However, only the direction and distance data of the object can be obtained, and point cloud data cannot be used to create a specific definition of the object. Therefore, only the movement of the point cloud data can be tracked using probability and classification algorithms based on image processing. To overcome this limitation, the study matches 3D LIDAR data with 2D image data through the fusion of hybrid level multi sensors. First, because 3D LIDAR data represents all objects in the sensor's detection range as dots, all unnecessary data, including ground data, is filtered out. The 3D Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm enables the extraction of ground data perpendicular to the reference estimation 3D plane and data at both ends through ground estimation. Classified environmental data facilitates the labeling of all objects within the viewing angle of 3D LIDAR based on the presence or absence of movement. The path of motion of the platform can be established by detecting whether objects within the region of interest are movable or static. Because LIDAR is based on 8 and 16 channel rotation mechanisms, real time data cannot be used to define objects. Instead, point clouds can be used to detect obstacles in the image through deep learning in the preliminary processing phase of the classification algorithm. By matching the labeling information of defined objects with the classified object cloud data obtained using 3D LIDAR, the exact dynamic trajectory and position of the defined objects can be calculated. Consequently, to process the acquired object data efficiently, we devised an active region of interest technique to ensure a fast processing speed while maintaining a high detection rate.", "venue": "IEEE Access", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Ihn-Sik Weon", "Soon-Geul Lee", "Jae-Kwan Ryu"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 218834419, "title": "Multimodal Deep Learning for Object Recognition Combining Camera and LIDAR Data", "abstract": "Object detection and recognition is a key component of autonomous robotic vehicles, as evidenced by the continuous efforts made by the robotic community on areas related to object detection and sensory perception systems. This paper presents a study on multisensor (camera and LIDAR) late fusion strategies for object recognition. In this work, LIDAR data is processed as 3D points and also by means of a 2D representation in the form of depth map (DM) which is obtained by projecting the LIDAR 3D point cloud into a 2D image plane followed by an upsampling strategy which generates a high resolution 2D range view. A CNN network (Inception V3) is used as classification method on the RGB images, and on the DMs (LIDAR modality) A 3D network (the PointNet) which directly performs classification on the 3D point clouds, is also considered in the experiments. One of the motivations of this work consists of incorporating the distance to the objects, as measured by the LIDAR, as a relevant cue to improve the classification performance. A new range based average weighting strategy is proposed, which considers the relationship between the deep models' performance and the distance of objects. A classification dataset, based on the KITTI database, is used to evaluate the deep models, and to support the experimental part. We report extensive results in terms of single modality i.e. using RGB and LIDAR models individually, and late fusion multimodality approaches.", "venue": "2020 IEEE International Conference on Autonomous Robot Systems and Competitions (ICARSC)", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Gledson Melotti", "Cristiano Premebida", "Nuno Goncalves"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 133036450, "title": "The research of autonomous obstacle avoidance of mobile robot based on multi sensor integration", "abstract": "The object of this study is the bionic quadruped mobile robot. The study has proposed a system design plan for mobile robot obstacle avoidance with the binocular stereo visual sensor and the self control 3D Lidar integrated with modified ant colony optimization path planning to realize the reconstruction of the environmental map. Because the working condition of a mobile robot is complex, the result of the 3D reconstruction with a single binocular sensor is undesirable when feature points are few and the light condition is poor. Therefore, this system integrates the stereo vision sensor blumblebee2 and the Lidar sensor together to detect the cloud information of 3D points of environmental obstacles. This paper proposes the sensor information fusion technology to rebuild the environment map. Firstly, according to the Lidar data and visual data on obstacle detection respectively, and then consider two methods respectively to detect the distribution of obstacles. Finally fusing the data to get the more complete, more accurate distribution of obstacles in the scene. Then the thesis introduces ant colony algorithm. It has analyzed advantages and disadvantages of the ant colony optimization and its formation cause deeply, and then improved the system with the help of the ant colony optimization to increase the rate of convergence and precision of the algorithm in robot path planning. Such improvements and integrations overcome the shortcomings of the ant colony optimization like involving into the local optimal solution easily, slow search speed and poor search results. This experiment deals with images and programs the motor drive under the compiling environment of Matlab and Visual Studio and establishes the visual 2.5D grid map. Finally it plans a global path for the mobile robot according to the ant colony algorithm. The feasibility and effectiveness of the system are confirmed by ROS and simulation platform of Linux.", "venue": "SPIE/COS Photonics Asia", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Ming Zhao", "Baoling Han"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221160983, "title": "Optical Flow Estimation and Denoising of Video Images Based on Deep Learning Models", "abstract": "In order to effectively extract image features highly related to visual perception quality, improve the image quality evaluation method, under the framework of deep learning, combining the optical flow method and the edge detection algorithm, a multi feature fusion motion based on improved optical flow is proposed target detection algorithm. First, a video fluid model is proposed. The fluid model decomposes the video object area changes into sub area zoom, rotation and translation movements. The rigid body area and the area hierarchy describe the spatial relationship of pixels, and the rigid body motion describes the time domain relationship of pixels. It provides a region based video processing. The associated spatiotemporal is association method. Secondly, a video fluid model is proposed. The video fluid model treats all pixels of the same surface imaged in the video as a fluid, using streamlines to represent the regional motion of the object, and streamlines to represent the pixel motion of the video object, using rotators and translation lines to simplify the streamlines when necessary. The streamline of the same fluid is smooth in the time domain, and the flow pattern is smooth in both the time domain and the space domain. Finally, the top down deep learning generation model conversion is carried out, and finally through continuous adjustment between different levels, the generation model can reconstruct the original sample with lower error, so that the essential characteristics of this sample are obtained, namely the highest abstract representation of the depth model. After processing the deep learning model, the sample features after dimensionality reduction can be obtained, and the recognition module is used on this basis. Experiments show that the optical flow estimation method based on deep learning and multi grid, optical flow field estimation method based on variational model and desiccation method proposed in this paper are effective, and it is suitable for moving image analysis, target tracking and 3D reconstruction Such research has certain theoretical significance and practical application value.", "venue": "IEEE Access", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Ang Li", "Bao-yu Zheng", "L Li", "Chen Zhang"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 211118341, "title": "ADoCW: An Automated method for Detection of Concealed Weapon", "abstract": "In technologically advanced era, surveillance is a proven method for the monitoring of the individual's activity in the crowd. Security of infrastructure, as well as individual, is one of the major concerns because of the influential growth of radical elements or suspicious persons in the society. Continuous manual monitoring of the CCTV surveillance is difficult and monotonous task, so there is an urgent requirement to develop an automated surveillance systems. The security surveillance system has potential to detect any kind of concealed object (like firearms or any weapon including knife, scissors etc. which may pose a threat to the security. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for the detection and classification of concealed weapons through analysis of CCTV stream data. The classification framework is developed with the categorization of various concealed weapons through deep learning based object detection and classification techniques. For the detection of concealed weapon, multi sensor stream data capturing framework is designed using sensor fusion techniques and also embedded with the feature extraction and segmentation of images module. Faster R CNN (Region based Convolutional Neural Network) model is trained for classification of weapons over collected dataset. Finally, several directions of work and tasks are provided as future work for the various research communities.", "venue": "2019 Fifth International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Gaurav Raturi", "Priya Rani", "Sanjay Madan", "Sonia Dosanjh"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Selection process in some cpanies during pandemic", "session_id": 1588923678170, "user_id": 3108470359867816, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 220699494, "title": "New challenges and mitigation strategies for resident selection during the coronavirus disease pandemic", "abstract": "Dear Editor, The coronavirus disease (COVID 19) pandemic has presented challenges to resident education, and we foresee a unique challenge in the residency selection for emergency medicine (EM) programs. There are approximately 120 applicants to the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada program and 120 to the College of Family Physicians of Canada EM program each year at our institution (personal communication from University of Ottawa program directors) Programs will be forced to deviate from conventional norms in the resident selection process. With some foresight, most of these challenges can be mitigated. Most teaching hospitals in Canada have either greatly limited or completely halted visiting elective students and residents. This poses a number of issues to the programs, as well as the candidates, which we feel can be classified under two main categories:", "venue": "CJEM", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Hans Rosenberg", "Avik Nath", "Jennifer Leppard", "Shahbaz Syed"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 222271294, "title": "Selection of the barriers of supply chain management in Indian manufacturing sectors due to COVID 19 impacts", "abstract": "The coronavirus (COVID 19) pandemic is having a clear impact on the supply chains of virtually all manufacturers. Whether frozen foods and grocery items or emergency item, or even the services the supply chain has been facing multiple obstacles. For manufacturing industries with complex supply chains, it is indeed critical to identify strategies to deal with such a crisis. With demand high and supply unavailable some products became more desirable causing price hikes and price extorting because the manufacturing sectors are facing some barriers during lockdown. This research has identified the five essential barriers of supply chain such as lack of man power, local laws enforcement, lack of transportation, scarcity of raw materials and deficiency in cash flow for Indian manufacturing sectors during lockdown. This paper proposed a methodology based on fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (Fuzzy AHP) with use of triangular fuzzy numbers for the pairwise comparison matrices. It has been seen that lack of man power is higher weight barrier than others. Moreover, the managerial implication about the results is also provided, which will be useful for manufacturing sectors to take suitable decisions to overcome these obstacles.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Tapas K Biswas", "Manik Chandra Das"], "n_citations": 10, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219980861, "title": "Transforming laparoendoscopic surgical protocols during the COVID 19 pandemic; big data analytics, resource allocation and operational considerations", "abstract": "Abstract The current dreadful pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID 19) is playing havoc with humanity, socio communal systems and economic reservoirs worldwide. Certain countries have managed to curtail COVID 19 crisis to some extent, however, a great majority still remains helpless in containing this outbreak. Rapidly evolving disease patterns and complex epidemiology of COVID 19 necessitate a tailored approach by medical experts in dealing with this devastating outbreak. Similar to other medical disciplines, surgical associations and societies have developed a tailored approach of patients' selection and planning with improvised endolaparoscopic practice during the COVID 19 pandemic. Non essential and non urgent surgical procedures are deferred till this outbreak is abated. Benefits of delaying elective and non urgent surgery outweighs the risk of performing surgical procedures on patients with asymptomatic or active COVID 19 disease. Laparoendoscopic procedures increase the risk of aerosol exposure, disease transmission and contamination. Limiting the number of operating room personnel, use of disposable instruments, small trocar incisions, negative pressure environment, and setting energy devices at low modes can help reduce disease transmission during laparoendocsopic procedures. This write up provides a brief account of the impact of the COVID 19, big data analytics of response of medical personnel in curtailing and understanding the disease process and the consensus guidelines for carrying out laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures.", "venue": "International Journal of Surgery", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Salman Yousuf Guraya"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 224847237, "title": "Travel related control measures to contain the COVID 19 pandemic: a rapid review.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND In late 2019, first cases of coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID 19, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2, were reported in Wuhan, China. Subsequently COVID 19 spread rapidly around the world. To contain the ensuing pandemic, numerous countries have implemented control measures related to international travel, including border closures, partial travel restrictions, entry or exit screening, and quarantine of travellers. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of travel related control measures during the COVID 19 pandemic on infectious disease and screening related outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase and COVID 19 specific databases, including the WHO Global Database on COVID 19 Research, the Cochrane COVID 19 Study Register, and the CDC COVID 19 Research Database on 26 June 2020. We also conducted backward citation searches with existing reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered experimental, quasi experimental, observational and modelling studies assessing the effects of travel related control measures affecting human travel across national borders during the COVID 19 pandemic. We also included studies concerned with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) as indirect evidence. Primary outcomes were cases avoided, cases detected and a shift in epidemic development due to the measures. Secondary outcomes were other infectious disease transmission outcomes, healthcare utilisation, resource requirements and adverse effects if identified in studies assessing at least one primary outcome. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS One review author screened titles and abstracts; all excluded abstracts were screened in duplicate. Two review authors independently screened full texts. One review author extracted data, assessed risk of bias and appraised study quality. At least one additional review author checked for correctness of all data reported in the 'Risk of bias' assessment, quality appraisal and data synthesis. For assessing the risk of bias and quality of included studies, we used the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS 2) tool for observational studies concerned with screening, ROBINS I for observational ecological studies and a bespoke tool for modelling studies. We synthesised findings narratively. One review author assessed certainty of evidence with GRADE, and the review author team discussed ratings. MAIN RESULTS We included 40 records reporting on 36 unique studies. We found 17 modelling studies, 7 observational screening studies and one observational ecological study on COVID 19, four modelling and six observational studies on SARS, and one modelling study on SARS and MERS, covering a variety of settings and epidemic stages. Most studies compared travel related control measures against a counterfactual scenario in which the intervention measure was not implemented. However, some modelling studies described additional comparator scenarios, such as different levels of travel restrictions, or a combination of measures. There were concerns with the quality of many modelling studies and the risk of bias of observational studies. Many modelling studies used potentially inappropriate assumptions about the structure and input parameters of models, and failed to adequately assess uncertainty. Concerns with observational screening studies commonly related to the reference test and the flow of the screening process. Studies on COVID 19 Travel restrictions reducing cross border travel Eleven studies employed models to simulate a reduction in travel volume; one observational ecological study assessed travel restrictions in response to the COVID 19 pandemic. Very low certainty evidence from modelling studies suggests that when implemented at the beginning of the outbreak, cross border travel restrictions may lead to a reduction in the number of new cases of between 26% to 90% (4 studies) the number of deaths (1 study) the time to outbreak of between 2 and 26 days (2 studies) the risk of outbreak of between 1% to 37% (2 studies) and the effective reproduction number (1 modelling and 1 observational ecological study) Low certainty evidence from modelling studies suggests a reduction in the number of imported or exported cases of between 70% to 81% (5 studies) and in the growth acceleration of epidemic progression (1 study) Screening at borders with or without quarantine Evidence from three modelling studies of entry and exit symptom screening without quarantine suggests delays in the time to outbreak of between 1 to 183 days (very low certainty evidence) and a detection rate of infected travellers of between 10% to 53% (low certainty evidence) Six observational studies of entry and exit screening were conducted in specific settings such as evacuation flights and cruise ship outbreaks. Screening approaches varied but followed a similar structure, involving symptom screening of all individuals at departure or upon arrival, followed by quarantine, and different procedures for observation and PCR testing over a period of at least 14 days. The proportion of cases detected ranged from 0% to 91% (depending on the screening approach) and the positive predictive value ranged from 0% to 100% (very low certainty evidence) The outcomes, however, should be interpreted in relation to both the screening approach used and the prevalence of infection among the travellers screened; for example, symptom based screening alone generally performed worse than a combination of symptom based and PCR screening with subsequent observation during quarantine. Quarantine of travellers Evidence from one modelling study simulating a 14 day quarantine suggests a reduction in the number of cases seeded by imported cases; larger reductions were seen with increasing levels of quarantine compliance ranging from 277 to 19 cases with rates of compliance modelled between 70% to 100% (very low certainty evidence) AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS With much of the evidence deriving from modelling studies, notably for travel restrictions reducing cross border travel and quarantine of travellers, there is a lack of 'real life' evidence for many of these measures. The certainty of the evidence for most travel related control measures is very low and the true effects may be substantially different from those reported here. Nevertheless, some travel related control measures during the COVID 19 pandemic may have a positive impact on infectious disease outcomes. Broadly, travel restrictions may limit the spread of disease across national borders. Entry and exit symptom screening measures on their own are not likely to be effective in detecting a meaningful proportion of cases to prevent seeding new cases within the protected region; combined with subsequent quarantine, observation and PCR testing, the effectiveness is likely to improve. There was insufficient evidence to draw firm conclusions about the effectiveness of travel related quarantine on its own. Some of the included studies suggest that effects are likely to depend on factors such as the stage of the epidemic, the interconnectedness of countries, local measures undertaken to contain community transmission, and the extent of implementation and adherence.", "venue": "The Cochrane database of systematic reviews", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Jacob Burns", "Ani Movsisyan", "Jan M Stratil", "Michaela Coenen", "Karl M F Emmert-Fees", "Karin Geffert", "Sabine Hoffmann", "Olaf Horstick", "Michael Laxy", "Lisa Maria Pfadenhauer", "Peter von Philipsborn", "Kerstin Sell", "Stephan Voss", "Eva A Rehfuess"], "n_citations": 33, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219322508, "title": "The attitudes, perceptions and experiences of medical school applicants following the closure of schools and cancellation of public examinations in 2020 due to the COVID 19 pandemic", "abstract": "Objective To describe medical applicants' experiences of education and their views on changes to medical school admissions, including the awarding of calculated grades, following the 2020 closure of schools and universities, and the cancellation of public examinations in the United Kingdom due to the COVID 19/coronavirus pandemic. To understand how applicants from diverse social backgrounds might differ in these regards. Design Cross sectional questionnaire study forming part of the longitudinal United Kingdom Medical Applicant Cohort Study (UKMACS) Setting United Kingdom medical school admissions. Participants 2887 participants (68% female; 64% with at least one degree educated parent; 63% with at least one parent in the highest socioeconomic group) completed an online questionnaire between 8th and 22nd April 2020. To be invited to complete the questionnaire, participants had to have registered to take the University Clinical Admissions Test (UCAT) in 2019 and to have agreed to be invited to take part in the study, or they needed to have completed one or more previous UKMACS questionnaires. They also need to have been seriously considering applying to study medicine in the UK for entry in 2020 between May and October 2019, and be resident in the UK or Islands/Crown Dependencies. Main outcome measures Views on calculated grades, views on potential changes to medical school admissions and teaching in 2020 and 2021, reported experiences of education following the closure of educational institutions in March 2020. Results Respondents had concerns about the calculated grades that will replace A level examinations, especially female applicants and applicants from Black Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) backgrounds who felt teachers would find it difficult to grade and rank students accurately, as well as those from non selective state schools and those living in deprived areas who had some concerns about the grade standardisation process. Calculated grades were not considered fair enough by a majority to use in the acceptance or rejection of medical offer holders, but several measures including interview and aptitude test scores were considered fair enough to use in combination. Respondents from non selective state (public) schools reported less use of and less access to educational resources compared to their counterparts at private/selective schools. In particular they reported less online teaching in real time, and reported spending less time studying during the lockdown. Conclusions The coronavirus pandemic will have significant and long term impacts on the selection, education and performance of our future medical workforce. It is important that the views and experiences of medical applicants from diverse backgrounds are taken into consideration in decisions affecting their futures and the future of the profession.", "venue": "medRxiv", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Katherine Woolf", "David Harrison", "I Chris McManus"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221505112, "title": "Trends and targets of various types of stem cell derived transfusable RBC substitution therapy: Obstacles that need to be converted to opportunity", "abstract": "A shortage of blood during the pandemic outbreak of COVID 19 is a typical example in which the maintenance of a safe and adequate blood supply becomes difficult and highly demanding. So far, human RBCs have been produced in vitro using diverse sources: hematopoietic stem cells (SCs) embryonic SCs and induced pluripotent SCs. The existing, even safest core of conventional cellular bioproducts destined for transfusion have some shortcoming in respects to: donor dependency variability in terms of hematological /immunological and process/ storage period issues. SCs derived transfusable RBC bioproducts, as one blood group type for all, were highly complex to work out. Moreover, the strategies for their successful production are often dependent upon the right selection of starting source materials and the composition and the stability of the right expansion media and the strict compliance to GMP regulatory processes. In this mini review we highlight some model studies, which showed that the efficiency and the functionality of RBCs that could be produced by the various types of SCs, in relation to the in vitro culture procedures are such that they may, potentially, be used at an industrial level. However, all cultured products do not have an unlimited life due to the critical metabolic pathways or the metabolites produced. New bioreactors are needed to remove these shortcomings and the development of a new mouse model is required. Modern clinical trials based on the employment of regenerative medicine approaches in combination with novel large scale bioengineering tools, could overcome the current obstacles in artificial RBC substitution, possibly allowing an efficient RBC industrial production.", "venue": "Transfusion and Apheresis Science", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Francesco Lanza", "Jerard M J Seghatchian"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 222157239, "title": "Finding the \"right\" Canadian Neurology Residency Program During the COVID 19 Era", "abstract": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic has disrupted life worldwide, and neurology residency programs and clerkship training are no exceptions. Many institutions have been able to rapidly respond to the ever changing care needs and delivery models required for effective and safe patient care while continuing to provide neurologic training in a safe and effective manner. Pandemic related clerkship disruptions mean medical students face new challenges in navigating the residency selection process. In this article, we describe barriers and opportunities created by the COVID 19 pandemic for applicants in ranking potential Canadian neurology residency programs. Our purpose is to provide actionable advice for medical students entering upcoming application cycle(s) for adult or pediatric neurology residency programs amidst the unforeseen changes due to COVID 19 (summarized in Table 1) This article may also be of interest to Canadian neurology residency programs who wish to be proactive in preparing for the upcoming application process. We use our collective background in medical education and residency training, at Western University Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, to provide recommendations on how applicants may obtain information that will help them to choose the \"right\" neurology residency program. The examples we offer are not exhaustive but highlight some of the ways that programs and learners might adapt to current challenges. In any application cycle, applicants are encouraged to evaluate a number of specific factors when selecting or ranking a neurology residency program. Some of these considerations are program specific and remain \"fixed\" as they are not influenced by the COVID 19 pandemic. This broadly includes but is not limited to the availability of subspecialty and generalist expertise, population catchment area, physical location, and facultyto trainee ratio. In our experience, the breadth of neurological clinical experiences is enhanced by diverse subspecialty representation among faculty balanced with a generalist approach to the most common neurologic presentations, high patient volumes, and low faculty trainee ratios. Yet, a good neurology training program need not feature all these characteristics. A broad training experience in clinical neurology still remains fundamental to acquiring the knowledge and clinical skills necessary for independent practice as a neurologist. Other factors are unique to the applicant and influenced by personal preferences such as proximity to a partner and/or family, size of the city, and personal finances and the city's cost of living, to name a few. The article will not expand on these further but will focus on how the applicant can navigate the application cycle during the COVID 19 pandemic.", "venue": "Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Ario Mirian", "Mary E Jenkins", "Christopher J Watling", "Shannon L Venance", "Anita Florendo-Cumbermack"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 585683, "title": "Predicting the Antigenic Structure of the Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin", "abstract": "The pandemic influenza virus (2009 H1N1) was recently introduced into the human population. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of 2009 H1N1 is derived from \"classical swine H1N1\" virus, which likely shares a common ancestor with the human H1N1 virus that caused the pandemic in 1918, whose descendant viruses are still circulating in the human population with highly altered antigenicity of HA. However, information on the structural basis to compare the HA antigenicity among 2009 H1N1, the 1918 pandemic, and seasonal human H1N1 viruses has been lacking. By homology modeling of the HA structure, here we show that HAs of 2009 H1N1 and the 1918 pandemic virus share a significant number of amino acid residues in known antigenic sites, suggesting the existence of common epitopes for neutralizing antibodies cross reactive to both HAs. It was noted that the early human H1N1 viruses isolated in the 1930s 1940s still harbored some of the original epitopes that are also found in 2009 H1N1. Interestingly, while 2009 H1N1 HA lacks the multiple N glycosylations that have been found to be associated with an antigenic change of the human H1N1 virus during the early epidemic of this virus, 2009 H1N1 HA still retains unique three codon motifs, some of which became N glycosylation sites via a single nucleotide mutation in the human H1N1 virus. We thus hypothesize that the 2009 H1N1 HA antigenic sites involving the conserved amino acids will soon be targeted by antibody mediated selection pressure in humans. Indeed, amino acid substitutions predicted here are occurring in the recent 2009 H1N1 variants. The present study suggests that antibodies elicited by natural infection with the 1918 pandemic or its early descendant viruses play a role in specific immunity against 2009 H1N1, and provides an insight into future likely antigenic changes in the evolutionary process of 2009 H1N1 in the human population.", "venue": "PloS one", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Manabu Igarashi", "Kimihito Ito", "Reiko Yoshida", "Daisuke Tomabechi", "Hiroshi Kida", "Ayato Takada"], "n_citations": 157, "n_key_citations": 16, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221788870, "title": "Triaging Interventional Pain Procedures During COVID 19 or Related Elective Surgery Restrictions: Evidence Informed Guidance from the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP)", "abstract": "BACKGROUND The COVID 19 pandemic has worsened the pain and suffering of chronic pain patients due to stoppage of \"elective\" interventional pain management and office visits across the United States. The reopening of America and restarting of interventional techniques and elective surgical procedures has started. Unfortunately, with resurgence in some states, restrictions are once again being imposed. In addition, even during the Phase II and III of reopening, chronic pain patients and interventional pain physicians have faced difficulties because of the priority selection of elective surgical procedures.Chronic pain patients require high intensity care, specifically during a pandemic such as COVID 19. Consequently, it has become necessary to provide guidance for triaging interventional pain procedures, or related elective surgery restrictions during a pandemic. OBJECTIVES The aim of these guidelines is to provide education and guidance for physicians, healthcare administrators, the public and patients during the COVID 19 pandemic. Our goal is to restore the opportunity to receive appropriate care for our patients who may benefit from interventional techniques. METHODS The American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) has created the COVID 19 Task Force in order to provide guidance for triaging interventional pain procedures or related elective surgery restrictions to provide appropriate access to interventional pain management (IPM) procedures in par with other elective surgical procedures. In developing the guidance, trustworthy standards and appropriate disclosures of conflicts of interest were applied with a section of a panel of experts from various regions, specialties, types of practices (private practice, community hospital and academic institutes) and groups. The literature pertaining to all aspects of COVID 19, specifically related to epidemiology, risk factors, complications, morbidity and mortality, and literature related to risk mitigation and stratification was reviewed. The evidence informed with the incorporation of the best available research and practice knowledge was utilized, instead of a simplified evidence based approach. Consequently, these guidelines are considered evidence informed with the incorporation of the best available research and practice knowledge. RESULTS The Task Force defined the medical urgency of a case and developed an IPM acuity scale for elective IPM procedures with 3 tiers. These included emergent, urgent, and elective procedures. Examples of emergent and urgent procedures included new onset or exacerbation of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) acute trauma or acute exacerbation of degenerative or neurological disease resulting in impaired mobility and inability to perform activities of daily living. Examples include painful rib fractures affecting oxygenation and post dural puncture headaches limiting the ability to sit upright, stand and walk. In addition, urgent procedures include procedures to treat any severe or debilitating disease that prevents the patient from carrying out activities of daily living. Elective procedures were considered as any condition that is stable and can be safely managed with alternatives. LIMITATIONS COVID 19 continues to be an ongoing pandemic. When these recommendations were developed, different stages of reopening based on geographical regulations were in process. The pandemic continues to be dynamic creating every changing evidence based guidance. Consequently, we provided evidence informed guidance. CONCLUSION The COVID 19 pandemic has created unprecedented challenges in IPM creating needless suffering for pain patients. Many IPM procedures cannot be indefinitely postponed without adverse consequences. Chronic pain exacerbations are associated with marked functional declines and risks with alternative treatment modalities. They must be treated with the concern that they deserve. Clinicians must assess patients, local healthcare resources, and weigh the risks and benefits of a procedure against the risks of suffering from disabling pain and exposure to the COVID 19 virus.", "venue": "Pain physician", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Christopher G Gharibo", "Amit Sharma", "Amol Soin", "Shalini Shah", "Sudhir Diwan", "Ricardo M Buenaventura", "Devi E Nampiaparampil", "Steve M Aydin", "Sanjay Bakshi", "Salahadin Abdi", "Sachin Sunny Jha", "Harold J Cordner", "Alan David Kaye", "Alaa Abd-Elsayed", "Kenneth D Candido", "Nebojsa Nick Knezevic", "Sairam L Atluri", "Bradley W Wargo", "Mahendra R Sanapati", "Sukdeb Datta", "Joshua A Hirsch", "Laxmaiah Manchikanti", "Kartic Rajput"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 222177711, "title": "Beef and Pork Marketing Margins and Price Spreads during COVID 19", "abstract": "Abstract COVID 19 related disruptions led to a historic rise in the spread between livestock and wholesale meat prices. Concerns about concentration and allegations of anticompetitive behavior have led to several inquiries and civil suits by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Justice, with increases in price differentials serving as a focal point. This article notes the difference between price spreads and marketing margins, outlines corresponding economic theory, and describes the empirical evidence on wholesale meat and livestock price dynamics in the wake of COVID 19 disruptions. At one point during the pandemic, beef and pork packers were both operating at about 60% of the previous year's processing volume. We explore how such a massive supply shock would be expected to affect marketing margins even in the absence of anti competitive behavior. Moreover, we document how margin measurements are critically sensitive to the selection of data and information utilized. Finally, we conclude with some discussion around policy proposals that would pit industry concentration against industry coordination and economies of scale.", "venue": "Applied economic perspectives and policy", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Jayson L Lusk", "Glynn T Tonsor", "Lee L Schulz"], "n_citations": 17, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Expert systems in solid dosage development", "session_id": 3263349474576630, "user_id": 840333864080690, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 113137515, "title": "Expert systems in solid dosage development", "abstract": "This article introduces and reviews the use of expert systems in solid dosage development (tablets and film coating) The applications, experience and benefits to the pharmaceutical industry are discussed. Expert systems, where introduced and implemented, have generated significant benefits in terms of knowledge protection, cost reduction, training, consistency and improved communication", "venue": "", "year": 1993.0, "author_names": ["Raymond C Rowe"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 235763127, "title": "Application of SeDeM Expert System in the development of novel directly compressible co processed excipients via co processing", "abstract": "Computer aided formulation design is gaining fantastic attention in chemical engineering of high functionality pharmaceutical materials for dosage form manufacture. To accelerate development of novel formulations in a quality by design perspective, SeDeM Expert System preformulation algorithm was developed as a tool for the design of solid drug delivery systems and for prediction of direct compression manufacturability of solid formulations. This research aims to integrate SeDeM Expert System into particle engineering design space of co processing of solid excipients to develop novel composites with optimum direct compression propensity, using corn starch and microcrystalline cellulose powders as model primary excipients. The data and information generated from the expert system have elucidated the bulk level characteristics of the primary excipients, enabled computation of the optimum co processing ratio of the ingredients, and validated the impact of co processing on material functionality. The experimental flowability (7.78+ 0.17) compressibility functions (5.16+ 0.14) parameter profile (0.92) and parametric profile index (6.72+ 0.27) of the engineered composites, were within the acceptable thresholds. With a reliability constant of 0.961, the net direct compression propensity of the composites expressed as Good Compression Index (6.46+ 0.26) was superior to that of the primary excipients, but comparable to reference co processed materials, StarLac(r) (6.44+ 0.14) and MicroceLac(r)100 (6.58+ 0.03) Application of SeDeM Expert System in particle engineering via co processing has provided an accelerated upstream proactive mechanism for designing directly compressible co processed excipients in a quality by design fashion. A four stage systematic methodology of co processing of solid excipients was postulated. Stage I entails the characterization of CMAs of both defective and corrective excipients, and elucidation of their physicomechanical limitations using SeDeM diagrams. Stage II involves computation of loading capacity of the corrective excipient using dilution potential equation. Stage III entails the selection of co processing technique based on desired Critical Material Attributes as revealed by the information obtained from Stage I. Stage IV evaluates the impact of co processing by monitoring the critical behavior of the engineered composites with a decision on either to accept or reject the product.", "venue": "Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Ilyasu Salim", "Adeniji Kehinde Olowosulu", "Abdulrahman Abdulsamad", "Mahmud Sani Gwarzo", "Garba M Khalid", "Naimatu Tijjani Ahmad", "Florence Egbomonjiade Eichie", "Fatima Shuaibu Kurfi"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 19762214, "title": "Gastric emptying of non disintegrating solid drug delivery systems in fasted state: relevance to drug dissolution", "abstract": "Importance of the field: Knowledge of gastric emptying (GE) of solid drug delivery systems (DDS) is meaningful for the development of new DDS as it enables the design of in vitro dissolution experiments with conditions close to those in vivo in order to predict drug plasma concentration profiles with high reliability. Areas covered in this review: Gastric emptying of non disintegrating pellets, tablets and mini tablets in the fasted state is described on the basis of various studies performed in the last 30 years, which have evaluated the emptying process mostly by gamma scintigraphy. Different influences on GE and mathematical models describing GE kinetics of single and multiunit dosage forms are represented. A discussion on the implementation of these data in the development of drug dissolution testing procedures is given. What the reader will gain: Readers will gain an insight into the kinetics and mechanisms of GE processes. Some suggestions on the use of the obtained knowledge in biopharmaceutical testing of DDS are also given. Take home message: Gastric emptying of non disintegrating solid DDS is a very important process, which might influence drug dissolution, bioavailability and the plasma concentration profile. It is reasonable to consider this process in biopharmaceutical testing of these DDS.", "venue": "Expert opinion on drug delivery", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Igor Locatelli", "Natasa Nagelj Kovacic", "Ales Mrhar", "Marija Bogataj"], "n_citations": 19, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 16513667, "title": "Comment Catching Up with Expert Systems", "abstract": "century, a new era that will be far more scientific, technologic, and sophisticated than anyone would have imagined just a quarter of a century ago. However, the continued success in all areas of pharmaceutical science will depend entirely on how fast pharmaceutical scientists will adapt to rapidly changing technology. Almost 10 years ago, a survey by Shangraw and Demarest revealed a very interesting fact about solid dosage formulation design and development: Tradition was still a very important reason for preferring to use a particular excipient (1) It is not difficult to predict that, in this century, trial and error formulation development and traditional excipient selection will be a part of history. Pharmaceutical formulators will enjoy the availability of the harmonized and fingerprinted (in terms of functionality testing) excipients, and formulations will be developed using databases (preformulation and compaction data banks, etc. (2) The awareness of and the use of artificial intelligence based expert systems (rule based systems, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, artificial neural networks [ANNs] simulations, etc. in the areas of preformulation, formulation and process development, regulatory affairs, new drug delivery system development, project management, and all other areas of pharmaceutical science will increase dramatically. To shorten the adaptation period of pharmaceutical scientists to rapidly changing technological advances, I recently formed two new focus groups, namely, the Expert Systems Focus Group and the Excipients Focus Group. They have been approved by the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) They will act in conjunction with the Pharmaceutical Technology Section of AAPS and are open to all members of AAPS and other pharmaceutical associations. I would like to give a brief overview of expert systems (ESs) and then address some challenges facing ES developments in terms of their verification and validation (V&V) processes, in part because of FDA's interest in the V&V of all types of software. In a future article, each of the following issues will be discussed in depth. ESs, also known as knowledge based systems, basically are computer programs that either recommend or make decisions based on knowledge gathered from experts in the field. Functional areas of ESs include, but are not limited to, control, design, diagnosis, instruction, interpretation, monitoring, plan", "venue": "", "year": 2001.0, "author_names": ["Metin Celik"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 231979885, "title": "Rational selection of bio enabling oral drug formulations a PEARRL commentary.", "abstract": "New drug candidates often require bio enabling formation technologies such as lipid based formulations, solid dispersions, or nanosized drug formulations. Development of such more sophisticated delivery systems generally requires higher resource investment compared to a conventional oral dosage form, which might slow down clinical development. To achieve the biopharmaceutical objectives while enabling rapid cost effective development, it is imperative to identify a suitable formulation technique for a given drug candidate as early as possible. Hence many companies have developed internal decision trees based mostly on prior organizational experience, though they also contain some arbitrary elements. As part of the EU funded PEARRL project, a number of new decision trees are here proposed that reflect both the current scientific state of the art and a consensus among the industrial project partners. This commentary presents and discusses these, while also going beyond this classical expert approach with a pilot study using emerging machine learning, where the computer suggests formulation strategy based on the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of a molecule. Current limitations are discussed and an outlook is provided for likely future developments in this emerging field of pharmaceutics.", "venue": "Journal of pharmaceutical sciences", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Martin Kuentz", "Rene Holm", "Christian Kronseder", "Christoph Saal", "Brendan T Griffin"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 31566798, "title": "Advances in gastro retentive drug delivery systems", "abstract": "Introduction: In recent years, various technological improvements have been achieved and new concepts have been developed, in the area of controlled release solid oral dosage forms, especially for products where an extended time of release is associated with an extended gastric retention time. These Gastro Retentive Systems have been quite investigated because they can improve the in vivo performance of many drugs. Areas covered: This paper summarizes current approaches in the research and development of gastro retentive dosage forms from recent literature. Apart from the numerous mechanisms of action involved, a short review of different key parameters is proposed, taking into account the stomach physiology. Most of the current technologies published, patented or marketed are presented. Promising drugs to develop in the near future are mentioned, and the importance of such systems in fixed Dose Combinations is also discussed. The importance of food effect is mentioned, and the impact of the multiple unit systems versus monolithic approach is discussed, especially regarding the dose intake. Expert opinion: In conclusion, numerous mechanisms like floating, sinking, effervescence, swelling, bioadhesion, magnetic, etc. have been proposed over the years. While most of the proposed systems show promising dissolution profiles and in vitro retention, only few of them have also shown success in vivo. Currently, the polymeric swelling monolithic systems are the most prominent marketed forms. The possibility to combine different mechanisms in order to ensure true gastric retention even in the fasted state should be further investigated.", "venue": "Expert opinion on drug delivery", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["Pascal Prinderre", "Christophe Sauzet", "Claus Fuxen"], "n_citations": 56, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 34286502, "title": "Unified methodology of neural analysis in decision support systems built for pharmaceutical technology", "abstract": "The objective of this study was to create universal methodology of artificial neural networks (ANNs) application in construction of decision support systems designed for various dosage forms. Two different dosage forms (solid dispersions and microemulsions) were modeled with use of the same methodology, software and hardware environments. Completely different models prepared confirmed their generalization ability both for solid dosage forms (solid dispersions) and liquid dosage forms (microemulsions) ME_expert and SD_expert systems basing on the neural expert committees were created. In the pilot study their application allowed for appropriate choice of qualitative and quantitative composition of particular pharmaceutical formulation. It was also proposed that ME_expert and SD_expert might provide in silico formulation procedures. Unified methodology of neural modeling in pharmaceutical technology was confirmed to be effective in providing valuable tools for pharmaceutical product development.", "venue": "Expert Syst. Appl.", "year": 2007.0, "author_names": ["Aleksander Mendyk", "Renata Jachowicz"], "n_citations": 46, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 27432128, "title": "Pneumatic dry granulation: potential to improve roller compaction technology in drug manufacture", "abstract": "Introduction: Solid dosage form manufacture still remains the most common in the production of pharmaceutical products. Established granulation processes can benefit from novel technical improvements, which can in turn enhance the behavior and properties of the process intermediates, that is, granules. These improvements in the manufacturing process can ultimately shorten development times, provide processing solutions for challenging materials and improve quality of drug delivery systems. Areas covered: The aim of this review is to give the reader an overview of the latest trends in research with regard to roller compaction technology. Pneumatic dry granulation is also discussed as a new development with the potential to improve and extend the use of dry granulation processes, which can result in a substantial contribution to drug delivery system development and drug product manufacture. Expert opinion: Dry granulation techniques, and more specifically roller compaction, can provide many advantages over the more established wet granulation techniques. There are still problems with roller compaction such as high amounts of fines and poor flow of granulate. Technical innovations that improve existing processes will have a considerable impact on development times and contribute to improved material processability and behavior of the end product. Pneumatic dry granulation has the potential to provide such alternatives.", "venue": "Expert opinion on drug delivery", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["Niklas Sandler", "Robert Frank Lammens"], "n_citations": 31, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 201868793, "title": "Benefits of Fractal Approaches in Solid Dosage Form Development", "abstract": "Pharmaceutical formulations are complex systems consisting of active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) and a number of excipients selected to provide the intended performance of the product. The understanding of materials' properties and technological processes is a requirement for building quality into pharmaceutical products. Such understanding is gained mostly from empirical correlations of material and process factors with quality attributes of the final product. However, it seems also important to gain knowledge based on mechanistic considerations. Promising is here to study morphological and/or topological characteristics of particles and their aggregates. These geometric aspects must be taken into account to better understand how product attributes emerge from raw materials, which includes, for example, mechanical tablet properties, disintegration or dissolution behavior. Regulatory agencies worldwide are promoting the use of physical models in pharmaceutics to design quality into a final product. This review deals with pharmaceutical applications of theoretical models, focusing on percolation theory, fractal, and multifractal geometry. The use of these so called fractal approaches improves the understanding of different aspects in the development of solid dosage forms, for example by identifying critical drug and excipient concentrations, as well as to study effects of heterogeneity on dosage form performance. The aim is to link micro and macrostructure to the emerging quality attributes of the pharmaceutical solid dosage forms as a strategy to enhance mechanistic understanding and to advance pharmaceutical development and manufacturing processes.", "venue": "Pharmaceutical Research", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Renata Abreu-Villela", "Martin Kuentz", "Isidoro Caraballo"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 231204245, "title": "Analytical Method Development and Validation for Estimation of Ranitidine in Solid Dosage Form by UV Spectrophotometric Method", "abstract": "Ranitidine is a histamine 2 receptor blocker and it is effective against peptic ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease and heart burn. The main objective of this study was to develop and validate an easy, affordable and cost effective method for the determination of ranitidine in tablet dosage form. The development and validation study was performed under the guidance of ICH and USP. Results showed that the proposed validated method has good accuracy with RSD of 0.60. Repeatability and intermediate precision suggested good precision whereas the value of correlation coefficient 0.9999 confirmed about the linearity of the method. The system suitability data and similarity factors were also found within the permissible range. The specificity study revealed that there was no placebo and diluent effect on the absorbance. Further, stability study of analytical solutions as well as estimation of drug content from market products were also performed.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Subrata Paul", "Labani Barai", "MD Faruk Husen", "Sabarni Sarker", "Tarun Kumar Pal", "Puja Bal", "Md A M Sarker", "Syeda Saima Alam", "Sheta Biswas"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Membrane introduction Mass Spectrometry: Trends and applications", "session_id": 591591026302984, "user_id": 2914313971836111, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 31820080, "title": "Membrane introduction mass spectrometry: trends and applications.", "abstract": "Recent advances in membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) are reviewed. On line monitoring is treated by focusing on critical variables, including the nature and dimensions of the membrane, and the analyte vapor pressure, diffusivity, and solubility in the membrane barrier. Sample introduction by MIMS is applied in (i) on line monitoring of chemical and biological reactors, (ii) analysis of volatile organic compounds in environmental matrices, including air, water and soil, and (iii) in more fundamental studies, such as measurements of thermochemical properties, reaction mechanisms, and kinetics. New semipermeable membranes are discussed, including those consisting of thin polymers, low vapor pressure liquids, and zeolites. These membranes have been used to monitor polar compounds, selectively differentiate compounds through affinity binding, and provide isomer differentiation based on molecular size. Measurements at high spatial resolution, for example, using silicone capped hypodermic needle inlets, are also covered, as is electrically driven sampling through microporous membranes. Other variations on the basic MIMS experiment include analyte preconcentration through cryotrapping (CT MIMS) or trapping in the membrane (trap and release) as well as differential thermal release methods and reverse phase (i.e. organic solvent) MIMS. Method limitations center on semivolatile compounds and complex mixture analysis, and novel solutions are discussed. Semivolatile compounds have been monitored with thermally assisted desorption, ultrathin membranes and derivatization techniques. Taking advantage of the differences in time of membrane permeation, mixtures of structurally similar compounds have been differentiated by using sample modulation techniques and by temperature programmed desorption from a membrane interface. Selective ionization techniques that increase instrument sensitivity towards polar compounds are also described, and comparisons are made with other direct sampling (nonchromatographic) methods that are useful in mixture analysis.", "venue": "Mass spectrometry reviews", "year": 2000.0, "author_names": ["R C Johnson", "Robert Graham Cooks", "T M Allen", "M E Cisper", "P H Hemberger"], "n_citations": 199, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 96237659, "title": "Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS)", "abstract": "Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) for chemical analysis involves directly sampling analytes in gaseous, liquid and solid samples through a semi permeable membrane coupled to a mass spectrometer, yielding selective and sensitive quantitation. Because MIMS is an on line technique, in which samples can be continuously flowed over a membrane interface, it can yield analytical results in real time without the need for sample clean up and chromatographic separation. This review highlights trends and developments in MIMS over the past decade and describes recent studies that pertain to its use for on site, in situ and in vivo chemical analysis. We report on advancements in instrumentation, including membrane materials, interface configurations and ionization techniques that have extended the range of analytes amenable to MIMS. We summarize the progress made in the miniaturization of mass spectrometers that have resulted in field portable systems and review recent applications of continuous mobile monitoring and on site environmental monitoring to yield both temporally and spatially resolved quantitative and semi quantitative data. Finally, we describe recent work involving the use of MIMS for in vivo chemical analysis.", "venue": "", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["N G Davey", "Erik T Krogh", "Chris G Gill"], "n_citations": 66, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 94838499, "title": "Recent trends in atomic spectrometry with microwave induced plasmas", "abstract": "Abstract The state of the art and trends of development in atomic spectrometry with microwave induced plasmas (MIPs) since the 1998s are presented and discussed. This includes developments in devices for producing microwave plasma discharges, with reference also to miniaturized systems as well as to progress in sample introduction for microwave induced plasmas, such as pneumatic and ultrasonic nebulization using membrane desolvation, to the further development of gaseous analyte species generation systems and to both spark and laser ablation (LA) The features of microwave induced plasma mass spectrometry (MIP MS) as an alternative to inductively coupled plasma (ICP) MS are discussed. Recent work on the use of microwave induced plasma atomic spectrometry for trace element determinations and monitoring, their use as tandem sources and for particle sizing are discussed. Recent applications of the coupling of gas chromatography and MIP atomic spectrometry for the determination of organometallic compounds of heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, Se and Sn are reviewed and the possibilities of trapping for sensitivity enhancement, as required for many applications especially in environmental work, are showed at the hand of citations from the recent literature.", "venue": "", "year": 2004.0, "author_names": ["Jose A C Broekaert", "Volker Siemens"], "n_citations": 36, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 22067281, "title": "Sample preparation for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in air and water matrices.", "abstract": "This review summarizes literature data from the past 5 years on new developments and/or applications of sample preparation methods for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) mainly in air and water matrices. Novel trends in the optimization and application of well established airborne VOC enrichment techniques are discussed, like the implementation of advanced cooling systems in cryogenic trapping and miniaturization in adsorptive enrichment techniques. Next, focus is put on current tendencies in integrated sampling extraction sample introduction methods such as solid phase microextraction (SPME) and novel in needle trapping devices. Particular attention is paid to emerging membrane extraction techniques such as membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) and membrane extraction with a sorbent interface (MESI) For VOC enrichment out of water, recent evolutions in direct aqueous injection (DAI) and liquid liquid extraction (LLE) are highlighted, with main focus on miniaturized solvent extraction methods such as single drop microextraction (SDME) and liquid phase microextraction (LPME) Next, solvent free sorptive enrichment receives major attention, with particular interest for innovative techniques such as stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and solid phase dynamic extraction (SPDE) Finally, recent trends in membrane extraction are reviewed. Applications in both immersion and headspace mode are discussed.", "venue": "Journal of chromatography. A", "year": 2007.0, "author_names": ["Kristof Demeestere", "Jo Dewulf", "Bavo De Witte", "Herman R Van Langenhove"], "n_citations": 302, "n_key_citations": 9, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 211079366, "title": "Direct analysis of naphthenic acids in constructed wetland samples by condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry.", "abstract": "The application of direct mass spectrometry techniques to the analysis of complex samples has a number of advantages including reduced sample handling, higher sample throughput, in situ process monitoring, and the potential for adaptation to on site analysis. We report the application of a semi permeable capillary hollow fibre membrane probe (immersed directly into an aqueous sample) coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer by a continuously flowing methanol acceptor phase for the rapid analysis of naphthenic acids with unit mass resolution. The intensity of the naphthenic acid associated peaks in the mass spectrum are normalized to an internal standard in the acceptor phase for quantitation and the relative abundance of the peaks in the mass spectrum are employed to monitor compositional changes in the naphthenic acid mixture using principle component analysis. We demonstrate the direct analysis of a synthetic oil sands process affected water for classical naphthenic acids (CnH2n+zO2) as they are attenuated through constructed wetlands containing sedge (Carex aquatilis) cattail (Typha latifolia) or bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus) Quantitative results for on line membrane sampling compare favourably to those obtained by solid phase extraction high resolution mass spectrometry. Additionally, chemometric analysis of the mass spectra indicates a clear discrimination between naphthenic acid influenced and natural background waters. Furthermore, the compositional changes within complex naphthenic acid mixtures track closely with the degree of attenuation. Overall, the technique is successful in following changes in both the concentration and composition of naphthenic acids from synthetic oil sands process affected waters, with the potential for high throughput screening and environmental forensics.", "venue": "The Science of the total environment", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Kyle D Duncan", "L C Richards", "Joseph Monaghan", "Monique C Simair", "Chukwuemeka Ajaero", "Kerry M Peru", "Vanessa Friesen", "Dena W McMartin", "John V Headley", "Chris G Gill", "Erik T Krogh"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 44824153, "title": "Discrimination of constructed air samples using multivariate analysis of full scan membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) data.", "abstract": "RATIONALE Volatile and semi volatile organic compounds (S/VOCs) are important atmospheric pollutants affecting both human and environmental health. They are directly measured as an unresolved mixture using membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) We apply chemometric techniques to discriminate, classify, and apportion air samples from a variety of sources. METHODS Full scan mass spectra of lab constructed air samples were obtained using a polydimethylsiloxane membrane interface and an electron ionization ion trap mass spectrometer. Normalized full scan spectra were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) cluster analysis, and k nearest neighbours (kNN) for sample discrimination and classification. Multivariate curve resolution (MCR) was used to extract pure component contributions. Similar techniques were applied to VOC mixtures sampled from different woodsmoke emissions and from the headspace above aqueous hydrocarbon solutions. RESULTS PCA successfully discriminated 32 constructed VOC mixtures from nearly 300 air samples, with cluster analysis showing similar results. Further, kNN classification (k 1) correctly classified all but one test set sample, and MCR successfully identified the pure compounds used to construct the VOC mixtures. Real world samples resulting from the combustion of different wood species and those associated with water contaminated with different commercial hydrocarbon products were similarly discriminated by PCA. CONCLUSIONS Chemometric techniques have been evaluated using full scan MIMS spectra with a series of VOC mixtures of known composition containing known compounds, and successfully applied to samples with known sources, but unknown molecular composition. These techniques have application to source identification and apportionment in real world environmental samples impacted by atmospheric pollutants.", "venue": "Rapid communications in mass spectrometry RCM", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["L C Richards", "N G Davey", "T M Fyles", "Chris G Gill", "Erik T Krogh"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 28194717, "title": "Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry Combined with an Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Calibration Model for Mixture Analysis.", "abstract": "The emerging membrane introduction mass spectrometry technique has been successfully used to detect benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) while overlapped spectra have unfortunately hindered its further application to the analysis of mixtures. Multivariate calibration, an efficient method to analyze mixtures, has been widely applied. In this paper, we compared univariate and multivariate analyses for quantification of the individual components of mixture samples. The results showed that the univariate analysis creates poor models with regression coefficients of 0.912, 0.867, 0.440 and 0.351 for BTEX, respectively. For multivariate analysis, a comparison to the partial least squares (PLS) model shows that the orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) regression exhibits an optimal performance with regression coefficients of 0.995, 0.999, 0.980 and 0.976, favorable calibration parameters (RMSEC and RMSECV) and a favorable validation parameter (RMSEP) Furthermore, the OPLS exhibits a good recovery of 73.86 122.20% and relative standard deviation (RSD) of the repeatability of 1.14 4.87% Thus, MIMS coupled with the OPLS regression provides an optimal approach for a quantitative BTEX mixture analysis in monitoring and predicting water pollution.", "venue": "Analytical sciences the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Mengting Li", "Lu Zhang", "Xiaolong Yao", "Xingyu Jiang"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 85558895, "title": "Comparison of Membrane Inlet and Capillary Introduction Miniature Mass Spectrometry for Liquid Analysis", "abstract": "Membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) is commonly used for detecting the components in liquid samples. When a liquid sample flows through a membrane, certain analytes will permeate into the vacuum chamber of a mass spectrometer from the solution. The properties of the membrane directly determine the substances that can be detected by MIMS. A capillary introduction (CI) method we previously proposed can also be used to analyze gas and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) dissolved in liquids. When CI analysis is carried out, the sample is drawn into the mass spectrometer with no species discrimination. The performance of these two injection methods was compared in this study, and similar response time and limit of detection (LOD) can be acquired. Specifically, MIMS can provide better detection sensitivity for most inorganic gases and volatile organic compounds. In contrast, capillary introduction shows wider compatibility on analyte types and quantitative range, and it requires less sample consumption. As the two injection methods have comparable characteristics and can be coupled with a miniature mass spectrometer, factors such as cost, pollution, device size, and sample consumption should be comprehensively considered when choosing a satisfactory injection method in practical applications.", "venue": "Polymers", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Wenyan Shi", "Xinqiong Lu", "Jinbo Zhang", "Jianhong Zhao", "Lili Yang", "Quan Yu", "Xiaohao Wang"], "n_citations": 7, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 30843256, "title": "Delicate polydimethylsiloxane hollow fibre membrane interfaces for condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP MIMS)", "abstract": "RATIONALE On line analytical techniques such as condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP MIMS) permit direct and rapid analyte measurements in complex samples. Direct, rapid analytical methods are desirable because they eliminate potential contamination and/or dilution from sample workup steps, facilitate rapid sample screening and allow 'real time' monitoring applications. METHODS PDMS hollow fibre membrane (HFM) flow cell interfaces (215 um, 35 um, and 0.5 um thick composite) were coupled with an electrospray ionization (ESI) triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. A simultaneous push/pull methanol acceptor phase delivery system and membrane mounting via epoxy potting ensured that the delicate membranes were not ruptured during construction or sample measurements. Both flow cell and direct insertion 'J Probe' interfaces using the 0.5 um thick composite PDMS HFM were utilized for direct naphthenic acid measurements. RESULTS Delicate HFM CP MIMS interfaces were used for the rapid screening and continuous, on line monitoring of carboxylic acids and hydroxylated compounds directly in complex sample matrices under ambient conditions at pptr ppb detection limits. Push/pull acceptor phase (methanol) delivery maintained ambient hydrostatic pressures within the HFMs, improving ESI stability and analytical sensitivity, especially with stopped acceptor flow operation. Signal response times less than 2 min were achieved for thin, composite PDMS HFMs at 30degC. The continuous monitoring of naphthenic acid degradation was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Delicate PDMS HFM CP MIMS interfaces were developed and used for the direct, on line detection of low volatility, polar analytes in complex aqueous samples. Composite PDMS HFM interfaces yielded the best overall analytical performance improvements, and were used to demonstrate the direct measurement of naphthenic acids in complex aqueous samples.", "venue": "Rapid communications in mass spectrometry RCM", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Megan D Willis", "Kyle D Duncan", "Erik T Krogh", "Chris G Gill"], "n_citations": 17, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 338523, "title": "Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) a versatile tool for direct, real time chemical measurements.", "abstract": "Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) is a direct, continuous, on line measurement technique. It utilizes a membrane to semi selectively transfer analyte mixtures from a sample to a mass spectrometer, rejecting the bulk of the sample matrix, which can be a gas, liquid or solid/slurry. Analyte selectivity and sensitivity are affected by optimizations at the membrane, ionization and the mass spectrometer levels. MIMS can be roughly classified by the acceptor phase that entrains analyte(s) to the mass spectrometer after membrane transport, either a gaseous acceptor phase (GP MIMS) or condensed acceptor phase (CP MIMS) The aim of this article is to provide an introduction to MIMS as a technique and to explore current variants, recent developments and modern applications, emphasizing examples from our group, the Applied Environmental Research Laboratories as well as selected work from others in this emerging area. Also provided is a synopsis of current and future directions for this versatile analytical technique.", "venue": "Journal of mass spectrometry JMS", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Erik T Krogh", "Chris G Gill"], "n_citations": 21, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Risk Management: Comparative Study between Islamic Banks and Conventional Banks", "session_id": 2456631703440925, "user_id": 5114560687490425, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 214198772, "title": "Risk Management: Comparative Study Between Islamic Banks and Conventional Banks", "abstract": "In the future the role of Islamic Banking/Sharia should be developed as an alternative source of corporate financing in addition to conventional bank financing. The role of this institution is increasing because based on survey Islamic Development Bank for certain types of risks attached to Islamic Bank is relatively easier to manage it compared with conventional banks. Easier risk management results in lower financing risks, making it easy to compete because it is profitable for banks, corporations and the economy. The survey results show that in Islamic Bank: Capital is quite good, Capital and Liquidity risk is low. Credit, market and operating risk moderate. More concerned about credit and liquidity risk. The most commonly used risk management techniques are Credit rating.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Zainul Kisman"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 213393929, "title": "Risk and risk management practices", "abstract": "This study aims to compare types and levels of risk and risk management practices (RMPs) including the recognition, identification, assessment, analysis, monitoring and control of risk in both Islamic and conventional banks.,A questionnaire survey was conducted among the Islamic and conventional banks in Qatar, together with an analysis of archival data extracted from the Thomson Reuters Eikon database for the period 2009 2018. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and regression analysis.,Islamic banks encounter unique types and levels of risk that are not encountered by conventional banks. In Islamic banks, risks such as those of operation and Sharia non compliance are perceived to be higher, while in conventional banks other risks such as those of credit and insolvency are higher; other risks, for example, liquidity risk, are faced by both. RMPs are determined by understanding risk and risk management, risk identification, risk monitoring and control and credit risk analysis, but not by risk assessment and analysis. However, the RMPs of the two types of bank are not significantly different, except in the analysis of credit risk.,The study contributes to the debate in the literature by developing a better understanding of the dynamism of risk management in Qatari banks, which can be extended to similar contexts in the region. However, the relatively small sample size in only one country limits the possibility of generalizing the findings. The survey methodology is based on the perception of bankers rather than their actual actions and does not provide in depth analysis for each type of risk, especially credit risk. However, using archival data, in addition to those from the survey, minimises the bias that would result from depending on one source of data.,The study provides valuable insights into the different types and levels of risk, as well as the RMPs in Islamic and conventional banks, which can help in guiding the future development and regulation of risk management in the banking sector of Qatar and its region.,The study helps to explain the mixed results of previous studies that compare types and levels of risk and RMPs in Islamic and conventional banks. Using different types of data and analysis, it provides evidence from one of the fastest growing economies in the world. It also addresses the concerns over RMPs in banks since the global financial crisis.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Adel Elgharbawy"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 213004773, "title": "CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ISLAMIC AND CONVENTIONAL BANKS IN TURKEY.", "abstract": "This study aims to identify variables which determine credit risk in Islamic and Conventional banks. Panel data fixed effect model employed to analyze which belongs to three Islamic Banks in Turkey for the period 2008 Q1 to 2017 Q4. While for conventional banks, previous studies that has been conducted in Turkey used to compare Islamic to Conventional banks (CB) Non performing Loans (NPL) ratio was used as a proxy for credit risk. Result from fixed effect model showed that NPL in Islamic Banks is positively affected by Loan Loss Provision and Proportion of Loans to Deposits, and it is negatively affected by Assets Size. While literature showed that conventional bank's credit risk is positively affected by Net Interest Margin, Loan Loss Provision, and Capital Adequacy Ratio and it is negatively affected by Proportion of Loan to Deposits, Proportion of Loans to Assets and Size. There were clear differences between both Islamic and Conventional banks related to all variables of study except Loan Loss Provision and Proportion of Loan to Assets ratios.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Sakir Gormus", "Mohammed Alkhawaja"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 169949241, "title": "LIQUIDITY RISK MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE OF THE BANKS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ISLAMIC AND CONVENTIONAL BANKS OF PAKISTAN, MALAYSIA AND INDONESIA", "abstract": "Liquidity risk Management is fundamental to sound banking practice. No doubt today all banking institutions face countless risks such as liquidity risk which can cause failure of a banking system. Therefore, a proper risk management technique is necessary for the existence and the growth of banks. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of risk management practice that is liquidity risk their impact on performance or Profitability of Islamic and conventional banks. Liquidity risk is measured by loan to deposit ratio, cash to total asset ratio. Performance measure proxies were ROE and ROA for both Islamic and Conventional banks. Data are panel from 2011 2015 which is taken from the financial reports of Islamic and conventional banks. Regression analysis has been used to extract the results. The result of this study concluded that how this liquidity risk will affect the bank performance in conventional and Islamic banks.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Usama Yaqoob", "Umair Khalid"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 55092911, "title": "Liquidity Risk Management: A Comparative Study Between Islamic And Conventional Banks", "abstract": "This paper examines the factors that affect the liquidity risk for Islamic and conventional banks in the Golf countries, using the panel data for 11 IBs and 33 CBs between 2006 and 2013. Our results show that return on equity,A A Net Interest Margin, Capital Adequacy Ratio and inflation rate have a positive impact on liquidity risk for Islamic banks, while returns on assets, Non Performing Loan, size and GDP growth have a negative impact.A On the other hand, in conventional banks, size, Return on Equity, Net Interest Margin, Capital Adequacy Ratio, GDP growth and inflation rate have a positive impact, whereas the Return on Assets, Non Performing Loan have a negative impact on liquidity risk.A This study tries to see how Islamic and conventional banks manage their liquidity in response to changes on the basis of several factors.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Ameni Ghenimi", "Mohamed Omri"], "n_citations": 19, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 155668843, "title": "Risk Management Practiced Tools in the MENA Region: A Comparative Study between Islamic and Conventional Banks", "abstract": "ABSTRACT The purpose of the study is to investigate the current risk management practices of Islamic and conventional banks in the MENA region. The study is based on a survey of 47 banks, including 24 conventional and 23 Islamic banks. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics and t tests. The findings indicate that banks in MENA region have effective risk strategies and effective risk management frameworks in place. Furthermore, the findings reveal that credit risk is considered the most important for both conventional and Islamic banks followed by liquidity risk. Finally, both conventional and Islamic banks continue to rely on traditional credit risk mitigation tools. These findings have significant contributions to the literature by comprehensively clarifying and critically analysing the current state of risk management among the Islamic banks and conventional banks located in the MENA region. JEL Classifications: G20, G21, G28, Keywords: risk management; MENA; Islamic banking; Islamic finance; VaR I. INTRODUCTION Risk management in the financial sector is very important since the ultimate goal of the institution is to maximize revenues and shareholders value. Moreover, the recent financial crisis was marked by market volatility, lack of liquidity in many financial markets and increased systemic risk (Delloitte, 2011) This crisis has forced banks to take a critical look at how they manage risk and has exhibited some significant weaknesses in risk management in financial industry (KPMG, 2009) This difficulty has highlighted the importance of risk management; as a result many institutions have reviewed their risk management models. An active role was undertaken in re examining their approaches of risk management, the establishment of risk management policy and approval of risk appetite. Solid practices risk management in the banking sector is important for financial stability and economic development. A robust framework of risk management can help banks to reduce their exposure to risks, and enhancing their ability to compete in the market (Mirakhor and Iqbal, 2007) Reducing the exposure will reduce systemic risk. Thus, it is necessary for banks to put in place a comprehensive risk management to identify, measure, monitor, manage, and report the various categories of risk. Risk management is a key element of the strategic management of the organization. This is the process whereby organizations methodically address the risks their activities with the goal of achieving sustained benefit. In this regard, CBSB (2011) forces authorities to ensure that banks have in place a comprehensive risk management. The process of risk management is a structured and consistent approach to identify and understand the potential risk factors and evaluation of consequences and uncertainties associated with these risk factors identified. Based on this information, the best plan of action is evaluated and selected to address identified risks and achieve the desired objectives. This study extends the work of Tafri et al. (2011) but differ in some aspects. Firstly, the questionnaire is similar but not identical; in fact it investigates the liquidity risk, which has not been examined by Tafri et al. (2011) Secondly, this study explores the risk management tools practiced in Islamic and conventional banks in a different environment (MENA Middle Eastern and North Africa region) The main purpose is to examine the current practices in risk management methodologies of Islamic and conventional banks in the MENA region. It discusses and analyses the tools and methods used in managing credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and operational risk among Islamic and conventional banks in the aim to identify the convergence in the practices of risk management and risk mitigation between Islamic and conventional banks. The remainder of the paper is divided into four sections: Section II provides a brief review of the literature, Section III describes the methodology along with research hypotheses, Section IV discusses the main empirical results and Section V presents the main conclusions, limitations of the research.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Rim Ben Selma Mokni", "Abdelghani Echchabi", "Mohamed Taher Rajhi"], "n_citations": 8, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 157399794, "title": "A comparative study of Islamic and conventional banks' risk management practices: empirical evidence from Pakistan", "abstract": "Abstract While conventional bank risk management practices are well documented in the literature, there is limited research devoted at comparing the risk management practices of Islamic and conventional banks and how the recent financial crisis affected the approach taken in each banking model to manage the risks. In this paper, we use self administered questionnaire to collect data from 150 bank senior managers and risk specialists from Pakistani conventional and Islamic banks to identify the main contributing factors to their risk management practices after the 2007 2008 financial crisis. The study results reveal that risk identification, risk assessment and analysis, credit risk analysis and risk governance are the most efficient and influential variables in explaining the risk management practices of Islamic banks, while understanding risk management, credit risk analysis and risk governance are the most significant and contributing variables in the risk management practices of conventional banks. Differences are also observed between Islamic and conventional banks in their liquidity risk analysis and risk governance. The results presented in this study are likely to benefit bank managers, investors, regulators and policymakers as they will serve them as guide when developing, reformulating and overseeing the bank(s) existing risk management practices.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Asma Abdul Rehman", "Abdelhafid Benamraoui", "Aasim Munir Dad"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 211444480, "title": "Exchange Rate Risk Management in Participation (Islamic) and Conventional Banks in Turkey: A Comparative Study", "abstract": "", "venue": "International Business Management", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Fatma Mansour", "Hatice Dogukanli"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 169421493, "title": "The State of Liquidity Risk Management of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh: A Comparative Study with Conventional Banks", "abstract": "This paper aims to analyze the current state of liquidity and liquidity risk management of Islamic banks, the historical trend of the liquidity position, and provides a comparison with the liquidity position of conventional banks in Bangladesh. The paper utilizes liquidity ratio, deployment ratio, profit sharing investment account (PSIA) to total deposits ratio, liquidity gap over a specific time period, net stable funding ratio (NSFR) and liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) to discuss the state of liquidity and the trend of liquidity of Islamic banks. Five Islamic banks and five private commercial conventional banks, which do not have any Islamic banking branches, or windows, are chosen as samples. The data is collected from the annual reports published by selected commercial banks. Simple descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviations are used to analyze the data. This study finds that the liquidity ratio and deployment ratios for Islamic banks are in a downward trend, although by a small percentage. Islamic banks have a negative short term liquidity gap, although by a small percentage and the variations of liquidity gap are much higher, and the gap is in a declining trend towards being positive. Conventional banks have a positive short term liquidity gap. Profit sharing investment accounts are experiencing an increasing trend and occupy the major portion of deposits. Liquidity ratio and deployment ratio remain higher for Islamic banks than conventional banks. For the past two years, both types of banks have maintained an adequate ratio as required in Basel III.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Md Abdul Jalil", "Allie Biswas"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 168301281, "title": "Liquidity Risk Management: A Comparative Study between Conventional and Islamic Banks in Bangladesh", "abstract": "Liquidity risk may arise from diverse operations of financial intermediaries, facilitators and supporters as they are fully liable to make available liquidity when required by the third party. Incase of Islamic Banks additional efforts are required for scaling liquidity management due to their unique characteristics and conformity with Shariah principles. The objective of this study is to look into the liquidity risk associated with the solvency of the financial institutions, with a purpose to evaluate liquidity risk management (LRM) through a comparative analysis between conventional and Islamic banks of Bangladesh. This paper investigates the significance of Size of the Firm, Net Working Capital, Return on Equity, Capital Adequacy and Return on Assets (ROA) on Liquidity Risk Management in conventional and Islamic banks in Bangladesh. The study has taken six mid size banks three conventional and three Islamic banks as samples. It is based on secondary data which are collected from the selected banks' annual reports, covering a period of 2007 2011. Independent variables that have positive but insignificant relation are; size of the bank and net working capital to liquidity risk in Islamic banks and in case of conventional banks size of bank is negatively related with the liquidity risk. Only return on assets is positively affecting the liquidity risk at 10% level in case of conventional banks, but in Islamic banks the relationship is insignificant. The other variables are found to be insignificant in affecting the liquidity risk for both the conventional and Islamic banks in Bangladesh Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka) Vol.10(2) 2015; 18 35", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Lutfor S Rahman", "Sm Hasanul Banna"], "n_citations": 32, "n_key_citations": 7, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "An empirical study on evaluation metrics of generative adversarial networks.", "session_id": 3974817014672852, "user_id": 6056927808130936, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 49326005, "title": "An empirical study on evaluation metrics of generative adversarial networks", "abstract": "Evaluating generative adversarial networks (GANs) is inherently challenging. In this paper, we revisit several representative sample based evaluation metrics for GANs, and address the problem of how to evaluate the evaluation metrics. We start with a few necessary conditions for metrics to produce meaningful scores, such as distinguishing real from generated samples, identifying mode dropping and mode collapsing, and detecting overfitting. With a series of carefully designed experiments, we comprehensively investigate existing sample based metrics and identify their strengths and limitations in practical settings. Based on these results, we observe that kernel Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) and the 1 Nearest Neighbor (1 NN) two sample test seem to satisfy most of the desirable properties, provided that the distances between samples are computed in a suitable feature space. Our experiments also unveil interesting properties about the behavior of several popular GAN models, such as whether they are memorizing training samples, and how far they are from learning the target distribution.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Qiantong Xu", "Gao Huang", "Yang Yuan", "Chuan Guo", "Yu Sun", "Felix Wu", "Kilian Q Weinberger"], "n_citations": 125, "n_key_citations": 15, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 9957731, "title": "BEGAN: Boundary Equilibrium Generative Adversarial Networks", "abstract": "We propose a new equilibrium enforcing method paired with a loss derived from the Wasserstein distance for training auto encoder based Generative Adversarial Networks. This method balances the generator and discriminator during training. Additionally, it provides a new approximate convergence measure, fast and stable training and high visual quality. We also derive a way of controlling the trade off between image diversity and visual quality. We focus on the image generation task, setting a new milestone in visual quality, even at higher resolutions. This is achieved while using a relatively simple model architecture and a standard training procedure.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["David Berthelot", "Tom Schumm", "Luke Metz"], "n_citations": 894, "n_key_citations": 148, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 16153365, "title": "Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning", "abstract": "Consider learning a policy from example expert behavior, without interaction with the expert or access to reinforcement signal. One approach is to recover the expert's cost function with inverse reinforcement learning, then extract a policy from that cost function with reinforcement learning. This approach is indirect and can be slow. We propose a new general framework for directly extracting a policy from data, as if it were obtained by reinforcement learning following inverse reinforcement learning. We show that a certain instantiation of our framework draws an analogy between imitation learning and generative adversarial networks, from which we derive a model free imitation learning algorithm that obtains significant performance gains over existing model free methods in imitating complex behaviors in large, high dimensional environments.", "venue": "NIPS", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Jonathan Ho", "Stefano Ermon"], "n_citations": 1274, "n_key_citations": 290, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 8239952, "title": "Learning to Discover Cross Domain Relations with Generative Adversarial Networks", "abstract": "While humans easily recognize relations between data from different domains without any supervision, learning to automatically discover them is in general very challenging and needs many ground truth pairs that illustrate the relations. To avoid costly pairing, we address the task of discovering cross domain relations when given unpaired data. We propose a method based on generative adversarial networks that learns to discover relations between different domains (DiscoGAN) Using the discovered relations, our proposed network successfully transfers style from one domain to another while preserving key attributes such as orientation and face identity.", "venue": "ICML", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Taeksoo Kim", "Moonsu Cha", "Hyunsoo Kim", "Jung Kwon Lee", "Jiwon Kim"], "n_citations": 1238, "n_key_citations": 144, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 18828233, "title": "Towards Principled Methods for Training Generative Adversarial Networks", "abstract": "The goal of this paper is not to introduce a single algorithm or method, but to make theoretical steps towards fully understanding the training dynamics of generative adversarial networks. In order to substantiate our theoretical analysis, we perform targeted experiments to verify our assumptions, illustrate our claims, and quantify the phenomena. This paper is divided into three sections. The first section introduces the problem at hand. The second section is dedicated to studying and proving rigorously the problems including instability and saturation that arize when training generative adversarial networks. The third section examines a practical and theoretically grounded direction towards solving these problems, while introducing new tools to study them.", "venue": "ICLR", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Martin Arjovsky", "Leon Bottou"], "n_citations": 1261, "n_key_citations": 129, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 206771128, "title": "Least Squares Generative Adversarial Networks", "abstract": "Unsupervised learning with generative adversarial networks (GANs) has proven hugely successful. Regular GANs hypothesize the discriminator as a classifier with the sigmoid cross entropy loss function. However, we found that this loss function may lead to the vanishing gradients problem during the learning process. To overcome such a problem, we propose in this paper the Least Squares Generative Adversarial Networks (LSGANs) which adopt the least squares loss function for the discriminator. We show that minimizing the objective function of LSGAN yields minimizing the Pearson X2 divergence. There are two benefits of LSGANs over regular GANs. First, LSGANs are able to generate higher quality images than regular GANs. Second, LSGANs perform more stable during the learning process. We evaluate LSGANs on LSUN and CIFAR 10 datasets and the experimental results show that the images generated by LSGANs are of better quality than the ones generated by regular GANs. We also conduct two comparison experiments between LSGANs and regular GANs to illustrate the stability of LSGANs.", "venue": "2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Xudong Mao", "Qing Li", "Haoran Xie", "Raymond Y K Lau", "Zhen Wang", "Stephen Paul Smolley"], "n_citations": 2359, "n_key_citations": 288, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3366315, "title": "Spectral Normalization for Generative Adversarial Networks", "abstract": "One of the challenges in the study of generative adversarial networks is the instability of its training. In this paper, we propose a novel weight normalization technique called spectral normalization to stabilize the training of the discriminator. Our new normalization technique is computationally light and easy to incorporate into existing implementations. We tested the efficacy of spectral normalization on CIFAR10, STL 10, and ILSVRC2012 dataset, and we experimentally confirmed that spectrally normalized GANs (SN GANs) is capable of generating images of better or equal quality relative to the previous training stabilization techniques.", "venue": "ICLR", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Takeru Miyato", "Toshiki Kataoka", "Masanori Koyama", "Yuichi Yoshida"], "n_citations": 2297, "n_key_citations": 402, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 11758569, "title": "Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks", "abstract": "In recent years, supervised learning with convolutional networks (CNNs) has seen huge adoption in computer vision applications. Comparatively, unsupervised learning with CNNs has received less attention. In this work we hope to help bridge the gap between the success of CNNs for supervised learning and unsupervised learning. We introduce a class of CNNs called deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGANs) that have certain architectural constraints, and demonstrate that they are a strong candidate for unsupervised learning. Training on various image datasets, we show convincing evidence that our deep convolutional adversarial pair learns a hierarchy of representations from object parts to scenes in both the generator and discriminator. Additionally, we use the learned features for novel tasks demonstrating their applicability as general image representations.", "venue": "ICLR", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Alec Radford", "Luke Metz", "Soumith Chintala"], "n_citations": 8777, "n_key_citations": 1286, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 1033682, "title": "Generative Adversarial Nets", "abstract": "We propose a new framework for estimating generative models via an adversarial process, in which we simultaneously train two models: a generative model G that captures the data distribution, and a discriminative model D that estimates the probability that a sample came from the training data rather than G. The training procedure for G is to maximize the probability of D making a mistake. This framework corresponds to a minimax two player game. In the space of arbitrary functions G and D, a unique solution exists, with G recovering the training data distribution and D equal to 1/2 everywhere. In the case where G and D are defined by multilayer perceptrons, the entire system can be trained with backpropagation. There is no need for any Markov chains or unrolled approximate inference networks during either training or generation of samples. Experiments demonstrate the potential of the framework through qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the generated samples.", "venue": "NIPS", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Ian J Goodfellow", "Jean Pouget-Abadie", "Mehdi Mirza", "Bing Xu", "David Warde-Farley", "Sherjil Ozair", "Aaron C Courville", "Yoshua Bengio"], "n_citations": 25214, "n_key_citations": 4494, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 12803511, "title": "Conditional Generative Adversarial Nets", "abstract": "Generative Adversarial Nets [8] were recently introduced as a novel way to train generative models. In this work we introduce the conditional version of generative adversarial nets, which can be constructed by simply feeding the data, y, we wish to condition on to both the generator and discriminator. We show that this model can generate MNIST digits conditioned on class labels. We also illustrate how this model could be used to learn a multi modal model, and provide preliminary examples of an application to image tagging in which we demonstrate how this approach can generate descriptive tags which are not part of training labels.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Mehdi Mirza", "Simon Osindero"], "n_citations": 5128, "n_key_citations": 742, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Eloctrolyte based review paper of batteries", "session_id": 1599290339038399, "user_id": 6635925831940318, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 133790035, "title": "Review Paper on RF based Energy Harvesting System", "abstract": "As the law of conservation of Energy states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, it can only be converted or transformed from one form to another, moreover there are various sources of energy like solar, wind, geothermal etc. The purpose of this paper is to put light on radio frequency based energy harvesting systems. The said RF energy is currently transmitted from various sources/transmitters which include mobile base stations, mobile, telephone, TV/radio broadcast stations and handheld radios. The propensity to gather or harvest RF energy from the committed sources empowers or authorizes wireless charging for low power appliances or devices which furthermore results in better product design dependableness and utilization. The battery operating systems can be charged gradually and slowly to abolish battery replacements or to extend battery durability disposable batteries can be used. The battery free systems i.e. RF energy based devices can be designed to work upon availability i.e. when the sufficient charge is accumulated. In all the cases mentioned above the devices or the appliances can be operated without the usage of cables battery panels connectors which can make these devices more mobile and portable while operation and charging as well. All this and more can be achieved by RF based energy harvesting and main cause or reason to harvest RF based energy is that it is consequentially FREE energy. The sources of RF energy are increasing day by day like mobile based transmitters from which more and more energy can be harvested. This paper more importantly focuses on parameters to design the system, methods, different frequency ranges that can be utilized and the respective circuitry for converting Low voltage output to High voltage for various applications using RF based energy harvesting.", "venue": "Communications on Applied Electronics", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Parth Thakar", "Ameya Kadam"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 211193140, "title": "Emerging challenges in the thermal management of cellulose nanofibril based supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries and solar cells: A review.", "abstract": "In recent years, extensive efforts have been devoted to electronic miniaturization and integration. Accordingly, heating up of electronics has become a critical problem that needs to be urgently solved by efficient and reliable thermal management. Electronic device substrates made of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) exhibit outstanding flexibility, mechanical properties, and optical properties. Combining CNFs with high thermal conductivly fillers is an effective thermal management technique. This paper focuses on the thermal management of electronic devices and highlights the potential of CNF based materials for efficient thermal management of energy storage electronic such as supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries and solar cells. A high thermal conductivity composite material for electronic devices can be obtained by combining CNFs as the framework material with carbon nanotubes, graphene, and inorganic nitrides. Moreover, The research progress in the application of CNFs based materials for supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries and solar cells is highlighted, and the emerging challenges of different CNFs based energy storage devices are discussed.", "venue": "Carbohydrate polymers", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Yuehua Zhang", "Ningke Hao", "Xue-jiao Lin", "Shuangxi Nie"], "n_citations": 41, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 216264761, "title": "Review Conducting Polymer Based Binders for Lithium Ion Batteries and Beyond", "abstract": "In the search for active Lithium ion battery materials with ever increasing energy density, the limits of conventional auxiliary materials, such as binders and conducting additives are being tested. Binders adhere to active substances and current collectors, yielding an interconnected electrode structure that ensures mechanical integrity during the (de )lithiation process. Even though the battery binder only accounts for a fraction of battery weight and cost, it is a bottleneck technology in the deployment of high energy density active materials that experience significant volume variation and side reactions. This review paper discusses research on alternative binders derived from conducting polymers (CPs) The use of CPs in binders enables mechanically flexible electronic contacts with the active material with the goal of accommodating larger volume changes within the electrode. Following a summary of the reasoning behind the use of CP based binders, their rational design is reviewed, including novel composite syntheses and chemical modifications. A new class of multifunctional CP based binders exhibits promising properties such as high electronic conductivity, the ability for aqueous processing, and efficient binding that tackle the limiting features of traditional binders. The practical application of these binders in Li ion batteries and beyond is summarized, yielding an outline of current achievements, and a discussion of remaining knowledge gaps and possible future development of such binders.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Van At Nguyen", "Christian Kuss"], "n_citations": 24, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 230606021, "title": "Review Paper on Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Open Landfill", "abstract": "Groundwater is one the important source of fresh water available on earth. It is the one which helps in meeting the water needs for various activities. This groundwater cannot be used for general purposes without assessing the quality of water. Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water should be within the permissible limits. But water quality in most of the areas around the open dump yards are not within the permissible limits due to leachate percolation. This study is to get a detailed idea on the quality of groundwater when waste are dumped in open areas without any Engineered methods. It is found that most of the area around the open landfill contains contaminated groundwater due to open dumping of waste. When the waste contains heavy metals like Zinc (Zn) and Lead (Pb) it is evident that the waste contains batteries, Lead based paints, Fluorescent lamps. This heavy metals, when present beyond the permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) causes serious health issues when it is consumed unceasingly. If leachate contains Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) presence of organic matter in the groundwater is confirmed. Analysis of water quality using statistical analysis, indicates that most of the characteristics which are highly correlated are highly responsible for contamination of groundwater. Based on the parameters which are beyond the permissible limits, the types of waste deposited in that landfill can be identified. Hence suitable appropriate preventive measures", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["M Madhumitha", "C RavathiM"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 220059854, "title": "A critical updated review of the hydrometallurgical routes for recycling zinc and manganese from spent zinc based batteries.", "abstract": "This review paper aims to present and analyse data from the most recent literature (between 2007 and 2019) published on the topic of manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) recovery from zinc based spent batteries through hydrometallurgical methods. In a first attempt, a detailed comparative assessment of the metals leaching performance (as well as the experimental variables that influence its performance) reported in the various studies with strong acid or bases, potentially supplemented by complexing or reducing agents, as well as the reactions involved, are reviewed and discussed. All data point out that the use of a reductant is needed to fully solubilize Mn from spent batteries during the leaching process. Comparison of the data seem to indicate that most reductants have similar performance and, therefore, the choice of a reductant should be focused on low cost or even waste materials. In a second attempt, the separative processes mostly described in the literature to recover Mn and Zn from leachates are reviewed emphasizing the strengths and weaknesses of each technique. Solvent extraction is the most widely tested process for this aim. A thorough comparison of existing data indicates that, in general, neutral extractants have higher potential for selective separation of Zn and Mn. Furthermore, although chemical precipitation is a simple process, low pure final metal hydroxide products are expected to be achieved when alkaline precipitation is implemented comparatively to the Mn oxidative precipitation where Mn can be recovered selectively as a solid of manganese (IV) oxide.", "venue": "Waste management", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["S Maryam Sadeghi", "Joao M Jesus", "Helena M V M Soares"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 224988372, "title": "Thermal management technology of power lithium ion batteries based on the phase transition of materials: A review", "abstract": "Abstract With the rapid development of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles industry, heat generation problem of vehicles power source has been becoming a challenge which influences the temperature distribution and lifespan of batteries. An efficient battery thermal management system for controlling the temperature of batteries in a reasonable range and improving battery module's temperature uniformity to optimize the performance of power lithium ion (Li ion) batteries is necessary. In recent years, phase change material (PCM) is widely used as the working medium of battery thermal management system, which is an effective method to control the working temperature of batteries. In this context, this paper reviews two types of battery thermal management systems (BTMS) based on phase transition principle, including the thermal management system based on solid liquid phase transition principle and the thermal management system based on liquid gas phase transition principle. In addition, for the prediction of battery heat generation, several kinds of existing thermophysical models are reviewed in detail. These thermophysical models can accurately predict the distribution of heating area and the rising trend of temperature, which can provide thought support for the development and construction of thermal management system or model, as well as provide theoretical basis for the established thermal management system. Furthermore, the simulation time and calculation error of various models in computer are also summarized and discussed in this paper. On the other hand, the advantages, disadvantages and cost effectiveness of each battery cooling technology are evaluated and discussed objectively in the latter section of the paper. In view of the shortcomings of some technologies, this paper discusses and puts forward appropriate optimization measures to provide a reasonable solution for the further research of battery thermal management system in the future.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Kun Jiang", "Gaoliang Liao", "E Jiaqiang", "Feng Zhang", "Jingwei Chen", "Erwei Leng"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 220313462, "title": "Review Paper on Recent Active Voltage Balancing Methods for Supercapacitor Energy Storage System", "abstract": "Performance of electrical energy storage system and life expectancy of components of storage system plays vital role in performance of electric vehicle. Based on desirable electrical characteristics compared to Li ion batteries, Supercapacitor Energy storage system (SCESS) is nowadays involved as basic element in energy storage system of electric vehicle. Among various factors that decide life expectancy of supercapacitors, major attention is gained by voltage imbalance during charging of array of supercapacitors. Various techniques of active voltage balancing are already introduced and implemented in practical applications. To overcome disadvantages and improve efficiency of these techniques, modifications are done in traditional balancing circuits and also new techniques are introduced by researchers in recent years. This paper reviews about recent active voltage balancing techniques for array of supercapacitor energy storage system for various applications.", "venue": "2019 5th International Conference On Computing, Communication, Control And Automation (ICCUBEA)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Anuradha A Ghotekar", "B E Kushare"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 20384280, "title": "Paper based batteries: a review.", "abstract": "There is an extensively growing interest in using paper or paper like substrates for batteries and other energy storage devices. Due to their intrinsic characteristics, paper (or paper like) batteries show outstanding performance while retaining low cost, multifunctionality, versatility, flexibility and disposability. In this overview, we review recent achievements in paper (or paper like) batteries as well as their applications. Various types of paper power devices are discussed including electrochemical batteries, biofuel cells, lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, and nanogenerators. Further scientific and technological challenges in this field are also discussed.", "venue": "Biosensors bioelectronics", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Thu H Nguyen", "Arwa Fraiwan", "Seokheun Choi"], "n_citations": 156, "n_key_citations": 5, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 208735191, "title": "A review of electrospun nanofiber based separators for rechargeable lithium ion batteries", "abstract": "Abstract In this paper, state of the art electrospun nanofiber based separators for lithium ion battery (LIB) are reviewed. Recent years, extensive efforts have been made to improve battery performances for future energy applications such as electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Separator, as a crucial component in lithium ion battery, also gained rapid developments to achieve advanced properties. Electrospun nanofiber based membrane is a promising candidate for separator in LIB to enhance lithium ions transportation efficiency due to its ideal features like interconnected porous structures, high porosities and large surface to volume ratio. In this review, we classified electrospun separator into five major types namely the monolayer separator, multilayer separator, modified separator, composite separator and gel polymer electrolyte. Each electrospun separator type was comprehensively discussed and summarized to cover the research achievements within the recent years. The outlook and future directions in this research field are also provided.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Yifu Li", "Qinghai Li", "Zhongchao Tan"], "n_citations": 52, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 126088349, "title": "Failure modes and mechanisms for rechargeable Lithium based batteries: a state of the art review", "abstract": "The Li ion battery (LiB) is regarded as one of the most popular energy storage devices for a wide variety of applications. Since their commercial inception in the 1990s, LiBs have dominated the consumer market of portable electronic devices, especially for laptops, cell phones, and many medical devices. As the transition of Li ion batteries from being used in portable electronic devices to longer lifetime and more safety critical applications, such as electric cars, electrically powered underwater vehicles, and aircrafts, the price of failure has become much more important in terms of both liability and cost (Hendricks et al. in J Power Sources 297:113 120, 2015) This paper reviews the current development and potential problems of Li ion batteries, particularly focusing on the failure mechanism and its possible solutions of Li ion batteries. It has been a general consensus that Li ion batteries will continue to dominate the battery market in the foreseen future as a convenient electric power source. Finally, this paper provides authors' perspectives on future directions and challenges on experimental and computational modeling aspects of Li based battery researches, in particular, the failure analysis of Li based batteries.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Dandan Lyu", "Bo Ren", "Shaofan Li"], "n_citations": 27, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "the beautyful ones are not yet born", "session_id": 7199559540563421, "user_id": 2518863036702004, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 191449196, "title": "The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born", "abstract": "The central story in this book tells of an upright man resisting the temptations of easy bribes and easy satisfactions and winning for his honesty nothing but scorn.", "venue": "", "year": 1968.0, "author_names": ["Ayi Kwei Armah"], "n_citations": 256, "n_key_citations": 6, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 176738557, "title": "The beautyful ones are not yet born", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 1991.0, "author_names": ["Bob Hurst", "Branford Marsalis", "Branford Marsalis Trio", "Jeff Watts", "Wynton Marsalis", "Courtney Pine"], "n_citations": 90, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219086205, "title": "British Popular Culture in Armah's The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born", "abstract": "This article considers the first novel of the Ghanaian author Ayi Kwei Armah, The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born (1968, Oxford: Heinemann) in terms of the novel's references to British popular cul.", "venue": "Scrutiny2", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["David S Robinson"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 229200241, "title": "Armah, Ayi Kwei: The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Thomas Bruckner"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 163674702, "title": "Phantasy and repression in the beautyful ones are not yet born", "abstract": "A recurrent metaphor in criticism of The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born is that of the penetrating eye whose moral vision illuminates the oneness of truth behind the disparate facts of experience; yet this Platonic metaphor has ignored a central problematic in the novel: the riven psyche of its main character. Ayo Mamadu finds the metaphor at work in Armah's text: \"the black artist, by the tenets of Two Thousand Seasons, penetrates to a deeper, connected whole, which usually has the permanence of cyclical form\" (510) The writer lays bare the real by \"penetrating into the essence of the observed object such that from the slice, properties of the whole structure are revealed. By carefully sifting and straining the particular experience, the artist hopes and means to reach the underlying truth which is also universal\" (510 11) Armah's presentation of decay \"sacrifices little by way of penetration for its artistry,\" says Neil Lazarus (140) \"The authorial voice in The Beautyful Ones unifies this plethora of heterogeneous details by filtering them through the web of its moral intelligence. The commentary thus provided structures the political vision of the work as a whole\" (147) According to Dan Izevbaye, the novel challenges \"the beholder to test his ability to penetrate the object to the beauty beyond. The eye of the beholder thus becomes a moral organ and an index to his moral integrity\" (232) Here, the penetrating eye and the integrity of the \"I\" are one. The moral vision of the penetrating organ is given a specular dominance. Dominant specularity is also assumed in Jean Solomon's statement that \"[the] substance of the book is the man's direct look at the quality of existence around him and his struggle to come to terms with it without doing violence to his moral nature\" (26; emphasis added) The man's vision \"sensitively penetrates and dissects. The opening pages of the book take us to the center of this vision\" with images of trash and filth, thus revealing \"the underlying truth of Ghana\" (26) Lazarus, admittedly, analyzes the novel in less Platonic terms: its modality is such that its meaning emerges in a reciprocal, dialectical manner, and this reciprocity \"is most clearly demonstrated in the complex relationship between the affirmative vision that is implicit in \"the man\" 's search for authentic values and the blasted landscape within which the novel's action is staged\" (137 38) This implies that the reader views the landscape as objectively \"there\" through the continuing moral presence of a fictional subject whom we come to trust. Although trustworthy for some, his vision for others is an overreaction. Achebe declared The Beautyful Ones \"a sick book,\" describing its author as an \"alienated native\" (25) Similar, if less dismissive responses have been articulated by Ben Obumselu, Shatto Arthur Gakwandi, and Leonard Kibera.", "venue": "", "year": 1995.0, "author_names": ["Stewart Crehan"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 161910731, "title": "Symbol and meaning in the beautyful ones are not yet born", "abstract": "(1973) Symbol and meaning in the beautyful ones are not yet born. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 4 26.", "venue": "", "year": 1973.0, "author_names": ["Kolawole Ogungbesan"], "n_citations": 7, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 38924018, "title": "Speech and Thought Representation in the Beautyful Ones are Not Yet Born", "abstract": "Speech/Thought representation in literature is dubious, for the relationship between the speech/thought represented and the representing clause, the quoted speaker and the narrator/reporter, and the speaking situation of the two speeches have complex and ambiguous features. Especially, when the character's speech or consciousness is registered in Free Indirect mode, tracing the source of the speeches/consciousnesses becomes problematic as the character's and the narrator's speeches/consciousnesses are blended ambiguously. Hence, this thesis intends to probe and depicts the aforementioned features of various modes of Speech and Thought representation and the effects the modes have in The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born. To this end, relevant extracts that represent the modes used are selected and analyzed thoroughly. Consequently, the study depicts that Direct and Free Direct, Quoted Indirect, and Indirect modes of Speech are applied in the novel under study. The first two modes are used to show interging events and behaviors that move the plot of the novel forward and to portray character's behavior. Quoted Indirect Speech is also used widely to bring in the past experience of characters to their immediate story with their own words rather than the narrator's words. Thus, their reported experiences are emphasized for they are represented in the narrator's direct report. However, the narrator's Indirect report is applied to represent past information used as a background for the story narrated. Nevertheless, Free Indirect Speech is rarely used in the novel. Moreover, Modes of Free Direct, Indirect and Free Indirect Thought are used in the novel. Despite mode of Direct Though is rarely applied, Free Direct mode is employed to let readers probe in the character's mind and learns about their consciousness with less narratorial intervention. Furthermore; Free Indirect Thought is applied to portray the consciousness of the character, to ridicule on characters and to create sympathy. Besides, it is used to control the reader's response to characters. More to the point, the Indirect Speech is applied to provide information has a background effect.", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Abebawu Eshetu"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 178388761, "title": "The beautyful ones are not yet born a novel", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 1975.0, "author_names": ["Ayi Kwei Armah"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 161891314, "title": "The mythic undercurrent in The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 1988.0, "author_names": ["John Coates"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 164753545, "title": "Reviews: A Beautyful Novel: The Beautyful Ones are Not Yet Born", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 1970.0, "author_names": ["Ralph Noble"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "The supervised hierarchical dirichlet process", "session_id": 2557113048010431, "user_id": 2245888302938728, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 1073194, "title": "The Supervised Hierarchical Dirichlet Process", "abstract": "We propose the supervised hierarchical Dirichlet process (sHDP) a nonparametric generative model for the joint distribution of a group of observations and a response variable directly associated with that whole group. We compare the sHDP with another leading method for regression on grouped data, the supervised latent Dirichlet allocation (sLDA) model. We evaluate our method on two real world classification problems and two real world regression problems. Bayesian nonparametric regression models based on the Dirichlet process, such as the Dirichlet process generalised linear models (DP GLM) have previously been explored; these models allow flexibility in modelling nonlinear relationships. However, until now, hierarchical Dirichlet process (HDP) mixtures have not seen significant use in supervised problems with grouped data since a straightforward application of the HDP on the grouped data results in learnt clusters that are not predictive of the responses. The sHDP solves this problem by allowing for clusters to be learnt jointly from the group structure and from the label assigned to each group.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Andrew M Dai", "Amos J Storkey"], "n_citations": 33, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 19147241, "title": "Supervised Topic Modeling Using Hierarchical Dirichlet Process Based Inverse Regression: Experiments on E Commerce Applications", "abstract": "The proliferation of e commerce calls for mining consumer preferences and opinions from user generated text. To this end, topic models have been widely adopted to discover the underlying semantic themes (i.e. topics) Supervised topic models have emerged to leverage discovered topics for predicting the response of interest (e.g. product quality and sales) However, supervised topic modeling remains a challenging problem because of the need to prespecify the number of topics, the lack of predictive information in topics, and limited scalability. In this paper, we propose a novel supervised topic model, Hierarchical Dirichlet Process based Inverse Regression (HDP IR) HDP IR characterizes the corpus with a flexible number of topics, which prove to retain as much predictive information as the original corpus. Moreover, we develop an efficient inference algorithm capable of examining large scale corpora (millions of documents or more) Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the predictive performance over major e commerce benchmark testbeds of online reviews. Overall, HDP IR outperformed existing state of the art supervised topic models. Particularly, retaining sufficient predictive information improved predictive R squared by over 17.6 percent; having topic structure flexibility contributed to predictive R squared by at least 4.1 percent. HDP IR provides an important step for future study on user generated texts from a topic perspective.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Weifeng Li", "Junming Yin", "Hsinchsun Chen"], "n_citations": 7, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 14747499, "title": "Supervised Hierarchical Dirichlet Processes with Variational Inference", "abstract": "We present an extension to the Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP) which allows for the inclusion of supervision. Our model marries the non parametric benefits of HDP with those of Supervised Latent Dirichlet Allocation (SLDA) to enable learning the topic space directly from data while simultaneously including the labels within the model. The proposed model is learned using variational inference which allows for the efficient use of a large training dataset. We also present the online version of variational inference, which makes the method scalable to very large datasets. We show results comparing our model to a traditional supervised parametric topic model, SLDA, and show that it outperforms SLDA on a number of benchmark datasets.", "venue": "2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Cheng Zhang", "Carl Henrik Ek", "Xavi Gratal", "Florian T Pokorny", "Hedvig Kjellstrom"], "n_citations": 17, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 1476569, "title": "Statistical Anomaly Detection in Human Dynamics Monitoring Using a Hierarchical Dirichlet Process Hidden Markov Model", "abstract": "Understanding of human dynamics has drawn attention to various areas. The wide spread of positioning technologies, such as GPS facilitates location information to be obtained with high spatio temporal resolution as well as at low costs. By collecting individual location information in real time, monitoring of human dynamics has recently become possible and is expected to the area of dynamic traffic control. In this monitoring, detecting anomalous states of human dynamics become important. This research aims to define an anomaly detection problem of the human dynamics monitoring with time series gridded population data and develop an anomaly detection method for this problem. According to the result of a review we have conducted, we discussed the characteristics of the anomaly detection in human dynamics monitoring and categorized our problem to a semi supervised anomaly detection problem that detects contextual anomalies behind time series data. We developed an anomaly detection method based on a sticky hierarchical Dirichlet process hidden Markov model, which is able to estimate the number of latent states according to the input data. Results of the experiment with synthetic data showed that our proposed method has good fundamental performance with respect to the detection rate. Through the experiments with real gridded population data, anomalies were detected when and where an actual social event had occurred.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Takashi Fuse", "Kei Kamiya"], "n_citations": 33, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 6996650, "title": "Hierarchical Dirichlet scaling process", "abstract": "We present the hierarchical Dirichlet scaling process (HDSP) a Bayesian nonparametric mixed membership model. The HDSP generalizes the hierarchical Dirichlet process to model the correlation structure between metadata in the corpus and mixture components. We construct the HDSP based on the normalized gamma representation of the Dirichlet process, and this construction allows incorporating a scaling function that controls the membership probabilities of the mixture components. We develop two scaling methods to demonstrate that different modeling assumptions can be expressed in the HDSP. We also derive the corresponding approximate posterior inference algorithms using variational Bayes. Through experiments on datasets of newswire, medical journal articles, conference proceedings, and product reviews, we show that the HDSP results in a better predictive performance than labeled LDA, partially labeled LDA, and author topic model and a better negative review classification performance than the supervised topic model and SVM.", "venue": "Machine Learning", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Dongwoo Kim", "Alice H Oh"], "n_citations": 11, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 16848294, "title": "Learning Latent Activities from Social Signals with Hierarchical Dirichlet Processes", "abstract": "Understanding human activities is an important research topic, most noticeably in assisted living and healthcare monitoring environments. Beyond simple forms of activity (e.g. an RFID event of entering a building) learning latent activities that are more semantically interpretable, such as sitting at a desk, meeting with people, or gathering with friends, remains a challenging problem. Supervised learning has been the typical modeling choice in the past. However, this requires labeled training data, is unable to predict never seen before activity, and fails to adapt to the continuing growth of data over time. In this chapter, we explore the use of a Bayesian nonparametric method, in particular the hierarchical Dirichlet process, to infer latent activities from sensor data acquired in a pervasive setting. Our framework is unsupervised, requires no labeled data, and is able to discover new activities as data grows. We present experiments on extracting movement and interaction activities from sociometric badge signals and show how to use them for detecting of subcommunities. Using the popular Reality Mining dataset, we further demonstrate the extraction of colocation activities and use them to automatically infer the structure of social subgroups.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Dinh Q Phung", "Thuong Nguyen", "Sunil Gupta", "Svetha Venkatesh"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 12500367, "title": "Activity recognition using a supervised non parametric hierarchical HMM", "abstract": "The problem of classifying human activities occurring in depth image sequences is addressed. The 3D joint positions of a human skeleton and the local depth image pattern around these joint positions define the features. A two level hierarchical Hidden Markov Model (H HMM) with independent Markov chains for the joint positions and depth image pattern, is used to model the features. The states corresponding to the H HMM bottom level characterize the granular poses while the top level characterizes the coarser actions associated with the activities. Further, the H HMM is based on a Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP) and is fully non parametric with the number of pose and action states inferred automatically from data. This is a significant advantage over classical HMM and its extensions. In order to perform classification, the relationships between the actions and the activity labels are captured using multinomial logistic regression. The proposed inference procedure ensures alignment of actions from activities with similar labels. Our construction enables information sharing, allows incorporation of unlabelled examples and provides a flexible factorized representation to include multiple data channels. Experiments with multiple real world datasets show the efficacy of our classification approach. Hierarchical composition of poses enables information sharing and model simplification.The non parametric nature estimates Markov states automatically from data.Inference procedure suitable for sequence classification.", "venue": "Neurocomputing", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Natraj Raman", "Stephen J Maybank"], "n_citations": 37, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 10720120, "title": "SSHLDA: A Semi Supervised Hierarchical Topic Model", "abstract": "Supervised hierarchical topic modeling and unsupervised hierarchical topic modeling are usually used to obtain hierarchical topics, such as hLLDA and hLDA. Supervised hierarchical topic modeling makes heavy use of the information from observed hierarchical labels, but cannot explore new topics; while unsupervised hierarchical topic modeling is able to detect automatically new topics in the data space, but does not make use of any information from hierarchical labels. In this paper, we propose a semi supervised hierarchical topic model which aims to explore new topics automatically in the data space while incorporating the information from observed hierarchical labels into the modeling process, called Semi Supervised Hierarchical Latent Dirichlet Allocation (SSHLDA) We also prove that hLDA and hLLDA are special cases of SSHLDA. We conduct experiments on Yahoo! Answers and ODP datasets, and assess the performance in terms of perplexity and clustering. The experimental results show that predictive ability of SSHLDA is better than that of baselines, and SSHLDA can also achieve significant improvement over baselines for clustering on the FScore measure.", "venue": "EMNLP", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Xianling Mao", "Zhaoyan Ming", "Tat-Seng Chua", "Si Li", "Hongfei Yan", "Xiaoming Li"], "n_citations": 50, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 77375170, "title": "ML HDP: A Hierarchical Bayesian Nonparametric Model for Recognizing Human Actions in Video", "abstract": "Action recognition from videos is an important area of computer vision research due to its various applications, ranging from visual surveillance to human computer interaction. To address action recognition problems, this paper presents a framework that jointly models multiple complex actions and motion units at different hierarchical levels. We achieve this by proposing a generative topic model, namely, multi label hierarchical Dirichlet process (ML HDP) The ML HDP model formulates the co occurrence relationship of actions and motion units, and enables highly accurate recognition. In particular, our topic model possesses the three level representation in action understanding, where low level local features are connected to high level actions via mid level atomic actions. This allows the recognition model to work discriminatively. In our ML HDP, atomic actions are treated as latent topics and automatically discovered from data. In addition, we incorporate the notion of class labels into our model in a semi supervised fashion to effectively learn and infer multi labeled videos. Using discovered topics and inferred labels, which are jointly assigned to local features, we present the straightforward methods to perform three recognition tasks including action classification, joint classification and segmentation of continuous actions, and spatiotemporal action localization. In experiments, we explore the use of three different features and demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach for these tasks on four public datasets: KTH, MSR II, Hollywood2, and UCF101.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Nguyen Anh Tu", "Thien Huynh-The", "Kifayat-Ullah Khan", "Young-Koo Lee"], "n_citations": 24, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 14210608, "title": "Weakly Supervised Joint Sentiment Topic Detection from Text", "abstract": "Sentiment analysis or opinion mining aims to use automated tools to detect subjective information such as opinions, attitudes, and feelings expressed in text. This paper proposes a novel probabilistic modeling framework called joint sentiment topic (JST) model based on latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) which detects sentiment and topic simultaneously from text. A reparameterized version of the JST model called Reverse JST, obtained by reversing the sequence of sentiment and topic generation in the modeling process, is also studied. Although JST is equivalent to Reverse JST without a hierarchical prior, extensive experiments show that when sentiment priors are added, JST performs consistently better than Reverse JST. Besides, unlike supervised approaches to sentiment classification which often fail to produce satisfactory performance when shifting to other domains, the weakly supervised nature of JST makes it highly portable to other domains. This is verified by the experimental results on data sets from five different domains where the JST model even outperforms existing semi supervised approaches in some of the data sets despite using no labeled documents. Moreover, the topics and topic sentiment detected by JST are indeed coherent and informative. We hypothesize that the JST model can readily meet the demand of large scale sentiment analysis from the web in an open ended fashion.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Chenghua Lin", "Yulan He", "Richard M Everson", "Stefan M Ruger"], "n_citations": 297, "n_key_citations": 28, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "speech emotion recognition", "session_id": 7639158819148111, "user_id": 3320034197897867, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 219065494, "title": "Introducing the Urdu Sindhi Speech Emotion Corpus: A Novel Dataset of Speech Recordings for Emotion Recognition for Two Low Resource Languages", "abstract": "Speech emotion recognition is one of the most active areas of research in the field of affective computing and social signal processing. However, most research is directed towards a select group of languages such as English, German, and French. This is mainly due to a lack of available datasets in other languages. Such languages are called low resource languages given that there is a scarcity of publicly available datasets. In the recent past, there has been a concerted effort within the research community to create and introduce datasets for emotion recognition for low resource languages. To this end, we introduce in this paper the Urdu Sindhi Speech Emotion Corpus, a novel dataset consisting of 1,435 speech recordings for two widely spoken languages of South Asia, that is Urdu and Sindhi. Furthermore, we also trained machine learning models to establish a baseline for classification performance, with accuracy being measured in terms of unweighted average recall (UAR) We report that the best performing model for Urdu language achieves a UAR 65.00% on the validation partition and a UAR 56.96% on the test partition. Meanwhile, the model for Sindhi language achieved UARs of 66.50% and 55.29% on the validation and test partitions, respectively. This classification performance is considerably better than the chance level UAR of 16.67% The dataset can be accessed via https:/zenodo.org/record/3685274.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Zafi Sherhan Syed", "Sajjad Ali", "Muhammad Shehram", "Abbas Shah"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 210883887, "title": "Speech emotion recognition: Emotional models, databases, features, preprocessing methods, supporting modalities, and classifiers", "abstract": "Abstract Speech is the most natural way of expressing ourselves as humans. It is only natural then to extend this communication medium to computer applications. We define speech emotion recognition (SER) systems as a collection of methodologies that process and classify speech signals to detect the embedded emotions. SER is not a new field, it has been around for over two decades, and has regained attention thanks to the recent advancements. These novel studies make use of the advances in all fields of computing and technology, making it necessary to have an update on the current methodologies and techniques that make SER possible. We have identified and discussed distinct areas of SER, provided a detailed survey of current literature of each, and also listed the current challenges.", "venue": "Speech Commun.", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Mehmet Berkehan Akcay", "Kaya Oguz"], "n_citations": 95, "n_key_citations": 5, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 210043094, "title": "A CNN Assisted Enhanced Audio Signal Processing for Speech Emotion Recognition", "abstract": "Speech is the most significant mode of communication among human beings and a potential method for human computer interaction (HCI) by using a microphone sensor. Quantifiable emotion recognition using these sensors from speech signals is an emerging area of research in HCI, which applies to multiple applications such as human reboot interaction, virtual reality, behavior assessment, healthcare, and emergency call centers to determine the speaker's emotional state from an individual's speech. In this paper, we present major contributions for; (i) increasing the accuracy of speech emotion recognition (SER) compared to state of the art and (ii) reducing the computational complexity of the presented SER model. We propose an artificial intelligence assisted deep stride convolutional neural network (DSCNN) architecture using the plain nets strategy to learn salient and discriminative features from spectrogram of speech signals that are enhanced in prior steps to perform better. Local hidden patterns are learned in convolutional layers with special strides to down sample the feature maps rather than pooling layer and global discriminative features are learned in fully connected layers. A SoftMax classifier is used for the classification of emotions in speech. The proposed technique is evaluated on Interactive Emotional Dyadic Motion Capture (IEMOCAP) and Ryerson Audio Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song (RAVDESS) datasets to improve accuracy by 7.85% and 4.5% respectively, with the model size reduced by 34.5 MB. It proves the effectiveness and significance of the proposed SER technique and reveals its applicability in real world applications.", "venue": "Sensors", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["", "Soonil Kwon"], "n_citations": 56, "n_key_citations": 5, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 214018462, "title": "Speech emotion recognition with deep convolutional neural networks", "abstract": "Abstract The speech emotion recognition (or, classification) is one of the most challenging topics in data science. In this work, we introduce a new architecture, which extracts mel frequency cepstral coefficients, chromagram, mel scale spectrogram, Tonnetz representation, and spectral contrast features from sound files and uses them as inputs for the one dimensional Convolutional Neural Network for the identification of emotions using samples from the Ryerson Audio Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song (RAVDESS) Berlin (EMO DB) and Interactive Emotional Dyadic Motion Capture (IEMOCAP) datasets. We utilize an incremental method for modifying our initial model in order to improve classification accuracy. All of the proposed models work directly with raw sound data without the need for conversion to visual representations, unlike some previous approaches. Based on experimental results, our best performing model outperforms existing frameworks for RAVDESS and IEMOCAP, thus setting the new state of the art. For the EMO DB dataset, it outperforms all previous works except one but compares favorably with that one in terms of generality, simplicity, and applicability. Specifically, the proposed framework obtains 71.61% for RAVDESS with 8 classes, 86.1% for EMO DB with 535 samples in 7 classes, 95.71% for EMO DB with 520 samples in 7 classes, and 64.3% for IEMOCAP with 4 classes in speaker independent audio classification tasks.", "venue": "Biomed. Signal Process. Control.", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Dias Issa", "M Fatih Demirci", "Adnan Yazici"], "n_citations": 44, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 150269335, "title": "Feature Selection Based Transfer Subspace Learning for Speech Emotion Recognition", "abstract": "Cross corpus speech emotion recognition has recently received considerable attention due to the widespread existence of various emotional speech. It takes one corpus as the training data aiming to recognize emotions of another corpus, and generally involves two basic problems, i.e. feature matching and feature selection. Many previous works study these two problems independently, or just focus on solving the first problem. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm, called feature selection based transfer subspace learning (FSTSL) to address these two problems. To deal with the first problem, a latent common subspace is learnt by reducing the difference of different corpora and preserving the important properties. Meanwhile, we adopt the l2/mml:mo>1/mml:mrow>/mml:msub>/mml:math>/inline formula> norm on the projection matrix to deal with the second problem. Besides, to guarantee the subspace to be robust and discriminative, the geometric information of data is exploited simultaneously in the proposed FSTSL framework. Empirical experiments on cross corpus speech emotion recognition tasks demonstrate that our proposed method can achieve encouraging results in comparison with state of the art algorithms.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Peng Song", "Wenming Zheng"], "n_citations": 26, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 218597564, "title": "Clustering Based Speech Emotion Recognition by Incorporating Learned Features and Deep BiLSTM", "abstract": "Emotional state recognition of a speaker is a difficult task for machine learning algorithms which plays an important role in the field of speech emotion recognition (SER) SER plays a significant role in many real time applications such as human behavior assessment, human robot interaction, virtual reality, and emergency centers to analyze the emotional state of speakers. Previous research in this field is mostly focused on handcrafted features and traditional convolutional neural network (CNN) models used to extract high level features from speech spectrograms to increase the recognition accuracy and overall model cost complexity. In contrast, we introduce a novel framework for SER using a key sequence segment selection based on redial based function network (RBFN) similarity measurement in clusters. The selected sequence is converted into a spectrogram by applying the STFT algorithm and passed into the CNN model to extract the discriminative and salient features from the speech spectrogram. Furthermore, we normalize the CNN features to ensure precise recognition performance and feed them to the deep bi directional long short term memory (BiLSTM) to learn the temporal information for recognizing the final state of emotion. In the proposed technique, we process the key segments instead of the whole utterance to reduce the computational complexity of the overall model and normalize the CNN features before their actual processing, so that it can easily recognize the Spatio temporal information. The proposed system is evaluated over different standard dataset including IEMOCAP, EMO DB, and RAVDESS to improve the recognition accuracy and reduce the processing time of the model, respectively. The robustness and effectiveness of the suggested SER model is proved from the experimentations when compared to state of the art SER methods with an achieve up to 72.25% 85.57% and 77.02% accuracy over IEMOCAP, EMO DB, and RAVDESS dataset, respectively.", "venue": "IEEE Access", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Mustaqeem", "Muhammad Sajjad", "Soonil Kwon"], "n_citations": 38, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 204801099, "title": "Speech Emotion Recognition with Dual Sequence LSTM Architecture", "abstract": "Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) has emerged as a critical component of the next generation of human machine interfacing technologies. In this work, we propose a new dual level model that predicts emotions based on both MFCC features and mel spectrograms produced from raw audio signals. Each utterance is preprocessed into MFCC features and two mel spectrograms at different time frequency resolutions. A standard LSTM processes the MFCC features, while a novel LSTM architecture, denoted as Dual Sequence LSTM (DS LSTM) processes the two mel spectrograms simultaneously. The outputs are later averaged to produce a final classification of the utterance. Our proposed model achieves, on average, a weighted accuracy of 72.7% and an unweighted accuracy of 73.3% a 6% improvement over current state of the art unimodal models and is comparable with multimodal models that leverage textual information as well as audio signals.", "venue": "ICASSP 2020 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Jianyou Wang", "Michael Xue", "Ryan Culhane", "Enmao Diao", "Jie Ding", "Vahid Tarokh"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221748924, "title": "Deep Net: A Lightweight CNN Based Speech Emotion Recognition System Using Deep Frequency Features", "abstract": "Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are employed to make systems smarter. Today, the speech emotion recognition (SER) system evaluates the emotional state of the speaker by investigating his/her speech signal. Emotion recognition is a challenging task for a machine. In addition, making it smarter so that the emotions are efficiently recognized by AI is equally challenging. The speech signal is quite hard to examine using signal processing methods because it consists of different frequencies and features that vary according to emotions, such as anger, fear, sadness, happiness, boredom, disgust, and surprise. Even though different algorithms are being developed for the SER, the success rates are very low according to the languages, the emotions, and the databases. In this paper, we propose a new lightweight effective SER model that has a low computational complexity and a high recognition accuracy. The suggested method uses the convolutional neural network (CNN) approach to learn the deep frequency features by using a plain rectangular filter with a modified pooling strategy that have more discriminative power for the SER. The proposed CNN model was trained on the extracted frequency features from the speech data and was then tested to predict the emotions. The proposed SER model was evaluated over two benchmarks, which included the interactive emotional dyadic motion capture (IEMOCAP) and the berlin emotional speech database (EMO DB) speech datasets, and it obtained 77.01% and 92.02% recognition results. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed CNN based SER system can achieve a better recognition performance than the state of the art SER systems.", "venue": "Sensors", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Tursunov Anvarjon", "", "Soonil Kwon"], "n_citations": 19, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 213636084, "title": "Feature extraction algorithms to improve the speech emotion recognition rate", "abstract": "In this digitally growing era speech emotion recognition plays significant role in several applications such as Human Computer Interface (HCI) lie detection, automotive system to assist steering, intelligent tutoring system, audio mining, security, Telecommunication, Interaction between a human and machine at home, hospitals, shops etc. Speech is a unique human characteristic used as a tool to communicate and express one's perspective to others. Speech emotion recognition is extracting the emotions of the speaker from his or her speech signal. Feature extraction, Feature selection and classifier are three main stages of the emotion recognition. The main aim of this work is to improve the speech emotion recognition rate of a system using the different feature extraction algorithms. The work emphasizes on the preprocessing of the received audio samples where the noise from speech samples is removed using filters. In next step, the Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) pitch, energy and Zero crossing rate (ZCR) algorithms are used for extracting the features. In feature selection stage Global feature algorithm is used to remove redundant information from features and to identify the emotions from extracted features machine learning classification algorithms are used. These feature extraction algorithms are validated for universal emotions comprising Anger, Happiness, Sad and Neutral.", "venue": "Int. J. Speech Technol.", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Anusha Koduru", "Hima Bindu Valiveti", "Budati Anil Kumar"], "n_citations": 22, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221139446, "title": "Jointly Fine Tuning \"BERT like\" Self Supervised Models to Improve Multimodal Speech Emotion Recognition", "abstract": "Multimodal emotion recognition from speech is an important area in affective computing. Fusing multiple data modalities and learning representations with limited amounts of labeled data is a challenging task. In this paper, we explore the use of modality specific \"BERT like\" pretrained Self Supervised Learning (SSL) architectures to represent both speech and text modalities for the task of multimodal speech emotion recognition. By conducting experiments on three publicly available datasets (IEMOCAP, CMU MOSEI, and CMU MOSI) we show that jointly fine tuning \"BERT like\" SSL architectures achieve state of the art (SOTA) results. We also evaluate two methods of fusing speech and text modalities and show that a simple fusion mechanism can outperform more complex ones when using SSL models that have similar architectural properties to BERT.", "venue": "INTERSPEECH", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Shamane Siriwardhana", "Andrew Reis", "Rivindu Weerasekera", "Suranga Nanayakkara"], "n_citations": 20, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "The Japanese chart of charts", "session_id": 183344504224826, "user_id": 5471915004616982, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 166541431, "title": "The Japanese chart of charts", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 1986.0, "author_names": ["Qing Shui Zheng Ji", "G Nicholson"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 22837458, "title": "Clinical features of axillary osmidrosis: A retrospective chart review of 723 Japanese patients", "abstract": "Axillary osmidrosis often disturbs a person's social life, particularly in Asian countries. However, the clinical aspects of this condition have not been well documented in the English language published work. This study aimed to provide information on the features of axillary osmidrosis, with a particular focus on sex differences. A retrospective review was made of the charts for 723 Japanese patients (492 female, 231 male) The mean age at initial presentation (29.1 years) was nearly the same for males and females. Almost all patients (96.1% had wet earwax, which was extremely high compared to its frequency in the general Japanese population. An association with hyperhidrosis was seen in 61.8% of these patients. Subjective odor levels in female patients were significantly lower than those in males (P 0.001) A positive family history was more frequent for females than for males (P 0.001) and prior treatment history was also more frequent for females than for males (P 0.015) Most patients (86.6% had received some treatments in our clinic. There were significantly fewer females who underwent surgical treatments compared to males (P 0.026) as females preferred less invasive techniques (P 0.001) Several features, including male/female ratios, and associations of wet earwax and hyperhidrosis, corresponded to previously reported data on axillary osmidrosis. Female patients were more concerned with axillary odor than males, and females had a tendency for polysurgery.", "venue": "The Journal of dermatology", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Daichi Morioka", "Fumio Ohkubo", "Yoshiyasu Amikura"], "n_citations": 11, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 33784822, "title": "Risk assessment chart for predicting fatty liver in Japanese subjects.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of fatty liver is done mainly by ultrasonography, which it is not included in the usual health checkup examinations. The aim of this study was to develop an index to predict the existence of fatty liver using tests that are part of specific health examinations. METHODS A total of 7,305 Japanese (4,042 men; 3,263 women) who underwent annual health checks were enrolled. Body mass index (BMI) Waist circumference (WC) blood pressure, and levels of triglyceride (TG) high density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase were used to predict fatty liver, and a stepwise procedure was used to select an optimal subset of dummy regressors. The probabilities for predicting fatty liver were calculated from the logistic regression equation using the constant and coefficients for each variable. RESULTS Risk assessment charts for predicting the probability of fatty liver were developed. These probabilities were displayed in a color coded manner by combining BMI, TG, FPG, ALT, and WC. CONCLUSION Our fatty liver predicting index consisted of the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and ALT, thus indicating a close relationship of fatty liver and MetS. The use of this index enables quantitative assessments of the severity of MetS.", "venue": "The Tokai journal of experimental and clinical medicine", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Fumiyo Inabe", "Eiko Takahashi", "Kengo Moriyama", "Masako Negami", "Hiroki Otsuka"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 53219683, "title": "Establishment of a longitudinal growth chart corresponding to pubertal timing", "abstract": "Abstract. A standard growth chart is indispensable for evaluating an individual's growth. In Japan, the cross sectional growth chart from fiscal year 2000 is most commonly used in the clinical setting. However, when using the current standard growth chart to assess growth during puberty, two problems are encountered. First, the individual pubertal height trajectory does not fit the cross sectional growth chart because the pubertal height curve of individuals rises more sharply than that indicated by the cross sectional growth chart. Second, variations in the timing of an individuals' growth spurt render it difficult or impossible to assess individual growth patterns using a single chart. To address these two issues, new growth charts were established using height measurements of 6744 boys and 6929 girls born between April 1975 and March 1976 in the Akita Prefecture. Individuals whose age at peak height velocity (agePHV) was 2 standard deviation greater or lesser than the mean were excluded, and the remaining participants were divided into three groups according to the first and third quartiles of agePHV. Finally, we established three longitudinal growth charts each for boys and girls based on a healthy Japanese population.", "venue": "Clinical pediatric endocrinology case reports and clinical investigations official journal of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Keisuke Yoshii", "Toshiaki Tanaka"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 43248491, "title": "Risk assessment chart for death from cardiovascular disease based on a 19 year follow up study of a Japanese representative population.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND Based on the NIPPON DATA80, risk charts for the probability of death from coronary heart disease (CHD) stroke, and all cardiovascular disease (CVD) were constructed by sex and 10 year age groups. METHODS AND RESULTS The 9,638 participants were followed up for 19 years from 1980, excluding 28 individuals without the necessary baseline data and 257 participants with past history of stroke or CHD. Final analysis was performed on 9,353 participants (4,098 men, mean age 50.3 years; 5,255 women, mean age 50.8) using a Cox proportional hazards model. Death probabilities over a 10 year period from CHD, stroke, and all CVD were calculated and displayed as color coding on each chart by combining 10 year age, systolic blood pressure, smoking, and serum total cholesterol and glucose levels. Six different colors corresponding to probabilities of death were displayed on each chart. CONCLUSIONS The original charts based on the findings from NIPPON DATA80 are suitable for assessing CHD, stroke, and all CVD death risk in the general Japanese population. These charts should be used as a health education tool for lifestyle modification targeting individuals with CVD risk factors.", "venue": "Circulation journal official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society", "year": 2006.0, "author_names": "", "n_citations": 126, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 28311380, "title": "More fundamental and practical indices based on the data analysis of NIPPON DATA 80 might be needed for clinical settings.", "abstract": "To the Editor: Five years have passed since the risk assessment chart developed from NIPPON DATA801 was released. There is no doubt that it is an innovative tool, corresponding to the Framingham Score,2 that can be applied to Japanese people. However, we occasionally face some problems when we apply it in the clinical setting. The risk assessment chart is a model that assesses risk by estimating the probability of death from cardiovascular disease based on various risk factors. The chart does not involve complex calculations and includes 6 color coded ranks, thus providing a quick reference in the clinical setting. The range in which values can be extrapolated is indicated, thereby obviating the risk of extrapolating extreme values that is associated with formulas. At this point this chart can be an innovative tool. However, in clinical studies, model formulas are more useful than charts in some cases. For example, the various probabilities of death are conventionally calculated as continuous values, which in a 6 rank system would be converted to discrete classes and become less precise. When calculating the number needed to treat from the absolute mortality rate, the certainty of values would be reduced by the width of the ranks. In addition, in today's highly computerized environment, formulas may be easier to use than charts when analyzing many patients at once. Because the study did not specify the b value for each risk factor or the total mortality rate in each population based on the Cox proportional hazards model, the reader is unable to calculate and reproduce the probability of death in each population. If these values were shown, the degree of the effect of each risk factor could be assessed. Moreover, as the goodness of fit of this model was not described, its level of explanation can not be inferred. Based on this, we believe it would be useful to release more fundamental and practical indices about this chart, as with the Framingham Score.2", "venue": "Circulation journal official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["Yuichiro Yamada", "Shoji Haruta"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 25176449, "title": "[Drug use evaluation of antidyslipidemic agents at a community hospital in Japan]", "abstract": "OBJECTIVES In recent years, the therapeutic implications of dyslipidemias have been clarified in large scale epidemiologic surveys, and the validity of pharmacotherapy has been established. We investigated the practical realities of pharmacotherapy for dyslipidemias at a community hospital in Japan. METHODS Medical chart surveys were performed retrospectively on 451 dyslipidemic outpatients who visited a community hospital in Japan in July 1997. We collected clinical data from medical charts regarding selected drugs for dyslipidemias, serum lipid levels before drug treatment and after one year of treatment, and risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) RESULTS Regardless of dyslipidemia phenotype, approximately 80% of patients were administered statins. The possibility was raised that physicians recorded risk factors in medical charts incompletely, particularly with regard to family CHD history, smoking, and obesity. Based on Japanese and us guidelines for dyslipidemias, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels fully satisfied the requirements for initiating pharmacotherapy in the present study. However, the higher the risk of CHD, the lower the percentage of subjects who met the treatment goals defined by both guidelines. Only 23% of patients at high risk for CHD controlled LDL cholesterol sufficiently based on Japanese guidelines. CONCLUSION To optimize pharmacotherapy for dyslipidemias, medical staff should assess risk factors for CHD more completely and attempt to achieve full control of serum lipids, particularly in patients at high risk for CHD.", "venue": "Yakugaku zasshi Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan", "year": 2002.0, "author_names": ["Kazuko Ujita", "Keiko Ohno", "Masayuki Hashiguchi", "Hirotoshi Echizen", "Tadaaki Rikihisa", "Hiroyasu Ogata"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 14033345, "title": "Cochineal dye induced immediate allergy: Review of Japanese cases and proposed new diagnostic chart.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND Cochineal dye is used worldwide as a red coloring in foods, drinks, cosmetics, quasi drugs, and drugs. The main component of the red color is carminic acid (CA) Carmine is an aluminum or calcium chelated product of CA. CA and carmine usually contain contaminating proteins, including a 38 kDa protein thought to be the primary allergen. Severe allergic reactions manifest as anaphylaxis. The aim of this study was to review all Japanese reported cases and propose useful diagnostic chart. METHODS All reported Japanese cases of cochineal dye induced immediate allergy were reviewed, and newly registered cases were examined by skin prick test (SPT) with cochineal extract (CE) and measurement of CE and carmine specific serum IgE test. Two dimensional (2D) western blotting using patient serum was conducted to identify the antigen. RESULTS Twenty two Japanese cases have been reported. SPT and the level of specific IgE test indicated that six cases should be newly registered as cochineal dye allergy. All cases were adult females, and all cases except three involved anaphylaxis; 13 cases involved past history of local symptoms associated with cosmetics use. Japanese strawberry juice and fish meat sausage, and European processed foods (especially macarons made in France) and drinks were recent major sources of allergen. 2D western blotting showed that patient IgE reacted to the 38 kDa protein and other proteins. Serum from healthy controls also weakly reacted with these proteins. CONCLUSIONS SPT with CE and determination of the level of CE and carmine specific IgE test are useful methods for the diagnosis of cochineal dye allergy.", "venue": "Allergology international official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Naoko Takeo", "Masashi Nakamura", "Satoshi Nakayama", "Osamu Okamoto", "Naoki Sugimoto", "Shinichi Sugiura", "Nayu Sato", "Susumu Harada", "Masao Yamaguchi", "Naoya Mitsui", "Yumiko Kubota", "Kayoko Suzuki", "Makoto Terada", "Akiyo Nagai", "Junko Sowa-Osako", "Yutaka Hatano", "Hiroshi Akiyama", "Akiko Yagami", "Sakuhei Fujiwara", "Kayoko Matsunaga"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 17099856, "title": "Growth standard charts for Japanese children with mean and standard deviation (SD) values based on the year 2000 national survey", "abstract": "Growth charts are essential and universally used for evaluating growth and development of children in both clinical settings and in public health examinations (1, 2) We previously reported the growth standards for Japanese children with percentile values based on the year 2000 national survey data (3) which were established by the lambda mu sigma (LMS) method (4) These standards have been widely used mainly in public health examinations. In clinical practices, Japanese physicians preferably assess growth with standard deviation (SD) scores, because many physicians feel that percentiles are not suitable for monitoring children with extreme growth retardation. Considering this, we created practical growth charts with mean and SD values, based on the criteria of the national medical aid program for specific pediatric chronic diseases by using the eye fitting method (5) Although these charts have been widely used in clinical settings, they do not reflect the correct distributions of height and weight for Japanese children, especially the weight chart. Weight is not usually distributed normatively, but the practical weight chart was made with the assumption of a normal distribution. To this end, we saw the need for growth standards that can be used appropriately both for clinical and public health purposes. Therefore, we reanalyzed the previously reported growth standard charts with percentile values (3) and constructed the growth standards with mean and SD values for Japanese children, which would be applicable not only for clinical practices but also for public health examinations.", "venue": "Clinical pediatric endocrinology case reports and clinical investigations official journal of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Tsuyoshi Isojima", "Noriko Kato", "Yoshiya Ito", "Susumu Kanzaki", "Mitsunori Murata"], "n_citations": 51, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 195844631, "title": "Clinical Characteristics of Pars Tensa Cholesteatoma: A Comparative Study of Area Based Classification Systems Proposed by the Japanese Otological Society and the European Academy of Otology Neuro Otology.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVES To assess the clinical characteristics of extent patterns in pars tensa cholesteatoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective chart review. Forty four patients with pars tensa cholesteatoma who underwent primary surgery at a tertiary academic medical center were included. The main outcomes measured were sex, age, clinical background, and stage classification of pars tensa cholesteatoma (including the extent of cholesteatoma and involvement of the sinus tympani) according to two staging classifications: criteria advocated by the Japanese Otological Society (JOS) and those advocated by the European Academy of Otology and Neuro Otology (EAONO)/JOS joint consensus statements. RESULTS The mean patient age standard deviation was 38.4+ 19.6 years. The patients comprised 19 men and 25 women. According to the JOS classification, 18 ears (40.9% were classified as stage I, 22 (50.0% as stage II, and 4 (9.1% as stage III. According to the EAONO/JOS joint consensus statements, 14 ears (31.8% were classified as stage I, 26 (59.1% as stage II, and 4 (9.1% as stage III. Fourteen ears (31.8% demonstrated involvement of the sinus tympani. Four ears (9.1% that were originally categorized as stage I cholesteatoma by the JOS criteria showed sinus tympani invasion and were subsequently categorized as stage II according to the EAONO/JOS criteria. CONCLUSION We determined the clinical characteristics of pars tensa cholesteatoma based on the novel and well defined classification criteria. Further studies including long term outcomes are necessary to demonstrate the clinical relevance of the discrepancy between the two criteria with respect to involvement of the sinus tympani.", "venue": "The journal of international advanced otology", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Masaomi Motegi", "Yutaka Yamamoto", "Takeshi Tada", "Masahiro Takahashi", "Sayaka Sampei", "Hiromi Sano", "Tsunetaro Morino", "Manabu Komori", "Masahiro Miura", "Kazuhisa Yamamoto", "Yuichiro Yaguchi", "Yuika Sakurai", "Hiromi Kojima"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Stress level OR Depression AND diabetes quality of life", "session_id": 1232544594590449, "user_id": 2773079202734895, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 219071979, "title": "Analysis of Factors Affecting the Depression and Quality of Life in the Family Taking Care of Dementia Patients", "abstract": "Background/Objectives: This study was intended to identify the factor having influence on the stress, depression and the quality of life in the family who care the patient with dementia.Method/Statistical Analysis: For this study, raw data were requested to Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and among them, the data for 150,802 citizens of 45 years or older in D Metropolitan City were analyzed. For the analysis, the statistical software R program was used and the significance level was 0.05.Findings: Out of the factors having influence on the family who are cohabitating with the patient with dementia, the factors having influence on the quality of life were age, benefit of basic living security, lifelong drinking, days of medium level of physical activity, diabetes, arthritis, subjective oral health level, subjective health level, experience of depression, etc..Improvements/Applications: This study was intended to provide the basic data to develop the programs for the health improvement and the health education of the family who care the patient with dementia", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Kyung-hee Kang", "Kwon-Seob So", "Hye-jeong Hwang"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 11886390, "title": "[The quality of life, symptoms of depression and coping with stress among individuals with type 2 diabetes preliminary study]", "abstract": "AIM To compare quality of life, symptoms of depression and strategies of coping with stress among individuals with type 2 diabetes and healthy individuals in their middle age, and also to verify the correlation of the aforementioned variables. METHODS 87 persons took part in the study: 42 persons with type 2 diabetes and 45 healthy persons. There were used 4 questionnaires with recognized psychometric properties. RESULTS The results showed significant differences in the level of global quality of life, satisfaction with health and physical domain, symptoms of depression, and also in terms of reactive coping with stress, which focuses on emotions and avoidance. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with diabetes have lower global perceived quality of life and satisfaction with health and physical domain. In this group, the intensity of depressive symptoms is higher. Both groups use a task oriented style with the same frequency in times of stress. Persons with diabetes use an emotion oriented style more often than healthy persons, whereas the latter use an avoidance oriented style. Both groups use various proactive coping strategies with the same frequency.", "venue": "Psychiatria polska", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Dorota Kalka"], "n_citations": 11, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 54068640, "title": "Effect of relaxation therapy on depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life among diabetic patients", "abstract": "Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of relaxation therapy on depression, anxiety, stress, quality of life, and blood glucose levels among patients diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Methods: A quasi experimental research design was used. Sample: Convenience sample of 70 patients was recruited and assigned to one of two groups, an intervention group (Group A) and a control group (Group B) A table of random numbers was generated and used to make group assignments. Setting: The study was conducted at Medical Outpatient Clinics in Menoufia University Hospital, Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Instruments: Data collection included a structured interview questionnaire that included socio demographic characteristics and clinical data, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL BRIEF) Results: The findings indicate that anxiety level, stress, depression, and quality of life were improved in the intervention group with a statistically significant degree compared to the control group. Conclusions: Relaxation therapy improved depression, anxiety, stress, quality of life, and blood glucose levels among patients diagnosed with T2DM. Recommendation: Relaxation therapy, patient education programs and treatment protocols should be integrated into the medical outpatient clinic to assist patients diagnosed with T2DM to cope with their stress, anxiety, depression, and enhance blood glucose control.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Sabah M Ebrahem", "Samah Elgarhy Masry"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 152069292, "title": "Depression as Related to Quality of Life Andsocial Support among Patients with Diabetes", "abstract": "The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship among depression, social support, and quality of life in 59 diabetic patients (Males= 25, Females= 34) visiting different hospitals in Sialkot and Gujranwala. The sample was selected by purposive sampling technique. Three standardized tools; Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet& Farley, 1988) Quality of Life Scale (WHO, 1991) and depression items from Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (Lovibond Lovibond, 1995) were used in the present study to collect the data. The results indicated that there is a significant negative relationship among depression, social support, and quality of life in diabetic patients. Moreover, the relationship of sociodemographic variables of diabetic patients was also explored with the level of depression, quality of life and social support. Implications of the findings were discussed.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Sameera Shafiq", "Amira Iftekhar"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 56224941, "title": "EXAMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MINDFULNESS BASED STRESS REDUCTION PROGRAM AND CONSCIOUS YOGA ON QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES TYPE 2", "abstract": "Objective: Diabetes is a chronic disease that causes severe side effects in patients. According to the previous studies, the incidence of depression and anxiety is higher among patients with diabetes type 2. The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the effectiveness of mindfulness based stress reduction program and conscious yoga on depression, anxiety and stress in patients with diabetes type 2. Materials and Methods: The study was quasi experimental with pre test, post test, control group and a 2 month follow up. 24 patients among patients with diabetes who referred to Imam Hossein hospital were selected in an available way and were randomly assigned into experimental (n1=12) and control groups (n2=12) The level of quality of life was measured using Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF 36) in pre test. Then, participants of the experimental group received group mindfulness based stress reduction program and conscious yoga for 8 sessions. After completing the interventions, patients' quality of life level was measured again and data were analyzed using multivariate repeated measurement model. Results Findings showed there is a significant difference between experimental and control groups in terms of the quality of life level and mindfulness based stress reduction program significantly increases the quality of life in the participants of the experimental group. Conclusion: The result of this study suggests that mindfulnessbased stress reduction program can be an appropriate therapeutic method for improving quality of life in patients with diabetes type 2.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Soheila Rahmani", "Alireza Zahirrodin", "Mahshid Moradi", "Shahrzad Hoveida", "Somayeh Nejati"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 209313133, "title": "Health related Quality of Life and Its Predictors in Korean Patients with Myocardial Infarction in the Acute Phase", "abstract": "This study aims to investigate health related quality of life (HRQoL) of Korean patients in the acute phase of myocardial infarction (MI) and correlates of this important patient outcome. A total of 150 patients with recent MI were recruited. The Korean version of the MacNew Quality of Life after Myocardial Infarction Questionnaire was used to assess their HRQoL. Demographic, behavioural and disease related factors were also assessed and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21) was used for psychological well being. Participants who had a higher education level and better financial status had better HRQoL. Diabetes, history of stroke, other heart disease and a higher score of the DASS 21 were adversely associated with HRQoL. The findings of this study help identify risk factors that are related to lower HRQoL after MI. Early psychological and financial support may help reduce the impact of MI on patients' overall health and quality of life.", "venue": "Clinical nursing research", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Kyoungrim Kang", "Leila Gholizadeh", "Hae-Ra Han"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 198276241, "title": "Lower urinary tract symptoms and quality of life in community dwelling individuals aged 45 years and over. A population based study", "abstract": "The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with the impairment of quality of life (QoL) in community dwelling individuals with LUTS. A randomized sample of the population registered in the Family Health Program Niteroi aged 45 years or over was selected. Information about demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, co morbidities and nocturia was collected. The NANDA I taxonomy was used to identify the other LUTS, and QoL evaluation was performed in accordance with the SF 36 Short Form questionnaire (SF36 SF) For the SF36 SF domains (outcome) associated with LUTS, multiple logistic models were tested including the urinary symptoms and the sociodemographic and associated clinical variables. Stress urinary incontinence was associated with white skin, female gender, obesity, smoking, alcohol intake, depression and low scores in all evaluated domains of QoL. Nocturia was associated with advanced age, low schooling level, higher BMI, hypertension, diabetes, health insurance and the lowest scores in all evaluated domains of Qol, except for the Role Emotional. According to multivariate analysis, stress incontinence and depression are associated with the highest risks of low scores in General Health, Physical Functioning and Vitality domains, while nocturia and obesity showed association with the highest risks of low scores in Physical Functioning, Bodily Pain and Vitality domains.", "venue": "Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Carlos Augusto Faria", "Dayse Mary S Correia", "K S Panisset", "Maria Luiza Garcia Rosa"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 209407901, "title": "Health related quality of life and readmission of patients with cardiovascular disease in South Korea", "abstract": "Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the health related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with cardiovascular disease and its relationship to hospital readmission. Methods: The cross sectional study used data from 1037 adults aged 19 years diagnosed with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris. Raw data were obtained from the fourth to sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007 2014) Results: Readmission was found to be associated with age, living status, education level, unemployment, individual income level, stroke, osteoarthritis, diabetes, depression, low stress level, walking days per week, and activity limitations due to cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: In summary, readmission was related to HRQOL among patients with myocardial infarction. Interventions that consider efforts to reduce readmission through improved diagnosis and development of systematic management of cardiovascular disease symptoms are required.", "venue": "Perspectives in public health", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Hyun Su Kim", "Yoonjung Kim", "Haejin Kwon"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 22113363, "title": "[Emotional distress and quality of life in people with diabetes and their families]", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE The daily experience of living with diabetes can adversely affect the quality of life of people with diabetes and their families. We present the results for Spain of the DAWN2 study related to quality of life and wellbeing of patients and their families. METHODS The DAWN2 study is an observational, cross sectional study. In the present study, we used the Spanish sample of patients (N=502) and their relatives (N=123) RESULTS A total of 13.9% of patients were at risk of possible depression while 50.0% of people with diabetes and 45.5% of family members reported a high level of diabetes related emotional stress. CONCLUSIONS People with diabetes experience high levels of stress and the psychosocial impact of diabetes also affects family members.", "venue": "Gaceta sanitaria", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Marina Belendez Vazquez", "Inaki Lorente Armendariz", "Mercedes Maderuelo Labrador"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 116090301, "title": "Emotional distress and quality of life in people with diabetes and their families", "abstract": "Objective The daily experience of living with diabetes can adversely affect the quality of life of people with diabetes and their families. We present the results for Spain of the DAWN2 study related to quality of life and wellbeing of patients and their families. Methods The DAWN2 study is an observational, cross sectional study. In the present study, we used the Spanish sample of patients (N=502) and their relatives (N=123) Results A total of 13.9% of patients were at risk of possible depression while 50.0% of people with diabetes and 45.5% of family members reported a high level of diabetes related emotional stress. Conclusions People with diabetes experience high levels of stress and the psychosocial impact of diabetes also affects family members.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Marina Belendez Vazquez", "Inaki Armendariz", "Mercedes Maderuelo Labrador"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "sanity check for saliency maps", "session_id": 4579032668979261, "user_id": 1315603484971541, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 208121311, "title": "Learning Reliable Visual Saliency For Model Explanations", "abstract": "By highlighting important features that contribute to model prediction, visual saliency is used as a natural form to interpret the working mechanism of deep neural networks. Numerous methods have been proposed to achieve better saliency results. However, we find that previous visual saliency methods are not reliable enough to provide meaningful interpretation through a simple sanity check: saliency methods are required to explain the output of non maximum prediction classes, which are usually not ground truth classes. For example, let the methods interpret an image of \"dog\" given a wrong class label \"fish\" as the query. This procedure can test whether these methods reliably interpret model's predictions based on existing features that appear in the data. Our experiments show that previous methods failed to pass the test by generating similar saliency maps or scattered patterns. This false saliency response can be dangerous in certain scenarios, such as medical diagnosis. We find that these failure cases are mainly due to the attribution vanishing and adversarial noise within these methods. In order to learn reliable visual saliency, we propose a simple method that requires the output of the model to be close to the original output while learning an explanatory saliency mask. To enhance the smoothness of the optimized saliency masks, we then propose a simple Hierarchical Attribution Fusion (HAF) technique. In order to fully evaluate the reliability of visual saliency methods, we propose a new task Disturbed Weakly Supervised Object Localization (D WSOL) to measure whether these methods can correctly attribute the model's output to existing features. Experiments show that previous methods fail to meet this standard, and our approach helps to improve the reliability by suppressing false saliency responses. After observing a significant layout difference in saliency masks between real and adversarial samples. we propose to train a simple CNN on these learned hierarchical attribution masks to distinguish adversarial samples. Experiments show that our method can improve detection performance over other approaches significantly.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Multimedia", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Yulong Wang", "Hang Su", "Bo Zhang", "Xiaolin Hu"], "n_citations": 11, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 201125339, "title": "XRAI: Better Attributions Through Regions", "abstract": "Saliency methods can aid understanding of deep neural networks. Recent years have witnessed many improvements to saliency methods, as well as new ways for evaluating them. In this paper, we 1) present a novel region based attribution method, XRAI, that builds upon integrated gradients (Sundararajan et al. 2017) 2) introduce evaluation methods for empirically assessing the quality of image based saliency maps (Performance Information Curves (PICs) and 3) contribute an axiom based sanity check for attribution methods. Through empirical experiments and example results, we show that XRAI produces better results than other saliency methods for common models and the ImageNet dataset.", "venue": "2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Andrei Kapishnikov", "Tolga Bolukbasi", "Fernanda Vi'egas", "Michael Terry"], "n_citations": 42, "n_key_citations": 9, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 174801164, "title": "Segment Integrated Gradients: Better attributions through regions", "abstract": "Saliency methods can aid understanding of deep neural networks. Recent years have witnessed many improvements to saliency methods, as well as new ways for evaluating them. In this paper, we 1) present a novel region based attribution method, Segment Integrated Gradients (SIG) that builds upon integrated gradients (Sundararajan et al. 2017) 2) introduce evaluation methods for empirically assessing the quality of image based saliency maps (Performance Information Curves (PICs) and 3) contribute an axiom based sanity check for attribution methods. Through empirical experiments and example results, we show that SIG produces better results than other saliency methods for common models and the ImageNet dataset.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Andrei Kapishnikov", "Tolga Bolukbasi", "Fernanda B Viegas", "Michael Terry"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 52938797, "title": "Sanity Checks for Saliency Maps", "abstract": "Saliency methods have emerged as a popular tool to highlight features in an input deemed relevant for the prediction of a learned model. Several saliency methods have been proposed, often guided by visual appeal on image data. In this work, we propose an actionable methodology to evaluate what kinds of explanations a given method can and cannot provide. We find that reliance, solely, on visual assessment can be misleading. Through extensive experiments we show that some existing saliency methods are independent both of the model and of the data generating process. Consequently, methods that fail the proposed tests are inadequate for tasks that are sensitive to either data or model, such as, finding outliers in the data, explaining the relationship between inputs and outputs that the model learned, and debugging the model. We interpret our findings through an analogy with edge detection in images, a technique that requires neither training data nor model. Theory in the case of a linear model and a single layer convolutional neural network supports our experimental findings.", "venue": "NeurIPS", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Julius Adebayo", "Justin Gilmer", "Michael Muelly", "Ian J Goodfellow", "Moritz Hardt", "Been Kim"], "n_citations": 631, "n_key_citations": 87, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 235422412, "title": "Investigating sanity checks for saliency maps with image and text classification", "abstract": "Saliency maps have shown to be both useful and misleading for explaining model predictions especially in the context of images. In this paper, we perform sanity checks for text modality and show that the conclusions made for image do not directly transfer to text. We also analyze the effects of the input multiplier in certain saliency maps using similarity scores, max sensitivity and infidelity evaluation metrics. Our observations reveal that the input multiplier carries input's structural patterns in explanation maps, thus leading to similar results regardless of the choice of model parameters. We also show that the smoothness of a Neural Network (NN) function can affect the quality of saliency based explanations. Our investigations reveal that replacing ReLUs with Softplus and MaxPool with smoother variants such as LogSumExp (LSE) can lead to explanations that are more reliable based on the infidelity evaluation metric.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Narine Kokhlikyan", "Vivek Miglani", "Bilal Alsallakh", "Miguel Martin", "Orion Reblitz-Richardson"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 208548470, "title": "Sanity Checks for Saliency Metrics", "abstract": "Saliency maps are a popular approach to creating post hoc explanations of image classifier outputs. These methods produce estimates of the relevance of each pixel to the classification output score, which can be displayed as a saliency map that highlights important pixels. Despite a proliferation of such methods, little effort has been made to quantify how good these saliency maps are at capturing the true relevance of the pixels to the classifier output (i.e. their \"fidelity\" We therefore investigate existing metrics for evaluating the fidelity of saliency methods (i.e. saliency metrics) We find that there is little consistency in the literature in how such metrics are calculated, and show that such inconsistencies can have a significant effect on the measured fidelity. Further, we apply measures of reliability developed in the psychometric testing literature to assess the consistency of saliency metrics when applied to individual saliency maps. Our results show that saliency metrics can be statistically unreliable and inconsistent, indicating that comparative rankings between saliency methods generated using such metrics can be untrustworthy.", "venue": "AAAI", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Richard J Tomsett", "Daniel Harborne", "Supriyo Chakraborty", "Prudhvi K Gurram", "Alun David Preece"], "n_citations": 19, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 230688621, "title": "Faithful Saliency Maps: Explaining Neural Networks by Augmenting \"Competition for Pixels\"", "abstract": "For certain machine learning models such as image classifiers, saliency methods promise to answer a crucial question: At the pixel level, where does the model look to classify a given image? If existing methods truthfully answer this question, they can bring some level of interpretability to an area of machine learning where it has been inexcusably absent: namely, to image classifying neural networks, usually considered some of the most \"blackbox\" classifiers. A multitude of different saliency methods has been developed over the last few years recently, however, Adebayo et al. [1] revealed that many of them fail socalled \"sanity checks\" That is, these methods act as mere edge detectors of the input image, outputting the same convincing looking saliency map completely independently of the model under investigation! Not only do they not illuminate the inner workings of the model at hand, but they may actually deceive the model investigator into believing that the model is working as it should. To fix these deceptive methods and save them from the trash pile of discarded research, Gupta and Arora [11] proposed an algorithm called competition for pixels. Yet as we uncovered, competition can be deceiving itself! This thesis makes three main contributions: (1) It examines competition for pixels, showing that the algorithm has serious issues in the few class setting. (2) It proposes an augmentation of the competition algorithm designed to address these issues. (3) It experimentally verifies the effectiveness of said augmentation.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Jorma Peer Gorns"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 168169969, "title": "A Simple Saliency Method That Passes the Sanity Checks", "abstract": "There is great interest in \"saliency methods\" (also called \"attribution methods\" which give \"explanations\" for a deep net's decision, by assigning a \"score\" to each feature/pixel in the input. Their design usually involves credit assignment via the gradient of the output with respect to input. Recently Adebayo et al. [arXiv:1810.03292] questioned the validity of many of these methods since they do not pass simple *sanity checks* which test whether the scores shift/vanish when layers of the trained net are randomized, or when the net is retrained using random labels for inputs. We propose a simple fix to existing saliency methods that helps them pass sanity checks, which we call \"competition for pixels\" This involves computing saliency maps for all possible labels in the classification task, and using a simple competition among them to identify and remove less relevant pixels from the map. The simplest variant of this is \"Competitive Gradient \\odot$ Input (CGI)\" it is efficient, requires no additional training, and uses only the input and gradient. Some theoretical justification is provided for it (especially for ReLU networks) and its performance is empirically demonstrated.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Arushi Gupta", "Sanjeev Arora"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 231639321, "title": "Benchmarking Perturbation based Saliency Maps for Explaining Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents", "abstract": "Recent years saw a plethora of work on explaining complex intelligent agents. One example is the development of several algorithms that generate saliency maps which show how much each pixel attributed to the agents' decision. However, most evaluations of such saliency maps focus on image classification tasks. As far as we know, there is no work which thoroughly compares different saliency maps for Deep Reinforcement Learning agents. This paper compares four perturbation based approaches to create saliency maps for Deep Reinforcement Learning agents trained on four different Atari 2600 games. All four approaches work by perturbing parts of the input and measuring how much this affects the agent's output. The approaches are compared using three computational metrics: dependence on the learned parameters of the agent (sanity checks) faithfulness to the agent's reasoning (input degradation) and run time.", "venue": "ArXiv", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Tobias Huber", "Benedikt Limmer", "Elisabeth Andr'e"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 235490210, "title": "Benchmarking Perturbation based Saliency Maps for Explaining Atari Agents", "abstract": "Recent years saw a plethora of work on explaining complex intelligent agents. One example is the development of several algorithms that generate saliency maps which show how much each pixel attributed to the agents' decision. However, most evaluations of such saliency maps focus on image classification tasks. As far as we know, there is no work that thoroughly compares different saliency maps for Deep Reinforcement Learning agents. This paper compares four perturbationbased approaches to create saliency maps for Deep Reinforcement Learning agents trained on four different Atari 2600 games. All four approaches work by perturbing parts of the input and measuring how much this affects the agent's output. The approaches are compared using three computational metrics: dependence on the learned parameters of the agent (sanity checks) faithfulness to the agent's reasoning (input degradation) and run time. In particular, during the sanity checks we find issues with two approaches and propose a solution to fix one of those issues.", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Tobias Huber", "Benedikt Limmer", "Elisabeth Andr'e"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Preclinical validation of anti-nuclear factor-kappa B therapy to inhibit human vestibular schwannoma growth", "session_id": 7644768236107686, "user_id": 5463562898817666, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 21328469, "title": "Preclinical validation of anti nuclear factor kappa B therapy to inhibit human vestibular schwannoma growth", "abstract": "Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) the most common tumors of the cerebellopontine angle, arise from Schwann cells lining the vestibular nerve. Pharmacotherapies against VS are almost non existent. Although the therapeutic inhibition of inflammatory modulators has been established for other neoplasms, it has not been explored in VS. A bioinformatic network analysis of all genes reported to be differentially expressed in human VS revealed a pro inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF kB) as a central molecule in VS pathobiology. Assessed at the transcriptional and translational level, canonical NF kB complex was aberrantly activated in human VS and derived VS cultures in comparison to control nerves and Schwann cells, respectively. Cultured primary VS cells and VS derived human cell line HEI 193 were treated with specific NF kB siRNAs, experimental NF kB inhibitor BAY11 7082 (BAY11) and clinically relevant NF kB inhibitor curcumin. Healthy human control Schwann cells from the great auricular nerve were also treated with BAY11 and curcumin to assess toxicity. All three treatments significantly reduced proliferation in primary VS cultures and HEI 193 cells, with siRNA, 5 mM BAY11 and 50 mM curcumin reducing average proliferation standard error of mean) to 62.33% 10.59% 14.3 9.7% and 23.0 20.9% of control primary VS cells, respectively. These treatments also induced substantial cell death. Curcumin, unlike BAY11, also affected primary Schwann cells. This work highlights NF kB as a key modulator in VS cell proliferation and survival and demonstrates therapeutic efficacy of directly targeting NF kB in VS.", "venue": "Molecular oncology", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Sonam Dilwali", "Martijn C Briet", "S Y Kao", "Takeshi Fujita", "Lukas D Landegger", "Michael P Platt", "Konstantina M Stankovic"], "n_citations": 23, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 51801425, "title": "Preclinical Validation of Anti Nuclear Factor Kappa B Therapy against Vestibular Schwannoma and Neurofibromatosis Type II", "abstract": "Abstract Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a genetic disorder that causes substantial suffering and debility due to many tumors that occur on the nerves within the skull and spine throughout a person's life. The hallmark of NF2 is vestibular schwannomas (VSs) also known as acoustic neuromas, which occur on the vestibular nerves that connect the inner ear with the brain. Initially, VSs cause hearing loss. However, as they grow, they can compress the brainstem and cause death. Current treatment options are limited to surgical removal and radiation therapy, both of which carry substantial risks, including deafness and facial paralysis. Although drug therapies against NF2 are gaining momentum, more effective and better tolerated drugs are sorely needed. Because NF2 tumors are typically slowly growing and non malignant, even therapies that simply reduce tumor volume and retard growth can be lifesaving. The most successful drug used today to treat NF2, bevacizumab, works in only about 50% of patients in halting tumor growth or causing tumor shrinkage. Bevacizumab is known to inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) but its precise mechanism of action in VSs is unknown. Our overriding objective it to develop new and better drug therapies to help people with NF2. Using an unbiased bioinformatic approach that synthesizes published knowledge on the genes that are known to be aberrantly expressed in NF2, we have identified a key role for nuclear factor kappa B (NF Kappa B We hypothesize that increased NF B signaling in VS contributes to abnormal growth, and that inhibition of the NF Kappa B pathway can prevent growth and promote death of VSs. We have proven this hypothesis in vitro, using primary human VS cells treated with 3 different NF kappa B inhibitors: (1) shRNA, (2) an experimental drug, BAY11, and (3) a dietary supplement, curcumin.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Konstantina M Stankovic"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 1050139, "title": "Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory medications are cytostatic against human vestibular schwannomas.", "abstract": "Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) are the most common tumors of the cerebellopontine angle. Significant clinical need exists for pharmacotherapies against VSs. Motivated by previous findings that immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) correlates with VS growth rate, we investigated the role of COX 2 in VSs and tested COX 2 inhibiting salicylates against VSs. COX 2 was found to be aberrantly expressed in human VS and primary human VS cells in comparison with control human nerve specimens and primary Schwann cells (SCs) respectively. Furthermore, levels of prostaglandin E2, the downstream enzymatic product of COX 2, were correlated with primary VS culture proliferation rate. Because COX 2 inhibiting salicylates such as aspirin are well tolerated and frequently clinically used, we assessed their repurposing for VS. Changes in proliferation, cell death, and cell viability were analyzed in primary VS cultures treated with aspirin, sodium salicylate, or 5 aminosalicylic acid. These drugs neither increased VS cell death nor affected healthy SCs. The cytostatic effect of aspirin in vitro was in concurrence with our previous clinical finding that patients with VS taking aspirin demonstrate reduced tumor growth. Overall, this work suggests that COX 2 is a key modulator in VS cell proliferation and survival and highlights salicylates as promising pharmacotherapies against VS.", "venue": "Translational research the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Sonam Dilwali", "S Y Kao", "Takeshi Fujita", "Lukas D Landegger", "Konstantina M Stankovic"], "n_citations": 32, "n_key_citations": 6, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 30546574, "title": "Aspirin Intake Correlates With Halted Growth of Sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma In Vivo", "abstract": "Objective Given the presence of a pathological immune response in sporadic vestibular schwannoma (sVS) this study aims to explore the roles of aspirin in minimizing sVS growth in vivo. Study Design Retrospective case review. Setting Tertiary care hospital. Patients People diagnosed with sVS and followed at a tertiary referral center by serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for at least 4 months within the period of January 1980 through April 2012. Main Outcome Measures Patient use of aspirin and sVS growth rate measured by changes in the largest tumor dimension as noted on serial MRIs Results Within a set of 689 cases, 347 were followed by serial MRI scans (50.3% of the latter, 81 took aspirin, of which, 33 demonstrated sVS growth, and 48 did not. Of the 266 nonaspirin users, 154 demonstrated sVS growth, and 112 did not. A significant inverse association was found among aspirin users and sVS growth (odds ratio [OR] 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29 0.85) which was not confounded by age or sex. Conclusion Our results suggest a potential therapeutic role of aspirin in inhibiting sVS growth.", "venue": "Otology neurotology official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Cherian K Kandathil", "Sonam Dilwali", "Chen-Chi Wu", "Metin Ibrahimov", "Michael J McKenna", "Hang Lee", "Konstantina M Stankovic"], "n_citations": 40, "n_key_citations": 8, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 205609626, "title": "Tumor Penetrating Delivery of siRNA against TNFa to Human Vestibular Schwannomas", "abstract": "Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is the most common tumor of the cerebellopontine angle, and it typically presents with sensorineural hearing loss. The genomic landscape of schwannoma is complex and many of the molecules implicated in VS pathogenesis represent targets not amenable to antibody based or small molecule therapeutics. Tumor targeted delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics provides a direct and effective means to interrogate targets while minimizing off target effects. To establish a preclinical model for therapeutic inhibition of putative targets in VS, archived tumor specimens, fresh tumor cells derived from patients with sporadic VS, and an established schwannoma cell line were screened. Nanoparticles directed by the tumor homing peptide iRGD were selectively taken up by primary VS cultures in vitro via interactions with avb3/b5 integrins and neuropilin 1 (NRP 1) Cellular uptake was inhibited by a neutralizing antibody against av integrin in a dose dependent manner. When applied to primary VS cultures, iRGD targeted nanoparticles delivered siRNA directed against TNFa in a receptor specific fashion to potently silence gene expression and protein secretion. Taken together, our results provide a proof of principle for tumor targeted, nanoparticle mediated delivery of siRNA to VS and establish a novel platform for the development and pre clinical screening of molecular therapeutics against VS.", "venue": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Yin Ren", "Jessica E Sagers", "Lukas D Landegger", "Sangeeta N Bhatia", "Konstantina M Stankovic"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 46876362, "title": "A Unified Methodological Framework for Vestibular Schwannoma Research.", "abstract": "Vestibular schwannomas are the most common neoplasms of the cerebellopontine angle, making up 6 8% percent of all intracranial growths. Though these tumors cause sensorineural hearing loss in up to 95% of affected individuals, the molecular mechanisms underlying this hearing loss remain elusive. This article outlines the steps established in our laboratory to facilitate the collection and processing of various primary human tissue samples for downstream research applications integral to the study of vestibular schwannomas. Specifically, this work describes a unified methodological framework for the collection, processing, and culture of Schwann and schwannoma cells from surgical samples. This is integrated with parallel processing steps now considered essential for current research: the collection of tumor and nerve secretions, the preservation of RNA and the extraction of protein from collected tissues, the fixation of tissue for the preparation of sections, and the exposure of primary human cells to adeno associated viruses for application to gene therapy. Additionally, this work highlights the translabyrinthine surgical approach to collect this tumor as a unique opportunity to obtain human sensory epithelium from the inner ear and perilymph. Tips to improve experimental quality are provided and common pitfalls highlighted.", "venue": "Journal of visualized experiments JoVE", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Lukas D Landegger", "Jessica E Sagers", "Sonam Dilwali", "Takeshi Fujita", "Mehmet Ilhan Sahin", "Konstantina M Stankovic"], "n_citations": 8, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3071547, "title": "Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer", "abstract": "Cancers arise owing to the accumulation of mutations in critical genes that alter normal programmes of cell proliferation, differentiation and death. As the first stage of a systematic genome wide screen for these genes, we have prioritized for analysis signalling pathways in which at least one gene is mutated in human cancer. The RAS RAF MEK ERK MAP kinase pathway mediates cellular responses to growth signals. RAS is mutated to an oncogenic form in about 15% of human cancer. The three RAF genes code for cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinases that are regulated by binding RAS. Here we report BRAF somatic missense mutations in 66% of malignant melanomas and at lower frequency in a wide range of human cancers. All mutations are within the kinase domain, with a single substitution (V599E) accounting for 80% Mutated BRAF proteins have elevated kinase activity and are transforming in NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, RAS function is not required for the growth of cancer cell lines with the V599E mutation. As BRAF is a serine/threonine kinase that is commonly activated by somatic point mutation in human cancer, it may provide new therapeutic opportunities in malignant melanoma.", "venue": "Nature", "year": 2002.0, "author_names": ["H Davies", "Graham Bignell", "Charles Cox", "Philip J Stephens", "Sarah Edkins", "Sheila Clegg", "Jon W Teague", "Hayley B Woffendin", "Mathew J Garnett", "William E Bottomley", "Neil Davis", "E Dicks", "Rebecca Ewing", "Yvonne Floyd", "Kristian A Gray", "Sarah Hall", "Rachel Hawes", "Jaime Hughes", "Vivian Kosmidou", "Andrew Menzies", "Catherine Mould", "Adrian Parker", "Claire H Stevens", "Stephen Watt", "Steven Hooper", "Rebecca Wilson", "Hiran Jayatilake", "Barry Gusterson", "Colin S Cooper", "Janet M Shipley", "Darren R Hargrave", "Kathy Pritchard-Jones", "Norman J Maitland", "Georgia Chenevix-Trench", "Gregory J Riggins", "Darell D Bigner", "Giuseppe Palmieri", "Antonio Cossu", "Adrienne M Flanagan", "Andrew G Nicholson", "Judy W C Ho", "Suet Yi Leung", "Siu Tsan Yuen", "Barbara L Weber", "Hilliard F Seigler", "Timothy L Darrow", "Hugh E Paterson", "Richard M Marais", "Christopher J Marshall", "R Wooster", "Michael R Stratton", "P Andrew Futreal"], "n_citations": 9145, "n_key_citations": 482, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 205145885, "title": "From ancient herb to modern drug: Artemisia annua and artemisinin for cancer therapy.", "abstract": "Artemisia annua L. is used throughout Asia and Africa as tea and press juice to treat malaria and related symptomes (fever, chills) Its active ingredient, artemisinin (ARS) has been developed as antimalarial drug and is used worldwide. Interestingly, the bioactivity is not restricted to malaria treatment. We and others found that ARS type drugs also reveal anticancer in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we give a systematic overview of the literature published over the past two decades until the end of 2016. Like other natural products, ARS acts in a multi specific manner against tumors. The cellular response of ARS and its derivatives (dihydroartemisinin, artesunate, artemether, arteether) towards cancer cells include oxidative stress response by reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, DNA damage and repair (base excision repair, homologous recombination, non homologous end joining) various cell death modes (apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, oncosis) inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor related signal transduction pathways (e.g. Wnt/b catenin pathway, AMPK pathway, metastatic pathways, and others) and signal transducers (NF kB, MYC/MAX, AP 1, CREBP, mTOR etc) ARS type drugs are at the stairways to the clinics. Several published case reports and pilot phase I/II trials indicate clinical anticancer activity of these compounds. Because of unexpected cases of hepatotoxicity, combinations of ARS type drugs with complementary and alternative medicines are not recommended, until controlled clinical trials will prove the safety of non approved combination treatments.", "venue": "Seminars in cancer biology", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Thomas Efferth"], "n_citations": 200, "n_key_citations": 7, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3345796, "title": "Targeting the Raf MEK ERK mitogen activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer", "abstract": "Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signaling pathways involved in the regulation of normal cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Aberrant regulation of MAPK cascades contribute to cancer and other human diseases. In particular, the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK pathway has been the subject of intense research scrutiny leading to the development of pharmacologic inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. ERK is a downstream component of an evolutionarily conserved signaling module that is activated by the Raf serine/threonine kinases. Raf activates the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)1/2 dual specificity protein kinases, which then activate ERK1/2. The mutational activation of Raf in human cancers supports the important role of this pathway in human oncogenesis. Additionally, the Raf MEK ERK pathway is a key downstream effector of the Ras small GTPase, the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancers. Finally, Ras is a key downstream effector of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which is mutationally activated and/or overexpressed in a wide variety of human cancers. ERK activation also promotes upregulated expression of EGFR ligands, promoting an autocrine growth loop critical for tumor growth. Thus, the EGFR Ras Raf MEK ERK signaling network has been the subject of intense research and pharmaceutical scrutiny to identify novel target based approaches for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the current status of the different approaches and targets that are under evaluation and development for the therapeutic intervention of this key signaling pathway in human disease.", "venue": "Oncogene", "year": 2007.0, "author_names": ["Patrick J Roberts", "Channing J Der"], "n_citations": 2423, "n_key_citations": 103, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 22086516, "title": "EGF ERBB signalling: towards the systems level", "abstract": "Signalling through the ERBB/HER receptors is intricately involved in human cancer and already serves as a target for several cancer drugs. Because of its inherent complexity, it is useful to envision ERBB signalling as a bow tie configured, evolvable network, which shares modularity, redundancy and control circuits with robust biological and engineered systems. Because network fragility is an inevitable trade off of robustness, systems level understanding is expected to generate therapeutic opportunities to intercept aberrant network activation.", "venue": "Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology", "year": 2006.0, "author_names": ["Ami Citri", "Yosef Yarden"], "n_citations": 1807, "n_key_citations": 101, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "productivity in telework", "session_id": 3641507066071779, "user_id": 818591807266484, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 203315324, "title": "Mechanisms to improve labor productivity by performing telework", "abstract": "Abstract This study investigates mechanisms underlying the influence of telework on labor productivity in Japan. First, this study finds that appropriate telework hours increase labor productivity, but when telework hours are too long, telework decreases labor productivity. Second, telework increases life satisfaction, and life satisfaction improves labor productivity. However, telework increases the stress of balancing work and domestic chores, contrary to Japanese governmental expectations, and the stress decreases life satisfaction. The stress, fortunately, does not directly reduce labor productivity. Although telework increases happiness and work satisfaction, these factors do not influence labor productivity. Third, this study clarifies that telework is more efficient for improving labor productivity if workers commute more than 1 h or commute by trains or buses that are usually very crowded during rush hours in Japan. Finally, the effect of telework for workers who have a greater number of potential trivial duties is insignificantly larger. Supervisors and colleagues often ask others to perform trivial, extra tasks without regard for schedules. Telework may help workers avoid such trivial duties and increase labor productivity. However, the importance of trivial duties is also demonstrated in this study.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Sachiko Kazekami"], "n_citations": 48, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 226704536, "title": "Workplace Motivation: Addressing Telework as a Mechanism for Maintaining Employee Productivity", "abstract": "3 Introduction. 4 Historical Background. 6 Problem Statement. 8 Purpose of Study. 9 Thesis Statement. 10 Theoretical Framework. 10 Generational Cohort Theory. 11 Human Capital Theory 11 Work Motivation Theory. 12 Definitions. 12 Literature Review. 15 Generational Behaviors. 14 Telework: New Horizons. 20 Enhancing Motivation and Workplace Productivity. 23 Limitation Future Directions. 27 Conclusion. 28 References. 30 WORKPLACE MOTIVATION 3 Abstract This research seeks to identify social and psychological factors that affect satisfaction levels of millennial and gen z employees The thesis suggests teleworking as a renewed tool for communicating, motivating, and executing work in organizations to increase productivity. The main factors identified for said analysis have been determined through the study of business and academic literature about workplace culture and how it is changing. The research at hand investigated the differences between baby boomer, millennial and gen z employees and how participating in telework may enhance their output. For analysis, three theories were referenced in relation to age, productivity and motivation. Generational Cohort Theory, Human Capital Theory and Work Motivation Theory were used to provide a more valuable and informed understanding of how telework is effective. The findings presented in this paper can be continued through qualitative interviews and case studies of companies using telework as a resource for increased employee productivity and motivation.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Kaitlyn Fujii"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199346017, "title": "Telework Impact on Productivity and Well Being An Australian Study", "abstract": "The proliferation of collaboration and networking tools such as HipChat, Yammer, Quip, Smartsheet, Salesforce Community Cloud, mobile devices, and smartphones create multiple opportunities to work in many locations away from the traditional office. We define telework or telecommuting as a flexible work arrangement that allows people to work from any location other than the traditional office on either a temporary or regular basis (Di Martino and Wirth 1990; Maruyama, Hopkinson and James 2009)", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Rachelle Bosua", "Sherah Kurnia", "Marianne Gloet", "Antonette Mendoza"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 114539022, "title": "Finding the Optimal Mix between Telework and Office Hours to Enhance Employee Productivity A Study into the Relationship between Telework Intensity and Individual Productivity, with Mediation of Intrinsic Motivation and Moderation of Office Hours", "abstract": "This survey study among 111 teleworkers in a bank organization investigated the relationship between telework intensity and individual productivity, and whether this relationship was mediated by employees' intrinsic motivation. Also the moderating role of office hours in the model's associations was studied. Based on the Job Demands Resources Model (Bakker Demerouti, 2007) and the professional isolation literature (e.g. Golden, Vega, Dino, 2008) we developed and tested a set of hypotheses. Partly in line with expectations, we found a direct curvilinear relationship between telework intensity and individual productivity, characterized by a slight, non significant positive association at the low telework intensity end, and a significant negative association for the high telework intensity end. Strikingly, we neither found support for a mediating role of intrinsic motivation, nor for a moderation effect of the number of office hours in the relationship between telework intensity and intrinsic motivation. However, the direct relationship between telework intensity and individual productivity appeared to be moderated by the number of office hours. It was concluded that consequences for productivity are contingent on telework intensity, and that the number of office hours has an important impact on the consequences of different telework intensities. The study's outcomes can inform management and HR practitioners to understand how to implement and appropriately make use of telework.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Niels Hoornweg", "Pascale Peters", "Beatrice van der Heijden"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 234482118, "title": "From Forced Working From Home to Working From Anywhere: Two Revolutions in Telework", "abstract": "The COVID 19 outbreak has admittedly caused a major disruption worldwide. The interruptions to production, transportation, and mobility have clearly had a significant impact on the well functioning of the global supply and demand chain. But what happened to the companies developing digital services, such as software. Were they interrupted as much or at all? And how has the enforced Working From Home mode impacted their ability to continue to deliver software? We hear that some managers are concerned that their engineers are not working effectively from home, or even lack the motivation to work in general, that teams lose touch and that managers do not notice when things go wrong. In this article, we share our findings from monitoring the situation in an international software company with engineers located in Sweden, USA, and the UK. We analyzed different aspects of productivity, such as developer satisfaction and well being, activity, communication and collaboration, efficiency and flow based on the archives of commit data, calendar invites, and Slack communication, as well as the internal reports of WFH experiences and 18 interviews. We find that company engineers continue committing code and carry out their daily duties without significant disruptions, while their routines have gradually adjusted to the new norm with new emerging practices and various changes to the old ones. In a way, our message is that there is no news, which is good news. Yet, the experiences gained with the WFH of such scale have already made significant changes in the software industry's future, work from anywhere being an example of major importance.", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Darja Smite", "Nils Brede Moe", "Eriks Klotins", "Javier Gonzalez-Huerta"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 167683829, "title": "No Place Like Home: The Effect of Telework Gains on Knowledge Worker Productivity", "abstract": "An unanswered question regarding telework is how differences between the office and the home work environment influence the effect of the extent of telework on productivity. Drawing from research a.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Nick van der Meulen", "Peter J van Baalen", "Eric van Heck"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 155117779, "title": "Telework in the United Kingdom as a model of flexibility, consensus, voluntarism and productivity", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Joseph Roger Carby-Hall"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 110110326, "title": "Telework, productivity and wellbeing: an Australian perspective", "abstract": "Developments in networking and collaboration technologies offer new opportunities for employees to telework. Even though studies indicate that teleworkers can be more productive when working away from the office, results are mostly self reported. Additionally, no studies have yet explored telework in terms of productivity and wellbeing from both a managerial and employee perspective in Australia. We followed a qualitative research design to explore telework, productivity and wellbeing, as well as a quantitative component to measure daily experiences of workers on telework and non telework days. Findings indicate that 1) productivity is a management concern and requires a different management approach to yield productive outcomes; 2) high level IT support is required for workers to be more productive; and 3) the ability to telework fosters wellbeing, which in turn contributes to productivity.", "venue": "", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Rachelle Bosua", "Marianne Gloet", "Sherah Kurnia", "Antonette Mendoza", "Jongsay Yong"], "n_citations": 17, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 159417476, "title": "Working from home: characteristics and outcomes of telework", "abstract": "PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships between theoretically grounded telework factors and various individual and organizational outcomes of telework (overall satisfaction with telework, perceived advantages of telework, career opportunities and self reported productivity).Design/methodology/approachBased on a literature review, ten telework factors that may affect individual and organizational telework outcomes were identified and empirically tested using the survey data of 128 teleworkers exercising different telework intensity and representing various sectors of the economy.FindingsThe bundle of theoretically selected variables explained a significant part of the variance of telework outcomes. Reduced communication with co workers, supervisor's trust and support, suitability of the working place at home were found to be the most important telework factors impacting different telework outcomes. Higher self reported productivity was related to reduced time in communicating with co workers, a suitable working place at home and the possibility to take care of family members when teleworking.Practical implicationsThis study provides insights about the management of telework in organizations by highlighting the factors that promote the satisfaction, productivity and perceived career opportunities of teleworkers.Originality/valueThis paper challenges the results of previous research on the factors related with telework and its outcomes. Based on the job demands resources theory, the authors identified the factors that serve as resources in generating positive telework outcomes, and the factors increasing job demands and reducing satisfaction with telework.", "venue": "International Journal of Manpower", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Audrone Nakrosiene", "Ilona Buciuniene", "Bernadeta Gostautaite"], "n_citations": 51, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 228991836, "title": "Labor Force Telework Flexibility and Asset Prices: Evidence from the COVID 19 Pandemic", "abstract": "We show that labor force telework flexibility (LFTF) is a first order effect in accounting for the variations of asset prices and firm policies during the COVID 19 pandemic. Specifically, firms in high LFTF industries significantly outperform firms in low LFTF industries in stock returns. The positive LFTF return relation extends to G7 countries and is stronger in countries with more severe pandemic. A decomposition analysis of the LFTF measure shows that the job characteristics associated with the central component of telework, information and communication technologies, are the main driving force of the result. A dynamic neoclassical model of firms operating multiple job tasks together with pandemic shocks captures the positive relationship between labor force flexibility and stock returns. The model mechanism highlights that i) job task flexibility is a key driving force of the cross industry heterogeneity in firm value fluctuations, and ii) combining labor productivity (supply) and uncertainty shocks is crucial to generate the large drop and persistent recovery in firm value and output.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Jack Y Favilukis", "Xiaoji Lin", "Ali Sharifkhani", "Xiaofei Zhao"], "n_citations": 11, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "WhatsApp group chat analysis using nlp", "session_id": 2120889615097577, "user_id": 6066305118652895, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 233136050, "title": "People's Behaviour Analysis in Chat Message using Natural Language Processing", "abstract": "Nowadays, the mode of communication is mainly through messages. A lot of information has been conveyed through WhatsApp. WhatsApp is the most popular chat application with active users of more than 650 million. It has been widely used by all, especially among the business people and youngsters. Using several analyzing tools, users can analyse the WhatsApp group chat or personal chat. Authentically users wish to analyse their chat for several purposes. This research work is intended to perform a flirt analysis and time analysis. This project has many use cases like the parent, who wants to analyze their child chat; the police, who want to get valuable information from culprit chat; the business people, who wants to know the status of the business in the group chat. Using the Deep Learning model (NLP) sentimental analysis has been performed for each text. This helps to find the state of mind of the chatters. Further, this research work calculates the number of positive and negative statements that are used by each person in the text by using the text mining concept. As now due to this pandemic situation, every conversation and also the important discussion has been done through the WhatsApp and it was highly needed for the person who wants to check their child's conversation and also for the higher authority for enquiry and for the business chair person who are needed to analyse their business well being group can also be used for their personal usage of analyse using the algorithm in this method.", "venue": "2021 Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV)", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["V Selina Annie Retna", "P Brundha", "G Rajkumar"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 133515808, "title": "Sentiment Analysis on WhatsApp Group Chat Using R", "abstract": "In today's world, the most popular chat application for fast communication is WhatsApp. Every smart phone user uses this mobile application for message communication. It is free and very fast communication mobile application, but nowadays people have become addict of this application and the negative aspect of it is also that some people have started using it for provoking people today. Today we are not using and running it, but it is running us which can prove to be very dangerous for us. Some fake news spread quickly by WhatsApp. So there is need to analyze WhatsApp chat by user's sentiment or opinion. This technique is known as sentiment analysis or opinion mining. In this review paper, I used group chat of WhatsApp as database and analyze sentiments and emotions using R Studio.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Sunil Joshi"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 86852479, "title": "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WHATSAPP GROUP CHAT FOR INTERNAL COMMUNICATION AT KADOKAWA GEMPAK STARZ(tm)", "abstract": "This study emphasizes on the proliferation of technological devices such as smartphones and the effectiveness of WhatsApp Group Chat in working organization such as Kadokawa Gempak Starz(tm) for Internal Communication. Technology is applied in work as they aid in solving problems and easy access to information. There were two research objectives which the study seeks to determine. First is to explain the adoption of WhatsApp Group Chat for Internal Communication through Technology Acceptance Model. Second, is to examine the challenges of using WhatsApp Group Chat for Internal Communication. The study employed a research design based on questionnaire with a total number of 120 respondents. Ultimately the findings showed that the respondents find it challenging to use WhatsApp Group Chat for Internal Communication and are on the fence about its usage for Internal Communication as well as the effectiveness to serve as a communication tool for internal Communication at Kadokawa Gempak Starz(tm) all of these variables will hugely impacted the behavioral intention towards WhatsApp Group Chat in the future.", "venue": "Book Chapters of The 1st Jakarta International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities (JICoSSH)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Nadirah Binti Nissanto"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 234810239, "title": "Live Chat Analysis Using Machine Learning", "abstract": "The World Wide Web such as social networking sites and blog comments forum has huge user comments emotion data from different social events and product brand and arguments in the form of political views. Generate a heap. Reflects the user's mood on the network, the reader, has a huge impact on product suppliers and politicians. The challenge for the credibility of the analysis is the lack of sufficient tag data in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) field. Positive and negative classify content based on user feedback, live chat, whether the user is used as the base for a wide range of tasks related to the text content of a meaningful assessment. Data collection, and function number for all variants. A recurrent neural network is very good text classification. Analyzing unstructured form from social media data, reasonable structure, and analyzes attach great importance to note for this emotion. Emotional rewiring can use natural language processing sentiment analysis to predict. In the method by the Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) of the proposed prediction chat live chat into sentiment analysis. Sentiment analysis and in depth learning technology have been integrated into the solution to this problem, with their deep learning model automatic learning function is active. Using a Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) reputation analysis to solve various problems and language problems of text analysis and visualization product retrospective sentiment classifier cross depth analysis of the learning model implementation.", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["S Kavibharathi", "S Lakshmi Priyankaa", "M Kaviya", "Dr S Vasanthi"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 235434345, "title": "Group chat analysis of hoax detection during the covid 19 pandemic using the k nearest neighbors algorithm and massive text processing", "abstract": "Group chat is the most widely used choice of various short information. Besides being easy to send messages, sharing short messages in group chat is considered effective compared to sending massively to several users. The ease of sending short messages in group chat is often used as the spread of fake news and untrue news or hoaxes, especially during the Covid 19 pandemic, the information shared can be easily shared by anyone without seeing a valid source. The dissemination of information related to Covid 19 without a clear source is a dangerous act, because it can lead users into false information and endanger themselves. Fake message detectors have not been widely implemented in instant message applications, for this reason, there is a need for a detector and a machine to analyze activities in group chat and see whether the message is included in content containing fake news or not. If a group chat has a lot of fake news, you can be sure that the group chat is not good to follow. The use of the K Nearest Neighbors algorithm is considered quite effective in classifying an object, the results can be determined whether it is included in fake news, miss information news, or true news. The process of processing messages is carried out by the massive text processing method because the characteristics of the text are different for each user so that text processing can be maximized for later classification. As a result, group chat can be analyzed based on active time, user messages, user activity, and messages sent between users.", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["K Umam"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 213445849, "title": "The Use of Social Media by Female Physicians in an International Setting: A Mixed Methods Study of a Group WhatsApp Chat", "abstract": "Background: The past decade has witnessed an increase in informal and bottom up driven \"she for she\" efforts, often using social media, to promote the advancement of women in medicine. Yet, this area of research is nascent with limited information on the use of social media platforms by female physicians, especially in the international medical arena. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a social media platform by a diverse group of female physicians in an international setting. Materials and Methods: The study used a mixed methods approach, including quantitative descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analysis of the content of posts of a women physicians WhatsApp group during a 1 year time period (June 1, 2018 May 31, 2019) Results: The group consisted of 122 members with 4897 posts during the 1 year time period. Nine themes were identified including requests for medical information, logistics, personal recommendations, promotion, celebration, community engagement, education, women's empowerment, and employment inquiries. Engagement was high with 72% of members posting during the last 30 days of analysis and 92% of questions posted receiving a response, often within minutes. There were no instances of unprofessional social media behavior. Conclusions: The social media platform was effective in enabling female physicians to expand networks, exchange ideas, share scientific information, celebrate accomplishments, and provide support to colleagues. Creating a social media forum for women physicians may be an effective tool to foster a network of support and community.", "venue": "Women's health reports", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Halah Ibrahim", "Pascale Anglade", "Sawsan Abdel-Razig"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 222176467, "title": "Statement Analysis using NLP", "abstract": "We aim to draw on an important overlooked potential of affective dialogue systems their application to promote positive emotional states, similar to that of emotional support between humans. This can be achieved by eliciting a more positive emotional valence throughout a dialogue system interaction, i.e. positive emotion elicitation. Existing works on emotion elicitation have not yet paid attention to the emotional benefit for the users. Moreover, a positive emotion elicitat ion corpus does not yet exist despite the growing number of emotion rich corpora. Towards this goal, first, we propose a response retrieval approach for positive emotion elicitation by utilizing examples of emotion appraisal from a dialogue corpus. Second, we efficiently construct a corpus using the proposed retrieval method, by replacing responses in a dialogue with those that elicit a more positive emotion. We validate the corpus through crowdsourcing to ensure its quality. Finally, we propose a novel neural network architecture for an emotion sensitive neural chat based dialogue system, optimized on the constructed corpus to elicit positive emotion. Objective and subjective evaluations show that the proposed methods result in dialogue responses that are more natural and elicit a more positive emotional response. Further analyses of the results are discussed in", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["M S Vinu", "P Mohan", "S Ganesh Moorthy", "M Gobinath"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 199319847, "title": "A Framework for Predicting and Identifying Radicalization and Civil Unrest Oriented Threats from WhatsApp Group", "abstract": "Social media is an emerging area of research for data scientist. Lots of test dataset are available for Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Very few research has been done on WhatsApp group chat log due to scarcity of data openly available. WhatsApp is secured by encryption so WhatsApp is heavily used for terrorist activities, spreading riot, creating civil unrest, and disseminating radicalization. Data to conduct research on these issues are hardly available as these are very sensitive information. We are proposing here a framework to address this type of social issue. By NLP and semi supervised machine learning, we can design a system which will predict the probability of WhatsApp group to be a threat for civilization. Success of this framework depends on how much actual data we can feed to system. Depending on training data, it will predict with more accuracy. This paper will show how this system can work properly in actual field.", "venue": "Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Koushik Deb", "Souptik Paul", "Kaustav Das"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 220069594, "title": "Impact of the Use of a WhatsApp based Group Chat for Sharing Emergency Department Access Block Data on Overcrowding and Census in a Low Resource Emergency Department in Kigali, Rwanda", "abstract": "In Low Middle Income Countries (LMICs) hospitals often face serious communication issues that threaten to paralyze the process of healthcare provision. The Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali (CHUK) is located in the middle of a vibrant city of Kigali, and is often overwhelmed by a high number of referred patients from its catchment area, and those brought in by emergency evacuation ambulance system (SAMU) The facility has no interdepartmental landline communication network, which would be ideal to connect the inpatient services to the emergency room in order to fasten the care process. Using WhatsApp based Group Chat for sharing the real time caseloads, the number of patients boarding the emergency room has significantly improved (dropping from 38.1 7.1 to 28 6.5, p<0.001) although the overall length of stay in the emergency room has remained high (3.37 0.61 days) mainly due to other co factors such as the availability of specialized staff (i.e. neurosurgeon) and uninterrupted imaging services (i.e. computer tomography scans)", "venue": "medRxiv", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Menales Nkeshimana", "Christine Uwineza", "Amelia Y Pousson", "Giles N Cattermole"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 216237228, "title": "CODE SWITCHING ANALYSIS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE WHATSAPP GROUP", "abstract": "The aim of this research was to find out the type and reason of code switching on WhatsApp group of Putera Batam University. In collecting the data, the research applied observational method non participatory technique. The data was analyzed by using the theory of Poplack (1980) The researchers applied the text in WhatsApp as the data. It was found 15 texts contain code switching. The data ware classified into three: tag switching, inter sentential switching and intra sentential switching. From the 15 text, intra sentential switching were the most frequent type of code switching because WhatsApp group members often change language from Indonesian to English in only a few sentences that appear at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of sentence. Code switching have ten reason using theory of Grosjean (1981) First, to fill the linguistic needs for lexical items, specify phrases, discourse markers, or sentence fillers. Second, to continue the last language used (trigger) Third, quote someone. Fourth, to determine the recipient. Fifth, to qualify the message: strengthen or emphasize. Sixth, to determine the involvement of the speaker (personal message) Seventh, to mark and emphasize group identity. Eighth, conveys confidentiality, anger, and harassment. Ninth, to exclude someone from conversation. Tenth, change the role of the speaker: Increase status, add authority, and show expertise. For reasons in the WhatsApp group only 3 of 10 kinds of reasons were found: to fill the linguistic needs for lexical items, to continue the last language used (triggered) and to determine speaker involvement.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Thessa Cynthia Ameliza", "Ambalegin Ambalegin"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Chance constrained programming with joint constraints", "session_id": 1413308515174799, "user_id": 4648453903359274, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 8449238, "title": "Chance Constrained Programming with Joint Constraints", "abstract": "Miller and Wagner have shown that a deterministic equivalent of a joint chance constrained programming model with independent random right hand side elements is a concave programming problem. This paper obtains similar equivalents for chance constrained programming models with coefficient matrices whose elements are normally distributed and with dependent random right hand side elements.", "venue": "Oper. Res.", "year": 1974.0, "author_names": ["Raj Jagannathan"], "n_citations": 322, "n_key_citations": 8, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 123662839, "title": "Chance Constrained Programming with Joint Constraints", "abstract": "This paper considers the mathematical properties of chance constrained programming problems where the restriction is on the joint probability of a multivariate random event. One model that is considered arises when the right handside constants of the linear constraints are random. Another model treated here occurs when the coefficients of the linear programming variables are described by a multinormal distribution. It is shown that under certain restrictions both situations can be viewed as a deterministic nonlinear programming problem. Since most computational methods for solving nonlinear programming models require the constraints be concave, this paper explores whether the resultant problem meets the concavity assumption. For many probability laws of practical importance, the constraint in the first type of model is shown to violate concavity. However, a simple logarithmic transformation does produce a concave restriction for an important class of problems. The paper also surveys the \"generalized linear programming\" method for solving such problems when the logarithmic transformation is justified. For the second type model, the constraint is demonstrated to be nonconcave.", "venue": "", "year": 1965.0, "author_names": ["Bruce L Miller", "Harvey M Wagner"], "n_citations": 184, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 56178668, "title": "Towards sustainable water resources planning and pollution control: Inexact joint probabilistic double sided stochastic chance constrained programming model.", "abstract": "This study presents an inexact joint probabilistic double sided stochastic chance constrained programming (IJDSCCP) model for sustainable water resources planning and pollution control in water quality management systems under uncertainty. Techniques of interval parameter programming (IPP) joint probabilistic programming (JPP) and double sided stochastic chance constrained programming (DSCCP) are incorporated into a modeling framework. The IJDSCCP can not only address uncertainties presented as interval parameters and double sided randomness (i.e. both left hand and right hand sides) that are characterized as normal distributions, but also examine the reliability level of satisfying the entire system constraints. It further improves upon conventional stochastic chance constrained programming for handing random uncertainties in the left hand and right hand sides of constraints. Moreover, a non equivalent but sufficient linearization form of the IJDSCCP is presented to solve such a problem. Then, the model is applied to a representative case for water resources planning and pollution control. The results including water resources planning solutions, pollution control plans and system benefits under the combinations of different joint and individual probability levels will be obtained. The solutions are expressed as combinations of deterministic, interval and distributional information, which can facilitate analysis of different forms of uncertainties. After investigating and comparing the variations of results, it is found that an increasing joint probability level can lead to higher system benefits, i.e. [13,841.68, 21,801.81] x 106 Yuan (p 0.01, p1 0.0033, p2 0.0033 and p3 0.0033) [14,150.26, 22,260.06] x 106 Yuan (p 0.05, p1 0.0166, p2 0.0166 and p3 0.0166) and [14,280.55, 22,415.52] x 106 Yuan (p 0.10, p1 0.033, p2 0.033 and p3 0.033) A set of decreased individual probability levels gives rise to the maximum system benefits at the same joint probability level. Furthermore, the results of the IJDSCCP are compared with a general interval based optimization framework as well. Therefore, the results from the IJDSCCP are valuable for assisting managers in generating and identifying decision alternatives under different scenarios.", "venue": "The Science of the total environment", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Chenglong Zhang", "Shanshan Guo", "Fan Zhang", "Bernard A Engel", "Ping Guo"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 12742056, "title": "A Unified Approach for Multiobjective Fuzzy Chance Constrained Programming with Joint Normal Distribution", "abstract": "Abstract This paper describes some mathematical techniques and modeling aspects for solving fuzzy multiobjective probabilistic decision making problems in which the constraints are jointly distributed and the right sided parameters of the constraints are normally distributed fuzzy random variables. The probabilistic model is first converted into equivalent fuzzy programming model by using incomplete gamma function described in a fuzzy decision making environment. Then independent optimal solution of each objective are determined under the decomposed set of system constraints which are obtained by considering fuzzy nature of parameters involved with them. The tolerance membership function for measuring the degree of satisfaction of the decision maker with the achievement of objective values is defined. The membership functions are then converted into fuzzy goals by assigning unity as aspiration level. Finally a weighted fuzzy goal programming technique is used to achieve the highest degree of each of the defined membership goal to the extent possible by minimizing under deviational variables and thereby obtaining most satisfactory solution in the decision making context which leads to an efficient as well as optimal compromise solution. A numerical example is solved to illustrate the proposed methodology and the solution is compared with some other technique developed earlier.", "venue": "", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Animesh Biswas", "Nilkanta Modak"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 231617482, "title": "Joint Planning of Distributed PV Stations and EV Charging Stations in the Distribution Systems Based on Chance Constrained Programming", "abstract": "Simultaneous deployment of the electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) and distributed photovoltaic stations (DPVSs) in the distribution systems is an effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote renewable power adoption, and achieve sustainable development in energy utilization. In this context, how to deploy the EVCSs and DPVSs in the distribution systems with a reasonable scheme is of great importance. In this article, a joint planning model is developed to optimize locations and capacities of the EVCSs and DPVSs simultaneously to reduce energy losses in the distribution systems. In the joint planning model, constraints on bus voltage deviations and line currents are both formulated as chance constraints to ensure that the distribution systems are in reasonable operating statues. To quantify these two chance constraints, a scenario based method is developed to calculate the probabilistic power flow of the distribution systems during a typical planning day, in which random characters of the DPVS generations and the EVCS charging loads are both considered. The joint planning model of the EVCSs and DPVSs developed in this article is difficult to be solved by mathematical optimization methods. Therefore, genetic algorithm (GA) is customized and utilized to solve the joint planning model of the EVCSs and DPVSs. Finally, a case study based on IEEE 33 bus distribution systems validates the joint planning model and its solving algorithm.", "venue": "IEEE Access", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Xinsong Zhang", "Yangyang Xu", "Shengnan Lu", "Cheng Lu", "Yunxiang Guo"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 120472063, "title": "On Chance Constrained Programming Problems with Joint Constraints", "abstract": "In this paper we consider chance constrained programming problems with joint constraints shown in the literature to be equivalent deterministic nonlinear programming problems. Since most existing computational methods for solution require that the constraints of the equivalent deterministic problem be concave, we obtain a simple condition for which the concavity assumption holds when the right hand side coefficients are independent random variables. We show that it holds for most probability distributions of practical importance. For the case where the random vector has a multivariate normal distribution, nonexistence of any efficient numerical methods for evaluating multivariate normal integrals necessitates the use of lower bound approximations. We propose an approximation for the case of positively correlated normal random variables.", "venue": "", "year": 1973.0, "author_names": ["V S Bawa"], "n_citations": 23, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 5938866, "title": "Technical Note A Class of Nonlinear Chance Constrained Programming Models with Joint Constraints", "abstract": "Miller and Wagner [Opns. Res. 13, 930 945 1965] define joint chance constrained programming by specifying a set of constants that are joint probability measures of the extent to which constraint violations are permitted. For the special case of a random right hand side vector whose elements are independent random variables, they show that an equivalent deterministic concave program exists. The purpose of this paper is to generalize this result to a class of nonlinear chance constrained programming models with joint constraints.", "venue": "Oper. Res.", "year": 1973.0, "author_names": ["Raj Jagannathan", "M R Rao"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 4697274, "title": "A joint chance constrained programming approach for the single item capacitated lot sizing problem with stochastic demand", "abstract": "We study the single item single resource capacitated lot sizing problem with stochastic demand. We propose to formulate this stochastic optimization problem as a joint chance constrained program in which the probability that an inventory shortage occurs during the planning horizon is limited to a maximum acceptable risk level. We investigate the development of a new approximate solution method which can be seen as an extension of the previously published sample approximation approach. The proposed method relies on a Monte Carlo sampling of the random variables representing the demand in all planning periods except the first one. Provided there is no dependence between the demand in the first period and the demand in the later periods, this partial sampling results in the formulation of a chance constrained program featuring a series of joint chance constraints. Each of these constraints involves a single random variable and defines a feasible set for which a conservative convex approximation can be quite easily built. Contrary to the sample approximation approach, the partial sample approximation leads to the formulation of a deterministic mixed integer linear problem having the same number of binary variables as the original stochastic problem. Our computational results show that the proposed method is more efficient at finding feasible solutions of the original stochastic problem than the sample approximation method and that these solutions are less costly than the ones provided by the Bonferroni conservative approximation. Moreover, the computation time is significantly shorter than the one needed for the sample approximation method.", "venue": "Ann. Oper. Res.", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Celine Gicquel", "Jianqiang Cheng"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 125707982, "title": "Interval joint probabilistic chance constrained programming with two side multi randomness: an application to energy environment systems management", "abstract": "Regional energy environment systems management become more and more focused on greenhouse gas emission control through improving energy efficiency and efficiently managing energy activities. Inexact linear programming models are developed for supporting the management. Due to the weather/climatic variations in the future, electricity demands and renewable power generations (in the right/left hand sides of constraints) have random characteristics. Moreover, an overall satisfactory level needs to be quantified based on multiple chance constraints. Therefore, this study improved upon traditional chance constrained programming and interval linear programming, and developed an interval joint probabilistic two side chance constrained programming (IJTCP) approach. A sufficient but non equivalent linearization form of the model was proposed so that the inexact model could be solved through the two step solution algorithm. The IJTCP was then applied to an integrated energy environment systems management under dual uncertainties. The application demonstrated that the IJTCP can effectively address the uncertainties presented as not only interval numbers and two side multi randomness but also the reliability of satisfying the entire system constraints. The application implicated that the IJTCP approach can be applied to other energy environment management problems under dual uncertainties.", "venue": "Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Gongchen Li", "Wei Sun", "Ying Lv", "Guanhui Cheng", "Yumin Chen", "Guohe Huang"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 157938265, "title": "An interval multistage joint probabilistic chance constrained programming model with left hand side randomness for crop area planning under uncertainty", "abstract": "Abstract The characteristics of the agricultural water management system is its great complexity and uncertainty as well as dynamic variations in the system components, which results in dynamic characteristics in optimizing the agricultural water allocation and crop area planning. In this study, an interval multistage joint probabilistic left hand side chance constrained programming (IMJLCP) model is developed for crop area planning in response to these issues. This method is derived from incorporating the techniques of multistage stochastic programming and joint probabilistic left hand side chance constrained programming within a general interval optimization framework. It can address uncertainties presented as both discrete intervals and probability distributions, and also reflect dynamic characteristics of the system conditions. Moreover, it can reflect randomness in the left hand side of the constraints and examine the reliability level of satisfying constraints at both joint and individual probabilities. The developed method is applied to a case study of dynamic agricultural water management and irrigated crop area planning in different growth stages in the middle reaches of Heihe River Basin, taking groundwater and surface water use into account. Six scenarios with different joint (i.e. p 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1) and individual probabilities (i.e. same and increasing) of the irrigation quota are examined, and a multilayered scenario tree will be provided for a dynamic analysis in a planning horizon. The results indicate that different levels of constraints violation reflect the attitudes of managers to economic benefit and risk. Furthermore, it can help managers to identify desired decision alternatives in intra and inter seasonal water allocation among different crops in different subareas. This application makes it highly feasible to enhance the efficiency of irrigation water and ensure sustainable use of water resources, especially for the arid regions dominated by agriculture.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Chenglong Zhang", "Mo Li", "Ping Guo"], "n_citations": 28, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "TRAVEL AND LEARNING: A NEGLECTED TOURISM RESEARCH AREA", "session_id": 2023501772392103, "user_id": 4517292089123025, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 155037016, "title": "Travel and learning a neglected tourism research area", "abstract": "Abstract This conceptual paper explores the nexus between travel and learning; an area of investigation long neglected by tourism researchers. Using Aristotle's concepts of phronesis techne and episteme a framework for the major areas of literature dealing with touristic learning are considered and opportunities and challenges for expanding the boundaries of knowledge are explored. Key proposals are: learning resulting from tourist experiences is likely to be highly personal and strongly tied to individual interests, motivations and prior knowledge; the nature of learning from a tourist experience only emerges over space and time; and long term meanings created by tourists are likely to be strongly influenced by their perceptions of how these experiences satisfy identity related needs and expectations.", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["John H Falk", "R R Ballantyne", "Jan Packer", "Pierre J Benckendorff"], "n_citations": 203, "n_key_citations": 19, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 159167537, "title": "Travel induced learning: a validation of the sustainability insight scale", "abstract": "ABSTRACT With 2017 as the UN's International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development and the role of tourism in the UN Sustainable Development Goals, ensuring that tourism be designed and managed for sustainability is more imperative than ever. Here we present the Sustainability Insight Scale (SIS) which offers scholars and practitioners a practical tool for assessing sustainability specific learning. A strong link between travel and learning is well documented, and recent research documents positive links between travel and pro environmental outcomes. Integrating these writings with scholarship on sustainability meta competencies, we focus attention on four elements of sustainability insights: temporal thinking, interpersonal literacy, systems thinking, and personal connection to life on the planet. When acquired during travel, these insights are likely important precursors to post trip pro environmental behavioural change. With sustainable tourism on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the SIS will be of interest to tourism researchers, planners, and policy makers seeking to promote sustainability education.", "venue": "Current Issues in Tourism", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Michael L Lengieza", "Carter A Hunt", "Janet K Swim"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 143375067, "title": "Transformative Learning Theory: A Systematic Review of Travel and Tourism Scholarship", "abstract": "Transformational education is emerging as a key area of study in travel and tourism research. Determining how to facilitate theory driven transformational education is vital to the success of this emergent academic agenda. The purpose of this article is to: (a) recommend John Mezirow's transformative learning theory (TLT) as a framework to guide this agenda, and (b) systematically review travel and tourism research, using TLT as the screening criteria, to identify strategies for successfully implementing this framework as educators. Fifty three articles were identified, with only 14 published in tourism journals, indicating that research utilizing TLT in travel and tourism is in its infancy. Results suggest that a greater understanding of the theoretical basis of TLT, as well as scholarship highlighting intentional, creative, and effective uses of TLT in the tourism classroom is needed.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Garrett A Stone", "Lauren N Duffy"], "n_citations": 25, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 226452625, "title": "The Study on Religion and Spirituality in Contemporary Travel: Spiritual Tourism in Sri Lanka", "abstract": "Spiritual Tourism is a journey to find the purpose and meaning of your life. It boosts your physical, mental and emotional strength. It develops, maintains, and enhances your body, mind and spirit. This research aims to provide what type of market that help to promote spiritual tourism in Sri Lanka under the objectives, to identify the potentials for spiritual tourism in Sri Lanka, and also to study about public and private sector involvement and the development and the current situation. This is written in the context of a strategic question: aEURoeWhat type of stage that hold the Spiritual tourism in Sri Lanka?aEUR A narrative approach is taken to cover an area of Sri Lankan spiritual tourism potentials and market. However, Sri Lanka had huge potential to develop sustainable tourism through spiritual tourism at present. The researcher used deskwork research methods in collecting data to achieve the research objectives. As the Findings that concluded, Sri Lanka is a huge potential to develop and market spiritual tourism through Buddhism. Apart from that, Sri Lanka as a state which needs marketing and promotion campaigns to attract more tourists while developing the spiritual tourism product at high level.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["A K D T Yohani"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 233582647, "title": "Travel Professors: A YouTube channel about tourism education research", "abstract": "Abstract COVID 19 pandemic has had an immense impact on various aspects of life including tourism, education, and research. Educators increasingly engage with various online platforms transforming education, including YouTube. YouTube has been widely used for blended learning, online education, and for popularisation of research for several years prior to the COVID 19 outbreak. However, the use of YouTube in tourism academia has been lagging. One example is the Travel Professors YouTube channel http:/www.youtube.com/c/TravelProfessors It provides short videos filmed on location about various tourism related topics. It both aims to popularise tourism research and be a useful reference for in class and online learning. The present paper provides a detailed analysis of this YouTube channel over four years combining descriptive statistics, content analysis of reviews, and the creators' reflection. Opportunities and challenges in utilising YouTube in tourism education are demonstrated. Suggestions and recommendations for tourism academics on becoming YouTube creators are provided.", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Denis Tolkach", "Stephen Pratt"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 226258280, "title": "Economic valuation of natural promenades in Iran using zonal travel costs method (Case study area: Gahar Lake in Lorestan Province in western Iran)", "abstract": "Gahar Lake is located within Oshtorankooh Protected Area (east of Lorestan Province in Iran) which has extensive potentials for the development of the tourism industry. The aim of the present research was to determine the economic value of the Gohar Lake resort using the zonal travel cost method. Therefore, at first, 380 questionnaires were distributed among the tourists by the simple random sampling method based on appropriate spatiotemporal distribution during the visiting seasons. The questionnaire items were categorized as economic, social, and miscellaneous parts. The calculation results revealed a value of USD 84.538 per visitor and a value of USD 1,986,657.163 per year, indicating the high value and importance of the region. The analysis showed that socio economic variables have a significant role in the use or non use of the resort. The obtained R2 coefficient was 0.82, indicating that around 82% of the changes in the number of visitors can be justified by the variables introduced in the model. The results also revealed the need to pay more attention to this region and formulate a tourism development plan.", "venue": "PloS one", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Ebrahim Kheyri", "Maryam Morovati", "A Sadeghi Neshat", "Gholamreza Siahati"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 236259134, "title": "Using active learning strategies on travel and tourism higher education programmes in Ireland", "abstract": "Abstract The purpose of this reflective paper is to investigate the active learning strategies used in travel and tourism higher education programmes in Ireland. These programmes have undergone substantial adaptation in their delivery over the last Academic Year (2020 2021) due to COVID 19 which has presented many challenges specifically to the delivery of modules with an active learning approach has frequently formed the basis of delivery. Due to the nature of the travel and tourism industry a very active approach is deemed critical in the module delivery within related programmes. Therefore, the main aim of the reflective paper is to examine the use of active learning strategies on travel and tourism higher education programmes in Ireland, specifically Limerick Institute of Technology (LIT) The results of this study can be adapted on other travel and tourism programmes both in Ireland and abroad. Finally, this reflective paper which concentrates on the active learning strategies used in travel and tourism higher education programmes in LIT will be beneficial through contributing to the body of information on this topic, consequently paving the way for future research. Proposed areas of future research based on the discoveries of this paper are also highlighted.", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Noelle O'Connor"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 237793773, "title": "Have coffee/tea, will travel: assessing the inclination towards sustainable coffee and tea tourism among the green generations", "abstract": "Purpose This study aims to identify the key variables which determine intentions to visit coffee/tea tourism plantations particularly those adopting sustainable practices. Also, this study ascertained the perception of risk in travelling due to the fear of Covid 19 on travel intentions to such coffee/tea tourism destinations. Design/methodology/approach Using the theory of planned behaviour as a basis for this study's framework, data was gathered from 302 eco conscious Generation Y and Z consumers via an online survey. Partial least squares were then applied to analyse the data. Findings Learning and relaxation motives were important in determining consumers' attitudes towards sustainable coffee/tea tourism. The intention to engage in sustainable coffee/tea tourism is most strongly affected by the risk of travelling, followed by attitude. Research limitations/implications The addition of contemporary variables was given to the theory of planned behaviour's core constructs to better reflect consumers' attitude and behaviour towards a growing form of tourism under unprecedented times. Practical implications Travel or tourism operators will have first hand insights on the factors that drive intentions to visit sustainable coffee and tea destinations, thus enabling more strategic action to be undertaken to reach the targeted young consumers. Originality/value This study examines young, environmental conscious consumers' perspectives on novel travel destinations which adopt sustainable practices. Risk in travelling was assessed which is necessary given Covid 19 has severely disrupted consumers' travel patterns.", "venue": "International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Jasmine A L Yeap", "Say Keat Ooi", "Husna Ara", "Muh Said"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 237258826, "title": "ROLE OF MACHINE LEARNING IN THE TOURISM SECTOR", "abstract": "In today's world, travel and tourism are greatly influenced by technology. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are successfully applied to this area. World's largest travel companies invest a fascinating amount over recommendation systems that in return help them to attract customers and make their services more user friendly. In this paper, the recommendation system algorithms used in the travel domain are studied. The focus of the research is on how machine learning and artificial intelligence are being used to improve the sector. The paper also includes the study of different recommendation algorithms that can be used to generate personalized suggestions. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Nazeefa Kazi", "Mandar A Joshi"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 210545707, "title": "Motivation and Self Efficacy of Travel and Tourism Business Study Program Using English to Support the Graduate Competence", "abstract": "Tourism Department, State Polytechnic of Bali has carried out a curriculum review on the three study programs in 2007, two years up to when this study is performed. Travel and Tourism Study Program is one of the study program that its curriculum was reviewed. As a result, the study program management has decided to emphasize that English has to be mastered in order to support the core subjects and support the graduates' competence where English is widely used in the industry where they are employed. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of motivation and self efficacy on the survival and communicative level learners and factors causing the high level of selfefficacy and its influence on their English speaking ability. This study applies descriptive qualitative research method. The data were collected through participating observation, interviews with the learners as well as literature study. The study found, so far self efficacy gives a significant effect on learners' speaking ability at the survival and communicative level. It was also found that the four criteria in motivation and selfefficacy have significant influence, which the most dominant is the criteria of learners 'psychic and emotional state of speaking English endeavor. This study contributes empirically that instructors can update their instruction techniques by observing learners' motivation and selfefficacy through communicative activities and practices. Additionally, learners can find out learning condition during the teaching learning process in the purpose of creating a comfortable and conducive learning atmosphere. Keywords motivation, self efficacy, speaking ability, survival level, communicative level", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["A A A N Harmini", "Gede Ginaya", "Cokorda Istri Sri Widhari", "I Dewa Gede Ari Pemayun"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "efficient charge recovery logic", "session_id": 4053743050925977, "user_id": 3467221662434280, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 3021839, "title": "Design and implementation of energy efficient Adiabatic ECRL and basic gates", "abstract": "In this paper Improved structure for efficient charge recovery logic is presented. In order to optimize the power dissipation of digital systems, low power analysis should be applied throughout the design process from system level to process level. Further NAND and NOR gates have been implemented with efficient charge recovery logic (ECRL) and Proposed efficient charge recovery logic. Paper presents a comparative study among the inverter and basic gates at transition frequency varying from 50MHz to 400MHz. The proposed circuits attain large energy saving compared with conventional circuits. The circuits are simulated using 180nm technology nodes.", "venue": "2015 International Conference on Soft Computing Techniques and Implementations (ICSCTI)", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["M L Keote", "P T Karule"], "n_citations": 12, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 18192782, "title": "Variations of the Power Dissipation in Adiabatic Logic Gates", "abstract": "The yield of adiabatic circuits strongly depends on the effects of parameter variations on the power dissipation. The dispersion of the threshold voltage has the most important impact on the yield. Different effects on the energy consumption due to interdie and intra die variations of the threshold voltage are presented. Three logic families, the Efficient Charge Recovery Logic (ECRL) the Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic (PFAL) and the 2N 2N2P are compared with respect to energy saving and operating frequency range. Finally it is shown that power dissipation variations due to parameter variations are strongly dependent on the logic family.", "venue": "", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["Ettore Amirante", "Agnese Bargagli-Stoffi", "Jurgen Fischer", "Giuseppe Iannaccone", "Doris Schmitt-Landsiedel"], "n_citations": 40, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 212579314, "title": "Design and Implementation of Adiabatic based Low Power Logic Circuits", "abstract": "demand necessitated the immediacy efforts in the field of development of low power VLSI design circuit. Though there are many approaches available that can be used to reduce the power/energy dissipation in conventional CMOS circuit which may include, reducing the supply voltage, or decreasing the node capacitances and minimizing the switching activities with efficient charge recovery logic. But all these reducing method have certain physical limitations, yet their limiting values are near but still they are in debatable. In this scenario many researchers are trying to adopt different optimization and energy conservation principle for VLSI circuit which led to the development of a new classical approach of switching logic knows as adiabatic switching logic. The basic principle in adiabatic logic circuits is to slow down the logic transition varying from logic 1 to logic 0 and vice versa, aiming in reducing the power dissipation. Many different approaches/ techniques are proposed for implementing adiabatic logic circuits among which, PFAL is one of those techniques which positively promise assisting in the power issues. This paper present the simulation of NAND and NOR logic gate by CMOS and PFAL logic moreover with the help of simulated result by OrCAD PSPICE tool, it can be shown that the NAND NOR used with adiabatic logic can reduce the power dissipation effectively than conventional CMOS circuit.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Amitab Saxena", "Deepti Shinghal", "Kshitij Shinghal"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 13902941, "title": "Design Of Ultra Low Power Vedic Multiplier using Adiabatic Logic", "abstract": "Low power circuit designs have been an important issue VLSI design areas. Multipliers play a major role in high performance systems. Vedic mathematics is world renowned for its algorithms that yield quicker results, be it for mental calculations or hardware design. The Urdhva Tiryagbhyam Vedic multiplier is one such multiplier which is effective both in terms of speed and power. Adiabatic logic style is said to be an attractive solution for low power electronic applications. By using Adiabatic techniques energy dissipation in PMOS network can be minimized and some of energy stored at load capacitance can be recycled instead of dissipated as heat. In analysis, two logic families, ECRL (Efficient Charge Recovery Logic) and PFAL (Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic) are compared with EEAL(Energy Efficient Adiabatic Logic) for Vedic multiplier circuits. Tanner EDA tools are used for simulation. Keywords Low power, Adiabatic Logic, Vedic multiplier.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Shoba Mohan"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 15249542, "title": "Design and Implementation of Low Power 4:1 Multiplexer using Adiabatic Logic", "abstract": "The main and highly concerned issue in the low power VLSI design circuits is Power dissipation. The basic approaches that we used for reducing energy/power dissipation in conventional CMOS circuits include reducing the supply voltages, on decreasing node capacitances and minimize the switching activities with efficient charge recovery logic. The Adiabatic switching technique based upon the energy recovery principle is one of the techniques which is widely used to achieve low power VLSI design circuits. In the following paper the power dissipation of various adiabatic circuits is calculated and then simulated using T SPICE tool. From the results of calculation it is observed that among all of the techniques used for multiplexer implementation the efficient charge recovery logic (ECRL) multiplexer exhibits the minimum power dissipation. The adiabatic logic family has been proposed by implementing PMOS and NMOS transistors as pull down network and pull up network. With the help of calculated result, it has been shown that the multiplexer used with adiabatic logic can reduce the power dissipation than conventional CMOS circuit.", "venue": "", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Jyoti Hooda", "Shweta Chawla"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 106545011, "title": "Adiabatic Logic Circuits", "abstract": "This chapter is concerned with adiabatic logic circuits. First, it introduces adiabatic charging which forms the basis of adiabatic circuits. The difference between adiabatic charging and conventional charging of a capacitor is highlighted. As amplification is a fundamental operation performed by electronic circuits to increase the current or voltage drive, adiabatic amplification is considered. The steps of realization of adiabatic logic gates starting with its static complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) counterpart are explained. The realization of pulsed power supply, which is the most fundamental building block of adiabatic circuits, is introduced. The realizations of both synchronous and asynchronous pulsed power supplies are explained. How stepwise charging and discharging can be used to minimize power dissipation is explained. Various partially adiabatic circuits such as efficient charge recovery logic (ECRL) positive feedback adiabatic logic (PFAL) and 2N 2N2P are introduced. Non adiabatic loss in adiabatic circuits highlighted. The impact of voltage scaling and threshold voltage scaling on the partially adiabatic circuits is discussed.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Ajit Pal"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 212550604, "title": "Low Power Design Of Asynchronous Fine Grain Power Gated Logic", "abstract": "In technology improvement power dissipation has one of the major factor well known short circuit dissipations, leakage dissipations and dynamic switching dissipations are major power dissipation sources of CMOS Chips. For reducing power dissipation in CMOS logic blocks various techniques were there among these techniques most effective new technique implemented with low power dissipation. That is \"low power design of Asynchronous fine grain power gated logic\"(LPAFPL) Low power AFPL is a new logic family. It consist of ECRL (efficient charge recovery logic gate) Pipeline system, C element and Partial Charge Reuse mechanism (PCR) Each pipeline stage is comprised efficient charge recovery logic gate gains power and it is became active when useful computations are there and does not requires power at idle stage. Thus gives negligible leakage power dissipation. PCR is the output node of the ECRL logic, To evaluate the CMOS logic circuit level. Then it automatically reduced the power dissipation in complete evaluation of CMOS circuits. KeywordsAsynchronous circuits, ECRL logic gate, C element, Power gating and Low power electronics. __________________________________________________**_________________________________________________", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["P BalaPadma"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 13248783, "title": "EFFECTIVE CONTROLLER IN OPTIMIZED ASYNCHRONOUS LOGIC", "abstract": "Asynchronous Fine grain power gated Logic (AFL) which includes Modified Efficient Charge Recovery Logic (M ECRL) gates to implement the logic function of the stage with a handshake controller which comprises of C element to handle the control signals with the neighboring stages and provides power to MECRL gate. AFL adopts an partial charge reuse (PCR) mechanism, part of the charge on the output nodes of MECRL gate which entering the discharge phase can be used to charge the output nodes of another M ECRL gate which is more enough to complete evaluate phase, thus reducing the power consumption. To design the efficient asynchronous styles with effective controller from their available CMOS topology. Moreover, study is to scrutinize the use of different controller implementations in a single design in order to generate hybrid and optimized designs. Index terms Asynchronous circuits, logic gates, lowpower electronics, power gating.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["P N Sudha", "P Kavitha"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 17100942, "title": "Design and Analysis of Asynchronous 16*16 Adiabatic Vedic Multiplier Using ECRL and EEAL Logic", "abstract": "In this paper, we describe adiabatic Vedic multiplier using efficient charge recovery logic (ECRL) and energy efficient adiabatic logic (EEAL) In today's world low power hindrance have become a major important factor in modern VLSI design. Because of the increasingly draconian demands for battery space and weight in portable multimedia devices, energy productive and high yielding circuits are required, particularly in digital multipliers which are basic building blocks of digital signal processors. For speed and power criteria the Urdhva Tiryagbhayam Vedic multiplier is effective and adiabatic logic style is said to be an attractive solution for low power electronic applications. With adiabatic logic most of the energy is restored to the source instead of dissipating as heat. Proposed work focuses on the design of low power and area efficient adiabatic Vedic multiplier using TSMC0.18mm CMOS process technology in HSPICE G2012.06.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["C Sreeja", "Nisha Yadav"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 35295455, "title": "Carry Select Adder Implementation using Asynchronous Fine Grain Power Gated Logic", "abstract": "This paper presents a low power logic family, called asynchronous fine grain power gated logic (AFPL) Each pipeline stage is comprised of the logic function called efficient charge recovery logic (ECRL) gatesand a handshake controller. ECRL gates have negligible leakage power dissipation. By incorporatingpartial charge reuse (PCR) mechanism the energy dissipation required to complete the evaluation of an ECRL gate can be reduced Moreover, AFPL PCR adopts a C element, in its handshake controllers. To mitigate the hardware overhead of the AFPL circuit, circuit simplificationtechniques have been developed.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": [""], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}]} -{"query": "x ray diffraction review", "session_id": 3006594263196188, "user_id": 6742740819372626, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 209771092, "title": "A review of basic crystallography and x ray diffraction applications", "abstract": "Although various researched works have been carried out in x ray crystallography and its applications, but there are still limited number of researches on crystallographic theories and industrial application of x ray diffraction. The present study reviewed and provided detailed discussion on atomic arrangement of single crystals, mathematical concept of Bravais, reciprocal lattice, and application of x ray diffraction. Determination of phase identification, crystal structure, dislocation density, crystallographic orientation, and gran size using x ray diffraction peak intensity, peak position, and peak width were discussed. The detailed review of crystallographic theories and x ray diffraction application would benefit majorly engineers and specialists in chemical, mining, iron, and steel industries.", "venue": "The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Enefola S Ameh"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 98205079, "title": "A LITERATURE REVIEW OF CYCLODEXTRIN INCLUSION COMPLEXES CHARACTERIZATION PART II: X RAY DIFFRACTION, INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE", "abstract": "Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides widely used to form inclusion complexes with poor water soluble drugs, with the aim to improve their solubility. The characterization of these complexes requires several analytical techniques. In a previous review part I, the analytical techniques used to characterize drug cyclodextrin complex phase solubility diagram, dissolution and scanning electron microscopy were described. The aim of this review is to detail other analytical tools also used in this characterization as X ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance.", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Andrea Ikeda Takahashi", "Francisco J Veiga", "Humberto Gomes Ferraz"], "n_citations": 19, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 52091129, "title": "Applications of Powder X Ray Diffraction in Small Molecule Pharmaceuticals: Achievements and Aspirations.", "abstract": "Since the discovery of X ray diffraction and its potential to elucidate crystal symmetry, powder X ray diffraction has found diverse applications in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. This review summarizes significant achievements of the technique during various stages of dosage form development. Improved understanding of the principle involved and development of automated hardware and reliable software have led to increased instrumental sensitivity and improved data analysis. These advances continue to expand the applications of powder X ray diffraction to emerging research fields such as amorphous systems, mechanistic understanding of phase transformations, and \"Quality by Design\" in formulation development.", "venue": "Journal of pharmaceutical sciences", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Naveen K Thakral", "Roger L Zanon", "Ron C Kelly", "Seema Thakral"], "n_citations": 25, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 94781296, "title": "Single crystal X ray diffraction at extreme conditions: a review", "abstract": "The latest developments in single crystal X ray diffraction at high pressure and high temperature are described. Advances in diamond anvil cell designs and X ray sources allow collecting single crystal diffraction data at pressures up and above 100 GPa and at temperatures above 1000degC. The technical details of single crystal X ray diffraction at high pressure such as the choice of pressure transmitting media or the different methods for measuring pressures and temperatures have been reviewed. Examples of structural solution of complex structures and new materials, structural refinements of high pressure polymorphs as well as accurate compressibility data are described in order to outline the several advantages of using single crystals instead of powdered samples in high pressure diffraction experiments.", "venue": "", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Tiziana Boffa Ballaran", "Alexander Kurnosov", "Dmytro M Trots"], "n_citations": 27, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 72433233, "title": "A Review of High Energy X Ray Diffraction from Glasses and Liquids", "abstract": "This paper summarizes the scientific trends associated with the rapid development of the technique of high energy X ray diffraction over the past decade pertaining to the field of liquids, glasses, and amorphous materials. The measurement of high quality X ray structure factors out to large momentum transfers leads to high resolution pair distribution functions which can be directly compared to theory or combined with data from other experimental techniques. The advantages of combining highly penetrating radiation with low angle scattering are outlined together with the data analysis procedure and formalism. Also included are advances in high energy synchrotron beamline instrumentation, sample environment equipment, and an overview of the role of simulation and modeling for interpreting data from disordered materials. Several examples of recent trends in glass and liquid research are described. Finally, directions for future research are considered within the context of past and current developments in the field.", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Chris J Benmore"], "n_citations": 47, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 55029209, "title": "STRAIN INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION OF NATURAL RUBBER: A REVIEW OF X RAY DIFFRACTION INVESTIGATIONS", "abstract": "Abstract Strain induced crystallization of natural rubber was discovered in 1925 by the means of x ray diffraction and has been widely investigated by this technique until today. The studies devoted to the structure of the crystalline phase of natural rubber are first reviewed. This structure is strongly anisotropic and can be related to the exceptionally good strength and fatigue properties of this material. The relationships between strain induced crystallization of natural rubber and its mechanical response, during static or tension retraction tests, are also reviewed and discussed; in particular, the hysteresis of the stress strain curve is mainly explained by strain induced crystallization. The kinetics of crystallization under both static and cyclic deformation is also discussed, as well as the influence of different factors, depending either on material composition (crosslink density, carbon black fillers) or on external parameters (temperature, strain rate.", "venue": "", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["Bertrand Huneau"], "n_citations": 149, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 139657514, "title": "X Ray Diffraction under Extreme Conditions at the Advanced Light Source", "abstract": "The more than a century old technique of X ray diffraction in either angle or energy dispersive mode has been used to probe materials' microstructure in a number of ways, including phase identification, stress measurements, structure solutions, and the determination of physical properties such as compressibility and phase transition boundaries. The study of high pressure and high temperature materials has strongly benefitted from this technique when combined with the high brilliance source provided by third generation synchrotron facilities, such as the Advanced Light Source (ALS) (Berkeley, CA, USA) Here we present a brief review of recent work at this facility in the field of X ray diffraction under extreme conditions, including an overview of diamond anvil cells, X ray diffraction, and a summary of three beamline capabilities conducting X ray diffraction high pressure research in the diamond anvil cell.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Camelia V Stan", "Christine M Beavers", "Martin Kunz", "Nobumichi Tamura"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 54655462, "title": "Determination of nanoparticulate magnetite stoichiometry by Mossbauer spectroscopy, acidic dissolution, and powder X ray diffraction: A critical review", "abstract": "Abstract A solid solution can exist of magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (g Fe2O3) which is commonly referred to as nonstoichiometric or partially oxidized magnetite. The degree of stoichiometry in magnetite is quantitatively measured by determining the ratio of Fe2+ to Fe3+ Magnetite stoichiometry (x Fe2+/Fe3+ strongly influences several physical properties, including the coercitivity, sorption capacity, reduction potential, and crystalline structure. Magnetite stoichiometry has been extensively studied, although very little work exists examining the stoichiometry of nanoparticulate samples <100 nm) when the stoichiometry was measured for nanoparticulate samples, it was not validated with a secondary technique. Here, we review the three most common techniques to determine magnetite stoichiometry: (1) acidic dissolution; (2) Mossbauer spectroscopy; and (3) powder X ray diffraction (pXRD) specifically with nanoparticulate samples in mind. Eight samples of nonstoichiometric magnetite were synthesized with x ranging from 0 to 0.50 and with the particle size kept as similar as possible (BET specific surface area 63 7 m2/g; particle size 20 nm) Our measurements indicate excellent agreement between stoichiometries determined from Mossbauer spectra and by acidic dissolution, suggesting that Mossbauer spectroscopy may be a useful means for estimating magnetite stoichiometry in nanoparticulate, multi phases samples, such as those found in the environment. A significant linear correlation was also observed between the unit cell length (a) of magnetite measured by pXRD and magnetite stoichiometry, indicating that pXRD may also be useful for determining particle stoichiometry, especially for mixed phased samples", "venue": "", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Christopher A Gorski", "Michelle M Scherer"], "n_citations": 168, "n_key_citations": 12, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 10607504, "title": "Introduction to Advanced X ray Diffraction Techniques for Polymeric Thin Films", "abstract": "X ray diffraction has been a standard technique for investigating structural properties of materials. However, most common applications in the organic materials community have been restricted to either chemical identification or qualitative strain analysis. Moreover, its use for polymeric thin films has been challenging because of the low structure factor of carbon and the thin film nature of the sample. Here, we provide a short review of advanced X ray diffraction (XRD) techniques suitable for polymeric thin films, including the type of analysis that can be done and measurement geometries that would compensate low signals due to low carbon structure factor and the thin film nature of the sample. We will also briefly cover the kh pole figure for texture analysis of ultra thin film that has recently become commonly used. A brief review of XRD theory is also presented.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Nicodemus Edwin Widjonarko"], "n_citations": 43, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 94566614, "title": "X ray diffraction and X ray absorption spectroscopic analyses for intercalative nanohybrids with low crystallinity", "abstract": "Intercalation reactions can be achieved through ion exchange, pillaring, and exfoliation reassembling reactions to explore new intercalation compounds with desired electronic, electrochemical, and optical functions. Such intercalative nanohybrids with lamellar or porous structure have received much attention due to their potential applications such as catalysts, electrodes, selective adsorbents, stabilizing agents, and even drug delivery systems. In this review, we briefly introduce and highlight X ray diffraction and X ray absorption spectroscopy studies on the intercalative nanohybrids to understand their intracrystalline and electronic structures along with physicochemical functions.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Dae-hwan Park", "Jae-Hun Yang", "Ajayan Vinu", "Ahmed A Elzatahry", "Jin-Ho Choy"], "n_citations": 24, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Up 65 CM 2983", "session_id": 4278228753917186, "user_id": 2423746855600506, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 199548517, "title": "Use of 65 cm large caliber Dryseal sheaths to facilitate delivery of the Edwards SAPIEN valve to dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tracts", "abstract": "The Edwards SAPIEN valve and its delivery system may complicate transit through the right heart during transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (tPVR) We report our early experience using a large diameter, 65 cm delivery sheath to facilitate delivery of the SAPIEN valve to the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT)", "venue": "Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography Interventions", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Damien Kenny", "Gareth J Morgan", "Matthew Murphy", "Khalid AlAlwi", "Luca Giugno", "Jenny E Zablah", "Mario Carminati", "Kevin P Walsh"], "n_citations": 12, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 137946293, "title": "Characterization of discharge uniformity and performance via stimulated beam extraction of a 65 cm annular ion engine", "abstract": "The annular ion engine concept consists of a cylindrical ion thruster with a centrally located stalk that provides increased anode area. The increased electron collection area allows for increased discharge plasma current, and thus high power operation. The central stalk also provides support for the ion optics, allowing for larger beam area and scale up potential. Discharge performance of a 42 cm annular ion engine has previously been studied. Here, the discharge uniformity of a 65 cm annular ion engine during simulated beam extraction is assessed using three diagnostics: Faraday probes, Langmuir probes, and a fast camera. The percent uniformity was found to vary from 89.8% to 97.4% for discharge powers under 1.5 kW. The data presented herein demonstrates the feasibility of scalability of the annular ion engine. PhD candidate, Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, 2355 Bonisteel Blvd. AIAA student member Professor, Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, 2355 Bonisteel Blvd. AIAA member Senior Technologist, Power and In Space propulsion Division, 2100 Brookpark Rd./MS 301 3, AIAA senior member Research Engineer, Propulsion and Propellants Branch, 21000 Brookpark Rd./MS 301 3, AIAA member Member of Technical Sta| Space Materials Laboratory, P.O. Box 92957 M2 341, AIAA member Senior Scientist, Space Materials Laboratory, P.O. Box 92957 M2 341, AIAA senior member", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Neil A Arthur", "John E Foster", "Michael J Patterson", "Robert E Thomas", "Jason A Young", "Mark W Crofton"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 3517142, "title": "Potential benefits and harms of offering ultrasound surveillance to men aged 65 years and older with a subaneurysmal (2.5 2.9 cm) infrarenal aorta", "abstract": "Objective: The objective of this review was to perform a rapid evidence summary to determine the prevalence of subaneurysmal aortic aneurysms, growth rates, and risk factors that modulate growth in average risk men aged 65 years and older. Secondary objectives were to evaluate benefits and harms of lifelong ultrasound (US) surveillance and treatment outcomes for any large aneurysms that develop in the screened population. Methods: We searched multiple databases (eg, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase Classic and Embase, and the Cochrane Library) on February 16, 2016. Using a liberal accelerated method, two reviewers screened titles and abstracts for relevance and subsequently screened full text studies. General study characteristics (eg, country, study design, number of participants) and data (eg, number of men with subaneurysmal aortas, quality of life [QoL] mortality) were extracted. One reviewer performed data extraction and risk of bias assessments, and a second reviewer verified 100% of studies. Any disagreements were resolved by consensus. Results: The search identified 37 relevant studies ranging in size from 3 to 52,690 participants. Prevalence of subaneurysmal aortas ranged from 1.14% to 8.53% and 55% to 88% of these men progressed to a 3.0 cm aneurysm by 5 years of follow up. Risk factors for growth included the infrarenal aortic diameter at age 65 years, having a subaneurysmal aorta at age 65 years, and current smoking. The 36 Item Short Form Health Survey was the most commonly used tool to measure QoL, and QoL was typically lower in people with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Anxiety and depression levels did not differ significantly between comparison groups in any studies. Four studies reported on the number of men whose aorta was subaneurysmal on initial US who went on to surgery. Overall, 10% (57/547) of men initially measuring in the subaneurysmal range progressed to abdominal aortic aneurysm >5.4 cm and received elective surgery; 1% (6/547) received emergency surgery because of a ruptured aorta. Among those who did, mortality rates were much lower for elective (9.5% vs emergency surgery (50% Risk of bias was usually low for studies measuring prevalence and moderate and high for studies measuring psychological harms of screening and harms and benefits of surgery. Overall, using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework as guidance, the quality of the evidence was generally very low. Conclusions: Because of the limited evidence and the low quality of the existing evidence, it is not possible to determine confidently whether men with abdominal aortas measuring 2.5 to 2.9 cm should be observed in a lifelong US surveillance program.", "venue": "Journal of vascular surgery", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Candyce Hamel", "Mona Ghannad", "Matthew D F McInnes", "John K Marshall", "Jonothan J Earnshaw", "Roxanne E Ward", "Becky Skidmore", "Chantelle Garritty"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 4785913, "title": "Vitamin D status and associated factors among Portuguese older adults: results from the Nutrition UP 65 cross sectional study", "abstract": "Objectives To evaluate vitamin D status and its associated factors in Portuguese older adults from the Nutrition UP 65 study. Design Cross sectional observational study. Participants and methods Nationwide cluster sample of 1500 Portuguese subjects =65 years old. Participants were classified, according to US Institute of Medicine cut offs, as presenting normal 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels =50.0 nmol/L) at risk of inadequacy (30.0 49.9 nmol/L) or at risk of deficiency <30 nmol/L) The association between individuals' characteristics and 25(OH)D levels was analysed through multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results Median 25(OH)D serum value was 36.1 (interquartile range (IQR) 35.5) nmol/L. According to the used cut offs, 39.6% of participants were at risk of 25(OH)D deficiency and 29.4% were at risk of 25(OH)D inadequacy. In the adjusted model, having higher skin pigmentation and waist circumference >88 cm for women and >102 cm for men were associated with higher odds of 25(OH)D deficiency. Otherwise, living in Lisbon Metropolitan Area and in Madeira, 1 12 years of schooling, being married or in a common law marriage, monthly income =EUR1000, alcohol consumption, medication or supplements with vitamin D supplement use, and blood samples collected in spring or summer were associated with lower odds of being at risk of 25(OH)D deficiency. In this model, season of blood sample collection, medication or supplements use, and waist circumference were the factors more strongly associated with 25(OH)D levels. Conclusions Despite using the conservative Institute of Medicine cut offs, over two thirds of these study participants presented inadequate 25(OH)D levels, warranting the implementation of corrective measures. Potentially modifiable factors were strongly associated with 25(OH)D levels in this study. These findings may be particularly relevant to the development of public health policies in southern European countries.", "venue": "BMJ Open", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Alejandro Santos", "Teresa Freitas Amaral", "Rita S Guerra", "Ana S Sousa", "Luisa Alvares", "Pedro Moreira", "Patricia Padrao", "Claudia Afonso", "Nuno Borges"], "n_citations": 18, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 5469357, "title": "SMARCB1/INI1 Loss in Epithelioid Schwannoma: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study of 65 Cases", "abstract": "The epithelioid variant of schwannoma is rare, and loss of SMARCB1/INI1 expression has been observed in a subset of cases. Our aim was to further define the clinicopathologic features and to evaluate SMARCB1/INI1 deficiency in a large cohort of 65 epithelioid schwannomas diagnosed between 2002 and 2015, which consisted of 32 men and 33 women with median age at diagnosis of 45 years (range, 13 to 75 y) Most tumors arose in the extremities (upper, 20, lower, 15) and trunk (17) 9 were visceral (8 gastrointestinal) Most somatic tumors were in dermis/subcutis (53/54) and encapsulated (53/54) with an epithelial membrane antigen positive perineurial capsule in 46 cases; visceral tumors were unencapsulated. No patients were reported to have any neurocristopathy. Three patients had multiple lesions (2 each) Tumor size range was 0.4 to 22.7 cm (median, 1.2 cm) Tumors showed multilobulated growth of uniform epithelioid cells in sheets and nests or singly dispersed within a frequently myxoid or hyalinized stroma. Tumor cells had round vesicular nuclei and abundant palely eosinophilic cytoplasm, usually lacking significant pleomorphism or hyperchromasia. Some tumors showed foci resembling conventional schwannoma (spindled morphology, 29; Antoni B foci or Verocay bodies, 8; hyalinized thick walled vessels, 16) Mitoses ranged from 0 to 9 per 10 high power fields (median count, 1) No tumor had necrosis. Twenty three cases showed degenerative nuclear atypia. Focally striking cytologic atypia was present in 7 tumors, 3 of which showed transformation to epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. All tumors showed diffuse positivity for S 100 protein and consistent positivity for SOX10 (50/50) while INI1 expression was lost in 24 of 57. Other positive immunohistochemical results were: glial fibrillary acidic protein (15/37) and focal keratin (2/40) epithelial membrane antigen (0/53) and melanocytic markers were negative (Mart 1 0/29; HMB 45 0/23) Most patients underwent local excision (13 complete; 47 marginal/positive margins) Follow up data available for 31 patients (range, 1 to 108 mo; median, 37) indicated that no patient had developed metastatic disease, including 3 cases with cytologic atypia, one of which showed malignant transformation. One tumor without atypia developed local recurrence 48 months after marginal excision; all other patients were alive with no evidence of disease. Epithelioid schwannoma most commonly occurs as a superficial tumor on the extremities or trunk in adults. Loss of SMARCB1/INI1 expression is seen in 42% of tumors. Tumors follow a generally benign clinical course, although recurrence and malignant transformation are infrequent. Some tumors are characterized by notable cytologic atypia, the significance of which is uncertain but which may indicate a morphologic continuum with low grade epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.", "venue": "The American journal of surgical pathology", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Vickie Y Jo", "Christopher D M Fletcher"], "n_citations": 38, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 7306150, "title": "Breast conserving surgery with or without irradiation in women aged 65 years or older with early breast cancer (PRIME II) a randomised controlled trial.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND For most older women with early breast cancer, standard treatment after breast conserving surgery is adjuvant whole breast radiotherapy and adjuvant endocrine treatment. We aimed to assess the effect omission of whole breast radiotherapy would have on local control in older women at low risk of local recurrence at 5 years. METHODS Between April 16, 2003, and Dec 22, 2009, 1326 women aged 65 years or older with early breast cancer judged low risk (ie, hormone receptor positive, axillary node negative, T1 T2 up to 3 cm at the longest dimension, and clear margins; grade 3 tumour histology or lymphovascular invasion, but not both, were permitted) who had had breast conserving surgery and were receiving adjuvant endocrine treatment, were recruited into a phase 3 randomised controlled trial at 76 centres in four countries. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to either whole breast radiotherapy (40 50 Gy in 15 25 fractions) or no radiotherapy by computer generated permuted block randomisation, stratified by centre, with a block size of four. The primary endpoint was ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence. Follow up continues and will end at the 10 year anniversary of the last randomised patient. Analyses were done by intention to treat. The trial is registered on ISRCTN.com, number ISRCTN95889329. FINDINGS 658 women who had undergone breast conserving surgery and who were receiving adjuvant endocrine treatment were randomly assigned to receive whole breast irradiation and 668 were allocated to no further treatment. After median follow up of 5 years (IQR 3*84 6*05) ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence was 1*3% (95% CI 0*2 2*3; n=5) in women assigned to whole breast radiotherapy and 4*1% (2*4 5*7; n=26) in those assigned no radiotherapy (p=0*0002) Compared with women allocated to whole breast radiotherapy, the univariate hazard ratio for ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence in women assigned to no radiotherapy was 5*19 (95% CI 1*99 13*52; p=0*0007) No differences in regional recurrence, distant metastases, contralateral breast cancers, or new breast cancers were noted between groups. 5 year overall survival was 93*9% (95% CI 91*8 96*0) in both groups (p=0*34) 89 women died; eight of 49 patients allocated to no radiotherapy and four of 40 assigned to radiotherapy died from breast cancer. INTERPRETATION Postoperative whole breast radiotherapy after breast conserving surgery and adjuvant endocrine treatment resulted in a significant but modest reduction in local recurrence for women aged 65 years or older with early breast cancer 5 years after randomisation. However, the 5 year rate of ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence is probably low enough for omission of radiotherapy to be considered for some patients. FUNDING Chief Scientist Office (Scottish Government) Breast Cancer Institute (Western General Hospital, Edinburgh)", "venue": "The Lancet. Oncology", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Ian H Kunkler", "Linda Jane Williams", "Wilma J L Jack", "David Cameron", "J Michael Dixon"], "n_citations": 458, "n_key_citations": 7, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 31561392, "title": "THE MASS RADIUS RELATION FOR 65 EXOPLANETS SMALLER THAN 4 EARTH RADII", "abstract": "We study the masses and radii of 65 exoplanets smaller than 4 R with orbital periods shorter than 100 days. We calculate the weighted mean densities of planets in bins of 0.5 R and identify a density maximum of 7.6 g cm 3 at 1.4 R On average, planets with radii up to R P 1.5 R increase in density with increasing radius. Above 1.5 R the average planet density rapidly decreases with increasing radius, indicating that these planets have a large fraction of volatiles by volume overlying a rocky core. Including the solar system terrestrial planets with the exoplanets below 1.5 R we find rP 2.43 3.39(R P/R g cm 3 for R P 1.5 R which is consistent with rocky compositions. For 1.5 R P/R 4, we find M P/M 2.69(R P/R )0.93. The rms of planet masses to the fit between 1.5 and 4 R is 4.3 M with reduced kh2 6.2. The large scatter indicates a diversity in planet composition at a given radius. The compositional diversity can be due to planets of a given volume (as determined by their large H/He envelopes) containing rocky cores of different masses or compositions.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Lauren M Weiss", "Geoffrey W Marcy"], "n_citations": 423, "n_key_citations": 123, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 207636208, "title": "Is atlantoaxial instability the cause of Chiari malformation? Outcome analysis of 65 patients treated by atlantoaxial fixation.", "abstract": "OBJECT Understanding that atlantoaxial instability is the cause of Chiari malformation (CM) the author treated 65 patients using atlantoaxial stabilization. The results are analyzed. METHODS Cases of CM treated using atlantoaxial fixation during the period from January 2010 to November 2013 were reviewed and analyzed. Surgery was aimed at segmental arthrodesis. RESULTS The author treated 65 patients with CM in the defined study period. Fifty five patients had associated syringomyelia. Forty six patients had associated basilar invagination. Thirty seven patients had both basilar invagination and syringomyelia. Three patients had been treated earlier using foramen magnum decompression and duraplasty. According to the extent of their functional capabilities, patients were divided into 5 clinical grades. On the basis of the type of facetal alignment and atlantoaxial instability, the patients were divided into 3 groups. Type I dislocation (17 patients) was anterior atlantoaxial instability wherein the facet of the atlas was dislocated anterior to the facet of the axis. Type II dislocation (31 patients) was posterior atlantoaxial instability wherein the facet of the atlas was dislocated posterior to the facet of the axis. Type III dislocation (17 patients) was the absence of demonstrable facetal malalignment and was labeled as \"central\" atlantoaxial dislocation. In 18 patients, dynamic images showed vertical, mobile and at least partially reducible atlantoaxial dislocation. All patients were treated with atlantoaxial plate and screw fixation using techniques described in 1994 and 2004. Foramen magnum decompression or syrinx manipulation was not performed in any patient. Occipital bone and subaxial spinal elements were not included in the fixation construct. One patient died, and death occurred in the immediate postoperative phase and was related to a vertebral artery injury incurred during the operation. One patient had persistent symptoms. In the rest of the patients there was gratifying clinical improvement. More remarkably, in 7 patients, the symptoms of lower cranial nerve paresis improved. No patient worsened in their neurological function after surgery. Reductions in the size of the syrinx and regression of the CM were observed in 6 of 11 cases in which postoperative MRI was possible. During the follow up period, there was no delayed worsening of neurological function or symptoms in any patient. Sixty three patients improved after surgery, and the improvement was sustained during the average follow up period of 18 months. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of outcomes in this study, it appears that the pathogenesis of CM with or without associated basilar invagination and/or syringomyelia is primarily related to atlantoaxial instability. The data suggest that the surgical treatment in these cases should be directed toward atlantoaxial stabilization and segmental arthrodesis. Except in cases in which there is assimilation of the atlas, inclusion of the occipital bone is neither indicated nor provides optimum stability. Foramen magnum decompression is not necessary and may be counter effective in the long run.", "venue": "Journal of neurosurgery. Spine", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Atul Goel"], "n_citations": 134, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 29865676, "title": "Surgical safety and oncological completeness of robotic thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma larger than 2 cm", "abstract": "BackgroundThe safety of robotic thyroidectomy (RT) for small sized thyroid carcinomas has been well established. The surgical outcomes of bilateral axillo breast approach RT for thyroid carcinomas larger than 2 cm were evaluated and compared with those of open thyroidectomy (OT).MethodsThe medical records of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy or hemithyroidectomy followed by completion thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid carcinomas measuring 2 4 cm were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsThe study included 86 patients who underwent RT (n 21) or OT (n 65) with mean ages of 30.8 and 51.6 years, respectively. The mean tumor size was 2.8 cm in both groups. There were no significant differences between the RT and OT groups in vocal cord palsy rate (transient, 19.0 vs. 9.2 permanent, 0 vs. 1.5 postoperative hypoparathyroidism rate (transient, 19.0 vs. 33.8 permanent, 4.8 vs. 1.5 and the number of retrieved central lymph nodes in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients (6.4 3.5 vs. 6.1 3.9, respectively) The proportion of the patients with serum stimulated thyroglobulin level of <1.0 ng/ml at the initial radioactive iodine treatment was 64.7 (11/17) for RT group and 66.0 (35/53) for OT group (p 0.920) There were three patients (1 RT and 2 OT) who had a biochemical incomplete response, and there was no case of anatomical recurrence or mortality during the median follow up period of 40.2 months.ConclusionRT is a safe and oncologically sound treatment option for differentiated thyroid carcinomas measuring 2 4 cm in a selected group of patients. The role of RT should be evaluated in correlation with technological advances and increased experience.", "venue": "Surgical Endoscopy", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Young Jun Chai", "Hyunsuk Peter Suh", "Jung-Woo Woo", "Hyeong Won Yu", "Ra-Yeong Song", "Hyungju Kwon", "Kyu Eun Lee"], "n_citations": 31, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 59047285, "title": "A 65 nm pixel readout ASIC with quick transverse momentum discrimination capabilities for the CMS Tracker at HL LHC", "abstract": "A readout ASIC for the hybrid pixel detector with the capability of performing quick recognition of particles with high transverse momentum has been designed for the requirements of the CMS Outer Tracker at the High Luminosity LHC. The particle momentum dicrimination capability represents the main challenge for this design together with the low power requirement: the constraint of low mass for the new tracker dictates a total power budget of less than 100 mW/cm(2) The choice of a 65 nm CMOS technology has made it possible to satisfy this power requirement despite the fairly large amount of logic necessary to perform the momentum discrimination and the continuous operation at 40 MHz. Several techniques for low power have been used to implement this logic that performs cluster reduction, position offset correction and coordinate encoding. A prototype chip including a large part of the final functionality and the full front end has been realized and comprises a matrix of 16 by 3 rectangular pixels of 100 mu m x 1446 mu m, providing 7.65 mm(2) of segmented active area. Measurements of the analog front end characteristics closely match the simulations and confirm the consumption of <30 mu A per pixel. Front end characterization and irradiation results up to 150 MRad are also reported.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Davide Ceresa", "Jan Kaplon", "Rui Francisco", "Alessandro Caratelli", "Kostas Kloukinas", "A Marchioro"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "motivation in english language teaching", "session_id": 8136233520009742, "user_id": 3564088097807396, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 148466489, "title": "Technology and Motivation in English Language Teaching and Learning", "abstract": "Advances in technology have made it easier for teachers and learners of English to access a wide range of resources in terms of authentic input and communication with native and non native speakers of English around the world. From the early days of computer assisted language learning (CALL) there has been discussion of how technologies can play a role in motivating learners in learning a language (e.g. Warschauer, 1996) and as technologies have become more sophisticated, the growing range of uses of technology in and out of the classroom increases the potential for enhanced motivation. My own teaching context is a large private university located in central Tokyo, where one might expect that technological advances are far more than those of many other countries around the world, including Europe and the United States. In my experience in discussions with colleagues and attending international conferences, there are more commonalities than differences in problems that are encountered regarding implementing technology for learning purposes and, for this reason, I have kept this discussion at a more general level, as the implications are likely to be of relevance to teachers regardless of where they are based.", "venue": "", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Glenn Stockwell"], "n_citations": 70, "n_key_citations": 9, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 151284946, "title": "Place of Motivation in English Language Teaching", "abstract": "This paper is intended to deal with place of motivation in English language teaching. Motivation as one of topics of second and foreign language acquisition has always influenced on learning and teaching of English language. Language can be defined as the bond that links people together and binds them to their culture. The study of language has always played a crucial role in the history man. Man has tried to know his language, know how speech sounds relate to meaning when he/she is speaking or writing. Today, English language is used as one of the major important of languages among people over the world. Learning English language has been the main subject in schools, colleges and universities in the world. English language is used as foreign or second and even lingua franca among people in this world.A EnglishA A language is used as target language among learners in their schools, colleges, and universities. It is interesting to see how an English language learner learns English through motivation.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Ali Akbar Khansir", "Farhad Pakdel"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 149039543, "title": "The Impact of the School Leaving Certificate Examination on English Language Teaching and Student Motivation to Learn English", "abstract": "The Impact of the School Leaving Certificate Examination on English Language Teaching and Student Motivation to Learn English Book Section How to cite: Dawadi, Saraswati (2018) The Impact of the School Leaving Certificate Examination on English Language Teaching and Student Motivation to Learn English. In: Hayes, David ed. English Language Teaching in Nepal: Research, Reflection and Practice. British Council, pp. 133 164.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Saraswati Dawadi"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 151861458, "title": "Using contextual factorsto promote student motivation in English language teaching", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Anita Muho", "Leonard Danglli"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 214249605, "title": "The Impact of Digital Storytelling on Academic Achievement of Sixth Grade Students in English Language and Their Motivation towards it in Jordan", "abstract": "This study aims to identify the impact of digital storytelling (DST) on academic achievement of sixth grade students in English language and their motivation towards it in Jordan.DST plays an important role in the maintenance and progress of English language.The research uses a quasi experimental method. The sample of the study consists of (50) male students were purposefully chosen from public schools at Jerash governorate. They were distributed into two groups: Experimental group which has (25) students learning English language through DST, and control group which has (25) students. They are taught the same content in traditional way. The findings of the study showed that there are statistically significant differences in students' academic achievement and students' motivation towards learning English language due to teaching method in favor of experimental group which DST strategy is the main method used in English language. Statistically significant differences were also found in students' motivation towards learning English language due to teaching method in favor of experimental group. In the light of the results, some recommendations were set like integrating DST in the teaching and learning English language.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Yousef Aljaraideh"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 146859452, "title": "Intrinsic Motivation in English Language Teaching Ingilizce Ogretiminde Icsel Gudulenme", "abstract": "Human beings are bom with an intense need to explore, interact with, and make sense of their environment. However, with formal schooling, they seem to lose their enthusiasm and passion for learning. This fact implies that the school and its elements such as teachers, subjects, materials, have an important responsibility for increasing student motivation to learn. The aim of this article is to stress the importance of having an intrinsic motivation in English language teaching (ELT) Hence, this article attempts to define motivation, discuss its sources, display its criteria, present ways of increasing motivation and finally suggest some activities.", "venue": "", "year": 2004.0, "author_names": ["Aydan Ersoz"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 196120162, "title": "Blended Learning: Improving Student's Motivation in English Teaching Learning Process", "abstract": "This research aims at revealing: the blended learning; the advantages of blended learning in the 21st century; the application of blended learning in the classroom. It is kinds of qualitative research which are aimed at revealing the blended learning for students' motivation in studying the English language. There is still lack of research about the blended learning in students' motivation; therefore, this research is significant to be conducted. The finding of the research can be described as follows: First, blended learning is learning the model that combine the positive sides of traditional mode such as face to face model with improved technology use to keep, improve, and engage the student's motivation and involvement the new star of teaching and learning process. Second, blended learning improves the learning access to materials and learning activities, and it can support and enhance the role of teachers, the experiences of the students and the social environment. Third, there are four main steps in applying blended learning, i.e. planning, designing and developing the blended learning elements, implementing, reviewing and evaluating the design.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["I F Sari", "Ardiana Rahayu", "Dwi Indra Apriliandari", "Sulisworo Dwi"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 151358220, "title": "The Factors Affecting Learners' Motivation in English Language Education", "abstract": "Teachers and researchers have broadly accepted motivation/demotivation as one of the most important elements in foreign language (L2) learning. The present research investigated the role of motivation and factors affecting students' motivation in teaching/learning English as foreign language. Parental, environmental, and teacher's attitude related factors were examined. Participants were 40 first grade students studying in English Language Teaching department. The participants were given a survey which consisted of several statements related with the mentioned factors. The current study showed that there were strategies and behaviours that motivate students but suppress positive attitudes towards English learning. The findings showed that learners were more motivated when their parents supported and encouraged them to learn English. The research also revealed that reinforcing the learner beliefs also motivated students and they were more motivated when they worked with their friends. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggested many behaviors and strategies which motivate learners.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Seda Ekiz", "Zahitjan Kulmetov"], "n_citations": 16, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 151865091, "title": "Effects of Tasks on Spoken Interaction and Motivation in English Language Learners.", "abstract": "Task based learning (TBL) or Task based learning and teaching (TBLT) is a communicative approach widely applied in settings where English has been taught as a foreign language (EFL) It has been documented as greatly useful to improve learners' communication skills. This research intended to find the effect of tasks on students' spoken interaction in English and motivation towards speaking English in the classroom. Thirty five adolescent tenth grade students from a public school in Bogota, Colombia, participated in the study. They reported positive influence of tasks in their English oral interaction improvement as well as on their motivation towards speaking English in the classroom.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Nubia Patricia Carrero Perez"], "n_citations": 8, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 151021295, "title": "Motivation in english language teaching", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Fenyvesine Prohaszka Erzsebet"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Can Facebook Use Induce Well-Being?", "session_id": 244603922381275, "user_id": 5349408564644165, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 12972279, "title": "Can Facebook Use Induce Well Being?", "abstract": "Over the past few decades, the widespread phenomenon of Internet abuse has gained attention from the public, academia, and the media. In a departure from this negative viewpoint, however, researchers and educators have devoted considerable effort in attempting to understand the influence of online communication on people's psychological well being. This study focuses specifically on Facebook, and proposes a research model to examine the relationships among Facebook use, online social support, general social support, and psychological well being. Our results show that using Facebook helped college students to obtain online social support, and that online social support is an extension of general social support. However, although general social support contributes to well being, online social support appears to have little direct effect on well being. The relationship between online social support and well being is mediated through the factor of general social support.", "venue": "Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw.", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Chia-Yi Liu", "Chia-Ping Yu"], "n_citations": 115, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 146579752, "title": "Reassessing the Facebook experiment: critical thinking about the validity of Big Data research", "abstract": "ABSTRACT The Facebook experiment of 2014 manipulated the contents of nearly 700,000 users' News Feeds to induce changes in their emotions. This experiment was widely criticized on ethical grounds regarding informed consent. This controversy, however, diverted attention from a more important concern the experiment was intended to address, which is the impact of Facebook use on well being. In this paper, I explore the well being concerns raised by prior research and argue that the experiment does not alleviate them, owing to poor research design. As the question of Facebook's impact on well being is of great importance, both to Facebook and to society overall, there is a pressing need for more experimental research that is both sensitive to informed consent and carefully designed to yield reliable results. In turn, the lessons of this case have implications for general issues of validity that emerge in Big Data research, now in vogue at major scientific venues.", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Galen Panger"], "n_citations": 40, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 228293778, "title": "SNS sayongja jungdog hyeongseong maekeonijeumgwa jungdog yebang jeonryag", "abstract": "Purpose The study examined the key factors influencing the formation mechanism of SNS addiction. Based on the use and gratification theory, we considered relationship maintenance, perceived enjoyment, and self expression as main desires to induce SNS addiction. The characteristics of SNS users were also considered as major factors affecting SNS addiction. In particular, self control and subjective well beings were considered to be prevention factors that could reduce SNS addiction, while SNS relational intimacy was considered to be a facilitator that would increase SNS addiction. Design/Methodology/Approach A structural equation modeling (SEM) method was used to test the theoretical framework based on a sample of 224 Facebook users who have used it more than 6 months. Confirmation factor analysis was conducted to check the reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Findings Relationship maintenance had a significant effect on self disclosure intention and SNS addiction, respectively. Perceived enjoyment was significantly related to self disclosure intention, while it was insignificantly associated with SNS addiction. However, self expression was not significantly related to both self disclosure intention and SNS addiction. Consistent with our expectations, both self control and subjective well beings had negative effects on SNS addiction. The analysis results found that SNS relational intimacy was positively related to SNS addiction.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": [""], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 57393683, "title": "A Comparative Study on Distributed Storage and Erasure Coding Techniques Using Apache Hadoop Over NorNet Core", "abstract": "Both private and public sector organizations are constantly looking for new ways to keep their information safe and accessible at all times. Over the past few decades, replication has always been a reliable way to make sure data is constantly available, even though it has been proven to induce higher costs due to the additional required storage. Since the early 2000s, erasure codes have been developed as a means to drastically reduce the overhead, while enormously increasing efficiency and providing significant error correcting capabilities. One of the most well known erasure coding policies is Reed Solomon (RS) a highly consistent, reliable, and efficient technique to store and recover data, currently used at Facebook's data centers. Other frequently mentioned policies are Pyramid codes, a variant of Locally Repairable Codes (LRCs) that make use of a pyramid based scheme to generate additional parity groups for each level, and has been used at Microsoft's Windows Live servers. Apache Hadoop is an open source distributed framework used for scalable processing that has recently introduced erasure coding policies to their storage capabilities. NorNet Core (or NorNet Core Testbed1) a distributed academic network, will be used as the main scenario to measure, compare, and analyze these different erasure coding policies and their efficiency. Based on simulations of physically distributed storage, this thesis will show how minimal alterations in commonly known codes (such as RS codes) can converge in a Pyramid based code that could severely enhance fault tolerance and performance. Additionally, in a side to side comparison, it will be detailed how bigger codes (of higher dimension and length) more often than not, provide a more beneficial tradeoff. 1NorNet Core Testbed website: www.nntb.no.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Maximiliano Vela"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 71717273, "title": "Using Eye Tracking to Explore Facebook Use and Associations with Facebook Addiction, Mental Well being, and Personality", "abstract": "Social networking sites (SNSs) have become ubiquitous in our everyday lives, and for all its communicative benefits, excessive SNS use has been associated with a range of negative health implications. In the present study, the authors use eye tracking methodology to explore the relationship between individual differences in personality, mental well being, SNS usage, and the focus of Facebook users' visual attention. Participants (n 69, mean age 23.09, SD 7.54) completed questionnaire measures for personality and to examine changes in depression, anxiety, stress, and self esteem. They then engaged in a Facebook session while their eye movements and fixations were recorded. These fixations were coded as being directed to social and update areas of interest (AOI) of the Facebook interface. An exploratory analysis of personality factors revealed a negative correlation between openness to experience and inspection times for the updates AOI and an unexpected negative relationship between extraversion and inspection times for social AOI. There were correlations between changes in depression score and inspection of updates AOI, with reduced depression scores associated with increased inspection of updates. Finally, self reported duration of participants' typical Facebook sessions did not correlate with eye tracking measures but were associated with increased Facebook addiction scores and greater increases in depression scores. These initial findings indicate that there are differences in the outcomes of interacting with Facebook which can vary based on Facebook addiction, personality variables, and the Facebook features that individuals interact with.", "venue": "Behavioral sciences", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Zaheer Hussain", "Boban Simonovic", "Edward J N Stupple", "Maggie Austin"], "n_citations": 10, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 215822682, "title": "Relationship between Facebook Use and Psychological Well being for Baccalaureate Nursing Students at Benha University", "abstract": "Background: Facebook as one of the most visited online social networks provides massive opportunities and risk for users. In addition, the extensive use of Internet can increase the problematic effect of new media on students' psychological well being. Aim of the study: examine relationship between Facebook use and psychological well being for baccalaureate nursing students at BenhaUniversity. Research question: What is relationship between Facebook use and psychological well being for baccalaureate nursing students?.Design: Descriptive correlational design was utilized in this study. Setting: This study was conducted at the Faculty of Nursing Benha University. Subjects: This study was carried on all Baccalaureate nursing students. Tools for data collection: Socio demographic data questionnaire, The Face book Intensity scale and The Ryff's Psychological Well Being Scale. Results: results revealed that more than one third of the studied students have moderate score on Facebook intensity scale; while the minority of them has high score .There is a highly statistical significant correlation between Psychological Well Being and number of Facebook friends and also Facebook is part of their everyday activity. Conclusion: The students with moderate Facebook use will have moderate psychological well being. In addition, the more time a person spends using the Internet, the more addicted they will be affect our lives. Recommendations: It is necessary to spread awareness among children, youth groups and society at large to encourage the healthiest way to use the Internet in order not to negatively.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Mawaheb Mahmoud Zaki"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219370579, "title": "Facebook Use and Individual Well Being: Like Me to Make Me Happier!", "abstract": "This paper aims to study how Facebook use influences individual well being. We use a survey conducted on a representative sample of 2,000 French Facebook users. Our results show that Facebook interferes with subjective well being through its effects on friendships and self esteem. Hence we find a positive relation between receiving a great number of Likes and comments from Facebook friends and the level of life satisfaction. By contrast, people that would like to receive more Likes tend to be more unsatisfied with their life. The latter result suggests that Facebook use can exacerbate frustration and envy. Finally, the time spent on Facebook, the intensity of online interactions as well as the number of Facebook friends have no direct impact on life satisfaction. All these findings underlines the ambivalence of Facebook use with both positive and negative psychological effects on well being.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Alexandre Mayol", "Thierry Penard"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 141964551, "title": "Facebook Use and Individual Well Being: Like Me to Make Me Happier!", "abstract": "This paper aims to study how Facebook use influences individual well being. We use a survey conducted on a representative sample of 2,000 French Facebook users. Our results show that Facebook interferes with subjective well being through its effects on friendships and self esteem. Hence we find a positive relation between receiving a great number of Likes and comments from Facebook friends and the level of life satisfaction. By contrast, people that would like to receive more Likes tend to be more unsatisfied with their life. The latter result suggests that Facebook use can exacerbate frustration and envy. Finally, the time spent on Facebook, the intensity of online interactions as well as the number of Facebook friends have no direct impact on life satisfaction. All these findings underlines the ambivalence of Facebook use with both positive and negative psychological effects on well being.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Alexandre Mayol", "Thierry Penard"], "n_citations": 7, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 1801736, "title": "Do motivations for using Facebook moderate the association between Facebook use and psychological well being?", "abstract": "Previous investigations of the relationship between Facebook use and psychological well being have most commonly considered variables relating to the quantity (e.g. time spent online) and underlying motivations (e.g. making new friends) of Facebook consumption. However, previous research has reached contradictory conclusions in that quantity of Facebook use has been linked to both higher and lower levels of psychological well being. The current study investigated whether these contradictory findings of quantity of Facebook use could be explained by considering users' motivations for accessing Facebook. We predicted that quantity of use would be positively associated with psychological well being when users primarily accessed Facebook to maintain existing relationships but negatively associated with psychological well being when primarily accessed to create new relationships. In a sample of college undergraduates (N 119) we found that the relationship of quantity of Facebook use on psychological well being was moderated by the motivation of the user. Quantity of Facebook use was associated with higher levels of psychological well being among users that accessed Facebook for friendship purposes but was negatively associated with psychological well being among users that accessed Facebook for connection purposes (e.g. making new friends) We also replicated our results across dimensions of psychological well being (e.g. anxiety and life satisfaction) The current findings provide initial evidence that quantity and motivations of Facebook use interact with potentially serious implications for psychological well being and also provide a possible explanation for why quantity of Facebook use can be linked with both positive and negative psychological well being.", "venue": "Front. Psychol.", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["James R Rae", "Susan D Lonborg"], "n_citations": 45, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 18836041, "title": "Commentary: Do motivations for using Facebook moderate the association between Facebook use and psychological well being?", "abstract": "Rae and Lonborg's (2015) findings are intriguing. They show greater Facebook (FB) use intensity can have beneficial or adverse effects on psychological well being (PWB) depending on the user's motives. This underlines that not all motives are equal: some motives are harmful and others helpful when it comes to PWB and psychopathology outcomes. Four central issues were raised: (1) exclusive focus on social (external) motives for FB use; (2) exclusive focus on PWB outcomes; (3) interesting pattern of findings in the supplemental analyses; and (4) exclusive focus on FB use motives as moderators. Each suggests exciting future possibilities for this nascent area of motives research.", "venue": "Front. Psychol.", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Sherry Heather Stewart"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Crisis and renewal: Meeting challenge of organizational change", "session_id": 3048106169072831, "user_id": 4020581546588111, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 153454933, "title": "Crisis and Renewal: Meeting the Challenge of Organizational Change", "abstract": "It's coming again, the new collection that this site has. To complete your curiosity, we offer the favorite crisis and renewal meeting the challenge of organizational change management of innovation and change book as the choice today. This is a book that will show you even new to old thing. Forget it; it will be right for you. Well, when you are really dying of crisis and renewal meeting the challenge of organizational change management of innovation and change, just pick it. You know, this book is always making the fans to be dizzy if not to find.", "venue": "", "year": 1995.0, "author_names": ["James W Marcum"], "n_citations": 75, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221936619, "title": "Crisis and Renewal: Meeting the Challenge of Organizational Change", "abstract": "Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1: The Wisdom of the Hunters Chapter 2: Learning and Performance Chapter 3: Boxes and Bubbles Chapter 4: Hunters of the Spirit Chapter 5: Growth and Renewal Chapter 6: Crisis Creation Chapter 7: Ethical Anarchy Notes Bibliography Index About the Author", "venue": "", "year": 1995.0, "author_names": ["David K Hurst"], "n_citations": 89, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 144876974, "title": "Reviews: Crisis and Renewal, Meeting the Challenge of Organizational Change, David K. Hurst", "abstract": "(1999) Reviews: Crisis and Renewal, Meeting the Challenge of Organizational Change, David K. Hurst. Emergence: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 109 114.", "venue": "", "year": 1999.0, "author_names": ["Robert M Cutler", "James A Drake"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 150932847, "title": "Crisis Renewal: Meeting the Challenge of Organizational Change", "abstract": "Hurst, D. K. (1995) Crisis renewal: Meeting the challenge of organizational change. From The Management of Innovation and Change Series, Michael L Tushman and Andrew H. Van de Ven, Series Editors. Boston MA: Harvard Business School Press. By Virgil Smith Biola University This book will prove useful to the practitioner who believes his or her organization is growing stagnant. Hurst uses ideas from Population Ecology Theory and Chaos Theory, augmented by case histories of firms that have faced dramatic change, to explain why organizations cease to innovate, and what the owner/manager can do about it. He begins by using an analogy of an organizational system the Bushmen culture in the Kalahari Desert. This hunter gatherer culture, overtime, was transformed into a herder society the point is that organizations follow the same patterns. Hurst's argument is that many of the features that managers seek in the modern organization were present in hunter bands. Each person within the band was multi skilled, there was little hierarchy, and there was a high level of open communication, trust, and empowerment. These hunter bands were traditionally self organizing entities which appeared chaotic from the outside, but made perfect sense to the band itself. More recently the lure of material wealth has caused the Bushmen hunter gatherer culture to be transformed into a herder culture. With the advent of the possible ownership of material property the hunter bands suddenly needed a hierarchy to resolve disputes over ownership of the property, and the hierarchy diminished the power of the individuals at lower levels of the hierarchy. Also, band members tended to specialize for material productivity, becoming single skilled. Since members were afraid that someone might be trying to get what they had, communication became less open, and trust diminished. Once the transformation had occurred from a hunter way of life to a herder society the Bushmen culture looked very much like a traditional organization. While the hunter culture was self organizing and looked chaotic, the herder culture was structured from the top down and looked much more orderly. Hurst uses the analogy of the hunters and the herders throughout the book. The hunter culture with its open communication, trust, and empowerment allows for the learning necessary for quick, creative responses and adaptation to opportunities. This, in turn, allows the clan to deal with an environment that is treacherous and constantly changing. Indeed, when the Bushmen were hunters, they were constantly on the move, seeking sustenance where they could get it. On the other hand, the herder culture with its hierarchy and specialization allows the band to be maximally productive in a much more stable \"herding\" environment, where they stay in one place and gather possessions. Using the previous analogy, Hurst says that most entrepreneurial firms start out as hunters but, over time and with success, they are transformed into herders. However, they still need the innovative skills of the hunters. He says, \"[Y]oung businesses begin their lives as informal, learning organizations, but if successful, they become formal, performance organizations. It is thus helpful to think of learning and performing as two ends of a continuum with the young organizations starting off on the left hand side and moving toward the right as they age\" (Page 33, italics in original) According to Hurst, the current adoption of organizational methods such as interdisciplinary teams and networks is an attempt on the part of managers to go back to being hunters. Small, new organizations are held together through the self selection of members into the organization, and an overriding agreement with the organizational mission everything else is worked out as needed. Strategy in new organizations tends to be emergent, while it is top down in more established companies.", "venue": "", "year": 1999.0, "author_names": ["Virgil O Smith"], "n_citations": 36, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 84277323, "title": "Governance of innovation in animal production: new roles for science, business and the public sector", "abstract": "Abstract To discuss the governance of innovation in animal production three innovation models are placed in the context of the phases of development of agriculture (according to Hurst, 1997, Crisis and renewal meeting the challenge of organizational change. Scriptum, Schiedam) The phases distinguished are spontaneous action (breakthrough of a new paradigm, rational action (heyday) and action under restrictions (new choices for science, business and public) The associated innovation models are the Participatory Technology Development (PTD) model, the linear model and the chain link model. It is argued that the linear model has been the predominant one in the past half century where food security was the prime drive for action. In the last decade this drive clearly fades away and new goals of animal production emerge, requiring another innovation model. Using the examples of two firms it is illustrated that the chain link model, along with the linear model seems an efficient way to deal with changing circumstances. To show the dynamics of the system, the model is extended into one in which the three models of innovation do not follow after each other (with the chain model as the end model) but where both PTD as the chain link model are starting points in situations of change to take aspects of the linear model on board when heyday emerges. It is argued that in the more dynamic context where heyday clearly is not predominant another role of researchers is required. Where during heyday, participation in the process of optimisation and finetuning of production systems is a successful approach, during the other two phases a problem observation role is required, where the researcher takes part in the public debate on direction and usefulness of solutions.", "venue": "", "year": 2001.0, "author_names": ["Gert Van Dijk", "P van Boekel"], "n_citations": 16, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 225002473, "title": "Leadership that Generates Resilience: An Introduction to Second Resilience Forum", "abstract": "In challenging and strenuous times such as during the current pandemic, public and private leadership is faced with extraordinary pressures on their leadership. On what basis should urgent yet critical decisions be made? And practically, how to legitimately lock down a society, closing down businesses and educational institutions, or decide to leave them open when such decisions carry heavy costs to people and organizations? In the context of resilient leadership, Hamel and Valikangas (2003) proposed the concept of 'Zero Trauma Transformation' as foundational to the quest for resilience. The notion was premised on being able to meet major changes before they turn into crises, including conquering denial of the need for change, valuing variety in strategic options and liberating resources to their most innovative uses, and embracing both efficiency and renewal. These four leadership challenges were identified as cognitive, strategic, political, and ideological, and meeting such challenges was suggested necessary for continuous strategic renewal. In a societal crisis situation such as the current COVID 19 epidemic that has profound implications for people's livelihoods, well being, and even political stability, there may be a further challenge worthy of contemplation. Namely, on what moral grounds may leadership be built? Even further: how might those decisions, and the accompanying leadership, be generative of resilience strengthening the society rather than diminishing future capability for coping? Such societal, and economic, resilience is about to be tested should the second, or third wave, of the COVID 19 virus spread. We conclude leadership is to become a moral endeavor should leaders wish to generate resilience in a major crisis. The exercise of leadership under such conditions can be informed by moral philosophy. Consider the perspective provided by John Rawls, a leading American philosopher known for his theory of justice as fairness (Rawls, 1971) Beyond everyone having equal claims to basic liberties, Rawls formulated the much debated second 'difference principle' which stated that any Management and Organization Review 16:4, October 2020, 737 739 doi: 10.1017/mor.2020.52", "venue": "Management and Organization Review", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Liisa Valikangas"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 152338627, "title": "The Future of the International Labour Organization in the Global Economy", "abstract": "Introduction: Whither the ILO's Second Century? Persuasion at its Limits in the Global Economy I. The (false) dilemma: survival or integrity II. The real challenge: are 100 year old institutional choices still valid in the twenty first century? III. The core issue Part I Ninety Years of Transformations in the International System: Challenges Posed to ILO Persuasiveness 1. The Cold War and the trente glorieuses, a Not Quite Golden Age for the ILO and its Persuasiveness 2. Globalisation Ascendant: The ILO's raison d'etre Restored But the Gamble on Persuasion Nearly Lost I. Two decades of recurrent social disappointments and the corresponding demand for greater social regulation II. Which puts into question its capacity to meet the demand through the 'traditional' normative strategy 3. Have Recent Efforts at Institutional Renewal Already Fallen Behind the Pace of Change in the Economic Environment? I. A renewal in four stages II. Have the consequences of the financial crisis rendered the renewal old news? Part II The Proliferation of Multilateral Actors and the Challenge of Coherence 4. Social Goals: Doomed to Remain 'Country Cousins' of Economic Objectives at the Universal Level? I. From the pre war marginalisation of the ILO's social objectives to the Declaration of Philadelphia's failed attempt at a hostile takeover II. The 'mandated' segregation of social considerations in the (former? practice of the World Bank 5. Employment: Functional 'Common Ground' or Policy Fault line? I. Employment: free standing policy objective or economic windfall? II. The evolving employment dilemma: quantity vs quality III. The financial crisis: an (as yet) unexploited opportunity to give social objectives their due 6. Boosting the ILO's Capacity to Promote Coherence I. Promoting state level coherence II. Pursuing coherence through inter organisational dialogue III. Actively supporting the emergence of a relevant 'Epistemic Community' Part III ILO Influence and the Enduring Demand for Universal'Rules of the Game' 7. From the Impasse of the Social Clause Debate to the Delimitation of Fundamental Rights at Work as Shared 'Rules of the Game' I. From the misleading analogy of 'social dumping' II. Or ambiguous references to 'internationally recognised worker rights' III. To the ILO's functionalist approach, turning on 'fundamental rights as enabling rights' (and as potential rules of the game) 8. Can the Social 'Rules of the Game' be Made More Effective by Linking Them to Basic Trade Rules? I. Legitimacy, perceptions and barriers to a possible legal transplant II. Reading between the lines: from a formal marriage of trade rules and labour rights to a possible (clandestine) liaison? 9. Decentralised Linkages: A Mixed Blessing for the ILO? I. A mixed blessing from the viewpoint of implementing ILO standards and procedures II. A limited 'enforcement' blessing for workers III. Conclusion: Is there more to the phenomenon than meets the eye? Part IV The 'Market for Social Justice' to the Rescue of The ILO's Persuasive Capacities? 10. A Lopsided 'Market for Social Justice' Calling for Public Involvement I. Consumer preferences to the rescue of failing state resolve II. Public supply of information to overcome market failure 11. Meeting Transnational Demand with a Transnational Supply: A Jointly Established Labelling System I. From the difficulties of 'labelled at destination' to the possibilities of 'labelled at the origin' II. Need for a multilateral system of mutual recognition and impartial verification III. To guarantee what? Effective application by each party of legislation satisfying agreed international labour standards IV. In conclusion: Is there a market for a market based approach to social justice? Conclusion: Reinventing the ILO? I. Three necessary and feasible aspects of an institutional reinvention II. Which requires mobilising all actors and drawing on its full array of transformative powers III. And widening the horizon of social justice", "venue": "", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Francis Maupain"], "n_citations": 43, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 153294363, "title": "The principal's companion strategies for making the job easier", "abstract": "Foreword by Kent D. Peterson Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Part I. The Principal's Many Roles 1. Leader as Learner Principal as Lifelong Learner Learning in Many Contexts The School as a Powerful Context for Learning A Global Perspective When Old and New Ideas Converge 2. Leader as Manager Good Leadership Requires Effective Management Management Responsibilities and Strategies Crisis Management Planning A Final Observation Regarding School Management 3. Leader as Shaper of School Culture Core Beliefs and Values Are the Heart of Culture The Physical Environment Reflects Core Values Rituals Display Core Values and Call Attention to What Is Important Celebrations Call Attention to What Is Important How People Spend Time Reflects Core Values Norms Are the Unwritten Rules of Culture Powerful Stories Communicate and Reinforce Cultural Values Reading, Transforming, or Shaping a Culture Final Thoughts on Culture Part II. Critical Skills for Effective Leadership 4. The Art of Human Relations: Getting the Job Done Task and Relationship Behaviors Differentiated Support Personality Styles Recommendations for Skillful Human Relations The Role of Emotions in the Organization: Remembering the Heart 5. Managing Time Brevity, Fragmentation, and Variety Techniques for Time Management Managing Bifocally Multi Tasking: A Modern Day Solution or Hazard? Final Thoughts on Using Time 6. Effectively Working With the Central Office and Other Schools: Forging Success Through Collaboration Caught in the Middle How Is the School District Governed? Communication Between the School and the Central Office Management Tips for Working With the Central Office Maintaining a Strong Relationship Between the Central Office and the School Forging a School and Central Office Partnership: Putting Staff and Student Learning First Part III. Honoring the School's Mission 7. Understanding, Planning, and Implementing Change Change Brings Loss and Resistance Influencing Individuals and the Institution Building Trust for Successful Change Conflict Can Contribute to Positive Change Strategies to Promote Trust Classical Insights Regarding Change and Continuous Improvement Three Phases of Change A Look at Change From the Individual's Perspective Stages of Concern Some Final Thoughts on Change 8. Building a Vision and a Mission Together Why Have a School Vision and Mission? School Activities That Highlight the Mission Joint Administrative and Faculty Mission Statement Mission Building Activity Developing Yearly School Improvement Goals to Accomplish the Mission Part IV. Working Together to Build a Learning Organization 9. Enhancing Teacher Growth Through Supervision and Evaluation Practices Designed to Promote Student Learning Issues and Dilemmas Essential Ingredients for Successful Supervision Effective Instructional Strategies Brain Compatible Teaching Practices Increasing Teacher and Administrative Reflection Through Clinical Supervision Tips for Conferencing and Observing Walkthroughs, Snapshots, or Drive Bys Guidelines Related to Evaluation and Legal Concerns Final Thoughts on Supervision and Evaluation 10. Maximizing Feedback About Teaching: Differentiated Professional Growth Options Reflections on Feedback Moving Toward Collaborative Feedback Differentiated Professional Growth Options: How the System Works Sources of Feedback: Categories and Approaches Self Assessment: Establishing Benchmarks of Progress Individual Reflection and Institutional Renewal 11. Building a Collaborative School: The Power of Teacher Leadership and Community Portrait of a Collaborative School: The Professional Learning Community An Image of Reality The Case for Collaboration Moving Toward Collaboration Necessary Conditions for a Collaborative School A Spectrum of Activities Teacher Leadership and the Collaborative School The Principal and Collaboration Some Final Thoughts on Collaboration 12. Fueling the Learning Organization Through Professional Development Why Professional Development? Professional Development Defined Creating an Atmosphere for Professional Development to Thrive: Some Guidelines Planning a Peer Coaching Program Facilitating the Individual's Professional Development Experience The Big Picture 13. Faculty Meetings: A Tool for Capacity Building Faculty Meetings as Learning Opportunities The School Mission and Faculty Meetings Increasing the Teachers' Roles in Faculty Meetings Some Successful Faculty Meeting Strategies A Final Thought 14. Asking the Right Questions About Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment: Getting to Know the C.I.A. Keeping the Curriculum Relevant Asking the Right Questions Continuing the Curriculum Discussion Part V. Starting Effectively and Staying the Course 15. First Days of School Logistical Concerns Beginning of the Year Faculty Meetings Set a Tone Departmental and Grade Level Meetings Orienting Teachers Who Are New to the School Teacher Time in the Classroom Welcoming Students and Parents Be Visible on the First Days of School 16. Tips: Ideas That Work and Align With the School's Mission Organizing Your Time Making Record Keeping Easier Additional Helpful Ideas to Stay On Task Tips on Using Technology to Enhance a Principal's Performance Providing Experiences to Celebrate the School's Culture Tips on Opening a New School Practical Guidelines for Preparing Printed Materials for Internal and External School Community Members Using Tips in Your Setting Part VI. Understanding Your Constituencies 17. Working With Parents and Partnering With the Greater Community Effectively Communicating With Parents Building Bridges With the Parent Community Additional Ways to Bring Parents and Community Members Into School Broadening School Support and Partnerships Community Based Organizations Seeking School Support Through Educational Grants Reaching Out and Working With the Media A Reflection on Partnering With Parents and the Community 18. Making a Difference for Students: The Heart of the School Social Justice and the Challenge of Excellence and Equality \"Those Kids\" and Their Stories The Right to Be a Child and to Make Mistakes Maximizing Opportunities for Students With Disabilities Structuring Student Success Discipline Guidelines Effective Classroom Management: Handling Disciplinary Problems Reducing Bullying Behavior Cyberbullying and Social Responsibility The High School Dropout Crisis Student and Teacher Resiliency Final Thoughts on \"Those Kids\" Part VII. The Principal's Professional and Personal Worlds 19. The Newcomer to the Principalship Problems That Challenge New Principals A Profile of the New Principal Helping Prospective and New Principals Make the Grade Practical Suggestions for Newcomers Final Thoughts on the Newcomer Experience 20. Taking Care of Yourself The Selfish Nature of Martyrdom Taking Control of Your Schedule to Care for Yourself A Personal Mission Statement Gaining Perspective by Spending Time With Students Body and Mind: Healthy and Ill Together Maintaining Institutional and Individual Balance 21. Keeping the Professional Candle Lit Institutionalizing Professional Growth Activities Reflection as a Tool A Principal's Portfolio Other Growth Opportunities 22. Reflections on the Principalship Serving the School Community Where Do We Go From Here? The Good School Take Time to Smell the Roses References and Additional Readings Index", "venue": "", "year": 2009.0, "author_names": ["Pamela Clark Robbins", "Harvey B Alvy"], "n_citations": 18, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 201039525, "title": "Weaving Teams into the Corporate Fiber Rebuilding Malden Mills Industries After a Destructive Fire", "abstract": "Virtually leveled by a fire, Malden Mills, manufacturer of high performance Polartec fabrics, embraced teaming as a fundamental building block of its renewal. This familyowned business transformed a natural disaster into organizational renewal. Teaming provided the engine for organizational alignment and employee empowerment, and changed the culture of the organization, facilitating the sharing of essential knowledge. We describe methods used to create the changes, and the internal resistance and external pressures that threatened crossfunctional teams. Finally, strategies for creating and sustaining resilient leadership teams near and at the top of the organization are discussed. Introduction This presentation considers strategies for developing and sustaining resilient crossfunctional teams in a crucible of recurring turbulence and threat. The original threat to the organization's continued existence the fire was external, and understandable to all. As the organization rebuilt its facilities physically, it became increasingly clear that great agility would be required to manage the market consequences of the fire, and crossfunctional teams were created to sustain the momentum of the reconstruction. More subtle and pernicious threats arose in the form of internal resistance to transformation, despite strong evidence supporting the need for change. The story begins, however, with Malden Mills facing a natural disaster. Celebrating his 70th birthday at Boston's Cafe Budapest with a small circle of friends and family, the CEO of Maiden Mills Industries received word from frantic managers that the Mill was in flames. Aaron and Louise Feuerstein quickly drove to nearby Lawrence, and joined thousands of anguished people who watched the six alarm fire rage out of control. \"It looked like Rome burning,\" said Louise, \"with 45 mile an hour winds whipping flames from one factory to a second factory to the five story main building:\" All that remained standing by morning was a lone brick tower. The livelihoods of 3,100 people appeared to be in ruins, like the ash and twisted rubble that remained. On the following morning, 1000 workers came to hear the CEO speak about the future. The CEO had options. He could manufacture off shore, like many others in the US textile business. He could accept the insurance payment and close the Mill. \"When all the textile mills in Lawrence ran out to get cheaper labor in the South, we stuck,\" Feuerstein said. We are going to stay and rebuild.\" Remember, everyone,\" Feuerstein added, \"we're playing to a higher judge. Don't tell me the job can't be done:\" The next day, stunned workers received their pay in full, including a $275 Christmas bonus, with a note from the CEO. \"Do not despair,\" he wrote, \"God bless each of you.\" How did the fire help pave the way to a team based approach? Several months before the fire, GLS Consulting, Inc. and Malden Mills managers piloted the team concept in the division that later burned to the ground. We conducted an organizational audit and provided feedback in the September, organized a joint unionmanagement Steering Committee, created a customized curriculum, and started team training in the beginning of November just six weeks before the fire. GLS principals were at the plant a day after the fire, pitching in wherever we could be useful. We were certain the team project would be sacrificed, given the crisis of rebuilding the Mill. For six months we offered pro bono services, and kept in close touch with the CEO and key managers. Most key executives perceived the team project as \"icing on the cake\" last in the long line of priorities for rebuilding. Despite opposition from some senior managers, the CEO strengthened his resolve to change the culture of the organization from a traditional manufacturing system to a more participative, cooperative, team based system. For the CEO, the fire created a window of opportunity for change. He strongly believed in the importance of attending to the \"human equation\" in management. He believed that Maiden Mills' employees made the company great, and that they deserved the best wages and benefits in the industry. A team based organization would take his ideas about the \"human equation\" beyond traditional HR policies, creating an infrastructure that would help Maiden Mills emerge from the ashes an even stronger organization. Manufacturing resumed on a small scale in undamaged facilities soon after the fire. Most customers remained loyal. A year after the fire, and despite a variety of setbacks and financial difficulties, a new state of the art manufacturing plant geared up to fill customer orders, and a team based strategy for renewal was well underway. It began in the smaller, upholstery fabrics division of the company, and was eventually extended to include the larger apparel fabrics division. What was the pre fire system like? Systemic problems revealed in our initial diagnostic audit of the smaller division were confirmed by a supplemental audit of the larger manufacturing division. Both studies pointed to the need for a structural approach that was very different from traditional \"who reports to whom\" reorganizations. The following are some of the undesirable characteristics of the command and control based system that had been in place for a long time. Competitive rather than collaborative relationships among divisions and departments were obstacles to meeting new and changing production challenges. Employees experienced work as poorly planned, poorly coordinated, and characterized by considerable chaos and inefficiency. The \"stove pipe\" relationships among manufacturing, R&D, and marketing/sales resulted in failures to make available valuable information, and in impoverished planning. Managers in different functions had much difficulty coming to agreements, and difficulty keeping agreements once they were made. Some senior managers devalued managers below them in the hierarchy; at the same time, the tendency to find people to blame for problems led people to try to protect themselves from risk, and from having to admit mistakes. The tendency to manage quality and other manufacturing problems as if they were moment tomoment crises was a chronic and critical issue for the organization. What strategy did we use to implement cross functional collaboration? The change strategy was a broad collaborative effort between key managers at Maiden Mills and our consulting organization. We operated on several levels simultaneously, and worked to avoid generating strong resistance too early. We also maintained a consistent link between the CEO's social principles and the effort to enhance collaboration at all levels. In out discussions and planning efforts we emphasized the synergy between: Teams and the company's strategic intent and vision Teams and measurable, tangible business results Teams and the capacity to become more agile and responsive to market changes to transform Maiden Mills into what deGeus (1997) has called a \"living organization\" The implementation strategy for creating these changes involved: Loosening the control of senior management over day to day decisions, and gradually turning it over to the people closest to the work. We flouted conventional wisdom, and began building from the middle of the organization rather than starting at the top. From the middle we worked our way both downward to the production floor, and upward to top management. We designed a cross functional teaming structure, and through a training program provided essential teamwork skills. The training program was also designed to repair and strengthen relationships among employees at all levels. Cross functional (and cross level) groups received 80 hours of teamwork and leadership development training. Thus we were able to create a community within which work could be accomplished more effectively. The Team Steering Committee became the engine for organizational renewal. Eventually an Executive Team, a broad based Strategy Council, a divisional Policy and Planning Team, a Manufacturing Operations Team, and a number of Production Support teams were created. At the same time, production operators began to work together toward their own local goals. In addition to training, we made available individual coaching for managers, so that the influence of the change effort could be extended. We created measures of team success measures of productivity, quality, and so on. We also created a bi monthly random sample survey that provided \"soft\" indicators of teamwork and morale. This measure helped us detect emerging problems that could be dealt with before they worsened. One of the internal champions of the project referred to our strategy for successful implementation as \"working under the radar screen.\" We stayed away from the limelight, and concentrated on working with people who could get the job done. The Director of Manufacturing was a strong champion of the effort, and provided us with enough stability and buffer so that the change effort could continue despite the recurrent turbulence in the organization. What about resistance to change? Resistance was part of the normal state of affairs at any given time. We saw resistance as an indicator that change was actually occurring. Senior executives initially resisted the change effort, and even the Steering Committee only reluctantly accepted its assignment. Each organizational level both hoped and feared that change could actually occur. Each level (and each function) showed evidence of a pervasive sense of helplessness; people seemed always to look to the level above to give orders, and for someone else to take responsibility for results. Empowering others meant losing managerial flexibility, control over tasks and results, and loss of control of information that could be damaging. Whenever resistance became apparent, it spoke of a safety and trust issue in t", "venue": "", "year": 2005.0, "author_names": ["Mindy L Gewirtz", "Peter Gumpert", "Yoram Shahar", "Malden Mills"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 32438211, "title": "Primary Care at a Crossroads", "abstract": "The term primary care means different things to different people. Many of us have championed primary care because of its theoretical and practical contributions to the health of individuals and populations. Despite the rise of scientific medicine and specialization, the concept of primary care has achieved an important place in the delivery of health services. Over the past century, primary care has developed from the idea of a family doctor who tended to the medical, and at times the emotional and social, needs of his patients to a new and much richer and idealized concept that includes prevention, continuity of care, health maintenance, and death with dignity, among others. The renaissance of primary care that began in the 1970s, however, has begun to wane. Today several organizational, economic, and social forces are presenting new challenges to primary care. How those challenges are addressed will largely determine the future of primary care and primary care's role in addressing the health needs of our population. The attributes of first contact, continuous, and comprehensive care make primary care an excellent entry point to and coordinator of care. These same characteristics, however, also make primary care an ideal gatekeeper for managed care and other systems that wish to control access to and utilization of services. The success of boutique providers who guarantee access, a continuous relationship with a primary care physician, and personalized referral to a specialist in return for a retainer fee (for those who can afford it) demonstrates another aspect of the attractiveness of primary care amidst a rising tide of consumerism and so called market driven medicine. Almost uniquely among health care specialties, primary care providers have been willing, even eager, to include within primary care's responsibilities a variety of functions that are not strictly medical in nature and that go well beyond a provider's practice site. The use of a team of providers with varied expertise is a logical extension of this broadening of the definition of primary care's role. This expansion of responsibility also prompts the question, however, of whether primary care has become too complex, taken on too much, promised too much to too many. Must a primary care provider care for all, be up to date on all of the latest discoveries and treatments and be an expert diagnostician, have the patience to care for persons with chronic illness, the compassion to care for those at the end of life, the sophistication to recognize behavioral and social problems, the communication skills to encourage patient behavior change? Have we raised the bar too high, put too much responsibility on the shoulders of primary care? In response to concerns about the future of primary care, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation invited leaders in primary care and other health sectors to a small meeting to discuss the current and future challenges to primary care and to develop new and innovative ideas about how primary care might meet the needs of our current and future population. Forty five persons attended the meeting (see Appendix for a list of the attendees) The meeting was organized by a team at the University of California, San Francisco, that worked with an advisory committee and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation staff to define the meeting's goals, objectives, and content. Held in early October 2001, in Glen Cove, New York, the goal of The Future of Primary Care meeting was to identify a set of normative ideas or principles to help guide future discussions about the definition and creation of a health care system that will address the needs of our future population. The premise of the meeting was that primary care is at a crossroads; especially as our population and the financing and organization of the health care system change, the future of primary care should not be taken for granted. Rather, primary care must be able to justify its place in a system where, for example, specialist physicians and nurses are increasingly providing principal care and where patients often choose to go to nontraditional settings for their care. An objective of the meeting was to question the current definitions and assumptions associated with primary care and examine whether they are still relevant, either in today's or a redesigned health care system. The Glen Cove meeting was not a consensus conference. No votes were taken, and there were lively discussions and debates about many ideas and issues. The discussions focused on identifying and developing ideas that could describe and help define normative systems of care. The central question was, What principles can be identified for the organization and delivery of care to address the needs of our future population? Rather than focusing on adjusting current financing and workforce policies to today's fragmented and often dysfunctional health care system, the goal was to start a dialogue on how primary care should be delivered. The principles and ideas identified could then be used to construct new primary care systems, with finance and workforce policies created to support the development and use of the new systems. As preparation for the meeting, 15 papers were commissioned to provide background for the meeting's discussions. The papers described the current state of primary care and the components of primary care, and they provided ideas about how primary care might be reconstructed. Revised versions of 4 of these papers are included in this Annals supplement. Primary Care Medicine in Crisis: Toward Reconstruction and Renewal (1) by Gordon Moore and Jonathan Showstack, describes challenges facing primary care and how primary care's strengths can help address those challenges. Defining the Future of Primary Care: What Can We Learn from Patients? (2) by Dana Gelb Safran, discusses the patient's view of and experience with primary care. Chronic Illness Management in Primary Care: What Is the Role of Primary Care? (3) by Arlyss Anderson Rothman and Edward Wagner, describes the role of chronic illness management. Primary Care in a New Era: Disillusion and Dissolution? (4) by Lewis Sandy and Steven Schroeder, suggests that current forces in the health care system will create the dissolution of primary care as a single concept, replaced by alignment of providers by economic niche, not role. The final paper, Primary Care: The Next Renaissance (5) by Jonathan Showstack, Nicole Lurie, Eric Larson, Arlyss Anderson Rothman, and Susan Hassmiller, presents the ideas and suggestions, based in part on discussions at the meeting, about how to address primary care's current dilemmas. These and the other background papers commissioned for the meeting will be available as a book, The Future of Primary Care, to be published by Jossey Bass, an imprint of John Wiley Sons. We also call readers' attention to two closely related editorials in this issue. One (6) describes strategies for effecting change in primary care. The second (7) discusses payment for primary care services. Following the first editorial are the mission statements of the primary care service delivery programs of three large health care organizations. We hope that the papers in this supplement and the accompanying editorials and primary care mission statements stimulate additional thought and discussion about the current conditions and future of primary care.", "venue": "Annals of Internal Medicine", "year": 2003.0, "author_names": ["Jonathan A Showstack", "Arlyss Anderson Rothman", "Susan B Hassmiller"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "allintitle: \"lean AND construction AND sustainability\"", "session_id": 202077938836733, "user_id": 4412265158126942, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 198183257, "title": "Systematic Literature Review ICT Education for Girls and Women in Rural Africa", "abstract": "The purpose of this review was to get an overview of the current literature available about ICT education for women in rural Africa. This has been done with a systematic literature review. The research questions important for this review are focusing on the current state of ICT education for women in rural Africa, the opportunities to improve on this current state, and the challenges that could influence the quantity of the improvements that could be made. The results showed that the ICT usage and education needed for this is small under the African women. The results also provided a need for ICT to improve the information access for women on different fields. They need education, especially about how to use and maintain different ICTs. But there are different challenges which could be limitations to the opportunities for women and their ICT usage in rural Africa. Method The search query allintitle: Africa ICT women was used to execute a systematic literature review. Google Scholar gave in total 29 results. Results In total 8 literature results were useful for the literature review according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The idea that ICT is important for women started with the feminism movement. The results say that the education on ICT is not how it should be. Women in Africa have an information need on multiple subjects, for example health. They need to overcome the different challenges, for example the literacy problem and the self esteem problem to ensure that ICTs can be used and will be maintained by women in rural Africa. Conclusion A broad search query is used, but this obtained not that many results. The useful results give an overview of the current situation, opportunities and challenges. However, more focus on solutions and how to develop on ICT for women in rural Africa", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["R de Bok"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 164522212, "title": "OPTIMASI RISET KEYWORD DENGAN TEKNIK ALLINTITLLE PADA MESIN PENCARI GOOGLE", "abstract": "Online information needs have evolved in the real direction. These needs include the latest information, government services, and commercial products. The research question is how to describe and optimize keyword research with the allintitle technique on the google search engine. The development method used in this research is the prototype method because it is considered able to be evaluated directly on the user. The system testing is done for 3 months by placing keywords on several websites on Google. The conclusion that can be taken is to use the allintitle technique, the search results for the web are easier to find. And this web based allintitle technique can overcome the challenges of captcha verification from the Google search engine. Keywords: Allintitle, Google's Search Engine, Keyword competition.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Hengki Tamando Sihotang"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 14501557, "title": "Google Scholar is not enough to be used alone for systematic reviews", "abstract": "Background: Google Scholar (GS) has been noted for its ability to search broadly for important references in the literature. Gehanno et al. recently examined GS in their study: 'Is Google scholar enough to be used alone for systematic reviews? In this paper, we revisit this important question, and some of Gehanno et al.'s other findings in evaluating the academic search engine. Methods: The authors searched for a recent systematic review (SR) of comparable size to run search tests similar to those in Gehanno et al. We selected Chou et al. (2013) contacting the authors for a list of publications they found in their SR on social media in health. We queried GS for each of those 506 titles (in quotes \" one by one. When GS failed to retrieve a paper, or produced too many results, we used the allintitle: command to find papers with the same title. Results: Google Scholar produced records for ~95% of the papers cited by Chou et al. (n=476/506) A few of the 30 papers that were not in GS were later retrieved via PubMed and even regular Google Search. But due to its different structure, we could not run searches in GS that were originally performed by Chou et al. in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO(r) Identifying 506 papers in GS was an inefficient process, especially for papers using similar search terms. Conclusions: Has Google Scholar improved enough to be used alone in searching for systematic reviews? No. GS' constantly changing content, algorithms and database structure make it a poor choice for systematic reviews. Looking for papers when you know their titles is a far different issue from discovering them initially. Further research is needed to determine when and how (and for what purposes) GS can be used alone. Google should provide details about GS' database coverage and improve its interface (e.g. with semantic search filters, stored searching, etc. Perhaps then it will be an appropriate choice for systematic reviews.", "venue": "Online journal of public health informatics", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Dean M Giustini", "Maged N Kamel Boulos"], "n_citations": 106, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 69439644, "title": "Payroll system: A bibliometric analysis of the literature", "abstract": "Payroll processing is an imperative process in an organization; it involves many tasks to ensure accurate and timely payments of the workforces' services, and to protect organization's reputation through effective record keeping compliance with the government authorities' employment legislations. Despite its important function in the organization process, studies on payroll processing is quite limited, as compared to other transaction processing systems such as sales and purchase. This paper observes the trend of articles published on payroll system that has been indexed by the Google Scholar as at February 2018. This study aims to provide insights into the characteristics of the issues related to payroll system using a bibliometric analysis. Articles that matched with the keywords [allintitle: payroll system OR systems OR application OR applications OR software] in the Google Scholar has been obtained and analyzed. After conducted the cleaning process i.e. by completing the meta data of the articles and removing some of the irrelevant and duplicate articles, 170 articles are available for further analysis. It is found that, the number of published payroll system articles are increasing in the past five years. Most of the articles has been published as journal articles, academic dissertations and conference papers. The output of this study can help researchers to understand the landscape of the global research and issues on payroll system and establish further research directions in this field.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Fariza Rusly", "Aidi Ahmi", "Yurita Yakimini Abdul Talib", "Khairina Rosli"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 108548028, "title": "Peanut Core Collection Established in China and Compared with ICRISAT Mini Core Collection", "abstract": "The core collection has been well accepted as a useful way to improve the efficiency of crop germplasm evaluation, conservation and utilization. Around 6 390 accessions of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. have been collected in China. In order to characterize and utilize the germplasm more efficiently for further crop improvement, the available morphological and biochemical data were analyzed to develop a core collection. The entire collection was first stratified by botanical types and then grouped by origin locations. Based on the data of 15 morphological and biochemical characters, the accessions in each botanicalhttp:/scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=en&q=allintitle%3A+%22Peanut+Core+Collection+Established+in+China+and+Compared+with+ICRISAT+Mini+Core+Collection%22&btnG=Search&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=&as_vis=0 type were clustered by SAS method. From each cluster, five to ten percent of the accessions were randomly selected to form a core collection consisting of 576 accessions, which was 9.01% of the entire collection. The genetic variation in the entire collec tion was well presented in the core collection based on comparison of diversity index of the involved traits in both entire and core collections. Comparison between the newly selected Chinese peanut core collection and the introduced mini core collection con sisting of 184 lines established at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) indicated that there were wider diversities in the var. hirsuta and vulgaris as well as in leaf length, leaf width, seed length, seed width in the Chinese core collection. The ICRISAT peanut collection had wider diversities in var. hypogaea and fastigiata as well as in plant height and number of total branches than Chinese peanut resource.", "venue": "", "year": 2008.0, "author_names": ["Jiang Huifang", "Ren Xiaoping", "Liao Bo-shou", "Huang Jiaquan", "Lei Yong", "C Ben-Yin", "Baozhu Guo", "Carl Corley Holbrook", "Hari D Upadhyaya"], "n_citations": 22, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 82588747, "title": "Comparison of Genetic Diversity between Peanut Mini Core Collections from China and ICRISAT by SSR Markers", "abstract": "A core collection or mini core is a subset of accessions from the entire collection that covers most of available genetic diversity of a species. Extensive investigation of core collections is an efficient approach to enhance evaluation and utilization for crop germplasm. The mini core collections of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. from China consisting of 298 accessions and from International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) consisting of 168 accessions were comparatively analysed by SSR method. Twenty six polymorphic SSR markers screened from 206 primer pairs were used to investigate the similarity and genetic distance among the peanut accessions involved. The similarity coefficients between the genotype pairs among the 466 accessions ranged from 0.49 to 0.99. The larghttp:/scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=en&q=allintitle%3A+%22Comparison+of+Genetic+Diversity+between+Peanut+Mini+Core+Collections+from+China+and+ICRISAT+by+SSR+Markers%22&btnG=Search&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=&as_vis=0est genetic distance was between L2 Gangguo (a Chinese genotype) and ICG12625 (an ICRISAT genotype) with a similarity coefficient of 0.49. Among the six botanical types in peanut, accessions of fastigiata and hypogaea were more diversified than other types. There was considerable genetic difference between the Chinese peanut accessions and some ICRISAT accessions especially with the aequatoriana genotype ICG12625. The genetic diversity was greater among the Chinese peanut mini core than that among ICRISAT mini core in terms of the similarity coefficient and genetic diversity index.", "venue": "", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["I Hui-Fang", "Ren Xiaoping", "Zhang Xiaojie", "Huang Jiaquan", "Lei Yong", "Yang Liying", "Liao Bo-shou", "Carl Corley Holbrook"], "n_citations": 8, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 16926689, "title": "Sequoia An Approach to Declarative Information Retrieval", "abstract": "In this work, we propose an approach that allows to query heterogeneous data sources on the Web in a declarative fashion. Such an approach gives means for a generic way to formulate various information needs, much more powerful than simple keyword queries. Particularly appealing is the ability to combine (join) information from different sources and the ability to compute simple statistics that can be used to select promising information pieces. What might sound like a hopeless effort due to the inherent complexity expressible by SQL style queries is at second glance not complicated to understand and to use. Already very simple combinations (i.e. joins) of different data sources (i.e. tables) offer a surprisingly large set of interesting use cases. In particular, using sliding window joins that limit the scope of interest to recent information, obtained, for instance, from the live stream of Twitter Tweets. This goes far beyond keyword queries enriched with operators like allintext: or allintitle: or site: as can be used, for instance, in the Google search engine.", "venue": "Datenbank Spektrum", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Christoph Pinkel", "Foteini Alvanaki", "Sebastian Michel"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 63353742, "title": "Chapter 2 Advanced Operators", "abstract": "Publisher Summary Beyond the basic searching techniques, Google offers special terms known as advanced operators to help perform more advanced queries. Advanced operators are additions to a query designed to narrow down the search results. These operators, used properly, can help get to exactly the information that one is looking for without spending too much time poring over page after page of search results. When advanced operators are not provided in a query, Google locates the search terms in any area of the Web page, including the title, the text, the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or the like. This chapter looks at the following advanced operators: intitle, allintitle, inurl, allinurl, filetype, allintext, site, link, inanchor, daterange, cache, info, related, phonebook, rphonebook, bphonebook, author, group, msgid, insubject, stocks, and define. Thus, Google offers plenty of options when it comes to performing advanced searches. URL modification, which can provide with lots of options for modifying a previously submitted search, but advanced operators are better used within a query. Easier to remember than the URL modifiers, advance operators are the truest tools of any Google hacker's arsenal. As such, they should be the tools used when considering the protection of Web based information.", "venue": "", "year": 2008.0, "author_names": ["Johnny Long"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 214462111, "title": "Exploring the relationship between lean construction and environmental sustainability: A review of existing literature to decipher broader dimensions", "abstract": "Abstract Lean construction and sustainable construction are perceived to be two individual philosophies that possess distinct goals. Lean construction is oriented towards the process related parameters of construction associated with improving flow, enhancing productivity, eliminating waste and reducing delays. Meanwhile, sustainable construction aims at reducing the harmful impacts on the environment due to construction activities along with due attention to the economic and social aspects of the project. However, both these paradigms are found to hold certain common objectives in the form of promoting resource efficiency and minimizing waste. This paper reviews the studies published in the domain of lean construction and environmental sustainability by categorizing the links between them within various dimensions of the lean philosophy such as lean principles, lean wastes, lean tools, and other associated lean tenets. The review deciphers the influence of these individual realms of lean construction on some environmental parameters such as resource use, emissions, pollution, and energy use. The review provides insights into important and distinct linkages between lean and the environment and further motivates the expansion of the boundaries of lean construction philosophy into the operation phase of a project's life cycle where its influence is found to be sparse. Hence, the study briefly examines the potential of considering energy waste under the ambit of lean construction philosophy and the prospects of research in this domain. The knowledge synthesized in this paper will motivate the implementation of lean construction, seeking broader benefits in terms of environmental sustainability.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Ann Marie Francis", "Albert Thomas"], "n_citations": 20, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 211359981, "title": "Toward a holistic view on lean sustainable construction: A literature review", "abstract": "The need for sustainable built environment is pressing; an urgency that spans environmental, economic and social values of sustainability. Since late 1980s, the Lean philosophy has been adopted in the construction sector, with a focus on efficiency, predominantly as a function of economic competence. More recently, however, the Lean principles and practices have been revisited and increasingly used to create and preserve social and environmental values as well. The result was a growing, but dispersed, body of knowledge on sustainability and Lean construction, and hence, equivocal about how Lean contributes to sustainability. By means of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) based on 118 journal articles from 1998 to 2017, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of \"how Lean helps achieve and maintain sustainability in construction sector\" The findings are structured into a holistic framework, which underlines a multidimensional approach toward sustainability, i.e. focus on stakeholders, across various construction phases, while simultaneously being heedful of concerns regarding people, planet, and profit. It became clear that the current body of knowledge is mainly skewed toward economic values, which calls for more research in the social and environmental aspects of construction. This study assembles a palette of existing best practices, based on which scholars' and practitioners' can balance their efforts across three dimensions of sustainability. Moreover, it identifies several under researched areas of Lean sustainable construction that have the potential to be expanded in by future researchers.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Sam Solaimani", "Mohamad Sedighi"], "n_citations": 22, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 1}]} -{"query": "Jobs Housing Balance", "session_id": 8590968992893725, "user_id": 1973561059087272, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 109453085, "title": "Jobs Housing Balance of Bus Commuters in Beijing", "abstract": "Jobs housing studies have rarely used smart card data provided by public transportation agencies or focused on bus commuters. In this study, massive smart card data were used to estimate 216,844 bus commuters' workplace and residence locations in Beijing. These data enabled a jobs housing study of bus commuters in the metropolis with a much larger sample size than in most other studies. The study found that Beijing's bus commuters had a shorter actual required commute (ARC) and a shorter minimum required commute (MRC) than commuters in four other auto dependent Western cities with comparable population and land use size. The study also indicated that Beijing's bus commuters had a longer ARC and a longer MRC than commuters of all modes in Guangzhou, a metropolis in southern China half the size of Beijing. Consultations with local experts, field surveys, and information provided by online housing search engines were used to supplement the smart card data. The study established five land use prototypes of jobs housing imbalance and proposed countermeasures to address the imbalance.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Jiangping Zhou", "Ying Long"], "n_citations": 21, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 190440281, "title": "Longitudinal Cluster Analysis of Jobs Housing Balance in Transit Neighborhoods", "abstract": "Longitudinal Cluster Analysis of Jobs Housing Balance in Transit Neighborhoods 1 2 3 4 5 Robert E. Hibberd (Corresponding author) 6 Department of Geography and Development 7 University of Arizona 8 rhibberd@email.arizona.edu 9 1064 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ 85719 10 11 Arthur C. Nelson 12 School of Landscape Architecture and Planning 13 University of Arizona 14 acnelson@arthurcnelson.com 15 16 Text: 6,058 words 17 Tables and Figures: 5 250 each 1,250 words 18 Total: 7,308 words 19 20 21", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Robert Hibberd", "Arthur Christian Nelson"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 189408355, "title": "Impact of Jobs housing Balance on Traffic Safety", "abstract": "Jobs housing balance refers to the situations where the employment (work) and housing (house) opportunity are coincided in certain geographical area. This paper aims to examine the impact of jobs housing balance to traffic safety. In pursuing the above, this paper particularly focuses on modeling the traffic accidents by metropolitan area. The main results are as follows. First, three generalized linear models which are all statistically significant are developed. Jobs housing balance factors are judged to significantly influence on traffic accidents in all models. Second, among common variables, the housing supply rate is analyzed to impact to decreasing, and economically active population and commuting trip attraction are analyzed to impact to increasing. Hence, the alleviation of jobs housing mismatch is evaluated to be important. Finally, the jobs housing and business trip rates in Seoul metropolitan area, and the cross commuting rate in Busan Ulsan metropolitan area are judged to be essential to transportation safety policies.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Tae Yang Kim"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 167596143, "title": "Jobs Housing Balance: The Right Ratio for the Right Place", "abstract": "The concept of Jobs housing balance (JHB) has attracted many city and transportation planning agencies for the interest of increasing place quality and reducing travel demand. Operationalizing JHB, however, has been a challenge. There are several critical questions in the application of JHB: what is a good ratio? How should JHB be quantified for guiding land use development? And, to what extent could jobs housing ratio be effectively used as an intervention instrument?", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Qianli Wu", "Ming Zhang", "Daniel Yang"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 115346695, "title": "Jobs housing balance based on Baidu thermodynamic diagram", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Tan Xin", "Huang Daquan", "Zhao Xingshuo", "Yu Ying", "Leng Bing-rong", "Feng Lei"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 154142849, "title": "Rethinking Accessibility and Jobs Housing Balance", "abstract": "Abstract Through estimation of a discrete choice model of residential location, this study argues that commute time remains a dominant determinant of residential location at the regional scale, and that provision of affordable housing near employment concentrations can influence residential location decisions for low to moderate income, single worker households. But the significance of jobs housing balance is not in reducing congestion; even when successful, such policies will have little impact on average travel speeds. Rather, the relaxation of suburban regulation that could lead to improved matches between home and workplace is seen as enhancing the range of households' choices about residence and transportation.", "venue": "", "year": 1998.0, "author_names": ["Jonathan Levine"], "n_citations": 282, "n_key_citations": 16, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 15006535, "title": "Is Jobs Housing Balance a Transportation Issue?", "abstract": "Jobs housing balance has become a major planning and public policy issue. Despite its popularity and apparent acceptance among public policy makers as a solution for traffic congestion and air pollution problems, there is little consensus on what jobs housing balance means and little evidence that a jobs housing balance policy would have any significant effect on these problems. The jobs housing balance policy is premised on the idea that job and housing location choices are closely linked, and that policy intervention is required to achieve a balance of housing and jobs. Existing evidence suggests that the relationship between where people choose to live and work is complex, and may have little to do with job access considerations. Further, patterns of urban growth and travel indicate that balancing occurs as part of the urban development process. It is concluded that jobs housing balance is not an effective solution for traffic congestion and air pollution concerns. Rather, these problems are better addressed in a more direct way.", "venue": "", "year": 1991.0, "author_names": ["Genevieve Giuliano"], "n_citations": 197, "n_key_citations": 19, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 15830978, "title": "Jobs Housing Balance and Job Accessibility in Beijing", "abstract": "Jobs housing balance is shown to reduce commuting demand in previous studies. In order to find out what factors influence the jobs housing balance and how to improve the job accessibility in Chinese megacities where the Danwei system has been phasing out and the economy has become market oriented, this empirical study examines the case of Beijing. The result of analysis shows that accessibility to transport infrastructure has no influence on the individual's workplace choice, and more job opportunities in the dwelling place, lower income level lead to more residents choosing to work in the dwelling place. It is also shown that the co location hypothesis is not supported in Beijing: low income workers in the periphery cannot reduce travel time and cost by changing their workplace or residence because of the deficiency of job opportunities in the peripheral area and because the price of public transport is low. Finally it is concluded the jobs housing balance along the rail transit corridor will increase job accessibility and reduce car dependence.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Haixiao Pan", "Yanbo Ge"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 131211894, "title": "Jobs housing balance and commute efficiency in cities of central and western China:A case study of Xi'an", "abstract": "Jobs housing balance is an inevitable topic and even strategy in most urban plans and policies aimed at reducing car dependence, increasing public transportation's attractiveness and/or improving quality of life. Existing studies of jobs housing balance have rarely focused on developing cities, in particular, those in central and western China. This manuscript proposes that there are six groups of factors affecting jobs housing balance, which notably influence commute efficiency. Those factors exert different impacts on jobs housing balance in cities at different development stages. There is need to single out specific factors influencing developing cities' jobs housing balance so as to better improve their jobs housing balance and commute efficiency. Improved jobs housing balance and commute efficiency should help the developing cities gain advantages in terms of attracting and keeping talented workers and increasing their competitiveness in traffic mobility, quality of life and sustainability. Based on 59,967 samples of the 2011 Xi'an City Wide Household Travel Survey, this paper investigates the commute efficiency, jobs housing balance and excess commute in Xi'an. It also compares relevant indictors of Xi'an with those in other Chinese and international cities whenever possible. It finds that Xi'an has a shorter actual average commuting distance and higher commute efficiency than most other cities that have been studied in existing literature. Average commuting distance in Xi'an is found to be negatively correlated to jobs resident ratio and total number of employment. Danwei compounds in the city still have decent jobs housing balance and commuting efficiency but this pattern is changing.", "venue": "", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Jiangping Zhou", "Xiaojian Chen", "Wei Huang", "Pengqiu Yu", "Chun Zhang"], "n_citations": 12, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 168490665, "title": "A Study on Urban Spatial Structure in the Context of the Jobs Housing Balance: A Case of Suzhou, China", "abstract": "Reducing the number of trips and the length of travel is an important objective in the movement towards sustainable development and low carbon cities. In the pursuit of less travel and shorter travel distances, local governments try to achieve a jobs housing balance. In this study, based on survey data from different spatial scales, we use GIS technology and job housing balance index measures, the independent index, average commuting distance and commuting time, and explore the spatial structure of Suzhou City, China. According to research, the overall jobs housing index in Suzhou is 0.75, the average commuting distance is 9.6 km, and the average commuting time is 26 min. There are about 32 of the residents whose commuting distances are more than the average number. This study provides some reference for urban planning and urban spatial optimization for Suzhou City.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Zhenlong Zhang"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "A Blockchain-based secure PHR data storage and sharing framework", "session_id": 3474748702456429, "user_id": 5464411562773691, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 233136510, "title": "A Blockchain based secure PHR data storage and sharing framework", "abstract": "The appearance of Covid 19 proves the deficiency of world health care systems to handle exponentially infected patients and to deal with lack of personal health records (PHR) As it is known, data is valuable in such situation. Current solutions for storing and sharing PHR data adopt centralized solutions, such as cloud based totally centralized data centers, which requires a fully trusted third party. Therefore, it suffers from single point of failure, data deleting and network delay. To overcome these issues, we propose in this paper a Blockchain based secure PHR data storage and sharing framework that leverages the benefits of IPFS (Inter Planetary File System) Our aim is to ensure privacy with patient full control over his data and to enhance scalability. To this end, we use steganography to hide sensitive data within PHR data, and then it is uploaded to IPFS network. However, IPFS Hash delivered by IPFS network is divided into n secret shares using Shamir's Secret Sharing (SSS) algorithm, which ensures security. Moreover, Ethereum smart contract automates the execution of access control strategies defined by the owner, as well as, traceability and auditability insurance.", "venue": "2020 6th IEEE Congress on Information Science and Technology (CiSt)", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Ayoub Ghani", "Ahmed Zinedine", "Mohammed el Mohajir"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 213866320, "title": "Industrial blockchain based framework for product lifecycle management in industry 4.0", "abstract": "Abstract Product lifecycle management (PLM) aims to seamlessly manage all products and information and knowledge generated throughout the product lifecycle for achieving business competitiveness. Conventionally, PLM is implemented based on standalone and centralized systems provided by software vendors. The information of PLM is hardly to be integrated and shared among the cooperating parties. It is difficult to meet the requirements of the openness, interoperability and decentralization of the Industry 4.0 era. To address these challenges, this paper proposed an industrial blockchain based PLM framework to facilitate the data exchange and service sharing in the product lifecycle. Firstly, we proposed the concept of industrial blockchain as the use of blockchain technology in the industry with the integration of IoT, M2M, and efficient consensus algorithms. It provided an open but secured information storage and exchange platform for the multiple stakeholders to achieve the openness, interoperability and decentralization in era of industry 4.0. Secondly, we proposed and developed customized blockchain information service to fulfill the connection between a single node with the blockchain network. As a middleware, it can not only process the multi source and heterogeneous data from varied stages in the product lifecycle, but also broadcast the processed data to the blockchain network. Moreover, smart contract is used to automate the alert services in the product lifecycles. Finally, we illustrated the blockchain based application between the cooperating partners in four emerging product lifecycle stages, including co design and co creation, quick and accurate tracking and tracing, proactive maintenance, and regulated recycling. A simulation experiment demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework. The results showed that the proposed framework is scalable and efficient, and hence it is feasible to be adopted in industry. With the successful development of the proposed platform, it is promising to provide an effective PLM for improving interoperability and cooperation between stakeholders in the entire product lifecycle.", "venue": "Robotics Comput. Integr. Manuf.", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Xiaoping Liu", "Wai Ming Wang", "Hanyang Guo", "Ali Vatankhah Barenji", "Zhi Li", "George Q Huang"], "n_citations": 41, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 56178064, "title": "Blockchain Based Mobile Edge Computing Framework for Secure Therapy Applications", "abstract": "Mobile edge computing (MEC) is being introduced and leveraged in many domains, but few studies have addressed MEC for secure in home therapy management. To this end, this paper presents an in home therapy management framework, which leverages the IoT nodes and the blockchain based decentralized MEC paradigm to support low latency, secure, anonymous, and always available spatiotemporal multimedia therapeutic data communication within an on demand data sharing scenario. To the best of our knowledge, this non invasive, MEC based IoT therapy platform is first done by our group. This platform can provide a full body joint range of motion data for physically challenged individuals in a decentralized manner. With MEC, the framework can provide therapy diagnostic and analytical data on demand to a large portion of humanity who are either born with disabilities or became disabled due to accidents, war time injuries, or old age. For security, the framework uses blockchain Tor based distributed transactions to preserve the therapeutic data privacy, ownership, generation, storage, and sharing. Our initial test results from a complete implementation of the framework show that it can support a sufficiently large number of users without considerable increase in mean processing time.", "venue": "IEEE Access", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Md Abdur Rahman", "M Shamim Hossain", "George Loukas", "Elham Hassanain", "Syed Sadiqur Rahman", "Mohammed F Alhamid", "Mohsen Guizani"], "n_citations": 74, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 231699907, "title": "PSO Blockchain based image steganography: towards a new method to secure updating and sharing COVID 19 data in decentralised hospitals intelligence architecture", "abstract": "Secure updating and sharing for large amounts of healthcare information (such as medical data on coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID 19] in efficient and secure transmission are important but challenging in communication channels amongst hospitals. In particular, in addressing the above challenges, two issues are faced, namely, those related to confidentiality and integrity of their health data and to network failure that may cause concerns about data availability. To the authors' knowledge, no study provides secure updating and sharing solution for large amounts of healthcare information in communication channels amongst hospitals. Therefore, this study proposes and discusses a novel steganography based blockchain method in the spatial domain as a solution. The novelty of the proposed method is the removal and addition of new particles in the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm. In addition, hash function can hide secret medical COVID 19 data in hospital databases whilst providing confidentiality with high embedding capacity and high image quality. Moreover, stego images with hash data and blockchain technology are used in updating and sharing medical COVID 19 data between hospitals in the network to improve the level of confidentiality and protect the integrity of medical COVID 19 data in grey scale images, achieve data availability if any connection failure occurs in a single point of the network and eliminate the central point (third party) in the network during transmission. The proposed method is discussed in three stages. Firstly, the pre hiding stage estimates the embedding capacity of each host image. Secondly, the secret COVID 19 data hiding stage uses PSO algorithm and hash function. Thirdly, the transmission stage transfers the stego images based on blockchain technology and updates all nodes (hospitals) in the network. As proof of concept for the case study, the authors adopted the latest COVID 19 research published in the Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine journal, which presents a rescue framework within hospitals for the storage and transfusion of the best convalescent plasma to the most critical patients with COVID 19 on the basis of biological requirements. The validation and evaluation of the proposed method are discussed.", "venue": "Multim. Tools Appl.", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["A H Mohsin", "A A Zaidan", "Bilal Bahaa Zaidan", "K I Mohammed", "Osamah Shihab Albahri", "Ahmed Shihab Albahri", "M A Alsalem"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 227067087, "title": "PatientDataChain: A Blockchain Based Approach to Integrate Personal Health Records", "abstract": "Currently there is not a single trusted infrastructure used for the exchange and storage of medical data along the healthcare value chain and, thus, there is no platform used for monitoring patients' traceability within the entire healthcare chain. This situation leads to difficult communication and increased procedural costs, and thus it limits healthcare players from developing a better understanding and know how of patients' traceability that could further boost innovation and development of the best fitted health services. PatientDataChain blockchain based technology is a novel approach, based on a decentralized healthcare infrastructure that incorporates a trust layer in the healthcare value chain. Our aim was to provide an integrated vision based on interoperability principles, that relies on the usage of specific sensors from various wearable devices, allowing us to collect specific data from patients' medical records. Interconnecting different healthcare providers, the collected data is integrated into a unitary personal health records (PHR) system, where the patient is the owner of his/her data. The decentralized nature of PatientDataChain, based on blockchain technology, leveraged the proper context to create a novel and improved data sharing and exchange system, which is secure, flexible, and reliable. This approach brings increased benefits to data confidentiality and privacy, while providing secure access to patient medical records. This paper presents the design, implementation, and experimental validation of our proposed system, called PatientDataChain. The original contributions of our paper include the definition of the concept of unifying the entire healthcare value chain, the design of the architectural model of the system, the development of the system components, as well as the validation through a proof of concept (PoC) conducted with a medical clinic from Bucharest, using a dataset of 100 patients and over 1000 transactions. The proof of concept demonstrated the feasibility of the model in integrating the personal health records from heterogeneous sources (healthcare systems and sensors) in a unified, decentralized PHR system, with enhanced data exchange among healthcare players.", "venue": "Sensors", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Alexandra Cernian", "Bogdan Tiganoaia", "Ioan Stefan Sacala", "Adrian Pavel", "Alin Iftemi"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 221473230, "title": "Health Information Exchange with Blockchain amid Covid 19 like Pandemics", "abstract": "The COVID 19 pandemic is stress testing existing health information exchange systems. There exists an increasing demand for sharing patient information and efficiently responding to patient medial data requests. Current health information technologies lack data fluidity, especially for remotely sharing medical data beyond their protected, local data storage. This paper presents a blockchain based data sharing framework that leverages the properties of immutability and decentralization to ensure a secure, user centric approach for accessing and controlling access to sensitive medical data. The proposed framework builds its foundations on a peer to peer network fueled by the distributed InterPlanetary File System combined with on chain tagging, and on the use of cryptographic generation techniques for enabling a secure way of sharing medical data. The flow of information is orchestrated by a smart contract deployed on a blockchain based protocol to ensure traceability and data integrity. The effectiveness of the framework is demonstrated with the implementation of the framework over a pilot study.", "venue": "2020 16th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS)", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Klitos Christodoulou", "Panayiotis Christodoulou", "Zinonas Zinonos", "Elias G Carayannis", "Savvas A Chatzichristofis"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 222417579, "title": "Enhancing Vendor Managed Inventory Supply Chain Operations Using Blockchain Smart Contracts", "abstract": "Supply chain networks have grown in complexity and size due to increased globalization leading to a variety of challenges and opportunities for improvement. Optimizing inventory levels and adjusting replenishment policies have significant effects on the operational performance and profitability of supply chains. Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) is a mutually beneficial arrangement between supplier and buyer, where the supplier is responsible for making inventory and replenishment decisions based on buyers' inventory status. Potential benefits of VMI include reducing inventories, enabling information sharing, eliminating safety stock, and reducing purchasing related costs across the supply chain. In today's supply chains, VMI operations face critical challenges related to data integrity, transparency, traceability, and single point of failure due to its centralized architecture. Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger that ensures a transparent, safe, and secure exchange of data among supply chain stakeholders. The advantages of adopting blockchain technology for VMI operations in a supply chain include decentralized control, security, traceability, and auditable time stamped transactions. In this paper, we present a blockchain based approach using smart contracts to transform VMI supply chain operations. We propose a generic framework using Ethereum smart contracts and decentralized storage systems to automate the processes and information exchange and detailed algorithms that capture the interactions among supply chain stakeholders. The smart contract code was developed and tested in Remix environment. We present cost and security analysis incurred by the stakeholders in the supply chain. Adopting a blockchain based solution to VMI operations in supply chains is economically viable and provides a streamlined, secure, trusted, and transparent mode of communication among various stakeholders.", "venue": "IEEE Access", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Ilhaam A Omar", "Raja Jayaraman", "Khaled Salah", "Mazin Debe", "Mohammed A Omar"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 211529289, "title": "Secure and Decentralized Live Streaming using Blockchain and IPFS", "abstract": "Decentralized cloud systems are proving to be much more advantageous than centralized cloud systems. They distribute power away from a central authority, cut down operation cost, have greater fault tolerance, fewer trust requirements between storage providers and data owners and is less prone to attacks. InterPlanetary File System, a protocol to create a content addressable, peer to peer method of storing and sharing hypermedia in a distributed file system can revolutionize how we share the media content over the internet. We provide an overview of the current systems to stream media over the internet and describe various problems that these systems face with regards to media delivery, governance, and distribution. We exhibit, how with the help of IPFS, Blockchain based Smart Contracts and HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) it is possible to minimize, avoid and diminish the problems associated with the traditional media delivery system and how we can improve the overall efficiency of media delivery systems. We explain how the conventional framework of media delivery can be transformed by IPFS based delivery network supported by HLS streaming for all kinds of distribution model (live or on demand) We also propose a novel method to decentralize the cloud storage system using a separate server and client side applications. Keywords IPFS, Internet media delivery networks, HLS, Streaming with IPFS, Distributed Ledger Technologies", "venue": "", "year": "", "author_names": ["Anish Mishra", "Shreya Saha"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 169873635, "title": "Performance Perspective on Private Distributed Ledger Technologies for Industrial Networks", "abstract": "Blockchain based Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is a novel paradigm to create tamper resistant execution environments and data storage for distributed applications on top of a peer to peer network. This technology has shown to be of interest in many use cases, especially in industrial processes where multiple shareholders would like to process and share data in a secure and accountable way. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a DLT based system via modeling and a quantitative performance evaluation, focusing on the impact of the underlying communication network. Our numerical evaluation is based on the Hyperledger Fabric DLT framework, its benchmarking tool Caliper, and a dedicated test bed, where network properties such as latency or packet loss can be artificially influenced. Our experiments show that the validation of the transactions in a DLT based system is the main contributor in the transaction latency. We also demonstrate that the properties of the communication network can influence the performance largely, even in the case where only one of the participants in the DLT system has poor network access.", "venue": "2019 International Conference on Networked Systems (NetSys)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Fabien Geyer", "Holger Kinkelin", "Hendrik Folke Leppelsack", "Stefan Liebald", "Dominik Scholz", "Georg Carle", "Dominic A Schupke"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 220258859, "title": "Blockchain Enabled Industrial Internet of Things: Advances, Applications, and Challenges", "abstract": "T revolutionary industry digitization coupled with the proliferation of the Internet of Things causes a paradigm shift for industrial and manufacturing companies, renowned as Smart Industry or the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) This concept, also advertised as Industry 4.0, leverages the power of smart machines fused with real time analytics, cyber physical systems, cloud and cognitive computing to capture and exploit massively produced and communicated data. This aims at promoting multi disciplinary business intelligence and supporting efficient quality control and a traceable supply chain, predictive maintenance, enhanced field services, asset tracking, as well as sustainable green practices. An IIoT ecosystem mainly focuses on effectively controlling the physical world comprising smart devices distributed among the entire industry to collect and securely exchange and analyze massive ambient data. While cloud computing constitutes the fertile soil for handling such issues, it however necessitates high end servers and high speed networks to provision storage related/computation related services. In this regard, a centralized cloud enabled IIoT framework is perceived by IoT services as a black box with impeding factors of resilience, adaptability, fault tolerance, trust, security and privacy, maintenance costs, and asthenic time critical IoT applications' support. Stepping toward coping with these challenges, blockchain represents one of the most suitable candidate technologies able to support a secure and distributed IIoT ecosystem. The blockchain is an amalgamation of cryptography, public key infrastructure, and economic modeling, applied to peer to peer networking and decentralized consensus to achieve distributed database synchronization. Its perks of decentralization, immutability, auditability, and fault tolerance render it more attractive to enclasp the benefits of the decentralized framework in the IIoT environment. Various industry solutions and platforms from Lola, COSMOS, Dajie, Filament, Slock.it, SmartAxiom, BlockVerify, Xage Security, Ubirch, Multichain, ShoCard, Chronicled, Uniquid, Riddle and Code, and Datum are already floated in the market for public, private, and federated blockchains to address privacy, monetization, security, trust, identity and data management issues. From the perspective of blockchain employment across the wide range of IIoT use cases (e.g. in the food industry, cybersecurity, voting, music, real estate, healthcare, insurance, supply chain and logistics, energy and smart grid, apparel, textile and fashion industry) there exist numerous operational and technical exposures to the development and deployment of IIoT related applications outlining significant challenges that stand in the way of achieving absolute IIoT decentralization using blockchain, given the vast diversity of the devices these applications involve. Such technical challenges include but are not limited to risks and regularity issues as well as other associated integrating factors related to processing, storage, communication, and availability, together with the appropriate role assignment that jointly considers issues of security, privacy, trust and scalability in addition to the choice of suitable consensus algorithms. This special issue of IEEE Internet of Things Magazine (IoTM) has solicited high quality manuscripts that: Describe in depth the breadth of real world blockchain based multi disciplinary IIoT deployments that go in line with the above elaborated special issue. Present actual experiences in resolving contextual blockchain related challenges. Develop and share best practices, vision realizations and lessons learned in this integrated environment. Establish guiding principles for technical, operational and business successes. The special issue received around 40 high quality articles that were general, independent of technical or business specialty, and intended for an audience consisting of all members of the IoT community. The Guest Editors (GEs) assigned these articles to expert reviewers whose comments and reviews were to the point and highly beneficial in improving the quality, readability and presentation of the manuscripts. After the final round of reviews, the GEs have been exposed to quite a difficult selection process of nine out of 11 accepted papers for publication within this SI, whereas the remaining two papers have been highly recommended for publication as regular papers that will appear in upcoming issues of the IoTM. Below is a brief summary for each one of these accepted papers.", "venue": "IEEE Internet of Things Magazine", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Mohamed Abdallah", "Octavia A Dobre", "Pin-Han Ho", "Sohail Jabbar", "Maurice J Khabbaz", "Joel J P C Rodrigues"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "dementia emotion analysis", "session_id": 8920028422125211, "user_id": 3387244930727160, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 209322762, "title": "Emotion Recognition in Dementia: Advancing technology for multimodal analysis of emotion expression in everyday life", "abstract": "This paper provides an overview of my PhD project that focuses on recognizing emotions in dementia by analyzing multi modal expressions in autobiographical memories of older adults with dementia. The project aims for a better understanding how dementia influences emotional expressions and how dementia differs from the normal aging process. For this reason, spontaneous emotions will be elicited in autobiographical memories in two groups of older adults, one with dementia the other without, for comparison. Audio, video and physiological data will be collected at their home resulting in real life environments. The emotional expressions can then be analyzed by extracting verbal, non verbal, facial and gestural features from the audio, video and physiological data collected. In addition, a longitudinal study will be conducted with the older adults with dementia to investigate the longitudinal effect of dementia on emotions. A database of the emotional memories of these vulnerable groups will then be developed to contribute to the advancement of technologies for (automatic) multi modal emotion recognition. The database will then be made available for the research community. Lastly, we will also develop visualization and statistical models to assess multi modal patterns of emotion expression in these groups.", "venue": "2019 8th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Deniece S Nazareth"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 20512934, "title": "Expressed Emotion in relatives of persons with dementia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "abstract": "Abstract Objectives: Expressed Emotion (EE) refers to a number of key aspects of interpersonal relationships which have been shown to relate to outcomes in relatives of people with health conditions. Design: A systematic review and meta analysis of EE and outcomes in relatives of persons with dementia is reported. Potential research studies were identified via a search of three electronic databases; PsychINFO, MEDLINE and the Web of Science between 1960 and 2015. Results: We reviewed 12 studies investigating correlations between EE and well being in relatives of patients with dementia. Factors hypothesised to influence EE including attributions, social support, coping strategies and relationship quality were also reviewed. Conclusion: High EE relatives were found to have increased levels of burden (Z 6.967, P 0.001) and greater levels of depression (Z 5.842, P 0.001) Compared to low EE relatives, high EE relatives were more likely to attribute the patient's problems to factors that were personal to and controllable by the patient. Relatives with less social support, inefficient coping strategies and a poor relationship with the patients, were more likely to be classified as high EE.", "venue": "Aging mental health", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Roxanne Safavi", "Katherine Berry", "Alison Wearden"], "n_citations": 27, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 36274369, "title": "Meta Analysis of Facial Emotion Recognition in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia", "abstract": "Behavioral disturbances and lack of empathy are distinctive clinical features of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) in comparison to Alzheimer disease (AD) The aim of this meta analytic review was to compare facial emotion recognition performances of bvFTD with healthy controls and AD. The current meta analysis included a total of 19 studies and involved comparisons of 288 individuals with bvFTD and 329 healthy controls and 162 bvFTD and 147 patients with AD. Facial emotion recognition was significantly impaired in bvFTD in comparison to the healthy controls (d 1.81) and AD (d 1.23) In bvFTD, recognition of negative emotions, especially anger (d 1.48) and disgust (d 1.41) were severely impaired. Emotion recognition was significantly impaired in bvFTD in comparison to AD in all emotions other than happiness. Impairment of emotion recognition is a relatively specific feature of bvFTD. Routine assessment of social cognitive abilities including emotion recognition can be helpful in better differentiating between cortical dementias such as bvFTD and AD.", "venue": "Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Emre Bora", "Dennis Velakoulis", "Mark Walterfang"], "n_citations": 59, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 143435012, "title": "Responding the \"Wrong Way\" The Emotion Work of Caring for a Family Member With Dementia.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although it is generally acknowledged that the changing behaviors of some people living with dementia can be emotionally exhausting for family members, there has been little research on how carers actually interpret and manage their emotional responses when interacting with persons with dementia in context and over time. Applying the concept of emotion work, this analysis examines when and where carers feel they are responding \"the right way\" to their kin and when and where they resist normative emotions around family care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Semi structured qualitative interviews (N 20) and diaries (N 11) were conducted with, and collected from, family carers in Manitoba, Canada to explore how they negotiate their emotions and emotional displays when caring for a family member whose behaviors are changing. RESULTS Carers expressed feelings of frustration, anger, and resentment and identified putting on a positive attitude, putting the person with dementia first, protecting the person with dementia, and avoiding conflict and arguing as the \"right way\" to respond to these feelings. They identified challenges responding the \"right way,\" however, in relation to household chores, and situations that also involved isolation, fear, verbal aggression, and fatigue. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Programs and policies must recognize the complex emotion work of family carers. There is a need for more nuanced education materials, support with household tasks, inclusion of carers' emotional needs in transition planning, and support for carers to exit the caring role when necessary.", "venue": "The Gerontologist", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Rachel V Herron", "Laura Megan Funk", "Dale Spencer"], "n_citations": 9, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 217362846, "title": "Expressed Emotion in caregivers of persons with dementia and the relationship with psychological outcomes in caregivers and persons with dementia", "abstract": "s screened (N 213) Records excluded (N 3129) Full text articles assessed for eligibility (N 65) Full text articles excluded, due to duplication or inadequate measures. (N 53) Studies included in narrative synthesis (N 12) Studies included in quantitative synthesis (meta analysis) (N 6) Records excluded, due to absent sample type and/or inadequate measures. (N 148)", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Roxanne Safavi"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 20442610, "title": "How Preserved is Emotion Recognition in Alzheimer Disease Compared With Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia?", "abstract": "Background: Emotion deficits are a recognised biomarker for behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) but recent studies have reported emotion deficits also in Alzheimer's disease (AD) Methods: A hundred and twenty three participants (33 AD, 60 bvFTD, 30 controls) were administered a facial emotion recognition test, to investigate the clinical factors influencing the diagnostic distinction on this measure. Binomial regression analysis revealed that facial emotion recognition in AD was influenced by disease duration and MMSE, whereas the same was not true for bvFTD. Based on this information, we median split the AD group on disease duration (3 years) or MMSE (24) and compared the facial emotion recognition performance of mild AD, moderate AD, bvFTD patients and controls. Results: Results showed that very mild AD performed consistently at control levels for all emotions. By contrast, mild/moderate AD and bvFTD were impaired compared to controls on most emotions. Interestingly, mild/moderate AD were significantly impaired compared to very mild AD on total score, anger and sadness subscores. Logistic regression analyses corroborated these findings with ~94% of very mild AD being successfully distinguished from bvFTD at presentation, while this distinction was reduced to ~78% for mild/moderate AD. Conclusions: Facial emotion recognition in AD is influenced by disease progression, with very mild AD being virtually intact for emotion performance. Mild/moderate AD and bvFTD show consistent impairment in emotion recognition, with bvFTD being worse. A disease progression of over 3 years or a MMSE lower than 24 should warrant caution to put too much emphasis on emotion recognition performance in the diagnostic distinction of AD and bvFTD.", "venue": "Alzheimer disease and associated disorders", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Maxime Bertoux", "Leonardo Cruz de Souza", "Marie Sarazin", "Aurelie Funkiewiez", "Bruno Dubois", "Michael Hornberger"], "n_citations": 43, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 24247763, "title": "Differentiating between right lateralised semantic dementia and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia: an examination of clinical characteristics and emotion processing", "abstract": "Background and purpose Right lateralised semantic dementia (right SD) and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) appear clinically similar, despite different patterns of underlying brain changes. This study aimed to elucidate distinguishing clinical and cognitive features in right SD versus bvFTD, emphasising emotion processing and its associated neural correlates. Methods 12 patients with right SD and 19 patients with bvFTD were recruited. Clinical features were documented. All patients were assessed on standardised neuropsychological tests and a facial emotion processing battery. Performance was compared to 20 age matched and education matched controls. Grey matter intensity was related to emotion processing performance using whole brain voxel based morphometry analysis. Results Patients with right SD exhibited disproportionate language dysfunction, prosopagnosia and a suggestion of increased obsessive personality/behavioural changes versus patients with bvFTD. In contrast, patients with bvFTD demonstrated pronounced deficits in attention/working memory, increased apathy and greater executive dysfunction, compared to patients with right SD. Decreased empathy, disinhibition and diet changes were common to both dementia subtypes. Emotion processing deficits were present in both FTD syndromes but were associated with divergent patterns of brain atrophy. In right SD, emotion processing dysfunction was associated with predominantly right medial and lateral temporal integrity, compared to mainly left temporal, inferior frontal and orbitofrontal and right frontal gyrus integrity in bvFTD. Conclusions This study demonstrates comparable deficits in facial emotion processing in right SD and bvFTD, in keeping with their similar clinical profiles. These deficits are attributable to divergent neural substrates in each patient group, namely, right lateralised regions in right SD, versus predominantly left lateralised regions in bvFTD.", "venue": "Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery Psychiatry", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Jody Kamminga", "Fiona Kumfor", "James R Burrell", "Olivier Piguet", "John R Hodges", "Muireann Irish"], "n_citations": 71, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 152111250, "title": "Appraisal of caregiving burden, expressed emotion, and psychological distress in families of people with dementia: A systematic review", "abstract": "xiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Statement of the Problem and General Aims 1 Background and Significance 4 Dementia 4 Caregiver Burden 5 Coping and Expressed Emotion 7 Psychological Distress 11 Study Rationale and Research Objectives 12 Chapter 2: Methodology 15 Review and Analysis Procedures 15 Search Applications 15 Measures 15 Caregiver Burden 16 Coping and Expressed Emotion 16 Psychological Distress 16 Organization of the Literature Table 17 Analysis Procedures .17 Construction of the Data Tables 18 Restrictions Applied to Data for Study Inclusion 19 Chapter 3: Results 20 Measurement Instruments 20 Caregiver Burden .20 Zarit Burden Interview .20 Caregiver Burden Inventory .21 Expressed Emotion 21 Camberwell Family Interview .21 Five Minute Speech Sample .22 Level of Expressed Emotion .22 Brief Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced .22", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Susan Sprokay"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 205301146, "title": "The association of eating performance and environmental stimulation among older adults with dementia in nursing homes: A secondary analysis.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND Nursing home residents with dementia experience increased risk for compromised eating performance due to intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors. Environmental stimulation is physical, social, and/or sensory stimulation present in the environment that can potentially trigger individuals' emotion or motivate physical reactions. Beyond the personal factors, there is a lack of evidence on how environmental stimulation influences individuals' eating performance at mealtimes. OBJECTIVES This study examined the association between environmental stimulation and eating performance among nursing home residents with dementia. DESIGN This study was a secondary analysis using baseline videos selected from a communication intervention study, where videos were recorded to capture staff resident interactions during care activities for nursing home residents with dementia. Videos were included in this study only if residents demonstrated eating activities at mealtimes. SAMPLE AND SETTING A total of 36 videos were selected (mean length=4min) The sample included 15 residents with dementia (mean age=86) and 19 certified nursing assistants (mean age=36) in 8 nursing homes. METHODS The dependent variable was eating performance as measured by the Level of Eating Independence scale (range: 15 36, with higher scores indicating better eating performance) The independent variables were characteristics of environmental stimulation measured by the Person Environment Apathy Rating Environment subscale (stimulation clarity, stimulation strength, stimulation specificity, interaction involvement, physical accessibility, and environmental feedback) Each characteristic was rated on a 1 4 scale with higher scores indicating more desirable environmental stimulation. Multilevel models were used to examine the association between eating performance and environmental stimulation, adjusting for resident characteristics (i.e. age, gender, dementia stage, function, comorbidity, psychoactive medication use) and nesting effects of residents and staff. RESULTS Resident participants demonstrated moderate levels of eating performance (M=27.08, SD=5.16) Eating performance was significantly lower among older residents, those with more advanced dementia, and higher comorbidity. After controlling for resident characteristics, eating performance was significantly associated with stimulation specificity (how the stimulation is delivered and tailored to the resident) and was not associated with other environmental stimulation characteristics. For each 1 point increase in stimulation specificity, eating performance increased by 8.78 points (95% CI=0.59, 16.97) CONCLUSIONS Environmental stimulation that is personally tailored to a resident' needs and preferences and directly offered to a resident contributed to better eating performance among residents with dementia. The findings will direct future development and implementation of person directed mealtime care programs and dining environment arrangements for residents with dementia in nursing homes.", "venue": "International journal of nursing studies", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Wen Liu", "Ying-Ling Jao", "Kristine Williams"], "n_citations": 17, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 7004486, "title": "Emotion Work in Family Caregiving for Persons with Dementia", "abstract": "Emotion work enhances emotional well being and emotional support in relationships between two people. Emotion work is a part of family work but has not been described in the context of caring for a family member with dementia. Content analysis applied to 11 interviews of informal caregivers describing their interactions with a person with dementia resulted in four categories of emotion work: (1) managing feelings, (2) weighing options, (3) being parental, and (4) ensuring emotional well being. Caregivers performed emotion work to meet the feeling rules of being a good caregiver, but often with emotional dissonance between the caregivers' true feelings.", "venue": "Issues in mental health nursing", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Cherie Simpson", "Gayle J Acton"], "n_citations": 18, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "bien etre au travail", "session_id": 3485834849585592, "user_id": 711327756693273, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 219783791, "title": "Influence du leadership habilitant sur le bien etre au travail et l'engagement organisationnel etude comparative entre une organisation habilitante et une organisation classique", "abstract": "Resume Cet article propose une etude comparative entre deux types d'organisations afin d'examiner l'influence du style de leadership habilitant sur le bien etre et l'engagement affectif des employes. Sur la base d'un questionnaire rempli par 428 employes, les resultats mettent en evidence l'effet positif du leadership habilitant sur l'engagement affectif des collaborateurs, via une mediation partielle du bien etre. Contrairement a nos attentes, cet effet n'est pas plus fort au sein de l'organisation habilitante compare a l'organisation classique La mise en evidence d'effets specifiques pour chacune des quatre dimensions du leadership habilitant (Ahearne et al. 2005) apporte des eclairages theoriques nouveaux et invite les organisations a favoriser des pratiques manageriales s'appuyant sur le sens au travail et la confiance.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Alain Caille", "Nathalie Courtois", "J -M Galharret", "Christine Jeoffrion"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 213380164, "title": "Enseigner ce que l'on est quand la concordance de valeurs rime avec bien etre au travail. Le cas des enseignants d'EPS de l'academie de Lille", "abstract": "L'enseignant est, dans son exercice professionnel, guide par des motivations personnelles qui se nourrissent de ses propres valeurs. Celles ci se traduisent par des comportements, des discours et des attitudes et in fine, caracterisent un style pedagogique. Leur importance est relative et cree une hierarchie pouvant etre differente d'un enseignant a l'autre. Des lors, se pose la question de savoir si certaines valeurs permettraient d'etre davantage en bien etre au travail. Plus encore, le fait d'agir en coherence par rapport a ses valeurs dans son enseignement serait il un facteur propice a ce bien etre L'objectif de la these consiste a etudier les relations entre le bien etre au travail et les valeurs des enseignants d'Education Physique et Sportive (EPS) En s'inscrivant dans le cadre theorique des valeurs de base de la personne (Schwartz, 1992) un outil de mesure a ete concu pour examiner les valeurs des enseignants d'EPS dans le contexte particulier de l'enseignement de l'EPS avec 599 enseignants d'EPS. Ensuite, le travail a ete mene en deux temps. En premier lieu, 396 enseignants d'EPS de l'academie de Lille ont complete un questionnaire permettant d'identifier leur systeme de valeurs general, leur systeme de valeurs operationnalise en EPS et leur niveau de bien etre subjectif au travail. Les resultats issus des analyses statistiques multifactorielles montrent que les valeurs sont determinantes pour expliquer le bien etre au travail. Ainsi, ils revelent que les valeurs d'ouverture au changement et de depassement de soi sont plus vertueuses que les valeurs de continuite pour le bien etre des enseignants d'EPS. Si la nature des valeurs permet, en partie, d'expliquer le bien etre au travail, le fait d'agir en accord avec son systeme general de valeurs est un facteur plus determinant. Ainsi, la concordance entre ses valeurs et ses pratiques professionnelles apparait comme un objectif prioritaire pour ameliorer le bien etre au travail. De plus, les resultats permettent d'identifier quatre profils caracteristiques d'enseignants selon leurs systemes de valeurs et leur niveau de bien etre les harmonieux, les compositeurs, les desaccordes et les sans partitions. Parallelement a ces enquetes, douze entretiens semi directifs ont ete menes aupres d'enseignants d'EPS typiques des profils identifies (trois par profil) Les resultats issus de l'analyse des entretiens permettent non seulement d'affiner la comprehension des profils d'enseignants d'EPS mais egalement de mieux comprendre le lien entre leurs systemes de valeurs et leur niveau de bien etre au travail. Par ailleurs, les resultats revelent que le partage de valeurs avec ses pairs est un facteur mediateur du bien etre au travail des enseignants d'EPS. En conclusion, ce travail de recherche base sur une methodologie mixte permet d'amorcer une reflexion pedagogique et didactique autour de l'importance des valeurs et de leur concordance dans l'enseignement. Il souleve egalement l'importance de clarifier collectivement les valeurs au sein des equipes pedagogiques. Une reflexion et un travail sur ces deux aspects devraient permettre d'ameliorer le bien etre au travail des enseignants.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Clement Llena"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 226881213, "title": "ENTRE PARTAGE DE VECUS, SOUTIEN SOCIAL ET BIEN ETRE AU TRAVAIL L'EXPERIENCE D'UN GROUPE DE PAROLE MENE AUPRES D'ENSEIGNANTS", "abstract": "Le soutien social est un facteur frequemment cite pour favoriser le bien etre psychologique au travail chez les enseignants, il peut etre favorise dans le cadre d'activites collectives offertes sur le lieu de travail. Dans une perspective systemique, nous presentons les resultats d'une recherche qualitative abordant les perceptions des enseignants apres leur participation a des groupes de parole qui avaient l'objectif de developper leur bien etre au travail. Les resultats soulignent l'apport de cette activite sur leur reseau de soutien, mais aussi l'importance du cadre et du partage du vecu entre collegues.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Caterina Mamprin"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 226854872, "title": "L'utilisation des technologies nomades, vectrice de bien etre au travail Une approche par la methode QCA.", "abstract": "Les technologies numeriques prennent un caractere ambivalent. Selon la maniere dont elles sont percues par les individus, elles sont porteuses de bien etre pour les uns et/ou generatrices de stress pour les autres. Dans le cadre de la transformation numerique du travail, bien etre au travail et technostress sont des defis majeurs a relever pour les organisations. Cette recherche tente ainsi de reflechir plus en profondeur sur l'influence des technologies nomades sur le bien etre au travail (BET) et le technostress. L'objectif est de mettre en exergue au travers de la Methode de l'Analyse Comparee (QCA) et de l'analyse de discours, les combinaisons de conditions qui generent du BET et du technostress dans le cadre de l'utilisation de technologies nomades au travail. Ainsi, en mobilisant les apports theoriques de l'analyse de l'activite et de l'ergonomie constructive, il n'est pas question de proposer une tendance de variables d'influence mais bien une relation causale d'une combinaison de ces variables, regulees par les individus et engagees dans la construction d'environnements capacitants. Par ailleurs, l'approche salutogenique de cette communication propose d'ouvrir les discussions sur l'idee qu'a l'instar du technostress, les technologies numeriques pourraient s'envisager comme vectrices de techno BET et revenir a un fondamental leur vocation a aider les individus dans leur tache.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Pierre Loup", "Marie-Laure Weber", "Florence Nande"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 213488015, "title": "La justice organisationnelle du groupe et le bien etre au travail une approche dynamique", "abstract": "La justice globale du groupe fait reference aux perceptions du traitement juste ou injuste recu de la part des membres du groupe de travail ou des collegues de travail. Les perceptions de justice organisationnelle ont longtemps ete considerees comme stables dans le temps, qui ne pouvaient changer que sur le niveau interindividuel. Cependant, il a ete demontre empiriquement que les perceptions de justice varient dans le temps sur les deux niveaux inter et intra individuels que ce soit d'une periode a une autre, d'une semaine a une autre, d'un jour a un autre et meme au cours d'une seule et meme journee. La justice organisationnelle est connue pour avoir une influence significative sur un certain nombre de comportements et attitudes au travail tels que la performance, la satisfaction, l'intention de depart, l'engagement ou encore l'implication au travail. Recemment, il a ete revele que les perceptions de justice avaient egalement une influence sur le sentiment de bien etre au travail des individus. Ainsi, la presente recherche examine l'effet des perceptions de justice globale du groupe sur le bien etre au travail en adoptant une approche dynamique appelee la methode du journal personnel ou la Diary Study. Cette recherche etudie egalement les mecanismes explicatifs de cette relation.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["S Dounia Bensemmane"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 213965376, "title": "Bien etre au travail et performance de l'entreprise une analyse par les paradoxes", "abstract": "A l'heure ou les entreprises, confrontees a de nombreux bouleversements, sont plus que jamais en recherche de performance, et a l'heure ou les salaries, denoncant les conditions de travail et les pratiques manageriales, n'ont jamais ete aussi demandeurs de bien etre au travail, reconcilier le bien etre des salaries et la performance de l'entreprise est un sujet d'actualite et un enjeu strategique pour les entreprises.La revue de la litterature et les resultats d'une analyse qualitative exploratoire menee a l'aide d'entretiens semi directifs aupres de 55 salaries du groupe RESSIF (Reseau des Services Sociaux Interentreprises de France) nous amenent a envisager le bien etre au travail et la performance de l'entreprise en termes de meta perspective paradoxale et a proposer des voies de resolution de ce paradoxe organisationnel.Pour ce faire, nous avons mene deux etudes quantitatives. La premiere etude est basee sur 5300 observations issues de l'enquete conditions de travail du Ministere francais du travail. La deuxieme est basee sur les reponses de 270 entreprises a un questionnaire en ligne portant sur les pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines.Finalement, nos resultats empiriques concluent que les facteurs permettant de concilier le bien etre au travail et la performance de l'entreprise sont, parmi les conditions de travail, la lutte contre l'intensite et l'insoutenabilite du travail et, parmi les pratiques de ressources humaines, le developpement de la participation des salaries aux decisions de l'entreprise, la formation, les promotions et perspectives de carriere et, dans une moindre mesure, l'evaluation de la performance.Pour conclure ce travail, sont presentees les contributions theoriques, methodologiques et manageriales, ainsi que les voies futures de recherche.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Nathalie Bernard"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 57815926, "title": "Bien etre au travail et qualite de vie des enseignants quelles differences selon l'anciennete", "abstract": "Resume Objectif de l'etude L'enseignement est une profession a risque d'epuisement professionnel. Des donnees preliminaires suggerent que l'age augmenterait ce risque. L'objectif a ete d'evaluer les differences de bien etre au travail et general des enseignants selon leur anciennete et d'en deduire des preconisations. Methodes Dans le cadre de l'enquete postale nationale Qualite de vie des enseignants (Fondation MGEN/Education nationale) 2320 enseignants des 1 er et 2 nd degres ont ete interroges sur leur bien etre au travail (bilan de l'experience professionnelle, evolution de l'exercice du metier depuis cinq ans, trois dimensions du Maslach Burnout Inventory) et general (qualite de vie, sante percue et quatre scores du questionnaire WHOQOL BREF) Ces indicateurs de bien etre ont ete modelises en fonction de l'anciennete categorisee en trois classes 5 ans, 6 29 ans, 30 ans) dans des modeles de regression ajustes sur divers facteurs sociodemographiques et professionnels. Resultats Par rapport aux enseignants plus experimentes, les enseignants en debut de carriere avaient des conditions d'exercice moins favorables et un score de sante environnementale moins bon 3 points 95 %IC 5,1) 1,0) p 0,005) Les enseignants en fin de carriere etaient plus susceptibles que leurs homologues en milieu de carriere de juger l'exercice du metier de plus en plus difficile (OR 2,6 [2,0 3,4] p burnout Ils etaient moins satisfaits de leur qualite de vie (OR 0,7 [0,5 0,9] p 0,009) de leur sante (OR 0,7 [0,5 0,9] p 0,002) notamment physique 5,4 points 7,1) 3,8) p p 0,001) Discussion Cette etude plaide en faveur d'un affaiblissement du bien etre des enseignants en fin de carriere et appuie l'interet de realiser des actions de prevention et d'accompagnement cible. Une attention doit aussi etre portee aux enseignants en debut de carriere qui peuvent etre confrontes a des contextes particulierement difficiles malgre leur inexperience.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Laurent Zavidovique", "Fabien Gilbert", "Marie-Noel Vercambre-Jacquot"], "n_citations": 6, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 56971280, "title": "Mesurer le bien etre au travail construction et validation factorielle du BET", "abstract": "Resume Objectif de l'etude Cet article porte sur le developpement d'une mesure de bien etre au travail. Plus precisement, notre objectif etait de mesurer le bien etre au travers des manifestations du bien etre hedonique et eudemonique. La mesure presentee comporte deux dimensions du bien etre hedonique les emotions positives au travail, la satisfaction au travail et une dimension large de bien etre eudemonique, nommee fonctionnement optimal. Methode Les salaries de trois entreprises francaises ont complete notre mesure de bien etre au travail (BET) une breve mesure de satisfaction envers l'environnement de travail, une mesure de soutien social percu et une mesure de stress percu. Resultats L'analyse factorielle confirmatoire confirme la presence de trois facteurs latents distincts interpretes en termes de d'emotions positives au travail, de satisfaction au travail et de fonctionnement optimal au travail. Ces trois sous echelles presentent une bonne consistance interne et une validite de critere adequate. Les scores des trois dimensions du bien etre au travail sont positivement associes aux scores de satisfaction envers l'environnement de travail et de soutien social percu. Conclusion En conclusion, notre echelle de bien etre au travail (BET) presente des qualites psychometriques acceptables. Ce questionnaire peut etre utilise par des chercheurs et des praticiens dans l'examen de la sante positive au travail.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Julie Collange", "R Gaucher", "Maya George", "L Saunder", "E Albert"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 225504242, "title": "Claudia Senik, Bien etre au travail. Ce qui compte", "abstract": "Comment ameliorer le bien etre au travail C'est une question qui occupe le devant de la scene sociale aujourd'hui, tant la perception d'une violence au travail, c'est a dire de comportements hostiles (mauvais traitements, remarques desobligeantes, moqueries, mepris, propos sexistes, etc. reste pregnante. Claudia Senik, specialiste de l'economie du bonheur a l'Ecole d'economie de Paris et a Sorbonne Universite et co directrice de l'Observatoire du Bien etre, s'interroge egalement. Elle ins.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Claire Federspiel"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219412711, "title": "Les pratiques de bien etre au travail dans les entreprises au Maroc: enseignements d'une etude de cas", "abstract": "L'apparition de certaines maladies professionnelles et risques psychosociaux preoccupe les DRHs, les menacant de perdre leur capital humain. Les pratiques de management du bien etre au travail mises en place apportent des ameliorations remarquables en faveur des employes. En effet, Dagenais Desmarais et al. (2006) soulignent que le bien etre est un vecteur indeniable de l'efficacite organisationnelle. Apres une synthese de l'ancrage theorique du bien etre au travail, sont ensuite presentes la methodologie mobilisee ainsi que les resultats d'une etude de cas realisee aupres des cadres d'une entreprise privee du secteur de l'immobilier au Maroc.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["M Orabi"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "answer and verify", "session_id": 1675602196831270, "user_id": 1617895971556684, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 52041587, "title": "Read Verify: Machine Reading Comprehension with Unanswerable Questions", "abstract": "Machine reading comprehension with unanswerable questions aims to abstain from answering when no answer can be inferred. In addition to extract answers, previous works usually predict an additional \"no answer\" probability to detect unanswerable cases. However, they fail to validate the answerability of the question by verifying the legitimacy of the predicted answer. To address this problem, we propose a novel read then verify system, which not only utilizes a neural reader to extract candidate answers and produce no answer probabilities, but also leverages an answer verifier to decide whether the predicted answer is entailed by the input snippets. Moreover, we introduce two auxiliary losses to help the reader better handle answer extraction as well as no answer detection, and investigate three different architectures for the answer verifier. Our experiments on the SQuAD 2.0 dataset show that our system obtains a score of 74.2 F1 on test set, achieving state of the art results at the time of submission (Aug. 28th, 2018)", "venue": "AAAI", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Minghao Hu", "Furu Wei", "Yuxing Peng", "Zhen Xian Huang", "Nan Yang", "Ming Zhou"], "n_citations": 95, "n_key_citations": 17, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 19186315, "title": "Multi Passage Machine Reading Comprehension with Cross Passage Answer Verification", "abstract": "Machine reading comprehension (MRC) on real web data usually requires the machine to answer a question by analyzing multiple passages retrieved by search engine. Compared with MRC on a single passage, multi passage MRC is more challenging, since we are likely to get multiple confusing answer candidates from different passages. To address this problem, we propose an end to end neural model that enables those answer candidates from different passages to verify each other based on their content representations. Specifically, we jointly train three modules that can predict the final answer based on three factors: the answer boundary, the answer content and the cross passage answer verification. The experimental results show that our method outperforms the baseline by a large margin and achieves the state of the art performance on the English MS MARCO dataset and the Chinese DuReader dataset, both of which are designed for MRC in real world settings.", "venue": "ACL", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Yizhong Wang", "Kai Liu", "Jing Liu", "W He", "Yajuan Lyu", "Hua Wu", "Sujian Li", "Haifeng Wang"], "n_citations": 67, "n_key_citations": 11, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 52010325, "title": "Knowledge as A Bridge: Improving Cross domain Answer Selection with External Knowledge", "abstract": "Answer selection is an important but challenging task. Significant progresses have been made in domains where a large amount of labeled training data is available. However, obtaining rich annotated data is a time consuming and expensive process, creating a substantial barrier for applying answer selection models to a new domain which has limited labeled data. In this paper, we propose Knowledge aware Attentive Network (KAN) a transfer learning framework for cross domain answer selection, which uses the knowledge base as a bridge to enable knowledge transfer from the source domain to the target domains. Specifically, we design a knowledge module to integrate the knowledge based representational learning into answer selection models. The learned knowledge based representations are shared by source and target domains, which not only leverages large amounts of cross domain data, but also benefits from a regularization effect that leads to more general representations to help tasks in new domains. To verify the effectiveness of our model, we use SQuAD T dataset as the source domain and three other datasets (i.e. Yahoo QA, TREC QA and InsuranceQA) as the target domains. The experimental results demonstrate that KAN has remarkable applicability and generality, and consistently outperforms the strong competitors by a noticeable margin for cross domain answer selection.", "venue": "COLING", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Yang Deng", "Ying Shen", "Min Yang", "Yaliang Li", "Nan Du", "Wei Fan", "Kai Lei"], "n_citations": 20, "n_key_citations": 5, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 2803049, "title": "Verify Consistency between Security Policy and Firewall Policy with Answer Set Programming", "abstract": "Firewalls are core elements in network security, the effectiveness of firewall security is dependent on configuring firewall policy correctly.Firewall policy is a lower level policy which describes how firewall actually implements security policy. Security policy is a higher level policy which defines the access that will be permitted or denied from the trusted network. Compare with software engineer, security policy is a design, firewall policy is a set of codes. It is useful to discover inconsistency between security policy and firewall policy. In this paper, we present a method of verifying consistency between security policy and firewall policy, which applies the idea of model checking. First of all,two policies and the consistency are represented with logic programs. Then the verification is applied by testing whether the logic formula of the consistency is satisfied in the semantics of the logic programs. Furthermore, We prove that the method has an unique answer which can be computed in polynomial time.", "venue": "2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering", "year": 2008.0, "author_names": ["Yiwen Liang", "Wenjun Deng"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 12999574, "title": "Scaling short answer grading by combining peer assessment with algorithmic scoring", "abstract": "Peer assessment helps students reflect and exposes them to different ideas. It scales assessment and allows large online classes to use open ended assignments. However, it requires students to spend significant time grading. How can we lower this grading burden while maintaining quality? This paper integrates peer and machine grading to preserve the robustness of peer assessment and lower grading burden. In the identify verify pattern, a grading algorithm first predicts a student grade and estimates confidence, which is used to estimate the number of peer raters required. Peers then identify key features of the answer using a rubric. Finally, other peers verify whether these feature labels were accurately applied. This pattern adjusts the number of peers that evaluate an answer based on algorithmic confidence and peer agreement. We evaluated this pattern with 1370 students in a large, online design class. With only 54% of the student grading time, the identify verify pattern yields 80 90% of the accuracy obtained by taking the median of three peer scores, and provides more detailed feedback. A second experiment found that verification dramatically improves accuracy with more raters, with a 20% gain over the peer median with four raters. However, verification also leads to lower initial trust in the grading system. The identify verify pattern provides an example of how peer work and machine learning can combine to improve the learning experience.", "venue": "L@S", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Chinmay Kulkarni", "Richard Socher", "Michael S Bernstein", "Scott R Klemmer"], "n_citations": 78, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 26149743, "title": "Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) A Protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT) Traversal for Offer/Answer Protocols", "abstract": "This document describes a protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT) traversal for multimedia session signaling protocols based on the offer/answer model, such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) This protocol is called Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) ICE makes use of existing protocols, such as Simple Traversal of UDP Through NAT (STUN) and Traversal Using Relay NAT (TURN) ICE makes use of STUN in peer to peer cooperative fashion, allowing participants to discover, create and verify mutual connectivity.", "venue": "RFC", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Jonathan D Rosenberg"], "n_citations": 430, "n_key_citations": 51, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 4249242, "title": "A Probabilistic Optimization Framework for the Empty Answer Problem", "abstract": "We propose a principled optimization based interactive query relaxation framework for queries that return no answers. Given an initial query that returns an empty answer set, our framework dynamically computes and suggests alternative queries with less conditions than those the user has initially requested, in order to help the user arrive at a query with a non empty answer, or at a query for which no matter how many additional conditions are ignored, the answer will still be empty. Our proposed approach for suggesting query relaxations is driven by a novel probabilistic framework based on optimizing a wide variety of application dependent objective functions. We describe optimal and approximate solutions of different optimization problems using the framework. We analyze these solutions, experimentally verify their efficiency and effectiveness, and illustrate their advantage over the existing approaches.", "venue": "Proc. VLDB Endow.", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Davide Mottin", "Alice Marascu", "Senjuti Basu Roy", "Gautam Das", "Themis Palpanas", "Yannis Velegrakis"], "n_citations": 49, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 7903394, "title": "XACML 3.0 in Answer Set Programming", "abstract": "We present a systematic technique for transforming XACML 3.0 policies in Answer Set Programming (ASP) We show that the resulting logic program has a unique answer set that directly corresponds to our formalisation of the standard semantics of XACML 3.0 from [9] We demonstrate how our results make it possible to use off the shelf ASP solvers to formally verify properties of access control policies represented in XACML, such as checking the completeness of a set of access control policies and verifying policy properties.", "venue": "LOPSTR", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Carroline Dewi Puspa Kencana Ramli", "Hanne Riis Nielson", "Flemming Nielson"], "n_citations": 15, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 14469303, "title": "Impact of automated short answer marking on students' learning: IndusMarker, a case study", "abstract": "IndusMarker is an automated short answer marking system based on structure editing and structure matching rather than extensive use of linguistic features analysis. Since IndusMarker cannot guarantee 100% human system agreement rate, the use of IndusMarker has therefore been limited to conducting practice tests. It was expected that such a use of IndusMarker will lead to improvements in student learning and instructor student interactions. The main aim of this paper is to verify these claims. The results indicate that such a use of IndusMarker leads to improvements in both student learning and instructor student interactions. In addition, IndusMarker is also shown to give reasonably high human system agreement rates even after the removal of all linguistic analysis features from the software.", "venue": "2013 5th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Raheel Siddiqi"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 1543877, "title": "Answer type validation in question answering systems", "abstract": "In open domain question answering systems, numerous questions wait for answers of an explicit type. For example, the question \"Which president succeeded Jacques Chirac?\" requires an instance of president as answer. The method we present in this article aims at verifying that an answer given by a system corresponds to the given type. This verification is done by combining criteria provided by different methods dedicated to verify the appropriateness between an answer and a type. The first types of criteria are statistical and compute the presence rate of both the answer and the type in documents, other criteria rely on named entity recognizers and the last criteria are based on the use of Wikipedia.", "venue": "RIAO", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["Arnaud Grappy", "Brigitte Grau"], "n_citations": 18, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Requisitos de usabilidade", "session_id": 5510757629673159, "user_id": 2066135832849352, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 212841593, "title": "A criacao de uma checklist de requisitos de usabilidade em paralelo a Lei de Acesso a Informacao do Brasil como ferramenta de analise de portais de transparencia", "abstract": "O alinhamento de novas ferramentas de tecnologia digital a gestao e uso da informacao publica, somado ao contexto de regulamentacao da Lei de Acesso a Informacao Lei 12.527, promoveram a criacao dos portais de transparencia e seus e SICs (Servicos de Informacao ao Cidadao) nos varios setores da administracao publica brasileira. Essas plataformas digitais tem como proposta elevar a transparencia publica, possibilitando aos cidadaos e cidadas fiscalizar os gastos publicos e assegurar o direito de acesso as informacoes. Nesse cenario, o presente trabalho teve como ponto de partida analisar a adequacao do Portal de Transparencia da Cidade de Bananeiras, no interior da Paraiba, aos parametros da Lei de Acesso a Informacao e aos requisitos de usabilidade e para isso elaborou uma checklist que pode servir de modelo de verificacao junto a outros portais de mesma categoria. Metodologicamente, utilizou se a abordagem qualitativa, aplicando os metodos de observacao direta a partir da lista de quesitos elaborados para a pesquisa, tomando como base tres fontes de analise: ISO/IEC9126 1(2003) LAI (2011) e e GOV (2010) Os resultados trazem a criacao de uma lista com 20 perguntas que podem nortear analises de portais de transparencia brasileiros e apontam, ainda, a necessidade de gestao documental na instituicao e dificuldades parciais causadas devido ao nao cumprimento dessas exigencias, algumas inclusive legais.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Henrique Elias Cabral Franca", "Maria das Gracas Freitas dos Santos"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 213656157, "title": "Requisitos de usabilidade para softwares aplicados ao e learning: uma proposta para elaboracao de User Stories", "abstract": "Software development for e learning has become increasingly complex, just as User Stories (US) are artifacts that have been widely used in the conception phase of the software. This paper presents an approach to support developers in the writing of US that addresses usability requirements in the elearning domain. An experimental study was conducted with 19 participants that evaluated positively the use of the approach. The results also revealed that the usability guidelines for e learning are an important tool for specifying usability aspects into the US. Resumo. O desenvolvimento de software para e learning vem se tornando cada vez mais complexo, assim como User Stories (US) sao artefatos que tem sido artefatos amplamente utilizados na fase de concepcao do software. Este artigo apresenta uma abordagem para apoiar os desenvolvedores na escrita de US que contemplem requisitos de usabilidade no dominio de e learning. Foi realizado um estudo experimental com 19 participantes que avaliaram positivamente o uso da abordagem. Os resultados revelaram que as diretrizes de usabilidade para e learning auxiliaram os participantes na especificacao de aspectos de usabilidade.", "venue": "Anais do XXX Simposio Brasileiro de Informatica na Educacao (SBIE 2019)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Larissa Albano Lopes", "Eduardo Gouveia Pinheiro", "Tiago Rodrigues da Silva", "Luciana A M Zaina"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 198504187, "title": "Analise da Percepcao de Importancia de Requisitos de Usabilidade no Desenvolvimento de um Sistema Web com Scrum", "abstract": "As metodologiasageis sao utilizadas nos projetos de desenvolvimento de softwares, por seu perfil dinamico e eficiente, visando atender a satisfacao dos clientes. Porem, em muitos casos, essas metodologias sao utilizadas isoladamente, sem considerar aspectos importantes na relacao usuariosistema. Dessa forma, o artigo descreve um caso de estudo sobre a importancia percebida da usabilidade em um time Scrum de uma empresa de softwares para o varejo e, como significante resultado deste trabalho, vale ressaltar que o time em questao nao leva em consideracao o estudo do usuario como pratica essencial para atender requisitos de usabilidade do sistema.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Crissia de Santana Marcelino", "Francisco Nascimento"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 180471801, "title": "PRINCIPIOS E REQUISITOS DE USABILIDADE NA CONCEPCAO DE UMA FERRAMENTA DE SUPORTE A GESTAO DE DESIGN", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Carina da Silva", "Eugenio Andres Diaz Merino", "Giselle Merino", "Luiz Fernando Goncalves de Figueiredo"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 85532908, "title": "Requisitos de Qualidade de Usabilidade: Analise da Utilizacao em Sistemas de uma Instituicao Financeira", "abstract": "", "venue": "WER", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Angelica Toffano Seidel Calazans", "Eloisa Toffano Seidel Masson", "Roberto Avila Paldes", "Fernando de A Guimaraes", "Kiane Mabel Rezende", "Ricardo Ajax Kosloski"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 34697163, "title": "MERUSA: architecture oriented safety and usability requirements specification methodology (MERUSA: metodologia de especificacao de requisitos de usabilidade e seguranca orientada para arquitetura)", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2005.0, "author_names": ["Valter Fernandes Avelino"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 187885861, "title": "App ENEM: Uma proposta de Aplicativo Movel com Base em Heuristicas de Usabilidade", "abstract": "Interfaces eficientes e atrativas sao essenciais para o sucesso de qualquer software. Em aplicacoes educacionais, tais requisitos sao ainda mais relevantes. Considerando a crescente utilizacao de aplicativos educativos e os diversos estilos de aprendizagem, e essencial assegurar que essas ferramentas contemplem requisitos de usabilidade, pois, a qualidade da interface e fundamental para a satisfacao de seus usuarios. Logo, este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de prototipo de um aplicativo educativo para dispositivos moveis inspirado em guias e recomendacoes de usabilidade.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Raiza Portilho Nunes", "Isadora Mendes dos Santos"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 209056122, "title": "Metodos, Tecnicas e Ferramentas de Processos de Usabilidade Alinhado com as Diretrizes de Acessibilidade: Uma Revisao Sistematica da Literatura", "abstract": "Nos ultimos anos, houve um aumento significativo no interesse cientifico em processos de usabilidade e acessibilidade na web. Nao obstante, ainda ha uma parcela significativa de usuarios que enfrentam barreiras durante as interacoes na internet, especificamente, usuarios cegos. Dessa forma, processos de requisitos de usabilidade alinhadas as Diretrizes de Acessibilidade do Conteudo na Web tornam se primordiais. Assim, esta revisao sistematica da literatura incidiu sobre as publicacoes dos ultimos seis anos, objetivando a identifica cao dos principais metodos, tecnicas e ferramentas aplicadas nos processos de alinhamento dos requisitos de usabilidade e acessibilidade. Por meio das analises, foram identificados 486 artigos cientificos, os quais enderecavam processos de usabilidade e acessibilidade. Aplicando se os criterios de inclusao e exclusao, foram selecionados 86 artigos. Os resultados demonstram a escassez de trabalhos que verificam a eficiencia das ferramentas e das principais tecnicas que sao empregadas em processos de acessibilidade e usabilidade.", "venue": "SBSI", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Gabriel de Jesus Rodrigues", "Tiago do Carmo Nogueira", "Deller J Ferreira"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 116103755, "title": "DESIGN CENTRADO NO USUARIO: REQUISITOS PARA AVALIACAO DE PRODUTOS DURANTE O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE PROJETOS COM BASE NA USABILIDADE E DESIGN UNIVERSAL", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Lucas Jose Garcia", "Giselle Merino", "Eugenio Andres Diaz Merino"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 171780190, "title": "Proposta de um Conjunto de Heuristicas para Avaliacao da Usabilidade de Aplicativos Moveis Educacionais", "abstract": "A adocao de aplicativos moveis no contexto educacional vem crescendo e abre espaco para o mobile learning Diante dessa crescente utilizacao e dos diferentes perfis de usuarios, e relevante garantir que esses aplicativos contemplem requisitos de usabilidade, uma vez que eles possuem objetivos de aprendizado. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um conjunto de heuristicas especificas para avaliar a usabilidade dos aplicativos moveis educacionais. Por meio de avaliacoes com especialistas da area e usuarios, foi possivel evidenciar a eficiencia e a eficacia das heuristicas propostas que foram consideradas relevantes para apreciacao da usabilidade de aplicativos do dominio educacional.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Deborah D'Carlo", "Glivia Angelica Rodrigues Barbosa", "Erica R de Oliveira"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Health Monitoring of Tree-Trunks Using Ground Penetrating Radar", "session_id": 5056126166209354, "user_id": 5488960220333684, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 197480832, "title": "Health Monitoring of Tree Trunks Using Ground Penetrating Radar", "abstract": "Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is traditionally applied to smooth surfaces in which the assumption of half space is an adequate approximation that does not deviate much from reality. Nonetheless, using GPR for internal structure characterization of tree trunks requires measurements on an irregularly shaped closed curve. A typical hyperbola fitting has no physical meaning in this new context since the reflection patterns are strongly associated with the shape of the tree trunk. Instead of a clinical hyperbola, the reflections give rise to complex shaped patterns that are difficult to be analyzed even in the absence of clutter. In this paper, a novel processing scheme is described which can interpret complex reflection patterns assuming a circular target subject to any arbitrary shaped surface. The proposed methodology can be applied using commercial hand held antennas in real time, avoiding computationally costly tomographic approaches that require the usage of custom made bespoke antenna arrays. The validity of the current approach is illustrated both with numerical and real experiments.", "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Iraklis Giannakis", "Fabio Tosti", "Livia Lantini", "Amir Morteza Alani"], "n_citations": 15, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 226836530, "title": "A Tomographic Inversion Approach for the Detection of Decay and Cavities in Tree Trunks using Ground Penetrating Radar", "abstract": "Summary A variety of tree species, such as ash and oak trees, are nowadays under serious threat in the United Kingdom and European territories as a result of the action of aggressive fungal diseases. To this effect, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is an effective geophysical tool capable of collecting information on the internal structure of trees. Nevertheless, traditional processing methods can provide only limited indications for health monitoring purposes. In this study, a demonstration of the GPR potential and the use of a tomographic inversion approach in detecting decay and cavities is provided. In that context, a set of finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations of different complexity (i.e. internal trunk configurations and dimensions of the targets) were used to assess the performance of the proposed strategy. The results prove the viability of the proposed approach in identifying the position of cavities and decay in tree trunks.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Amir Morteza Alani", "Francesco Soldovieri", "Gianluca Gennarelli", "Iraklis Giannakis", "Ilaria Catapano", "Livia Lantini", "Giovanni Ludeno", "Fabio Tosti"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 219077131, "title": "Reverse time migration for evaluating the internal structure of tree trunks using ground penetrating radar", "abstract": "Abstract Modern socioeconomic factors such as global timber trade and international travelling have contributed to the rapid increase of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) of trees with devastating effects to the European forests and woodlands. To that extent, numerous non destructive methodologies have been suggested as diagnostic tools in order to effectively monitor and maintain potential outbreaks. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an appealing method for tree monitoring as it provides with a trivially deployable and efficient detection tool, suitable for large scale forestry applications. Nonetheless, traditional GPR approaches are tuned for surface measurements and they are not compatible with the unique measurement configurations associated with forestry applications. Within that context, we present a novel processing framework, which is capable of addressing features with irregular measurements on closed surfaces. A positioning method is described that exploits a wheel measuring device in order to accurately associate each A Scan with its corresponding coordinates. In addition, a processing pipeline is presented that aims at eliminating the ringing noise due to the layered nature of the trees. Lastly, a reverse time migration is applied to the processed B Scan in order to effectively map the reflectors present within the trunk. The suggested scheme is successfully tested in both numerical and real field experiments, indicating the validity of the current approach.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Amir Morteza Alani", "Iraklis Giannakis", "Lilong Zou", "Livia Lantini", "Fabio Tosti"], "n_citations": 2, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 195485012, "title": "Evaluating the internal structure of tree trunks using ground penetrating radar", "abstract": "Evaluating and assessing the internal structure of tree trunks is of great importance both for industrial as well as environmental purposes [1] Non destructive geophysical techniques with minimum intrusion can assist on tree monitoring by providing fast and cheap tools for assessing the internal structure of tree trunks. In the current work we evaluate the capabilities of ground penetrating radar (GPR) on locating tree decays in different stages and in different tree types. GPR has been widely applied to smooth surfaces that can be sufficiently approximated as half spaces. In that context, interpretation approaches like hyperbola detection make the assumption that the targets of interest are buried inside a dielectric half space. Nonetheless, the shape of the tree trunks is rather stochastic and the only valid and safe assumption that can be made is that the shape of the tree is a closed curve with arbitrary shape. Due to that, the reflection patterns arising from decays inside the tree deviate from the traditional hyperbolic features that often occur in typical GPR surveys. Under these conditions and without the usage of tomographic approaches a reliable interpretation is difficult to be made. Tomographic approaches are time consuming with high computational demands that often applied to bespoke custom made antenna systems that the end user has no access to. Our work tries to overcome these issues by suggesting a universal \"hyperbola\" fitting scheme that can be applied in any arbitrary given shape. Prior to the \"hyperbola\" fitting, a singular value decomposition (SVD) [2] is applied in an effort to decrease the ringing noise and the unwanted clutter. The validity of our method is tested through numerical and lab experiments. The minimum computational requirements of the proposed method combined with the fact that can be coupled with any commercial antenna, makes our approach commercially appealing for large scale applications. Results presented in this abstract are part of a major research project that the authors have undertaken for the last two years.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Iraklis Giannakis", "Fabio Tosti", "Livia Lantini", "Amir Morteza Alani"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 235082075, "title": "Assessment of health status of tree trunks using ground penetrating radar tomography", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2021.0, "author_names": ["Maria Sudakova", "Evgeniya Terentyeva", "Alexey Yu Kalashnikov"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 135275872, "title": "Imaging changes in moisture within living tree trunks using ground penetrating radar", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Adam R Mangel", "John Hamilton Bradford", "Kamini Singha"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 226134265, "title": "Tree Monitoring Using Ground Penetrating Radar: Two Case Studies Using Reverse Time Migration", "abstract": "Non destructive testing (NDT) for health monitoring of trees is a suitable candidate for detecting signs of early decay [1] Recent developments [2,3,4] have highlighted that ground penetrating radar (GPR) has the potential to provide with a robust and accurate detection tool with minimum computational and operational requirements in the field. In particular, a processing framework is suggested in [2] that can effectively remove ringing noise and unwanted clutter. Subsequently, an arc length parameterisation is employed in order to utilise a wheel measurement device to accurately position the measured traces. Lastly, two migration schemes; Kirchhoff and reversetime migration, are successfully applied on numerical and laboratory data in [3] In the current paper, the detection scheme described in [2,3] using reverse time migration is tested in two case studies that involve diseased urban trees within the greater London area, UK (Kensington and Gunnersbury park) Both of the trees were cut down after the completion of the measurements and furthermore cut into several slices to get direct information with regards to their internal structure. The processing scheme described in [3,4] managed to adequately detect the internal decay present in both trees. The aforementioned case studies provide coherent evidences to support the premise that GPR is capable of detecting decay in diseased trunks and therefore has the potential to become an accurate and efficient diagnostic tool against emerging infectious diseases of trees.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Iraklis Giannakis", "Fabio Tosti", "Lilong Zou", "Livia Lantini", "Amir Morteza Alani"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 215960158, "title": "\"Test site operations for the health monitoring of railway ballast using Ground Penetrating Radar\"", "abstract": "Abstract Effective maintenance of railway infrastructures requires a comprehensive knowledge of the actual condition of the involved construction materials. In this regard, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) stands as a viable alternative to the invasive and time consuming traditional techniques for railway inspections. This work reports the experimental activities carried out on a test site area within a railway depot in Rome, Italy. Specifically, a 30 m long railway stretch was divided into 10 sub stretches reproducing different various physical and structural conditions of the track bed. In particular, combinations of varying scenarios of fragmentation and fouling of the ballast were reproduced. The set up was then investigated using different multi frequency GPR horn antenna systems. These were towed along the rail sections by means of a dedicated railway cart. Main electromagnetic parameters of railway ballast were estimated for each scenario using time and frequency domain signal processing techniques. Interpretation of results has shown viability of the GPR method in detecting signs of decay at the network scale, thereby proving this technique to be worthy for implementation in asset management systems.", "venue": "", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Luca Bianchini Ciampoli", "Alessandro Calvi", "Emanuele Oliva"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 134001262, "title": "Health monitoring of a matured tree using ground penetrating radar investigation of the tree root system and soil interaction (Extended Abstract)", "abstract": "In this study, a demonstration of the ground penetrating radar (GPR) potential in the health monitoring of a matured tree has been given. The main objectives of the research were to provide an effective mapping of the tree roots as well as reliable simulation scenarios representing a variety of possible internal defects in terms of shape and formation. To these purposes, the soil around a 70 year old fir tree, with a trunk circumference of 3.40 m and an average radius of 0.55 m, was investigated. A ground coupled multi frequency GPR system equipped with 600 MHz and 1600 MHz central frequency antennas was used for testing purposes. In addition to the above objective, finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations of the electromagnetic field propagation through the cross section of a trunk (consistent with the investigated fir tree) were carried out. A variety of defects representing cavities created due to decay were also simulated. The results from the simulations demonstrated significant potential for the interpretation of complex decay phenomena within the trunk.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Amir Morteza Alani", "Luca Bianchini Ciampoli", "Fabio Tosti", "Maria Giulia Brancadoro", "Daniele Pirrone", "Andrea Benedetto"], "n_citations": 5, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 113793057, "title": "Health monitoring of an ancient tree using ground penetrating radar investigation of the tree root system and soil interaction", "abstract": "The sensibility towards environmental issues along with the attention on preserving natural heritage, especially ancient trees and rare plants, has greatly increased, and the management and the control of the forestall heritage and the floral system has become accordingly a high priority objective to achieve. One of the main factors of tree decay which originally gained public attention is the presence of unknown pathogens carried along by the wind, which can lead to epidemic phenomena and often to a quick death of entire forests. In such an emergency situation, two main approaches can be followed, namely, i) active measures (i.e. the avoidance of any contact between the pathogenic spores and the trees by using bio security measures) and ii) passive measures (i.e. the application of policies for the control and the management of the forestall heritage aimed at identifying the early stage symptoms of the disease) Since the latest approach is based on the monitoring of living trees, invasive methods of health assessment like cutting off branches or incremental coring are increasingly discouraged, and non destructive evaluation proves to be the only option to undertake. The applications of non destructive testing (NDT) techniques in forestry sciences are often self standing and not integrated with one another. This is often due to a lack of knowledge from the NDT users towards the physics and the bio chemical processes which mainly govern the life cycle of trees and plants. Such an issue is emphasized by the evident complexity of the plant and trunk systems themselves. Notwithstanding this, the ground penetrating radar (GPR) technique has proved to be one of the most effective, due to its high versatility, rapidity in collecting data and the provision of reliable results at relatively limited costs. The use of GPR can provide invaluable information about the effective tree trunk assessment and appraisals, tree roots mapping, soil interaction with tree and plants. In addition, the use of simulation can be a supporting tool for the development of a clear understanding of the decay processes in trees. In this study, a demonstration of the GPR potential in the health monitoring of an ancient tree has been given. The main objectives of the research were to provide an effective mapping of the tree roots as well as reliable simulation scenarios representing a variety of possible internal defects in terms of shape and formation. To these purposes, the soil around a 100 years old fir tree, with a trunk circumference of 3.40 m and an average radius of 0.55 m, was investigated. Nine radial scans, 0.30 m spaced each to one another, were carried out all around the tree circumference starting from 0.50 m the outer surface of the bark. A ground coupled multi frequency GPR system equipped with 600 MHz and 1600 MHz central frequency antennas was used for testing purposes. In order to reach the maximum penetration depth of the root system, only the 600 MHz frequency was considered for data processing purposes. After the application of a dedicated signal processing scheme, it was possible to produce a tomographic map of amplitudes covering a swept circle with an outer radius of 3.45 m and an inner radius of 1.05 m up to a maximum depth of 1.56 m. By using a set of specially developed algorithms it was possible to extract signal amplitude information reliably related to the position of the tree roots under the soil. In addition to the above objective, finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations of the electromagnetic field propagation through the cross section of a trunk were carried out. To this purpose, the numerical simulator package gprMax 2D was used. The freeware tool E2GPR aided the design of the gprMax models and their distributed execution on multicore machines. The dimensions and the dielectric properties of the simulated trunk were consistent with the investigated fir tree (actual data collected) Furthermore, a variety of defects representing cavities created due to decay was simulated. The results from the simulations demonstrated significant potential for the interpretation of complex decay phenomena within the trunk as well as for mapping and comparison of the actual field data.", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Amir Morteza Alani", "Luca Bianchini Ciampoli", "Fabio Tosti", "Maria Giulia Brancadoro", "Daniele Pirrone", "Andrea Benedetto"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Van der Waals Forces", "session_id": 7206598661467881, "user_id": 3909225994109420, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 120922760, "title": "The Influence of Retardation on the London van der Waals Forces", "abstract": "The influence of retardation on the energy of interaction between two neutral atoms is investigated by means of quantum electrodynamics. As a preliminary step, Part I contains a discussion of the interaction between a neutral atom and a perfectly conducting plane, and it is found that the influence of retardation leads to a reduction of the interaction energy by a correction factor which decreases monotonically with increasing distance $R$ This factor is equal to unity for $R$ small compared with the wave lengths corresponding to the atomic frequencies, and is proportional to {R}\\ensuremath{ }1} for distances large compared with these wave lengths. In the latter case the total interaction energy is given by \\ensuremath{ \\frac{3\\ensuremath{\\hbar}c\\ensuremath{\\alpha}{8\\ensuremath{\\pi}{R}{4} where \\ensuremath{\\alpha} is the static polarizability of the atom. Although the problem of the interaction of two atoms discussed in Part II is much more difficult to handle mathematically, the results are very similar. Again the influence of retardation can be described by a monotonically decreasing correction factor which is equal to unity for small distances and proportional to {R}\\ensuremath{ }1} for large distances. In the latter case the energy of interaction is found to be \\ensuremath{ \\frac{23\\ensuremath{\\hbar}c{\\ensuremath{\\alpha}}_{1}\\ensuremath{\\alpha}}_{2}{4\\ensuremath{\\pi}{R}{7}", "venue": "", "year": 1948.0, "author_names": ["Hendrik B G Casimir", "D Polder"], "n_citations": 1742, "n_key_citations": 32, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 3915290, "title": "van der Waals forces in density functional theory: a review of the vdW DF method.", "abstract": "A density functional theory (DFT) that accounts for van der Waals (vdW) interactions in condensed matter, materials physics, chemistry, and biology is reviewed. The insights that led to the construction of the Rutgers Chalmers van der Waals density functional (vdW DF) are presented with the aim of giving a historical perspective, while also emphasizing more recent efforts which have sought to improve its accuracy. In addition to technical details, we discuss a range of recent applications that illustrate the necessity of including dispersion interactions in DFT. This review highlights the value of the vdW DF method as a general purpose method, not only for dispersion bound systems, but also in densely packed systems where these types of interactions are traditionally thought to be negligible.", "venue": "Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Kristian Berland", "Valentino R Cooper", "Kyuho Lee", "Elsebeth Schroder", "Timo Thonhauser", "Per Hyldgaard", "Bengt I Lundqvist"], "n_citations": 409, "n_key_citations": 4, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 205448688, "title": "The role of van der Waals forces in the performance of molecular diodes.", "abstract": "One of the main goals of organic and molecular electronics is to relate the performance and electronic function of devices to the chemical structure and intermolecular interactions of the organic component inside them, which can take the form of an organic thin film, a self assembled monolayer or a single molecule. This goal is difficult to achieve because organic and molecular electronic devices are complex physical organic systems that consist of at least two electrodes, an organic component and two (different) organic/inorganic interfaces. Singling out the contribution of each of these components remains challenging. So far, strong p p interactions have mainly been considered for the rational design and optimization of the performances of organic electronic devices, and weaker intermolecular interactions have largely been ignored. Here, we show experimentally that subtle changes in the intermolecular van der Waals interactions in the active component of a molecular diode dramatically impact the performance of the device. In particular, we observe an odd even effect as the number of alkyl units is varied in a ferrocene alkanethiolate self assembled monolayer. As a result of a more favourable van der Waals interaction, junctions made from an odd number of alkyl units have a lower packing energy (by ~0.4 0.6 kcal mol( 1) rectify currents 10 times more efficiently, give a 10% higher yield in working devices, and can be made two to three times more reproducibly than junctions made from an even number of alkyl units.", "venue": "Nature nanotechnology", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Nisachol Nerngchamnong", "Li Yuan", "Dongchen Qi", "Jiang Li", "Damien Thompson", "Christian A Nijhuis"], "n_citations": 213, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 22061141, "title": "Insight into the description of van der Waals forces for benzene adsorption on transition metal (111) surfaces.", "abstract": "Exploring the role of van der Waals (vdW) forces on the adsorption of molecules on extended metal surfaces has become possible in recent years thanks to exciting developments in density functional theory (DFT) Among these newly developed vdW inclusive methods, interatomic vdW approaches that account for the nonlocal screening within the bulk [V. G. Ruiz, W. Liu, E. Zojer, M. Scheffler, and A. Tkatchenko, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 146103 (2012) and improved nonlocal functionals [J. Klimes, D. R. Bowler, and A. Michaelides, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 22, 022201 (2010) have emerged as promising candidates to account efficiently and accurately for the lack of long range vdW forces in most popular DFT exchange correlation functionals. Here we have used these two approaches to compute benzene adsorption on a range of close packed (111) surfaces upon which it either physisorbs (Cu, Ag, and Au) or chemisorbs (Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt) We have thoroughly compared the performance between the two classes of vdW inclusive methods and when available compared the results obtained with experimental data. By examining the computed adsorption energies, equilibrium distances, and binding curves we conclude that both methods allow for an accurate treatment of adsorption at equilibrium adsorbate substrate distances. To this end, explicit inclusion of electrodynamic screening in the interatomic vdW scheme and optimized exchange functionals in the case of nonlocal vdW density functionals is mandatory. Nevertheless, some discrepancies are found between these two classes of methods at large adsorbate substrate separations.", "venue": "The Journal of chemical physics", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Javier Carrasco", "Wei Liu", "Angelos Michaelides", "Alexandre Tkatchenko"], "n_citations": 143, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 2550740, "title": "Microwaves Probe Dipole Blockade and van der Waals Forces in a Cold Rydberg Gas.", "abstract": "We show that microwave spectroscopy of a dense Rydberg gas trapped on a superconducting atom chip in the dipole blockade regime reveals directly the dipole dipole many body interaction energy spectrum. We use this method to investigate the expansion of the Rydberg cloud under the effect of repulsive van der Waals forces and the breakdown of the frozen gas approximation. This study opens a promising route for quantum simulation of many body systems and quantum information transport in chains of strongly interacting Rydberg atoms.", "venue": "Physical review letters", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["R Celistrino Teixeira", "Carla Hermann-Avigliano", "T L Hoai Nguyen", "Tigrane Cantat-Moltrecht", "Jean-Michel Raimond", "Serge Haroche", "S'ebastien Gleyzes", "Michel Brune"], "n_citations": 34, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 121087605, "title": "The general theory of van der Waals forces", "abstract": "Publisher Summary The van der Waals forces refer to the attractive forces acting between any two neutral atoms or molecules that are separated by distance large compared to their own dimensions. These forces are of a long range nature, which decrease with distance according to a power law. The basic idea of the theory is that the interaction between the bodies is considered to take place through a fluctuating electromagnetic field. This field is always present in the interior of a material medium and it also extends beyond its boundaries because of the thermodynamic fluctuations. Any change in the electrical proper ties of the medium in a certain region will, by Maxwell's equations, lead to a change in the fluctuation field that extends beyond that region. Therefore, the part of the free energy that is related to electromagnetic fluctuations is not determined by the properties of the substance solely at the point considered.", "venue": "", "year": 1961.0, "author_names": ["I E Dzyaloshinskii", "Evgenii Mikhailovich Lifshitz", "Lev Petrovich Pitaevskii"], "n_citations": 1119, "n_key_citations": 14, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 19590419, "title": "Protein adsorption into mesopores: a combination of electrostatic interaction, counterion release, and van der Waals forces.", "abstract": "Bovine heart cytochrome c has been immobilized into the mesoporous silica host material SBA 15 in both its native folded and urea unfolded state. The comparison of the two folding states' behavior casts doubt on the commonly used explanation of cytochrome c adsorption, that is, the electrostatic interaction model. A detailed investigation of the protein binding as a function of pH and ionic strength of the buffer solution reveals the complex nature of the protein silica interaction. Electrostatic interaction, van der Waals forces, and entropic contributions by counterion release each contribute to adsorption on the silica pore walls.", "venue": "Langmuir the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Sebastian T Moerz", "Patrick Huber"], "n_citations": 45, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 5194276, "title": "The role of van der Waals forces in water adsorption on metals.", "abstract": "The interaction of water molecules with metal surfaces is typically weak and as a result van der Waals (vdW) forces can be expected to be of importance. Here we account for the systematic poor treatment of vdW forces in most popular density functional theory exchange correlation functionals by applying accurate non local vdW density functionals. We have computed the adsorption of a variety of exemplar systems including water monomer adsorption on Al(111) Cu(111) Cu(110) Ru(0001) Rh(111) Pd(111) Ag(111) Pt(111) and unreconstructed Au(111) and small clusters (up to 6 waters) on Cu(110) We show that non local correlations contribute substantially to the water metal bond in all systems, whilst water water bonding is much less affected by non local correlations. Interestingly non local correlations contribute more to the adsorption of water on the reactive transition metal substrates than they do on the noble metals. The relative stability, adsorption sites, and adsorption geometries of competing water adstructures rarely differ when comparing results obtained with semi local functionals and the non local vdW density functionals, which explains the previous success of semi local functionals in characterizing adsorbed water structures on a number of metal surfaces.", "venue": "The Journal of chemical physics", "year": 2013.0, "author_names": ["Javier Carrasco", "Jiri Klimes", "Angelos Michaelides"], "n_citations": 142, "n_key_citations": 2, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 24352935, "title": "Cooperative interplay of van der Waals forces and quantum nuclear effects on adsorption: H at graphene and at coronene.", "abstract": "The energetic barriers that atoms and molecules often experience when binding to surfaces are incredibly important to a myriad of chemical and physical processes. However, these barriers are difficult to describe accurately with current computer simulation approaches. Two prominent contemporary challenges faced by simulation are the role of van der Waals forces and nuclear quantum effects. Here we examine the widely studied model systems of hydrogen on graphene and coronene using a van der Waals inclusive density functional theory approach together with path integral molecular dynamics at 50 K. We find that both van der Waals and quantum nuclear effects work together in a cooperative manner to dramatically reduce the barriers for hydrogen atoms to adsorb. This suggests that the low temperature hydrogenation of graphene is easier than previously thought and in more general terms that the combined roles of van der Waals and quantum tunnelling can lead to qualitative changes in adsorption.", "venue": "ACS nano", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Erlend R M Davidson", "Jiri Klimes", "Dario Alfe", "Angelos Michaelides"], "n_citations": 36, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 122058280, "title": "Buckling and stability analysis of a piezoelectric viscoelastic nanobeam subjected to van der Waals forces", "abstract": "Abstract A study on the buckling and dynamic stability of a piezoelectric viscoelastic nanobeam subjected to van der Waals forces is performed in this research. The static and dynamic governing equations of the nanobeam are established with Galerkin method and under Euler Bernoulli hypothesis. The buckling, post buckling and nonlinear dynamic stability character of the nanobeam is presented. The quasi elastic method, Leibnitz's rule, Runge Kutta method and the incremental harmonic balanced method are employed for obtaining the buckling voltage, post buckling characteristics and the boundaries of the principal instability region of the dynamic system. Effects of the electrostatic load, van der Waals force, creep quantity, inner damping, geometric nonlinearity and other factors on the post buckling and the principal region of instability are investigated.", "venue": "Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul.", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Changping Chen", "Shoujian Li", "Liming Dai", "Changzhao Qian"], "n_citations": 27, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Thesis Ponseti method relapse rate", "session_id": 395303391317650, "user_id": 5202997023564631, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 35312682, "title": "Role of age in management of clubfoot by ponseti method and relapse rate", "abstract": "Background: With all the stirring advances in modern medicine, it is somewhat sobering to assess the fund of knowledge concerning the treatment of clubfoot. Evolution of treatment started with manipulation, strapping etc. with not much enthusiastic results. Surgical intervention came into scene; with not much success and lasting morbidity. Over the past decade, Ponseti management has become accepted throughout the world, as the most effective and least expensive treatment of clubfoot.Does the age at beginning of treatment has influence,in Ponseti method and rate of relapse is uncertain. Aims and objectives: (1) Role of age at beginning of treatment. (2)Relapse rate. Materials and method: 58 patients were enlisted for study with 96 idiopathic club feet treated by Ponseti method at Al Ameen Medical College Hospital and its ancillary branches between 2006 2012; with minimum follow up of 30 months. Two groups were made, group I with age 6 months of age and group II with age >6 months. Results: Average number of casts necessary to achieve correction in group I was 5.28 casts (range 4 to 8 casts) while in group II was 7.31 (range 6 11 casts) Percutaneous tenotomy was needed in 85.42% of feet. Relapse rate was 7.14% (5 feet) in group I while 15.3% (4 feet) in group II. Conclusion: Effectiveness of Ponseti technique in achieving the correction of deformity and functional as outcome increases with early age of initiation of treatment while relapse rate increases with increase in age.", "venue": "", "year": 2014.0, "author_names": ["Nayeem Ali", "Renuka M Patil"], "n_citations": 4, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 173993093, "title": "Congenital talipes equinovarus: a systematic review of relapse as a primary outcome of the Ponseti method.", "abstract": "AIMS The Ponseti method is the benchmark treatment for the correction of clubfoot. The primary rate of correction is very high, but outcome further down the treatment pathway is less predictable. Several methods of assessing severity at presentation have been reported. Classification later in the course of treatment is more challenging. This systematic review considers the outcome of the Ponseti method in terms of relapse and determines how clubfoot is assessed at presentation, correction, and relapse. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospectively registered systematic review was carried out according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies that reported idiopathic clubfoot treated by the Ponseti method between 1 January 2012 and 31 May 2017 were included. The data extracted included demographics, Ponseti methodology, assessment methods, and rates of relapse and surgery. RESULTS A total of 84 studies were included (7335 patients, 10 535 clubfeet) The relapse rate varied between 1.9% and 45% The rates of relapse and major surgery (1.4% to 53.3% and minor surgery (0.6% to 48.8% both increased with follow up time. There was high variability in the assessment methods used across timepoints; only 57% of the studies defined relapse. Pirani scoring was the method most often used. CONCLUSION Recurrence and further surgical intervention in idiopathic clubfoot increases with the duration of follow up. The corrected and the relapsed foot are poorly defined, which contributes to variability in outcome. The results suggest that a consensus for a definition of relapse is needed. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101 B:639 645.", "venue": "The bone joint journal", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Yael Gelfer", "Shlomo Wientroub", "K Hughes", "Andreas Fontalis", "Deborah M Eastwood"], "n_citations": 16, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 162170709, "title": "Relapse Rates in Patients with Clubfoot Treated Using the Ponseti Method Increase with Time: A Systematic Review.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND The Ponseti method is the preferred technique to manage idiopathic clubfoot deformity; however, there is no consensus on the expected relapse rate or the percentage of patients who will ultimately require a corrective surgical procedure. The objective of the present systematic review was to determine how reported rates of relapsed deformity and rates of a secondary surgical procedure are influenced by each study's length of follow up. METHODS A comprehensive literature search using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was performed to identify relevant articles. The definition of relapse, the percentage of patients who relapsed, the percentage of feet that required a surgical procedure, and the mean duration of follow up of each study were extracted. Pearson correlations were performed to determine associations among the following variables: mean follow up duration, percentage of patients who relapsed, percentage of feet that required a joint sparing surgical procedure, and percentage of feet that required a joint invasive surgical procedure. Logarithmic curve fit regressions were used to model the relapse rate, the rate of joint sparing surgical procedures, and the rate of joint invasive surgical procedures as a function of follow up time. RESULTS Forty six studies met the inclusion criteria. Four distinct definitions of relapse were identified. The reported relapse rates varied from 3.7% to 67.3% of patients. The mean duration of follow up was strongly correlated with the relapse rate (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.44; p 0.01) and the percentage of feet that required a joint sparing surgical procedure (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.59; p 0.01) Studies with longer follow up showed significantly larger percentages of relapse and joint sparing surgical procedures than studies with shorter follow up (p 0.05) CONCLUSIONS Relapses have been reported to occur at as late as 10 years of age; however, very few studies follow patients for at least 8 years. Notwithstanding that, the results indicated that the rate of relapse and percentage of feet requiring a joint sparing surgical procedure increased as the duration of follow up increased. Longer term follow up studies are required to accurately predict the ultimate risk of relapsed deformity. Patients and their parents should be aware of the possibility of relapse during middle and late childhood, and, thus, follow up of these patients until skeletal maturity may be warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.", "venue": "JBJS reviews", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Hannah M Thomas", "Sophia N Sangiorgio", "Edward Ebramzadeh", "Lewis E Zionts"], "n_citations": 14, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 202740085, "title": "Relapse of Clubfoot after Treatment with the Ponseti Method", "abstract": "Background: During the last decade, Ponseti clubfoot treatment has become more effective and popular because of its high initial correction rate. But the problem affecting the long term successful outcome is relapse of the deformity. The major problem is Non compliance with Ponseti brace protocol associated with relapse. Although more comfortable braces have been reported to develop the compliance, they all have the same design and no significant changes have been made to the protocols. After refinement in the Ponseti method and emphasizing the significance of brace to parents, the relapse rate has been noticeably decreased. Objective: To evaluate relapse of Clubfoot after treatment with the Ponseti Method Methodology: A Cross sectional study including patients' information during treatment period was done at outpatient basis in Prime Medical College, Rangpur, Bangladesh and the sample was 200 patients under Ponseti clubfoot treatment over a period of three years from 1 st October 2014 to 30 th September 2017. The 200 patients with idiopathic legs with clubfoot 240 treated initially with the Ponseti technique who had relapse of their clubfoot were identified. Relapse was defined as a return to casting or surgery due to recurrent deformity. Data collected included demographics, treatment and brace adherence. Patients who sustained initial relapse before the age of two years were compared with those who sustained initial relapse after the age of two years. Results: After initial relapse prior to age two, bracing adherence does not affect likelihood of subsequent recurrence. Among the 200 patients with 240 legs with clubfoot after treatment with the Ponseti Method only 15 legs were relapse. Therefore from the study findings we can say that though there is some complications in Ponseti method but the treatment outcome is better than other methods. Conclusion: Patients with idiopathic clubfoot who experienced recurrence prior to age two years are significantly more likely to be non adherent with bracing than those who sustain recurrence after age two.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Dr Md Shariful Haque", "Dr Mohammad Mushfiqur Rahman", "Dr Khaleda Perveen", "Dr Mahmuda Sharmin"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 203624554, "title": "The Ponseti Method Decreased the Surgical Incidence in Children with Congenital Clubfoot: A Population Based, 8 Birth Year Cohort Study.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND With the introduction of the Ponseti method for congenital clubfoot, the relapse rate and the surgical rate have been remarkably reduced. However, data from population studies for patients up to 10 years of age are still lacking. This study aimed to survey the relapse and surgery rates in the first 10 years of life in children with congenital clubfoot before and after introduction of the Ponseti method in Taiwan using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) METHODS We retrieved clubfoot cases and related surgical procedures determined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD 9) 754.51 from the 1999 2016 NHIRD. Foot and ankle surgical procedures coded as ICD 9 754.51 for patients who were older than 6 months of age were regarded as surgical procedures for relapsed or residual deformities. The rate of clubfoot release when the patients were 0.5 to 1 year of age and extensive surgical procedures in the first 10 years of life were assessed among 8 birth year cohorts (1999 to 2006) with a 10 year follow up. RESULTS Among 622 children with idiopathic congenital clubfoot diagnosis, 301 underwent a total of 367 surgical procedures for clubfoot between 6 months and 10 years of age. Disease incidence of 0.32 per 1,000 live births remained stable in the 8 birth year cohorts. After the Ponseti method was introduced in 2002, there was a decrease in the clubfoot release rate in the 0.5 to 1 year age group (25.8% in the 1999 to 2002 birth year cohorts compared with 17.6% in the 2003 to 2006 birth year cohorts) and the rate of extensive surgical procedures (41.5% in the 1999 to 2002 birth year cohorts compared with 31.3% in the 2003 to 2006 birth year cohorts) both determined to be significant at p 0.05 using the chi square test. A significant decreasing trend (p 0.05) was revealed in the rate of clubfoot release in patients who were 0.5 to 1 year of age by polynomial correlation, with an increasing negative slope after a turning point around 2002. The Ponseti method increased the ratio of minor to extensive surgical procedures when a surgical procedure was required. CONCLUSIONS The Ponseti method decreased subsequent extensive surgical procedures for clubfoot, especially in the group that was 0.5 to 1 year of age. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.", "venue": "The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Chia-Hsieh Chang", "Shu Mei Wang", "Ken N Kuo"], "n_citations": 3, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 216029284, "title": "The Influence of Achilles Tenotomy and Compliance with Foot Abduction Orthosis on the Relapse Rate of Ponseti Treatment for Idiopathic Clubfoot: A Regional Study.", "abstract": "The Ponseti method for treating idiopathic clubfoot is based on gradual manipulations and corrective plaster castings followed by a years long period of use of a foot orthosis. The role of surgery is limited. The factors that may affect outcome and their influence are subject of controversy. The aim of the study is to systematically and objectively evaluate the results of Ponseti treatment in our region of Southern Israel and focus on the role of the Achilles tenotomy and compliance to foot orthosis as factors that may influence outcome. The use of Ponseti method was retrospectively studied (level of evidence IV) by searching computerized medical files and clinical photos. The severity of deformity was evaluated by Dimeglio score (D score) at baseline and at last examination. During 2006 2014, 57 children with idiopathic clubfoot (total 90 feet) were enrolled. An Achilles tenotomy was performed in 55/90 (61.1% of the feet. If the D score was 15 or higher there was a 20% increase in the incidence of Achilles tenotomy. The parental compliance had a weak protective effect against relapse. The treatment of idiopathic clubfoot by the Ponseti method was successful and reliable, proving efficiency and universality of the method. A dominant predictor for relapse was not seen. An incidental observation was that extended time in cast may buffer the adverse effects of low compliance rate. Although the initial severity, or compliance to braces are important, there may be other factors that affect the outcome such as, accuracy of the casting technique, time in the cast, access to a dedicated clubfoot clinic, cooperation with nurses and pediatricians, economic status that allows purchase of new generation of braces, cultural perception, and education level of the patient population are some examples.", "venue": "The Journal of foot and ankle surgery official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons", "year": 2020.0, "author_names": ["Eugen Cohen", "Tiberiu Katz", "Uri Rozen", "Tai Friesem", "Eugene Leibovitz"], "n_citations": 1, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 23824751, "title": "Sixty Years On: Ponseti Method for Clubfoot Treatment Produces High Satisfaction Despite Inherent Tendency to Relapse", "abstract": "Background: Developed at the University of Iowa in 1950, the Ponseti method to manage idiopathic clubfoot deformity was slow to gain wide acceptance until the mid 1990s. There is a paucity of intermediate and long term outcome studies involving this technique, with nearly all such studies coming from a single institution. The purpose of this study is to report the contemporary outcome of patients with clubfoot deformity whose feet were managed with the Ponseti method and who were followed to =5 years old, to provide outcome expectations for parents and for clinicians managing patients with idiopathic clubfoot. Methods: Families of infants seen in our clinic diagnosed with idiopathic clubfoot since July 2006 were prospectively invited to participate in our institutional review board approved study. Patients who received no prior outside treatment and had a minimum follow up to the age of 5 years were included. Demographic, treatment, and outcome data were collected. To provide an array of outcome measures, both the Dallas outcome criteria and the Roye disease specific instrument (DSI) were used. Results: One hundred and one patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean length of follow up (and standard deviation) was 81.1 17.1 months. Initial correction was achieved in all feet. Thirty seven percent of families reported that they were adherent with the bracing protocol; 68% of patients had =1 relapse, and 38% underwent a tendon transfer. With the Dallas criteria, 62% had outcomes rated as good, 38% had outcomes rated as fair, and no patient had an outcome rated as poor. With the Roye DSI, most families were generally very satisfied with the function and appearance of the feet. Conclusions: Satisfactory results at intermediate follow up were achieved using the Ponseti method. However, despite a better understanding of the Ponseti method and the importance of longer post corrective brace use, the need for anterior tibial tendon transfer remains an important adjunct to the Ponseti method. Brace adherence also continues to be a critical clinical issue. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.", "venue": "The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Lewis E Zionts", "Edward Ebramzadeh", "Rebecca Morgan", "Sophia N Sangiorgio"], "n_citations": 19, "n_key_citations": 1, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 57375974, "title": "Relapse following use of Ponseti method in idiopathic clubfoot", "abstract": "Abstract Purpose We assessed the pattern of relapse as well as the correlation between the number of casts required for correction and Pirani and Dimeglio scores at presentation, and age at presentation. We hypothesized that the Ponseti method would be effective in treatment of relapsed clubfoot as well. Methods We evaluated 115 idiopathic clubfeet in 79 children presenting with relapse following treatment by the Ponseti method. The mean age was 33.8 months with mean follow up of 24 months. All patients were assessed for various patterns of relapsed deformities. Quantification of deformities was done using the Pirani and Dimeglio scores. All relapsed feet were treated by a repeat Ponseti protocol. Results Non compliance to a foot abduction brace was observed to be the main contributing factor in relapse, in 99 clubfeet (86% Combination of three static deformities (equinus, varus and adduction) together was observed most commonly (38.3% feet) Overall, relapse of equinus deformity was noted most commonly followed by adduction. A painless plantigrade foot was obtained in all 115 feet with a mean of five casts. In all, 71 feet (61.7% underwent percutaneous tenotomy. A total of 15 feet (13% required tibialis anterior tendon transfer. Re relapse rate in group 1 was 21% compared with 12.6% in group 2 and overall 16.5% Conclusion We conclude that the Ponseti method is effective and the preferred initial treatment modality for relapsed clubfeet. Surgical intervention should be reserved for residual deformity only after a fair trial of Ponseti cast treatment. Regular follow up and strict adherence to brace protocol may reduce future relapse rates. Further research is required to identify high risk feet and develop individualized bracing protocol. Level of evidence: IV", "venue": "Journal of children's orthopaedics", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Sameeksha Chand", "Anil Mehtani", "Alok Sud", "Jatin Prakash", "A Sinha", "Akhil Agnihotri"], "n_citations": 15, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 26123610, "title": "Prognosticating Factors of Relapse in Clubfoot Management by Ponseti Method", "abstract": "Background: It is challenging that some Ponseti method corrected clubfeet have a tendency to relapse. Controversies remain as to the implication of initial severity, representing the deformity degree, as well as number of casts needed, representing the treatment process, in predicting relapse. However, no study has been reported to take these 2 parameters into comprehensive consideration for outcome measurement. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between the initial Pirani score and the number of casts required to correct the deformity in our series; to evaluate noncompliance as a risk factor of the deformity recurrence in Ponseti treatment; to test the validity and predictive value of a new proposed parameter, ratio of correction improvement (RCI) which is indicated by the initial Pirani scores divided by the number of casts. Methods: A total of 116 consecutive patients with 172 idiopathic clubfeet managed by Ponseti method were followed prospectively for a minimum of 2 years from the start of brace wearing. RCI value and the other clinical parameters were studied in relation to the risk of relapse by using multivariate logistic regression analysis modeling. Results: A positive correlation between the initial Pirani score and the number of casts required to correct the deformity was found in our series (r=0.67, P<0.01) There were 45 patients (39% with brace noncompliance. The relapse rate was 49% (22/45) The odds ratio of relapse in noncompliant patients was 10 times more that in compliant patients (odds ratio=10.30 and 95% confidence interval, 2.69 39.42; P<0.01) The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that there was significant association between relapse and RCI value. There were 42 patients (36% with RCI value <1, among them, the relapse rate was 57% in 24 patients. The odds ratio of relapse in patients with RCI value <1 was 27 times more likely to relapse than those >1 (odds ratio=26.77 and 95% confidence interval, 5.70 125.72; P<0.01) Conclusions: On the basis of the findings from our study, we propose the RCI to be a new parameter in predicting the risk of relapse in Ponseti method of clubfoot management. Early intervention is recommended to optimize the brace compliance particularly in case with lower RCI value. Level of Evidence: Level II prognostic.", "venue": "Journal of pediatric orthopedics", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Dahang Zhao", "Hai Li", "Li Zhao", "Ken N Kuo", "Xuan Yang", "Zhen-kai Wu", "Jianlin Liu", "Jie-Ping Zhu"], "n_citations": 13, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 81100914, "title": "Ponseti's clubfoot treatment a method in need of correction?", "abstract": "A clubfoot is a common congenital deformity of the foot. Worldwide the Ponseti method is the accepted treatment method for clubfoot. In this method, the treating physician manipulates the foot into a slightly better position and fixates this position with a plaster cast that stays on for a week. After five or six weekly cast changes the position of the foot is corrected. An abduction brace is worn for several years to prevent relapse. The research in this thesis describes how aspects of the Ponseti method are quantified and gives pointers for improvements. Both a literature study and a study with force sensors on the foot suggest that the weekly cast change interval is unnecessary long. A surprising observation was a temperature drop due to water evaporating from the cast, creating an uncomfortably long cold period for the children. Concepts for a dynamic clubfoot brace were developed as an alternative treatment method. Such a brace would apply a constant force on the foot rather than a constant position, making the correction process more efficient and possibly more comfortable. Patents would be able to temporarily remove the brace to allow bathing of their child and the soft materials of the brace makes cuddling a pleasant experience again.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Robert Bram Giesberts"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Tracking from one side: multi-person passive tracking with WiFi magnitude measurements", "session_id": 2607924729454677, "user_id": 794556925718894, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 102349409, "title": "Tracking from One Side Multi Person Passive Tracking with WiFi Magnitude Measurements", "abstract": "In this paper, we are interested in passively tracking multiple people walking in an area, using only the magnitude of WiFi signals from one WiFi transmitter and a small number of receivers (configured as an array) located on one side of the area. Past works on RF based tracking either track only a single moving person, use a large number of transceivers surrounding the area to track multiple people, or use additional resources like ultra wideband signals. Furthermore, magnitude based tracking provides an attractive feature that additional receiver antennas can easily be added to the antenna array as needed, without the need for phase synchronization, since the magnitude can be measured independently on the different antennas. In this paper, we then propose a new framework that uses only the magnitude of WiFi signals and expresses it in terms of the angles of arrival of signal paths at the receivers as well as the motion parameters of the virtual arrays emulated by the moving people. We then use a two dimensional MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm to estimate the aforementioned parameters, and further utilize a Particle Filter with a Joint Probabilistic Data Association Filter to track multiple people walking in the area. We extensively validate our proposed framework in both indoor and outdoor areas, through 40 experiments of tracking 1 to 3 people, using only one transmit antenna and three laptops as receivers (a total of four off the shelf Intel 5300 WiFi Network Interface Cards (NICs) Our results show highly accurate tracking (mean error of 38 cm in outdoor areas/closed parking lots, and 55 cm in indoor areas) using minimal WiFi resources on only one side of the area.", "venue": "2019 18th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN)", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["Chitra R Karanam", "Belal Korany", "Yasamin Mostofi"], "n_citations": 17, "n_key_citations": 3, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 19038276, "title": "Pedestrian tracking with shoe mounted inertial sensors", "abstract": "A navigation system that tracks the location of a person on foot is useful for finding and rescuing firefighters or other emergency first responders, or for location aware computing, personal navigation assistance, mobile 3D audio, and mixed or augmented reality applications. One of the main obstacles to the real world deployment of location sensitive wearable computing, including mixed reality (MR) is that current position tracking technologies require an instrumented, marked, or premapped environment. At InterSense, we've developed a system called NavShoe, which uses a new approach to position tracking based on inertial sensing. Our wireless inertial sensor is small enough to easily tuck into the shoelaces, and sufficiently low power to run all day on a small battery. Although it can't be used alone for precise registration of close range objects, in outdoor applications augmenting distant objects, a user would barely notice the NavShoe's meter level error combined with any error in the head's assumed location relative to the foot. NavShoe can greatly reduce the database search space for computer vision, making it much simpler and more robust. The NavShoe device provides not only robust approximate position, but also an extremely accurate orientation tracker on the foot.", "venue": "IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications", "year": 2005.0, "author_names": ["Eric Foxlin"], "n_citations": 1195, "n_key_citations": 117, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 8714546, "title": "Tracking Groups of People", "abstract": "A computer vision system for tracking multiple people in relatively unconstrained environments is described. Tracking is performed at three levels of abstraction: regions, people, and groups. A novel, adaptive background subtraction method that combines color and gradient information is used to cope with shadows and unreliable color cues. People are tracked through mutual occlusions as they form groups and separate from one another. Strong use is made of color information to disambiguate occlusion and to provide qualitative estimates of depth ordering and position during occlusion. Simple interactions with objects can also be detected. The system is tested using both indoor and outdoor sequences. It is robust and should provide a useful mechanism for bootstrapping and reinitialization of tracking using more specific but less robust human models.", "venue": "Comput. Vis. Image Underst.", "year": 2000.0, "author_names": ["Stephen J McKenna", "Sumer Jabri", "Zoran Duric", "Azriel Rosenfeld", "Harry Wechsler"], "n_citations": 775, "n_key_citations": 39, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 206986664, "title": "Parallel Tracking and Mapping for Small AR Workspaces", "abstract": "This paper presents a method of estimating camera pose in an unknown scene. While this has previously been attempted by adapting SLAM algorithms developed for robotic exploration, we propose a system specifically designed to track a hand held camera in a small AR workspace. We propose to split tracking and mapping into two separate tasks, processed in parallel threads on a dual core computer: one thread deals with the task of robustly tracking erratic hand held motion, while the other produces a 3D map of point features from previously observed video frames. This allows the use of computationally expensive batch optimisation techniques not usually associated with real time operation: The result is a system that produces detailed maps with thousands of landmarks which can be tracked at frame rate, with an accuracy and robustness rivalling that of state of the art model based systems.", "venue": "2007 6th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality", "year": 2007.0, "author_names": ["Georg S W Klein", "David William Murray"], "n_citations": 3632, "n_key_citations": 456, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 1336659, "title": "DTAM: Dense tracking and mapping in real time", "abstract": "DTAM is a system for real time camera tracking and reconstruction which relies not on feature extraction but dense, every pixel methods. As a single hand held RGB camera flies over a static scene, we estimate detailed textured depth maps at selected keyframes to produce a surface patchwork with millions of vertices. We use the hundreds of images available in a video stream to improve the quality of a simple photometric data term, and minimise a global spatially regularised energy functional in a novel non convex optimisation framework. Interleaved, we track the camera's 6DOF motion precisely by frame rate whole image alignment against the entire dense model. Our algorithms are highly parallelisable throughout and DTAM achieves real time performance using current commodity GPU hardware. We demonstrate that a dense model permits superior tracking performance under rapid motion compared to a state of the art method using features; and also show the additional usefulness of the dense model for real time scene interaction in a physics enhanced augmented reality application.", "venue": "2011 International Conference on Computer Vision", "year": 2011.0, "author_names": ["Richard A Newcombe", "S Lovegrove", "Andrew J Davison"], "n_citations": 1596, "n_key_citations": 161, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 122794686, "title": "Survey of maneuvering target tracking. Part I. Dynamic models", "abstract": "This is the first part of a comprehensive and up to date survey of the techniques for tracking maneuvering targets without addressing the so called measurement origin uncertainty. It surveys various mathematical models of target motion/dynamics proposed for maneuvering target tracking, including 2D and 3D maneuver models as well as coordinate uncoupled generic models for target motion. This survey emphasizes the underlying ideas and assumptions of the models. Interrelationships among models and insight to the pros and cons of models are provided. Some material presented here has not appeared elsewhere.", "venue": "", "year": 2003.0, "author_names": ["X Rong Li", "Vesselin P Jilkov"], "n_citations": 1225, "n_key_citations": 71, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 433048, "title": "TaintDroid: An Information Flow Tracking System for Realtime Privacy Monitoring on Smartphones", "abstract": "Today's smartphone operating systems frequently fail to provide users with visibility into how third party applications collect and share their private data. We address these shortcomings with TaintDroid, an efficient, system wide dynamic taint tracking and analysis system capable of simultaneously tracking multiple sources of sensitive data. TaintDroid enables realtime analysis by leveraging Android's virtualized execution environment. TaintDroid incurs only 32p performance overhead on a CPU bound microbenchmark and imposes negligible overhead on interactive third party applications. Using TaintDroid to monitor the behavior of 30 popular third party Android applications, in our 2010 study we found 20 applications potentially misused users' private information; so did a similar fraction of the tested applications in our 2012 study. Monitoring the flow of privacy sensitive data with TaintDroid provides valuable input for smartphone users and security service firms seeking to identify misbehaving applications.", "venue": "OSDI", "year": 2010.0, "author_names": ["William Enck", "Peter Gilbert", "Byung-Gon Chun", "Landon P Cox", "Jaeyeon Jung", "Patrick Mcdaniel", "Anmol Sheth"], "n_citations": 2976, "n_key_citations": 300, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 7965352, "title": "RADAR: an in building RF based user location and tracking system", "abstract": "The proliferation of mobile computing devices and local area wireless networks has fostered a growing interest in location aware systems and services. In this paper we present RADAR, a radio frequency (RF) based system for locating and tracking users inside buildings. RADAR operates by recording and processing signal strength information at multiple base stations positioned to provide overlapping coverage in the area of interest. It combines empirical measurements with signal propagation modeling to determine user location and thereby enable location aware services and applications. We present experimental results that demonstrate the ability of RADAR to estimate user location with a high degree of accuracy.", "venue": "Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064)", "year": 2000.0, "author_names": ["Paramvir Bahl", "Venkata N Padmanabhan"], "n_citations": 8390, "n_key_citations": 935, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 8192877, "title": "Marker tracking and HMD calibration for a video based augmented reality conferencing system", "abstract": "We describe an augmented reality conferencing system which uses the overlay of virtual images on the real world. Remote collaborators are represented on virtual monitors which can be freely positioned about a user in space. Users can collaboratively view and interact with virtual objects using a shared virtual whiteboard. This is possible through precise virtual image registration using fast and accurate computer vision techniques and head mounted display (HMD) calibration. We propose a method for tracking fiducial markers and a calibration method for optical see through HMD based on the marker tracking.", "venue": "Proceedings 2nd IEEE and ACM International Workshop on Augmented Reality (IWAR'99)", "year": 1999.0, "author_names": ["Hirokazu Kato", "Mark Billinghurst"], "n_citations": 2420, "n_key_citations": 184, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 122803681, "title": "A tutorial on particle filters for online nonlinear/non Gaussian Bayesian tracking", "abstract": "Increasingly, for many application areas, it is becoming important to include elements of nonlinearity and non Gaussianity in order to model accurately the underlying dynamics of a physical system. Moreover, it is typically crucial to process data on line as it arrives, both from the point of view of storage costs as well as for rapid adaptation to changing signal characteristics. In this paper, we review both optimal and suboptimal Bayesian algorithms for nonlinear/non Gaussian tracking problems, with a focus on particle filters. Particle filters are sequential Monte Carlo methods based on point mass (or \"particle\" representations of probability densities, which can be applied to any state space model and which generalize the traditional Kalman filtering methods. Several variants of the particle filter such as SIR, ASIR, and RPF are introduced within a generic framework of the sequential importance sampling (SIS) algorithm. These are discussed and compared with the standard EKF through an illustrative example.", "venue": "IEEE Trans. Signal Process.", "year": 2002.0, "author_names": ["M Sanjeev Arulampalam", "Simon Maskell", "Neil J Gordon", "Tim Clapp"], "n_citations": 10952, "n_key_citations": 1029, "score": 0}]} -{"query": "Pengaruh Reciprocal teaching terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif", "session_id": 2760948414280099, "user_id": 2216320506367268, "candidates": [{"corpus_id": 127298249, "title": "Pengaruh Metode Reciprocal Teaching terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa SMA Kelas X di SMA Kae Woha Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018", "abstract": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Reciprocal Teaching terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa kelas X di SMA KAE Woha tahun pelajaran 2017/2018. Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperimen (Eksperimen Semu) Adapun sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X SMA KAE Woha yang terdiri dari dua kelas yaitu kelas X MIA/IPA I sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas X MIA/IPA 2 sebagai kelas kontrol. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan untuk mengukur kemampuan berpikir kreatif adalah soal esay. Kriteria pengujiannya adalah H 0 ditolak jika t hitung t tabel atau nilai signifikansi lebih kecil 0,05 pada taraf sinikansi a =5% Hasil Uji hipotesis menggunakan bantuan program SPSS 16 for window menunjukkan nilai t 4,128 atau nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000. Jika dikaitkan dengan nilai signifikansi 0,05 dan nilai t hitung maka H a diterima. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh penggunaan metode reciprocal teaching terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Nurhayati Sarib", "Mariamah Mariamah", "Muslim Muslim", "Fatmah Fatmah"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 1}, {"corpus_id": 213043581, "title": "PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN RECIPROCAL TEACHING (RT) DAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF TERHADAP PEMAHAMAN SEJARAH PESERTA DIDIK KELAS XI IPS DI SMA MUHAMMADIYAH 1 TAMAN SIDOARJO", "abstract": "RINGKASAN Saputri, Reni. 2019. Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching (RT) dan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Terhadap Pemahaman Sejarah Peserta Didik Kelas XI IPS SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Taman Sidoarjo. Tesis. Pascasarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Universitas Negeri Malang. Pembimbing: (1) Dr. Joko Sayono M.Pd.M.Hum. (2) Dr. Hj. Endang Sri handayani, S.E. M.Si.Ak Kata Kunci Reciprocal Teaching, Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif, Pemahaman Sejarah. Model pembelajaran reciprocal teaching (pengajaran timbal balik) merupakan pembelajaran yang dirancang melalui empat strategi pembelajaran yaitu menyusun pertanyaan (questioning) memprediksi (prediction) mengklarifikasi atau menjelaskan (clarifying) dan merangkum (summarizing) Model pembelajaran reciprocal teaching sejalan dengan teori konstruktivis yaitu peserta didik mencari pengetahuan sendiri sehingga bisa menjalankan langkah langkah model pembelajaran reciprocal teaching. Kemampuan berpikir kreatif merupakan kemampuan berpikir kelancaran (fluency) kemampuan berpikir fleksibel (fleksibilitas) kemampuan berpikir orisinal (originality) dan kemampuan berpikir elaborasi (elaboration. Pemahaman sejarah Pemahaman sejarah adalah pemahaman yang bisa menguasai dan memahami peristiwa sejarah yang terdiri dari fakta sejarah, konsep sejarah, narasi sejarah. Penelitian ini tujuan untuk (1) mendeskripsikan adanya pengaruh model pembelajaran reciprocal teaching terhadap pemahaman sejarah peserta didik; (2) mendeskripsikan adanya pengaruh kemampuan berpikir kreatif terhadap pemahaman sejarah peserta didik; (3) mendeskripsikan adanya pengaruh interaksi model pembelajaran reciprocal teaching dan kemampuan berpikir kreatif terhadap pemahaman sejarah peserta didik. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimen semu (quasi eksperimen) menggunakan rancangan factorial pretest dan post test non equvalent control group desing. Subjek peneliti adalah peserta didik kelas XI IPS SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Taman Sidoarjo, tahun ajaran 2018/2019. Jumlah subjek penelitian adalah 55 peserta didik, 27 peserta didik kelas eksperimen dan 28 peserta didik kelas kontrol. Pengumpulan data berdasarkan tes berupa pilihan ganda dan essay untuk mengukur pemahaman sejarah dan kemampuan berpikir kreatif. Teknik analisis data menggunakan Anova Two Way Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) ada pengaruh model pembelajaran reciprocal teaching terhadap pemahaman sejarah peserta didik dengan nilai signifikansi 0,000; (2) ada pengaruh kemampuan berpikir kreatif terhadap pemahaman sejarah peserta didik dengan nilai signifikansi 0,000; dan (3) ada interaksi model pembelajaran reciprocal teaching dan kemampuan berpikir kreatif terhadap pemahaman sejarah peserta didik dengan nilai signifikansi 0,037.", "venue": "", "year": 2019.0, "author_names": ["saputri reni"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 149430851, "title": "PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN RECIPROCAL TEACHING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF MATEMATIK SISWA SMK", "abstract": "Dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar, pengajar harus memberikan kemudahan agar peserta didik mendapatkan pengalaman belajar sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kemampuannya, sehingga dapat terwujud intera ksi yang lebih komunikatif Maka dari itu cara yang cocok untuk mengaktifkan siswa adalah dengan menggunakan model Reciprocal Teaching Adapun latar belakang masalah yang menjadi titik tolak penelitian ini adalah mencari suasana baru dalam pembelajaran. Dalam penerapannya Reciprocal Teaching lebih mengutamakan partisipasi dan keaktifan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran, karena dalam sistem pengaja ran dengan pendekatan keterampilan proses siswa harus lebih aktif daripada guru. Karena guru hanya bertindak sebagai pembimbing dan fasilitator sehingga, siswa diberi kesempatan untuk ber p ikir lebih aktif dan kreatif. T ujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) u ntuk menge tahui kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematik siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran dengan model Reciprocal Teaching lebih baik daripada dengan siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran secara Problem Based Learning 2) u ntuk mengetahui sikap siswa terhadap pembel ajaran matematika dengan model Reciprocal Teaching 3) u ntuk mengetahui korelasi antara kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematik dan sikap siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen. Populasi penelitian ini adalah semua siswa SMK Puragabaya Bandung ta hun ajaran 201 6 /201 7 Dan s ampel diambil sebanyak dua kelas yang dipilih secara acak menurut kelas. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan berupa tes tipe uraian soal soal kemampuan berpikir kreatif matemati k dan angket skala sikap. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji normalitas, uji homogenitas, dan uji t Berdasarkan analisis data hasil penelitian, diperoleh kesimpulan 1) k emampuan berpikir kreatif matematik siswa yang mendapatkan model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching lebih baik daripada siswa yang mendapatkan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning 2) s iswa bersikap positif terhadap pembelajaran matematika dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching 3) t erdapat korelasi antara kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematik dengan sikap siswa terhadap pembelajaran matematika yang menggunakan model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching Kata K unci Reciprocal Teaching Problem Based Learning Berpikir Kreatif Matemati k", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": [""], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 202258956, "title": "Pengaruh pembelajaran matematika menggunakan model reciprocal teaching terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematika siswa yayasan mahasiswa islamiyah Medan TP. 2017/2018", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2017.0, "author_names": ["Indah Permatasari"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 148616077, "title": "PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN RECIPROCAL TEACHING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF PADA MATERI LINGKARAN", "abstract": "ABSTRAK ABDUL RAHMAN SAMAITU. 2015, Skripsi: Pengaruh Modelpembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Pada Materi Lingkaran (Suatu Penelitian pada Siswa Kelas VIII di SMP N 1 Bolaang Uki) Penelitian ini bertujuan Untuk mengetahui perbedaan penggunaan model pembelajaran reciprocal teaching terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematik siswa dengan penggunaan model pembelajaran konvensional pada materi lingkaran. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen. Populasi dalam penelitian adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII yang ada di SMP Negeri 1 Bolaang Uki berjumlah 123 orang dan terdistribusi pada 5 kelas. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan Simple random sampling, sampel penelitian yang terpilih adalah kelas VIIIc dengan jumlah siswa 24 orang dikenakan model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching dan kelas VIIId dengan jumlah siswa 24 orang dikenakan pembelajaran konvensional. Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui instrumen tes kemampuan berfikir dan dianalisis secara deskriptif dan inferensial. Analisis deskriptif dilakukan melalui tabel distribusi frekuensi dengan mempersentasikan rata rata dan analisis inferensial dilakukan melalui uji t untuk menguji hipotesis penelitian. Hasil analisis data menunjukan bahwa hasil belajar siswa yang diajarkan dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hasil belajar siswa yang menggunakan pembelajaran konvesional. Temuan ini memperlihatkan bahwa model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching lebih unggul dalam membelajarkan siswa pada materi lingkaran dibandingkan dengan pembelajaran konvensional. Karena itu disarankan kepada guru agar menggunakan model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching dalam membelajarkan siswa pada materi matematika yang memiliki karakteristik seperti materi lingkaran. Kata Kunci Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif dan Model Pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching.", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Abdul Rahman Samaitu", "Kartin Usman", "Perry Zakaria"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 132454275, "title": "PENGARUH MODEL RECIPROCAL TEACHING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF PADA MATERI PERBANDINGANRNSISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 8 BANDA ACEH", "abstract": "Kata Kunci: Berpikir Kreatif, Model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching Penelitian yang berjudul \"Pengaruh Model Reciprocal Teaching Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif pada Materi Perbandingan Siswa Kelas VII Smp Negeri 8 Banda Aceh\" ini mengangkat masalah keberhasilan hasil belajar siswa setelah menerapkan model reciprocal teaching pada materi perbandingan di kelas VII SMP Negeri 8 Banda Aceh, dan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa berdasarkan jawaban pretes dan postes. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 8 Banda Aceh. Sedangkan sampel diambil satu kelas yaitu kelas VII3 dengan jumlah siswa 23 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan tehnik tes dan observasi. Pengolahan data terhadap hasil tes diolah secara kuantitatif, menggunakan uji t pihak kanan. Untuk hasil kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa menggunakan indikator berpikir kreatif dan perhitungan persentase. sedangkan hasil observasi diolah dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data ditemukan bahwa (1) hasil belajar siswa diperoleh", "venue": "", "year": 2015.0, "author_names": ["Nur Irsyadiyati"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 182900907, "title": "PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN RECIPROCAL TEACHING BERBANTUAN MODUL PEMBELAJARAN RME (REALISTIC MATHEMATICS EDUCATION) TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF DAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP MATEMATIS SISWA", "abstract": "This research aimed to describe: (1) the effect of Reciprocal Teaching learning model assisted by RME (Realistic Mathematics Education) learning modules, (2) the students' creative thinking ability in the Reciprocal Teaching learning model assisted by RME (Realistic Mathematics Education) learning modules, (3) the students' mathematical concept understanding in the Reciprocal Teaching learning model assisted by the RME (Realistic Mathematics Education) learning module. This research used a quasi experimental research with a quantitative approach. The population of this research the students of 8th grade in the academic year of 2017/2018 that consisted of 8 classes. The data were taken from the students of 8th grade in Junior High School of Negeri 24 Malang (SMP Negeri 24 Malang) The samples were taken randomly from the population of 2 classes, namely as an experimental class and control class. The sampling technique was done by Cluster Random Sampling. The data were taken from giving validation questionnaires and written tests in the form of descriptions to know the ability of creative thinking and understanding of mathematical concepts. The results showed that: (1) the validity of the RME (Realistic Mathematics Education) learning module obtained valid results and was very valid on the material expert validators of 1 and 2, while it obtained a valid result on the media expert validators of 1 and 2; (2) There was an influence between the Reciprocal Teaching learning model assisted by the RME (Realistic Mathematics Education) learning module on the students' creative thinking ability; (3) There was an influence between the Reciprocal Teaching learning model assisted by the RME (Realistic Mathematics Education) learning module on the students' students' mathematical concepts understanding.", "venue": "", "year": 2018.0, "author_names": ["Dini Pratiwi Ningsih"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 149539127, "title": "PENGARUH PENDEKATAN RECIPROCAL TEACHING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF SISWA PADA POKOK BAHASAN TRIGONOMETRI DI KELAS X SMA NEGERI 1 SIBOLGA T.P 2011/2012", "abstract": "Penelitian ini bertujuan unruk rnengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara pendekatan pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching den pembelajaran deagan menggunakan rnetode konvensional terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa pada pokok bahasan trigonometri dikelas X SMA Negeri I Sibolga, populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X di SMA Negeri I Sibolga semester genap tahun ajaran 2011/2012 yang terdiri dari 8 kelas paralel dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 350 orang. Sedangkan yang menjadi sampel dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 kelas yaitu kelas X 2 sebanyak 40 orang sebagai kelas kontrol dan kelas X 3 sebanyak 40 orang sebagai kelas eksperimen yang ditentukan secara random dengan sistem undi. Kelas kontrol menggunakan pembelajaran metode konvensional dan kelas eksperimen menggunakan pendekatan pembelajaran R.eciprocal Teaching.Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen semu dengan memberikan perlakuan pada kelompok sampel penelitian kemudian diberikan pretes dan protest, sebagai alat pengumpul data digunakan tes kemampuan berpikir kreatif dalam bentuk uraian pada materi pokok trigonometri sebanyak 10 soal. Sebelum pengujian hipotesis terlebih dahulu diuji normalitas tes dengan menggunakan teknik liliefors dan homogenitas tes dengan menggunakan uji F. Dari pengujian yang dilakukan diperoleh bahwa kedua sampel berdistribusi normal dan homogen.Hipotesis dalam penelitian ini diuji dengan menggunakan analisis inferensial regresi anakova. Hasil penelitian di.peroleh persamaan regresi untuk kelas kontrol yaitu Y 46,32 1.0277X dan kelas eksperimen yaitu Y 49,10 1.,40X. Berdasarkan uji keberartian model regresi diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa model regresi kelas kontrol dan kelas eksperimen berarti. Karena syarat homogenitas dipenuhi, maka analisis kovarians dapat dilakukan. Berdasarkan perhitungan uji analisis kovarians diperoleh F hitung (4,64) F tabel (3.966) pada taraf a 0,05. ini berartii terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara pendekatan pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching dengan pembelajaran menggunakan metode konvensional terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa. Besarnya pengaruh pendekatan pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching dengan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan metode konvensional terhadap kemampuam berpikir kreatif siswa berdasarkan indeks determinasi (r2) masing masing sebesar 0.5484 atau 54,84 dan 0,1881 atau 18,81 Sehingga besarnya perbedaan pengaruh dua model tersebut adalah 36.03%", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["Jonatan Pasaribu"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 145472275, "title": "PENGARUH PENDEKATAN RECIPROCAL TEACHING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF SISWA PADA POKOK BAHASAN TRIGONOMETRI DI KELAS X SMA NEGERI 1 SIBOLGA T.P 2011/2012", "abstract": "", "venue": "", "year": 2012.0, "author_names": ["M Pd Drs M Panjaitan"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}, {"corpus_id": 148720704, "title": "PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARANRECIPROCAL TEACHING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF MATEMATIS SISWA SMA", "abstract": "Nasyar Mubaroq (2016) Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Matematis Siswa SMA. Matematika adalah salah satu ilmu pengetahuan yang sangat berguna dalam segala aspek kehidupan. Kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis sangat diperlukan siswa dalam memahami matematika. Namun kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa ternyata masih rendah. Hal tersebut disebabkan karena guru lebih sering memberikan siswa hafalan rumus yang rumit, dan juga guru jarang melatih kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa saat proses pembelajaran. Salah satu alternatif pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis adalah model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui apakah kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran matematika dengan model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching lebih baik dari pada siswa yang memperoleh model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning, (2) untuk mengetahui apakah sikap siswa positif terhadap pembelajaran matematika dengan model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching. Metode penelitian ini adalah eksperimen. Populasi penelitian ini adalah kelas X SMA Negeri 18 Bandung tahun ajaran 2015 2016, dan sampelnya adalah dua kelas yang dipilih secara acak. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian berupa tes tipe uraian soal soal kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis dan skala sikap yang menggunakan model skala Likert yang berisikan pernyataanpernyataan siswa mengenai kegiatan pembelajaran yang dilakukan. Dari analisis data hasil penelitian, diperoleh kesimpulan (1) kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran matematika dengan model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching lebih baik daripada siswa yang memperoleh model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (2) siswa bersikap positif terhadap pembelajaran matematika dengan model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching. Sehingga model pembelajaran Reciprocal Teaching dapat dijadikan alternatif bagi guru dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran untuk menciptakan suasana belajar yang aktif, efektif dan menyenangkan. Kata Kunci Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Matematis, Reciprocal Teaching, Sikap", "venue": "", "year": 2016.0, "author_names": ["Nasyar Mubaroq"], "n_citations": 0, "n_key_citations": 0, "score": 0}]} diff --git a/training/sample_data/specter_small.json b/training/sample_data/specter_small.json deleted file mode 100644 index 83b9159d06e26cda7738bffb90718d66e01b068c..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 --- a/training/sample_data/specter_small.json +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -[{"query": {"sha": "d15ca38d2fb1250222132b5bf3fed8d249bcac45", "title": "The Effect of Aesthetic on the Usability of Data Visualization", "abstract": "Aesthetic seems currently under represented in most current data visualization evaluation methodologies. This paper investigates the results of an online survey of 285 participants, measuring both perceived aesthetic as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of retrieval tasks across a set of 11 different data visualization techniques. The data visualizations represent an identical hierarchical dataset, which has been normalized in terms of color, typography and layout balance. This study measured parameters such as speed of completion, accuracy rate, task abandonment and latency of erroneous response. Our findings demonstrate a correlation between latency in task abandonment and erroneous response time in relation to visualization's perceived aesthetic. These results support the need for an increased recognition for aesthetic in the typical evaluation process of data visualization techniques.", "corpus_id": 12871252}, "pos": {"sha": "536a5136eaf69bea96ba015d0a36b327c16909af", "title": "Aesthetics and Apparent Usability: Empirically Assessing Cultural and Methodological Issues", "abstract": "Three experiments were conducted to validate and replicate. in a different cultural setting. the results of a study by Kurosu and Kashimura [12] concerning the relationships between users\u2019 perceptions of interface aesthetics and usability. The results support the basic tindings by Kurosu and Kashimura. Very high correlations were found between perceived aesthetics of the interface and a priori perceived ease of use of the system. Differences of magnitude between correlations obtained in Japan and in Israel suggest the existence of cross-cultural differences. but these were not in the hypothesized direction.", "corpus_id": 207211621}, "neg": {"sha": "07cf39de2af9609e3946ade1b9fa2cb25550728d", "title": "Vision-Based Kidnap Recovery with SLAM for Home Cleaning Robots", "abstract": "Emerged as salient in the recent home appliance consumer market is a new generation of home cleaning robot featuring the capability of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). SLAM allows a cleaning robot not only to selfoptimize its work paths for efficiency but also to self-recover from kidnappings for user convenience. By kidnapping, we mean that a robot is displaced, in the middle of cleaning, without its SLAM aware of where it moves to. This paper presents a vision-based kidnap recovery with SLAM for home cleaning robots, the first of its kind, using a wheel drop switch and an upwardlooking camera for low-cost applications. In particular, a camera with a wide-angle lens is adopted for a kidnapped robot to be able to recover its pose on a global map with only a single image. First, the kidnapping situation is effectively detected based on a wheel drop switch. Then, for S. Lee \u00b7 S. Lee (B) School of Information and Communication Engineering and Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea e-mail: lsh@ece.skku.ac.kr S. Lee e-mail: seongsu.lee@lge.com S. Lee \u00b7 S. Baek Future IT Laboratory, LG Electronics Inc., Seoul, South Korea e-mail: seungmin2.baek@lge.com an efficient kidnap recovery, a coarse-to-fine approach to matching the image features detected with those associated with a large number of robot poses or nodes, built as a map in graph representation, is adopted. The pose ambiguity, e.g., due to symmetry is taken care of, if any. The final robot pose is obtained with high accuracy from the fine level of the coarse-to-fine hierarchy by fusing poses estimated from a chosen set of matching nodes. The proposed method was implemented as an embedded system with an ARM11 processor on a real commercial home cleaning robot and tested extensively. Experimental results show that the proposed method works well even in the situation in which the cleaning robot is suddenly kidnapped during the map building process.", "corpus_id": 859098}}, {"query": {"sha": "682346450d9015975e1849203a23019d1ccb50ff", "title": "Non-Orthogonal Access with Random Beamforming and Intra-Beam SIC for Cellular MIMO Downlink", "abstract": "We investigate non-orthogonal access with a successive interference canceller (SIC) in the cellular multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) downlink for systems beyond LTE-Advanced. Taking into account the overhead for the downlink reference signaling for channel estimation at the user terminal in the case of non-orthogonal multiuser multiplexing and the applicability of the SIC receiver in the MIMO downlink, we propose intra-beam superposition coding of a multiuser signal at the transmitter and the spatial filtering of inter-beam interference followed by the intra-beam SIC at the user terminal receiver. The intra-beam SIC cancels out the inter-user interference within a beam. Furthermore, the transmitter beamforming (precoding) matrix is controlled based on open loop-type random beamforming, which is very efficient in terms of the amount of feedback information from the user terminal. Simulation results show that the proposed non-orthogonal access scheme with random beamforming and the intra-beam SIC simultaneously achieves better sum and cell-edge user throughput compared to orthogonal access, which is assumed in LTE-Advanced.", "corpus_id": 5341074}, "pos": {"sha": "45ecadf65a779b3b5cbdbfc97fc839564405b24b", "title": "Opportunistic beamforming using dumb antennas", "abstract": "Multiuser diversity is a form of diversity inherent in a wireless network, provided by independent time varying channels across the different users. The diversity benefit is exploited by tracking the channel fluctuations of the users and scheduling transmissions to users when their instantaneous channel quality is near the peak. The diversity gain increases with the dynamic range of the fluctuations and is thus limited in environments with little scattering and/or slow fading. In such environments, we propose the use of multiple transmit antennas to artificially induce large and fast channel fluctuations so that multiuser diversity can still be exploited. The scheme can be interpreted as opportunistic beamforming and we show that true beamforming gains can be achieved when there are sufficient users, even though very limited channel feedback is needed. Furthermore, in a cellular system, the scheme plays an important and dual role of opportunistic nulling of the interference created on users of adjacent cells. We discuss the design implications of implementing this scheme in a complete wireless system.", "corpus_id": 1673156}, "neg": {"sha": "9f95eb7ce7ce190c7c8e6fca26de1a283f7007b1", "title": "On the Security of TLS 1.3 and QUIC Against Weaknesses in PKCS#1 v1.5 Encryption", "abstract": "Encrypted key transport with RSA-PKCS#1 v1.5 is the most commonly deployed key exchange method in all current versions of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, including the most recent version 1.2. However, it has several well-known issues, most importantly that it does not provide forward secrecy, and that it is prone to side channel attacks that may enable an attacker to learn the session key used for a TLS session. A long history of attacks shows that RSA-PKCS#1 v1.5 is extremely difficult to implement securely. The current draft of TLS version 1.3 dispenses with this encrypted key transport method. But is this sufficient to protect against weaknesses in RSA-PKCS#1 v1.5?\n We describe attacks which transfer the potential weakness of prior TLS versions to two recently proposed protocols that do not even support PKCS#1 v1.5 encryption, namely Google's QUIC protocol and TLS~1.3. These attacks enable an attacker to impersonate a server by using a vulnerable TLS-RSA server implementation as a \"signing oracle\" to compute valid signatures for messages chosen by the attacker.\n The first attack (on TLS 1.3) requires a very fast \"Bleichenbacher-oracle\" to create the TLS CertificateVerify message before the client drops the connection. Even though this limits the practical impact of this attack, it demonstrates that simply removing a legacy algorithm from a standard is not necessarily sufficient to protect against its weaknesses.\n The second attack on Google's QUIC protocol is much more practical. It can also be applied in settings where forging a signature with the help of a \"Bleichenbacher-oracle\" may take an extremely long time. This is because signed values in QUIC are independent of the client's connection request. Therefore the attacker is able to pre-compute the signature long before the client starts a connection. This makes the attack practical. Moreover, the impact on QUIC is much more dramatic, because creating a single forged signature is essentially equivalent to retrieving the long-term secret key of the server.", "corpus_id": 3256075}}, {"query": {"sha": "13b1d51bcacb2c83027808ab5ba5ea83df2eb968", "title": "Stereoscopic inpainting: Joint color and depth completion from stereo images", "abstract": "We present a novel algorithm for simultaneous color and depth inpainting. The algorithm takes stereo images and estimated disparity maps as input and fills in missing color and depth information introduced by occlusions or object removal. We first complete the disparities for the occlusion regions using a segmentation-based approach. The completed disparities can be used to facilitate the user in labeling objects to be removed. Since part of the removed regions in one image is visible in the other, we mutually complete the two images through 3D warping. Finally, we complete the remaining unknown regions using a depth-assisted texture synthesis technique, which simultaneously fills in both color and depth. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm on several challenging data sets.", "corpus_id": 2533616}, "pos": {"sha": "b40323876b63a12f9eb323a8d0a4eebfcf44c118", "title": "Handling Occlusions in Dense Multi-view Stereo", "abstract": "While stereo matching was originally formulated as the recovery of 3D shape from a pair of images, it is now generally recognized that using more than two images can dramatically improve the quality of the reconstruction. Unfortunately, as more images are added, the prevalence of semioccluded regions (pixels visible in some but not all images) also increases. In this paper, we propose some novel techniques to deal with this problem. Our first idea is to use a combination of shiftable windows and a dynamically selected subset of the neighboring images to do the matches. Our second idea is to explicitly label occluded pixels within a global energy minimization framework, and to reason about visibility within this framework so that only truly visible pixels are matched. Experimental results show a dramatic improvement using the first idea over conventional multibaseline stereo, especially when used in conjunction with a global energy minimization technique. These results also show that explicit occlusion labeling and visibility reasoning do help, but not significantly, if the spatial and temporal selection is applied first.", "corpus_id": 7517501}, "neg": {"sha": "16d4c58fc710e5b38ed0be0214d4b82c6c469661", "title": "Verification of the randomized consensus algorithm of Aspnes and Herlihy: a case study", "abstract": " Summary. The Probabilistic I/O Automaton model of [31] is used as the basis for a formal presentation and proof of the randomized consensus algorithm of Aspnes and Herlihy. The algorithm guarantees termination within expected polynomial time. The Aspnes-Herlihy algorithm is a rather complex algorithm. Processes move through a succession of asynchronous rounds, attempting to agree at each round. At each round, the agreement attempt involves a distributed random walk. The algorithm is hard to analyze because of its use of nontrivial results of probability theory (specifically, random walk theory which is based on infinitely many coin flips rather than on finitely many coin flips), because of its complex setting, including asynchrony and both nondeterministic and probabilistic choice, and because of the interplay among several different sub-protocols. We formalize the Aspnes-Herlihy algorithm using probabilistic I/O automata. In doing so, we decompose it formally into three subprotocols: one to carry out the agreement attempts, one to conduct the random walks, and one to implement a shared counter needed by the random walks. Properties of all three subprotocols are proved separately, and combined using general results about automaton composition. It turns out that most of the work involves proving non-probabilistic properties (invariants, simulation mappings, non-probabilistic progress properties, etc.). The probabilistic reasoning is isolated to a few small sections of the proof. The task of carrying out this proof has led us to develop several general proof techniques for probabilistic I/O automata. These include ways to combine expectations for different complexity measures, to compose expected complexity properties, to convert probabilistic claims to deterministic claims, to use abstraction mappings to prove probabilistic properties, and to apply random walk theory in a distributed computational setting. We apply all of these techniques to analyze the expected complexity of the algorithm.", "corpus_id": 47180476}}, {"query": {"sha": "77e810f9d9194ce4b04dd96953b17caab298802f", "title": "Bringing computational thinking to K-12: what is Involved and what is the role of the computer science education community?", "abstract": "The process of increasing student exposure to computational thinking in K-12 is complex, requiring systemic change, teacher engagement, and development of signifi cant resources. Collaboration with the computer science education community is vital to this effort.", "corpus_id": 207184749}, "pos": {"sha": "ecfeecf0e9955070b64ec28a5a8bbc2e3828e9f9", "title": "A plea for modesty", "abstract": "From time to time a movement arises that promises to save the world, or at least to make it vastly better. The extraordinary achievements of digital computing make it a locus of such movements today. Yet we should be wary; when movements fail they provoke backlash that rejects the more limited gains that they might have afforded. Today \"computational thinking\" has a considerable following, and I would like to discuss some problems with its discourse. It is too often presented in terms that could be interpreted as arrogant or that are overstated. Its descriptions too often lack appropriate examples, and perhaps as a result, it gets misunderstood in casual writing.", "corpus_id": 207179060}, "neg": {"sha": "e982b7a3fbf0cb0304ee5049a07be21dddc863bd", "title": "Advantages and Disadvantages of PowerPoint in Lectures to Science Students", "abstract": "PowerPoint is now widely used in lectures to science students in most colleges of China. We summarize its advantages as producing better visual effects, high efficiency in information transfer, precise and systemic knowledge structure. Disadvantages of PowerPoint may be induced by irrelevant information in slides, neglect of interaction with students, uncontrolled speed in presenting or too strict order of slides. Strategies to avoid these disadvantages are proposed.", "corpus_id": 33078272}}, {"query": {"sha": "25ed2d8a5a8423f34cd86e73c1440f4b09f1760e", "title": "Subjective Panoramic Video Quality Assessment Database for Coding Applications", "abstract": "With the development of virtual reality, higher quality panoramic videos are in great demand to guarantee the immersive viewing experience. Therefore, quality assessment attaches much importance to correlated technologies. Considering the geometric transformation in projection and the limited resolution of head-mounted device (HMD), a modified display protocol of the high resolution sequences for the subjective rating test is proposed, in which an optimal display resolution is determined based on the geometry constraints between screen and human eyes. By sampling the videos to the optimal resolution before coding, the proposed method significantly alleviates the interference of HMD sampling while displaying, thus ensuring the reliability of subjective quality opinion in terms of video coding. Using the proposed display protocol, a subjective quality database for panoramic videos is established for video coding applications. The proposed database contains 50 distorted sequences obtained from ten raw panoramic video sequences. Distortions are introduced with the High Efficiency Video Coding compression. Each sequence is evaluated by 30 subjects on video quality, following the absolute category rating with hidden reference method. The rating scores and differential mean opinion scores (DMOSs) are recorded and included in the database. With the proposed database, several state-of-the-art objective quality assessment methods are further evaluated with correlation analysis. The database, including the video sequences, subjective rating scores and DMOS, can be used to facilitate future researches on coding applications.", "corpus_id": 46957366}, "pos": {"sha": "8351681915d4faf06b64ee412a1e8ee136c19c4a", "title": "How visual fatigue and discomfort impact 3D-TV quality of experience: a comprehensive review of technological, psychophysical, and psychological factors", "abstract": "The Quality of Experience (QoE) of 3D contents is usually considered to be the combination of the perceived visual quality, the perceived depth quality, and lastly the visual fatigue and comfort. When either fatigue or discomfort are induced, studies tend to show that observers prefer to experience a 2D version of the contents. For this reason, providing a comfortable experience is a prerequisite for observers to actually consider the depth effect as a visualization improvement. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive review on visual fatigue and discomfort induced by the visualization of 3D stereoscopic contents, in the light of physiological and psychological processes enabling depth perception. First, we review the multitude of manifestations of visual fatigue and discomfort (near triad disorders, symptoms for discomfort), as well as means for detection and evaluation. We then discuss how, in 3D displays, ocular and cognitive conflicts with real world experience may cause fatigue and discomfort; these includes the accommodation vergence conflict, the inadequacy between presented stimuli and observers depth of focus, and the cognitive integration of conflicting depth cues. We also discuss some limits for stereopsis that constrain our ability to perceive depth, and in particular the perception of planar and in-depth motion, the limited fusion range and various stereopsis disorders. Finally, this paper discusses how the different aspects of fatigue and discomfort apply to 3D technolo\u030a Corresponding author Matthieu Urvoy \u030a \u0308 Marcus Barkowsky \u0308 Patrick Le Callet LUNAM Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, IRCCyN UMR CNRS 6597, Institut de Recherche en Communications et Cybern\u00e9tique de Nantes, Polytech Nantes, rue Christian Pauc BP 50609 44306 Nantes Cedex 3 E-mail: {matthieu.urvoy, marcus.barkowsky, patrick.lecallet} @univ-nantes.fr gies and contents. We notably highlight the need for respecting a comfort zone and avoiding camera and rendering artifacts. We also discuss the influence of visual attention, exposure duration and training. Conclusions provide guidance for best practices and future research.", "corpus_id": 11811246}, "neg": {"sha": "1c26245d3d499df588c3c451801c7303618b07fc", "title": "Biased inheritance of mitochondria during asymmetric cell division in the mouse oocyte.", "abstract": "A fundamental rule of cell division is that daughter cells inherit half the DNA complement and an appropriate proportion of cellular organelles. The highly asymmetric cell divisions of female meiosis present a different challenge because one of the daughters, the polar body, is destined to degenerate, putting at risk essential maternally inherited organelles such as mitochondria. We have therefore investigated mitochondrial inheritance during the meiotic divisions of the mouse oocyte. We find that mitochondria are aggregated around the spindle by a dynein-mediated mechanism during meiosis I, and migrate together with the spindle towards the oocyte cortex. However, at cell division they are not equally segregated and move instead towards the oocyte-directed spindle pole and are excluded from the polar body. We show that this asymmetrical inheritance in favour of the oocyte is not caused by bias in the spindle itself but is dependent on an intact actin cytoskeleton, spindle-cortex proximity, and cell cycle progression. Thus, oocyte-biased inheritance of mitochondria is a variation on rules that normally govern organelle segregation at cell division, and ensures that essential maternally inherited mitochondria are retained to provide ATP for early mammalian development.", "corpus_id": 18562645}}, {"query": {"sha": "b2904c7b2c0ceab4e78ec93b20aafb9d67242f8a", "title": "3D Human Pose Machines with Self-supervised Learning", "abstract": "Driven by recent computer vision and robotic applications, recovering 3D human poses has become increasingly important and attracted growing interests. In fact, completing this task is quite challenging due to the diverse appearances, viewpoints, occlusions and inherently geometric ambiguities inside monocular images. Most of the existing methods focus on designing some elaborate priors/constraints to directly regress 3D human poses based on the corresponding 2D human pose-aware features or 2D pose predictions. However, due to the insufficient 3D pose data for training and the domain gap between 2D space and 3D space, these methods have limited scalabilities for all practical scenarios (e.g., outdoor scene). Attempt to address this issue, this paper proposes a simple yet effective self-supervised correction mechanism to learn all intrinsic structures of human poses from abundant images without 3D pose annotations. We further apply our self-supervised correction mechanism to develop a recurrent 3D pose machine, which jointly integrates the 2D spatial relationship, temporal smoothness of predictions and 3D geometric knowledge. Extensive evaluations on the Human3.6M and HumanEva-I benchmarks demonstrate the superior performance and efficiency of our framework over all the compared computing methods.", "corpus_id": 58004714}, "pos": {"sha": "3325860c0c82a93b2eac654f5324dd6a776f609e", "title": "2D Human Pose Estimation: New Benchmark and State of the Art Analysis", "abstract": "Human pose estimation has made significant progress during the last years. However current datasets are limited in their coverage of the overall pose estimation challenges. Still these serve as the common sources to evaluate, train and compare different models on. In this paper we introduce a novel benchmark \"MPII Human Pose\" that makes a significant advance in terms of diversity and difficulty, a contribution that we feel is required for future developments in human body models. This comprehensive dataset was collected using an established taxonomy of over 800 human activities [1]. The collected images cover a wider variety of human activities than previous datasets including various recreational, occupational and householding activities, and capture people from a wider range of viewpoints. We provide a rich set of labels including positions of body joints, full 3D torso and head orientation, occlusion labels for joints and body parts, and activity labels. For each image we provide adjacent video frames to facilitate the use of motion information. Given these rich annotations we perform a detailed analysis of leading human pose estimation approaches and gaining insights for the success and failures of these methods.", "corpus_id": 206592419}, "neg": {"sha": "7a061e7eab865fc8d2ef00e029b7070719ad2e9a", "title": "Efficiently Scaling up Crowdsourced Video Annotation", "abstract": "We present an extensive three year study on economically annotating video with crowdsourced marketplaces. Our public framework has annotated thousands of real world videos, including massive data sets unprecedented for their size, complexity, and cost. To accomplish this, we designed a state-of-the-art video annotation user interface and demonstrate that, despite common intuition, many contemporary interfaces are sub-optimal. We present several user studies that evaluate different aspects of our system and demonstrate that minimizing the cognitive load of the user is crucial when designing an annotation platform. We then deploy this interface on Amazon Mechanical Turk and discover expert and talented workers who are capable of annotating difficult videos with dense and closely cropped labels. We argue that video annotation requires specialized skill; most workers are poor annotators, mandating robust quality control protocols. We show that traditional crowdsourced micro-tasks are not suitable for video annotation and instead demonstrate that deploying time-consuming macro-tasks on MTurk is effective. Finally, we show that by extracting pixel-based features from manually labeled key frames, we are able to leverage more sophisticated interpolation strategies to maximize performance given a fixed budget. We validate the power of our framework on difficult, real-world data sets and we demonstrate an inherent trade-off between the mix of human and cloud computing used vs. the accuracy and cost of the labeling. We further introduce a novel, cost-based evaluation criteria that compares vision algorithms by the budget required to achieve an acceptable performance. We hope our findings will spur innovation in the creation of massive labeled video data sets and enable novel data-driven computer vision applications.", "corpus_id": 2315620}}, {"query": {"sha": "449bf3d0cdb94ed77d6ddedfcd69619617777d2a", "title": "Enhanced flexible LoRaWAN node for industrial IoT", "abstract": "The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is introducing the IoT approach in the industrial automation world, paving the way to innovative services for improving efficiency, reliability and availability of industrial processes and products. The IIoT takes advantage of the collection of large amount of data by means of (wireless) links connecting smart sensors attached to the system of interest. Low Power Wide Area Networks emerged as a viable solution for implementing private cellular like communications. In this paper, the LoRaWAN technology is addressed, thanks to the wide acceptance it received in both industrial and academic worlds. In particular, an enhanced node is proposed as a building block of IIoT-enabled industrial wireless networks. It offers new features: it behaves as a regular node; it can act as a gateway toward legacy/different (wired) networks; and it can extend LoRaWAN coverage acting as a range extender (i.e. a single hop forwarder). After a brief overview of LoRa and LoRaWAN, the paper deals with the features of the realized node, exploiting commercially available hardware. The experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed approach. In particular, the range extender capability of transmitting replicas of an incoming messages is tested for different transmission delays.", "corpus_id": 49570616}, "pos": {"sha": "c8960733ecc0c4f34ea8366931e5290fa798bc62", "title": "Monitoring of Large-Area IoT Sensors Using a LoRa Wireless Mesh Network System: Design and Evaluation", "abstract": "Although many techniques exist to transfer data from the widely distributed sensors that make up the Internet of Things (IoT) (e.g., using 3G/4G networks or cables), these methods are associated with prohibitively high costs, making them impractical for real-life applications. Recently, several emerging wireless technologies have been proposed to provide long-range communication for IoT sensors. Among these, LoRa has been examined for long-range performance. Although LoRa shows good performance for long-range transmission in the countryside, its radio signals can be attenuated over distance, and buildings, trees, and other radio signal sources may interfere with the signals. Our observations show that in urban areas, LoRa requires dense deployment of LoRa gateways (GWs) to ensure that indoor LoRa devices can successfully transfer data back to remote GWs. Wireless mesh networking is a solution for increasing communication range and packet delivery ratio (PDR) without the need to install additional GWs. This paper presents a LoRa mesh networking system for large-area monitoring of IoT applications. We deployed 19 LoRa mesh networking devices over an $800\\,\\,\\text {m} \\times 600$ m area on our university campus and installed a GW that collected data at 1-min intervals. The proposed LoRa mesh networking system achieved an average 88.49% PDR, whereas the star-network topology used by LoRa achieved only 58.7% under the same settings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first academic study discussing LoRa mesh networking in detail and evaluating its performance via real experiments.", "corpus_id": 51983195}, "neg": {"sha": "8c51e4c08a07b98b5fa45bb28302072af309e22e", "title": "Automatic segmentation of malaria parasites on thick blood film using blob analysis", "abstract": "Malaria remains a public health problem in Indonesia. There are still many deaths caused by malaria, particularly in eastern Indonesia. There are two types of blood perform in malaria, thick blood film and thin blood film. In Indonesia, thin blood film is used more frequently than thick blood film. Malaria parasites can be found in thick blood film rapidly due to the higher volume of the blood used and sweeping process is not as much on thin blood, still a lot of leukocytes or white blood cells and platelets in the thick blood film, making it more difficult to identify the malaria parasite. Therefore we need a method can identify malaria parasites in thick blood film with a high percentage of accuracy. This study aims to build a segmentation system more objective and reduce subjective factors of medical personnel in the diagnosis of malaria parasites. This study has two main stages, preprocessing and segmentation. We use the HSV color space in the preprocessing and morphological operations and blob analysis on the segmentation stage. From the results can be known that the blob analysis was able to identify malaria parasites automatically.", "corpus_id": 16911381}}, {"query": {"sha": "5e47372f571af1fc3065fa36b877e3e75e8f401c", "title": "Edge Provisioning with Flexible Server Placement", "abstract": "We present $\\sf {Tentacle}$ , a decision support framework to provision edge servers for online services providers (OSPs). $\\sf {Tentacle}$ takes advantage of the increasingly flexible edge server placement, which is enabled by new technologies such as edge computing platforms, cloudlets and network function virtualization, to optimize the overall performance and cost of edge infrastructures. The key difference between $\\sf {Tentacle}$ and traditional server placement approaches lies on that $\\sf {Tentacle}$ can discover proper unforeseen edge locations which significantly improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of edge provisioning. We show how $\\sf {Tentacle}$ effectively identifies promising edge locations which are close to a collection of users merely with inaccurate network distance estimation methods, e.g., geographic coordinate (GC) and network coordinate systems (NC). We also show how $\\sf {Tentacle}$ comprehensively considers various pragmatic concerns in edge provisioning, such as traffic limits by law or ISP policy, edge site deployment and resource usage cost, over-provisioning for fault tolerance, etc., with a simple optimization model. We simulate $\\sf {Tentacle}$ using real network data at global and county-wide scales. Measurement-driven simulations show that with a given cost budget $\\sf {Tentacle}$ can improve user performance by around 10-45 percent at global scale networks and 15-35 percent at a country-wide scale network.", "corpus_id": 7811824}, "pos": {"sha": "424909ea3e4e5a8cfe5363420926c1b10fbbf034", "title": "Vivaldi: a decentralized network coordinate system", "abstract": "Large-scale Internet applications can benefit from an ability to predict round-trip times to other hosts without having to contact them first. Explicit measurements are often unattractive because the cost of measurement can outweigh the benefits of exploiting proximity information. Vivaldi is a simple, light-weight algorithm that assigns synthetic coordinates to hosts such that the distance between the coordinates of two hosts accurately predicts the communication latency between the hosts. Vivaldi is fully distributed, requiring no fixed network infrastructure and no distinguished hosts. It is also efficient: a new host can compute good coordinates for itself after collecting latency information from only a few other hosts. Because it requires little com-munication, Vivaldi can piggy-back on the communication patterns of the application using it and scale to a large number of hosts. An evaluation of Vivaldi using a simulated network whose latencies are based on measurements among 1740 Internet hosts shows that a 2-dimensional Euclidean model with height vectors embeds these hosts with low error (the median relative error in round-trip time prediction is 11 percent).", "corpus_id": 722037}, "neg": {"sha": "215aad1520ec1b087ab2ba4043f5e0ecc32e7482", "title": "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", "abstract": "A large class of computational problems involve the determination of properties of graphs, digraphs, integers, arrays of integers, finite families of finite sets, boolean formulas and elements of other countable domains. Through simple encodings from such domains into the set of words over a finite alphabet these problems can be converted into language recognition problems, and we can inquire into their computational complexity. It is reasonable to consider such a problem satisfactorily solved when an algorithm for its solution is found which terminates within a number of steps bounded by a polynomial in the length of the input. Many problems with wide applicability \u2013 e.g., set cover, knapsack, hitting set, max cut, and satisfiability \u2013 lack a polynomial algorithm for solving them, but also lack a proof that no such polynomial algorithm exists. Hence, they remain \u201copen problems.\u201d This paper references the recent work, \u201cOn the Reducibility of Combinatorial Problems\u201d [1]. BODY A large class of open problems are mutually convertible via poly-time reductions. Hence, either all can be solved in poly-time, or none can. REFERENCES [1] R. Karp. Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems. In Complexity of Computer Computations, 1972. \u2217With apologies to Professor Richard Karp. Volume X of Tiny Transactions on Computer Science This content is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial ShareAlike License. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/.", "corpus_id": 33509266}}, {"query": {"sha": "39f8b66d92f7ae9b1924d9b16f52444ee7507a9c", "title": "Auditing disclosure by relevance ranking", "abstract": "Numerous widely publicized cases of theft and misuse of private information underscore the need for audit technology to identify the sources of unauthorized disclosure. We present an auditing methodology that ranks potential disclosure sources according to their proximity to the leaked records. Given a sensitive table that contains the disclosed data, our methodology prioritizes by relevance the past queries to the database that could have potentially been used to produce the sensitive table. We provide three conceptually different measures of proximity between the sensitive table and a query result. One measure is inspired by information retrieval in text processing, another is based on statistical record linkage, and the third computes the derivation probability of the sensitive table in a tree-based generative model. We also analyze the characteristics of the three measures and the corresponding ranking algorithms.", "corpus_id": 15386581}, "pos": {"sha": "a2c4dec86a96a99adc00cb664b703e8407216183", "title": "Record Linkage: Current Practice and Future Directions", "abstract": "Record linkage is the task of quickly and accurately identifying records corresponding to the same entity from one or more data sources. Record linkage is also known as data cleaning, entity reconciliation or identification and the merge/purge problem. This paper presents the \u201cstandard\u201d probabilistic record linkage model and the associated algorithm. Recent work in information retrieval, federated database systems and data mining have proposed alternatives to key components of the standard algorithm. The impact of these alternatives on the standard approach are assessed. The key question is whether and how these new alternatives are better in terms of time, accuracy and degree of automation for a particular record linkage application.", "corpus_id": 18453442}, "neg": {"sha": "80d30b89e9c79887c2fb22c9dd1b9ed180c77f6e", "title": "A tutorial introduction to compressed sensing", "abstract": "Compressed sensing refers to recovering a large but sparse vector, or a large but low rank matrix, from a small number of linear measurements. This paper presents some of the most popular and useful approaches at present.", "corpus_id": 31985819}}, {"query": {"sha": "e96dfdfadd9cfa8c35f832572f75848446cc5d50", "title": "A low-phase noise 12 GHz digitally controlled oscillator in 65 nm CMOS for a FMCW radar frequency synthesizer", "abstract": "This paper presents a power-efficient low-phase noise digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) implemented in a 65 nm CMOS technology. The DCO is designed for a 12 GHz frequency synthesizer covering up to 1GHz of frequency sweep range demanded by the frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar. The realized DCO circuit is designed to meet the stringent phase noise specifications of less than \u2212110dBc/Hz @ 1MHz, required by the high resolution industrial indoor secondary FMCW radar system. The 12 GHz frequency synthesizer is based on a fractional-N all digital phased looked-loop (ADPLL) achieving a tuning range of 18.8 % using an 8-bit capacitive DAC array. This way, the DCO reliably covers up to 1GHz of frequency sweep range plus PVT variations. The low-power design achieves a phase noise performance of better than \u2212112.3 dBc/Hz at a 1MHz offset. In summary, the DCO achieves a best in class figure of merit (FOMT) value of \u2212186.7 dB with largest tuning range of 18.8 %, while only consuming 16.4 mW.", "corpus_id": 36820474}, "pos": {"sha": "51b38f45d8a66a996bc45edaef24feb8726b83cb", "title": "A 79 GHz Phase-Modulated 4 GHz-BW CW Radar Transmitter in 28 nm CMOS", "abstract": "Millimeter-wave sensors perform robust and accurate remote motion sensing. We propose a 28 nm CMOS Radar TX that modulates a 79 GHz carrier with a 2 Gsps Pseudo-Noise sequence. The measured modulated output power at 79 GHz in 4 GHz BW is higher than +11 dBm (27\u00b0C), while the spurious emissions are below -20 dBc, fully satisfying the spectral mask regulations. The output RF BW where we can lock the injection-locked LO is 13 GHz. Overall, the TX draws 121 mW from a 0.9 V supply resulting in a record efficiency above 10%. More importantly, the TX is functional up to 125\u00b0C still providing more than +7 dBm output power over the same RF BW.", "corpus_id": 22314853}, "neg": {"sha": "698b753bcce607ef668c3f8e24687fddb3aa58db", "title": "Radar cross section for pedestrian in 76GHz band", "abstract": "This paper describes the results of our evaluation of a pedestrian's radio wave reflection characteristics. The reflection characteristics of radio waves from a pedestrian were measured as part of the effort to improve the pedestrian detection performance of the radar sensor. A pedestrian's radio wave reflection intensity is low, at about 15-20dB less than that of the rear of a vehicle, and can vary by as much as 20dB. Evaluating these characteristics in detail is a prerequisite to the development of a radar sensor that is capable of detecting pedestrians reliably.", "corpus_id": 39567604}}, {"query": {"sha": "4cf316b587b200b491871f999744adad52629caa", "title": "Geometric Constraints for Human Detection in Aerial Imagery", "abstract": "In this paper, we propose a method for detecting humans in imagery taken from a UAV. This is a challenging problem due to small number of pixels on target, which makes it more difficult to distinguish people from background clutter, and results in much larger searchspace. We propose a method for human detection based on a number of geometric constraints obtained from the metadata. Specifically, we obtain the orientation of groundplane normal, the orientation of shadows cast by humans in the scene, and the relationship between human heights and the size of their corresponding shadows. In cases when metadata is not available we propose a method for automatically estimating shadow orientation from image data. We utilize the above information in a geometry based shadow, and human blob detector, which provides an initial estimation for locations of humans in the scene. These candidate locations are then classified as either human or clutter using a combination of wavelet features, and a Support Vector Machine. Our method works on a single frame, and unlike motion detection based methods, it bypasses the global motion compensation process, and allows for detection of stationary and slow moving humans, while avoiding the search across the entire image, which makes it more accurate and very fast. We show impressive results on sequences from the VIVID dataset and our own data, and provide comparative analysis.", "corpus_id": 7018553}, "pos": {"sha": "865074aaee6c70cfe63ce8cb4d0910913ef7bb78", "title": "Geo-spatial aerial video processing for scene understanding and object tracking", "abstract": "This paper presents an approach to extracting and using semantic layers from low altitude aerial videos for scene understanding and object tracking. The input video is captured by low flying aerial platforms and typically consists of strong parallax from non-ground-plane structures. A key aspect of our approach is the use of geo-registration of video frames to reference image databases (such as those available from Terraserver and Google satellite imagery) to establish a geo-spatial coordinate system for pixels in the video. Geo-registration enables Euclidean 3D reconstruction with absolute scale unlike traditional monocular structure from motion where continuous scale estimation over long periods of time is an issue. Geo-registration also enables correlation of video data to other stored information sources such as GIS (geo-spatial information system) databases. In addition to the geo-registration and 3D reconstruction aspects, the key contributions of this paper include: (1) exploiting appearance and 3D shape constraints derived from geo-registered videos for labeling of structures such as buildings, foliage, and roads for scene understanding, and (2) elimination of moving object detection and tracking errors using 3D parallax constraints and semantic labels derived from geo-registered videos. Experimental results on extended time aerial video data demonstrates the qualitative and quantitative aspects of our work.", "corpus_id": 11137900}, "neg": {"sha": "5010f30b0e6a71a16b49cbc2134450bb9e3a2659", "title": "The Visual Analysis of Human Movement: A Survey", "abstract": "The ability to recognize humans and their activities by vision is key for a machine to interact intelligently and effortlessly with a human-inhabited environment. Because of many potentially important applications, \u201clooking at people\u201d is currently one of the most active application domains in computer vision. This survey identifies a number of promising applications and provides an overview of recent developments in this domain. The scope of this survey is limited to work on whole-body or hand motion; it does not include work on human faces. The emphasis is on discussing the various methodologies; they are grouped in 2-D approaches with or without explicit shape models and 3-D approaches. Where appropriate, systems are reviewed. We conclude with some thoughts about future directions. c \u00a9 1999 Academic Press", "corpus_id": 7788290}}, {"query": {"sha": "59971c36c87b32b79f1d0227a6772e19e4c7e4f6", "title": "Perceptions of race", "abstract": "UNTIL RECENTLY, EXPERIMENTS ON PERSON PERCEPTION HAD LED TO TWO UNWELCOME CONCLUSIONS: (1) people encode the race of each individual they encounter, and (2) race encoding is caused by computational mechanisms whose operation is automatic and mandatory. Evolutionary analyses rule out the hypothesis that the brain mechanisms that cause race encoding evolved for that purpose. Consequently, race encoding must be a byproduct of mechanisms that evolved for some alternative function. But which one? Race is not encoded as a byproduct of domain-general perceptual processes. Two families of byproduct hypotheses remain: one invokes inferential machinery designed for tracking coalitional alliances, the other machinery designed for reasoning about natural kinds. Recent experiments show that manipulating coalitional variables can dramatically decrease the extent to which race is noticed and remembered.", "corpus_id": 11343153}, "pos": {"sha": "8a59fe9d74ece3cefcb16db9090af58e8d342aeb", "title": "Social cognition: thinking categorically about others.", "abstract": "In attempting to make sense of other people, perceivers regularly construct and use categorical representations to simplify and streamline the person perception process. Noting the importance of categorical thinking in everyday life, our emphasis in this chapter is on the cognitive dynamics of categorical social perception. In reviewing current research on this topic, three specific issues are addressed: (a) When are social categories activated by perceivers, (b) what are the typical consequences of category activation, and (c) can perceivers control the influence and expression of categorical thinking? Throughout the chapter, we consider how integrative models of cognitive functioning may inform our understanding of categorical social perception.", "corpus_id": 14816519}, "neg": {"sha": "b50a7b8aa2c6a9efad08ba43e48c30fb79615955", "title": "Learning Parameters and Constitutive Relationships with Physics Informed Deep Neural Networks", "abstract": "We present a physics informed deep neural network (DNN) method for estimating parameters and unknown physics (constitutive relationships) in partial differential equation (PDE) models. We use PDEs in addition to measurements to train DNNs to approximate unknown parameters and constitutive relationships as well as states. The proposed approach increases the accuracy of DNN approximations of partially known functions when a limited number of measurements is available and allows for training DNNs when no direct measurements of the functions of interest are available. We employ physics informed DNNs to estimate the unknown space-dependent diffusion coefficient in a linear diffusion equation and an unknown constitutive relationship in a non-linear diffusion equation. For the parameter estimation problem, we assume that partial measurements of the coefficient and states are available and demonstrate that under these conditions, the proposed method is more accurate than state-of-the-art methods. For the non-linear diffusion PDE model with a fully unknown constitutive relationship (i.e., no measurements of constitutive relationship are available), the physics informed DNN method can accurately estimate the non-linear constitutive relationship based on state measurements only. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed method remains accurate in the presence of measurement noise.", "corpus_id": 52415616}}, {"query": {"sha": "bd2e1618a5720c64920335e0f02b4ff4c29a7e8b", "title": "Modeling and parameter estimation for in-pipe swimming robots", "abstract": "State-of-the-art, in-pipe, crawling robots face challenges in small diameter, non-smooth, water distribution pipes, mostly because of their direct contact with the pipe walls. On the other hand, swimming robots show greater potential in performing various maneuvers inside the pipes, because of the freedom in their motion. Such autonomous, swimming robots are needed for pipe-monitoring and leak detection in all sorts of pipe networks. Swimming motion inside confined environments is not well studied, and thus, this paper tackles the problem of modeling an in-pipe swimming vehicle. A conventional methodology that involved hydrodynamic coefficients is adopted, however the confined environment is affecting the parameters under study heavily. We discuss how these parameters rely on the pipe and robot geometry, unlike the case where the robot would swim in open-water.", "corpus_id": 19881653}, "pos": {"sha": "2d3f320ceff506e334587a20ffddb745e41a5934", "title": "Robotic devices for water main in-pipe inspection: A survey", "abstract": "Many water companies have a limited knowledge of the structural condition of their assets. Underground assets have been installed for a long time, so they are old and are failing, leading to leaks, breaks, and consequential damage to third parties. A common practice is the removal of pipe sections for condition assessment, causing service interruption and resulting in the assessment of a small percentage of the network as well as high replacement costs. Systematic condition assessment of pipes could help to prevent network problems as well as in proposing an efficient investment plan. This can be performed by using robotic inspection devices. Toward this end, this paper reviews existing robotic tools and analyzes open problems to be addressed for a successful robotic inspection device. C \u00a9 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "corpus_id": 41519751}, "neg": {"sha": "832ebc9095d74f740598f444add6eb4843805869", "title": "PIRAT - A System for Quantitative Sewer Pipe Assessment", "abstract": "Sewers are aging, expensive assets that attract public attention only when they fail. Sewer operators are under increasing pressure to minimise their maintenance costs, while preventing sewer failures. Inspection can give early warning of failures and allow economical repair under noncrisis conditions. Current inspection techniques are subjective and detect only gross defects reliably. They cannot provide the data needed to confidently plan long-term maintenance. This paper describes PIRAT, a quantitative technique for sewer inspection. PIRAT measures the internal geometry of the sewer and then analyses these data to detect, classify, and rate defects automatically using artificial intelligence techniques. We describe the measuring system and present and discuss geometry results for different types of sewers. The defect analysis techniques are outlined and a sample defect report presented. PIRAT\u2019s defect reports are compared with reports from the conventional technique and the discrepancies discussed. We relate PIRAT to other work in sewer robotics. KEY WORDS\u2014sewer inspection robot, sewer condition assessment, neural network", "corpus_id": 14506304}}, {"query": {"sha": "78965f62cdf88f068a0e93bb641f72504182b840", "title": "Tushar Khot", "abstract": "Over the past years, Machine Learning (ML) approaches have taken large strides in their predictive accuracy and ease of use, resulting in ML being used in increasing number of domains. At the same time, information has grown exponentially in terms of its size and complexity. Inter-related objects (people, atoms, words, etc.) spread across multiple relations (friends, bonded, dependent, etc.) is now a common occurrence in many domains such as molecular chemistry, medical diagnosis, social networks and information extraction. To deal with noisy multi-relational data, Statistical Relational Learning (SRL) models have been proposed. Unlike most ML approaches that rely on a fixed number of features for every example, SRL models can handle an arbitrary number of features. For instance, a patient can have all their test results, where the number of tests may vary between patients, as features. But due to the increased complexity, SRL models do not scale to large domains, especially when learning the structure of the probabilistic dependencies (e.g., discovering the dependence of parents\u2019 chromosomes on a person\u2019s blood type). My research has mainly concentrated on developing more accurate, scalable structurelearning approaches for SRL models to make them more generally and easily applicable. Since these approaches do not rely on an expert designed model, I was able to use them in diverse domains ranging from natural language processing to medical diagnoses to network analysis.", "corpus_id": 50697255}, "pos": {"sha": "348bc39ab55ce59293d65037e5955c4fd6ebd420", "title": "Gradient-based boosting for statistical relational learning: The relational dependency network case", "abstract": "Dependency networks approximate a joint probability distribution over multiple random variables as a product of conditional distributions. Relational Dependency Networks (RDNs) are graphical models that extend dependency networks to relational domains. This higher expressivity, however, comes at the expense of a more complex model-selection problem: an unbounded number of relational abstraction levels might need to be explored. Whereas current learning approaches for RDNs learn a single probability tree per random variable, we propose to turn the problem into a series of relational function-approximation problems using gradient-based boosting. In doing so, one can easily induce highly complex features over several iterations and in turn estimate quickly a very expressive model. Our experimental results in several different data sets show that this boosting method results in efficient learning of RDNs when compared to state-of-the-art statistical relational learning approaches.", "corpus_id": 11478579}, "neg": {"sha": "5f0e8f91d57eaae3e22729b0cf1744d5cf7b526e", "title": "Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched nonmeditators", "abstract": "(2012): Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched nonmeditators, The Journal of Positive Psychology: This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.", "corpus_id": 15972961}}, {"query": {"sha": "f58d5affe5001348bb43e0edae1febb97ad93622", "title": "EigenNet: Towards Fast and Structural Learning of Deep Neural Networks", "abstract": "Deep Neural Network (DNN) is difficult to train and easy to overfit in training. We address these two issues by introducing EigenNet, an architecture that not only accelerates training but also adjusts number of hidden neurons to reduce over-fitting. They are achieved by whitening the information flows of DNNs and removing those eigenvectors that may capture noises. The former improves conditioning of the Fisher information matrix, whilst the latter increases generalization capability. These appealing properties of EigenNet can benefit many recent DNN structures, such as network in network and inception, by wrapping their hidden layers into the layers of EigenNet. The modeling capacities of the original networks are preserved. Both the training wall-clock time and number of updates are reduced by using EigenNet, compared to stochastic gradient descent on various datasets, including MNIST, CIFAR-10, and CIFAR-100.", "corpus_id": 28855125}, "pos": {"sha": "6c8b30f63f265c32e26d999aa1fef5286b8308ad", "title": "Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting", "abstract": "Deep neural nets with a large number of parameters are very powerful machine learning systems. However, overfitting is a serious problem in such networks. Large networks are also slow to use, making it difficult to deal with overfitting by combining the predictions of many different large neural nets at test time. Dropout is a technique for addressing this problem. The key idea is to randomly drop units (along with their connections) from the neural network during training. This prevents units from co-adapting too much. During training, dropout samples from an exponential number of different \u201cthinned\u201d networks. At test time, it is easy to approximate the effect of averaging the predictions of all these thinned networks by simply using a single unthinned network that has smaller weights. This significantly reduces overfitting and gives major improvements over other regularization methods. We show that dropout improves the performance of neural networks on supervised learning tasks in vision, speech recognition, document classification and computational biology, obtaining state-of-the-art results on many benchmark data sets.", "corpus_id": 6844431}, "neg": {"sha": "50178ab46efc34620a94ceaf19940d53d465784e", "title": "Investigation on Thermal Characterization of Eutectic Flip-Chip UV-LEDs With Different Bonding Voidage", "abstract": "Flip-chip ultraviolet light-emitting diode (FC UV-LED) fabricated by direct AuSn eutectic package is of high interest in Research and Development due to its excellent thermal performance and good reliability. However, the voids in eutectic bonding layer due to the lack of AuSn filled have a big influence on the thermal management and optical performance of FC UV-LEDs, and it is believed that the eutectic voids can affect the thermal-conduction resistance (the following unified called thermal resistance) and the junction temperature of FC UV-LEDs. In this paper, modeling and thermal simulation using finite element analysis is developed by considering the geometrical model of eutectic FC UV-LEDs with 3%, 10%, 20%, and 30% bonding voidage. Meanwhile, to validate the simulation, the thermal parameters of FC UV-LEDs are determined and measured using thermal transient tester, and it is found that UV-LED with 3% voidage shows lowest thermal resistance and junction temperature compared with the other samples in both simulation and experiment. Moreover, the optical performance of UV-LEDs is evaluated via the photoelectric analysis system, and the results confirm that the lowest thermal resistance leads to the lowest junction temperature but the highest light output power.", "corpus_id": 1860899}}, {"query": {"sha": "9970919c8e250f8c33d143ffa4e3d932f189a147", "title": "Preserving Communities in Anonymized Social Networks", "abstract": "Social media and social networks are embedded in our society to a point that could not have been imagined only ten years ago. Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter are already well known social networks that have a large audience in all age groups. The amount of data that those social sites gather from their users is continually increasing and this data is very valuable for marketing, research, and various other purposes. At the same time, this data usually contain a significant amount of sensitive information which should be protected against unauthorized disclosure. To protect the privacy of individuals, this data must be anonymized such that the risk of re-identification of specific individuals is very low. In this paper we study if anonymized social networks preserve existing communities from the original social networks. To perform this study, we introduce two approaches to measure the community preservation between the initial network and its anonymized version. In the first approach we simply count how many nodes from the original communities remained in the same community after the processes of anonymization and de-anonymization. In the second approach we consider the community preservation for each node individually. Specifically, for each node, we compare the original and final communities to which the node belongs. To anonymize social networks we use two models, namely, k-anonymity for social networks and k-degree anonymity. To determine communities in social networks we use an existing community detection algorithm based on modularity quality function. Our experiments on publically available datasets show that anonymized social networks satisfactorily preserve the community structure of their original networks. 56 Alina Campan, Yasmeen Alufaisan, Traian Marius Truta TRANSACTIONS ON DATA PRIVACY 8 (2015)", "corpus_id": 2443511}, "pos": {"sha": "7ff04ad7d3ff9ace191469c8c706a41e69967bcd", "title": "A Clustering Approach for Data and Structural Anonymity in Social Networks", "abstract": "The advent of social network sites in the last few years seems to be a trend that will likely continue in the years to come. Online social interaction has become very popular around the globe and most sociologists agree that this will not fade away. Such a development is possible due to the advancements in computer power, technologies, and the spread of the World Wide Web. What many na\u00efve technology users may not always realize is that the information they provide online is stored in massive data repositories and may be used for various purposes. Researchers have pointed out for some time the privacy implications of massive data gathering, and a lot of effort has been made to protect the data from unauthorized disclosure. However, most of the data privacy research has been focused on more traditional data models such as microdata (data stored as one relational table, where each row represents an individual entity). More recently, social network data has begun to be analyzed from a different, specific privacy perspective. Since the individual entities in social networks, besides the attribute values that characterize them, also have relationships with other entities, the possibility of privacy breaches increases. Our main contributions in this paper are the development of a greedy privacy algorithm for anonymizing a social network and the introduction of a structural information loss measure that quantifies the amount of information lost due to edge generalization in the anonymization process.", "corpus_id": 14209843}, "neg": {"sha": "f058bc6b98f81859f392e8e232f62575c446f282", "title": "Qualitative research sample design and sample size: resolving and unresolved issues and inferential imperatives.", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 7781723}}, {"query": {"sha": "9e73e0f1ef4ad5e6aa71e0ad5475c8cf2221066d", "title": "Attentive Neural Network for Named Entity Recognition in Vietnamese", "abstract": "We propose an attentive neural network for the task of named entity recognition in Vietnamese. The proposed attentive neural model makes use of character-based language models and word embeddings to encode words as vector representations. A neural network architecture of encoder, attention, and decoder layers is then utilized to encode knowledge of input sentences and to label entity tags. The experimental results show that the proposed attentive neural network achieves the state-of-the-art results on the benchmark named entity recognition datasets in Vietnamese in comparison to both hand-crafted features based models and neural models.", "corpus_id": 53107302}, "pos": {"sha": "0c7f52c753a65ceaf3755e20b906ffd0c05c994a", "title": "Conditional Random Fields: Probabilistic Models for Segmenting and Labeling Sequence Data", "abstract": "We presentconditional random fields, a framework for building probabilistic models to segment and label sequence data. Conditional random fields offer several advantages over hidden Markov models and stochastic grammars for such tasks, including the ability to relax strong independence assumptions made in those models. Conditional random fields also avoid a fundamental limitation of maximum entropy Markov models (MEMMs) and other discriminative Markov models based on directed graphical models, which can be biased towards states with few successor states. We present iterative parameter estimation algorithms for conditional random fields and compare the performance of the resulting models to HMMs and MEMMs on synthetic and natural-language data.", "corpus_id": 219683473}, "neg": {"sha": "10a4db59e81d26b2e0e896d3186ef81b4458b93f", "title": "Named Entity Recognition with Bidirectional LSTM-CNNs", "abstract": "Named entity recognition is a challenging task that has traditionally required large amounts of knowledge in the form of feature engineering and lexicons to achieve high performance. In this paper, we present a novel neural network architecture that automatically detects word- and character-level features using a hybrid bidirectional LSTM and CNN architecture, eliminating the need for most feature engineering. We also propose a novel method of encoding partial lexicon matches in neural networks and compare it to existing approaches. Extensive evaluation shows that, given only tokenized text and publicly available word embeddings, our system is competitive on the CoNLL-2003 dataset and surpasses the previously reported state of the art performance on the OntoNotes 5.0 dataset by 2.13 F1 points. By using two lexicons constructed from publicly-available sources, we establish new state of the art performance with an F1 score of 91.62 on CoNLL-2003 and 86.28 on OntoNotes, surpassing systems that employ heavy feature engineering, proprietary lexicons, and rich entity linking information.", "corpus_id": 6300165}}, {"query": {"sha": "032592a4057228d56687156d606a54dd97ea7898", "title": "Automating the Construction of Internet Portals with Machine Learning", "abstract": "Domain-specific internet portals are growing in popularity because they gather content from the Web and organize it for easy access, retrieval and search. For example, www.campsearch.com allows complex queries by age, location, cost and specialty over summer camps. This functionality is not possible with general, Web-wide search engines. Unfortunately these portals are difficult and time-consuming to maintain. This paper advocates the use of machine learning techniques to greatly automate the creation and maintenance of domain-specific Internet portals. We describe new research in reinforcement learning, information extraction and text classification that enables efficient spidering, the identification of informative text segments, and the population of topic hierarchies. Using these techniques, we have built a demonstration system: a portal for computer science research papers. It already contains over 50,000 papers and is publicly available at www.cora.justresearch.com. These techniques are widely applicable to portal creation in other domains.", "corpus_id": 349242}, "pos": {"sha": "12d1d070a53d4084d88a77b8b143bad51c40c38f", "title": "Reinforcement Learning: A Survey", "abstract": "This paper surveys the eld of reinforcement learning from a computer-science perspective. It is written to be accessible to researchers familiar with machine learning. Both the historical basis of the eld and a broad selection of current work are summarized. Reinforcement learning is the problem faced by an agent that learns behavior through trial-and-error interactions with a dynamic environment. The work described here has a resemblance to work in psychology, but di ers considerably in the details and in the use of the word \\reinforcement.\" The paper discusses central issues of reinforcement learning, including trading o exploration and exploitation, establishing the foundations of the eld via Markov decision theory, learning from delayed reinforcement, constructing empirical models to accelerate learning, making use of generalization and hierarchy, and coping with hidden state. It concludes with a survey of some implemented systems and an assessment of the practical utility of current methods for reinforcement learning.", "corpus_id": 1708582}, "neg": {"sha": "53b639319a495b45e84f1e3a09e1c8e437574e4c", "title": "Memory Approaches to Reinforcement Learning in Non-Markovian Domains", "abstract": "Reinforcement learning is a type of unsupervised learning for sequential decision making. Q-learning is probably the best-understood reinforcement learning algorithm. In Q-learning, the agent learns a mapping from states and actions to their utilities. An important assumption of Q-learning is the Markovian environment assumption, meaning that any information needed to determine the optimal actions is reeected in the agent's state representation. Consider an agent whose state representation is based solely on its immediate perceptual sensations. When its sensors are not able to make essential distinctions among world states, the Markov assumption is violated, causing a problem called perceptual aliasing. For example, when facing a closed box, an agent based on its current visual sensation cannot act optimally if the optimal action depends on the contents of the box. There are two basic approaches to addressing this problem| using more sensors or using history to gure out the current world state. This paper studies three connectionist approaches which learn to use history to handle perceptual aliasing: the window-Q, recurrent-Q, and recurrent-model architectures. Empirical study of these architectures is presented. Their relative strengths and weaknesses are also discussed.", "corpus_id": 18783919}}, {"query": {"sha": "f4080e989548bd38f525b618d6ab73a7711ee5bb", "title": "Discrete Dielectric Reflectarray and Lens for E-Band With Different Feed", "abstract": "This letter presents the design and results of low-loss discrete dielectric flat reflectarray and lens for E-band. Using two different kinds of feed, 3-D-pyramidal (wideband) horn and 2 \u00d7 2 planar microstrip array (narrowband) antenna, the radiation performances of the two collimating structures are investigated. The discrete lens is optimized to cover the frequencies 71-86 GHz (71-76- and 81-86-GHz bands), while the discrete reflectarray is optimized to cover the 71-76-GHz band. The presented designs utilize the principle of perforated dielectric substrate using a square lattice of drilled holes of different radii and can be fabricated using standard printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The discrete lens has 41 \u00d7 41 unit cells and thickness of 6.35 mm, while the reflectarray has 40 \u00d7 40 unit cells and thickness of 3.24 mm. A good impedance matching ( |S11|<; -10 dB) and peak gain of 34 \u00b11 dB with maximum aperture efficiency of 44.6% are achieved over 71-86 GHz for the lens case. On the other hand, reflectarray with peak gain of 32 \u00b11 dB and aperture efficiency of 41.9% are achieved for 71-76-GHz band.", "corpus_id": 45350848}, "pos": {"sha": "49349151e7cbdf5310dc9c08d1e7687392bdd8c2", "title": "Low-Profile 77-GHz Lens Antenna With Array Feeder", "abstract": "A 77-GHz lens antenna for automotive radar applications is presented. It consists of a feeder in the form of a 2\u00d72 patch array etched from a single layer on a 100-\u03bcm-thick substrate and a commercially available dielectric lens. Compared to previously published lens antennas, the presented design has the advantages of excellent electrical performance and a low profile in combination with a thin lens. Measurements of port impedance match and radiation patterns are presented. Beam tilt by lateral offset of the lens is demonstrated experimentally.", "corpus_id": 39733596}, "neg": {"sha": "bb9b1fda005a7d10b15898cae280050a15a9694d", "title": "Accurate and Practical Calibration of a Depth and Color Camera Pair", "abstract": "We present an algorithm that simultaneously calibrates a color camera, a depth camera, and the relative pose between them. The method is designed to have three key features that no other available algorithm currently has: accurate, practical, applicable to a wide range of sensors. The method requires only a planar surface to be imaged from various poses. The calibration does not use color or depth discontinuities in the depth image which makes it flexible and robust to noise. We perform experiments with particular depth sensor and achieve the same accuracy as the propietary calibration procedure of the manufacturer.", "corpus_id": 6231899}}, {"query": {"sha": "855d39477ae7494c0ca5cd397bac631c4ca313f5", "title": "An on-demand scatternet formation and multi-hop routing protocol for BLE-based wireless sensor networks", "abstract": "As new features are introduced into the Bluetooth core specification, the ability to use Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology to construct a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) becomes a reality. Key features included in Bluetooth Specification version 4.1 are the ability for a single node to be part of multiple piconets, and the ability for a node to act dual mode, as both a piconet master and slave. These features allow the possibility of multi-hop routing spanning multiple connected piconets. Although multi-hop routing is theoretically possible with version 4.1, no multi-hop routing algorithm has never been presented which exploits this possibility. In this paper we propose an approach to scatternet formation and multi-hop routing for networks using BLE version 4.1. We define procedures for device discovery, communication between piconets and forming multi-hop scatternet. Our approach has the following properties, 1) it can be used with existing Bluetooth hardware, 2) the protocol is fully distributed, so global connectivity information is not required for formation and routing, and 3) it supports ad-hoc network formation. We have implemented our approach using real Bluetooth SoCs including the Broadcom BCM434x chipset which is used in the iPhone 6. Our experiments demonstrate the routing delay and throughput using networks containing different numbers of nodes in order to demonstrate the impact of network size on performance. As the network size increases, our protocol does not incur a large delay and achieves better resource utilization.", "corpus_id": 18400501}, "pos": {"sha": "006df3db364f2a6d7cc23f46d22cc63081dd70db", "title": "Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks", "abstract": "An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile hosts forming a temporary network without the aid of any established infrastructure or centralized administration. In such an environment, it may be necessary for one mobile host to enlist the aid of other hosts in forwarding a packet to its destination, due to the limited range of each mobile host\u2019s wireless transmissions. This paper presents a protocol for routing in ad hoc networks that uses dynamic source routing. The protocol adapts quickly to routing changes when host movement is frequent, yet requires little or no overhead during periods in which hosts move less frequently. Based on results from a packet-level simulation of mobile hosts operating in an ad hoc network, the protocol performs well over a variety of environmental conditions such as host density and movement rates. For all but the highest rates of host movement simulated, the overhead of the protocol is quite low, falling to just 1% of total data packets transmitted for moderate movement rates in a network of 24 mobile hosts. In all cases, the difference in length between the routes used and the optimal route lengths is negligible, and in most cases, route lengths are on average within a factor of 1.01 of optimal.", "corpus_id": 131561}, "neg": {"sha": "a7f46ae35116f4c0b3aaa1c9b46d6e79e63b56c9", "title": "The Bluetooth radio system", "abstract": "A few years ago it was recognized that the vision of a truly low-cost, low-power radio-based cable replacement was feasible. Such a ubiquitous link would provide the basis for portable devices to communicate together in an ad hoc fashion by creating personal area networks which have similar advantages to their office environment counterpart, the local area network. Bluetooth/sup TM/ is an effort by a consortium of companies to design a royalty-free technology specification enabling this vision. This article describes the radio system behind the Bluetooth concept. Designing an ad hoc radio system for worldwide usage poses several challenges. The article describes the critical system characteristics and motivates the design choices that have been made.", "corpus_id": 2929882}}, {"query": {"sha": "b7535c5d6739c1d87e81a7d79e0c491fb0c19ad6", "title": "How effective is the Grey Wolf optimizer in training multi-layer perceptrons", "abstract": "This paper employs the recently proposed Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) for training Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) for the first time. Eight standard datasets including five classification and three function-approximation datasets are utilized to benchmark the performance of the proposed method. For verification, the results are compared with some of the most well-known evolutionary trainers: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Evolution Strategy (ES), and Population-based Incremental Learning (PBIL). The statistical results prove the GWO algorithm is able to provide very competitive results in terms of improved local optima avoidance. The results also demonstrate a high level of accuracy in classification and approximation of the proposed trainer.", "corpus_id": 2008117}, "pos": {"sha": "04bf8c1643afada04369292deefee5824b919248", "title": "Chaotic Krill Herd algorithm", "abstract": "Recently, Gandomi and Alavi proposed a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm, called Krill Herd (KH). This paper introduces the chaos theory into the KH optimization process with the aim of accelerating its global convergence speed. Various chaotic maps are considered in the proposed chaotic KH (CKH) method to adjust the three main movements of the krill in the optimization process. Several test problems are utilized to evaluate the performance of CKH. The results show that the performance of CKH, with an appropriate chaotic map, is better than or comparable with the KH and other robust optimization approaches. 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "corpus_id": 113621}, "neg": {"sha": "296aed925371ec23010ddd55f782f29b24a35337", "title": "Antioxidant principles of Nelumbo nucifera stamens.", "abstract": "In our ongoing study to identity antioxidants from natural sources, the antioxidant activity of Nelumbo nucifera stamens was evaluated for their potential to scavenge stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, inhibit total reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, in kidney homogenatas using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCHF-DA), and scavenge authentic peroxynitrites (ONOO-). A methanol (MeOH) extract of the stamens of N. nucifera showed strong antioxidant activity in the ONOO- system, and marginal activity in the DPPH and total ROS systems, so were therefore fractionated with several organic solvents, such as dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH). The EtOAc soluble fraction, which exhibited strong antioxidant activity in all the model systems tested, was further purified by repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. Seven known flavonoids [kaempferol (1), kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl methylester (2), kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside (4), myricetin 3',5'-dimethylether 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6) and kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside (7)], along with beta-sitosterol glucopyranoside (8), were isolated. Compound 1 possessed good activities in all the model systems tested. Compounds 2 and 7 showed scavenging activities in the DPPH and ONOO- tests, while compounds 3 and 4 were only active in the ONOO- test. Conversely, compound 8 showed no activities in any of the model systems tested.", "corpus_id": 41789012}}, {"query": {"sha": "90196cd5472f1fd7776f5af84cbfa2b3ac56a82a", "title": "SDM: A Stripe-Based Data Migration Scheme to Improve the Scalability of RAID-6", "abstract": "In large scale data storage systems, RAID-6 has received more attention due to its capability to tolerate concurrent failures of any two disks, providing a higher level of reliability. However, a challenging issue is its scalability, or how to efficiently expand the disks. The main reason causing this problem is the typical fault tolerant scheme of most RAID-6 systems known as Maximum Distance Separable (MDS) codes, which offer data protection against disk failures with optimal storage efficiency but they are difficult to scale. To address this issue, we propose a novel Stripe-based Data Migration (SDM) scheme for large scale storage systems based on RAID-6 to achieve higher scalability. SDM is a stripe-level scheme, and the basic idea of SDM is optimizing data movements according to the future parity layout, which minimizes the overhead of data migration and parity modification. SDM scheme also provides uniform data distribution, fast data addressing and migration. We have conducted extensive mathematical analysis of applying SDM to various popular RAID-6 coding methods such as RDP, P-Code, H-Code, HDP, X-Code, and EVENODD. The results show that, compared to existing scaling approaches, SDM decreases more than 72.7% migration I/O operations and saves the migration time by up to 96.9%, which speeds up the scaling process by a factor of up to 32.", "corpus_id": 2298325}, "pos": {"sha": "1c54aa817fceb76fc2385501ee7888980586822e", "title": "HDP code: A Horizontal-Diagonal Parity Code to Optimize I/O load balancing in RAID-6", "abstract": "With higher reliability requirements in clusters and data centers, RAID-6 has gained popularity due to its capability to tolerate concurrent failures of any two disks, which has been shown to be of increasing importance in large scale storage systems. Among various implementations of erasure codes in RAID-6, a typical set of codes known as Maximum Distance Separable (MDS) codes aim to offer data protection against disk failures with optimal storage efficiency. However, because of the limitation of horizontal parity or diagonal/anti-diagonal parities used in MDS codes, storage systems based on RAID-6 suffers from unbalanced I/O and thus low performance and reliability. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a new parity called Horizontal-Diagonal Parity (HDP), which takes advantages of both horizontal and diagonal/anti-diagonal parities. The corresponding MDS code, called HDP code, distributes parity elements uniformly in each disk to balance the I/O workloads. HDP also achieves high reliability via speeding up the recovery under single or double disk failure. Our analysis shows that HDP provides better balanced I/O and higher reliability compared to other popular MDS codes.", "corpus_id": 6676091}, "neg": {"sha": "131f78dbfaf740ceec4c9a233f1e8e28386a2124", "title": "ISLES 2015 - A public evaluation benchmark for ischemic stroke lesion segmentation from multispectral MRI", "abstract": "Ischemic stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease, and its diagnosis, treatment, and study relies on non-invasive imaging. Algorithms for stroke lesion segmentation from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumes are intensely researched, but the reported results are largely incomparable due to different datasets and evaluation schemes. We approached this urgent problem of comparability with the Ischemic Stroke Lesion Segmentation (ISLES) challenge organized in conjunction with the MICCAI 2015 conference. In this paper we propose a common evaluation framework, describe the publicly available datasets, and present the results of the two sub-challenges: Sub-Acute Stroke Lesion Segmentation (SISS) and Stroke Perfusion Estimation (SPES). A total of 16 research groups participated with a wide range of state-of-the-art automatic segmentation algorithms. A thorough analysis of the obtained data enables a critical evaluation of the current state-of-the-art, recommendations for further developments, and the identification of remaining challenges. The segmentation of acute perfusion lesions addressed in SPES was found to be feasible. However, algorithms applied to sub-acute lesion segmentation in SISS still lack accuracy. Overall, no algorithmic characteristic of any method was found to perform superior to the others. Instead, the characteristics of stroke lesion appearances, their evolution, and the observed challenges should be studied in detail. The annotated ISLES image datasets continue to be publicly available through an online evaluation system to serve as an ongoing benchmarking resource (www.isles-challenge.org).", "corpus_id": 206870364}}, {"query": {"sha": "14fbc17a490fa80522bdf99ce9fdf60449692d3f", "title": "Assessing Internet Enabled Business Value : An Exploratory Investigation ?", "abstract": "While the focus of electronic commerce has often been on \u201cdot coms\u201d or pure Internet based companies, a major transformation is under way in many traditional \u201cbricks-and-mortar\u201d organizations. The latter are investing heavily in Internet based technologies and applications in order to attain new heights of efficiency, productivity and business value. While anecdotes in the business press suggest that some firms have achieved unprecedented performance gains by leveraging the Internet, there is no systematic evidence in the Information Technology (IT) productivity or business value literature regarding the payoffs from Internet enabled business initiatives. We propose an exploratory model of electronic business value involving IT applications, processes, business partner readiness, and operational and financial performance measures. This model is rooted in IT business value and productivity research, and is empirically tested with data from over 1000 firms in manufacturing, retail, distribution and wholesale sectors. We find that electronic business initiatives involving customer-facing technologies lead to operational excellence in customer interactions and improved financial performance. Further, supplier related operational excellence is a key determinant of customer excellence, suggesting the related nature of customer and supplier related performance. Customer and supplier readiness to engage in online business have strong positive impacts on customer and supplier related operational excellence respectively, indicating the need for all entities in a value chain to simultaneously adopt Internet applications and business practices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to address the business value of Internet initiatives.", "corpus_id": 9515374}, "pos": {"sha": "e8402b65103442e2517982e5e3eb330f72886731", "title": "Strategic Alignment: Leveraging Information Technology for Transforming Organizations", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 2372874}, "neg": {"sha": "d5cc52b69018352fcf715435c573f5ea1a245303", "title": "Intramedullary k-wire fixation of metacarpal fractures", "abstract": "The majority of metacarpal fractures can be treated conservatively. Nevertheless, surgical treatment is justified in certain cases. Palmar dislocation of >30\u00b0 and shortening of >5\u00a0mm will significantly affect extension and flexion of the hand. Consequently, surgical treatment is indicated. The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical results of intramedullary Kirschner-wire fixation of metacarpal fractures. In a retrospective study we analyzed the clinical results of 35 patients with metacarpal fractures that had been treated by closed reduction and elastic fixation with at least two intramedullary k-wires. Most of the patients were young, with good bone quality and low anesthetic risk, and they had suffered the fractures as a result of a direct trauma. Predominantly uncomplicated, the fractures were metaphyseal, subcapital and of the fifth metacarpal bone (750.3-B1 fractures). Surgical treatment was indicated for a palmar axis dislocation of >20\u00b0 or if a rotatory deficiency was present. Metacarpal joint function and correction of rotatory displacement could be assessed on median after a period of 1.1\u00a0year. In 34 patients flexion and extension was normal on both sides. In one patient we found an extension deficiency of 15\u00b0 and a rotatory deficiency of 10\u00b0. In 34 out 35 patients with metacarpal fractures, minimally invasive intramedullary k-wire osteosynthesis resulted in complete restoration. Intramedullary k-wire fixation is a minimally invasive method for stabilizing metacarpal fractures. The excellent long-term clinical results are due to the fact that the gliding tissue around the fracture will not be affected at all by the surgical procedure.", "corpus_id": 2170689}}, {"query": {"sha": "9ea558355c355ec4fb4ccde0035e244c5cd528a0", "title": "Self-Sorting Map: An Efficient Algorithm for Presenting Multimedia Data in Structured Layouts", "abstract": "This paper presents the Self-Sorting Map (SSM), a novel algorithm for organizing and presenting multimedia data. Given a set of data items and a dissimilarity measure between each pair of them, the SSM places each item into a unique cell of a structured layout, where the most related items are placed together and the unrelated ones are spread apart. The algorithm integrates ideas from dimension reduction, sorting, and data clustering algorithms. Instead of solving the continuous optimization problem that other dimension reduction approaches do, the SSM transforms it into a discrete labeling problem. As a result, it can organize a set of data into a structured layout without overlap, providing a simple and intuitive presentation. The algorithm is designed for sorting all data items in parallel, making it possible to arrange millions of items in seconds. Experiments on different types of data demonstrate the SSM's versatility in a variety of applications, ranging from positioning city names by proximities to presenting images according to visual similarities, to visualizing semantic relatedness between Wikipedia articles.", "corpus_id": 26446549}, "pos": {"sha": "385dcc1480e341435b1aa7b7a523b4c7d9563b95", "title": "An Efficient k-Means Clustering Algorithm: Analysis and Implementation", "abstract": "\u00d0In k-means clustering, we are given a set of n data points in d-dimensional space R and an integer k and the problem is to determine a set of k points in R, called centers, so as to minimize the mean squared distance from each data point to its nearest center. A popular heuristic for k-means clustering is Lloyd's algorithm. In this paper, we present a simple and efficient implementation of Lloyd's k-means clustering algorithm, which we call the filtering algorithm. This algorithm is easy to implement, requiring a kd-tree as the only major data structure. We establish the practical efficiency of the filtering algorithm in two ways. First, we present a data-sensitive analysis of the algorithm's running time, which shows that the algorithm runs faster as the separation between clusters increases. Second, we present a number of empirical studies both on synthetically generated data and on real data sets from applications in color quantization, data compression, and image segmentation. Index Terms\u00d0Pattern recognition, machine learning, data mining, k-means clustering, nearest-neighbor searching, k-d tree, computational geometry, knowledge discovery.", "corpus_id": 12003435}, "neg": {"sha": "0cf8443bcb14cfd6ac5bcf0e3775c0aad45558b4", "title": "CRAFT Objects from Images", "abstract": "Object detection is a fundamental problem in image understanding. One popular solution is the R-CNN framework [15] and its fast versions [14, 27]. They decompose the object detection problem into two cascaded easier tasks: 1) generating object proposals from images, 2) classifying proposals into various object categories. Despite that we are handling with two relatively easier tasks, they are not solved perfectly and there's still room for improvement. In this paper, we push the \"divide and conquer\" solution even further by dividing each task into two sub-tasks. We call the proposed method \"CRAFT\" (Cascade Regionproposal-network And FasT-rcnn), which tackles each task with a carefully designed network cascade. We show that the cascade structure helps in both tasks: in proposal generation, it provides more compact and better localized object proposals, in object classification, it reduces false positives (mainly between ambiguous categories) by capturing both inter-and intra-category variances. CRAFT achieves consistent and considerable improvement over the state-of the-art on object detection benchmarks like PASCAL VOC 07/12 and ILSVRC.", "corpus_id": 3203206}}, {"query": {"sha": "3135d3faa24c516ea0ac68acaa3c9d1c7bb6b268", "title": "A novel SIW six-port junction", "abstract": "Two architectures of a substrate integrated waveguide six-port junctions operating at 1.8 - 3.2 GHz were designed, simulated and compared at a center frequency of 2.45 GHz. The two structures composed of quadrature couplers were performed within an HFSS environment based on the finite element method (FEM) and printed on a Roger RT/duroid 6010. Simulation results of the SIW six-port junction without micro-strip lines showed much better performance than the other structure.", "corpus_id": 28474513}, "pos": {"sha": "cd97edd9bad08b89e4711747cf0193e9d9b3bb00", "title": "Feasibility Investigation of Low Cost Substrate Integrated Waveguide ( SIW ) Directional Couplers", "abstract": "In this paper, the feasibility of Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) couplers, fabricated using single-layer TACONIC RF-35 dielectric substrate is investigated. The couplers have been produced employing a standard PCB process. The choice of the TACONIC RF-35 substrate as alternative to other conventional materials is motivated by its lower cost and high dielectric constant, allowing the reduction of the device size. The coupler requirements are 90-degree phase shift between the output and the coupled ports and frequency bandwidth from about 10.5 GHz to 12.5 GHz. The design and optimization of the couplers have been performed by using the software CST Microwave Studio c \u00a9. Eight different coupler configurations have been designed and compared. The better three couplers have been fabricated and characterized. The proposed SIW directional couplers could be integrated within more complex planar circuits or utilized as stand-alone devices, because of their compact size. They exhibit good performance and could be employed in communication applications as broadcast signal distribution and as key elements for the construction of other microwave devices and systems.", "corpus_id": 15065254}, "neg": {"sha": "872c7ec85d172d9409a476e122cb69f63a961672", "title": "The ventricular tachycardia score: a novel approach to electrocardiographic diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia.", "abstract": "AIMS\nElectrocardiographic diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardia (WCT) continues to be challenging as none one of the available methods is specific for ventricular tachycardia (VT) diagnosis. We aimed to construct a method for WCT differentiation based on a scoring system, in which ECGs are graded according to the number of VT-specific features. This novel method was validated and compared with Brugada algorithm and other methods.\n\n\nMETHODS AND RESULTS\nA total of 786 WCTs (512 VTs) from 587 consecutive patients with a proven diagnosis were analysed by two blinded observers. The VT score method was based on seven ECG features: initial R wave in V1, initial r > 40 ms in V1/V2, notched S in V1, initial R in aVR, lead II R wave peak time \u226550 ms, no RS in V1-V6, and atrioventricular dissociation. Atrioventricular dissociation was assigned two points, and each of the other features was assigned one point. The overall accuracy of VT score \u22651 for VT diagnosis (83%) was higher than that of the aVR (72%, P = 0.001) and Brugada (81%) algorithms. Ventricular tachycardia score \u22653 was present in 66% of VTs and was more specific (99.6%) than any other algorithm/criterion for VT diagnosis. Ventricular tachycardia score \u22654 was present in 33% of VTs and was 100% specific for VT.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThe new ECG-based method provides a certain diagnosis of VT in the majority of patients with VT, identifies unequivocal ECGs, and has superior overall diagnostic accuracy to other ECG methods.", "corpus_id": 205059528}}, {"query": {"sha": "182e3558c19dde7c479323877074e56488749e48", "title": "Sarcasm as Contrast between a Positive Sentiment and Negative Situation", "abstract": "A common form of sarcasm on Twitter consists of a positive sentiment contrasted with a negative situation. For example, many sarcastic tweets include a positive sentiment, such as \u201clove\u201d or \u201cenjoy\u201d, followed by an expression that describes an undesirable activity or state (e.g., \u201ctaking exams\u201d or \u201cbeing ignored\u201d). We have developed a sarcasm recognizer to identify this type of sarcasm in tweets. We present a novel bootstrapping algorithm that automatically learns lists of positive sentiment phrases and negative situation phrases from sarcastic tweets. We show that identifying contrasting contexts using the phrases learned through bootstrapping yields improved recall for sarcasm recognition.", "corpus_id": 10168779}, "pos": {"sha": "55e36d6b45c91a0daa49234bd47b856470d6825c", "title": "Identifying Sarcasm in Twitter: A Closer Look", "abstract": "Sarcasm transforms the polarity of an apparently positive or negative utterance into its opposite. We report on a method for constructing a corpus of sarcastic Twitter messages in which determination of the sarcasm of each message has been made by its author. We use this reliable corpus to compare sarcastic utterances in Twitter to utterances that express positive or negative attitudes without sarcasm. We investigate the impact of lexical and pragmatic factors on machine learning effectiveness for identifying sarcastic utterances and we compare the performance of machine learning techniques and human judges on this task. Perhaps unsurprisingly, neither the human judges nor the machine learning techniques perform very well.", "corpus_id": 15244007}, "neg": {"sha": "4b61acf4efbd48db013ff6702a9e9ea97c4ef681", "title": "Smart Manufacturing Standardization: Reference Model and Standards Framework", "abstract": "With the progress of world trade and globalization, and the development of information & communication technology (ICT) and industrial technology, manufacturing pattern and technology are now facing a turning point. In order to realize economic transformation, the Chinese government published China Manufacturing 2025 national strategy; German government published Industry 4.0; and American government proposed Re-industrialization and Industrial Internet. All of these mentioned strategies have a key topic: smart manufacturing. In order to present a systematic standard solution for smart manufacturing, standardization organizations of China, Germany and US published standards landscapes or roadmaps. This paper compares these smart manufacturing standardization architectures and methodology, develops a reference model for smart manufacturing standards development and implementation. At the end of the paper, a standards framework is presented.", "corpus_id": 32300470}}, {"query": {"sha": "798b456df852ba12af948cba4dfd7383ba4499a7", "title": "How Privacy Flaws Affect Consumer Perception", "abstract": "We examine how consumers perceive publicized instances of privacy flaws and private information data breaches.Using three real-world privacy breach incidents, we study how these flaws affected consumers' future purchasing behavior and perspective on a company's trustworthiness. We investigate whether despite a lack of widespread privacy enhancing technology (PET) usage, consumers are taking some basic security precautions when making purchasing decisions. We survey 600participants on three well-known privacy breaches. Our results show that, in general, consumers are less likely to purchase products that had experienced some form of privacy breach.We find evidence of a slight bias toward giving products the consumers owned themselves more leeway, as suggested by the endowment effect hypothesis.", "corpus_id": 775749}, "pos": {"sha": "2390d0ba96c89d60a15e1940c80a05f026508a39", "title": "The Effect of Internet Security Breach Announcements on Market Value: Capital Market Reactions for Breached Firms and Internet Security Developers", "abstract": "Assessing the value of information technology (IT) security is challenging because of the difficulty of measuring the cost of security breaches. An event-study analysis, using market valuations, was used to assess the impact of security breaches on the market value of breached firms. The information-transfer effect of security breaches (i.e., their effect on the market value of firms that develop security technology) was also studied. The results show that announcing an Internet security breach is negatively associated with the market value of the announcing firm. The breached firms in the sample lost, on average, 2.1 percent of their market value within two days of the announcement\u2014an average loss in market capitalization of $1.65 billion per breach. Firm type, firm size, and the year the breach occurred help explain the cross-sectional variations in abnormal returns produced by security breaches. The effects of security breaches are not restricted to the breached firms. The market value of security developers is positively associated with the disclosure of security breaches by other firms. The security developers in the sample realized an average abnormal return of 1.36 percent during the two-day period after the announcement\u2014an average gain of $1.06 billion in two days. The study suggests that the cost of poor security is very high for investors.", "corpus_id": 10753015}, "neg": {"sha": "882601daa429092f6fbfa3be7478481dd65ba8f8", "title": "AI Planning and Combinatorial Optimization for Web Service Composition in Cloud Computing", "abstract": "In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in web service composition due to its importance in practical applications. At the same time, cloud computing is gradually evolving as a widely used computing platform where many different web services are published and available in cloud data centers. The issue is that traditional service composition methods mainly focus on how to find service composition sequence in a single cloud, but not from a multi-cloud service base. It is challenging to efficiently find a composition solution in a multiple cloud base because it involves not only service composition but also combinatorial optimization. In this paper, we first propose a framework of service composition in multi-cloud base environments. Next, three different cloud combination methods are presented to select a cloud combination subject to not only finding feasible composition sequence, but also containing minimum clouds. Experimental results show that a proposed method based on artificial intelligence (AI) planning and combinatorial optimization can more effectively and efficiently find sub-optimal cloud combinations.", "corpus_id": 15985133}}, {"query": {"sha": "6124d347f897dce8edf6398dd5c99e13a89f2bd7", "title": "A Tensor Based Deep Learning Technique for Intelligent Packet Routing", "abstract": "Recently, network operators are confronting the challenge of exploding traffic and more complex network environments due to the increasing number of access terminals having various requirements for delay and package loss rate. However, traditional routing methods based on the maximum or minimum single metric value aim at improving the network quality of only one aspect, which makes them become incapable to deal with the increasingly complicated network traffic. Considering the improvement of deep learning techniques in recent years, in this paper, we propose a smart packet routing strategy with Tensor-based Deep Belief Architectures (TDBAs) that considers multiple parameters of network traffic. For better modeling the data in TDBAs, we use the tensors to represent the units in every layer as well as the weights and biases. The proposed TDBAs can be trained to predict the whole paths for every edge router. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposal outperforms the conventional Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol in terms of overall packet loss rate and average delay per hop.", "corpus_id": 29407383}, "pos": {"sha": "2bbbc937de355cc2971433d5c67cd984d5472fe2", "title": "Deep Architecture for Traffic Flow Prediction: Deep Belief Networks With Multitask Learning", "abstract": "Traffic flow prediction is a fundamental problem in transportation modeling and management. Many existing approaches fail to provide favorable results due to being: 1) shallow in architecture; 2) hand engineered in features; and 3) separate in learning. In this paper we propose a deep architecture that consists of two parts, i.e., a deep belief network (DBN) at the bottom and a multitask regression layer at the top. A DBN is employed here for unsupervised feature learning. It can learn effective features for traffic flow prediction in an unsupervised fashion, which has been examined and found to be effective for many areas such as image and audio classification. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that applies the deep learning approach to transportation research. To incorporate multitask learning (MTL) in our deep architecture, a multitask regression layer is used above the DBN for supervised prediction. We further investigate homogeneous MTL and heterogeneous MTL for traffic flow prediction. To take full advantage of weight sharing in our deep architecture, we propose a grouping method based on the weights in the top layer to make MTL more effective. Experiments on transportation data sets show good performance of our deep architecture. Abundant experiments show that our approach achieved close to 5% improvements over the state of the art. It is also presented that MTL can improve the generalization performance of shared tasks. These positive results demonstrate that deep learning and MTL are promising in transportation research.", "corpus_id": 16673459}, "neg": {"sha": "24299620f5b394f962b516578dafd3acc8b0a107", "title": "A Rule-Based Relation Extraction System using DBpedia and Syntactic Parsing", "abstract": "In this paper, we present a rule-based relation extraction approach which uses DBpedia and linguistic information provided by the syntactic parser Fips. Our goal is twofold: (i) the morpho-syntactic patterns are defined using the syntactic parser Fips to identify relations between named entities (ii) the RDF triples extracted from DBpedia are used to improve RE task by creating gazetteer relations. NEBHI, Kamel. A Rule-Based Relation Extraction System using DBpedia and Syntactic Parsing. In: Proceedings of the NLP-DBPEDIA-2013 Workshop co-located with the 12th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2013). 2013.", "corpus_id": 18404395}}, {"query": {"sha": "4f56ed49a53ebb054fc66e585295ee82b3781df9", "title": "Frequency and voltage droop control of parallel inverters in microgrid", "abstract": "The distributed generation units are connected to microgrid through an interfacing inverter. Interfaced inverter plays main role in the operating performance of microgrid. In this paper, interfaced parallel inverter control using an P-F/Q-V droop control was investigated, when microgrid operated in islanded mode. In islanding mode the inverter droop control should maintain voltage and frequency stability. The droop control for parallel inverters is implemented and the proportional load sharing is obtained from each individual inverter. Droop control of inverter is simulated on Matlab/Simulink, the results indicate droop control has a significant effect on balancing the voltage magnitude, frequency and power sharing.", "corpus_id": 27991641}, "pos": {"sha": "a9a9e64bba4d015b73a01dc96c3af7cdb5169219", "title": "Adaptive Droop Control Applied to Voltage-Source Inverters Operating in Grid-Connected and Islanded Modes", "abstract": "This paper proposes a novel control for voltage-source inverters with the capability to flexibly operate in grid-connected and islanded modes. The control scheme is based on the droop method, which uses some estimated grid parameters such as the voltage and frequency and the magnitude and angle of the grid impedance. Hence, the inverter is able to inject independently active and reactive power to the grid. The controller provides a proper dynamics decoupled from the grid-impedance magnitude and phase. The system is also able to control active and reactive power flows independently for a large range of impedance grid values. Simulation and experimental results are provided in order to show the feasibility of the control proposed.", "corpus_id": 3339039}, "neg": {"sha": "47c5870d404133ced4ab1172ebea190f03f84a22", "title": "The use of entropy to measure structural diversity", "abstract": "In this paper entropy based methods are compared and used to measure structural diversity of an ensemble of 21 classifiers. This measure is mostly applied in ecology, whereby species counts are used as a measure of diversity. The measures used were Shannon entropy, Simpsons and the Berger Parker diversity indexes. As the diversity indexes increased so did the accuracy of the ensemble. An ensemble dominated by classifiers with the same structure produced poor accuracy. Uncertainty rule from information theory was also used to further define diversity. Genetic algorithms were used to find the optimal ensemble by using the diversity indices as the cost function. The method of voting was used to aggregate the decisions.", "corpus_id": 5818734}}, {"query": {"sha": "88605c7c2efcafc41827aa0f63edbc0cccfbbfad", "title": "Rnnotator: an automated de novo transcriptome assembly pipeline from stranded RNA-Seq reads", "abstract": "Comprehensive annotation and quantification of transcriptomes are outstanding problems in functional genomics. While high throughput mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) has emerged as a powerful tool for addressing these problems, its success is dependent upon the availability and quality of reference genome sequences, thus limiting the organisms to which it can be applied. Here, we describe Rnnotator, an automated software pipeline that generates transcript models by de novo assembly of RNA-Seq data without the need for a reference genome. We have applied the Rnnotator assembly pipeline to two yeast transcriptomes and compared the results to the reference gene catalogs of these organisms. The contigs produced by Rnnotator are highly accurate (95%) and reconstruct full-length genes for the majority of the existing gene models (54.3%). Furthermore, our analyses revealed many novel transcribed regions that are absent from well annotated genomes, suggesting Rnnotator serves as a complementary approach to analysis based on a reference genome for comprehensive transcriptomics. These results demonstrate that the Rnnotator pipeline is able to reconstruct full-length transcripts in the absence of a complete reference genome.", "corpus_id": 927069}, "pos": {"sha": "1e2ac9587c9a57a49583990602142c84b3f19625", "title": "Computation for ChIP-seq and RNA-seq studies", "abstract": "Genome-wide measurements of protein-DNA interactions and transcriptomes are increasingly done by deep DNA sequencing methods (ChIP-seq and RNA-seq). The power and richness of these counting-based measurements comes at the cost of routinely handling tens to hundreds of millions of reads. Whereas early adopters necessarily developed their own custom computer code to analyze the first ChIP-seq and RNA-seq datasets, a new generation of more sophisticated algorithms and software tools are emerging to assist in the analysis phase of these projects. Here we describe the multilayered analyses of ChIP-seq and RNA-seq datasets, discuss the software packages currently available to perform tasks at each layer and describe some upcoming challenges and features for future analysis tools. We also discuss how software choices and uses are affected by specific aspects of the underlying biology and data structure, including genome size, positional clustering of transcription factor binding sites, transcript discovery and expression quantification.", "corpus_id": 9496853}, "neg": {"sha": "11ae0814c38df9eb8c709ba530d5340d77a23de4", "title": "Genome-wide mapping of in vivo protein-DNA interactions.", "abstract": "In vivo protein-DNA interactions connect each transcription factor with its direct targets to form a gene network scaffold. To map these protein-DNA interactions comprehensively across entire mammalian genomes, we developed a large-scale chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIPSeq) based on direct ultrahigh-throughput DNA sequencing. This sequence census method was then used to map in vivo binding of the neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF; also known as REST, for repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor) to 1946 locations in the human genome. The data display sharp resolution of binding position [+/-50 base pairs (bp)], which facilitated our finding motifs and allowed us to identify noncanonical NRSF-binding motifs. These ChIPSeq data also have high sensitivity and specificity [ROC (receiver operator characteristic) area >/= 0.96] and statistical confidence (P <10(-4)), properties that were important for inferring new candidate interactions. These include key transcription factors in the gene network that regulates pancreatic islet cell development.", "corpus_id": 519841}}, {"query": {"sha": "4ac7328432243192caa6d838106d097f8e770290", "title": "Implementing a Rating-Based Item-to-Item Recommender System in PHP/SQL", "abstract": "User personalization and profiling is key to many succesful Web sites. Consider that there is considerable free content on the Web, but comparatively few tools to help us organize or mine such content for specific purposes. One solution is to ask users to rate resources so that they can help each other find better content: we call this rating-based collaborative filtering. This paper presents a database-driven approach to item-to-item collaborative filtering which is both easy to implement and can support a full range of applications.", "corpus_id": 16509380}, "pos": {"sha": "142457c5bad8337342302b0b997517317b84a11c", "title": "Slope One Predictors for Online Rating-Based Collaborative Filtering", "abstract": "Rating-based collaborative filtering is the process of predicting how a user would rate a given item from other user ratings. We propose three related slope one schemes with predictors of the form f (x) = x + b, which precompute the average difference between the ratings of one item and another for users who rated both. Slope one algorithms are easy to implement, efficient to query, reasonably accurate, and they support both online queries and dynamic updates, which makes them good candidates for real-world systems. The basic SLOPE ONE scheme is suggested as a new reference scheme for collaborative filtering. By factoring in items that a user liked separately from items that a user disliked, we achieve results competitive with slower memorybased schemes over the standard benchmark EachMovie and Movielens data sets while better fulfilling the desiderata of CF applications.", "corpus_id": 2361137}, "neg": {"sha": "7b3e3bc54d597ccd44374f4d77a1da04b0e1f909", "title": "RFID Circuit Design with Optimized CMOS Inductor for Monitoring Biomedical Signals", "abstract": "RFID is evolving as a major technology enabler for identifying and tracking goods. RFID applications in biomedical area not only need to detect but also require monitoring and transmitting vital signals like the electrocardiogram (and heartbeat), blood pressure, body temperature, etc. The basic building blocks of an RFID tag for biomedical application are studied. The sizing and powering up of the tags are critical issues and this paper mainly focuses on the design and optimization of the inductor for an RFID circuit. UHF is chosen for this application mainly because of the practical values of inductance that can be realized in CMOS chip to operate at this operating frequency. The layout parameters of inductor are optimized for a maximum Q-factor value at the desired frequency. Using the optimized inductor, the functioning of the important blocks of an RFID tag such as power feeding circuit, heartbeat detection circuit as well as the modulation circuit is verified. This work would be very relevant for the remote monitoring of biomedical signals.", "corpus_id": 14364470}}, {"query": {"sha": "d2657ded9605ea0ccd96224013c9ae007f50ddc9", "title": "ASAP: A Self-Adaptive Prediction System for Instant Cloud Resource Demand Provisioning", "abstract": "The promise of cloud computing is to provide computing resources instantly whenever they are needed. The state-of-art virtual machine (VM) provisioning technology can provision a VM in tens of minutes. This latency is unacceptable for jobs that need to scale out during computation. To truly enable on-the-fly scaling, new VM needs to be ready in seconds upon request. In this paper, We present an online temporal data mining system called ASAP, to model and predict the cloud VM demands. ASAP aims to extract high level characteristics from VM provisioning request stream and notify the provisioning system to prepare VMs in advance. For quantification issue, we propose Cloud Prediction Cost to encodes the cost and constraints of the cloud and guide the training of prediction algorithms. Moreover, we utilize a two-level ensemble method to capture the characteristics of the high transient demands time series. Experimental results using historical data from an IBM cloud in operation demonstrate that ASAP significantly improves the cloud service quality and provides possibility for on-the-fly provisioning.", "corpus_id": 6469915}, "pos": {"sha": "8aa09720221bdeef43e150fc7f6896f71600fb86", "title": "The cost of a cloud: research problems in data center networks", "abstract": "The data centers used to create cloud services represent a significant investment in capital outlay and ongoing costs. Accordingly, we first examine the costs of cloud service data centers today. The cost breakdown reveals the importance of optimizing work completed per dollar invested. Unfortunately, the resources inside the data centers often operate at low utilization due to resource stranding and fragmentation. To attack this first problem, we propose (1) increasing network agility, and (2) providing appropriate incentives to shape resource consumption. Second, we note that cloud service providers are building out geo-distributed networks of data centers. Geo-diversity lowers latency to users and increases reliability in the presence of an outage taking out an entire site. However, without appropriate design and management, these geo-diverse data center networks can raise the cost of providing service. Moreover, leveraging geo-diversity requires services be designed to benefit from it. To attack this problem, we propose (1) joint optimization of network and data center resources, and (2) new systems and mechanisms for geo-distributing state.", "corpus_id": 4410540}, "neg": {"sha": "b76bbddf92d247705c839436b5836081ab0add8a", "title": "The Indexing and Retrieval of Document Images: A Survey", "abstract": "The economic feasibility of maintaining large databases of document images has created a tremendous demand for robust ways to access and manipulate the information these images contain. In an attempt to move toward a paper-less o ce, large quantities of printed documents are often scanned and archived as images, without adequate index information. One way to provide traditional database indexing and retrieval capabilities is to fully convert the document to an electronic representation which can be indexed automatically. Unfortunately, there are many factors which prohibit complete conversion including high cost, low document quality, and the fact that many non-text components cannot be adequately represented in a converted form. In such cases, it can be advantageous to maintain a copy of and use the document in image form. In this paper, we provide a survey of methods developed by researchers to access and manipulate document images without the need for complete and accurate conversion. We brie y discuss traditional text indexing techniques on imperfect data and the retrieval of partially converted documents. This is followed by a more comprehensive review of techniques for the direct characterization, manipulation and retrieval, of images of documents containing text, graphics and scene images. The support of this research by the Department of Defense under contract MDA 9049-6C-1250 is gratefully acknowledged.", "corpus_id": 11498408}}, {"query": {"sha": "f8a7b00b707ac908914852ab4c463aefbf1433c6", "title": "High-Isolation CMOS T/R Switch Design Using a Two-Stage Equivalent Transmission Line Structure", "abstract": "A fully integrated Ku-band transmit/receive (T/R) switch based on a two-stage equivalent transmission line structure has been designed using a 180-nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. An analysis shows a relation between the series inductance and turn-on resistance for high isolation. A stack structure with feed-forward capacitors was chosen as a means of improving the power-handling capability of the switch. A low insertion loss (IL) of the switch was achieved by eliminating series transistors. The measured minimum ILs of the switch in the transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) modes are 2.7 dB and 2.3 dB, respectively. The measured isolations in the TX and RX modes are greater than 34 and 25 dB, respectively, from 15 to 18 GHz. The design reaches a measured input 1-dB power compression point ( $IP_{1}dB$ ) of 22 dBm at 17 GHz. The switch achieves stringent isolation, insertion loss, and power-handling capability requirements along with the capability of full integration, demonstrating its great potential for use in fully integrated CMOS T/R chips.", "corpus_id": 28320277}, "pos": {"sha": "c9996c130e151fccb3e9a846b71b15b8838c5a27", "title": "Ultra-Compact High-Linearity High-Power Fully Integrated DC\u201320-GHz 0.18-$\\mu{\\hbox {m}}$ CMOS T/R Switch", "abstract": "A fully integrated ultra-broadband transmit/receive (T/R) switch has been developed using nMOS transistors with a deep n-well in a standard 0.18-mum CMOS process, and demonstrates unprecedented insertion loss, isolation, power handling, and linearity. The new CMOS T/R switch exploits patterned-ground-shield on-chip inductors together with MOSFET's parasitic capacitances to synthesize artificial transmission lines, which result in low insertion loss over an extremely wide bandwidth. Negative bias to the bulk or positive bias to the drain of the MOSFET devices with floating bulk is used to reduce effects of the parasitic diodes, leading to enhanced linearity and power handling for the switch. Within dc-10, 10-18, and 18-20 GHz, the developed CMOS T/R switch exhibits insertion loss of less than 0.7, 1.0, and 2.5 dB and isolation between 32-60, 25-32, and 25-27 dB, respectively. The measured 1-dB power compression point and input third-order intercept point reach as high as 26.2 and 41 dBm, respectively. The new CMOS T/R switch has a die area of only 230 mumtimes250 mum. The achieved ultra-broadband performance and high power-handling capability, approaching those achieved in GaAs-based T/R switches, along with the full-integration ability confirm the usefulness of switches in CMOS technology, and demonstrate their great potential for many broadband CMOS radar and communication applications", "corpus_id": 14272961}, "neg": {"sha": "36dec5f23a63bc701fee46610ee68b81080878cd", "title": "Domain-independent sentence type classification: examining the scenarios of scientific abstracts and scrum protocols", "abstract": "The amount of available textual information in everybody's daily environment is increasing steadily. To satisfy a user's information needs, the user has to examine numerous documents until the required information has been found. Additionally, the relevant information is often contained in only short sections of the considered documents. This leads to a high amount of irrelevant text the user has to read what could be solved by filtering relevant information within textual documents automatically. In this article we present our findings on the classification of sentences according to the type of information contained. Our evaluation has been conducted on documents from the field of abstracts of scientific publications and protocols of Scrum retrospective meetings. The results show the feasibility of our approach for finding a higher percentage of relevant information within textual documents and hence reducing the information overload for the users.", "corpus_id": 11096449}}, {"query": {"sha": "bc37b473630a2cdeee25c0b862202951ec2e6e0a", "title": "CORPP: Commonsense Reasoning and Probabilistic Planning, as Applied to Dialog with a Mobile Robot", "abstract": "In order to be fully robust and responsive to a dynamically changing real-world environment, intelligent robots will need to engage in a variety of simultaneous reasoning modalities. In particular, in this paper we consider their needs to i) reason with commonsense knowledge, ii) model their nondeterministic action outcomes and partial observability, and iii) plan toward maximizing long-term rewards. On one hand, Answer Set Programming (ASP) is good at representing and reasoning with commonsense and default knowledge, but is ill-equipped to plan under probabilistic uncertainty. On the other hand, Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) are strong at planning under uncertainty toward maximizing long-term rewards, but are not designed to incorporate commonsense knowledge and inference. This paper introduces the CORPP algorithm which combines Plog, a probabilistic extension of ASP, with POMDPs to integrate commonsense reasoning with planning under uncertainty. Our approach is fully implemented and tested on a shopping request identification problem both in simulation and on a real robot. Compared with existing approaches using P-log or POMDPs individually, we observe significant improvements in both efficiency and accuracy.", "corpus_id": 7935891}, "pos": {"sha": "1cb0954115b1e2350627d9bfcab33cc44b635f15", "title": "Markov logic networks", "abstract": "We propose a simple approach to combining first-order logic and probabilistic graphical models in a single representation. A Markov logic network (MLN) is a first-order knowledge base with a weight attached to each formula (or clause). Together with a set of constants representing objects in the domain, it specifies a ground Markov network containing one feature for each possible grounding of a first-order formula in the KB, with the corresponding weight. Inference in MLNs is performed by MCMC over the minimal subset of the ground network required for answering the query. Weights are efficiently learned from relational databases by iteratively optimizing a pseudo-likelihood measure. Optionally, additional clauses are learned using inductive logic programming techniques. Experiments with a real-world database and knowledge base in a university domain illustrate the promise of this approach.", "corpus_id": 12698795}, "neg": {"sha": "0e4d18f396a9d68a9505a1fc7f7b70e1009fc491", "title": "Content-based image retrieval systems: A survey", "abstract": "In many areas of commerce, government, academia, and hospitals, large collections of digital images are being created. Many of these collections are the product of digitizing existing collections of analogue photographs, diagrams, drawings, paintings, and prints. Usually, the only way of searching these collections was by keyword indexing, or simply by browsing. Digital images databases however, open the way to content-based searching. In this paper we survey some technical aspects of current content-based image retrieval systems. A number of other overviews on image database systems, image retrieval, or multimedia information systems have been published, see e.g. [TY84], [Gro94], [GR95], [Jai96], [EG99], [RHC99]. This survey however, is about the functionality of temporary image retrieval systems in terms of technical aspects: querying, relevance feedback, features, matching, indexing data structures, and result presentation. A number of keyword-based general WWW search engines allows to indicate that the media type must be images, see for example HotBot (http://hotbot.lycos.com/), and NBCi (http://www.nci.com/). A number of other general search engines are more speci cally for images, such as Yahoo!'s Image Surfer (http://isurf.yahoo.com/) or the multimedia searcher of Lycos (http://multimedia.lycos.com/), but they are still only keyword based. There are many special image collections on the web that can be searched with a number of alphanumerical keys. For example, ImageFinder (http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/ImageFinder/) provides a list of such collections as a tool to help teachers locate historical photographs from collections around the world. AltaVista Photo nder (see below) is a search engine that allows content-based image retrieval, both from special collections, and from the Web. In the remainder of this paper, we will give an overview of such content-based image retrieval systems, both commercial/production systems, and research/demonstration systems.", "corpus_id": 10757073}}, {"query": {"sha": "ee79c3df315286ce5c67bd4345f29a3ebb6ed969", "title": "Heightened stress responsiveness and emotional reactivity during pubertal maturation: implications for psychopathology.", "abstract": "The onset of adolescence, and more specifically the advent of pubertal maturation, represents a key developmental window for understanding the emergence of psychopathology in youth. The papers in this special section examine normative differences in the neurobiology of stress and emotional functioning over the peripubertal period. The work in this special section helps to fill in gaps in our understanding of key mechanisms that may contribute to increased vulnerabilities in behavioral and psychiatric morbidity during this developmental period.", "corpus_id": 13747147}, "pos": {"sha": "cf292aabdd708cd8bd510f99cd92621a6660597f", "title": "Brain Activation during Face Perception: Evidence of a Developmental Change", "abstract": "Behavioral studies suggest that children under age 10 process faces using a piecemeal strategy based on individual distinctive facial features, whereas older children use a configural strategy based on the spatial relations among the face's features. The purpose of this study was to determine whether activation of the fusiform gyrus, which is involved in face processing in adults, is greater during face processing in older children (1214 years) than in younger children (8 10 years). Functional MRI scans were obtained while children viewed faces and houses. A developmental change was observed: Older children, but not younger children, showed significantly more activation in bilateral fusiform gyri for faces than for houses. Activation in the fusiform gyrus correlated significantly with age and with a behavioral measure of configural face processing. Regions believed to be involved in processing basic facial features were activated in both younger and older children. Some evidence was also observed for greater activation for houses versus faces for the older children than for the younger children, suggesting that processing of these two stimulus types becomes more differentiated as children age. The current results provide biological insight into changes in visual processing of faces that occur with normal development.", "corpus_id": 18064034}, "neg": {"sha": "9288441325b7bdf7feb3e84a5bca3b722c3e2958", "title": "3D integration technologies for a planar dual band active array in Ka-band", "abstract": "In this paper, the concept and 3D integration technologies for a dual band e-scan antenna system for mobile satellite communications are presented. The antenna architecture is based on a low-profile (1 cm) and low cost approach using multifunctional Silicon Germanium Bipolar Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (SiGe BiCMOS) chip-sets and dual band planar antennas, covering both Ka-band operational frequencies, up-link at 30 GHz and down-link at 20 GHz. The key 3D integration methods for the RF distribution network and vertical transitions have been developed. First measurements show for different paths of the 36 way RF network an Insertion Loss (IL) between 2.5 dB and 7.5 dB and a Return Loss (RL) better than 10 dB. For vertical transitions, IL is smaller than 0.5 dB and RL better than 10 dB.", "corpus_id": 20349768}}, {"query": {"sha": "b4b89fca7c1704f48be86ae8d547d18e9ff46821", "title": "WatchConnect: A Toolkit for Prototyping Smartwatch-Centric Cross-Device Applications", "abstract": "People increasingly use smartwatches in tandem with other devices such as smartphones, laptops or tablets. This allows for novel cross-device applications that use the watch as both input device and output display. However, despite the increasing availability of smartwatches, prototyping cross-device watch-centric applications remains a challenging task. Developers are limited in the applications they can explore as available toolkits provide only limited access to different types of input sensors for cross-device interactions. To address this problem, we introduce WatchConnect, a toolkit for rapidly prototyping cross-device applications and interaction techniques with smartwatches. The toolkit provides developers with (i) an extendable hardware platform that emulates a smartwatch, (ii) a UI framework that integrates with an existing UI builder, and (iii) a rich set of input and output events using a range of built-in sensor mappings. We demonstrate the versatility and design space of the toolkit with five interaction techniques and applications.", "corpus_id": 6728624}, "pos": {"sha": "93107e0b5d64324ba71ecb1fdbc298a1c421368e", "title": "SideSight: multi-\"touch\" interaction around small devices", "abstract": "Interacting with mobile devices using touch can lead to fingers occluding valuable screen real estate. For the smallest devices, the idea of using a touch-enabled display is almost wholly impractical. In this paper we investigate sensing user touch around small screens like these. We describe a prototype device with infra-red (IR) proximity sensors embedded along each side and capable of detecting the presence and position of fingers in the adjacent regions. When this device is rested on a flat surface, such as a table or desk, the user can carry out single and multi-touch gestures using the space around the device. This gives a larger input space than would otherwise be possible which may be used in conjunction with or instead of on-display touch input. Following a detailed description of our prototype, we discuss some of the interactions it affords.", "corpus_id": 13162216}, "neg": {"sha": "9d38c14de6ace6763bec9b115582e18f672ac0a2", "title": "Shift: a technique for operating pen-based interfaces using touch", "abstract": "Retrieving the stylus of a pen-based device takes time and requires a second hand. Especially for short intermittent interactions many users therefore choose to use their bare fingers. Although convenient, this increases targeting times and error rates. We argue that the main reasons are the occlusion of the target by the user's finger and ambiguity about which part of the finger defines the selection point. We propose a pointing technique we call Shift that is designed to address these issues. When the user touches the screen, Shift creates a callout showing a copy of the occluded screen area and places it in a non-occluded location. The callout also shows a pointer representing the selection point of the finger. Using this visual feedback, users guide the pointer into the target by moving their finger on the screen surface and commit the target acquisition by lifting the finger. Unlike existing techniques, Shift is only invoked when necessary--over large targets no callout is created and users enjoy the full performance of an unaltered touch screen. We report the results of a user study showing that with Shift participants can select small targets with much lower error rates than an unaided touch screen and that Shift is faster than Offset Cursor for larger targets.", "corpus_id": 2040521}}, {"query": {"sha": "a5ade56a2f37f3f5f5b956b0c5546de9a3428537", "title": "Relational cost analysis", "abstract": "Establishing quantitative bounds on the execution cost of programs is essential in many areas of computer science such as complexity analysis, compiler optimizations, security and privacy. Techniques based on program analysis, type systems and abstract interpretation are well-studied, but methods for analyzing how the execution costs of two programs compare to each other have not received attention. Naively combining the worst and best case execution costs of the two programs does not work well in many cases because such analysis forgets the similarities between the programs or the inputs. \nIn this work, we propose a relational cost analysis technique that is capable of establishing precise bounds on the difference in the execution cost of two programs by making use of relational properties of programs and inputs. We develop , a refinement type and effect system for a higher-order functional language with recursion and subtyping. The key novelty of our technique is the combination of relational refinements with two modes of typing\u00e2\u0080\u0094relational typing for reasoning about similar computations/inputs and unary typing for reasoning about unrelated computations/inputs. This combination allows us to analyze the execution cost difference of two programs more precisely than a naive non-relational approach. \nWe prove our type system sound using a semantic model based on step-indexed unary and binary logical relations accounting for non-relational and relational reasoning principles with their respective costs. We demonstrate the precision and generality of our technique through examples.", "corpus_id": 1352012}, "pos": {"sha": "5e74f5ba5c7174e3ecf6ab2581a5e745bb69dd54", "title": "Will you still compile me tomorrow? static cross-version compiler validation", "abstract": "This paper describes a cross-version compiler validator and measures its effectiveness on the CLR JIT compiler. The validator checks for semantically equivalent assembly language output from various versions of the compiler, including versions across a seven-month time period, across two architectures (x86 and ARM), across two compilation scenarios (JIT and MDIL), and across optimizations levels. For month-to-month comparisons, the validator achieves a false alarm rate of just 2.2%. To help understand reported semantic differences, the validator performs a root-cause analysis on the counterexample traces generated by the underlying automated theorem proving tools. This root-cause analysis groups most of the counterexamples into a small number of buckets, reducing the number of counterexamples analyzed by hand by anywhere from 53% to 96%. The validator ran on over 500,000 methods across a large suite of test programs, finding 12 previously unknown correctness and performance bugs in the CLR compiler.", "corpus_id": 8712721}, "neg": {"sha": "3eb9f4ca21bd104b1d9963a5a74e0ad48a1a1bdf", "title": "Self-supervised Spatiotemporal Feature Learning by Video Geometric Transformations", "abstract": "To alleviate the expensive cost of data collection and annotation, many self-supervised learning methods were proposed to learn image representations without humanlabeled annotations. However, self-supervised learning for video representations is not yet well-addressed. In this paper, we propose a novel 3DConvNet-based fully selfsupervised framework to learn spatiotemporal video features without using any human-labeled annotations. First, a set of pre-designed geometric transformations (e.g. rotating 0\u25e6, 90\u25e6, 180\u25e6, and 270\u25e6) are applied to each video. Then a pretext task can be defined as \u201drecognizing the predesigned geometric transformations.\u201d Therefore, the spatiotemporal video features can be learned in the process of accomplishing this pretext task without using humanlabeled annotations. The learned spatiotemporal video representations can further be employed as pre-trained features for different video-related applications. The proposed geometric transformations (e.g. rotations) are proved to be effective to learn representative spatiotemporal features in our 3DConvNet-based fully self-supervised framework. With the pre-trained spatiotemporal features from two large video datasets, the performance of action recognition is significantly boosted up by 20.4% on UCF101 dataset and 16.7% on HMDB51 dataset respectively compared to that from the model trained from scratch. Furthermore, our framework outperforms the state-of-the-arts of fully self-supervised methods on both UCF101 and HMDB51 datasets and achieves 62.9% and 33.7% accuracy respectively.", "corpus_id": 53866070}}, {"query": {"sha": "3a30fba8f6abd80d0aac0fa2f5da66ab468b737c", "title": "Clusters, language models, and ad hoc information retrieval", "abstract": "The language-modeling approach to information retrieval provides an effective statistical framework for tackling various problems and often achieves impressive empirical performance. However, most previous work on language models for information retrieval focused on document-specific characteristics, and therefore did not take into account the structure of the surrounding corpus, a potentially rich source of additional information. We propose a novel algorithmic framework in which information provided by document-based language models is enhanced by the incorporation of information drawn from clusters of similar documents. Using this framework, we develop a suite of new algorithms. Even the simplest typically outperforms the standard language-modeling approach in terms of mean average precision (MAP) and recall, and our new interpolation algorithm posts statistically significant performance improvements for both metrics over all six corpora tested. An important aspect of our work is the way we model corpus structure. In contrast to most previous work on cluster-based retrieval that partitions the corpus, we demonstrate the effectiveness of a simple strategy based on a nearest-neighbors approach that produces overlapping clusters.", "corpus_id": 16864598}, "pos": {"sha": "1e56ed3d2c855f848ffd91baa90f661772a279e1", "title": "Latent Dirichlet Allocation", "abstract": "We propose a generative model for text and other collections of discrete data that generalizes or improves on several previous models including naive Bayes/unigram, mixture of unigrams [6], and Hofmann's aspect model , also known as probabilistic latent semantic indexing (pLSI) [3]. In the context of text modeling, our model posits that each document is generated as a mixture of topics, where the continuous-valued mixture proportions are distributed as a latent Dirichlet random variable. Inference and learning are carried out efficiently via variational algorithms. We present empirical results on applications of this model to problems in text modeling, collaborative filtering, and text classification.", "corpus_id": 3177797}, "neg": {"sha": "309075bd7a974a309783578449c51e4f22d69d1e", "title": "Gene ontology analysis for RNA-seq: accounting for selection bias", "abstract": "We present GOseq, an application for performing Gene Ontology (GO) analysis on RNA-seq data. GO analysis is widely used to reduce complexity and highlight biological processes in genome-wide expression studies, but standard methods give biased results on RNA-seq data due to over-detection of differential expression for long and highly expressed transcripts. Application of GOseq to a prostate cancer data set shows that GOseq dramatically changes the results, highlighting categories more consistent with the known biology.", "corpus_id": 1548824}}, {"query": {"sha": "ebd213c3348e8f35366a98806ea807c445301d0d", "title": "Knowledge sharing: moving away from the obsession with best practices", "abstract": "Purpose \u2013 How companies can become better at knowing what they know, and share what they know have in recent years become dominant fields of research within knowledge management. The literature focuses on why people share knowledge, or why they fail to share knowledge, whilst the discussion of what they actually share has been pinned down to the concept of best practices. In this paper it is argued that there is more to knowledge sharing than the sharing of best practices. Knowledge sharing is more than the closing of performance gaps and the sharing of stocks of knowledge \u2013 knowledge sharing is also about bridging situations of organizational interdependencies and thereby supporting ongoing organizational activities. Design/methodology/approach \u2013 The paper is both theoretical and empirical. Theoretically, the concept of organizational interdependence is applied to create a conceptual framework encompassing four types of knowledge to be shared. The theoretical framework is applied on a case company to empirically illustrate how knowledge sharing encompasses different types of knowledge. Findings \u2013 The paper identifies four types of knowledge that are pivotal to share: professional knowledge, coordinating knowledge, object-based knowledge, and know-who. Hence, the paper expands the common belief that knowledge sharing is solely about sharing best practices. Practical implications \u2013 Since knowledge sharing encompasses at least four types of knowledge, the practice of facilitating knowledge sharing must necessarily focus on different channels enabling the sharing of knowledge. The practical implications of the paper, hence, direct attention to not solely sharing best practices but also knowledge bridging organizational interdependencies. Originality/value \u2013 The paper argues that best practices have dominated the discourse on what knowledge is to be shared but, to become better at understanding and practising knowledge sharing, states that one must expand one\u2019s view on what knowledge is being shared.", "corpus_id": 18919701}, "pos": {"sha": "85dfb2913665a3f05130e4ef064d06f1cd5c9b3b", "title": "A Relational View of Information Seeking and Learning in Social Networks", "abstract": "Research in organizational learning has demonstrated processes and occasionally performance implications of acquisition of declarative (know-what) and procedural (know-how) knowledge. However, considerably less attention has been paid to learned characteristics of relationships that affect the decision to seek information from other people. Based on a review of the social network, information processing, and organizational learning literatures, along with the results of a previous qualitative study, we propose a formal model of information seeking in which the probability of seeking information from another person is a function of (1) knowing what that person knows; (2) valuing what that person knows; (3) being able to gain timely access to that person\u2019s thinking; and (4) perceiving that seeking information from that person would not be too costly. We also hypothesize that the knowing, access, and cost variables mediate the relationship between physical proximity and information seeking. The model is tested using two separate research sites to provide replication. The results indicate strong support for the model and the mediation hypothesis (with the exception of the cost variable). Implications are drawn for the study of both transactive memory and organizational learning, as well as for management practice. (Information; Social Networks; Organizational Learning; Transactive Knowledge)", "corpus_id": 15632422}, "neg": {"sha": "e739272ca474e8947408f17e25b440e338c63829", "title": "Do plant mites commonly prefer the underside of leaves?", "abstract": "The adaxial (upper) and abaxial (lower) surfaces of a plant leaf provide heterogeneous habitats for small arthropods with different environmental conditions, such as light, humidity, and surface morphology. As for plant mites, some agricultural pest species and their natural enemies have been observed to favor the abaxial leaf surface, which is considered an adaptation to avoid rain or solar ultraviolet radiation. However, whether such a preference for the leaf underside is a common behavioral trait in mites on wild vegetation remains unknown. The authors conducted a 2-year survey on the foliar mite assemblage found on Viburnum erosum var. punctatum, a deciduous shrub on which several mite taxa occur throughout the seasons, and 14 sympatric tree or shrub species in secondary broadleaf-forest sites in Kyoto, west\u2013central Japan. We compared adaxial\u2013abaxial surface distributions of mites among mite taxa, seasons, and morphology of host leaves (presence/absence of hairs and domatia). On V. erosum var. punctatum, seven of 11 distinguished mite taxa were significantly distributed in favor of abaxial leaf surfaces and the trend was seasonally stable, except for Eriophyoidea. Mite assemblages on 15 plant species were significantly biased towards the abaxial leaf surfaces, regardless of surface morphology. Our data suggest that many mite taxa commonly prefer to stay on abaxial leaf surfaces in wild vegetation. Oribatida displayed a relatively neutral distribution, and in Tenuipalpidae, the ratio of eggs collected from the adaxial versus the abaxial side was significantly higher than the ratio of the motile individuals, implying that some mite taxa exploit adaxial leaf surfaces as habitat.", "corpus_id": 3757519}}, {"query": {"sha": "4cea716342c7dc14a495de2092a1d67864654243", "title": "Automating 3D wireless measurements with drones", "abstract": "Wireless signals and networks are ubiquitous. Though more reliable than ever, wireless networks still struggle with weak coverage, blind spots, and interference. Having a strong understanding of wireless signal propagation is essential for increasing coverage, optimizing performance, and minimizing interference for wireless networks. Extensive studies have analyzed the propagation of wireless signals and proposed theoretical models to simulate wireless signal propagation. Unfortunately, models of signal propagation are often not accurate in reality. Real-world signal measurements are required for validation.\n Existing methods for collecting wireless measurements either involve researchers walking to each location of interest and manually collecting measurements, or place sensors at each measurement location. As such, they require large amounts of time and effort and can be costly. We propose DroneSense, a system for measuring wireless signals in the 3D space using autonomous drones. Drone-Sense reduces the time and effort required for measurement collection, and is affordable and accessible to all users. It provides researchers with an efficient method to quickly analyze wireless coverage and test their wireless propagation models.", "corpus_id": 16283237}, "pos": {"sha": "7b684afe9fbefa9c74075aa8a51b404ccbdf5499", "title": "A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 1242324}, "neg": {"sha": "c5196dc5048b41670f55d0c8c923a6fd477a72e3", "title": "DoubleFusion: Real-Time Capture of Human Performances with Inner Body Shapes from a Single Depth Sensor", "abstract": "We propose DoubleFusion, a new real-time system that combines volumetric dynamic reconstruction with data-driven template fitting to simultaneously reconstruct detailed geometry, non-rigid motion and the inner human body shape from a single depth camera. One of the key contributions of this method is a double layer representation consisting of a complete parametric body shape inside, and a gradually fused outer surface layer. A pre-defined node graph on the body surface parameterizes the non-rigid deformations near the body, and a free-form dynamically changing graph parameterizes the outer surface layer far from the body, which allows more general reconstruction. We further propose a joint motion tracking method based on the double layer representation to enable robust and fast motion tracking performance. Moreover, the inner body shape is optimized online and forced to fit inside the outer surface layer. Overall, our method enables increasingly denoised, detailed and complete surface reconstructions, fast motion tracking performance and plausible inner body shape reconstruction in real-time. In particular, experiments show improved fast motion tracking and loop closure performance on more challenging scenarios.", "corpus_id": 4891972}}, {"query": {"sha": "b5b6747dafd66fb37b78033cc51dd9aa94f2b9c7", "title": "CityTransfer: Transferring Inter- and Intra-City Knowledge for Chain Store Site Recommendation based on Multi-Source Urban Data", "abstract": "Chain businesses have been dominating the market in many parts of the world. It is important to identify the optimal locations for a new chain store. Recently, numerous studies have been done on chain store location recommendation. These studies typically learn a model based on the features of existing chain stores in the city and then predict what other sites are suitable for running a new one. However, these models do not work when a chain enterprise wants to open business in a new city where there is not enough data about this chain store. To solve the cold-start problem, we propose CityTransfer, which transfers chain store knowledge from semantically-relevant domains (e.g., other cities with rich knowledge, similar chain enterprises in the target city) for chain store placement recommendation in a new city. In particular, CityTransfer is a two-fold knowledge transfer framework based on collaborative filtering, which consists of the transfer rating prediction model, the inter-city knowledge association method and the intra-city semantic extraction method. Experiments using data of chain hotels from four different cities crawled from Ctrip (a popular travel reservation website in China) and the urban characters extracted from several other data sources validate the effectiveness of our approach on store site recommendation.", "corpus_id": 215790524}, "pos": {"sha": "71423bb17133402965a5cbaf31fa28b0366149fd", "title": "Personalized recommendation via cross-domain triadic factorization", "abstract": "Collaborative filtering (CF) is a major technique in recommender systems to help users find their potentially desired items. Since the data sparsity problem is quite commonly encountered in real-world scenarios, Cross-Domain Collaborative Filtering (CDCF) hence is becoming an emerging research topic in recent years. However, due to the lack of sufficient dense explicit feedbacks and even no feedback available in users' uninvolved domains, current CDCF approaches may not perform satisfactorily in user preference prediction. In this paper, we propose a generalized Cross Domain Triadic Factorization (CDTF) model over the triadic relation user-item-domain, which can better capture the interactions between domain-specific user factors and item factors. In particular, we devise two CDTF algorithms to leverage user explicit and implicit feedbacks respectively, along with a genetic algorithm based weight parameters tuning algorithm to trade off influence among domains optimally. Finally, we conduct experiments to evaluate our models and compare with other state-of-the-art models by using two real world datasets. The results show the superiority of our models against other comparative models.", "corpus_id": 13540908}, "neg": {"sha": "a7ef69e55244e3fa0b065746d596441103b293a5", "title": "Latent Class Models for Collaborative Filtering", "abstract": "This paper presents a statistical approach to collaborative ltering and investigates the use of latent class models for predicting individual choices and preferences based on observed preference behavior. Two models are discussed and compared: the aspect model, a probabilistic latent space model which models individual preferences as a convex combination of preference factors, and the two-sided clustering model, which simultaneously partitions persons and objects into clusters. We present EM algorithms for di erent variants of the aspect model and derive an approximate EM algorithmbased on a variational principle for the two-sided clustering model. The bene ts of the di erent models are experimentally investigated on a large movie data set.", "corpus_id": 632612}}, {"query": {"sha": "3e1ad55fc32d52893eea234bab7598306c9c0994", "title": "The Role of Explanations on Trust and Reliance in Clinical Decision Support Systems", "abstract": "Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are increasingly used by healthcare professionals for evidence-based diagnosis and treatment support. However, research has suggested that users often over-rely on system suggestions - even if the suggestions are wrong. Providing explanations could potentially mitigate misplaced trust in the system and over-reliance. In this paper, we explore how explanations are related to user trust and reliance, as well as what information users would find helpful to better understand the reliability of a system's decision-making. We investigated these questions through an exploratory user study in which healthcare professionals were observed using a CDSS prototype to diagnose hypothetic cases using fictional patients suffering from a balance-related disorder. Our results show that the amount of system confidence had only a slight effect on trust and reliance. More importantly, giving a fuller explanation of the facts used in making a diagnosis had a positive effect on trust but also led to over-reliance issues, whereas less detailed explanations made participants question the system's reliability and led to self-reliance problems. To help them in their assessment of the reliability of the system's decisions, study participants wanted better explanations to help them interpret the system's confidence, to verify that the disorder fit the suggestion, to better understand the reasoning chain of the decision model, and to make differential diagnoses. Our work is a first step toward improved CDSS design that better supports clinicians in making correct diagnoses.", "corpus_id": 12739635}, "pos": {"sha": "69e1b72b558700d1e9866c075dcedfdd7f5eb913", "title": "Similarities and differences between human-human and human-automation trust : an integrative review", "abstract": "Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713697886 Similarities and differences between human-human and human-automation trust: an integrative review P. Madhavan a; D. A. Wiegmann b a Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA b University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA", "corpus_id": 39064140}, "neg": {"sha": "57bdc11a19d8996e07262aa02e2fcf250b46de34", "title": "Insights into the Emergent Bacterial Pathogen Cronobacter spp., Generated by Multilocus Sequence Typing and Analysis", "abstract": "Cronobacter spp. (previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii) is a bacterial pathogen affecting all age groups, with particularly severe clinical complications in neonates and infants. One recognized route of infection being the consumption of contaminated infant formula. As a recently recognized bacterial pathogen of considerable importance and regulatory control, appropriate detection, and identification schemes are required. The application of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and analysis (MLSA) of the seven alleles atpD, fusA, glnS, gltB, gyrB, infB, and ppsA (concatenated length 3036 base pairs) has led to considerable advances in our understanding of the genus. This approach is supported by both the reliability of DNA sequencing over subjective phenotyping and the establishment of a MLST database which has open access and is also curated; http://www.pubMLST.org/cronobacter. MLST has been used to describe the diversity of the newly recognized genus, instrumental in the formal recognition of new Cronobacter species (C. universalis and C. condimenti) and revealed the high clonality of strains and the association of clonal complex 4 with neonatal meningitis cases. Clearly the MLST approach has considerable benefits over the use of non-DNA sequence based methods of analysis for newly emergent bacterial pathogens. The application of MLST and MLSA has dramatically enabled us to better understand this opportunistic bacterium which can cause irreparable damage to a newborn baby's brain, and has contributed to improved control measures to protect neonatal health.", "corpus_id": 10077198}}, {"query": {"sha": "12391aa3643e09dfdd74bf41b9b76f20d642de43", "title": "Training Recurrent Networks by Evolino", "abstract": "In recent years, gradient-based LSTM recurrent neural networks (RNNs) solved many previously RNN-unlearnable tasks. Sometimes, however, gradient information is of little use for training RNNs, due to numerous local minima. For such cases, we present a novel method: EVOlution of systems with LINear Outputs (Evolino). Evolino evolves weights to the nonlinear, hidden nodes of RNNs while computing optimal linear mappings from hidden state to output, using methods such as pseudo-inverse-based linear regression. If we instead use quadratic programming to maximize the margin, we obtain the first evolutionary recurrent support vector machines. We show that Evolino-based LSTM can solve tasks that Echo State nets (Jaeger, 2004a) cannot and achieves higher accuracy in certain continuous function generation tasks than conventional gradient descent RNNs, including gradient-based LSTM.", "corpus_id": 11745761}, "pos": {"sha": "1a736409c7711f8673f31d366f583ddc8759547f", "title": "Kalman filters improve LSTM network performance in problems unsolvable by traditional recurrent nets", "abstract": "The long short-term memory (LSTM) network trained by gradient descent solves difficult problems which traditional recurrent neural networks in general cannot. We have recently observed that the decoupled extended Kalman filter training algorithm allows for even better performance, reducing significantly the number of training steps when compared to the original gradient descent training algorithm. In this paper we present a set of experiments which are unsolvable by classical recurrent networks but which are solved elegantly and robustly and quickly by LSTM combined with Kalman filters.", "corpus_id": 12588772}, "neg": {"sha": "82a70143fead623f6c5bef6c84b5d18b22c8fc56", "title": "Diacritics Recognition Based Urdu Nastalique OCR System", "abstract": "Improvements and new developments in the field of Artificial Intelligence have opened new horizons in the advancement of machines that originally have limited intelligence. As compared to human brain, machines have already better computational speed and storage however there is still much room to improve the capability to acquire and process data and draw conclusions from it on its own. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) deals exclusively with printed designs and hand written text in nature. Plenty of developments have been made in OCR so far in recognition of Latin, Asian, Arabic and Western texts. As far as Urdu is concerned the work is almost non-existent when compared with the languages cited above. One of its main reasons is the use of extremely complex characters of Nastalique style in Urdu. A methodology for the recognition and processing of the diacritics of Nastalique script is presented in this research work. The proposed technique is effective in recognizing cursive texts with invariant font size of 48. A dataset of 6728 main Urdu Nastalique ligatures is used for the testing purposes which shows that this new technique has the capacity to recognize Nastalique ligatures by having an accuracy of 97.40%. The proposed research work also focuses to improve the existing base mark association process of the Urdu OCR system.", "corpus_id": 7383837}}, {"query": {"sha": "cd63774bedfb2a7de7b0a9e77a7a810271253eef", "title": "Portraying Collective Spatial Attention in Twitter", "abstract": "Microblogging platforms such as Twitter have been recently frequently used for detecting real-time events. The spatial component, as reflected by user location, usually plays a key role in such systems. However, an often neglected source of spatial information are location mentions expressed in tweet contents. In this paper we demonstrate a novel visualization system for analyzing how Twitter users collectively talk about space and for uncovering correlations between geographical locations of Twitter users and the locations they tweet about. Our exploratory analysis is based on the development of a model of spatial information extraction and representation that allows building effective visual analytics framework for large scale datasets. We show visualization results based on half a year long dataset of Japanese tweets and a four months long collection of tweets from USA. The proposed system allows observing many space related aspects of tweet messages including the average scope of spatial attention of social media users and variances in spatial interest over time. The analytical framework we provide and the findings we outline can be valuable for scientists from diverse research areas and for any users interested in geographical and social aspects of shared online data.", "corpus_id": 6899127}, "pos": {"sha": "01ff2b834772dfc2b8b7ba00620b65abb9444a75", "title": "Event Detection in Twitter", "abstract": "Twitter, as a form of social media, is fast emerging in recent years. Users are using Twitter to report real-life events. This paper focuses on detecting those events by analyzing the text stream in Twitter. Although event detection has long been a research topic, the characteristics of Twitter make it a non-trivial task. Tweets reporting such events are usually overwhelmed by high flood of meaningless \u201cbabbles\u201d. Moreover, event detection algorithm needs to be scalable given the sheer amount of tweets. This paper attempts to tackle these challenges with EDCoW (Event Detection with C lustering of Wavelet-based Signals). EDCoW builds signals for individual words by applying wavelet analysis on the frequencybased raw signals of the words. It then filters away the trivial words by looking at their corresponding signal autocorrelations. The remaining words are then clustered to form events with a modularity-based graph partitioning technique. Experimental results show promising result of EDCoW.", "corpus_id": 5550836}, "neg": {"sha": "1c7833f6ffdfa0191dca57529c0652ade8ae8bc2", "title": "Assessment of intracranial translucency (IT) in the detection of spina bifida at the 11-13-week scan.", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nPrenatal diagnosis of open spina bifida is carried out by ultrasound examination in the second trimester of pregnancy. The diagnosis is suspected by the presence of a 'lemon-shaped' head and a 'banana-shaped' cerebellum, thought to be consequences of caudal displacement of the hindbrain. The aim of the study was to determine whether in fetuses with spina bifida this displacement of the brain is evident from the first trimester of pregnancy.\n\n\nMETHODS\nIn women undergoing routine ultrasound examination at 11-13 weeks' gestation as part of screening for chromosomal abnormalities, a mid-sagittal view of the fetal face was obtained to measure nuchal translucency thickness and assess the nasal bone. In this view the fourth ventricle, which presents as an intracranial translucency (IT) between the brain stem and choroid plexus, is easily visible. We measured the anteroposterior diameter of the fourth ventricle in 200 normal fetuses and in four fetuses with spina bifida.\n\n\nRESULTS\nIn the normal fetuses the fourth ventricle was always visible and the median anteroposterior diameter increased from 1.5 mm at a crown-rump length (CRL) of 45 mm to 2.5 mm at a CRL of 84 mm. In the four fetuses with spina bifida the ventricle was compressed by the caudally displaced hindbrain and no IT could be seen.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThe mid-sagittal view of the face as routinely used in screening for chromosomal defects can also be used for early detection of open spina bifida.", "corpus_id": 24010240}}, {"query": {"sha": "9a488e13b90bfce3c34ae0a37655e997b8f6c447", "title": "Variational Regularization and Fusion of Surface Normal Maps", "abstract": "In this work we propose an optimization scheme for variational, vectorial denoising and fusion of surface normal maps. These are common outputs of shape from shading, photometric stereo or single image reconstruction methods, but tend to be noisy and request post-processing for further usage. Processing of normals maps, which do not provide knowledge about the underlying scene depth, is complicated due to their unit length constraint which renders the optimization non-linear and non-convex. The presented approach builds upon a linearization of the constraint to obtain a convex relaxation, while guaranteeing convergence. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm generates more consistent representations from estimated and potentially complementary normal maps.", "corpus_id": 10831451}, "pos": {"sha": "31eceb2c642a54322fcd7853ea34c6db7c838550", "title": "Shape and Spatially-Varying BRDFs from Photometric Stereo", "abstract": "This paper describes a photometric stereo method designed for surfaces with spatially-varying BRDFs, including surfaces with both varying diffuse and specular properties. Our optimization-based method builds on the observation that most objects are composed of a small number of fundamental materials by constraining each pixel to be representable by a combination of at most two such materials. This approach recovers not only the shape but also material BRDFs and weight maps, yielding accurate rerenderings under novel lighting conditions for a wide variety of objects. We demonstrate examples of interactive editing operations made possible by our approach.", "corpus_id": 1669309}, "neg": {"sha": "27a7a1ffa6e32128d6769d46061f330b4e9b579c", "title": "Stock Chart Pattern recognition with Deep Learning", "abstract": "This study evaluates the performances of CNN and LSTM for recognizing common charts patterns in a stock historical data. It presents two common patterns, the method used to build the training set, the neural networks architectures and the accuracies obtained.", "corpus_id": 51892007}}, {"query": {"sha": "2cf3598af28e3317666817713a354d6967405b7d", "title": "Actionable information in vision", "abstract": "I propose a notion of visual information as the complexity not of the raw images, but of the images after the effects of nuisance factors such as viewpoint and illumination are discounted. It is rooted in ideas of J. J. Gibson, and stands in contrast to traditional information as entropy or coding length of the data regardless of its use, and regardless of the nuisance factors affecting it. The non-invertibility of nuisances such as occlusion and quantization induces an \u201cinformation gap\u201d that can only be bridged by controlling the data acquisition process. Measuring visual information entails early vision operations, tailored to the structure of the nuisances so as to be \u201clossless\u201d with respect to visual decision and control tasks (as opposed to data transmission and storage tasks implicit in traditional Information Theory). I illustrate these ideas on visual exploration, whereby a \u201cShannonian Explorer\u201d guided by the entropy of the data navigates unaware of the structure of the physical space surrounding it, while a \u201cGibsonian Explorer\u201d is guided by the topology of the environment, despite measuring only images of it, without performing 3D reconstruction. The operational definition of visual information suggests desirable properties that a visual representation should possess to best accomplish vision-based decision and control tasks.", "corpus_id": 369746}, "pos": {"sha": "07f9592a78ff4f8301dafc93699a32e855da3275", "title": "Computational modelling of visual attention", "abstract": "Five important trends have emerged from recent work on computational models of focal visual attention that emphasize the bottom-up, image-based control of attentional deployment. First, the perceptual saliency of stimuli critically depends on the surrounding context. Second, a unique 'saliency map' that topographically encodes for stimulus conspicuity over the visual scene has proved to be an efficient and plausible bottom-up control strategy. Third, inhibition of return, the process by which the currently attended location is prevented from being attended again, is a crucial element of attentional deployment. Fourth, attention and eye movements tightly interplay, posing computational challenges with respect to the coordinate system used to control attention. And last, scene understanding and object recognition strongly constrain the selection of attended locations. Insights from these five key areas provide a framework for a computational and neurobiological understanding of visual attention.", "corpus_id": 2329233}, "neg": {"sha": "27a949627289d48c4e213ab3435974093b35bc60", "title": "14.2 DNPU: An 8.1TOPS/W reconfigurable CNN-RNN processor for general-purpose deep neural networks", "abstract": "Recently, deep learning with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) has become universal in all-around applications. CNNs are used to support vision recognition and processing, and RNNs are able to recognize time varying entities and to support generative models. Also, combining both CNNs and RNNs can recognize time varying visual entities, such as action and gesture, and to support image captioning [1]. However, the computational requirements in CNNs are quite different from those of RNNs. Fig. 14.2.1 shows a computation and weight-size analysis of convolution layers (CLs), fully-connected layers (FCLs) and RNN-LSTM layers (RLs). While CLs require a massive amount of computation with a relatively small number of filter weights, FCLs and RLs require a relatively small amount of computation with a huge number of filter weights. Therefore, when FCLs and RLs are accelerated with SoCs specialized for CLs, they suffer from high memory transaction costs, low PE utilization, and a mismatch of the computational patterns. Conversely, when CLs are accelerated with FCL- and RL-dedicated SoCs, they cannot exploit reusability and achieve required throughput. So far, works have considered acceleration of CLs, such as [2\u20134], or FCLs and RLs like [5]. However, there has been no work on a combined CNN-RNN processor. In addition, a highly reconfigurable CNN-RNN processor with high energy-efficiency is desirable to support general-purpose deep neural networks (DNNs).", "corpus_id": 206998709}}, {"query": {"sha": "8e45bcae56596673a84779e3e3b20f2d873ec968", "title": "A Unified Probabilistic Model for Aspect-Level Sentiment Analysis", "abstract": "A Unified Probabilistic Model for Aspect-Level Sentiment Analysis Daniel Stantic Advisor: University of Guelph, 2016 Dr. Fei Song In this thesis, we develop a new probabilistic model for aspect-level sentiment analysis based on POSLDA, a topic classifier that incorporates syntax modelling for better performance. POSLDA separates semantic words from purely functional words and restricts its topic modelling on the semantic words. We take this a step further by modelling the probability of a semantic word expressing sentiment based on its part-of-speech class and then modelling its sentiment if it is a sentiment word. We restructure the popular approach of topic-sentiment distributions within documents and add a few novel heuristic improvements. Our experiments demonstrate that our model produces results competitive to the state of the art systems. In addition to the model, we develop a multi-threaded version of the popular Gibbs sampling algorithm that can perform inference over 1000 times faster than the traditional implementation while preserving the quality of the results.", "corpus_id": 21074653}, "pos": {"sha": "59d97d6d76eff9238bb0dcadd416ec9523d204af", "title": "Mining the Web for Synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL", "abstract": "This paper presents a simple unsupervised learning algorithm for recognizing synonyms, based on statistical data acquir ed by querying a Web search engine. The algorithm, called PMI-IR, uses Pointwis e Mutual Information (PMI) and Information Retrieval (IR) to measure the similarity of pairs of words. PMI-IR is empirically evaluated using 80 syn onym test questions from the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) a nd 50 synonym test questions from a collection of tests for students of En glish as a Second Language (ESL). On both tests, the algorithm obtains a score of 74%. PMI-IR is contrasted with Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), which achieves a score of 64% on the same 80 TOEFL questions. The paper discusses po t ntial applications of the new unsupervised learning algorithm and some implic ations of the results for LSA and LSI (Latent Semantic Indexing).", "corpus_id": 5509836}, "neg": {"sha": "6c2c86d2e8ce185d8dc13ad9eede50d8bfebec9e", "title": "Improving classification accuracy of feedforward neural networks for spiking neuromorphic chips", "abstract": "Deep Neural Networks (DNN) achieve human level performance in many image analytics tasks but DNNs are mostly deployed to GPU platforms that consume a considerable amount of power. New hardware platforms using lower precision arithmetic achieve drastic reductions in power consumption. More recently, brain-inspired spiking neuromorphic chips have achieved even lower power consumption, on the order of milliwatts, while still offering real-time processing. However, for deploying DNNs to energy efficient neuromorphic chips the incompatibility between continuous neurons and synaptic weights of traditional DNNs, discrete spiking neurons and synapses of neuromorphic chips need to be overcome. Previous work has achieved this by training a network to learn continuous probabilities, before it is deployed to a neuromorphic architecture, such as IBM TrueNorth Neurosynaptic System, by random sampling these probabilities. The main contribution of this paper is a new learning algorithm that learns a TrueNorth configuration ready for deployment. We achieve this by training directly a binary hardware crossbar that accommodates the TrueNorth axon configuration constrains and we propose a different neuron model. Results of our approach trained on electroencephalogram (EEG) data show a significant improvement with previous work (76% vs 86% accuracy) while maintaining state of the art performance on the MNIST handwritten data set.", "corpus_id": 593754}}, {"query": {"sha": "0820ccfdba775c304bedb9c3d82ee8758e0a416b", "title": "Revisiting Multiple Instance Neural Networks", "abstract": "Recently neural networks and multiple instance learning are both attractive topics in Artificial Intelligence related research fields. Deep neural networks have achieved great success in supervised learning problems, and multiple instance learning as a typical weakly-supervised learning method is effective for many applications in computer vision, biometrics, nature language processing, etc. In this paper, we revisit the problem of solving multiple instance learning problems using neural networks. Neural networks are appealing for solving multiple instance learning problem. The multiple instance neural networks perform multiple instance learning in an end-to-end way, which take a bag with various number of instances as input and directly output bag label. All of the parameters in a multiple instance network are able to be optimized via back-propagation. We propose a new multiple instance neural network to learn bag representations, which is different from the existing multiple instance neural networks that focus on estimating instance label. In addition, recent tricks developed in deep learning have been studied in multiple instance networks, we find deep supervision is effective for boosting bag classification accuracy. In the experiments, the proposed multiple instance networks achieve state-of-the-art or competitive performance on several MIL benchmarks. Moreover, it is extremely fast for both testing and training, e.g., it takes only 0.0003 second to predict a bag and a few seconds to train on a MIL datasets on a moderate CPU.", "corpus_id": 17034913}, "pos": {"sha": "64372501affd8571db20dc606b0146a76c266303", "title": "Multiple instance classification: Review, taxonomy and comparative study", "abstract": "Multiple Instance Learning(MIL) has become an important topic in the pattern recogniti o community, and many solutions to this problem have been propose d until now. Despite this fact, there is a lack of comparative studies that shed light into the char acte istics and behavior of the different methods. In this work we provide such an analysis focu sed on the classification task (i.e., leaving out other learning tasks such as regression). In ord er to perform our study, we implemented fourteen methods grouped into three di fferent families. We analyze the performance of the approaches across a variety of well-known databases, an d we also study their behavior in synthetic scenarios in order to highlight their characteri s ics. As a result of this analysis, we conclude that methods that extract global bag-level informati on show a clearly superior performance in general. In this sense, the analysis permits us to underst and why some types of methods are more successful than others, and it permits us to establish g uidelines in the design of new MIL methods.", "corpus_id": 6825524}, "neg": {"sha": "b2988423738dc2be5a7a01ae773c12880ec8fcf1", "title": "Power loss of GaN transistor reverse diodes in a high frequency high voltage resonant rectifier", "abstract": "This paper presents power loss measurements of GaN transistor reverse diodes in high frequency high voltage conditions. To evaluate their performance, we use GaN transistor reverse diodes as rectifying devices in a class-DE resonant rectifier and operate the circuit at switching frequencies of 10s of MHz and with output voltages reaching 100s of volts. We use a thermometric calibration method to quantify the power loss in all GaN transistor reverse diodes and finds that the losses increase with both switching frequency and output voltage. Further, our experiments show that the device power loss is neither hard switching loss by a faulty design of resonant rectifiers nor traditional conduction loss from the forward voltage drop and static on-resistance of the diode. The comparison between power dissipation and GaN transistor output capacitances suggests that the device capacitance might be correlated with the observed device power loss.", "corpus_id": 6476357}}, {"query": {"sha": "489c395c6602227b100c5ac1433e47859762d762", "title": "DEP: Detailed execution profile", "abstract": "In many areas of computer architecture design and program development, the knowledge of dynamic program behavior can be very handy. Several challenges beset the accurate and complete collection of dynamic control flow and memory reference information. These include scalability issues, runtime-overhead, and code coverage. For example, while Tallam and Gupta's work on extending WPP (Whole Program Paths) showed good compressibility, their profile requires 500MBytes of intermediate memory space and an average of 23 times slowdown to be collected.To address these challenges, this paper presents DEP (Detailed Execution Profile). DEP captures the complete dynamic control flow, data dependency and memory reference of a whole program's execution. The profile size is significantly reduced due to the insight that most information can be recovered from a tightly coupled record of control flow and register value changes. DEP is collected in an infrastructure called Adept (A dynamic execution profiling tool), which uses the DynamoRIO binary instrumentation framework to insert profile-collecting instructions within the running application. DEP profiles user-level code execution in its entirety, including interprocedural paths and the execution of multiple threads.The framework for collecting DEP has been tested on real, large and commercial applications. Our experiments show that DEP of Linux SPECInt 2000 benchmarks and Windows SysMark benchmarks can be collected with an average of 5 times slowdown while maintaining competitive compressibility. DEP's profile sizes are about 60% that of traditional profiles.", "corpus_id": 18280638}, "pos": {"sha": "288280e41d9a7f84f7fc372330422bf4da90e4d3", "title": "Arithmetic program paths", "abstract": "We present Arithmetic Program Paths, a novel, efficient way to compress program control-flow traces that reduces program bit traces to less than a fifth of their original size while being fast and memory efficient. In addition, our method supports online, selective tracing and compression of individual conditionals, trading off memory usage and compression rate. We achieve these properties by recording only the directions taken by conditional statements during program execution, and using arithmetic coding for compression. We provide the arithmetic coder with a probability distribution for each conditional that we obtain using branch prediction techniques. We implemented the technique and experimented on several SPEC 2000 programs. Our method matches the compression rate of state-of-the-art tools while being an order of magnitude faster.", "corpus_id": 9183337}, "neg": {"sha": "2325882905357b4764d9066e9eea1ba10510f9dc", "title": "Wearable Sensors in Syncope Management", "abstract": "Syncope is a common disorder with a lifetime prevalence of about 40%. Implantable cardiac electronic devices, including implantable loop recorders (ILR) and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD), are well established in syncope management. However, despite the successful use of ILR and ICD, diagnosis and therapy still remain challenging in many patients due to the complex hemodynamic interplay of cardiac and vascular adaptations during impending syncopes. Wearable sensors might overcome some limitations, including misdiagnosis and inappropriate defibrillator shocks, because a variety of physiological measures can now be easily acquired by a single non-invasive device at high signal quality. In neurally-mediated syncope (NMS), which is the most common cause of syncope, advanced signal processing methodologies paved the way to develop devices for early syncope detection. In contrast to the relatively benign NMS, in arrhythmia-related syncopes immediate therapeutical intervention, predominantly by electrical defibrillation, is often mandatory. However, in patients with a transient risk of arrhythmia-related syncope, limitations of ICD therapy might outweigh their potential therapeutic benefits. In this context the wearable cardioverter-defibrillator offers alternative therapeutical options for some high-risk patients. Herein, we review recent evidence demonstrating that wearable sensors might be useful to overcome some limitations of implantable devices in syncope management.", "corpus_id": 15672415}}, {"query": {"sha": "58d720de01b2fee10cf921a872b9b84e1a4e273d", "title": "Improved Harris sub-pixel corner detection algorithm for chessboard image", "abstract": "Control point image locating accuracy of calibration plate is one of the major factors which determine the accuracy of camera calibration. Thus we can improve determine the accuracy of camera calibration by improve the control point image locating accuracy of calibration plate. And an improved Harris sub-pixel corner detection algorithm is put forward to improve the control point image locating accuracy. Initial location of corner point using Harris corner detection algorithm is implemented at first, and then improved Harris corner detection algorithm is used to realize sub-pixel locating accuracy. Corner points' coordinate values are gotten by means of initial location and fine location. The result of examine show that corner detection precision is improved greatly through improved Harris sub-pixel corner detection algorithm of chessboard image, and realize the sub-pixel corner detection.", "corpus_id": 14684343}, "pos": {"sha": "1d9e8248ec8b333f86233bb0c4a88060776f51b1", "title": "SUSAN\u2014A New Approach to Low Level Image Processing", "abstract": "This paper describes a new approach to low level image processing; in particular, edge and corner detection and structure preserving noise reduction. Non-linear filtering is used to define which parts of the image are closely related to each individual pixel; each pixel has associated with it a local image region which is of similar brightness to that pixel. The new feature detectors are based on the minimization of this local image region, and the noise reduction method uses this region as the smoothing neighbourhood. The resulting methods are accurate, noise resistant and fast. Details of the new feature detectors and of the new noise reduction method are described, along with test results.", "corpus_id": 15033310}, "neg": {"sha": "2b16178afa30502121f19db637430bf6716efaee", "title": "AC Voltage Regulator Based on the AC-AC Buck-Boost Converter", "abstract": "The study and implementation of an ac voltage regulator is presented in this paper. Traditionally an ac voltage regulator is made with a transformer tap changer or with an ac-ac converter based on buck topologies, recently the developments in ac-ac converter makes feasible the implementation of voltage regulator with other topologies. In this paper is analyzed an ac voltage regulator based on the ac-ac buck-boost converter, the commutation trouble is solved with two inductors. The controller used permits to obtain a good dynamic response for large input voltage variations. The operation and brief analysis is included. Simulations and experimental results are presented.", "corpus_id": 29584626}}, {"query": {"sha": "1f4837fed1a33b282c135609ad8322c867ab9412", "title": "The thing that should not be: predictive coding and the uncanny valley in perceiving human and humanoid robot actions", "abstract": "Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) repetition suppression, we explored the selectivity of the human action perception system (APS), which consists of temporal, parietal and frontal areas, for the appearance and/or motion of the perceived agent. Participants watched body movements of a human (biological appearance and movement), a robot (mechanical appearance and movement) or an android (biological appearance, mechanical movement). With the exception of extrastriate body area, which showed more suppression for human like appearance, the APS was not selective for appearance or motion per se. Instead, distinctive responses were found to the mismatch between appearance and motion: whereas suppression effects for the human and robot were similar to each other, they were stronger for the android, notably in bilateral anterior intraparietal sulcus, a key node in the APS. These results could reflect increased prediction error as the brain negotiates an agent that appears human, but does not move biologically, and help explain the 'uncanny valley' phenomenon.", "corpus_id": 2882261}, "pos": {"sha": "4160afebba8a39116664d32bc18fe14b649ab5c2", "title": "Neural Circuits Involved in the Recognition of Actions Performed by Nonconspecifics: An fMRI Study", "abstract": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the cortical areas active during the observation of mouth actions performed by humans and by individuals belonging to other species (monkey and dog). Two types of actions were presented: biting and oral communicative actions (speech reading, lip-smacking, barking). As a control, static images of the same actions were shown. Observation of biting, regardless of the species of the individual performing the action, determined two activation foci (one rostral and one caudal) in the inferior parietal lobule and an activation of the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus and the adjacent ventral premotor cortex. The left rostral parietal focus (possibly BA 40) and the left premotor focus were very similar in all three conditions, while the right side foci were stronger during the observation of actions made by conspecifics. The observation of speech reading activated the left pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, the observation of lip-smacking activated a small focus in the pars opercularis bilaterally, and the observation of barking did not produce any activation in the frontal lobe. Observation of all types of mouth actions induced activation of extrastriate occipital areas. These results suggest that actions made by other individuals may be recognized through different mechanisms. Actions belonging to the motor repertoire of the observer (e.g., biting and speech reading) are mapped on the observer's motor system. Actions that do not belong to this repertoire (e.g., barking) are essentially recognized based on their visual properties. We propose that when the motor representation of the observed action is activated, the observer gains knowledge of the observed action in a personal perspective, while this perspective is lacking when there is no motor activation.", "corpus_id": 34516445}, "neg": {"sha": "71b3eab6d8adae502207ec1b98def9c81faaab46", "title": "Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas.", "abstract": "How do we empathize with others? A mechanism according to which action representation modulates emotional activity may provide an essential functional architecture for empathy. The superior temporal and inferior frontal cortices are critical areas for action representation and are connected to the limbic system via the insula. Thus, the insula may be a critical relay from action representation to emotion. We used functional MRI while subjects were either imitating or simply observing emotional facial expressions. Imitation and observation of emotions activated a largely similar network of brain areas. Within this network, there was greater activity during imitation, compared with observation of emotions, in premotor areas including the inferior frontal cortex, as well as in the superior temporal cortex, insula, and amygdala. We understand what others feel by a mechanism of action representation that allows empathy and modulates our emotional content. The insula plays a fundamental role in this mechanism.", "corpus_id": 8263167}}, {"query": {"sha": "a4340386a9332d43e10e81d1bbbfaddca280d83a", "title": "Reading labels of cylinder objects for blind persons", "abstract": "We propose a camera-based assistive framework to help blind persons to read text labels from cylinder objects in their daily life. First, the object is detected from the background or other surrounding objects in the camera view by shaking the object. Then we propose a mosaic model to unwarp the text label on the cylinder object surface and reconstruct the whole label for recognizing text information. This model can handle cylinder objects in any orientations and scales. The text information is then extracted from the unwarped and flatted labels. The recognized text codes are then output to blind users in speech. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed framework from different cylinder objects with complex backgrounds.", "corpus_id": 1795078}, "pos": {"sha": "3d8650c28ae2b0f8d8707265eafe53804f83f416", "title": "Experiments with a New Boosting Algorithm", "abstract": "In an earlier paper [9], we introduced a new \u201cboosting\u201d algorithm called AdaBoost which, theoretically, can be used to significantly reduce the error of any learning algorithm that consistently generates classifiers whose performance is a little better than random guessing. We also introduced the related notion of a \u201cpseudo-loss\u201d which is a method for forcing a learning algorithm of multi-label concepts to concentrate on the labels that are hardest to discriminate. In this paper, we describe experiments we carried out to assess how well AdaBoost with and without pseudo-loss, performs on real learning problems. We performed two sets of experiments. The first set compared boosting to Breiman\u2019s [1] \u201cbagging\u201d method when used to aggregate various classifiers (including decision trees and single attribute-value tests). We compared the performance of the two methods on a collection of machine-learning benchmarks. In the second set of experiments, we studied in more detail the performance of boosting using a nearest-neighbor classifier on an OCR problem.", "corpus_id": 1836349}, "neg": {"sha": "60ea87234f39be460fea4e3c5acebf477492b666", "title": "Applicability of RF-based methods for emotion recognition: A survey", "abstract": "Human emotion recognition has attracted a lot of research in recent years. However, conventional methods for sensing human emotions are either expensive or privacy intrusive. In this paper, we explore a connection between emotion recognition and RF-based activity recognition that can lead to a novel ubiquitous emotion sensing technology. We discuss the latest literature from both domains, highlight the potential of body movements for accurate emotion detection and focus on how emotion recognition could be done using inexpensive, less privacy intrusive, device-free RF sensing methods. Applications include environment and crowd behaviour tracking in real time, assisted living, health monitoring, or also domestic appliance control. As a result of this survey, we propose RF-based device free recognition for emotion detection based on body movements. However, it requires overcoming challenges, such as accuracy, to outperform classical methods.", "corpus_id": 5985466}}, {"query": {"sha": "def9ff028682c045e178ed27d45d03b603ef574f", "title": "Points of Interest and Visual Dictionaries for Automatic Retinal Lesion Detection", "abstract": "In this paper, we present an algorithm to detect the presence of diabetic retinopathy (DR)-related lesions from fundus images based on a common analytical approach that is capable of identifying both red and bright lesions without requiring specific pre- or postprocessing. Our solution constructs a visual word dictionary representing points of interest (PoIs) located within regions marked by specialists that contain lesions associated with DR and classifies the fundus images based on the presence or absence of these PoIs as normal or DR-related pathology. The novelty of our approach is in locating DR lesions in the optic fundus images using visual words that combines feature information contained within the images in a framework easily extendible to different types of retinal lesions or pathologies and builds a specific projection space for each class of interest (e.g., white lesions such as exudates or normal regions) instead of a common dictionary for all classes. The visual words dictionary was applied to classifying bright and red lesions with classical cross validation and cross dataset validation to indicate the robustness of this approach. We obtained an area under the curve (AUC) of 95.3% for white lesion detection and an AUC of 93.3% for red lesion detection using fivefold cross validation and our own data consisting of 687 images of normal retinae, 245 images with bright lesions, 191 with red lesions, and 109 with signs of both bright and red lesions. For cross dataset analysis, the visual dictionary also achieves compelling results using our images as the training set and the RetiDB and Messidor images as test sets. In this case, the image classification resulted in an AUC of 88.1% when classifying the RetiDB dataset and in an AUC of 89.3% when classifying the Messidor dataset, both cases for bright lesion detection. The results indicate the potential for training with different acquisition images under different setup conditions with a high accuracy of referral based on the presence of either red or bright lesions or both. The robustness of the visual dictionary against image quality (blurring), resolution, and retinal background, makes it a strong candidate for DR screening of large, diverse communities with varying cameras and settings and levels of expertise for image capture.", "corpus_id": 2928327}, "pos": {"sha": "0f0500b8e27037b1f6959a8749cf2f083eb950cc", "title": "Image retrieval: Ideas, influences, and trends of the new age", "abstract": "We have witnessed great interest and a wealth of promise in content-based image retrieval as an emerging technology. While the last decade laid foundation to such promise, it also paved the way for a large number of new techniques and systems, got many new people involved, and triggered stronger association of weakly related fields. In this article, we survey almost 300 key theoretical and empirical contributions in the current decade related to image retrieval and automatic image annotation, and in the process discuss the spawning of related subfields. We also discuss significant challenges involved in the adaptation of existing image retrieval techniques to build systems that can be useful in the real world. In retrospect of what has been achieved so far, we also conjecture what the future may hold for image retrieval research.", "corpus_id": 7060187}, "neg": {"sha": "88a939a06f69c0c02504243a52d61b6fd89e8575", "title": "Human Tracking by a Multi-rotor Drone Using HOG Features and Linear SVM on Images Captured by a Monocular Camera", "abstract": "Abstract\u2014In recent years, many researches of the drone (unmanned vehicles) have been carried out. Above all, the drone such as a multi-rotor craft might monitor and track suspicious person and find sufferers from disasters because it can move freely in the air. In the present research, a method was proposed that a multi-rotor drone can track a human by processing the two-dimensional images captured by a monocular camera installed on the multi-rotor drone. Furthermore, it can detect human without the differences of colors and movements of a target by using the Histograms of Oriented gradients (HOG) features and the linear Support Vector Machine (SVM). Then, it was shown that the multi-rotor drone could track a human by the proposed method.", "corpus_id": 29235116}}, {"query": {"sha": "ccc4694853013b79f13092ef6ffa9ed7d5757fba", "title": "A New Feature Selection Technique Combined with ELM Feature Space for Text Classification", "abstract": "The aim of text classification is to classify the text documents into a set of pre-defined categories. But the complexity of natural languages, high dimensional feature space and low quality of feature selection become the main problem for text classification process. Hence, in order strengthen the classification technique, selection of important features, and consequently removing the unimportant ones is the need of the day. The Paper proposes an approach called Commonality-Rarity Score Computation (CRSC) for selecting top features of a corpus and highlights the importance of ML-ELM feature space in the domain of text classification. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets signify the prominence of the proposed approach compared to other established approaches.", "corpus_id": 9736114}, "pos": {"sha": "004888621a4e4cee56b6633338a89aa036cf5ae5", "title": "Wrappers for Feature Subset Selection", "abstract": "In the feature subset selection problem, a learning algorithm is faced with the problem of selecting a relevant subset of features upon which to focus its attention, while ignoring the rest. To achieve the best possible performance with a particular learning algorithm on a particular training set, a feature subset selection method should consider how the algorithm and the training set interact. We explore the relation between optimal feature subset selection and relevance. Our wrapper method searches for an optimal feature subset tailored to a particular algorithm and a domain. We study the strengths and weaknesses of the wrapper approach and show a series of improved designs. We compare the wrapper approach to induction without feature subset selection and to Relief, a filter approach to feature subset selection. Significant improvement in accuracy is achieved for some datasets for the two families of induction algorithms used: decision trees and Naive-Bayes. @ 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.", "corpus_id": 15943670}, "neg": {"sha": "fbecb297b7bba052cf3e203ea63a88b2a336266d", "title": "A survey on security control and attack detection for industrial cyber-physical systems", "abstract": "Cyber-physical systems (CPSs), which are an integration of computation, networking, and physical processes, play an increasingly important role in critical infrastructure, government and everyday life. Due to physical constraints, embedded computers and networks may give rise to some additional security vulnerabilities, which results in losses of enormous economy benefits or disorder of social life. As a result, it is of significant to properly investigate the security issue of CPSs to ensure that such systems are operating in a safe manner. This paper, from a control theory perspective, presents an overview of recent advances on security control and attack detection of industrial CPSs. First, the typical system modeling on CPSs is summarized to cater for the requirement of the performance analysis. Then three typical types of cyber-attacks, i.e. denial-of-service attacks, replay attacks, and deception attacks, are disclosed from an engineering perspective. Moreover, robustness, security and resilience as well as stability are discussed to govern the capability of weakening various attacks. The development on attack detection for industrial CPSs is reviewed according to the categories on detection approaches. Furthermore, the security control and state estimation are discussed in detail. Finally, some challenge issues are raised for the future", "corpus_id": 44770106}}, {"query": {"sha": "7731d9fe9e81f474a57520150d00713e894c347a", "title": "Lexical Cohesion and Entailment based Segmentation for Arabic Text Summarization ( LCEAS )", "abstract": "Text summarization is the process of creating a short description of a specified text while preserving its information context. This paper tackles Arabic text summarization problem. The semantic redundancy and insignificance will be removed from the summarized text. This can be achieved by checking the text entailment relation, and lexical cohesion. Accordingly, a text summarization approach (called LCEAS) based on lexical cohesion and text entailment relation is developed. In LCEAS, text entailment approach is enhanced to suit Arabic language. Roots and semantic-relations are used between the senses of the words to extract the common words. New threshold values are specified to suit entailment based segmentation for Arabic text. LCEAS is a single document summarization, which is constructed using extraction technique. To evaluate LCEAS, its performance is compared with previous Arabic text summarization systems. Each system output is compared against Essex Arabic Summaries Corpus (EASC) corpus (the model summaries), using Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation (ROUGE) and Automatic Summarization Engineering (AutoSummEng) metrics. The outcome of LCEAS indicates that the developed approach outperforms the previous Arabic text summarization systems. KeywordsText Summarization; Text Segmentation; Lexical Cohesion; Text Entailment; Natural Language Processing.", "corpus_id": 16122372}, "pos": {"sha": "de61b10a7350f28fdcb7549dc15c5e7d00a713bf", "title": "Summarization system evaluation revisited: N-gram graphs", "abstract": "This article presents a novel automatic method (AutoSummENG) for the evaluation of summarization systems, based on comparing the character n-gram graphs representation of the extracted summaries and a number of model summaries. The presented approach is language neutral, due to its statistical nature, and appears to hold a level of evaluation performance that matches and even exceeds other contemporary evaluation methods. Within this study, we measure the effectiveness of different representation methods, namely, word and character n-gram graph and histogram, different n-gram neighborhood indication methods as well as different comparison methods between the supplied representations. A theory for the a priori determination of the methods' parameters along with supporting experiments concludes the study to provide a complete alternative to existing methods concerning the automatic summary system evaluation process.", "corpus_id": 15151049}, "neg": {"sha": "72bd127275454602b68a91fac9afe6948ab4c119", "title": "Adversarially Learned One-Class Classifier for Novelty Detection", "abstract": "Novelty detection is the process of identifying the observation(s) that differ in some respect from the training observations (the target class). In reality, the novelty class is often absent during training, poorly sampled or not well defined. Therefore, one-class classifiers can efficiently model such problems. However, due to the unavailability of data from the novelty class, training an end-to-end deep network is a cumbersome task. In this paper, inspired by the success of generative adversarial networks for training deep models in unsupervised and semi-supervised settings, we propose an end-to-end architecture for one-class classification. Our architecture is composed of two deep networks, each of which trained by competing with each other while collaborating to understand the underlying concept in the target class, and then classify the testing samples. One network works as the novelty detector, while the other supports it by enhancing the inlier samples and distorting the outliers. The intuition is that the separability of the enhanced inliers and distorted outliers is much better than deciding on the original samples. The proposed framework applies to different related applications of anomaly and outlier detection in images and videos. The results on MNIST and Caltech-256 image datasets, along with the challenging UCSD Ped2 dataset for video anomaly detection illustrate that our proposed method learns the target class effectively and is superior to the baseline and state-of-the-art methods.", "corpus_id": 3509717}}, {"query": {"sha": "b485165b25261a7b9a9aac330cf57e364633cff3", "title": "BankSealer: A decision support system for online banking fraud analysis and investigation", "abstract": "The significant growth of online banking frauds, fueled by the underground economy of malware, raised the need for effective fraud analysis systems. Unfortunately, almost all of the existing approaches adopt black box models and mechanisms that do not give any justifications to analysts. Also, the development of such methods is stifled by limited Internet banking data availability for the scientific community. In this paper we describe BANKSEALER, a decision support system for online banking fraud analysis and investigation. During a training phase, BANKSEALER builds easy-to-understand models for each customer's spending habits, based on past transactions. First, it quantifies the anomaly of each transaction with respect to the customer historical profile. Second, it finds global clusters of customers with similar spending habits. Third, it uses a temporal threshold system that measures the anomaly of the current spending pattern of each customer, with respect to his or her past spending behavior. With this threefold profiling approach, it mitigates the under-training due to the lack of historical data for building well-trained profiles, and the evolution of users' spending habits over time. At runtime, BANKSEALER supports analysts by ranking new transactions that deviate from the learned profiles, with an output that has an easily understandable, immediate statistical meaning. Our evaluation on real data, based on fraud scenarios built in collaboration with domain experts that replicate typical, real-world attacks (e.g., credential stealing, banking trojan activity, and frauds repeated over time), shows that our approach correctly ranks complex frauds. In particular, we measure the effectiveness, the computational resource requirements and the capabilities of BANKSEALER to mitigate the problem of users that performed a low number of transactions. Our system ranks frauds and anomalies with up to 98% detection rate and with a maximum daily computation time of 4 min. Given the good results, a leading Italian bank deployed a version of BANKSEALER in their environment to", "corpus_id": 39094419}, "pos": {"sha": "20a4215a6599b0b6856d7c2fa511e9f1cec8dc89", "title": "Effective detection of sophisticated online banking fraud on extremely imbalanced data", "abstract": "Sophisticated online banking fraud reflects the integrative abuse of resources in social, cyber and physical worlds. Its detection is a typical use case of the broad-based Wisdom Web of Things (W2T) methodology. However, there is very limited information available to distinguish dynamic fraud from genuine customer behavior in such an extremely sparse and imbalanced data environment, which makes the instant and effective detection become more and more important and challenging. In this paper, we propose an effective online banking fraud detection framework that synthesizes relevant resources and incorporates several advanced data mining techniques. By building a contrast vector for each transaction based on its customer\u2019s historical behavior sequence, we profile the differentiating rate of each current transaction against the customer\u2019s behavior preference. A novel algorithm, ContrastMiner, is introduced to efficiently mine contrast patterns and distinguish fraudulent from genuine behavior, followed by an effective pattern selection and risk scoring that combines predictions from different models. Results from experiments on large-scale real online banking data demonstrate that our system can achieve substantially higher accuracy and lower alert volume than the latest benchmarking fraud detection system incorporating domain knowledge and traditional fraud detection methods.", "corpus_id": 16429427}, "neg": {"sha": "fea6a2c5b5c0c8193b1d98254830ab9f45f45df2", "title": "UNPU: A 50.6TOPS/W unified deep neural network accelerator with 1b-to-16b fully-variable weight bit-precision", "abstract": "Deep neural network (DNN) accelerators [1-3] have been proposed to accelerate deep learning algorithms from face recognition to emotion recognition in mobile or embedded environments [3]. However, most works accelerate only the convolutional layers (CLs) or fully-connected layers (FCLs), and different DNNs, such as those containing recurrent layers (RLs) (useful for emotion recognition) have not been supported in hardware. A combined CNN-RNN accelerator [1], separately optimizing the computation-dominant CLs, and memory-dominant RLs or FCLs, was reported to increase overall performance, however, the number of processing elements (PEs) for CLs and RLs was limited by their area and consequently, performance was suboptimal in scenarios requiring only CLs or only RLs. Although the PEs for RLs can be reconfigured into PEs for CLs or vice versa, only a partial reconfiguration was possible resulting in marginal performance improvement. Moreover, previous works [1-2] supported a limited set of weight bit precisions, such as either 4b or 8b or 16b. However, lower weight bit-precisions can achieve better throughput and higher energy efficiency, and the optimal bit-precision can be varied according to different accuracy/performance requirements. Therefore, a unified DNN accelerator with fully-variable weight bit-precision is required for the energy-optimal operation of DNNs within a mobile environment.", "corpus_id": 3861747}}, {"query": {"sha": "b4a1ae8553bb4f396deb9a696d39f91c888d5e2b", "title": "Abstractive Text Summarization with Quasi-Recurrent Neural Networks", "abstract": "ive Text Summarization with Quasi-Recurrent Neural Networks Peter Adelson Department of Computer Science Stanford University University padelson@stanford.edu Sho Arora Department of Computer Science Stanford University University shoarora@stanford.edu Jeff Hara Department of Computer Science Stanford University University jhara18@stanford.edu", "corpus_id": 32904774}, "pos": {"sha": "4e88de2930a4435f737c3996287a90ff87b95c59", "title": "Improved Semantic Representations From Tree-Structured Long Short-Term Memory Networks", "abstract": "Because of their superior ability to preserve sequence information over time, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, a type of recurrent neural network with a more complex computational unit, have obtained strong results on a variety of sequence modeling tasks. The only underlying LSTM structure that has been explored so far is a linear chain. However, natural language exhibits syntactic properties that would naturally combine words to phrases. We introduce the Tree-LSTM, a generalization of LSTMs to tree-structured network topologies. TreeLSTMs outperform all existing systems and strong LSTM baselines on two tasks: predicting the semantic relatedness of two sentences (SemEval 2014, Task 1) and sentiment classification (Stanford Sentiment Treebank).", "corpus_id": 3033526}, "neg": {"sha": "cbcd9f32b526397f88d18163875d04255e72137f", "title": "Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 14542261}}, {"query": {"sha": "5fc38a9b1301cd65604e67e1a424a1241f66cecf", "title": "On Stake and Consensus", "abstract": "In 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto introduced the Bitcoin cryptocurrency[Nak09], an online currency system which allowed peer-to-peer transfer of digital tokens. To ensure a consistent view of token ownership, Nakamoto used a public ledger which can be replicated and validated by all network participants. To avoid a single point of failure, this ledger is authenticated using a dynamic membership multiparty signature (DMMS)[BCD+14] consisting of an expensive (but cheaply verifiable) computation done on the entire ledger history every \u201cheartbeat\u201d. Unlike a traditional digital signature, there is no notion of \u201cforgability\u201d for a DMMS. Instead, every DMMS is costly to produce (in Bitcoin, by requiring a large energy expenditure) and rewarded by introduction of new coins on the ledger. Since these coins are only useful if others recognize them, participants are incentivized to extend one \u201ctrue ledger\u201d rather than attempting to create their own version of history1. Because Bitcoin\u2019s DMMS is computationally, and therefore thermodynamically[Poe14a], very expensive, alternatives have been proposed which seek to be economically and environmentally more efficient. One popular alternative, proof-of-stake, is frequently proposed as a mechanism for a cheap distributed consensus. As argued by the author[Poe14b] in 2014, this is simply not workable, but nonetheless the idea continues to arise in various forms. Meanwhile, the author\u2019s argument is commonly asserted on various forums to be \u201cdebunked\u201d or \u201cwrong\u201d, despite the author having never been made aware of any counterexamples or mistakes. (He has, of course, been contacted with many, many articles and descriptions of proof-of-stake systems which claim to be this. They are uniformly not.) This, combined with (correct) accusations that the paper is obtuse and unreadable, demonstrate that its exposition leaves much to be desired. Further, there has been significant progress in scientific understanding of Bitcoin\u2019s consensus[MLJ14, BMC+15] which was not available when the original paper was written. This paper aims to be an updated version of the author\u2019s original paper, which gives more explication on the problem Bitcoin solves, why it makes the design decisions that it does, and why proof-of-stake and similar mechanisms are fundamentally unable to produce a distributed consensus within Bitcoin\u2019s trust model.", "corpus_id": 16197025}, "pos": {"sha": "35fe18606529d82ce3fc90961dd6813c92713b3c", "title": "SoK: Research Perspectives and Challenges for Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies", "abstract": "Bit coin has emerged as the most successful cryptographic currency in history. Within two years of its quiet launch in 2009, Bit coin grew to comprise billions of dollars of economic value despite only cursory analysis of the system's design. Since then a growing literature has identified hidden-but-important properties of the system, discovered attacks, proposed promising alternatives, and singled out difficult future challenges. Meanwhile a large and vibrant open-source community has proposed and deployed numerous modifications and extensions. We provide the first systematic exposition Bit coin and the many related crypto currencies or 'altcoins.' Drawing from a scattered body of knowledge, we identify three key components of Bit coin's design that can be decoupled. This enables a more insightful analysis of Bit coin's properties and future stability. We map the design space for numerous proposed modifications, providing comparative analyses for alternative consensus mechanisms, currency allocation mechanisms, computational puzzles, and key management tools. We survey anonymity issues in Bit coin and provide an evaluation framework for analyzing a variety of privacy-enhancing proposals. Finally we provide new insights on what we term disinter mediation protocols, which absolve the need for trusted intermediaries in an interesting set of applications. We identify three general disinter mediation strategies and provide a detailed comparison.", "corpus_id": 549362}, "neg": {"sha": "ce97a8e96582fc260b6878ecbbf62e58f73b9d74", "title": "Towards Compact and Fast Neural Machine Translation Using a Combined Method", "abstract": "Neural Machine Translation (NMT) lays intensive burden on computation and memory cost. It is a challenge to deploy NMT models on the devices with limited computation and memory budgets. This paper presents a four stage pipeline to compress model and speed up the decoding for NMT. Our method first introduces a compact architecture based on convolutional encoder and weight shared embeddings. Then weight pruning is applied to obtain a sparse model. Next, we propose a fast sequence interpolation approach which enables the greedy decoding to achieve performance on par with the beam search. Hence, the time-consuming beam search can be replaced by simple greedy decoding. Finally, vocabulary selection is used to reduce the computation of softmax layer. Our final model achieves 10\u00d7 speedup, 17\u00d7 parameters reduction, <35MB storage size and comparable performance compared to the baseline model.", "corpus_id": 5793818}}, {"query": {"sha": "25eeb5baaf7c9d1d5589e09841c15675baaca414", "title": "Effects of Conversational Agents on Human Communication in Thought-Evoking Multi-Party Dialogues", "abstract": "This paper presents an experimental study that analyzes how conversational agents activate human communication in thought-evoking multi-party dialogues between multi-users and multi-agents. A thought-evoking dialogue, which is a kind of interaction in which agents act on user willingness to provoke user thinking, has the potential to stimulate multi-party interaction. In this paper, we focus on quiz-style multi-party dialogues between two users and two agents as an example of a thought-evoking multi-party dialogue. The experiment results showed that the presence of a peer agent significantly improved user satisfaction and increased the number of user utterances. We also found that agent empathic expressions significantly improved user satisfaction, raised user ratings of a peer agent, and increased user utterances. Our findings will be useful for stimulating multi-party communication in various applications such as educational agents and community facilitators.", "corpus_id": 15963241}, "pos": {"sha": "d7695e53422bfd2cb8d7e29041846d2408c7bb64", "title": "To feel or not to feel: The role of affect in human-computer interaction", "abstract": "The past decade has witnessed an unprecedented growth in user interface and human\u2013 computer interaction (HCI) technologies and methods. The synergy of technological and methodological progress on the one hand, and changing user expectations on the other, are contributing to a redefinition of the requirements for effective and desirable human\u2013computer interaction. A key component of these emerging requirements, and of effective HCI in general, is the ability of these emerging systems to address user affect. The objective of this special issue is to provide an introduction to the emerging research area of affective HCI, some of the available methods and techniques, and representative systems and applications. r 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "corpus_id": 87779}, "neg": {"sha": "12e411cabad323e7d823480f7f6fc643b9713858", "title": "Cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors.", "abstract": "CONTEXT\nLow cardiorespiratory fitness is an established risk factor for cardiovascular and total mortality; however, mechanisms responsible for these associations are uncertain.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nTo test whether low fitness, estimated by short duration on a maximal treadmill test, predicted the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors and whether improving fitness (increase in treadmill test duration between examinations) was associated with risk reduction.\n\n\nDESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS\nPopulation-based longitudinal cohort study of men and women 18 to 30 years of age in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Participants who completed the treadmill examination according to the Balke protocol at baseline were followed up from 1985-1986 to 2000-2001. A subset of participants (n = 2478) repeated the exercise test in 1992-1993.\n\n\nMAIN OUTCOME MEASURES\nIncident type 2 diabetes, hypertension, the metabolic syndrome (defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III), and hypercholesterolemia (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol > or =160 mg/dL [4.14 mmol/L]).\n\n\nRESULTS\nDuring the 15-year study period, the rates of incident diabetes, hypertension, the metabolic syndrome, and hypercholesterolemia were 2.8, 13.0, 10.2, and 11.7 per 1000 person-years, respectively. After adjustment for age, race, sex, smoking, and family history of diabetes, hypertension, or premature myocardial infarction, participants with low fitness (<20th percentile) were 3- to 6-fold more likely to develop diabetes, hypertension, and the metabolic syndrome than participants with high fitness (> or =60th percentile), all P<.001. Adjusting for baseline body mass index diminished the strength of these associations to 2-fold (all P<.001). In contrast, the association between low fitness and hypercholesterolemia was modest (hazard ratio [HR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.7; P =.02) and attenuated to marginal significance after body mass index adjustment (P =.13). Improved fitness over 7 years was associated with a reduced risk of developing diabetes (HR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-1.0; P =.04) and the metabolic syndrome (HR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.7; P<.001), but the strength and significance of these associations was reduced after accounting for changes in weight.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nPoor fitness in young adults is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors. These associations involve obesity and may be modified by improving fitness.", "corpus_id": 10203289}}, {"query": {"sha": "1594162a4dcd00d3c98fc2986b22938a35aa8336", "title": "On Statistical Model Checking of Stochastic Systems", "abstract": "Statistical methods to model check stochastic systems have been, thus far, developed only for a sublogic of continuous stochastic logic (CSL) that does not have steady state operators and unbounded until formulas. In this paper, we present a statistical model checking algorithm that also verifies CSL formulas with unbounded untils. The algorithm is based on Monte Carlo simulation of the model and hypothesis testing of the samples, as opposed to sequential hypothesis testing. The use of statistical hypothesis testing allows us to exploit the inherent parallelism in this approach. We have implemented the algorithm in a tool called VESTA, and found it to be effective in verifying several examples.", "corpus_id": 460008}, "pos": {"sha": "21ecd77531ff53d48ff519284e846a79308ef4f2", "title": "PRISM: Probabilistic Symbolic Model Checker", "abstract": "In this paper we describe PRISM, a tool being developed at the University of Birmingham for the analysis of probabilistic systems. PRISM supports three probabilistic models: discrete-time Markov chains, continuous-time Markov chains and Markov decision processes. Analysis is performed through model checking such systems against specifications written in the probabilistic temporal logics PCTL and CSL. The tool features three model checking engines: one symbolic, using BDDs (binary decision diagrams) and MTBDDs (multi-terminal BDDs); one based on sparse matrices; and one which combines both symbolic and sparse matrix methods. PRISM has been successfully used to analyse probabilistic termination, performance, dependability and quality of service properties for a range of systems, including randomized distributed algorithms [2], polling systems [22], workstation clusters [18] and wireless cell communication [17].", "corpus_id": 13202755}, "neg": {"sha": "e90dd6deeda97f3869bacc123fcdd78b433540cb", "title": "The Death Penalty", "abstract": "a Criminal Justice Bill. Sir Hartley Shawcross Attorney-General, moved that the House should disagree with the Lords' amendment to delete Clause I (suspension of the death penalty for murder). He urged the merits of the Government's proposal to recognize two categories of murder?the capital and non-capital. He thought that juries would have no difficulty in deciding whether a murder came into one of the five classes for which capital punishment was reserved : (1) Those committed in connection with robbery, burglary, or house breaking (gangster offences); wounding by three or more persons acting together; offences committed with explosive or destructive substances; rape, indecent assault and sodomy; (2) murder of a police officer, or a civilian who was assisting a police officer in the execution of the law; (3) poisoning when the poison had been systematically administered; (4) the murder of a prison officer; and (5) second murders. Mr. Winston Churchill said that the Government's clause would weaken the jury's sense of responsibility and introduce distinctions that would puzzle and baffle them, while its inconsistencies and absurdities would tend to bring the law into disrepute. The most frequent-types of murder, such as wounding, stabbing, and drowning, and the most wicked murders, would not carry the death penalty. Sir John Anderson thought the new clause was unsatisfactory because it sought to substitute a rigid and elaborate statutory code for the existing flexible, well-tried system. He thought that the words ' express malice' would give rise to serious difficulty. The only possible and sensible course for those who believed that the capital sentence was", "corpus_id": 13098223}}, {"query": {"sha": "d0365fa63fd99148c4658d2d2dcd02b4f6702f2c", "title": "Practical chemical sensors from chemically derived graphene.", "abstract": "We report the development of useful chemical sensors from chemically converted graphene dispersions using spin coating to create single-layer films on interdigitated electrode arrays. Dispersions of graphene in anhydrous hydrazine are formed from graphite oxide. Preliminary results are presented on the detection of NO(2), NH(3), and 2,4-dinitrotoluene using this simple and scalable fabrication method for practical devices. Current versus voltage curves are linear and ohmic in all cases, studied independent of metal electrode or presence of analytes. The sensor response is consistent with a charge transfer mechanism between the analyte and graphene with a limited role of the electrical contacts. A micro hot plate sensor substrate is also used to monitor the temperature dependence of the response to nitrogen dioxide. The results are discussed in light of recent literature on carbon nanotube and graphene sensors.", "corpus_id": 31235690}, "pos": {"sha": "3b705556d6aa4947c6b028dd29f0c084da96bf44", "title": "Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films.", "abstract": "We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10(13) per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of approximately 10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.", "corpus_id": 5729649}, "neg": {"sha": "76a09faba8dc77a06929d8d4a748b99b60a735d1", "title": "A fully automated greedy square jigsaw puzzle solver", "abstract": "In the square jigsaw puzzle problem one is required to reconstruct the complete image from a set of non-overlapping, unordered, square puzzle parts. Here we propose a fully automatic solver for this problem, where unlike some previous work, it assumes no clues regarding parts' location and requires no prior knowledge about the original image or its simplified (e.g., lower resolution) versions. To do so, we introduce a greedy solver which combines both informed piece placement and rearrangement of puzzle segments to find the final solution. Among our other contributions are new compatibility metrics which better predict the chances of two given parts to be neighbors, and a novel estimation measure which evaluates the quality of puzzle solutions without the need for ground-truth information. Incorporating these contributions, our approach facilitates solutions that surpass state-of-the-art solvers on puzzles of size larger than ever attempted before.", "corpus_id": 8290588}}, {"query": {"sha": "468d43734488e0e29c3c11f2c15d9b1fb6f1adc4", "title": "CoBots: Robust Symbiotic Autonomous Mobile Service Robots", "abstract": "We research and develop autonomous mobile service robots as Collaborative Robots, i.e., CoBots. For the last three years, our four CoBots have autonomously navigated in our multi-floor office buildings for more than 1,000km, as the result of the integration of multiple perceptual, cognitive, and actuations representations and algorithms. In this paper, we identify a few core aspects of our CoBots underlying their robust functionality. The reliable mobility in the varying indoor environments comes from a novel episodic non-Markov localization. Service tasks requested by users are the input to a scheduler that can consider different types of constraints, including transfers among multiple robots. With symbiotic autonomy, the CoBots proactively seek external sources of help to fill-in for their inevitable occasional limitations. We present sampled results from a deployment and conclude with a brief review of other features of our service robots.", "corpus_id": 9653894}, "pos": {"sha": "550df09a22d0e99d04357dfce2b0baf6f3163aec", "title": "An effective personal mobile robot agent through symbiotic human-robot interaction", "abstract": "Several researchers, present authors included, envision personal mobile robot agents that can assist humans in their daily tasks. Despite many advances in robotics, such mobile robot agents still face many limitations in their perception, cognition, and action capabilities. In this work, we propose a symbiotic interaction between robot agents and humans to overcome the robot limitations while allowing robots to also help humans. We introduce a visitor\u2019s companion robot agent, as a natural task for such symbiotic interaction. The visitor lacks knowledge of the environment but can easily open a door or read a door label, while the mobile robot with no arms cannot open a door and may be confused about its exact location, but can plan paths well through the building and can provide useful relevant information to the visitor. We present this visitor companion task in detail with an enumeration and formalization of the actions of the robot agent in its interaction with the human. We briefly describe the wifi-based robot localization algorithm and show results of the different levels of human help to the robot during its navigation. We then test the value of robot help to the visitor during the task to understand the relationship tradeoffs. Our work has been fully implemented in a mobile robot agent, CoBot, which has successfully navigated for several hours and continues to navigate in our indoor environment.", "corpus_id": 17475008}, "neg": {"sha": "9ba344a934fd7eaf2b6361fdec927b36db8a9944", "title": "IGBT gate-drive with PCB Rogowski coil for improved short circuit detection and current turn-off capability", "abstract": "In this paper, a gate drive using gate boosting and double-stage turn off including voltage clamping as well as with detection of overcurrent and a too high di/dt during turn on is discussed in detail. Besides the gate drive, also the design of a PCB-Rogowski coil, which is used for measuring currents and for di/dt detection, is explained and different designs are compared. The presented coil has a bandwidth of more than 28MHz and a propagation delay of 11 ns.", "corpus_id": 14414479}}, {"query": {"sha": "3c4c15a6597223887e0a5384237fd2a89b176e4a", "title": "Optimized Product Quantization", "abstract": "Product quantization (PQ) is an effective vector quantization method. A product quantizer can generate an exponentially large codebook at very low memory/time cost. The essence of PQ is to decompose the high-dimensional vector space into the Cartesian product of subspaces and then quantize these subspaces separately. The optimal space decomposition is important for the PQ performance, but still remains an unaddressed issue. In this paper, we optimize PQ by minimizing quantization distortions w.r.t the space decomposition and the quantization codebooks. We present two novel solutions to this challenging optimization problem. The first solution iteratively solves two simpler sub-problems. The second solution is based on a Gaussian assumption and provides theoretical analysis of the optimality. We evaluate our optimized product quantizers in three applications: (i) compact encoding for exhaustive ranking [1], (ii) building inverted multi-indexing for non-exhaustive search [2], and (iii) compacting image representations for image retrieval [3]. In all applications our optimized product quantizers outperform existing solutions.", "corpus_id": 6033212}, "pos": {"sha": "a718b85520bea702533ca9a5954c33576fd162b0", "title": "SOME METHODS FOR CLASSIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF MULTIVARIATE OBSERVATIONS", "abstract": "The main purpose of this paper is to describe a process for partitioning an N-dimensional population into k sets on the basis of a sample. The process, which is called 'k-means,' appears to give partitions which are reasonably efficient in the sense of within-class variance. That is, if p is the probability mass function for the population, S = {S1, S2, * *, Sk} is a partition of EN, and ui, i = 1, 2, * , k, is the conditional mean of p over the set Si, then W2(S) = ff=ISi f z u42 dp(z) tends to be low for the partitions S generated by the method. We say 'tends to be low,' primarily because of intuitive considerations, corroborated to some extent by mathematical analysis and practical computational experience. Also, the k-means procedure is easily programmed and is computationally economical, so that it is feasible to process very large samples on a digital computer. Possible applications include methods for similarity grouping, nonlinear prediction, approximating multivariate distributions, and nonparametric tests for independence among several variables. In addition to suggesting practical classification methods, the study of k-means has proved to be theoretically interesting. The k-means concept represents a generalization of the ordinary sample mean, and one is naturally led to study the pertinent asymptotic behavior, the object being to establish some sort of law of large numbers for the k-means. This problem is sufficiently interesting, in fact, for us to devote a good portion of this paper to it. The k-means are defined in section 2.1, and the main results which have been obtained on the asymptotic behavior are given there. The rest of section 2 is devoted to the proofs of these results. Section 3 describes several specific possible applications, and reports some preliminary results from computer experiments conducted to explore the possibilities inherent in the k-means idea. The extension to general metric spaces is indicated briefly in section 4. The original point of departure for the work described here was a series of problems in optimal classification (MacQueen [9]) which represented special", "corpus_id": 6278891}, "neg": {"sha": "561fbe35d3d0262f95a16b0e935678286c595449", "title": "Priming for health: gut microbiota acquired in early life regulates physiology, brain and behaviour.", "abstract": "UNLABELLED\nThe infant gut microbiome is dynamic, and radical shifts in composition occur during the first 3\u00a0years of life. Disruption of these developmental patterns, and the impact of the microbial composition of our gut on brain and behaviour, has attracted much recent attention. Integrating these observations is an important new research frontier.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nEarly-life perturbations of the developing gut microbiota can impact on the central nervous system and potentially lead to adverse mental health outcomes.", "corpus_id": 35225394}}, {"query": {"sha": "e559e310a854b9db0efcd7cc4a313c94bfe41a78", "title": "Stationary and moving targets detection on FMCW radar using GNU radio-based software defined radio", "abstract": "This paper discusses the implementation of GNU radio-based software defined radio (SDR) for designing a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar to detect stationary and moving targets. The use of SDR system in which its components are implemented by means of software is to reduce cost and complexity in the design and implementation. Whilst the signal processing of FMCW radar is carried out using Matlab R\u00ae with triangular linear frequency modulation (LFM) waveform to obtain the target distance and the target relative speed for stationary and moving target, respectively. From the result, it is shown that the radar is successfully implemented using GNU radio-based SDR with the capability in distance target detection of 14.79km for a moving target away from the radar with the relative speed of 50m/s.", "corpus_id": 17458149}, "pos": {"sha": "3d213d226eec14c56a679f3c1307742df0048f87", "title": "Accuracy analysis of FM chirp in GNU radio-based FMCW radar for multiple target detection", "abstract": "In this paper, different waveforms of frequency modulation (FM) chirp are investigated to analyze the accuracy of GNU radio-based frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar for multiple target detection. The 3 waveforms used for the investigation as FM chirp are sinusoidal, triangular, and sawtooth waveforms. The analysis is performed by use of GNU radio referred as an open source software-define-radio project. There are 2 methods employed for the detection process; the first is real-condition simulation method and the second is USRP-based implementation method. In the analysis, some targets in different ranges are characterized using both methods to determine the accuracy of target range. By using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) function from Matlab\u00ae to obtain the result in frequency domain, both methods show that the triangular waveform has the highest average accuracy, i.e. 95.73% for the 1st method and 99.75% for the 2nd method. The sawtooth waveform has the lower average accuracy than the triangular, i.e. 94.93 for the 1st method and 98.33% for the 2nd method, whilst the sinusoidal waveform has the lowest average accuracy, i.e. 92.60% for the 1st method and 98.59% for the 2nd method. From the result, it shows that the USRP-based implementation method has better average accuracy than the real-condition simulation method.", "corpus_id": 18248829}, "neg": {"sha": "32658c8c13f0b376399b16c1a15933ab13fcda15", "title": "An Ultra-Wideband 80 GHz FMCW Radar System Using a SiGe Bipolar Transceiver Chip Stabilized by a Fractional-N PLL Synthesizer", "abstract": "A radar system with an ultra-wide FMCW ramp bandwidth of 25.6 GHz (\u224832%) around a center frequency of 80 GHz is presented. The system is based on a monostatic fully integrated SiGe transceiver chip, which is stabilized using conventional fractional-N PLL chips at a reference frequency of 100 MHz. The achieved in-loop phase noise is \u2248 -88 dBc/Hz (10 kHz offset frequency) for the center frequency and below \u2248-80 dBc/Hz in the wide frequency band of 25.6 GHz for all offset frequencies >;1 kHz. The ultra-wide PLL-stabilization was achieved using a reverse frequency position mixer in the PLL (offset-PLL) resulting in a compensation of the variation of the oscillators tuning sensitivity with the variation of the N-divider in the PLL. The output power of the transceiver chip, as well as of the mm-wave module (containing a waveguide transition), is sufficiently flat versus the output frequency (variation <;3 dB). In radar measurements using the full bandwidth an ultra-high spatial resolution of 7.12 mm was achieved. The standard deviation between repeated measurements of the same target is 0.36 \u03bcm.", "corpus_id": 15180486}}, {"query": {"sha": "30aa800df7a4dea69f95feeaf16e885e50d8a49f", "title": "Detection of complex video events through visual rhythm", "abstract": "The recognition of complex events in videos has currently several important applications, particularly due to the wide availability of digital cameras in environments such as airports, train and bus stations, shopping centers, stadiums, hospitals, schools, buildings, roads, among others. Advances in digital technology have enhanced the capabilities for detection of video events through the development of devices with high resolution, small physical size, and high sampling rates. This work presents and evaluates the use of feature descriptors extracted from visual rhythms of video sequences in three computer vision problems: abnormal event detection, human action classification, and gesture recognition. Experiments conducted on well-known public datasets demonstrate that the method produces promising results.", "corpus_id": 14746978}, "pos": {"sha": "0bad381b84f48b28abc1a98f05993c8eb5be747d", "title": "Anomaly detection: A survey", "abstract": "Anomaly detection is an important problem that has been researched within diverse research areas and application domains. Many anomaly detection techniques have been specifically developed for certain application domains, while others are more generic. This survey tries to provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the research on anomaly detection. We have grouped existing techniques into different categories based on the underlying approach adopted by each technique. For each category we have identified key assumptions, which are used by the techniques to differentiate between normal and anomalous behavior. When applying a given technique to a particular domain, these assumptions can be used as guidelines to assess the effectiveness of the technique in that domain. For each category, we provide a basic anomaly detection technique, and then show how the different existing techniques in that category are variants of the basic technique. This template provides an easier and more succinct understanding of the techniques belonging to each category. Further, for each category, we identify the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques in that category. We also provide a discussion on the computational complexity of the techniques since it is an important issue in real application domains. We hope that this survey will provide a better understanding of the different directions in which research has been done on this topic, and how techniques developed in one area can be applied in domains for which they were not intended to begin with.", "corpus_id": 207172599}, "neg": {"sha": "67522b1dde6b2321353e0f52323aa43b340abaf0", "title": "The Specific Role of Relationship Life Events in the Onset of Depression during Pregnancy and the Postpartum", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nThe precipitating role of life events in the onset of depression is well-established. The present study sought to examine whether life events hypothesised to be personally salient would be more strongly associated with depression than other life events. In a sample of women making the first transition to parenthood, we hypothesised that negative events related to the partner relationship would be particularly salient and thus more strongly predictive of depression than other events.\n\n\nMETHODS\nA community-based sample of 316 first-time mothers stratified by psychosocial risk completed interviews at 32 weeks gestation and 29 weeks postpartum to assess dated occurrence of life events and depression onsets from conception to 29 weeks postpartum. Complete data was available from 273 (86.4%). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine risk for onset of depression in the 6 months following a relationship event versus other events, after accounting for past history of depression and other potential confounders.\n\n\nRESULTS\n52 women (19.0%) experienced an onset of depression between conception and 6 months postpartum. Both relationship events (Hazard Ratio = 2.1, p = .001) and other life events (Hazard Ratio = 1.3, p = .020) were associated with increased risk for depression onset; however, relationship events showed a significantly greater risk for depression than did other life events (p = .044).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe results are consistent with the hypothesis that personally salient events are more predictive of depression onset than other events. Further, they indicate the clinical significance of events related to the partner relationship during pregnancy and the postpartum.", "corpus_id": 4861866}}, {"query": {"sha": "fcb3a54d3a6b9b339eb6f8583f84cc10efae8986", "title": "Firefly algorithm with neighborhood attraction", "abstract": "Firefly algorithm (FA) is a new optimization technique based on swarm intelligence. It simulates the social behavior of fireflies. The search pattern of FA is determined by the attractions among fireflies, whereby a less bright firefly moves toward a brighter firefly. In FA, each firefly can be attracted by all other brighter fireflies in the population. However, too many attractions may result in oscillations during the search process and high computational time complexity. To overcome these problems, we propose a new FA variant called FA with neighborhood attraction (NaFA). In NaFA, each firefly is attracted by other brighter fireflies selected from a predefined neighborhood rather than those from the entire population. Experiments are conducted using several well-known benchmark functions. The results show that the proposed strategy can efficiently improve the accuracy of solutions and reduce the computational time complexity.", "corpus_id": 4600715}, "pos": {"sha": "10fa778e675d0b6951a12b3d8160420317950608", "title": "Ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents", "abstract": "An analogy with the way ant colonies function has suggested the definition of a new computational paradigm, which we call ant system (AS). We propose it as a viable new approach to stochastic combinatorial optimization. The main characteristics of this model are positive feedback, distributed computation, and the use of a constructive greedy heuristic. Positive feedback accounts for rapid discovery of good solutions, distributed computation avoids premature convergence, and the greedy heuristic helps find acceptable solutions in the early stages of the search process. We apply the proposed methodology to the classical traveling salesman problem (TSP), and report simulation results. We also discuss parameter selection and the early setups of the model, and compare it with tabu search and simulated annealing using TSP. To demonstrate the robustness of the approach, we show how the ant system (AS) can be applied to other optimization problems like the asymmetric traveling salesman, the quadratic assignment and the job-shop scheduling. Finally we discuss the salient characteristics-global data structure revision, distributed communication and probabilistic transitions of the AS.", "corpus_id": 135561}, "neg": {"sha": "2f3f866dd8e4a187c033e55fc8d31b6be77afd2d", "title": "Identifying Synonyms among Distributionally Similar Words", "abstract": "There have been many proposals to compute similarities between words based on their distributions in contexts. However, these approaches do not distinguish between synonyms and antonyms. We present two methods for identifying synonyms among distributionally similar words.", "corpus_id": 2220173}}, {"query": {"sha": "03cc44aa3106062e3692144c4f07c58c606dbd5c", "title": "Bridging Paxos and Blockchain Consensus", "abstract": "The distributed consensus problem has been extensively studied in the last four decades as an important problem in distributed systems. Recent advances in decentralized consensus and blockchain technology, however, arose from a disparate model and gave rise to disjoint knowledge-base and techniques than those in the classical consensus research. In this paper we make a case for bridging these two seemingly disparate approaches in order to help transfer the lessons learned from the classical distributed consensus world to the blockchain world and vice versa. To this end, we draw parallels between blockchain consensus and a classical consensus protocol, Paxos. We also survey prominent approaches to improving the throughput and providing instant irreversibility to blockchain consensus and show analogies to the techniques from classical consensus protocols. Finally, inspired by the central role formal methods played in the success of classical consensus research, we suggest more extensive use of formal methods in modeling the blockchains and smartcontracts.", "corpus_id": 46997117}, "pos": {"sha": "5acc6e0d4011d81419b81d7cd383bed48c4cb22c", "title": "Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited", "abstract": "Distributed consensus is integral to modern distributed systems. The widely adopted Paxos algorithm uses two phases, each requiring majority agreement, to reliably reach consensus. In this paper, we demonstrate that Paxos, which lies at the foundation of many production systems, is conservative. Specifically, we observe that each of the phases of Paxos may use non-intersecting quorums. Majority quorums are not necessary as intersection is required only across phases. Using this weakening of the requirements made in the original formulation, we propose Flexible Paxos, which generalizes over the Paxos algorithm to provide flexible quorums. We show that Flexible Paxos is safe, efficient and easy to utilize in existing distributed systems. We discuss far reaching implications of this result. For example, improved availability results from reducing the size of second phase quorums by one when the system size is even, while keeping majority quorums in the first phase. Another example is improved throughput of replication by using much smaller phase 2 quorums, while increasing the leader election (phase 1) quorums. Finally, non intersecting quorums in either first or second phases may enhance the efficiency of both. 1998 ACM Subject Classification C.2.4 Distributed Systems", "corpus_id": 16679103}, "neg": {"sha": "130ce1bcd496a7b9192f5f53dd8d7ef626e40675", "title": "Asynchronous Consensus and Broadcast Protocols", "abstract": "A consensus protocol enables a system of n asynchronous processes, some of which are faulty, to reach agreement. There are two kinds of faulty processes: fail-stop processes that can only die and malicious processes that can also send false messages. The class of asynchronous systems with fair schedulers is defined, and consensus protocols that terminate with probability 1 for these systems are investigated. With fail-stop processes, it is shown that \u2308(n + 1)/2\u2309 correct processes are necessary and sufficient to reach agreement. In the malicious case, it is shown that \u2308(2n + 1)/3\u2309 correct processes are necessary and sufficient to reach agreement. This is contrasted with an earlier result, stating that there is no consensus protocol for the fail-stop case that always terminates within a bounded number of steps, even if only one process can fail. The possibility of reliable broadcast (Byzantine Agreement) in asynchronous systems is also investigated. Asynchronous Byzantine Agreement is defined, and it is shown that \u2308(2n + 1)/3\u2309 correct processes are necessary and sufficient to achieve it.", "corpus_id": 11234976}}, {"query": {"sha": "b34545c8948b5089867ef1eec3fb5522cef23c90", "title": "Simplifying Particle Swarm Optimization", "abstract": "The general purpose optimization method known as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has received much attention in past years, with many attempts to find the variant that performs best on a wide variety of optimization problems. The focus of past research has been with making the PSO method more complex, as this is frequently believed to increase its adaptability to other optimization problems. This study takes the opposite approach and simplifies the PSO method. To compare the efficacy of the original PSO and the simplified variant here, an easy technique is presented for efficiently tuning their behavioural parameters. The technique works by employing an overlaid meta-optimizer, which is capable of simultaneously tuning parameters with regard to multiple optimization problems, whereas previous approaches to meta-optimization have tuned behavioural parameters to work well on just a single optimization problem. It is then found that the PSO method and its simplified variant not only have comparable performance for optimizing a number of Artificial Neural Network problems, but the simplified variant appears to offer a small improvement in some cases.", "corpus_id": 12065877}, "pos": {"sha": "2375f6d71ce85a9ff457825e192c36045e994bdd", "title": "Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 2757547}, "neg": {"sha": "49939312f2778324030f0050f112a37194b126bb", "title": "A Comparative Study of Methods for Transductive Transfer Learning", "abstract": "The problem of transfer learning, where information gained in one learning task is used to improve performance in another related task, is an important new area of research. While previous work has studied the supervised version of this problem, we study the more challenging case of unsupervised transductive transfer learning, where no labeled data from the target domain are available at training. We describe some current state-of-the-art inductive and transductive approaches and then adapt these models to the problem of transfer learning for protein name extraction. In the process, we introduce a novel maximum entropy based technique, iterative feature transformation (IFT), and show that it achieves comparable performance with state-of-the-art transductive SVMs. We also show how simple relaxations, such as providing additional information like the proportion of positive examples in the test data, can significantly improve the performance of some of the transductive transfer learners.", "corpus_id": 16151238}}, {"query": {"sha": "ecc2ea05877d720b725fb89bc3b0586a51cabdc7", "title": "Object Recognition in 3D Point Clouds Using Web Data and Domain Adaptation", "abstract": "Over the last years, object detection has become a more and more active field of research in robotics. An important problem in object detection is the need for sufficient labeled training data to learn good classifiers. In this paper we show how to significantly reduce the need for manually labeled training data by leveraging data sets available on the World Wide Web. Specifically, we show how to use objects from Google\u2019s 3D Warehouse to train an object detection system for 3D point clouds collected by robots navigating through both urban and indoor environments. In order to deal with the different characteristics of the web data and the real robot data, we additionally use a small set of labeled point clouds and perform domain adaptation. Our experiments demonstrate that additional data taken from the 3D Warehouse along with our domain adaptation greatly improves the classification accuracy on real-world environments.", "corpus_id": 14333810}, "pos": {"sha": "1db8a0b13b9561b3a5ed1c5962989199982de470", "title": "The Princeton Shape Benchmark", "abstract": "In recent years, many shape representations and geometric algorithms have been proposed for matching 3D shapes. Usually, each algorithm is tested on a different (small) database of 3D models, and thus no direct comparison is available for competing methods. We describe the Princeton Shape Benchmark (PSB), a publicly available database of polygonal models collected from the World Wide Web and a suite of tools for comparing shape matching and classification algorithms. One feature of the benchmark is that it provides multiple semantic labels for each 3D model. For instance, it includes one classification of the 3D models based on function, another that considers function and form, and others based on how the object was constructed (e.g., man-made versus natural objects). We find that experiments with these classifications can expose different properties of shape-based retrieval algorithms. For example, out of 12 shape descriptors tested, extended Gaussian images by B. Horn (1984) performed best for distinguishing man-made from natural objects, while they performed among the worst for distinguishing specific object types. Based on experiments with several different shape descriptors, we conclude that no single descriptor is best for all classifications, and thus the main contribution of this paper is to provide a framework to determine the conditions under which each descriptor performs best.", "corpus_id": 7156990}, "neg": {"sha": "5de7e3fb01812370ad558ab64c24eab37ded69a3", "title": "Knowledge Representation Concepts for Automated SLA Management", "abstract": "Outsourcing of complex IT infrastructure to IT service providers has increased substantially during the past years. IT service providers must be able to fulfil their service-quality commitments based upon pre-defined Service Level Agreements (SLAs) with the service customer. They need to manage, execute and maintain thousands of SLAs for different customers and different types of services, which needs new levels of flexibility and automation not available with the current technology. The complexity of contractual logic in SLAs requires new forms of knowledge representation to automatically draw inferences and execute contractual agreements. A logic-based approach provides several advantages including automated rule chaining allowing for compact knowledge representation as well as flexibility to adapt to rapidly changing business requirements. We suggest adequate logical formalisms for representation and enforcement of SLA rules and describe a proof-of-concept implementation. The article describes selected formalisms of the ContractLog KR and their adequacy for automated SLA management and presents results of experiments to demonstrate flexibility and scalability of the approach.", "corpus_id": 60308}}, {"query": {"sha": "9022dcc55477c54157328828ab7e037d655ba2fb", "title": "Temporal frequency probing for 5D transient analysis of global light transport", "abstract": "We analyze light propagation in an unknown scene using projectors and cameras that operate at transient timescales. In this new photography regime, the projector emits a spatio-temporal 3D signal and the camera receives a transformed version of it, determined by the set of all light transport paths through the scene and the time delays they induce. The underlying 3D-to-3D transformation encodes scene geometry and global transport in great detail, but individual transport components (e.g., direct reflections, inter-reflections, caustics, etc.) are coupled nontrivially in both space and time.\n To overcome this complexity, we observe that transient light transport is always separable in the temporal frequency domain. This makes it possible to analyze transient transport one temporal frequency at a time by trivially adapting techniques from conventional projector-to-camera transport. We use this idea in a prototype that offers three never-seen-before abilities: (1) acquiring time-of-flight depth images that are robust to general indirect transport, such as interreflections and caustics; (2) distinguishing between direct views of objects and their mirror reflection; and (3) using a photonic mixer device to capture sharp, evolving wavefronts of \"light-in-flight\".", "corpus_id": 7145007}, "pos": {"sha": "7459544af26cbe12974ca22ff31ed17eb6469b1b", "title": "Low-budget transient imaging using photonic mixer devices", "abstract": "Transient imaging is an exciting a new imaging modality that can be used to understand light propagation in complex environments, and to capture and analyze scene properties such as the shape of hidden objects or the reflectance properties of surfaces.\n Unfortunately, research in transient imaging has so far been hindered by the high cost of the required instrumentation, as well as the fragility and difficulty to operate and calibrate devices such as femtosecond lasers and streak cameras.\n In this paper, we explore the use of photonic mixer devices (PMD), commonly used in inexpensive time-of-flight cameras, as alternative instrumentation for transient imaging. We obtain a sequence of differently modulated images with a PMD sensor, impose a model for local light/object interaction, and use an optimization procedure to infer transient images given the measurements and model. The resulting method produces transient images at a cost several orders of magnitude below existing methods, while simultaneously simplifying and speeding up the capture process.", "corpus_id": 7190905}, "neg": {"sha": "31225793dee1ff82544d08cfad2eeba555fdda34", "title": "Protecting browser state from web privacy attacks", "abstract": "Through a variety of means, including a range of browser cache methods and inspecting the color of a visited hyperlink, client-side browser state can be exploited to track users against their wishes. This tracking is possible because persistent, client-side browser state is not properly partitioned on per-site basis in current browsers. We address this problem by refining the general notion of a \"same-origin\" policy and implementing two browser extensions that enforce this policy on the browser cache and visited links.We also analyze various degrees of cooperation between sites to track users, and show that even if long-term browser state is properly partitioned, it is still possible for sites to use modern web features to bounce users between sites and invisibly engage in cross-domain tracking of their visitors. Cooperative privacy attacks are an unavoidable consequence of all persistent browser state that affects the behavior of the browser, and disabling or frequently expiring this state is the only way to achieve true privacy against colluding parties.", "corpus_id": 2870926}}, {"query": {"sha": "e293a31260cf20996d12d14b8f29a9d4d99c4642", "title": "LR-GAN: Layered Recursive Generative Adversarial Networks for Image Generation", "abstract": "We present LR-GAN: an adversarial image generation model which takes scene structure and context into account. Unlike previous generative adversarial networks (GANs), the proposed GAN learns to generate image background and foregrounds separately and recursively, and stitch the foregrounds on the background in a contextually relevant manner to produce a complete natural image. For each foreground, the model learns to generate its appearance, shape and pose. The whole model is unsupervised, and is trained in an end-to-end manner with gradient descent methods. The experiments demonstrate that LR-GAN can generate more natural images with objects that are more human recognizable than DCGAN. The code is available at https://github.com/jwyang/lr-gan.pytorch.", "corpus_id": 1840346}, "pos": {"sha": "5e6f62b05fb96ce4cd78bdeabe9d8a6f5daf988b", "title": "Generating Images Part by Part with Composite Generative Adversarial Networks", "abstract": "\u2022 Images are composed of several different objects forming a hierarchical structure with various styles and shapes. \u2022 Deep learning models are used to implicitly disentangle complex underlying patterns of data, forming distributed feature representations. \u2022 Generative adversarial networks (GAN) are successful unsupervised learning models that can generate samples of natural images generalized from the training data. \u2022 It is proven that if the GAN has enough capacity, data distribution formed by GAN can converge to the distribution over real data", "corpus_id": 15807234}, "neg": {"sha": "28b718a4ca0a034c3f11e218e3a737cbf5373ab9", "title": "Global self-esteem across the life span.", "abstract": "This study provides a comprehensive picture of age differences in self-esteem from age 9 to 90 years using cross-sectional data collected from 326,641 individuals over the Internet. Self-esteem levels were high in childhood, dropped during adolescence, rose gradually throughout adulthood, and declined sharply in old age. This trajectory generally held across gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and nationality (U.S. citizens vs. non-U.S. citizens). Overall, these findings support previous research, help clarify inconsistencies in the literature, and document new trends that require further investigation.", "corpus_id": 3197480}}, {"query": {"sha": "2ab464a74e0bff7ab6e84e6c7d04702548a655de", "title": "The kernel recursive least-squares algorithm", "abstract": "We present a nonlinear version of the recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm. Our algorithm performs linear regression in a high-dimensional feature space induced by a Mercer kernel and can therefore be used to recursively construct minimum mean-squared-error solutions to nonlinear least-squares problems that are frequently encountered in signal processing applications. In order to regularize solutions and keep the complexity of the algorithm bounded, we use a sequential sparsification process that admits into the kernel representation a new input sample only if its feature space image cannot be sufficiently well approximated by combining the images of previously admitted samples. This sparsification procedure allows the algorithm to operate online, often in real time. We analyze the behavior of the algorithm, compare its scaling properties to those of support vector machines, and demonstrate its utility in solving two signal processing problems-time-series prediction and channel equalization.", "corpus_id": 10220028}, "pos": {"sha": "40e5a40ae66d44e6c00d562d068d35db6922715d", "title": "Improving the Accuracy and Speed of Support Vector Machines", "abstract": "Bernhard Scholkopf\" Max-Planck-Institut fur biologische Kybernetik , Spemannstr. 38 72076 Tubingen, Germany bs@mpik-tueb.mpg.de Support Vector Learning Machines (SVM) are finding application in pattern recognition , regression estimation , and operator inversion for ill-posed problems. Against this very general backdrop , any methods for improving the generalization performance, or for improving the speed in test phase, of SVMs are of increasing interest. In this paper we combine two such techniques on a pattern recognition problem. The method for improving generalization performance (the \"virtual support vector\" method) does so by incorporating known invariances of the problem. This method achieves a drop in the error rate on 10,000 NIST test digit images of 1.4% to 1.0%. The method for improving the speed (the \"reduced set\" method) does so by approximating the support vector decision surface. We apply this method to achieve a factor of fifty speedup in test phase over the virtual support vector machine. The combined approach yields a machine which is both 22 times faster than the original machine, and which has better generalization performance, achieving 1.1 % error. The virtual support vector method is applicable to any SVM problem with known invariances. The reduced set method is applicable to any support vector machine.", "corpus_id": 9434141}, "neg": {"sha": "4f45fb2c02857afadf6d74b2591056fa5ce6a07f", "title": "The Iseult/Inumac Whole Body 11.7 T MRI Magnet Design", "abstract": "A neuroscience research center with very high field MRI equipments has been opened in November 2006 by the CEA life science division. One of the imaging systems will require a 11.75 T magnet with a 900 mm warm bore. Regarding the large aperture and field strength, this magnet is a real challenge as compared to the largest MRI systems ever built, and is then developed within an ambitious R&D program, Iseult, focus on high field MRI. The conservative MRI magnet design principles are not readily applicable and other concepts taken from high energy physics or fusion experiments, namely the Tore Supra tokamak magnet system, will be used. The coil will thus be made of a niobium-titanium conductor cooled by a He II bath at 1.8 K, permanently connected to a cryoplant. Due to the high level of stored energy, about 340 MJ, and a relatively high nominal current, about 1500 A, the magnet will be operated in a non-persistent mode with a conveniently stabilized power supply. In order to take advantage of superfluid helium properties and regarding the high electromagnetic stresses on the conductors, the winding will be made of wetted double pancakes meeting the Stekly criterion for cryostability. The magnet will be actively shielded to fulfill the specifications regarding the stray field.", "corpus_id": 26109658}}, {"query": {"sha": "47692750125d4a2e45074b755b2d462c080095f0", "title": "Leveraging Mid-Level Semantic Boundary Cues for Automated Lymph Node Detection", "abstract": "Histograms of oriented gradients (HOG) are widely employed image descriptors in modern computer-aided diagnosis systems. Built upon a set of local, robust statistics of low-level image gradients, HOG features are usually computed on raw intensity images. In this paper, we explore a learned image transformation scheme for producing higher-level inputs to HOG. Leveraging semantic object boundary cues, our methods compute data-driven image feature maps via a supervised boundary detector. Compared with the raw image map, boundary cues offer mid-level, more object-specific visual responses that can be suited for subsequent HOG encoding. We validate integrations of several image transformation maps with an application of computer-aided detection of lymph nodes on thoracoabdominal CT images. Our experiments demonstrate that semantic boundary cues based HOG descriptors complement and enrich the raw intensity alone. We observe an overall system with substantially improved results (\u223c78% versus 60% recall at 3 FP/volume for two target regions). The proposed system also moderately outperforms the state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network (CNN) system in the mediastinum region, without relying on data augmentation and requiring significantly fewer training samples.", "corpus_id": 9938334}, "pos": {"sha": "30b339de5b12fe08418b67d532a8b43840355344", "title": "A New 2.5D Representation for Lymph Node Detection using Random Sets of Deep Convolutional Neural Network Observations", "abstract": "Automated Lymph Node (LN) detection is an important clinical diagnostic task but very challenging due to the low contrast of surrounding structures in Computed Tomography (CT) and to their varying sizes, poses, shapes and sparsely distributed locations. State-of-the-art studies show the performance range of 52.9% sensitivity at 3.1 false-positives per volume (FP/vol.), or 60.9% at 6.1 FP/vol. for mediastinal LN, by one-shot boosting on 3D HAAR features. In this paper, we first operate a preliminary candidate generation stage, towards -100% sensitivity at the cost of high FP levels (-40 per patient), to harvest volumes of interest (VOI). Our 2.5D approach consequently decomposes any 3D VOI by resampling 2D reformatted orthogonal views N times, via scale, random translations, and rotations with respect to the VOI centroid coordinates. These random views are then used to train a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier. In testing, the CNN is employed to assign LN probabilities for all N random views that can be simply averaged (as a set) to compute the final classification probability per VOI. We validate the approach on two datasets: 90 CT volumes with 388 mediastinal LNs and 86 patients with 595 abdominal LNs. We achieve sensitivities of 70%/83% at 3 FP/vol. and 84%/90% at 6 FP/vol. in mediastinum and abdomen respectively, which drastically improves over the previous state-of-the-art work.", "corpus_id": 4236914}, "neg": {"sha": "98db91b40a4817de77565c7eacda1f264b9a0425", "title": "The three modern faces of mercury.", "abstract": "The three modern \"faces\" of mercury are our perceptions of risk from the exposure of billions of people to methyl mercury in fish, mercury vapor from amalgam tooth fillings, and ethyl mercury in the form of thimerosal added as an antiseptic to widely used vaccines. In this article I review human exposure to and the toxicology of each of these three species of mercury. Mechanisms of action are discussed where possible. Key gaps in our current knowledge are identified from the points of view both of risk assessment and of mechanisms of action.", "corpus_id": 8036205}}, {"query": {"sha": "64bd5878170bfab423bc3fc38d693202ef4ba6b6", "title": "Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation in the Wild Using Improved CNN Supervision", "abstract": "We propose a CNN-based approach for 3D human body pose estimation from single RGB images that addresses the issue of limited generalizability of models trained solely on the starkly limited publicly available 3D pose data. Using only the existing 3D pose data and 2D pose data, we show state-of-the-art performance on established benchmarks through transfer of learned features, while also generalizing to in-the-wild scenes. We further introduce a new training set for human body pose estimation from monocular images of real humans that has the ground truth captured with a multi-camera marker-less motion capture system. It complements existing corpora with greater diversity in pose, human appearance, clothing, occlusion, and viewpoints, and enables an increased scope of augmentation. We also contribute a new benchmark that covers outdoor and indoor scenes, and demonstrate that our 3D pose dataset shows better in-the-wild performance than existing annotated data, which is further improved in conjunction with transfer learning from 2D pose data. All in all, we argue that the use of transfer learning of representations in tandem with algorithmic and data contributions is crucial for general 3D body pose estimation.", "corpus_id": 17012729}, "pos": {"sha": "2c03df8b48bf3fa39054345bafabfeff15bfd11d", "title": "Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition", "abstract": "Deeper neural networks are more difficult to train. We present a residual learning framework to ease the training of networks that are substantially deeper than those used previously. We explicitly reformulate the layers as learning residual functions with reference to the layer inputs, instead of learning unreferenced functions. We provide comprehensive empirical evidence showing that these residual networks are easier to optimize, and can gain accuracy from considerably increased depth. On the ImageNet dataset we evaluate residual nets with a depth of up to 152 layers - 8\u00d7 deeper than VGG nets [40] but still having lower complexity. An ensemble of these residual nets achieves 3.57% error on the ImageNet test set. This result won the 1st place on the ILSVRC 2015 classification task. We also present analysis on CIFAR-10 with 100 and 1000 layers. The depth of representations is of central importance for many visual recognition tasks. Solely due to our extremely deep representations, we obtain a 28% relative improvement on the COCO object detection dataset. Deep residual nets are foundations of our submissions to ILSVRC & COCO 2015 competitions1, where we also won the 1st places on the tasks of ImageNet detection, ImageNet localization, COCO detection, and COCO segmentation.", "corpus_id": 206594692}, "neg": {"sha": "5d417b045b1d81f67d6071467dd5be2a2b504c58", "title": "Segmentation and recognition of text written in 3D using Leap motion interface", "abstract": "In this paper, we present a word extraction and recognition methodology from online cursive handwritten text-lines recorded by Leap motion controller The online text, drawn by 3D gesture in air, is distinct from usual online pen-based strokes. The 3D gestures are recorded in air, hence they produce often non-uniform text style and jitter-effect while writing. Also, due to the constraint of writing in air, the pause of stroke-flow between words is missing. Instead all words and lines are connected by a continuous stroke. In this paper, we have used a simple but effective heuristic to segment words written in air. Here, we propose a segmentation methodology of continuous 3D strokes into text-lines and words. Separation of text lines is achieved by heuristically finding the large gap-information between end and start-positions of successive text lines. Word segmentation is characterized in our system as a two class problem. In the next phase, we have used Hidden Markov Model-based approach to recognize these segmented words. Our experimental validation with a large dataset consisting with 320 sentences reveals that the proposed heuristic based word segmentation algorithm performs with accuracy as high as 80.3%c and an accuracy of 77.6% has been recorded by HMM-based word recognition when these segmented words are fed to HMM. The results show that the framework is efficient even with cluttered gestures.", "corpus_id": 4375876}}, {"query": {"sha": "654b45f0c97bd064f4ecd697e9fb1392f1862058", "title": "A new metaheuristic algorithm based on shark smell optimization", "abstract": "In this article, a new metaheuristic optimization algorithm is introduced. This algorithm is based on the ability of shark, as a superior hunter in the nature, for finding prey, which is taken from the smell sense of shark and its movement to the odor source. Various behaviors of shark within the search environment, that is, sea water, are mathematically modeled within the proposed optimization approach. The effectiveness of the suggested approach is compared with many other heuristic optimization methods based on standard benchmark functions. Also, to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed optimization method for solving real-world engineering problems, it is applied for the solution of load frequency control problem in electrical power systems. The obtained results confirm the validity of the proposed metaheuristic optimization algorithm. VC 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 97\u2013116, 2016", "corpus_id": 205711669}, "pos": {"sha": "56e02786bad4cf8781950b5df615729a417b31d7", "title": "Progress in supervised neural networks", "abstract": "Theoretical results concerning the capabilities and limitations of various neural network models are summarized, and some of their extensions are discussed. The network models considered are divided into two basic categories: static networks and dynamic networks. Unlike static networks, dynamic networks have memory. They fall into three groups: networks with feedforward dynamics, networks with output feedback, and networks with state feedback, which are emphasized in this work. Most of the networks discussed are trained using supervised learning.<>", "corpus_id": 3191120}, "neg": {"sha": "467b602a67cfd7c347fe7ce74c02b38c4bb1f332", "title": "Large Margin Local Metric Learning", "abstract": "Linear metric learning is a widely used methodology to learn a dissimilarity function from a set of similar/dissimilar example pairs. Using a single metric may be a too restrictive assumption when handling heterogeneous datasets. Recently, local metric learning methods have been introduced to overcome this limitation. However, they are subjects to constraints preventing their usage in many applications. For example, they require knowledge of the class label of the training points. In this paper, we present a novel local metric learning method, which overcomes some limitations of previous approaches. The method first computes a Gaussian Mixture Model from a low dimensional embedding of training data. Then it estimates a set of local metrics by solving a convex optimization problem; finally, a dissimilarity function is obtained by aggregating the local metrics. Our experiments show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art results on four datasets.", "corpus_id": 1826741}}, {"query": {"sha": "9757acb688e9db550b3706a10ab1f111d2a09c5d", "title": "Network analysis of supply chain systems: A systematic review and future research", "abstract": "Supply chains are continuously evolving and adapting systems driven by complex sociotechnical interfirm interactions. Traditional engineering and operations management modeling approaches have primarily focused on technical issues and are not well suited to effectively capture the many complex structural and behavioral aspects of supply chain systems (SCSs). There is growing recognition by the supply chain community of the significant benefits a network analytic lens can provide to understand, design, and manage SCSs. We systematically review and analyze the relevant literature and, drawing on a multidisciplinary theoretical foundation, develop an integrative framework. Our framework identifies three distinct, but interdependent themes that characterize the study of SCSs: SCS network structure (i.e., system architecture), SCS network dynamics (i.e., system behavior), and SCS network strategy (i.e., system policy and control). We elaborate on these themes, review key findings, identify the current limitations and knowledge gaps, and discuss the fundamental benefits derived from adopting an integrated SCSs perspective. We conclude with future research directions for network analysis in SCS design and management, in particular, and complex enterprise systems, in general. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng", "corpus_id": 14608512}, "pos": {"sha": "6a20d9097fdfc21dc7b008eb47d5c3c09d125b01", "title": "Strategic purchasing , supply management , and firm performance", "abstract": "Purchasing has increasingly assumed a pivotal strategic role in supply-chain management. Yet, claims of the strategic role of purchasing have not been fully subjected to rigorous theoretical and empirical scrutiny. Extant research has remained largely anecdotal and theoretically under-developed. In this paper, we examine the links among strategic purchasing, supply management, and firm performance. We argue that strategic purchasing can engender sustainable competitive advantage by enabling firms to: (a) foster close working relationships with a limited number of suppliers; (b) promote open communication among supply-chain partners; and (c) develop long-term strategic relationship orientation to achieve mutual gains. Using structural equation modeling, we empirically test a number of hypothesized relationships based on a sample of 221 United States manufacturing firms. Our results provide robust support for the links between strategic purchasing, supply management, customer responsiveness, and financial performance of the buying firm. Implications for future research and managerial practice in supply-chain management are also offered. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "corpus_id": 15456563}, "neg": {"sha": "26909eb3656cb7d0b6502685a0568da5d6531668", "title": "Optimal sizing of standalone hybrid wind/PV power systems using genetic algorithms", "abstract": "Proper design of standalone renewable energy power systems is a challenging task, as the coordination among renewable energy resources, generators, energy storages and loads is very complicated. The types and sizes of wind turbine generators (WTGs), the tilt angles and sizes of photovoltaic (PV) panels and the capacity of batteries must be optimized when sizing a standalone hybrid wind/PV power system, which may be defined as a mixed multiple-criteria integer programming problem. In our research, we investigated the genetic algorithm (GA) with elitist strategy for optimally sizing a standalone hybrid wind/PV power system. Our objective is selected as minimizing the total capital cost, subject to the constraint of the loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The LPSP of every individual of the GA's population is calculated by simulation of 8760 hours in a year. Studies have proved that the genetic algorithm converges very well and the methodology proposed is feasible for optimally sizing standalone hybrid wind/PV power systems", "corpus_id": 16767618}}, {"query": {"sha": "30d6f401d915d92b7202f545b261f2ad5e89c80a", "title": "An integrated system for autonomous robotics manipulation", "abstract": "We describe the software components of a robotics system designed to autonomously grasp objects and perform dexterous manipulation tasks with only high-level supervision. The system is centered on the tight integration of several core functionalities, including perception, planning and control, with the logical structuring of tasks driven by a Behavior Tree architecture. The advantage of the implementation is to reduce the execution time while integrating advanced algorithms for autonomous manipulation. We describe our approach to 3-D perception, real-time planning, force compliant motions, and audio processing. Performance results for object grasping and complex manipulation tasks of in-house tests and of an independent evaluation team are presented.", "corpus_id": 419179}, "pos": {"sha": "6fae2aa37aa2c221af1ffcf31040e6af7e59e977", "title": "The UMass Mobile Manipulator UMan: An Experimental Platform for Autonomous Mobile Manipulation", "abstract": "Research in Autonomous Mobile Manipulation critically depends on the availability of adequate experimental platforms. In this paper, we describe an ongoing effort at the University of Massachusetts Amherst to construct a hardware platform with redundant kinematic degrees of freedom, a comprehensive sensor suite, and significant end-effector capabilities for manipulation. In our research, we pursue an end-effector centric view of autonomous mobile manipulation. In support of this view, we are developing a comprehensive software suite to provide a high level of competency in robot control and perception. This software suite is based on a multi-objective, tasklevel motion control framework. We use this control framework to integrate a variety of motion capabilities, including taskbased force or position control of the end-effector, collision-free global motion for the entire mobile manipulator, and mapping and navigation for the mobile base. We also discuss our efforts in developing perception capabilities targeted to problems in autonomous mobile manipulation. Preliminary experiments on our UMass Mobile Manipulator (UMan) are presented.", "corpus_id": 791789}, "neg": {"sha": "14eda697d5c1a9866f56a24ef3812b4a41cff5b1", "title": "A novel paradigm for calculating Ramsey number via Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm", "abstract": "The Ramsey number is of vital importance in Ramsey's theorem. This paper proposed a novel methodology for constructing Ramsey graphs about R(3, 10), which uses Artificial Bee Colony optimization(ABC) to raise the lower bound of Ramsey number R(3, 10). The r(3, 10)-graph contains two limitations, that is, neither complete graphs of order 3 nor independent sets of order 10. To resolve these limitations, a special mathematical model is put in the paradigm to convert the problems into discrete optimization whose smaller minimizers are correspondent to bigger lower bound as approximation of inf R(3, 10). To demonstrate the potential of the proposed method, simulations are done to to minimize the amount of these two types of graphs. For the first time, four r(3, 9, 39) graphs with best approximation for inf R(3, 10) are reported in simulations to support the current lower bound for R(3, 10). The experiments' results show that the proposed paradigm for Ramsey number's calculation driven by ABC is a successful method with the advantages of high precision and robustness.", "corpus_id": 8452768}}, {"query": {"sha": "a8e2809dc015a8db4a3ee442a27204d939fa55ba", "title": "Richer Convolutional Features for Edge Detection", "abstract": "In this paper, we propose an accurate edge detector using richer convolutional features (RCF). Since objects in natural images possess various scales and aspect ratios, learning the rich hierarchical representations is very critical for edge detection. CNNs have been proved to be effective for this task. In addition, the convolutional features in CNNs gradually become coarser with the increase of the receptive fields. According to these observations, we attempt to adopt richer convolutional features in such a challenging vision task. The proposed network fully exploits multiscale and multilevel information of objects to perform the image-to-image prediction by combining all the meaningful convolutional features in a holistic manner. Using VGG16 network, we achieve state-of-the-art performance on several available datasets. When evaluating on the well-known BSDS500 benchmark, we achieve ODS F-measure of 0.811 while retaining a fast speed (8 FPS). Besides, our fast version of RCF achieves ODS F-measure of 0.806 with 30 FPS.", "corpus_id": 12452972}, "pos": {"sha": "014ad0ec0fac206d5a9f02afeda047e177bf6743", "title": "Perceptual Organization and Recognition of Indoor Scenes from RGB-D Images", "abstract": "We address the problems of contour detection, bottom-up grouping and semantic segmentation using RGB-D data. We focus on the challenging setting of cluttered indoor scenes, and evaluate our approach on the recently introduced NYU-Depth V2 (NYUD2) dataset [27]. We propose algorithms for object boundary detection and hierarchical segmentation that generalize the gPb-ucm approach of [2] by making effective use of depth information. We show that our system can label each contour with its type (depth, normal or albedo). We also propose a generic method for long-range amodal completion of surfaces and show its effectiveness in grouping. We then turn to the problem of semantic segmentation and propose a simple approach that classifies super pixels into the 40 dominant object categories in NYUD2. We use both generic and class-specific features to encode the appearance and geometry of objects. We also show how our approach can be used for scene classification, and how this contextual information in turn improves object recognition. In all of these tasks, we report significant improvements over the state-of-the-art.", "corpus_id": 12061055}, "neg": {"sha": "55f2adf8b783e03d6f01824c5167ad344f23abe3", "title": "Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease.", "abstract": "Considerable knowledge has accumulated in recent decades concerning the significance of physical activity in the treatment of a number of diseases, including diseases that do not primarily manifest as disorders of the locomotive apparatus. In this review we present the evidence for prescribing exercise therapy in the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related disorders (insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity), heart and pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, intermittent claudication), muscle, bone and joint diseases (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome) and cancer, depression, asthma and type 1 diabetes. For each disease, we review the effect of exercise therapy on disease pathogenesis, on symptoms specific to the diagnosis, on physical fitness or strength and on quality of life. The possible mechanisms of action are briefly examined and the principles for prescribing exercise therapy are discussed, focusing on the type and amount of exercise and possible contraindications.", "corpus_id": 25648755}}, {"query": {"sha": "6fd31b829eb3df97aefaced8100157df193b3597", "title": "Towards a Taxonomy of Microservices Architectures", "abstract": "The microservices architectural style is gaining more and more momentum for the development of applications as suites of small, autonomous, and conversational services, which are then easy to understand, deploy and scale. However, the proliferation of approaches leveraging microservices calls for a systematic way of analyzing and assessing them as a completely new ecosystem: the first cloud-native architectural style. This paper defines a preliminary analysis framework in the form of a taxonomy of concepts, encompassing the whole microservices lifecycle, as well as organizational aspects. This framework is necessary to enable effective exploration, understanding, assessing, comparing, and selecting microservice-based models, languages, techniques, platforms, and tools. Then, we analyze state of the art approaches related to microservices using this taxonomy to provide a holistic perspective of available solutions.", "corpus_id": 27392027}, "pos": {"sha": "4400bfb2cac16bb2de0312c23337ababb1cb0d71", "title": "Security-as-a-Service for Microservices-Based Cloud Applications", "abstract": "Microservice architecture allows different parts of an application to be developed, deployed and scaled independently, therefore becoming a trend for developing cloud applications. However, it comes with challenging security issues. First, the network complexity introduced by the large number of microservices greatly increases the difficulty in monitoring the security of the entire application. Second, microservices are often designed to completely trust each other, therefore compromise of a single microservice may bring down the entire application. The problems are only exacerbated by the cloud, since applications no longer have complete control over their networks. In this paper, we propose a design for security-as-a-service for microservices-based cloud applications. By adding a new API primitive FlowTap for the network hypervisor, we build a flexible monitoring and policy enforcement infrastructure for network traffic to secure cloud applications. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our solution by deploying the Bro network monitor using FlowTap. Results show that our solution is flexible enough to support various kinds of monitoring scenarios and policies and it incurs minimal overhead (~6%) for real world usage. As a result, cloud applications can leverage our solution to deploy network security monitors to flexibly detect and block threats both external and internal to their network.", "corpus_id": 17921098}, "neg": {"sha": "57e874efb65c9c680dc5a04594fe39bfbd010ac1", "title": "BCPL: a tool for compiler writing and system programming", "abstract": "The language BCPL (Basic CPL) was originally developed as a compiler writing tool and as its name suggests it is closely related to CPL (Combined Programming Language) which was jointly developed at Cambridge and London Universities. BCPL adopted much of the syntactic richness of CPL and strived for the same high standard of linguistic elegance; however, in order to achieve the efficiency necessary for system programming its scale and complexity is far less than that of CPL. The most significant simplification is that BCPL has only one data type---the binary bit pattern---and this feature alone gives BCPL a characteristic flavour which is very different of that of CPL and most other current programming languages.", "corpus_id": 10508815}}, {"query": {"sha": "e3b4b2ce41911a02c005b9455ded1b192abbda90", "title": "Exploring motor system contributions to the perception of social information: Evidence from EEG activity in the mu/alpha frequency range.", "abstract": "Putative contributions of a human mirror neuron system (hMNS) to the perception of social information have been assessed by measuring the suppression of EEG oscillations in the mu/alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (15-25 Hz) and low-gamma (25-25 Hz) ranges while participants processed social information revealed by point-light displays of human motion. Identical dynamic displays were presented and participants were instructed to distinguish the intention, the emotion, or the gender of a moving image of a person, while they performed an adapted odd-ball task. Relative to a baseline presenting a nonbiological but meaningful motion display, all three biological motion conditions reduced the EEG amplitude in the mu/alpha and beta ranges, but not in the low-gamma range. Suppression was larger in the intention than in the emotion and gender conditions, with no difference between the latter two. Moreover, the suppression in the intention condition was negatively correlated with an accepted measure of empathy (EQ), revealing that participants high in empathy scores manifested less suppression. For intention and emotion the suppression was larger at occipital than at central sites, suggesting that factors other than motor system were in play while processing social information embedded in the motion of point-light displays.", "corpus_id": 16114148}, "pos": {"sha": "44a2c57436f4d427307bcc5bbf48458b5f51d563", "title": "EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders.", "abstract": "Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are largely characterized by deficits in imitation, pragmatic language, theory of mind, and empathy. Previous research has suggested that a dysfunctional mirror neuron system may explain the pathology observed in ASD. Because EEG oscillations in the mu frequency (8-13 Hz) over sensorimotor cortex are thought to reflect mirror neuron activity, one method for testing the integrity of this system is to measure mu responsiveness to actual and observed movement. It has been established that mu power is reduced (mu suppression) in typically developing individuals both when they perform actions and when they observe others performing actions, reflecting an observation/execution system which may play a critical role in the ability to understand and imitate others' behaviors. This study investigated whether individuals with ASD show a dysfunction in this system, given their behavioral impairments in understanding and responding appropriately to others' behaviors. Mu wave suppression was measured in ten high-functioning individuals with ASD and ten age- and gender-matched control subjects while watching videos of (1) a moving hand, (2) a bouncing ball, and (3) visual noise, or (4) moving their own hand. Control subjects showed significant mu suppression to both self and observed hand movement. The ASD group showed significant mu suppression to self-performed hand movements but not to observed hand movements. These results support the hypothesis of a dysfunctional mirror neuron system in high-functioning individuals with ASD.", "corpus_id": 2215535}, "neg": {"sha": "382bf4617c7732fbd9aa2b8cee442216f204d4c6", "title": "Predicting Salient Updates for Disaster Summarization", "abstract": "During crises such as natural disasters or other human tragedies, information needs of both civilians and responders often require urgent, specialized treatment. Monitoring and summarizing a text stream during such an event remains a difficult problem. We present a system for update summarization which predicts the salience of sentences with respect to an event and then uses these predictions to directly bias a clustering algorithm for sentence selection, increasing the quality of the updates. We use novel, disaster-specific features for salience prediction, including geo-locations and language models representing the language of disaster. Our evaluation on a standard set of retrospective events using ROUGE shows that salience prediction provides a significant improvement over other approaches.", "corpus_id": 17490732}}, {"query": {"sha": "3d2b79b82ea9a09e3d744e9637ea41238d728fc9", "title": "Hierarchical CNN for traffic sign recognition", "abstract": "The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a breakthrough technique in object classification and pattern recognition. It has enabled computers to achieve performance superior to humans in specialized image recognition tasks. Prior art CNNs learn object features by stacking multiple convolutional/non-linear layers in sequence on top of a classifier. In this work, we propose a Hierarchical CNN (HCNN) which is inspired by a coarse-to-fine human learning methodology. For a given dataset, we introduce a CNN-oriented clustering algorithm to separate classes into K subsets, which are referred to as families. Then, the HCNN algorithm trains K+1 classification CNNs: one CNN for family classification and K dedicated CNNs corresponding to each family for member classification. We evaluate this HCNN approach on the German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB), and achieve 99.67% correct detection rate (CDR), which is superior to the best reported results (99.46%) achieved by a single network.", "corpus_id": 18413036}, "pos": {"sha": "96fda2ce5803979ba0295413b2750e9733619dd5", "title": "Fast and Balanced: Efficient Label Tree Learning for Large Scale Object Recognition", "abstract": "We present a novel approach to efficiently learn a label tree for large scale classification with many classes. The key contribution of the approach is a technique to simultaneously determine the structure of the tree and learn the classifiers for each node in the tree. This approach also allows fine grained control over the efficiency vs accuracy trade-off in designing a label tree, leading to more balanced trees. Experiments are performed on large scale image classification with 10184 classes and 9 million images. We demonstrate significant improvements in test accuracy and efficiency with less training time and more balanced trees compared to the previous state of the art by Bengio et al.", "corpus_id": 7377135}, "neg": {"sha": "5a26ec6568152731ce1667a426307ebccff5a50e", "title": "On the Algorithmic Implementation of Multiclass Kernel-based Vector Machines", "abstract": "In this paper we describe the algorithmic implementation of multiclass kernel-based vector machines. Our starting point is a generalized notion of the margin to multiclass problems. Using this notion we cast multiclass categorization problems as a constrained optimization problem with a quadratic objective function. Unlike most of previous approaches which typically decompose a multiclass problem into multiple independent binary classification tasks, our notion of margin yields a direct method for training multiclass predictors. By using the dual of the optimization problem we are able to incorporate kernels with a compact set of constraints and decompose the dual problem into multiple optimization problems of reduced size. We describe an efficient fixed-point algorithm for solving the reduced optimization problems and prove its convergence. We then discuss technical details that yield significant running time improvements for large datasets. Finally, we describe various experiments with our approach comparing it to previously studied kernel-based methods. Our experiments indicate that for multiclass problems we attain state-of-the-art accuracy.", "corpus_id": 10151608}}, {"query": {"sha": "703e8e792d63ad9b94b76f279a36b5c845ba7c40", "title": "Real-time 3D human objects rendering based on multiple camera details", "abstract": "3D model construction techniques using RGB-D information have been gaining a great attention of the researchers around the world in recent decades. The RGB-D sensor, Microsoft Kinect is widely used in many research fields, such as in computer vision, computer graphics, and human computer interaction, due to its capacity of providing color and depth information. This paper presents our research finding on calibrating information from several Kinects in order to construct a 3D model of a human object and to render texture captured from RGB camera. We used multiple Kinect sensors, which are interconnected in a network. High bit rate streams captured at each Kinect are first sent to a centralized PC for the processing. This even can be extended to a remote PC in the Internet. Main contributions of this work include calibration of the multiple Kinects, properly aligning point clouds generated from multiple Kinects, and generation of the 3D shape of the human objects. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method provides a better 3D model of the human object being captured.", "corpus_id": 11576803}, "pos": {"sha": "619911778e0c6e8af2e56bab893e4a3613509317", "title": "Scanning 3D Full Human Bodies Using Kinects", "abstract": "Depth camera such as Microsoft Kinect, is much cheaper than conventional 3D scanning devices, and thus it can be acquired for everyday users easily. However, the depth data captured by Kinect over a certain distance is of extreme low quality. In this paper, we present a novel scanning system for capturing 3D full human body models by using multiple Kinects. To avoid the interference phenomena, we use two Kinects to capture the upper part and lower part of a human body respectively without overlapping region. A third Kinect is used to capture the middle part of the human body from the opposite direction. We propose a practical approach for registering the various body parts of different views under non-rigid deformation. First, a rough mesh template is constructed and used to deform successive frames pairwisely. Second, global alignment is performed to distribute errors in the deformation space, which can solve the loop closure problem efficiently. Misalignment caused by complex occlusion can also be handled reasonably by our global alignment algorithm. The experimental results have shown the efficiency and applicability of our system. Our system obtains impressive results in a few minutes with low price devices, thus is practically useful for generating personalized avatars for everyday users. Our system has been used for 3D human animation and virtual try on, and can further facilitate a range of home-oriented virtual reality (VR) applications.", "corpus_id": 5961102}, "neg": {"sha": "5fa66e8c4047fc55695f1321ed57d2c23a8bd861", "title": "Joint bilateral upsampling", "abstract": "Image analysis and enhancement tasks such as tone mapping, colorization, stereo depth, and photomontage, often require computing a solution (e.g., for exposure, chromaticity, disparity, labels) over the pixel grid. Computational and memory costs often require that a smaller solution be run over a downsampled image. Although general purpose upsampling methods can be used to interpolate the low resolution solution to the full resolution, these methods generally assume a smoothness prior for the interpolation.\n We demonstrate that in cases, such as those above, the available high resolution input image may be leveraged as a prior in the context of a joint bilateral upsampling procedure to produce a better high resolution solution. We show results for each of the applications above and compare them to traditional upsampling methods.", "corpus_id": 7241297}}, {"query": {"sha": "bd580bfcf6558a1450d3804e06d009e3e6f6b0d0", "title": "The application of internet of things in healthcare: a systematic literature review and classification", "abstract": "The Internet of Things (IoT) is an ecosystem that integrates physical objects, software and hardware to interact with each other. Aging of population, shortage of healthcare resources, and rising medical costs make IoT-based technologies necessary to be tailored to address these challenges in healthcare. This systematic literature review has been conducted to determine the main application area of IoT in healthcare, components of IoT architecture in healthcare, most important technologies in IoT, characteristics of cloud-based architecture, security and interoperability issues in IoT architecture and effects, and challenges of IoT in healthcare. Sixty relevant papers, published between 2000 and 2016, were reviewed and analyzed. This analysis revealed that home healthcare service was one of the main application areas of IoT in healthcare. Cloud-based architecture, by providing great flexibility and scalability, has been deployed in most of the reviewed studies. Communication technologies including wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification (RFID), ZigBee, and Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (LoWPAN) were frequently used in different IoT models. The studies regarding the security and interoperability issues in IoT architecture in health are still low in number. With respect to the most important effects of IoT in healthcare, these included ability of information exchange, decreasing stay of hospitalization and healthcare costs. The main challenges of IoT in healthcare were security and privacy issues.", "corpus_id": 25753765}, "pos": {"sha": "8985000860dbb88a80736cac8efe30516e69ee3f", "title": "Human Activity Recognition Using Recurrent Neural Networks", "abstract": "Human activity recognition using smart home sensors is one of the bases of ubiquitous computing in smart environments and a topic undergoing intense research in the field of ambient assisted living. The increasingly large amount of data sets calls for machine learning methods. In this paper, we introduce a deep learning model that learns to classify human activities without using any prior knowledge. For this purpose, a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural Network was applied to three real world smart home datasets. The results of these experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms the existing ones in terms of accuracy and performance.", "corpus_id": 4933123}, "neg": {"sha": "c93ad164dc13caf7d90adaa373f6ce0798994899", "title": "Optimum Design of an IE4 Line-Start Synchronous Reluctance Motor Considering Manufacturing Process Loss Effect", "abstract": "As a kind of direct-on-line motor, super premium efficiency (IE4) line-start synchronous reluctance motors (LS-SynRMs) were developed recently and are now used in many applications, including fans, pumps, and compressors. This paper presents an optimum design and comparative study of LS-SynRMs with additional losses and impact during the manufacturing process (electrical steel cutting/punching damage as well as squirrel-cage die-casting with bubble effects). The work results indicate that the LS-SynRM design with the \u201cmanufacturing process loss\u201d effect should be considered and compensated for the design in order to achieve an IE4 class efficiency and ensure synchronization. Furthermore, the LS-SynRM rotor with multilayer flux barriers and rotor slots is investigated in detail. The influences of optimum design geometrical parameters (flux barriers thickness, segments thickness, length of rotor slots, etc.) on the performances of the basic model and optimum design model are evaluated with finite-element analysis (FEA) results. For more accurate results, the effects of saturation, saliency ratio, inductance difference, and the change in the B-H/B-P curve in damaged motor core edges are considered. Meanwhile, in the squirrel cage, the porosity rate distributions are considered. The copper loss, iron loss, starting torque, power factor, efficiency, and synchronization ability are investigated. The experimental results verify the accuracy of the process presented in this paper.", "corpus_id": 21468278}}, {"query": {"sha": "9d9d33843d018a77bad7f40da8f27671d29cd776", "title": "HIN2Vec: Explore Meta-paths in Heterogeneous Information Networks for Representation Learning", "abstract": "In this paper, we propose a novel representation learning framework, namely HIN2Vec, for heterogeneous information networks (HINs). The core of the proposed framework is a neural network model, also called HIN2Vec, designed to capture the rich semantics embedded in HINs by exploiting different types of relationships among nodes. Given a set of relationships specified in forms of meta-paths in an HIN, HIN2Vec carries out multiple prediction training tasks jointly based on a target set of relationships to learn latent vectors of nodes and meta-paths in the HIN. In addition to model design, several issues unique to HIN2Vec, including regularization of meta-path vectors, node type selection in negative sampling, and cycles in random walks, are examined. To validate our ideas, we learn latent vectors of nodes using four large-scale real HIN datasets, including Blogcatalog, Yelp, DBLP and U.S. Patents, and use them as features for multi-label node classification and link prediction applications on those networks. Empirical results show that HIN2Vec soundly outperforms the state-of-the-art representation learning models for network data, including DeepWalk, LINE, node2vec, PTE, HINE and ESim, by 6.6% to 23.8% of $micro$-$f_1$ in multi-label node classification and 5% to 70.8% of $MAP$ in link prediction.", "corpus_id": 3958144}, "pos": {"sha": "c18c30b9b1090e752031d23d219c1007b9954229", "title": "Large-Scale Embedding Learning in Heterogeneous Event Data", "abstract": "Heterogeneous events, which are defined as events connecting strongly-typed objects, are ubiquitous in the real world. We propose a HyperEdge-Based Embedding (Hebe) framework for heterogeneous event data, where a hyperedge represents the interaction among a set of involving objects in an event. The Hebe framework models the proximity among objects in an event by predicting a target object given the other participating objects in the event (hyperedge). Since each hyperedge encapsulates more information on a given event, Hebe is robust to data sparseness. In addition, Hebe is scalable when the data size spirals. Extensive experiments on large-scale real-world datasets demonstrate the efficacy and robustness of Hebe.", "corpus_id": 8833697}, "neg": {"sha": "14ef5a2cab928865ca02c6366ea7cb75c35fb698", "title": "Spectral clustering for multi-type relational data", "abstract": "Clustering on multi-type relational data has attracted more and more attention in recent years due to its high impact on various important applications, such as Web mining, e-commerce and bioinformatics. However, the research on general multi-type relational data clustering is still limited and preliminary. The contribution of the paper is three-fold. First, we propose a general model, the collective factorization on related matrices, for multi-type relational data clustering. The model is applicable to relational data with various structures. Second, under this model, we derive a novel algorithm, the spectral relational clustering, to cluster multi-type interrelated data objects simultaneously. The algorithm iteratively embeds each type of data objects into low dimensional spaces and benefits from the interactions among the hidden structures of different types of data objects. Extensive experiments demonstrate the promise and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Third, we show that the existing spectral clustering algorithms can be considered as the special cases of the proposed model and algorithm. This demonstrates the good theoretic generality of the proposed model and algorithm.", "corpus_id": 809891}}, {"query": {"sha": "5ca41f72ba08f32e66493915dd0bbc1765272c53", "title": "Continuous word representation using neural networks for proper name retrieval from diachronic documents", "abstract": "Developing high-quality transcription systems for very large vocabulary corpora is a challenging task. Proper names are usually key to understanding the information contained in a document. One approach for increasing the vocabulary coverage of a speech transcription system is to automatically retrieve new proper names from contemporary diachronic text documents. In recent years, neural networks have been successfully applied to a variety of speech recognition tasks. In this paper, we investigate whether neural networks can enhance word representation in vector space for the vocabulary extension of a speech recognition system. This is achieved by using high-quality word vector representation of words from large amounts of unstructured text data proposed by Mikolov. This model allows to take into account lexical and semantic word relationships. Proposed methodology is evaluated in the context of broadcast news transcription. Obtained recall and ASR proper name error rate is compared to that obtained using cosine-based vector space methodology. Experimental results show a good ability of the proposed model to capture semantic and lexical information.", "corpus_id": 12770895}, "pos": {"sha": "6772164c3dd4ff6e71ba58c5c4c22fa092b9fe55", "title": "Recent advances in deep learning for speech research at Microsoft", "abstract": "Deep learning is becoming a mainstream technology for speech recognition at industrial scale. In this paper, we provide an overview of the work by Microsoft speech researchers since 2009 in this area, focusing on more recent advances which shed light to the basic capabilities and limitations of the current deep learning technology. We organize this overview along the feature-domain and model-domain dimensions according to the conventional approach to analyzing speech systems. Selected experimental results, including speech recognition and related applications such as spoken dialogue and language modeling, are presented to demonstrate and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques described in the paper. Potential improvement of these techniques and future research directions are discussed.", "corpus_id": 13412186}, "neg": {"sha": "14e6d132dcbfc2e2bdc9f146becb11b1b394245c", "title": "Evaluation of the Efficacy of Aspirin and Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Patients with Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions", "abstract": "Background: The roles of inflammatory cytokines and local placental thrombosis in patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) have been shown. Since low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) have both anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulant effect, we evaluated their efficacy in patients with URSA. Methods: One hundred patients with a history of URSA referring to Obstetrics Clinic affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences between 2004 and 2009 were randomly divided into two groups. Fifty patients in thromboprophylaxis group were treated with LMWH (5000 unit; twice a day), ASA (80 mg daily) and calcium supplement (500 mg daily) after detection of fetal heart beat. Another 50 patients received no thromboprophylaxis. Live birth rate, obstetrical complications, prenatal and neonatal complications and hemorrhagic side effects were recorded. Results: Both groups were matched for mean age and mean number of pervious abortions. Thromboprophylaxis group had a higher rate of live birth (83.7%) in comparison to the control group (54%). No maternal or neonatal side effects were seen. There were no differences in obstetrical complications, prenatal and neonatal complications between the two groups. Conclusion: Thromboprophylaxis with ASA and LMWH seems to be safe and effective in patients with URSA.", "corpus_id": 8899123}}, {"query": {"sha": "6a97adbfaeecd5c1eeb3ae9c76a3842d4858cc06", "title": "Online Learning and Stochastic Approximations", "abstract": "The convergence of online learning algorithms is analyzed using the tools of the stochastic approximation theory, and proved under very weak conditions. A general framework for online learning algorithms is rst presented. This framework encompasses the most common online learning algorithms in use today, as illustrated by several examples. The stochastic approximation theory then provides general results describing the convergence of all these learning algorithms at once.", "corpus_id": 2101184}, "pos": {"sha": "a718b85520bea702533ca9a5954c33576fd162b0", "title": "SOME METHODS FOR CLASSIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF MULTIVARIATE OBSERVATIONS", "abstract": "The main purpose of this paper is to describe a process for partitioning an N-dimensional population into k sets on the basis of a sample. The process, which is called 'k-means,' appears to give partitions which are reasonably efficient in the sense of within-class variance. That is, if p is the probability mass function for the population, S = {S1, S2, * *, Sk} is a partition of EN, and ui, i = 1, 2, * , k, is the conditional mean of p over the set Si, then W2(S) = ff=ISi f z u42 dp(z) tends to be low for the partitions S generated by the method. We say 'tends to be low,' primarily because of intuitive considerations, corroborated to some extent by mathematical analysis and practical computational experience. Also, the k-means procedure is easily programmed and is computationally economical, so that it is feasible to process very large samples on a digital computer. Possible applications include methods for similarity grouping, nonlinear prediction, approximating multivariate distributions, and nonparametric tests for independence among several variables. In addition to suggesting practical classification methods, the study of k-means has proved to be theoretically interesting. The k-means concept represents a generalization of the ordinary sample mean, and one is naturally led to study the pertinent asymptotic behavior, the object being to establish some sort of law of large numbers for the k-means. This problem is sufficiently interesting, in fact, for us to devote a good portion of this paper to it. The k-means are defined in section 2.1, and the main results which have been obtained on the asymptotic behavior are given there. The rest of section 2 is devoted to the proofs of these results. Section 3 describes several specific possible applications, and reports some preliminary results from computer experiments conducted to explore the possibilities inherent in the k-means idea. The extension to general metric spaces is indicated briefly in section 4. The original point of departure for the work described here was a series of problems in optimal classification (MacQueen [9]) which represented special", "corpus_id": 6278891}, "neg": {"sha": "a30bf138b3af8bc3bb5ef601586a333c1c73aeb0", "title": "Color Reduction Using K-Means Clustering Tom \u00e1 \u0161 Mikolov", "abstract": "It may not be obvious, but effective color reduction is needed in many graphical applications. One well known example may be the GIF format used widely on the Internet this graphical format reduces the color space by defining a palette with size of 256 colors [5]. Another examples may be video codecs, computer games and various handheld devices like mobile phones. Since the problem of finding optimal palette is computationally intensive (it is not possible to evaluate all possible combinations), many different approaches were taken to solve it, such as using neural nets, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, etc. On the other hand, for many applications it is much more appropriate to use simpler algorithms, like classic K-Means clustering. The goal of this paper is to propose an easy to implement algorithm for color reduction with sufficient visual quality. The algorithm itself is described in chapters 3, 4 and the results and their comparison with output from standard programs (ACDSee 4.0 [7], Adobe Photoshop 6.0.1 [8]) are summarized in chapter 5.", "corpus_id": 14817778}}, {"query": {"sha": "41013fdee4ecf6e7ca5d407e0afc4c2195889c80", "title": "Beyond data: from user information to business value through personalized recommendations and consumer science", "abstract": "Since the Netflix $1 million Prize, announced in 2006, Netflix has been known for having personalization at the core of our product. Our current product offering is nowadays focused around instant video streaming, and our data is now many orders of magnitude larger. Not only do we have many more users in many more countries, but we also receive many more streams of data. Besides the ratings, we now also use information such as what our members play, browse, or search.\n In this paper I will discuss the different approaches we follow to deal with these large streams of user data in order to extract information for personalizing our service. I will describe some of the machine learning models used, and their application in the service. I will also describe our data-driven approach to innovation that combines rapid offline explorations as well as online A/B testing. This approach enables us to convert user information into real and measurable business value.", "corpus_id": 569633}, "pos": {"sha": "6aa1c88b810825ee80b8ed4c27d6577429b5d3b2", "title": "Evaluating collaborative filtering recommender systems", "abstract": "Recommender systems have been evaluated in many, often incomparable, ways. In this article, we review the key decisions in evaluating collaborative filtering recommender systems: the user tasks being evaluated, the types of analysis and datasets being used, the ways in which prediction quality is measured, the evaluation of prediction attributes other than quality, and the user-based evaluation of the system as a whole. In addition to reviewing the evaluation strategies used by prior researchers, we present empirical results from the analysis of various accuracy metrics on one content domain where all the tested metrics collapsed roughly into three equivalence classes. Metrics within each equivalency class were strongly correlated, while metrics from different equivalency classes were uncorrelated.", "corpus_id": 207731647}, "neg": {"sha": "b2e68ca577636aaa6f6241c3af7478a3ae1389a7", "title": "Transformational leadership in nursing: a concept analysis.", "abstract": "AIM\nTo analyse the concept of transformational leadership in the nursing context.\n\n\nBACKGROUND\nTasked with improving patient outcomes while decreasing the cost of care provision, nurses need strategies for implementing reform in health care and one promising strategy is transformational leadership. Exploration and greater understanding of transformational leadership and the potential it holds is integral to performance improvement and patient safety.\n\n\nDESIGN\nConcept analysis using Walker and Avant's (2005) concept analysis method.\n\n\nDATA SOURCES\nPubMed, CINAHL and PsychINFO.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThis report draws on extant literature on transformational leadership, management, and nursing to effectively analyze the concept of transformational leadership in the nursing context.\n\n\nIMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING\nThis report proposes a new operational definition for transformational leadership and identifies model cases and defining attributes that are specific to the nursing context. The influence of transformational leadership on organizational culture and patient outcomes is evident. Of particular interest is the finding that transformational leadership can be defined as a set of teachable competencies. However, the mechanism by which transformational leadership influences patient outcomes remains unclear.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nTransformational leadership in nursing has been associated with high-performing teams and improved patient care, but rarely has it been considered as a set of competencies that can be taught. Also, further research is warranted to strengthen empirical referents; this can be done by improving the operational definition, reducing ambiguity in key constructs and exploring the specific mechanisms by which transformational leadership influences healthcare outcomes to validate subscale measures.", "corpus_id": 4645201}}, {"query": {"sha": "2dec6a802cbac1f640980b5106d88ae72c45ece4", "title": "Generating Natural Language Inference Chains", "abstract": "The ability to reason with natural language is a fundamental prerequisite for many NLP tasks such as information extraction, machine translation and question answering. To quantify this ability, systems are commonly tested whether they can recognize textual entailment, i.e., whether one sentence can be inferred from another one. However, in most NLP applications only single source sentences instead of sentence pairs are available. Hence, we propose a new task that measures how well a model can generate an entailed sentence from a source sentence. We take entailment-pairs of the Stanford Natural Language Inference corpus and train an LSTM with attention. On a manually annotated test set we found that 82% of generated sentences are correct, an improvement of 10.3% over an LSTM baseline. A qualitative analysis shows that this model is not only capable of shortening input sentences, but also inferring new statements via paraphrasing and phrase entailment. We then apply this model recursively to input-output pairs, thereby generating natural language inference chains that can be used to automatically construct an entailment graph from source sentences. Finally, by swapping source and target sentences we can also train a model that given an input sentence invents additional information to generate a new sentence.", "corpus_id": 6594581}, "pos": {"sha": "a2c2999b134ba376c5ba3b610900a8d07722ccb3", "title": "Bleu: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 11080756}, "neg": {"sha": "e87e162fe085ac7b88a360a55dd6a28feaf898fa", "title": "PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS : A CONCEPTUAL MODEL AND AN ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND INTENSIFICATION OF \u2018 NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT \u2019 IN THE UK", "abstract": "This paper, builds on the view that too much attention in the management, management control and management accounting literatures has been given to ex post performance measurement as distinct from ex ante performance management. The paper builds on the conceptual models of Performance Management Systems (PMS) developed by Otley (1999) and Ferreira and Otley (2005). Three key developments are developed in this conceptualisation in relation to focus, context and culture leading to a \u2018middle range\u2019 (Laughlin, 1995, 2004; Broadbent and Laughlin, 1997) conceptual model of alternative PMS lying on a continuum from \u2018transactional\u2019 at one end to \u2018relational\u2019 at the other built on respectively instrumental and communicative rationalities. The conceptual model is then used to provide new insights into the development of the new public management (NPM) in the UK. This analysis demonstrates how the move in 1982 with the Financial Management Initiative, to the 1988 Next Steps and the recent developments through the Public Service Agreements and targets from 1997 are a progressive move from relational PMS to be increasing and progressive more transactional in form intensifying the nature, significance and power of NPM to control public services.", "corpus_id": 352654}}, {"query": {"sha": "888743eb13cd1abff002a11ebe4a7bc4b373dca4", "title": "A Primer on Autonomous Aerial Vehicle Design", "abstract": "There is a large amount of research currently being done on autonomous micro-aerial vehicles (MAV), such as quadrotor helicopters or quadcopters. The ability to create a working autonomous MAV depends mainly on integrating a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) solution with the rest of the system. This paper provides an introduction for creating an autonomous MAV for enclosed environments, aimed at students and professionals alike. The standard autonomous system and MAV automation are discussed, while we focus on the core concepts of SLAM systems and trajectory planning algorithms. The advantages and disadvantages of using remote processing are evaluated, and recommendations are made regarding the viability of on-board processing. Recommendations are made regarding best practices to serve as a guideline for aspirant MAV designers.", "corpus_id": 1749906}, "pos": {"sha": "8882dc6692fd7437971116ecee3f67e166ab7c6f", "title": "Vision-Based SLAM: Stereo and Monocular Approaches", "abstract": "Building a spatially consistent model is a key functionality to endow a mobile robot with autonomy. Without an initial map or an absolute localization means, it requires to concurrently solve the localization and mapping problems. For this purpose, vision is a powerful sensor, because it provides data from which stable features can be extracted and matched as the robot moves. But it does not directly provide 3D information, which is a difficulty for estimating the geometry of the environment. This article presents two approaches to the SLAM problem using vision: one with stereovision, and one with monocular images. Both approaches rely on a robust interest point matching algorithm that works in very diverse environments. The stereovision based approach is a classic SLAM implementation, whereas the monocular approach introduces a new way to initialize landmarks. Both approaches are analyzed and compared with extensive experimental results, with a rover and a blimp.", "corpus_id": 2535086}, "neg": {"sha": "b2dac341df54e5f744d5b6562d725d254aae8e80", "title": "OpenHAR: A Matlab Toolbox for Easy Access to Publicly Open Human Activity Data Sets", "abstract": "This study introduces OpenHAR, a free Matlab toolbox to combine and unify publicly open data sets. It provides an easy access to accelerometer signals of ten publicly open human activity data sets. Data sets are easy to access as OpenHAR provides all the data sets in the same format. In addition, units, measurement range and labels are unified, as well as, body position IDs. Moreover, data sets with different sampling rates are unified using downsampling. What is more, data sets have been visually inspected to find visible errors, such as sensor in wrong orientation. OpenHAR improves re-usability of data sets by fixing these errors. Altogether OpenHAR contains over 65 million labeled data samples. This is equivalent to over 280 hours of data from 3D accelerometers. This includes data from 211 study subjects performing 17 daily human activities and wearing sensors in 14 different body positions.", "corpus_id": 53219468}}, {"query": {"sha": "172d28172a1cc9379cb8a1b07ab94156def00dc3", "title": "Simultaneous Optical Flow and Intensity Estimation from an Event Camera", "abstract": "Event cameras are bio-inspired vision sensors which mimic retinas to measure per-pixel intensity change rather than outputting an actual intensity image. This proposed paradigm shift away from traditional frame cameras offers significant potential advantages: namely avoiding high data rates, dynamic range limitations and motion blur. Unfortunately, however, established computer vision algorithms may not at all be applied directly to event cameras. Methods proposed so far to reconstruct images, estimate optical flow, track a camera and reconstruct a scene come with severe restrictions on the environment or on the motion of the camera, e.g. allowing only rotation. Here, we propose, to the best of our knowledge, the first algorithm to simultaneously recover the motion field and brightness image, while the camera undergoes a generic motion through any scene. Our approach employs minimisation of a cost function that contains the asynchronous event data as well as spatial and temporal regularisation within a sliding window time interval. Our implementation relies on GPU optimisation and runs in near real-time. In a series of examples, we demonstrate the successful operation of our framework, including in situations where conventional cameras suffer from dynamic range limitations and motion blur.", "corpus_id": 10280488}, "pos": {"sha": "2c008d50edc3cc80bcec6789b58af82fec5cfc9c", "title": "Event-based, 6-DOF pose tracking for high-speed maneuvers", "abstract": "In the last few years, we have witnessed impressive demonstrations of aggressive flights and acrobatics using quadrotors. However, those robots are actually blind. They do not see by themselves, but through the \u201ceyes\u201d of an external motion capture system. Flight maneuvers using onboard sensors are still slow compared to those attainable with motion capture systems. At the current state, the agility of a robot is limited by the latency of its perception pipeline. To obtain more agile robots, we need to use faster sensors. In this paper, we present the first onboard perception system for 6-DOF localization during high-speed maneuvers using a Dynamic Vision Sensor (DVS). Unlike a standard CMOS camera, a DVS does not wastefully send full image frames at a fixed frame rate. Conversely, similar to the human eye, it only transmits pixel-level brightness changes at the time they occur with microsecond resolution, thus, offering the possibility to create a perception pipeline whose latency is negligible compared to the dynamics of the robot. We exploit these characteristics to estimate the pose of a quadrotor with respect to a known pattern during high-speed maneuvers, such as flips, with rotational speeds up to 1,200 \u00b0/s. Additionally, we provide a versatile method to capture ground-truth data using a DVS.", "corpus_id": 11454240}, "neg": {"sha": "6f0ac0750c12863a8ac168889e9b692d73def168", "title": "The prognosis of common mental disorders in adolescents: a 14-year prospective cohort study", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nMost adults with common mental disorders report their first symptoms before 24 years of age. Although adolescent anxiety and depression are frequent, little clarity exists about which syndromes persist into adulthood or resolve before then. In this report, we aim to describe the patterns and predictors of persistence into adulthood.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe recruited a stratified, random sample of 1943 adolescents from 44 secondary schools across the state of Victoria, Australia. Between August, 1992, and January, 2008, we assessed common mental disorder at five points in adolescence and three in young adulthood, commencing at a mean age of 15.5 years and ending at a mean age of 29.1 years. Adolescent disorders were defined on the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) at five adolescent measurement points, with a primary cutoff score of 12 or higher representing a level at which a family doctor would be concerned. Secondary analyses addressed more severe disorders at a cutoff of 18 or higher.\n\n\nFINDINGS\n236 of 821 (29%; 95% CI 25-32) male participants and 498 of 929 (54%; 51-57) female participants reported high symptoms on the CIS-R (\u226512) at least once during adolescence. Almost 60% (434/734) went on to report a further episode as a young adult. However, for adolescents with one episode of less than 6 months duration, just over half had no further common mental health disorder as a young adult. Longer duration of mental health disorders in adolescence was the strongest predictor of clear-cut young adult disorder (odds ratio [OR] for persistent young adult disorder vs none 3.16, 95% CI 1.86-5.37). Girls (2.12, 1.29-3.48) and adolescents with a background of parental separation or divorce (1.62, 1.03-2.53) also had a greater likelihood of having ongoing disorder into young adulthood than did those without such a background. Rates of adolescent onset disorder dropped sharply by the late 20s (0.57, 0.45-0.73), suggesting a further resolution for many patients whose symptoms had persisted into the early 20s.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION\nEpisodes of adolescent mental disorder often precede mental disorders in young adults. However, many such disorders, especially when brief in duration, are limited to the teenage years, with further symptom remission common in the late 20s. The resolution of many adolescent disorders gives reason for optimism that interventions that shorten the duration of episodes could prevent much morbidity later in life.\n\n\nFUNDING\nAustralia's National Health and Medical Research Council.", "corpus_id": 11156121}}, {"query": {"sha": "50e8fdb3b4c0c1c556d98a9edf43033a7a351c01", "title": "Calibration of a network of Kinect sensors for robotic inspection over a large workspace", "abstract": "This paper presents an approach for calibrating a network of Kinect devices used to guide robotic arms with rapidly acquired 3D models. The method takes advantage of the rapid 3D measurement technology embedded in the Kinect sensor and provides registration accuracy within the range of the depth measurements accuracy provided by this technology. The internal calibration of the sensor in between the color and depth measurement is also presented. The resulting system is developed to inspect large objects, such as vehicles, positioned within an enlarged field of view created by the network of RGB-D sensors.", "corpus_id": 16711576}, "pos": {"sha": "7fc62b438ca48203c7f48e216dae8633db74d2e8", "title": "A Flexible New Technique for Camera Calibration", "abstract": "We propose a flexible new technique to easily calibrate a camera. It is well suited for use without specialized knowledge of 3D geometry or computer vision. The technique only requires the camera to observe a planar pattern shown at a few (at least two) different orientations. Either the camera or the planar pattern can be freely moved. The motion need not be known. Radial lens distortion is modeled. The proposed procedure consists of a closed-form solution, followed by a nonlinear refinement based on the maximum likelihood criterion. Both computer simulation and real data have been used to test the proposed technique, and very good results have been obtained. Compared with classical techniques which use expensive equipment such as two or three orthogonal planes, the proposed technique is easy to use and flexible. It advances 3D computer vision one step from laboratory environments to real world use.", "corpus_id": 1150626}, "neg": {"sha": "8e03721ce7f138ba56747a467d65f50507561922", "title": "Use of second generation H1 antihistamines in special situations.", "abstract": "Antihistamine drugs are one of the therapeutic classes most used at world level, at all ages and in multiple situations. Although in general they have a good safety profile, only the more recent drugs (second generation antihistamines) have been studied specifically with regard to the more important safety aspects. Given the variety of antihistamine drugs, they cannot all be considered equivalent in application to various special clinical situations, so that the documented clinical experience must be assessed in each case or, in the absence of such, the particular pharmacological characteristics of each molecule for the purpose of recommendation in these special situations. In general, there are few clinical studies published for groups of patients with kidney or liver failure, with concomitant multiple pathologies (such as cardiac pathology), in extremes of age (paediatrics or geriatrics) and in natural stages such as pregnancy or lactation, but these are normal situations and it is more and more frequent (among the elderly) for antihistamine drugs to be recommended. This review sets out the more relevant details compiled on the use of antihistamines in these special situations.", "corpus_id": 6952725}}, {"query": {"sha": "0e2490a38cffa9eaf90f122155e94ddfad6d0d93", "title": "Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance with PEARL : PrEference Appraisal Reinforcement Learning", "abstract": "Manual derivation of optimal robot motions for task completion is difficult, especially when a robot is required to balance its actions between opposing preferences. One solution has been to automatically learn near optimal motions with Reinforcement Learning (RL). This has been successful for several tasks including swing-free UAV flight, table tennis, and autonomous driving. However, high-dimensional problems remain a challenge. We address this dimensionality constraint with PrEference Appraisal Reinforcement Learning (PEARL), which solves tasks with opposing preferences for acceleration controlled robots. PEARL projects the high dimensional continuous robot state space to a low dimensional preference feature space resulting in efficient and adaptable planning. We demonstrate that on a dynamic obstacle avoidance robotic task, a single learning on a much simpler problem performs realtime decision-making for significantly larger, high dimensional problems working in unbounded continuous states and actions. We trained the agent with 4 static obstacles, while the trained agent avoids up to 900 dynamic obstacles in a highly constrained space. We compare these tasks to traditional, often manually tuned solutions for these high-dimensional problems.", "corpus_id": 34654930}, "pos": {"sha": "b0f16acfa4efce9c24100ec330b82fb8a28feeec", "title": "Reinforcement Learning in Continuous State and Action Spaces", "abstract": "Many traditional reinforcement-learning algorithms have been designed for problems with small finite state and action spaces. Learn ing in such discrete problems can been difficult, due to noise and delayed reinfor cements. However, many real-world problems have continuous state or action sp aces, which can make learning a good decision policy even more involved. In this c apter we discuss how to automatically find good decision policies in continuous d omains. Because analytically computing a good policy from a continuous model c an be infeasible, in this chapter we mainly focus on methods that explicitly up date a representation of a value function, a policy or both. We discuss conside rations in choosing an appropriate representation for these functions and disc uss gradient-based and gradient-free ways to update the parameters. We show how to a pply these methods to reinforcement-learning problems and discuss many speci fic algorithms. Amongst others, we cover gradient-based temporal-difference lear ning, evolutionary strategies, policy-gradient algorithms and (natural) actor-cri ti methods. We discuss the advantages of different approaches and compare the perform ance of a state-of-theart actor-critic method and a state-of-the-art evolutiona ry strategy empirically.", "corpus_id": 21557823}, "neg": {"sha": "8a7a9672b4981e72d6e9206024c758cc047db8cd", "title": "Evolution strategies \u2013 A comprehensive introduction", "abstract": "This article gives a comprehensive introduction into one of the main branches of evolutionary computation \u2013 the evolution strategies (ES) the history of which dates back to the 1960s in Germany. Starting from a survey of history the philosophical background is explained in order to make understandable why ES are realized in the way they are. Basic ES algorithms and design principles for variation and selection operators as well as theoretical issues are presented, and future branches of ES research are discussed.", "corpus_id": 271331}}, {"query": {"sha": "88d8b8180d91351626982496b61019a76084e103", "title": "Entropy-guided Retinex anisotropic diffusion algorithm based on partial differential equations (PDE) for illumination correction", "abstract": "Abstract This report describes the experimental results obtained using a proposed variational Retinex algorithm for controlled illumination correction. Two colour restoration and enhancement schemes of the algorithm are presented for drastically improved results. The algorithm modifies the reflectance image using global and local contrast enhancement approaches and gradually removes the residual illumination to yield highly pleasing results. The proposed algorithms are optimized by way of simultaneous perceptual quality metric (PQM) stabilization and entropy maximization for fully automated processing solving the problem of determination of stopping time. The usage of the HSI or HSV colour space ensures a unique solution to the optimization problem unlike in the RGB space where there is none (forcing manual selection of number of iteration. The proposed approach preserves and enhances details in both bright and dark regions of underexposed images in addition to eliminating the colour distortion, over-exposure in bright image regions, halo effect and grey-world violations observed in Retinex-based approaches. Extensive experiments indicate consistent performance as the proposed approach exploits and augments the advantages of PDEbased formulation, performing illumination correction, colour enhancement correction and restoration, contrast enhancement and noise suppression. Comparisons shows that the proposed approach surpasses most of the other conventional algorithms found in the literature.", "corpus_id": 24674021}, "pos": {"sha": "54205667c1f65a320f667d73c354ed8e86f1b9d9", "title": "Nonlinear total variation based noise removal algorithms", "abstract": "A constrained optimization type of numerical algorithm for removing noise from images is presented. The total variation of the image is minimized subject to constraints involving the statistics of the noise. The constraints are imposed using Lagrange multipliers. The solution is obtained using the gradient-projection method. This amounts to solving a time dependent partial differential equation on a manifold determined by the constraints. As t \u2192 \u221e the solution converges to a steady state which is the denoised image. The numerical algorithm is simple and relatively fast. The results appear to be state-of-the-art for very noisy images. The method is noninvasive, yielding sharp edges in the image. The technique could be interpreted as a first step of moving each level set of the image normal to itself with velocity equal to the curvature of the level set divided by the magnitude of the gradient of the image, and a second step which projects the image back onto the constraint set.", "corpus_id": 13133466}, "neg": {"sha": "51e65677f839eb72b4e75aa4eb962bd8813f3f62", "title": "Hybrid Connectionist-Symbolic Modules: A Report from the IJCAI-95 Workshop on Connectionist-Symbolic Integration", "abstract": "need for such models has been growing slowly but steadily over the past five years. Some new, important approaches have been proposed and developed, some of which were presented at the workshop. In sum, the participants felt that it was definitely worthwhile to further pursue research in this area because it might generate important new ideas and significant new applications in the near future. The basic motivations for research in hybrid connectionist-symbolic models need to be articulated and made clear. These motivations can \u25a0 The Workshop on Connectionist-Symbolic Integration: From Unified to Hybrid Approaches was held on 19 to 20 August 1995 in Montreal, Canada, in conjunction with the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The focus of the workshop was on learning and architectures that feature hybrid representations and support hybrid learning. The general consensus was that hybrid connectionist-symbolic models constitute a promising avenue to the development of more robust, more powerful, and more versatile architectures for both cognitive modeling and intelligent systems.", "corpus_id": 10477909}}, {"query": {"sha": "a522543b54cdd34c55e9ce222553df7676d1be5a", "title": "Automatically Processing Tweets from Gang-Involved Youth: Towards Detecting Loss and Aggression", "abstract": "Violence is a serious problems for cities like Chicago and has been exacerbated by the use of social media by gang-involved youths for taunting rival gangs. We present a corpus of tweets from a young and powerful female gang member and her communicators, which we have annotated with discourse intention, using a deep read to understand how and what triggered conversations to escalate into aggression. We use this corpus to develop a part-of-speech tagger and phrase table for the variant of English that is used, as well as a classifier for identifying tweets that express grieving and aggression.", "corpus_id": 2193818}, "pos": {"sha": "aa414188b777b6f42dd9c56114b43a5dfb7420ca", "title": "Using the Revised Dictionary of Affect in Language to quantify the emotional undertones of samples of natural language.", "abstract": "Whissell's Dictionary of Affect in Language, originally designed to quantify the Pleasantness and Activation of specifically emotional words, was revised to increase its applicability to samples of natural language. Word selection for the revision privileged natural language, and the matching rate of the Dictionary, which includes 8,742 words, was increased to 90%. Dictionary scores were available for 9 of every 10 words in most language samples. A third rated dimension (Imagery) was added, and normative scores were obtained for natural English. Evidence supports the reliability and validity of ratings. Two sample applications to very disparate instances of natural language are described. The revised Dictionary, which contains ratings for words characteristic of natural language, is a portable tool that can be applied in almost any situation involving language.", "corpus_id": 25588323}, "neg": {"sha": "06e23bfd4d69fd285c6d39a3d7e36eb40e129316", "title": "Differentiation in MALDI-TOF MS and FTIR spectra between two closely related species Acidovorax oryzae and Acidovorax citrulli", "abstract": "Two important plant pathogenic bacteria Acidovorax oryzae and Acidovorax citrulli are closely related and often not easy to be differentiated from each other, which often resulted in a false identification between them based on traditional methods such as carbon source utilization profile, fatty acid methyl esters, and ELISA detection tests. MALDI-TOF MS and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra have recently been successfully applied in bacterial identification and classification, which provide an alternate method for differentiating the two species. Characterization and comparison of the 10 A. oryzae strains and 10 A. citrulli strains were performed based on traditional bacteriological methods, MALDI-TOF MS, and FTIR spectroscopy. Our results showed that the identity of the two closely related plant pathogenic bacteria A. oryzae and A. citrulli was able to be confirmed by both pathogenicity tests and species-specific PCR, but the two species were difficult to be differentiated based on Biolog and FAME profile as well as 16\u2009S rRNA sequence analysis. However, there were significant differences in MALDI-TOF MS and FTIR spectra between the two species of Acidovorax. MALDI-TOF MS revealed that 22 and 18 peaks were specific to A. oryzae and A. citrulli, respectively, while FTIR spectra of the two species of Acidovorax have the specific peaks at 1738, 1311, 1128, 1078, 989\u2009cm-1 and at 1337, 968, 933, 916, 786\u2009cm-1, respectively. This study indicated that MALDI-TOF MS and FTIR spectra may give a new strategy for rapid bacterial identification and differentiation of the two closely related species of Acidovorax.", "corpus_id": 840997}}, {"query": {"sha": "3ad5362ce81bfa1a46624b4c6642dcb7e58bd47b", "title": "A Classification Approach for Prediction of Target Events in Temporal Sequences", "abstract": "Learning to predict signiicant events from sequences of data with categorical features is an important problem in many application areas. We focus on events for system management, and formulate the problem of prediction as a classiication problem. We perform co-occurrence analysis of events by means of Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the examples constructed from the data. This process is combined with Support Vector Machine (SVM) classiication, to obtain eecient and accurate predictions. We conduct an analysis of statistical properties of event data, which explains why SVM classiication is suitable for such data, and perform an empirical study using real data.", "corpus_id": 16429490}, "pos": {"sha": "dd37ec08ea8706b9f65607881ae4244071a84990", "title": "Incremental and Decremental Support Vector Machine Learning", "abstract": "An on-line recursive algorithm for training support vector machines, one vector at a time, is presented. Adiabatic increments retain the KuhnTucker conditions on all previously seen training data, in a number of steps each computed analytically. The incremental procedure is reversible, and decremental \"unlearning\" offers an efficient method to exactly evaluate leave-one-out generalization performance. Interpretation of decremental unlearning in feature space sheds light on the relationship between generalization and geometry of the data.", "corpus_id": 2235233}, "neg": {"sha": "6736041d99a017aad25d4551b3f261c9634efede", "title": "A Survey of Frameworks and Game Engines for Serious Game Development", "abstract": "Given the sparsity of standard game engines and frameworks for serious game development, developers of serious games typically rely on entertainment-based game development tools. However, given the large number of game engines and frameworks dedicated to entertainment game development, deciding on which tool to employ may be difficult. A literature review that examined the frameworks and game engines used to develop serious games was recently conducted. Here, a list of the most commonly identified frameworks and game engines and a summary of their features is provided. The results presented provide insight to those seeking tools to develop serious games.", "corpus_id": 23836157}}, {"query": {"sha": "70a50bb6ec1988f0f00700263dcee069cabe9c20", "title": "Automated Anomaly Detection in Distribution Grids Using \u03bcPMU Measurements", "abstract": "The impact of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for providing situational awareness to transmission system operators has been widely documented. Micro-PMUs (\u03bcPMUs) are an emerging sensing technology that can provide similar benefits to Distribution System Operators (DSOs), enabling a level of visibility into the distribution grid that was previously unattainable. In order to support the deployment of these high resolution sensors, the automation of data analysis and prioritizing communication to the DSO becomes crucial. In this paper, we explore the use of \u03bcPMUs to detect anomalies on the distribution grid. Our methodology is motivated by growing concern about failures and attacks to distribution automation equipment. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated through both real and simulated data.", "corpus_id": 9124827}, "pos": {"sha": "372a9edb48c6894e13bd9946ba50442b9f2f6f2c", "title": "Micro-synchrophasors for distribution systems", "abstract": "This paper describes a research project to develop a network of high-precision phasor measurement units, termed micro-synchrophasors or \u03bcPMUs, and explore the applications of \u03bcPMU data for electric power distribution systems.", "corpus_id": 337990}, "neg": {"sha": "350d1a03dec7314415cdc4a9f4af45cfb3346fc8", "title": "Document clustering by concept factorization", "abstract": "In this paper, we propose a new data clustering method called concept factorization that models each concept as a linear combination of the data points, and each data point as a linear combination of the concepts. With this model, the data clustering task is accomplished by computing the two sets of linear coefficients, and this linear coefficients computation is carried out by finding the non-negative solution that minimizes the reconstruction error of the data points. The cluster label of each data point can be easily derived from the obtained linear coefficients. This method differs from the method of clustering based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) \\citeXu03 in that it can be applied to data containing negative values and the method can be implemented in the kernel space. Our experimental results show that the proposed data clustering method and its variations performs best among 11 algorithms and their variations that we have evaluated on both TDT2 and Reuters-21578 corpus. In addition to its good performance, the new method also has the merit in its easy and reliable derivation of the clustering results.", "corpus_id": 14482286}}, {"query": {"sha": "14865c5f6702eb4ef35b9219f62017b7f00808e0", "title": "Digital Marketing in the Business Environment", "abstract": "Promotion of products has become an increasingly important component in the new digital age, mostly thanks to digital marketing. The traditional form of marketing is lagging behind digital marketing, which offers users new opportunities like personalized messages or answers to a search query. There are several ways to advertise on the internet, and in this paper, ways and tools will be presented that allow digital advertising as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Specifically, search engine optimization, search engine marketing, display advertising, social networking marketing and e-mail marketing will be discussed. Also, the goal of the paper is to enable more efficient creation and implementation of similar contents in new business environments through an insight into internet advertising, social and business networks.", "corpus_id": 56094012}, "pos": {"sha": "1de2b30dbe3196efd9665d562de72473af776bb3", "title": "Effects of Internet Display Advertising in the Purchase Funnel : Model-Based Insights from a Randomized Field Experiment", "abstract": "Vol. LII (June 2015), 375\u2013393 375 \u00a9 2015, American Marketing Association ISSN: 0022-2437 (print), 1547-7193 (electronic) *Paul R. Hoban is Assistant Professor of Marketing, Wisconsin School of Business, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison (e-mail: phoban@ bus. wisc. edu). Randolph E. Bucklin is Professor of Marketing, Peter W. Mullin Chair in Management, UCLA Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles (e-mail: randy.bucklin@anderson. ucla. edu). Avi Goldfarb served as associate editor for this article. PAUL R. HOBAN and RANDOLPH E. BUCKLIN*", "corpus_id": 11398413}, "neg": {"sha": "189cc86044cd4fe61c97a2b2de3cc60d5c7d1b8d", "title": "Evaluation of Android Dalvik virtual machine", "abstract": "More than half of the smart phones world-wide are currently employing the Android platform, which employs Java for programming its applications. The Android Java is to be executed by the Dalvik virtual machine (VM), which is quite different from the traditional Java VM such as Oracle's HotSpot VM. That is, Dalvik employs register-based bytecode while HotSpot employs stack-based bytecode, requiring a different way of interpretation. Also, Dalvik uses trace-based just-in-time compilation (JITC), while HotSpot uses method-based JITC. Therefore, it is questioned how the Dalvik VM performs compared the HotSpot VM. Unfortunately, there has been little comparative evaluation of both VMs, so the performance of the Dalvik VM is not well understood. More importantly, it is also not well understood how the performance of the Dalvik VM affects the overall performance of the Android applications (apps). In this paper, we make an attempt to evaluate the Dalvik VM. We install both VMs on the same board and compare the performance using EEMBC benchmark. Our results show that Dalvik slightly outperforms HotSpot in the interpreter mode due to its register-based bytecode. In the JITC mode, however, Dakvik is slower than HotSpot by more than 2.9 times and its generated code size is not smaller than HotSpot's due to its worse code quality and trace-chaining code. We also investigated how real Android apps are different from Java benchmarks, to understand why the slow Dalvik VM does not affect the performance of the Android apps seriously.", "corpus_id": 36316611}}, {"query": {"sha": "ebbdb8edbff4fc6f9e699bc17d672d78c12a93c0", "title": "User-Generated Content and Perceived Control : A Pilot Study of Empowering Consumer Decision Making", "abstract": "There is growing interest in understanding of how User-Generated Content (UGC) empowers online consumer behavior. In this paper, we explore the relationships between Consumer Empowerment and Perceived Control (mediated by Self-Efficacy) over the decision making process using UGC. The results of this study reveal that Perceived Control has an influence on intention to use UGC. The findings also suggest that Consumer Empowerment has the capacity to influence Perceived Control, both directly (primarily via Content Empowerment), and indirectly (via Social Empowerment and Process Empowerment, mediated by SelfEfficacy, which in turn influences Perceived Control).", "corpus_id": 39756364}, "pos": {"sha": "1beddcd2cee2a18e6875d0a624541f1c378cdde8", "title": "A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgement.", "abstract": "By NOW, many experimental studies (e.g., 1, 3, 6) have demonstrated that individual psychological processes are subject to social influences. Most investigators, however, have not distinguished among different kinds of social influences; rather, they have carelessly used the term \"group\" influence to characterize the impact of many different kinds of social factors. In fact, a review of the major experiments in this area\u2014e.g., those by Sherif (6), Asch (1), Bovard (3)\u2014would indicate that the subjects (5s) in these experiments as they made their judgments were not functioning as members of a group in any simple or obvious manner. The S, in the usual experiment in this area, made perceptual judgments hi the physical presence of others after hearing their judgments. Typically, the S was not given experimental instructions which made him feel that he was a member of a group faced with a common task requiring cooperative effort for its most effective solution. If \"group\" influences were at work in the foregoing experiments, they were subtly and indirectly created rather than purposefully created by the experimenter.", "corpus_id": 35785090}, "neg": {"sha": "ffba858f03403c2981a073fe2b9ff805ef0ded6f", "title": "Nightingale's environmental theory.", "abstract": "This author extracts the environmental theory from Florence Nightingale's writings and recorded experiences. As Nightingale's experiences broadened to other cultures and circumstances, she generated an ever-widening commitment to redress unjust social policies imperiling human health. She mobilized collaborators, shaped public awareness, and championed the cause of those suffering as a result of unjust policies. Nightingale challenged nurses to create environments where population health is a realistic expectation.", "corpus_id": 28429540}}, {"query": {"sha": "5a068b2ca94d344163c4522efcc22d6f7016d032", "title": "DEVELOPMENT OF CABLE CLIMBING ROBOTIC SYSTEM FOR INSPECTION OF SUSPENSION BRIDGE", "abstract": "In this paper, we propose a wheel-based cable climbing robotic system which can climb up and down the vertical cylindrical cables in the suspension bridges. Firstly, we develop climbing mechanism which includes wheels driven by motors and adhesion system.In addition,we propose a special design of adhesion mechanism which can maintain adhesion force even when the power is lost.Finally, an additional mechanism is developed for guaranteeing the safety of the robot during operations on cables.", "corpus_id": 12309218}, "pos": {"sha": "38adde4a4f02dfe4b089e9394e34acc092a7af10", "title": "Design and experiments on a new wheel-based cable climbing robot", "abstract": "This paper proposes an ameliorated wheel-based cable inspection robot, which is able to climb up a vertical cylindrical cable on the cable-stayed bridge. The newly-designed robot in this paper is composed of two equally spaced modules, which are joined by connecting bars to form a closed hexagonal body to clasp on the cable. Another amelioration is the newly-designed electric circuit, which is employed to limit the descending speed of the robot during its sliding down along the cable. For the safe landing in case of electricity broken-down, a gas damper with a slider-crank mechanism is introduced to exhaust the energy generated by the gravity when the robot is slipping down. For the present design, with payloads below 3.5 kg, the robot can climb up a cable with diameters varying from 65 mm to 205 mm. The landing system is tested experimentally and a simplified mathematical model is analyzed. Several climbing experiments performed on real cables show the capability of the proposed robot.", "corpus_id": 18481012}, "neg": {"sha": "40b6bad4f9eae6d90fe1c38a25841c45ae82080e", "title": "POS-Tagger for English-Vietnamese Bilingual Corpus", "abstract": "Corpus-based Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks for such popular languages as English, French, etc. have been well studied with satisfactory achievements. In contrast, corpus-based NLP tasks for unpopular languages (e.g. Vietnamese) are at a deadlock due to absence of annotated training data for these languages. Furthermore, hand-annotation of even reasonably well-determined features such as part-ofspeech (POS) tags has proved to be labor intensive and costly. In this paper, we suggest a solution to partially overcome the annotated resource shortage in Vietnamese by building a POS-tagger for an automatically word-aligned English-Vietnamese parallel Corpus (named EVC). This POS-tagger made use of the Transformation-Based Learning (or TBL) method to bootstrap the POS-annotation results of the English POS-tagger by exploiting the POS-information of the corresponding Vietnamese words via their wordalignments in EVC. Then, we directly project POSannotations from English side to Vietnamese via available word alignments. This POS-annotated Vietnamese corpus will be manually corrected to become an annotated training data for Vietnamese NLP tasks such as POS-tagger, Phrase-Chunker, Parser, Word-Sense Disambiguator, etc.", "corpus_id": 8131267}}, {"query": {"sha": "6938761724b6aacee02d084e623e73dc42a35546", "title": "Data Storage in DNA", "abstract": "Encoding information into synthetic DNA is a novel approach for data storage. Due to its natural robustness and size in molecular dimensions, it can be used for long-term and very high-density archiving of data. Since the DNA molecules can be corrupted by thermal process and the writing/reading process of DNA molecules can be faulty, it is necessary to encode the data using error-correcting codes. In this thesis, the student analyzes errors that occur in such a storage system and designs coding schemes that can be used for error correction.", "corpus_id": 44372162}, "pos": {"sha": "f19a2323f85a56b0f4c27c79234df291895c42cf", "title": "Towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA", "abstract": "Digital production, transmission and storage have revolutionized how we access and use information but have also made archiving an increasingly complex task that requires active, continuing maintenance of digital media. This challenge has focused some interest on DNA as an attractive target for information storage because of its capacity for high-density information encoding, longevity under easily achieved conditions and proven track record as an information bearer. Previous DNA-based information storage approaches have encoded only trivial amounts of information or were not amenable to scaling-up, and used no robust error-correction and lacked examination of their cost-efficiency for large-scale information archival. Here we describe a scalable method that can reliably store more information than has been handled before. We encoded computer files totalling 739 kilobytes of hard-disk storage and with an estimated Shannon information of 5.2\u2009\u00d7\u2009106 bits into a DNA code, synthesized this DNA, sequenced it and reconstructed the original files with 100% accuracy. Theoretical analysis indicates that our DNA-based storage scheme could be scaled far beyond current global information volumes and offers a realistic technology for large-scale, long-term and infrequently accessed digital archiving. In fact, current trends in technological advances are reducing DNA synthesis costs at a pace that should make our scheme cost-effective for sub-50-year archiving within a decade.", "corpus_id": 205232588}, "neg": {"sha": "209863d7248d273e673ff640b50c7ad06aa5fe74", "title": "Beyond Covariance: Feature Representation with Nonlinear Kernel Matrices", "abstract": "Covariance matrix has recently received increasing attention in computer vision by leveraging Riemannian geometry of symmetric positive-definite (SPD) matrices. Originally proposed as a region descriptor, it has now been used as a generic representation in various recognition tasks. However, covariance matrix has shortcomings such as being prone to be singular, limited capability in modeling complicated feature relationship, and having a fixed form of representation. This paper argues that more appropriate SPD-matrix-based representations shall be explored to achieve better recognition. It proposes an open framework to use the kernel matrix over feature dimensions as a generic representation and discusses its properties and advantages. The proposed framework significantly elevates covariance representation to the unlimited opportunities provided by this new representation. Experimental study shows that this representation consistently outperforms its covariance counterpart on various visual recognition tasks. In particular, it achieves significant improvement on skeleton-based human action recognition, demonstrating the state-of-the-art performance over both the covariance and the existing non-covariance representations.", "corpus_id": 5912354}}, {"query": {"sha": "64a2f8a626b3106cb39ad1b67bce77f6fa87f436", "title": "Computer Vision-Based Quality Inspection System of Transparent Gelatin Capsules in Pharmaceutical Applications", "abstract": "Real-time quality inspection of gelatin capsules in pharmaceutical applications is an important issue from the point of view of industry productivity and competitiveness. Computer vision-based automatic quality inspection is one of the solutions to this problem. Machine vision systems provide quality control and real-time feedback for industrial processes, overcoming physical limitations and subjective judgment of humans. In computer-vision based system a digital image obtained by a digital camera would usually have 24-bit color image. The analysis of an image with that many levels might require complicated image p rocessing techniques. But in real-time applicat ion, where a part has to be inspected within a few milliseconds, either we have to reduce the image to a more manageable number of gray levels, usually two levels (binary image), and at the same time retain all necessary features of the original image. A b inary image can be obtained by thresholding the original image into two levels. In this paper, we have developed an image processing system using edge-based image segmentation techniques for quality inspection that satisfy the industrial requirements in pharmaceutical applicat ions to pass the accepted and rejected capsules.", "corpus_id": 15017684}, "pos": {"sha": "5aea896df0724208ea9631099207ec7a437f55e5", "title": "Image processing techniques for quality inspection of gelatin capsules in pharmaceutical applications", "abstract": "Machine vision systems provide quality control and real-time feedback for industrial processes, overcoming physical limitations and subjective judgment of humans. In this paper, the image processing techniques for developing low-cost machine vision system for pharmaceutical capsule inspection is explored. By developing image processing techniques, and using PCs, custom USB 2.0 cameras with minimal hardware, a low-cost flexible system is developed. This paper discusses the two-part gelatin capsule inspection system that belongs to USB camera 2.0 and associated hardware, the PCs to acquire the image data of the capsule, image processing techniques using border tracing and approximating the capsule to a circle to perform inspection and a custom system controller to pass the accepted and rejected capsules to the appropriate bin.", "corpus_id": 12956584}, "neg": {"sha": "0a08a6f2017717baca895cd5cd78383df97c93d6", "title": "Anonymous credentials light", "abstract": "We define and propose an efficient and provably secure construction of blind signatures with attributes. Prior notions of blind signatures did not yield themselves to the construction of anonymous credential systems, not even if we drop the unlinkability requirement of anonymous credentials. Our new notion in contrast is a convenient building block for anonymous credential systems. The construction we propose is efficient: it requires just a few exponentiations in a prime-order group in which the decisional Diffie-Hellman problem is hard. Thus, for the first time, we give a provably secure construction of anonymous credentials that can work in the elliptic group setting without bilinear pairings and is based on the DDH assumption. In contrast, prior provably secure constructions were based on the RSA group or on groups with pairings, which made them prohibitively inefficient for mobile devices, RFIDs and smartcards. The only prior efficient construction that could work in such elliptic curve groups, due to Brands, does not have a proof of security.", "corpus_id": 15757044}}, {"query": {"sha": "70bd5a3e87147f404cd744c938a6fec121ec5ff3", "title": "Synthesizing Continuous Deployment Practices Used in Software Development", "abstract": "Continuous deployment speeds up the process of existing agile methods, such as Scrum, and Extreme Programming (XP) through the automatic deployment of software changes to end-users upon passing of automated tests. Continuous deployment has become an emerging software engineering process amongst numerous software companies, such as Facebook, Github, Netflix, and Rally Software. A systematic analysis of software practices used in continuous deployment can facilitate a better understanding of continuous deployment as a software engineering process. Such analysis can also help software practitioners in having a shared vocabulary of practices and in choosing the software practices that they can use to implement continuous deployment. The goal of this paper is to aid software practitioners in implementing continuous deployment through a systematic analysis of software practices that are used by software companies. We studied the continuous deployment practices of 19 software companies by performing a qualitative analysis of Internet artifacts and by conducting follow-up inquiries. In total, we found 11 software practices that are used by 19 software companies. We also found that in terms of use, eight of the 11 software practices are common across 14 software companies. We observe that continuous deployment necessitates the consistent use of sound software engineering practices such as automated testing, automated deployment, and code review.", "corpus_id": 17874236}, "pos": {"sha": "25f287e9014cac14994e7563a0b51cd162aa0f3a", "title": "Extreme programming explained - embrace change", "abstract": "I almost didn\u2019t write this review. Extreme Programming (XP) and the whole agile software development movement are somewhat controversial, especially around Rational where the RUP is the party line. I certainly didn\u2019t want to make a career-limiting move by advocating a software development methodology contrary to the one embraced by Rational! \u263a The perception (at least in some circles) seems to be that the RUP and XP are opposing forces in the ongoing debate over the best way to build software. This isn\u2019t completely true. After reading John Smith\u2019s excellent white paper in the RUP titled \u201cA Comparison of RUP and XP,\u201d I realized the RUP and XP have a lot in common. Still, I wanted to know about XP apart from the context of the RUP, so I thought the best place to start would be reading a book by one of the key contributors to the XP philosophy, Kent Beck.", "corpus_id": 46768313}, "neg": {"sha": "fc6d659b864496c7ea16d7e6a0aa0671ba7a9abb", "title": "Cloud Computing Reference Architecture from Different Vendor \u2019 s Perspective Demeke", "abstract": "The provision of on-demand access to Cloud computing services and infrastructure is attracting numerous consumers, as a result migrating from traditional server centric network to Cloud computing becomes inevitable to benefit from the technology through overall expense diminution. This growth of Cloud computing service consumers may influence the future data centers and operational models. The issue of inter-cloud operability due to different Cloud computing vendors Reference Architecture (RA) needs to be addressed to allow consumers to use services from any vendor. In this paper we present the Cloud computing RA of major vendors available in scientific literature and the RA of National Institute of Standard Technology(NIST) by comparing the nature of their RA (role based/layer based) and mapping activities and capabilities to the layer(s) or role(s). Keywords\u2014Cloud Computing, Cloud Computing Reference Architecture (RA), Cloud Service Consumers, Cloud Service Providers, SaaS , PaaS , IaaS", "corpus_id": 16955501}}, {"query": {"sha": "8112972b8a6e0c7f9443dbcdfb4ed65c7484f8c2", "title": "Privacy-preserving Machine Learning through Data Obfuscation", "abstract": "As machine learning becomes a practice and commodity, numerous cloud-based services and frameworks are provided to help customers develop and deploy machine learning applications. While it is prevalent to outsource model training and serving tasks in the cloud, it is important to protect the privacy of sensitive samples in the training dataset and prevent information leakage to untrusted third parties. Past work have shown that a malicious machine learning service provider or end user can easily extract critical information about the training samples, from the model parameters or even just model outputs. In this paper, we propose a novel and generic methodology to preserve the privacy of training data in machine learning applications. Specifically we introduce a obfuscate function and apply it to the training data before feeding them to the model training task. This function adds random noise to existing samples, or augments the dataset with new samples. By doing so sensitive information about the properties of individual samples, or statistical properties of a group of samples, is hidden. Meanwhile the model trained from the obfuscated dataset can still achieve high accuracy. With this approach, the customers can safely disclose the data or models to third-party providers or end users without the need to worry about data privacy. Our experiments show that this approach can effective defeat four existing types of machine learning privacy attacks at negligible accuracy cost.", "corpus_id": 49574455}, "pos": {"sha": "cbcd9f32b526397f88d18163875d04255e72137f", "title": "Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 14542261}, "neg": {"sha": "f7c6b1c80c5492f08de6d5d9ac18801bc9be829f", "title": "Clinical characterisation of 29 neurofibromatosis type-1 patients with molecularly ascertained 1.4 Mb type-1 NF1 deletions.", "abstract": "BACKGROUND\nLarge deletions of the NF1 gene region occur in approximately 5% of patients with neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF1) and are associated with particularly severe manifestations of the disease. However, until now, the genotype-phenotype relationship has not been comprehensively studied in patients harbouring large NF1 gene deletions of comparable extent (giving rise to haploinsufficiency of the same genes).\n\n\nMETHOD\nWe have performed the most comprehensive clinical/neuropsychological characterisation so far undertaken in NF1 deletion patients, involving 29 patients with precisely determined type-1 NF1 (1.4 Mb) deletions.\n\n\nRESULTS\nNovel clinical features found to be associated with type-1 NF1 deletions included pes cavus (17% of patients), bone cysts (50%), attention deficit (73%), muscular hypotonia (45%) and speech difficulties (48%). Type-1 NF1 deletions were found to be disproportionately associated with facial dysmorphic features (90% of patients), tall stature (46%), large hands and feet (46%), scoliosis (43%), joint hyperflexibility (72%), delayed cognitive development and/or learning disabilities (93%) and mental retardation (IQ<70; 38%), as compared with the general NF1 patient population. Significantly increased frequencies (relative to the general NF1 population) of plexiform neurofibromas (76%), subcutaneous neurofibromas (76%), spinal neurofibromas (64%) and MPNSTs (21%) were also noted in the type-1 deletion patients. Further, 50% of the adult patients exhibited a very high burden of cutaneous neurofibromas (N>or=1000).\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThese findings emphasise the importance of deletion analysis in NF1 since frequent monitoring of tumour presence and growth could potentiate early surgical intervention thereby improving patient survival.", "corpus_id": 5781561}}, {"query": {"sha": "685fc17e76d457db829d55db897e504e8d16a7de", "title": "A comprehensive survey: artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm and applications", "abstract": "Swarm intelligence (SI) is briefly defined as the collective behaviour of decentralized and self-organized swarms. The well known examples for these swarms are bird flocks, fish schools and the colony of social insects such as termites, ants and bees. In 1990s, especially two approaches based on ant colony and on fish schooling/bird flocking introduced have highly attracted the interest of researchers. Although the self-organization features are required by SI are strongly and clearly seen in honey bee colonies, unfortunately the researchers have recently started to be interested in the behaviour of these swarm systems to describe new intelligent approaches, especially from the beginning of 2000s. During a decade, several algorithms have been developed depending on different intelligent behaviours of honey bee swarms. Among those, artificial bee colony (ABC) is the one which has been most widely studied on and applied to solve the real world problems, so far. Day by day the number of researchers being interested in ABC algorithm increases rapidly. This work presents a comprehensive survey of the advances with ABC and its applications. It is hoped that this survey would be very beneficial for the researchers studying on SI, particularly ABC algorithm.", "corpus_id": 3330504}, "pos": {"sha": "3c4b0dfbba816bbf5bcfc5e6b625a799dfa97aba", "title": "Cluster based wireless sensor network routings using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm", "abstract": "In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical clustering approach for wireless sensor networks to maintain energy depletion of the network in minimum using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm which is a new swarm based heuristic algorithm. We present a protocol using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm, which tries to provide optimum cluster organization in order to minimize energy consumption. In cluster based networks, the selection of cluster heads and its members is an essential process which affects energy consumption. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach provides promising solutions for the wireless sensor networks.", "corpus_id": 13944625}, "neg": {"sha": "51b332b1e42beb1e2201fce9da2866d978758e43", "title": "Novel pathogenetic mechanisms and structural adaptations in ischemic mitral regurgitation.", "abstract": "Ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common complication of myocardial infarction thought to result from leaflet tethering caused by displacement of the papillary muscles that occurs as the left ventricle remodels. The author explores the possibility that left atrial remodeling may also play a role in the pathogenesis of ischemic MR, through a novel mechanism: atriogenic leaflet tethering. When ischemic MR is hemodynamically significant, the left ventricle compensates by dilating to preserve forward output using the Starling mechanism. Left ventricular dilatation, however, worsens MR by increasing the mitral valve regurgitant orifice, leading to a vicious cycle in which MR begets more MR. The author proposes that several structural adaptations play a role in reducing ischemic MR. In contrast to the compensatory effects of left ventricular enlargement, these may reduce, rather than increase, its severity. The suggested adaptations involve the mitral valve leaflets, the papillary muscles, the mitral annulus, and the left ventricular false tendons. This review describes the potential role each may play in reducing ischemic MR. Therapies that exploit these adaptations are also discussed.", "corpus_id": 26912468}}, {"query": {"sha": "45216a5f9e61f772f874b7b0caf773451c8ed9f6", "title": "Hierarchical spike coding of sound", "abstract": "Natural sounds exhibit complex statistical regularities at multiple scales. Acoustic events underlying speech, for example, are characterized by precise temporal and frequency relationships, but they can also vary substantially according to the pitch, duration, and other high-level properties of speech production. Learning this structure from data while capturing the inherent variability is an important first step in building auditory processing systems, as well as understanding the mechanisms of auditory perception. Here we develop Hierarchical Spike Coding, a two-layer probabilistic generative model for complex acoustic structure. The first layer consists of a sparse spiking representation that encodes the sound using kernels positioned precisely in time and frequency. Patterns in the positions of first layer spikes are learned from the data: on a coarse scale, statistical regularities are encoded by a second-layer spiking representation, while fine-scale structure is captured by recurrent interactions within the first layer. When fit to speech data, the second layer acoustic features include harmonic stacks, sweeps, frequency modulations, and precise temporal onsets, which can be composed to represent complex acoustic events. Unlike spectrogram-based methods, the model gives a probability distribution over sound pressure waveforms. This allows us to use the second-layer representation to synthesize sounds directly, and to perform model-based denoising, on which we demonstrate a significant improvement over standard methods.", "corpus_id": 10947073}, "pos": {"sha": "0b6e98a6a8cf8283fd76fe1100b23f11f4cfa711", "title": "Matching pursuits with time-frequency dictionaries", "abstract": "We introduce an algorithm, called matching pursuit, that decomposes any signal into a linear expansion of waveforms that are selected from a redundant dictionary of functions. These waveforms are chosen in order to best match the signal structures. Matching pursuits are general procedures to compute adaptive signal representations. With a dictionary of Gabor functions a matching pursuit defines an adaptive time-frequency transform. We derive a signal energy distribution in the time-frequency plane, which does not include interference terms, unlike Wigner and Cohen class distributions. A matching pursuit isolates the signal structures that are coherent with respect to a given dictionary. An application to pattern extraction from noisy signals is described. We compare a matching pursuit decomposition with a signal expansion over an optimized wavepacket orthonormal basis, selected with the algorithm of Coifman and Wickerhauser.", "corpus_id": 14427335}, "neg": {"sha": "589b8659007e1124f765a5d1bd940b2bf4d79054", "title": "Projection Pursuit Regression", "abstract": "Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.", "corpus_id": 14183758}}, {"query": {"sha": "d965869b951722ab1ab056238e83328fd073503e", "title": "An Attention-Gated Convolutional Neural Network for Sentence Classification", "abstract": "The classification task of sentences is very challenging because of the limited contextual information that sentences contain. In this paper, we propose an Attention Gated Convolutional Neural Network (AGCNN) for sentence classification, which generates attention weights from the feature\u2019s context windows of different sizes by using specialized convolution encoders, to enhance the influence of critical features in predicting the sentence\u2019s category. Experimental results demonstrate that our model could achieve a general accuracy improvement highest up to 3.1% (compared with standard CNN models), and gain competitive results over the strong baseline methods on four out of the six tasks. Besides, we propose an activation function named Natural Logarithm rescaled Rectified Linear Unit (NLReLU). Experimental results show that NLReLU could outperform ReLU and performs comparably to other well-known activation functions on AGCNN.", "corpus_id": 52114638}, "pos": {"sha": "0a7fb47217e6d0e3b80159bc4f9e02a50ea1f391", "title": "Seeing Stars: Exploiting Class Relationships for Sentiment Categorization with Respect to Rating Scales", "abstract": "We address therating-inference problem, wherein rather than simply decide whether a review is \u201cthumbs up\u201d or \u201cthumbs down\u201d, as in previous sentiment analysis work, one must determine an author\u2019s evaluation with respect to a multi-point scale (e.g., one to five \u201cstars\u201d). This task represents an interesting twist on standard multi-class text categorization because there are several different degrees of similarity between class labels; for example, \u201cthree stars\u201d is intuitively closer to \u201cfour stars\u201d than to \u201cone star\u201d. We first evaluate human performance at the task. Then, we apply a metaalgorithm, based on a metric labelingformulation of the problem, that alters a given n-ary classifier\u2019s output in an explicit attempt to ensure that similar items receive similar labels. We show that the meta-algorithm can provide significant improvements over both multi-class and regression versions of SVMs when we employ a novel similarity measure appropriate to the problem. Publication info: Proceedings of the ACL, 2005.", "corpus_id": 3264224}, "neg": {"sha": "1e3c0c0320c3f2f9ebbe3c7341071ececbb8821d", "title": "Conneconomics : The Economics of Dense , Large-Scale , High-Resolution Neural Connectomics", "abstract": "We analyze the scaling and cost-performance characteristics of current and projected connectomics approaches, with reference to the potential implications of recent advances in diverse contributing fields. Three generalized strategies for dense connectivity mapping at the scale of whole mammalian brains are considered: electron microscopic axon tracing, optical imaging of combinatorial molecular markers at synapses, and bulk DNA sequencing of trans-synaptically exchanged nucleic acid barcode pairs. Due to advances in parallel-beam instrumentation, whole mouse brain electron microscopic image acquisition could cost less than $100 million, with total costs presently limited by image analysis to trace axons through large image stacks. It is difficult to estimate the overall cost-performance of electron microscopic approaches because image analysis costs could fall dramatically with algorithmic improvements or large-scale crowd-sourcing. Optical microscopy at 50\u2013100 nm isotropic resolution could potentially read combinatorially multiplexed molecular information from individual synapses, which could indicate the identifies of the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic cells without relying on axon tracing. An optical approach to whole mouse brain connectomics may therefore be achievable for less than $10 million and could be enabled by emerging technologies to sequence nucleic acids in-situ in fixed tissue via fluorescent microscopy. Strategies relying on bulk DNA sequencing, which would extract the connectome without direct imaging of the tissue, could produce a whole mouse brain connectome for $100k \u2013 $1 million or a mouse cortical connectome for $10k \u2013 $100k. Anticipated further reductions in the cost of DNA sequencing could lead to a $1000 mouse cortical connectome.", "corpus_id": 2568690}}, {"query": {"sha": "1f7111ec128ad8af204a4c667d69b9dac0268180", "title": "Voyager 2: Augmenting Visual Analysis with Partial View Specifications", "abstract": "Visual data analysis involves both open-ended and focused exploration. Manual chart specification tools support question answering, but are often tedious for early-stage exploration where systematic data coverage is needed. Visualization recommenders can encourage broad coverage, but irrelevant suggestions may distract users once they commit to specific questions. We present Voyager 2, a mixed-initiative system that blends manual and automated chart specification to help analysts engage in both open-ended exploration and targeted question answering. We contribute two partial specification interfaces: wildcards let users specify multiple charts in parallel, while related views suggest visualizations relevant to the currently specified chart. We present our interface design and applications of the CompassQL visualization query language to enable these interfaces. In a controlled study we find that Voyager 2 leads to increased data field coverage compared to a traditional specification tool, while still allowing analysts to flexibly drill-down and answer specific questions.", "corpus_id": 14999239}, "pos": {"sha": "2054d00fa178e8031e37ae3fdc8a60f20eca7cfd", "title": "VizDeck: Streamlining exploratory visual analytics of scientific data", "abstract": "As research becomes increasingly data-intensive, scientists are relying on visualization very early in the data analysis cycle. We find that existing tools assume a \u201cone-at-a-time\u201d workflow for creating visualizations and impose a steep learning curve that makes it difficult to rapidly create and review visualizations. At the same time, scientists are becoming more cognitively overloaded, spending an increasing proportion of time on data \u201chandling\u201d tasks rather than scientific analysis. In response, we present VizDeck, a web-based visual analytics tool for relational data that automatically recommends a set of appropriate visualizations based on the statistical properties of the data and adopts a card game metaphor to present the results to the user. We describe the design of VizDeck and discuss the results of a usability evaluation comparing VizDeck with three other popular visualization tools. We then discuss design considerations for visualization tools focused on rapid analysis based on observed sensemaking processes.", "corpus_id": 7086308}, "neg": {"sha": "29bf68560629c1a815209cb72c0c790ec6edad15", "title": "The cost structure of sensemaking", "abstract": "Making sense of a body of data is a common activity in any kind of analysis. Sensemaking is the process of searching for a representation and encoding data in that representation to answer task-specific questions. Different operations during sensemaking require different cognitive and external resources. Representations are chosen and changed to reduce the cost of operations in an information processing task. The power of these representational shifts is generally under-appreciated as is the relation between sensemaking and information retrieval.\nWe analyze sensemaking tasks and develop a model of the cost structure of sensemaking. We discuss implications for the integrated design of user interfaces, representational tools, and information retrieval systems.", "corpus_id": 207177544}}, {"query": {"sha": "48b42c1af79bdba418fa6b50e674d186eea8af01", "title": "Network security analysis SCADA system automation on industrial process", "abstract": "Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a unit control system that has been used almost in various industries around the world in terms of process automation. This system delineates the real infrastructure and provides ease in operations and monitoring, but this system has vulnerability in the security aspects of data communications connected between SCADA support devices. This can have a major impact on industry and the economy. This research was conducted by designing and building SCADA infrastructure and analyzing vulnerability threats to SCADA network security. This research penetrates SCADA network using Kali Linux and data traffic analysis on SCADA network using Wireshark. From the results of Wireshark analysis got the attacker with User Anonymous. Analysis performed with normal and abnormal data traffic conditions. The result of this research is penetration of SCADA network using Kali Linux, which is used to attack and make data traffic between Programable Logic Controller (PLC) with Human Machine Interface (HMI) becomes solid, and result from penetration testing, SCADA system become down due of data traffic on a dense network, thereby indicating that SCADA networks are vulnerable to malware threats and attacks, the results of this study are recommendations and network security strategy SCADA system.", "corpus_id": 29829641}, "pos": {"sha": "c8a6706546ec0a010659147668c078dfc50be038", "title": "PLC Forensics Based on Control Program Logic Change Detection", "abstract": "Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is an industrial control automated system. It is built with multiple Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). PLC is a special form of microprocessor-based controller with proprietary operating system. Due to the unique architecture of PLC, traditional digital forensic tools are difficult to be applied. In this paper, we propose a program called Control Program Logic Change Detector (CPLCD), which works with a set of Detection Rules (DRs) to detect and record undesired incidents on interfering normal operations of PLC. In order to prove the feasibility of our solution, we set up two experiments for detecting two common PLC attacks. Moreover, we illustrate how CPLCD and network analyzer Wireshark could work together for performing digital forensic investigation on PLC.", "corpus_id": 4112762}, "neg": {"sha": "bee609ea6e71aba9b449731242efdb136d556222", "title": "Multi-Target Tracking in Multiple Non-Overlapping Cameras using Constrained Dominant Sets", "abstract": "In this paper, a unified three-layer hierarchical approach for solving tracking problems in multiple non-overlapping cameras is proposed. Given a video and a set of detections (obtained by any person detector), we first solve within-camera tracking employing the first two layers of our framework and, then, in the third layer, we solve across-camera tracking by merging tracks of the same person in all cameras in a simultaneous fashion. To best serve our purpose, a constrained dominant sets clustering (CDSC) technique, a parametrized version of standard quadratic optimization, is employed to solve both tracking tasks. The tracking problem is caste as finding constrained dominant sets from a graph. That is, given a constraint set and a graph, CDSC generates cluster (or clique), which forms a compact and coherent set that contains a subset of the constraint set. The approach is based on a parametrized family of quadratic programs that generalizes the standard quadratic optimization problem. In addition to having a unified framework that simultaneously solves withinand across-camera tracking, the third layer helps link broken tracks of the same person occurring during within-camera tracking. A standard algorithm to extract constrained dominant set from a graph is given by the so-called replicator dynamics whose computational complexity is quadratic per step which makes it handicapped for large-scale applications. In this work, we propose a fast algorithm, based on dynamics from evolutionary game theory, which is efficient and salable to large-scale real-world applications. We have tested this approach on a very large and challenging dataset (namely, MOTchallenge DukeMTMC) and show that the proposed framework outperforms the current state of the art. Even though the main focus of this paper is on multi-target tracking in non-overlapping cameras, proposed approach can also be applied to solve re-identification problem. Towards that end, we also have performed experiments on MARS, one of the largest and challenging video-based person re-identification dataset, and have obtained excellent results. These experiments demonstrate the general applicability of the proposed framework for non-overlapping across-camera tracking and person re-identification tasks.", "corpus_id": 1415165}}, {"query": {"sha": "1d021bae2e694f33d514f6aa7db82443e52cdc85", "title": "Diminishable visual markers on fabricated projection object for dynamic spatial augmented reality", "abstract": "Spatial augmented reality (SAR) is a projection technology to add optical illusion onto static objects. Generally, in SAR, images are projected on complex everyday surfaces other than a flat projection screen. Thus, geometric correction of images is essential. Many studies have examined geometric correction of projection images on nonplanar surfaces. If a projection surface shape is known, it is possible to correct images geometrically by calibrating intrinsic parameters of the projector and extrinsic parameters (position and pose relationships) between the projector and surfaces. However, it is difficult to directly apply previous geometric correction methods to dynamically moving surfaces, because these methods generally assumed only static surfaces.", "corpus_id": 14528777}, "pos": {"sha": "cb0ce8399d14fd3317294e9a7944809f8790ff33", "title": "Projected augmentation - augmented reality using rotatable video projectors", "abstract": "In this paper, we propose a new way of augmenting our environment with information without making the user carry any devices. We propose the use of video projection to display the augmentation on the objects directly. We use a projector that can be rotated and in other ways controlled remotely by a computer, to follow objects carrying a marker. The main contribution of this paper is a system that keeps the augmentation displayed in the correct place while the object or the projector moves. We describe the hardware and software design of our system, the way certain functions such as following the marker or keeping it in focus are implemented and how to calibrate the multitude of parameters of all the subsystems.", "corpus_id": 27981421}, "neg": {"sha": "369fed886a50abb9d173dad807bb3002af23d0c0", "title": "FAST Approaches to Scalable Similarity-Based Test Case Prioritization", "abstract": "Many test case prioritization criteria have been proposed for speeding up fault detection. Among them, similarity-based approaches give priority to the test cases that are the most dissimilar from those already selected. However, the proposed criteria do not scale up to handle the many thousands or even some millions test suite sizes of modern industrial systems and simple heuristics are used instead. We introduce the FAST family of test case prioritization techniques that radically changes this landscape by borrowing algorithms commonly exploited in the big data domain to find similar items. FAST techniques provide scalable similarity-based test case prioritization in both white-box and black-box fashion. The results from experimentation on real world C and Java subjects show that the fastest members of the family outperform other black-box approaches in efficiency with no significant impact on effectiveness, and also outperform white-box approaches, including greedy ones, if preparation time is not counted. A simulation study of scalability shows that one FAST technique can prioritize a million test cases in less than 20 minutes.", "corpus_id": 49671633}}, {"query": {"sha": "0f4eec7673e6e030ee91c92e91e751d1870d79b4", "title": "Sample Evaluation for Action Selection in Monte Carlo Tree Search", "abstract": "Building sophisticated computer players for games has been of interest since the advent of artificial intelligence research. Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) techniques have led to recent advances in the performance of computer players in a variety of games. Without any refinements, the commonly-used upper confidence bounds applied to trees (UCT) selection policy for MCTS performs poorly on games with high branching factors, because an inordinate amount of time is spent performing simulations from each sibling of a node before that node can be further investigated. Move-ordering heuristics are usually proposed to address this issue, but when the branching factor is large, it can be costly to order candidate actions. We propose a technique combining sampling from the action space with a na\u00efve evaluation function for identifying nodes to add to the tree when using MCTS in cases where the branching factor is large. The approach is evaluated on a restricted version of the board game Risk with promising results.", "corpus_id": 14142312}, "pos": {"sha": "0eafee24cb65ce4f95a1392ba1398547111a2188", "title": "PROGRESSIVE STRATEGIES FOR MONTE-CARLO TREE SEARCH", "abstract": "Two-person zero-sum games with perfect information have been addressed by many AI researchers with great success for fifty years [van den Herik et al. (2002)]. The classical approach is to use the alpha-beta framework combined with a dedicated static evaluation function. This evaluation function is applied to the leaf nodes of a tree. If the node represents a terminal position (or a databased position) it produces an exact value. Otherwise heuristic knowledge is used to estimate the value of the leaf node. This technique led to excellent results in many games (e.g., Chess and Checkers). However, building an evaluation function based on heuristic knowledge for a non-terminal position is a difficult and time-consuming issue in several games; the most notorious example is the game of Go [Bouzy and Cazenave", "corpus_id": 1719063}, "neg": {"sha": "5acbb3f169bc13a0e6b3848adabf856c20edf9c2", "title": "World-championship-caliber Scrabble", "abstract": "Computer Scrabble programs have achieved a level of performance that exceeds that of the strongest human players. MAVEN was the first program to demonstrate this against human opposition. Scrabble is a game of imperfect information with a large branching factor. The techniques successfully applied in two-player games such as chess do not work here. MAVEN combines a selective move generator, simulations of likely game scenarios, and the B\u2217 algorithm to produce a world-championship-caliber Scrabble-playing program. \uf6d9 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.", "corpus_id": 2850073}}, {"query": {"sha": "67c3812cafa2ebf1910c2cf7e0518c71be743514", "title": "Multi-view Domain Generalization for Visual Recognition", "abstract": "In this paper, we propose a new multi-view domain generalization (MVDG) approach for visual recognition, in which we aim to use the source domain samples with multiple types of features (i.e., multi-view features) to learn robust classifiers that can generalize well to any unseen target domain. Considering the recent works show the domain generalization capability can be enhanced by fusing multiple SVM classifiers, we build upon exemplar SVMs to learn a set of SVM classifiers by using one positive sample and all negative samples in the source domain each time. When the source domain samples come from multiple latent domains, we expect the weight vectors of exemplar SVM classifiers can be organized into multiple hidden clusters. To exploit such cluster structure, we organize the weight vectors learnt on each view as a weight matrix and seek the low-rank representation by reconstructing this weight matrix using itself as the dictionary. To enforce the consistency of inherent cluster structures discovered from the weight matrices learnt on different views, we introduce a new regularizer to minimize the mismatch between any two representation matrices on different views. We also develop an efficient alternating optimization algorithm and further extend our MVDG approach for domain adaptation by exploiting the manifold structure of unlabeled target domain samples. Comprehensive experiments for visual recognition clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches for domain generalization and domain adaptation.", "corpus_id": 4613549}, "pos": {"sha": "df95629f0ec384f445a3c7e3272defe0d4be735b", "title": "Exploiting Low-Rank Structure from Latent Domains for Domain Generalization", "abstract": "In this paper, we propose a new approach for domain generalization by exploiting the low-rank structure from multiple latent source domains. Motivated by the recent work on exemplar-SVMs, we aim to train a set of exemplar classifiers with each classifier learnt by using only one positive training sample and all negative training samples. While positive samples may come from multiple latent domains, for the positive samples within the same latent domain, their likelihoods from each exemplar classifier are expected to be similar to each other. Based on this assumption, we formulate a new optimization problem by introducing the nuclear-norm based regularizer on the likelihood matrix to the objective function of exemplar-SVMs. We further extend Domain Adaptation Machine (DAM) to learn an optimal target classifier for domain adaptation. The comprehensive experiments for object recognition and action recognition demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for domain generalization and domain adaptation.", "corpus_id": 13777916}, "neg": {"sha": "3732e4ca8c7419c7c45df28b9a272ad9899c0db6", "title": "Automated skin lesion segmentation via image-wise supervised learning and multi-scale superpixel based cellular automata", "abstract": "Segmentation of skin lesions is considered as an important step in computer aided diagnosis (CAD) for automated melanoma diagnosis. Existing methods however have problems with over-or under-segmentation and do not perform well when a lesion is partially connected to the background or when the image contrast is low. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new automated skin lesion segmentation method via image-wise supervised learning (ISL) and multi-scale superpixel based cellular automata (MSCA). We propose using ISL to derive a probabilistic map for automated seeds selection, which removes the reliance on user-defined seeds as in conventional methods. The probabilistic map is then further used with the MSCA model for skin lesion segmentation. This map enables the inclusion of additional structural information and when compared to single-scale pixel-based CA model, it produces higher capacity to segment skin lesions with various sizes and contrast. We evaluated our method on two public skin lesion datasets and showed that it was more accurate and robust when compared to the state-of-the-art skin lesion segmentation methods.", "corpus_id": 206951584}}, {"query": {"sha": "9096ac4c40191263e888d745f92a6530a17b7134", "title": "Automatic Extraction of Cause-Effect Relations in Natural Language Text", "abstract": "The discovery of causal relations from text has been studied adopting various approaches based on rules or Machine Learning (ML) techniques. The approach proposed joins both rules and ML methods to combine the advantage of each one. In particular, our approach first identifies a set of plausible cause-effect pairs through a set of logical rules based on dependencies between words then it uses Bayesian inference to reduce the number of pairs produced by ambiguous patterns. The SemEval-2010 task 8 dataset challenge has been used to evaluate our model. The results demonstrate the ability of the rules for the relation extraction and the improvements made by the filtering process.", "corpus_id": 12735697}, "pos": {"sha": "1a5fce3d8746885251bd412ad137273ec771a314", "title": "Learning to Predict from Textual Data", "abstract": "Given a current news event, we tackle the problem of generating plausible predictions of future events it might cause. We present a new methodology for modeling and predicting such future news events using machine learning and data mining techniques. Our Pundit algorithm generalizes examples of causality pairs to infer a causality predictor. To obtain precisely labeled causality examples, we mine 150 years of news articles and apply semantic natural language modeling techniques to headlines containing certain predefined causality patterns. For generalization, the model uses a vast number of world knowledge ontologies. Empirical evaluation on real news articles shows that our Pundit algorithm performs as well as non-expert humans.", "corpus_id": 17220503}, "neg": {"sha": "9865636a6f9ae844dafadc8611c06be10c32abc9", "title": "Autonomous active recognition and unfolding of clothes using random decision forests and probabilistic planning", "abstract": "We present a novel approach to the problem of autonomously recognizing and unfolding articles of clothing using a dual manipulator. The problem consists of grasping an article from a random point, recognizing it and then bringing it into an unfolded state. We propose a data-driven method for clothes recognition from depth images using Random Decision Forests. We also propose a method for unfolding an article of clothing after estimating and grasping two key-points, using Hough forests. Both methods are implemented into a POMDP framework allowing the robot to interact optimally with the garments, taking into account uncertainty in the recognition and point estimation process. This active recognition and unfolding makes our system very robust to noisy observations. Our methods were tested on regular-sized clothes using a dual-arm manipulator and an Xtion depth sensor. We achieved 100% accuracy in active recognition and 93.3% unfolding success rate, while our system operates faster compared to the state of the art.", "corpus_id": 4643910}}, {"query": {"sha": "20286dfd510e6cb5c374384f415aab12b4b87132", "title": "Customer churn prediction for an insurance company", "abstract": "Dutch health insurance company CZ operates in a highly competitive and dynamic environment, dealing with over three million customers and a large, multi-aspect data structure. Because customer acquisition is considerably more expensive than customer retention, timely prediction of churning customers is highly beneficial. In this work, prediction of customer churn from objective variables at CZ is systematically investigated using data mining techniques. To identify important churning variables and characteristics, experts within the company were interviewed, while the literature was screened and analysed. Additionally, four promising data mining techniques for prediction modeling were identified, i.e. logistic regression, decision tree, neural networks and support vector machine. Data sets from 2013 were cleaned, corrected for imbalanced data and subjected to prediction models using data mining software KNIME. It was found that age, the number of times a customer is insured at CZ and the total health consumption are the most important characteristics for identifying churners. After performance evaluation, logistic regression with a 50:50 (non-churn:churn) training set and neural networks with a 70:30 (non-churn:churn) distribution performed best. In the ideal case, 50% of the churners can be reached when only 20% of the population is contacted, while costbenefit analysis indicated a balance between the costs of contacting these customers and the benefits of the resulting customer retention. The models were robust and could be applied on data sets from other years with similar results. Finally, homogeneous profiles were created using K-means clustering to reduce noise and increase the prediction power of the models. Promising results were obtained using four profiles, but a more thorough investigation on model performance still needs to be conducted. Using this data mining approach, we show that the predicted results can have direct implications for the marketing department of CZ, while the models are expected to be readily applicable in other environments.", "corpus_id": 51807872}, "pos": {"sha": "916ceefae4b11dadc3ee754ce590381c568c90de", "title": "A direct adaptive method for faster backpropagation learning: the RPROP algorithm", "abstract": "A new learning algorithm for multilayer feedforward networks, RPROP, is proposed. To overcome the inherent disadvantages of pure gradient-descent, RPROP performs a local adaptation of the weight-updates according to the behaviour of the errorfunction. In substantial difference to other adaptive techniques, the effect of the RPROP adaptation process is not blurred by the unforseeable influence of the size of the derivative but only dependent on the temporal behaviour of its sign. This leads to an efficient and transparent adaptation process. The promising capabilities of RPROP are shown in comparison to other wellknown adaptive techniques.", "corpus_id": 16848428}, "neg": {"sha": "b0c512fcfb7bd6c500429cbda963e28850f2e948", "title": "A Fast and Accurate Unconstrained Face Detector", "abstract": "We propose a method to address challenges in unconstrained face detection, such as arbitrary pose variations and occlusions. First, a new image feature called Normalized Pixel Difference (NPD) is proposed. NPD feature is computed as the difference to sum ratio between two pixel values, inspired by the Weber Fraction in experimental psychology. The new feature is scale invariant, bounded, and is able to reconstruct the original image. Second, we propose a deep quadratic tree to learn the optimal subset of NPD features and their combinations, so that complex face manifolds can be partitioned by the learned rules. This way, only a single soft-cascade classifier is needed to handle unconstrained face detection. Furthermore, we show that the NPD features can be efficiently obtained from a look up table, and the detection template can be easily scaled, making the proposed face detector very fast. Experimental results on three public face datasets (FDDB, GENKI, and CMU-MIT) show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance in detecting unconstrained faces with arbitrary pose variations and occlusions in cluttered scenes.", "corpus_id": 10867640}}, {"query": {"sha": "c76737f624697b379f78759c1c778b7007422a14", "title": "Software-Defined Mobile Networks Security", "abstract": "The future 5G wireless is triggered by the higher demand on wireless capacity. With Software Defined Network (SDN), the data layer can be separated from the control layer. The development of relevant studies about Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and cloud computing has the potential of offering a quicker and more reliable network access for growing data traffic. Under such circumstances, Software Defined Mobile Network (SDMN) is presented as a promising solution for meeting the wireless data demands. This paper provides a survey of SDMN and its related security problems. As SDMN integrates cloud computing, SDN, and NFV, and works on improving network functions, performance, flexibility, energy efficiency, and scalability, it is an important component of the next generation telecommunication networks. However, Yongfeng Qian yongfeng.hust@gmail.com Min Chen minchen@ieee.org Shiwen Mao smao@ieee.org Wan Tang tangwan@scuec.edu.cn Ximin Yang yangximin@scuec.edu.cn 1 Embedded and Pervasive Computing Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China 2 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Auburn University, 200 Broun Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849-5201, USA 3 College of Computer Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China the SDMN concept also raises new security concerns. We explore relevant security threats and their corresponding countermeasures with respect to the data layer, control layer, application layer, and communication protocols. We also adopt the STRIDE method to classify various security threats to better reveal them in the context of SDMN. This survey is concluded with a list of open security challenges in SDMN.", "corpus_id": 8141341}, "pos": {"sha": "31edc7932b5b6f5495a87c7b439bd3d4f31f6080", "title": "SDN and NFV integration in generalized mobile network architecture", "abstract": "The main drivers for the mobile core network evolution is to serve the future challenges and set the way to 5G networks with need for high capacity and low latency. Different technologies such as Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networking (SDN) are being considered to address the future needs of 5G networks. However, future applications such as Internet of Things (IoT), video services and others still unveiled will have different requirements, which emphasize the need for the dynamic scalability of the network functionality. The means for efficient network resource operability seems to be even more important than the future network element costs. This paper provides the analysis of different technologies such as SDN and NFV that offer different architectural options to address the needs of 5G networks. The options under consideration in this paper may differ mainly in the extent of what SDN principles are applied to mobile specific functions or to transport network functions only.", "corpus_id": 2453962}, "neg": {"sha": "d90193d2be26a9bf4b187763ee620dd4100d406a", "title": "Generalizing and Improving Bilingual Word Embedding Mappings with a Multi-Step Framework of Linear Transformations", "abstract": "Using a dictionary to map independently trained word embeddings to a shared space has shown to be an effective approach to learn bilingual word embeddings. In this work, we propose a multi-step framework of linear transformations that generalizes a substantial body of previous work. The core step of the framework is an orthogonal transformation, and existing methods can be explained in terms of the additional normalization, whitening, re-weighting, de-whitening and dimensionality reduction steps. This allows us to gain new insights into the behavior of existing methods, including the effectiveness of inverse regression, and design a novel variant that obtains the best published results in zero-shot bilingual lexicon extraction. The corresponding software is released as an open source project.", "corpus_id": 4334731}}, {"query": {"sha": "b3676e959149e194e45f9f41615f085aed722a66", "title": "2 D and 3 D Face Recognition using Close-Range RGB-D Camera", "abstract": "Having a depth information of object (Face) surface available along with RGB image, face recognition algorithm can be made more efficient and robust as compared to the conventional algorithms, where only RGB image is employed. Non-uniform illumination and pose deviation are major obstacles in making ideal face recognition system. In this paper, we used close-range (of depth) camera for developing face recognition system, which can provide high recognition rate even in low-resolution images. To best of our knowledge, there is no experimental study available for the face recognition system with close range RGB-D (Creative Labs 3D RealSense) in literature so far. We analysed different feature representations like PCA, LDA, SIFT, Gabor, LBP and HOG for RGB and depth images. Experiments were performed on the in-house RGB-D dataset, captured by Creative Labs 3D camera with 20 individuals. The experimental result shows that depth image can also be used for recognition. It is also found that the fusion of RGB and Depth images improve the recognition rate. HOG and LBP feature descriptors are superior to the other feature subspaces. With HOG as a feature descriptor, face recognition rate for frontal image dataset in proper illumination has reached to 96.21%, while for pose-deviated samples, it is 75.12 %. Keywords\u2014 2D Face; 3D Face, RGB-D camera, Face Recognition, Fusion", "corpus_id": 221208300}, "pos": {"sha": "36c2cafdf3a0d39931e3ee46d7665270fca42350", "title": "Robust motion detection using histogram of oriented gradients for illumination variations", "abstract": "This paper proposes a robust motion detection method for illumination variations which uses histogram of oriented gradients. The detection process is divided into two phases: coarse detection and refinement. In the coarse detection phase, first, a texture-based background model is built which implements a group of adaptive histograms of oriented gradients; then, by comparing the histogram of oriented gradients of each pixel between current frame and background model, a foreground is segmented based on texture feature which is not susceptible to illumination variations, whereas some missing foreground regions exist; finally, the result based on texture is optimized by combining the pixel-wise detection result produced by Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) algorithm, which greatly improves the detection performance by incorporating efficient morphological operations. In the refinement phase, the above detection result is refined based on the distinction in color feature to eliminate errors like shadows, noises, redundant contour, etc. Experimental results show the effectiveness and robustness of our approach in detecting moving objects in varying illumination conditions.", "corpus_id": 17721802}, "neg": {"sha": "08639cd6b89ac8f375cdc1076b9485ac9d657083", "title": "Multi-Core, Main-Memory Joins: Sort vs. Hash Revisited", "abstract": "In this paper we experimentally study the performance of main-memory, parallel, multi-core join algorithms, focusing on sort-merge and (radix-)hash join. The relative performance of these two join approaches have been a topic of discussion for a long time. With the advent of modern multicore architectures, it has been argued that sort-merge join is now a better choice than radix-hash join. This claim is justified based on the width of SIMD instructions (sort-merge outperforms radix-hash join once SIMD is sufficiently wide), and NUMA awareness (sort-merge is superior to hash join in NUMA architectures). We conduct extensive experiments on the original and optimized versions of these algorithms. The experiments show that, contrary to these claims, radixhash join is still clearly superior, and sort-merge approaches to performance of radix only when very large amounts of data are involved. The paper also provides the fastest implementations of these algorithms, and covers many aspects of modern hardware architectures relevant not only for joins but for any parallel data processing operator.", "corpus_id": 5398477}}, {"query": {"sha": "b172d56803adc0ada9cbb2cb6a32ee22fc6cdc9d", "title": "A Comparison of Task Parallel Frameworks based on Implicit Dependencies in Multi-core Environments", "abstract": "The larger flexibility that task parallelism offers with respect to data parallelism comes at the cost of a higher complexity due to the variety of tasks and the arbitrary patterns of dependences that they can exhibit. These dependencies should be expressed not only correctly, but optimally, i.e. avoiding over-constraints, in order to obtain the maximum performance from the underlying hardware. There have been many proposals to facilitate this non-trivial task, particularly within the scope of nowadays ubiquitous multi-core architectures. A very interesting family of solutions because of their large scope of application, ease of use and potential performance are those in which the user declares the dependences of each task, and lets the parallel programming framework figure out which are the concrete dependences that appear at runtime and schedule accordingly the parallel tasks. Nevertheless, as far as we know, there are no comparative studies of them that help users identify their relative advantages. In this paper we describe and evaluate four tools of this class discussing the strengths and weaknesses we have found in their use. Keywords-programmability; task parallelism; dependencies; programming models", "corpus_id": 19626354}, "pos": {"sha": "3340775f557ecad8b9f33dfae41f10dec96a3315", "title": "Jade: a high-level, machine-independent language for parallel programming", "abstract": "Jade, a high-level parallel programming language for managing coarse-grained parallelism, is discussed. Jade simplifies programming by providing sequential-execution and shared-address-space abstractions. It is also platform-independent; the same Jade program runs on uniprocessors, multiprocessors, and heterogeneous networks of machines. An example that illustrates how Jade programmers express irregular, dynamically determined concurrency and how the implementation exploits this source of concurrency is presented. A digital video imaging program that runs on a high-resolution video system and several other examples of Jade applications are described.<>", "corpus_id": 8604956}, "neg": {"sha": "43241fb8d231c9b44eacd2a3d33e5b4fea99332e", "title": "Tunable SIW bandpass filters with PIN diodes", "abstract": "This paper introduces a novel tunable SIW filter implemented using PIN diode switching elements. The two-pole filter provides six states ranging from 1.55 GHz to 2.0 GHz (25% tuning). Fractional bandwidth ranges from 2.3% \u2013 3.0% with insertion loss less than 5.4 dB and return loss greater than 14 dB over the entire tuning range. Each SIW cavity is tuned by perturbing via posts connecting or disconnecting to/from the cavity's top metal layer. In order to separate the biasing network from the SIW filter, a three-layer PCB is fabricated using Rogers RT/duroid substrates.", "corpus_id": 12317232}}, {"query": {"sha": "490a024bc918713dacb4bd3f036897745278f973", "title": "RFID-Cloud smart cart system", "abstract": "The main purpose of this work is in reducing the queuing delays in major supermarkets or other shopping centers by means of an Electronic Smart Cart System which will introduce an intellectual approach to billing process through RFID technology. Smart Cart System is a cooperative performance of three separate systems: a website developed for the shopping market, electronic smart cart device and anti-theft RFID gates. This project focuses on developing the electronic smart cart device itself. It involves an embedded electronic hardware that consists of an OLED display, Arduino Mega 2560 board, a specifically designed PCB, a Wi-Fi module, 13.56 MHz HF RFID reader, a power supply and a shopping cart.", "corpus_id": 2122898}, "pos": {"sha": "3bd900ff258023e3fddbcb8d4c4c931087ee1db8", "title": "The working principle of an Arduino", "abstract": "In this paper, we analyze the working principle of an arduino. These days many people try to use the arduino because it makes things easier due to the simplified version of C++ and the already made Arduino microcontroller(atmega328 microcontroller [1]) that you can programme, erase and reprogramme at any given time. In this paper we will discuss the hardware components used in the arduino board, the software used to programme it (Arduino board) with the guide on how to write and construct your own projects, and a couple of examples of an arduino project, This will give you the overall view of an arduino uno, that after reading this paper you will get the basic concept and use of an arduino uno.", "corpus_id": 9338390}, "neg": {"sha": "08d354d27463922ac5ae02f6f93f7eec98c40dd8", "title": "Complexity of and Algorithms for Borda Manipulation", "abstract": "We prove that it is NP-hard for a coalition of two manipulators to compute how to manipulate the Borda voting rule. This resolves one of the last open problems in the computational complexity of manipulating common voting rules. Because of this NP-hardness, we treat computing a manipulation as an approximation problem where we try to minimize the number of manipulators. Based on ideas from bin packing and multiprocessor scheduling, we propose two new approximation methods to compute manipulations of the Borda rule. Experiments show that these methods significantly outperform the previous best known approximation method. We are able to find optimal manipulations in almost all the randomly generated elections tested. Our results suggest that, whilst computing a manipulation of the Borda rule by a coalition is NP-hard, computational complexity may provide only a weak barrier against manipulation in practice.", "corpus_id": 12093099}}, {"query": {"sha": "0efc78ad3e33a13fb332eb4175d0c581d3ba5448", "title": "Planar building facade segmentation and mapping using appearance and geometric constraints", "abstract": "Segmentation and mapping of planar building facades (PBFs) can increase a robot's ability of scene understanding and localization in urban environments which are often quasi-rectilinear and GPS-challenged. PBFs are basic components of the quasi-rectilinear environment. We propose a passive vision-based PBF segmentation and mapping algorithm by combining both appearance and geometric constraints. We propose a rectilinear index which allows us to segment out planar regions using appearance data. Then we combine geometric constraints such as reprojection errors, orientation constraints, and coplanarity constraints in an optimization process to improve the mapping of PBFs. We have implemented the algorithm and tested it in comparison with state-of-the-art. The results show that our method can reduce the angular error of scene structure by an average of 82.82%.", "corpus_id": 14735357}, "pos": {"sha": "22f7fe1ea5e983aee091e75ae13be1e832222c51", "title": "A two-view based multilayer feature graph for robot navigation", "abstract": "To facilitate scene understanding and robot navigation in a modern urban area, we design a multilayer feature graph (MFG) based on two views from an on-board camera. The nodes of an MFG are features such as scale invariant feature transformation (SIFT) feature points, line segments, lines, and planes while edges of the MFG represent different geometric relationships such as adjacency, parallelism, collinearity, and coplanarity. MFG also connects the features in two views and the corresponding 3D coordinate system. Building on SIFT feature points and line segments, MFG is constructed using feature fusion which incrementally, iteratively, and extensively verifies the aforementioned geometric relationships using random sample consensus (RANSAC) framework. Physical experiments show that MFG can be successfully constructed in urban area and the construction method is demonstrated to be very robust in identifying feature correspondence.", "corpus_id": 16449381}, "neg": {"sha": "a6c691c2ca0f9d5760753e432f86b0ed862e2bab", "title": "Feature learning with deep scattering for urban sound analysis", "abstract": "In this paper we evaluate the scattering transform as an alternative signal representation to the mel-spectrogram in the context of unsupervised feature learning for urban sound classification. We show that we can obtain comparable (or better) performance using the scattering transform whilst reducing both the amount of training data required for feature learning and the size of the learned codebook by an order of magnitude. In both cases the improvement is attributed to the local phase invariance of the representation. We also observe improved classification of sources in the background of the auditory scene, a result that provides further support for the importance of temporal modulation in sound segregation.", "corpus_id": 17717707}}, {"query": {"sha": "90aaef1f5fb98262d6f2174fa75903b63b0fbe9c", "title": "Pretraining Deep Actor-Critic Reinforcement Learning Algorithms With Expert Demonstrations", "abstract": "Pretraining with expert demonstrations have been found useful in speeding up the training process of deep reinforcement learning algorithms since less online simulation data is required. Some people use supervised learning to speed up the process of feature learning, others pretrain the policies by imitating expert demonstrations. However, these methods are unstable and not suitable for actor-critic reinforcement learning algorithms. Also, some existing methods rely on the global optimum assumption, which is not true in most scenarios. In this paper, we employ expert demonstrations in a actor-critic reinforcement learning framework, and meanwhile ensure that the performance is not affected by the fact that expert demonstrations are not global optimal. We theoretically derive a method for computing policy gradients and value estimators with only expert demonstrations. Our method is theoretically plausible for actor-critic reinforcement learning algorithms that pretrains both policy and value functions. We apply our method to two of the typical actor-critic reinforcement learning algorithms, DDPG and ACER, and demonstrate with experiments that our method not only outperforms the RL algorithms without pretraining process, but also is more simulation efficient.", "corpus_id": 31802360}, "pos": {"sha": "340f48901f72278f6bf78a04ee5b01df208cc508", "title": "Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning", "abstract": "The theory of reinforcement learning provides a normative account, deeply rooted in psychological and neuroscientific perspectives on animal behaviour, of how agents may optimize their control of an environment. To use reinforcement learning successfully in situations approaching real-world complexity, however, agents are confronted with a difficult task: they must derive efficient representations of the environment from high-dimensional sensory inputs, and use these to generalize past experience to new situations. Remarkably, humans and other animals seem to solve this problem through a harmonious combination of reinforcement learning and hierarchical sensory processing systems, the former evidenced by a wealth of neural data revealing notable parallels between the phasic signals emitted by dopaminergic neurons and temporal difference reinforcement learning algorithms. While reinforcement learning agents have achieved some successes in a variety of domains, their applicability has previously been limited to domains in which useful features can be handcrafted, or to domains with fully observed, low-dimensional state spaces. Here we use recent advances in training deep neural networks to develop a novel artificial agent, termed a deep Q-network, that can learn successful policies directly from high-dimensional sensory inputs using end-to-end reinforcement learning. We tested this agent on the challenging domain of classic Atari 2600 games. We demonstrate that the deep Q-network agent, receiving only the pixels and the game score as inputs, was able to surpass the performance of all previous algorithms and achieve a level comparable to that of a professional human games tester across a set of 49 games, using the same algorithm, network architecture and hyperparameters. This work bridges the divide between high-dimensional sensory inputs and actions, resulting in the first artificial agent that is capable of learning to excel at a diverse array of challenging tasks.", "corpus_id": 205242740}, "neg": {"sha": "9ec60920ee588ea064aeadc765b1205af015384b", "title": "Learning Semantic Representations for Novel Words: Leveraging Both Form and Context", "abstract": "Word embeddings are a key component of high-performing natural language processing (NLP) systems, but it remains a challenge to learn good representations for novel words on the fly, i.e., for words that did not occur in the training data. The general problem setting is that word embeddings are induced on an unlabeled training corpus and then a model is trained that embeds novel words into this induced embedding space. Currently, two approaches for learning embeddings of novel words exist: (i) learning an embedding from the novel word\u2019s surface-form (e.g., subword n-grams) and (ii) learning an embedding from the context in which it occurs. In this paper, we propose an architecture that leverages both sources of information \u2013 surface-form and context \u2013 and show that it results in large increases in embedding quality. Our architecture obtains state-of-the-art results on the Definitional Nonce and Contextual Rare Words datasets. As input, we only require an embedding set and an unlabeled corpus for training our architecture to produce embeddings appropriate for the induced embedding space. Thus, our model can easily be integrated into any existing NLP system and enhance its capability to handle novel words.", "corpus_id": 53249780}}, {"query": {"sha": "4eaaa587189782ced1c19a7f6f4b45619aa91d13", "title": "Testdroid: automated remote UI testing on Android", "abstract": "Open mobile platforms such as Android currently suffer from the existence of multiple versions, each with its own peculiarities. This makes the comprehensive testing of interactive applications challenging. In this paper we present Testdroid, an online platform for conducting scripted user interface tests on a variety of physical Android handsets. Testdroid allows developers and researchers to record test scripts, which along with their application are automatically executed on a variety of handsets in parallel. The platform reports the outcome of these tests, enabling developers and researchers to quickly identify platforms where their systems may crash or fail. At the same time the platform allows us to identify more broadly the various problems associated with each handset, as well as frequent programming mistakes.", "corpus_id": 5924654}, "pos": {"sha": "b0d7a25e7d7c805606fe8b414e43fbb8084504f4", "title": "Mobile-D: an agile approach for mobile application development", "abstract": "Mobile phones have been closed environments until recent years. The change brought by open platform technologies such as the Symbian operating system and Java technologies has opened up a significant business opportunity for anyone to develop application software such as games for mobile terminals. However, developing mobile applications is currently a challenging task due to the specific demands and technical constraints of mobile development. Furthermore, at the moment very little is known about the suitability of the different development processes for mobile application development. Due to these issues, we have developed an agile development approach called Mobile-D. The Mobile-D approach is briefly outlined here and the experiences gained from four case studies are discussed.", "corpus_id": 1330851}, "neg": {"sha": "99aca56263051ba58197944d10f390c24ce66608", "title": "ApDeepSense: Deep Learning Uncertainty Estimation without the Pain for IoT Applications", "abstract": "Recent advances in deep-learning-based applications have attracted a growing attention from the IoT community. These highly capable learning models have shown significant improvements in expected accuracy of various sensory inference tasks. One important and yet overlooked direction remains to provide uncertainty estimates in deep learning outputs. Since robustness and reliability of sensory inference results are critical to IoT systems, uncertainty estimates are indispensable for IoT applications. To address this challenge, we develop ApDeepSense, an effective and efficient deep learning uncertainty estimation method for resource-constrained IoT devices. ApDeepSense leverages an implicit Bayesian approximation that links neural networks to deep Gaussian processes, allowing output uncertainty to be quantified. Our approach is shown to significantly reduce the execution time and energy consumption of uncertainty estimation thanks to a novel layer-wise approximation that replaces the traditional computationally intensive sampling-based uncertainty estimation methods. ApDeepSense is designed for neural net-works trained using dropout; one of the most widely used regularization methods in deep learning. No additional training is needed for uncertainty estimation purposes. We evaluate ApDeepSense using four IoT applications on Intel Edison devices. Results show that ApDeepSense can reduce around 88.9% of the execution time and 90.0% of the energy consumption, while producing more accurate uncertainty estimates compared with state-of-the-art methods.", "corpus_id": 50780556}}, {"query": {"sha": "4f20b28c1fd68ba18dd4985291fb12d13d3da53d", "title": "Safe and Efficient Intersection Control of Connected and Autonomous Intersection Traffic", "abstract": "In this dissertation, we address a problem of safe and efficient intersection crossing traffic management of autonomous and connected ground traffic. Toward this objective, an algorithm that is called the Discrete-time occupancies trajectory based Intersection traffic Coordination Algorithm (DICA) is proposed. All vehicles in the system are Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) and capable of wireless Vehicle-to-Intersection communication. The main advantage of the proposed DTOT-based intersection management is that it enables us to utilize the space within an intersection more efficiently resulting in less delay for vehicles to cross the intersection. In the proposed framework, an intersection coordinates the motions of CAVs based on their proposed DTOTs to let them cross the intersection efficiently while avoiding collisions. In case when there is a collision between vehicles\u2019 DTOTs, the intersection modifies conflicting DTOTs to avoid the collision and requests CAVs to approach and cross the intersection according to the modified DTOTs. We then prove that the basic DICA is deadlock free and also starvation free. We also show that the basic DICA has a computational complexity of O(nLm) where n is the number of vehicles granted to cross an intersection and Lm is the maximum length", "corpus_id": 9405935}, "pos": {"sha": "aa4571229a76a28cffcc8653af48ded9efd71b78", "title": "Cooperative driving: an ant colony system for autonomous intersection management", "abstract": "Autonomous intersection management (AIM) is an innovative concept for directing vehicles through the intersections. AIM assumes that the vehicles negotiate the right-of-way. This assumption makes the problem of the intersection management significantly different from the usually studied ones such as the optimization of the cycle time, splits, and offsets. The main difficulty is to define a strategy that improves the traffic efficiency. Indeed, due to the fact that each vehicle is considered individually, AIM faces a combinatorial optimization problem that needs quick and efficient solutions for a real time application. This paper proposes a strategy that evacuates vehicles as soon as possible for each sequence of vehicle arrivals. The dynamic programming (DP) that gives the optimal solution is shown to be greedy. A combinatorial explosion is observed if the number of lanes rises. After evaluating the time complexity of the DP, the paper proposes an ant colony system (ACS) to solve the control problem for large number of vehicles and lanes. The complete investigation shows that the proposed ACS algorithm is robust and efficient. Experimental results obtained by the simulation of different traffic scenarios show that the AIM based on ACS outperforms the traditional traffic lights and other recent traffic control strategies.", "corpus_id": 18796303}, "neg": {"sha": "241da26da6530c2cf2ecc59060000e2a902201b6", "title": "Comparative evaluation of microscopic car-following behavior", "abstract": "Microscopic traffic-simulation tools are increasingly being applied to evaluate the impacts of a wide variety of intelligent transport systems (ITS) applications and other dynamic problems that are difficult to solve using traditional analytical models. The accuracy of a traffic-simulation system depends highly on the quality of the traffic-flow model at its core, with the two main critical components being the car-following and lane-changing models. This paper presents findings from a comparative evaluation of car-following behavior in a number of traffic simulators [advanced interactive microscopic simulator for urban and nonurban networks (AIMSUN), parallel microscopic simulation (PARAMICS), and Verkehr in Stadten-simulation (VISSIM)]. The car-following algorithms used in these simulators have been developed from a variety of theoretical backgrounds and are reported to have been calibrated on a number of different data sets. Very few independent studies have attempted to evaluate the performance of the underlying algorithms based on the same data set. The results reported in this study are based on a car-following experiment that used instrumented vehicles to record the speed and relative distance between follower and leader vehicles on a one-lane road. The experiment was replicated in each tool and the simulated car-following behavior was compared to the field data using a number of error tests. The results showed lower error values for the Gipps-based models implemented in AIMSUN and similar error values for the psychophysical spacing models used in VISSIM and PARAMICS. A qualitative \"drift and goal-seeking behavior\" test, which essentially shows how the distance headway between leader and follower vehicles should oscillate around a stable distance, also confirmed the findings.", "corpus_id": 13793829}}, {"query": {"sha": "a98a36979f56220bf8539012e3add572fc2c55cc", "title": "Analysis and Design of Millimeter-Wave Circularly Polarized Substrate Integrated Travelling-Wave Antennas", "abstract": "Circularly polarized millimeter-wave travelling-wave antennas, using substrate integrated circuits (SICs) technology, are designed, fabricated and tested. By using the SICs technology, compact antennas with low losses in the feeding structure and with good design accuracy are obtained. The elementary antenna which is composed of two inclined slots is characterized by full-wave simulations. This characterization is used for the design and development of linear antenna arrays with above 16 dB gain and low side lobe level (< \u221225 dB), using different power aperture distributions, namely uniform, Tchebychev and Taylor. Experimental results are presented at 77 GHz showing that the proposed antennas present good performances in terms of impedance matching, gain and axial ratio. These antennas have potential applications in integrated transceivers for communication and radar systems at millimeter-wave frequencies.", "corpus_id": 18807579}, "pos": {"sha": "584066f943acd881018387bf9ba751a76bdbcc73", "title": "Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Leaky-Wave Antenna With Transverse Slots", "abstract": "A novel slotted substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) leaky-wave antenna is proposed. This antenna works in the TE10 mode of the SIW. Leakage is obtained by introducing a periodic set of transverse slots on the top of the SIW, which interrupt the current flow on the top wall. It is seen that three modes (a leaky mode, a proper waveguide mode, and a surface-wave-like mode) can all propagate on this structure. The wavenumbers of the modes are calculated theoretically and are numerically evaluated by HFSS simulation. The leakage loss, dielectric loss, and conductor loss are also analyzed. A uniform slotted SIW leaky-wave antenna is designed that has good beam scanning from near broadside (though not exactly at broadside) to forward endfire. This type of SIW leaky-wave antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth and a narrow beam that scans with frequency. Measured results are consistent with the simulation and the theoretical analysis.", "corpus_id": 45010045}, "neg": {"sha": "39d75b96f3454bea4e8860270b99a637d96019e8", "title": "A Framework for Modeling the Appearance of 3D Articulated Figures", "abstract": "This paper describes a framework for constructing a linear subspace model of image appearance for complex articulated 3D figures such as humans and other animals. A commercial motion capture system provides 3D data that is aligned with images of subjects performing various activities. Portions of a limb\u2019s image appearance are seen from multiple views and for multiple subjects. From these partial views, weighted principal component analysis is used to construct a linear subspace representation of the \u201cunwrapped\u201d image appearance of each limb. The linear subspaces provide a generative model of the object appearance that is exploited in a Bayesian particle filtering tracking system. Results of tracking single limbs and walking humans are presented.", "corpus_id": 5476898}}, {"query": {"sha": "a0a7ca8cd3448c5996df79f9badd202c1295cb20", "title": "A Short Introduction to Learning to Rank", "abstract": "Learning to rank refers to machine learning techniques for training the model in a ranking task. Learning to rank is useful for many applications in Information Retrieval, Natural Language Processing, and Data Mining. Intensive studies have been conducted on the problem and significant progress has been made [1], [2]. This short paper gives an introduction to learning to rank, and it specifically explains the fundamental problems, existing approaches, and future work of learning to rank. Several learning to rank methods using SVM techniques are described in details. key words: Learning to rank, information retrieval, natural language processing, SVM", "corpus_id": 9997448}, "pos": {"sha": "3d663af94807663c5df519da8792720321efa11f", "title": "SoftRank: optimizing non-smooth rank metrics", "abstract": "We address the problem of learning large complex ranking functions. Most IR applications use evaluation metrics that depend only upon the ranks of documents. However, most ranking functions generate document scores, which are sorted to produce a ranking. Hence IR metrics are innately non-smooth with respect to the scores, due to the sort. Unfortunately, many machine learning algorithms require the gradient of a training objective in order to perform the optimization of the model parameters,and because IR metrics are non-smooth,we need to find a smooth proxy objective that can be used for training. We present a new family of training objectives that are derived from the rank distributions of documents, induced by smoothed scores. We call this approach SoftRank. We focus on a smoothed approximation to Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG), called SoftNDCG and we compare it with three other training objectives in the recent literature. We present two main results. First, SoftRank yields a very good way of optimizing NDCG. Second, we show that it is possible to achieve state of the art test set NDCG results by optimizing a soft NDCG objective on the training set with a different discount function", "corpus_id": 5496423}, "neg": {"sha": "713f2d35868c1fe82c903ca8878baf1fe26f96ae", "title": "Exoshoe: A sensory system to measure foot pressure in industrial exoskeleton", "abstract": "This paper presents a novel sensor fusion methodology to dynamically detect weight variations and the position of an exoskeleton system. The proposed methodology is intended for tasks of lifting and lowering heavy weights with an industrial exoskeleton to substantially reduce spinal loads during these activities.", "corpus_id": 1454901}}, {"query": {"sha": "74948e2c2c5727525803257910ed980ac53de69e", "title": "Local part chamfer matching for shape-based object detection", "abstract": "Chamfer matching is one of the elegant and powerful tools for shape-based detection in cluttered images. However, the chamfer matching methods, including oriented chamfer matching (OCM) and directional chamfer matching (DCM), tend to produce bad detections due to deformation of object shapes and cluttering in the scene. To improve detection accuracy of these chamfer matching methods, we propose local part oriented chamfer matching (LPOCM) and local part directional chamfer matching (LPDCM). First, shape templates and discriminative contour fragments are learned, and then a shape representation is built using a Markov random field (MRF). Finally, the template detection in an input image is formulated as an inference in the MRF. Experimental results for benchmark datasets including ETHZ Shape Classes, INRIA Horses and Weizmann Horses clearly demonstrate that the proposed LPOCM and LPDCM significantly improve the detection accuracy of OCM and DCM without sacrificing much time efficiency.", "corpus_id": 12773785}, "pos": {"sha": "2c8593180a92708f1392cf434e85c798cd929390", "title": "Object Detection by Contour Segment Networks", "abstract": "We propose a method for object detection in cluttered real im ges, given a single hand-drawn example as model. The image edges a re partitioned into contour segments and organized in an image representat ion which encodes their interconnections: the Contour Segment Network. The o bj ct detection problem is formulated as finding paths through the network resemb ling the model outlines, and a computationally efficient detection techni que is presented. An extensive experimental evaluation on detecting five diverse o bj ct classes over hundreds of images demonstrates that our method works in very cl uttered images, allows for scale changes and considerable intra-class shap e variation, is robust to interrupted contours, and is computationally efficient.", "corpus_id": 7149126}, "neg": {"sha": "33a7a59f785ef46091c30c4c85ef88c6bdabab51", "title": "Learning to detect natural image boundaries using local brightness, color, and texture cues", "abstract": "The goal of this work is to accurately detect and localize boundaries in natural scenes using local image measurements. We formulate features that respond to characteristic changes in brightness, color, and texture associated with natural boundaries. In order to combine the information from these features in an optimal way, we train a classifier using human labeled images as ground truth. The output of this classifier provides the posterior probability of a boundary at each image location and orientation. We present precision-recall curves showing that the resulting detector significantly outperforms existing approaches. Our two main results are 1) that cue combination can be performed adequately with a simple linear model and 2) that a proper, explicit treatment of texture is required to detect boundaries in natural images.", "corpus_id": 8165754}}, {"query": {"sha": "cecf980058d139031e03b943dd153833afb43e2a", "title": "Automated Generation of Road Marking Maps from Street-level Panoramic Images", "abstract": "Accurate maps of road markings are useful for many applications, such as road maintenance, improving navigation, and prediction of upcoming road situations within autonomously driving vehicles. This paper introduces a generic and learning-based system for the recognition of road markings from street-level panoramic images. This system starts with an Inverse Perspective Mapping, followed by segmentation to retrieve road marking candidates. The contours of all found segments are classified, after which a Markov Random Field is applied to adjust the resulting probabilities based on the surrounding context. Finally, the spatial placement of the found individual markings (e.g. shark teeth) is analyzed to retrieve the traffic situations (e.g. priority situations). This system is evaluated for priority, block, striped lines and pedestrian crossing markings, and is able to recognize 80-95% of the individual markings, and about 90% of the occurring situations (e.g. pedestrian crossings).", "corpus_id": 16029195}, "pos": {"sha": "7783fd2984ac139194d21c10bd83b4c9764826a3", "title": "Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems - networks of plausible inference", "abstract": "Probabilistic methods to create the areas, of computational tools. But I needed to get canned, bayesian networks worked recently strongly. Recently I tossed this book was published. In intelligent systems is researchers in, ai operations research excellence award for graduate. Too concerned about how it i've been. Apparently daphne koller and learning structures evidential reasoning. Pearl is a language for i've. Despite its early publication date it, is not great give the best references.", "corpus_id": 32583695}, "neg": {"sha": "3c8f4bfeb0665af3e19764e587af1bbb14646395", "title": "An Analogy Ontology for Integrating Analogical Processing and First-Principles Reasoning", "abstract": "This paper describes an analogy ontology, a formal representation of some key ideas in analogical processing, that supports the integration of analogical processing with first-principles reasoners. The ontology is based on Gentner's structure-mapping theory, a psychological account of analogy and similarity. The semantics of the ontology are enforced via procedural attachment, using cognitive simulations of structure-mapping to provide analogical processing services. Queries that include analogical operations can be formulated in the same way as standard logical inference, and analogical processing systems in turn can call on the services of first-principles reasoners for creating cases and validating their conjectures. We illustrate the utility of the analogy ontology by demonstrating how it has been used in three systems: A crisis management analogical reasoner that answers questions about international incidents, a course of action analogical critiquer that provides feedback about military plans, and a comparison question-answering system for knowledge capture. These systems rely on large, general-purpose knowledge bases created by other research groups, thus demonstrating the generality and utility of these ideas.", "corpus_id": 5284550}}, {"query": {"sha": "bf0121f325cff44af03edb2c45c8ea4206693803", "title": "Multi-label learning with millions of labels: recommending advertiser bid phrases for web pages", "abstract": "Recommending phrases from web pages for advertisers to bid on against search engine queries is an important research problem with direct commercial impact. Most approaches have found it infeasible to determine the relevance of all possible queries to a given ad landing page and have focussed on making recommendations from a small set of phrases extracted (and expanded) from the page using NLP and ranking based techniques. In this paper, we eschew this paradigm, and demonstrate that it is possible to efficiently predict the relevant subset of queries from a large set of monetizable ones by posing the problem as a multi-label learning task with each query being represented by a separate label.\n We develop Multi-label Random Forests to tackle problems with millions of labels. Our proposed classifier has prediction costs that are logarithmic in the number of labels and can make predictions in a few milliseconds using 10 Gb of RAM. We demonstrate that it is possible to generate training data for our classifier automatically from click logs without any human annotation or intervention. We train our classifier on tens of millions of labels, features and training points in less than two days on a thousand node cluster. We develop a sparse semi-supervised multi-label learning formulation to deal with training set biases and noisy labels harvested automatically from the click logs. This formulation is used to infer a belief in the state of each label for each training ad and the random forest classifier is extended to train on these beliefs rather than the given labels. Experiments reveal significant gains over ranking and NLP based techniques on a large test set of 5 million ads using multiple metrics.", "corpus_id": 9628024}, "pos": {"sha": "234f11713077aa09179533a1f37c075662e25b0f", "title": "Incremental Algorithms for Hierarchical Classification", "abstract": "We study the problem of hierarchical classification when labels corresponding to partial and/or multiple paths in the underlying taxonomy are allowed. We introduce a new hierarchical loss function, the H-loss, implementing the simple intuition that additional mistakes in the subtree of a mistaken class should not be charged for. Based on a probabilistic data model introduced in earlier work, we derive the Bayes-optimal classifier for the H-loss. We then empirically compare two incremental approximations of the Bayes-optimal classifier with a flat SVM classifier and with classifiers obtained by using hierarchical versions of the Perceptron and SVM algorithms. The experiments show that our simplest incremental approximation of the Bayes-optimal classifier performs, after just one training epoch, nearly as well as the hierarchical SVM classifier (which performs best). For the same incremental algorithm we also derive an H-loss bound showing, when data are generated by our probabilistic data model, exponentially fast convergence to the H-loss of the hierarchical classifier based on the true model parameters.", "corpus_id": 6642735}, "neg": {"sha": "a98a528a50ba8075c1f7b64df24afeb2071ebe9c", "title": "A systematic derivation of the STG machine verified in Coq", "abstract": "Shared Term Graph (STG) is a lazy functional language used as an intermediate language in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC). In this article, we present a natural operational semantics for STG and we mechanically derive a lazy abstract machine from this semantics, which turns out to coincide with Peyton-Jones and Salkild's Spineless Tagless G-machine (STG machine) used in GHC. Unlike other constructions of STG-like machines present in the literature, ours is based on a systematic and scalable derivation method (inspired by Danvy et al.'s functional correspondence between evaluators and abstract machines) and it leads to an abstract machine that differs from the original STG machine only in inessential details. In particular, it handles non-trivial update scenarios and partial applications identically as the STG machine.\n The entire derivation has been formalized in the Coq proof assistant. Thus, in effect, we provide a machine checkable proof of the correctness of the STG machine with respect to the natural semantics.", "corpus_id": 15894992}}, {"query": {"sha": "0ef33966bf72bee871e1ba70a31863f551b42a0f", "title": "Preserving Multi-party Machine Learning with Homomorphic Encryption", "abstract": "Privacy preserving multi-party machine learning approaches enable multiple parties to train a machine learning model from aggregate data while ensuring the privacy of their individual datasets is preserved. In this paper, we propose a privacy preserving multi-party machine learning approach based on homomorphic encryption where the machine learning algorithm of choice is deep neural networks. We develop theoretical foundation for implementing deep neural networks over encrypted data and utilize it in developing efficient and practical algorithms in encrypted domain.", "corpus_id": 1749639}, "pos": {"sha": "1276f304b52faae10438bde5da3ae88fcc33dd62", "title": "Crypto-Nets: Neural Networks over Encrypted Data", "abstract": "The problem we address is the following: how can a user employ a predictive model that is held by a third party, without compromising private information. For example, a hospital may wish to use a cloud service to predict the readmission risk of a patient. However, due to regulations, the patient\u2019s medical files cannot be revealed. The goal is to make an inference using the model, without jeopardizing the accuracy of the prediction or the privacy of the data. To achieve high accuracy, we use neural networks, which have been shown to outperform other learning models for many tasks. To achieve the privacy requirements, we use homomorphic encryption in the following protocol: the data owner encrypts the data and sends the ciphertexts to the third party to obtain a prediction from a trained model. The model operates on these ciphertexts and sends back the encrypted prediction. In this protocol, not only the data remains private, even the values predicted are available only to the data owner. Using homomorphic encryption and modifications to the activation functions and training algorithms of neural networks, we present crypto-nets and prove that they can be constructed and may be feasible. This method paves the way to build a secure cloud-based neural network prediction services without invading users\u2019 privacy.", "corpus_id": 5787871}, "neg": {"sha": "12a1cff6164e08f08828942639a9ea766ff768c1", "title": "on Chinese Orientation Analysis", "abstract": "\u5f20\u731b,\u5f6d\u4e00\u51e1,\u6a0a\u626c,\u674e\u4e39,\u6797\u5c0f\u4fca,\u5434\u73ba\u5b8f \u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u8a00\u8bed\u542c\u89c9\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3,\u5317\u4eac,100871 E-mail: {zhangm, pengyf, fanyang, lidan, linxj, wxh}@cis.pku.edu.cn \u6458 \u8981:\u6587\u672c\u503e\u5411\u6027\u5206\u6790\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u5904\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70ed\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u4e2d\u6587\u6587\u672c\u503e\u5411\u6027\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5, \u5b83\u5305\u62ec\u8bcd\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u548c\u503e\u5411\u6027\u5224\u522b\u4e24\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002\u5728\u8bcd\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u4e2d,\u57fa\u4e8e\u6761\u4ef6\u968f\u673a\u573a\u6a21\u578b,\u5bf9\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u6587\u672c\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u8bcd\u548c \u547d\u540d\u5b9e\u4f53\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u5904\u7406,\u4ece\u800c\u6709\u6548\u5730\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5206\u6790\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u503e\u5411\u6027\u5224\u522b\u4e2d,\u4ece\u8bcd\u6c47\u3001\u53e5\u5b50\u548c\u7bc7\u7ae0\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e0d \u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5728\u8bcd\u6c47\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u91c7\u7528\u6700\u5927\u71b5\u6a21\u578b,\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u60c5\u611f\u8bcd\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u6781\u6027\u5224\u522b\u3002\u5728\u53e5 \u5b50\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u6839\u636e\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u5217\u8868\u62bd\u53d6\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5bf9\u8c61,\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u4fee\u9970\u8bcd\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u503e\u5411\u6027\u3002\u5728\u7bc7\u7ae0\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a,\u4ee5\u8bcd\u6c47\u5224\u522b\u7ed3 \u679c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840,\u91c7\u7528\u652f\u6301\u5411\u91cf\u673a\u6a21\u578b,\u878d\u5408\u591a\u79cd\u4fe1\u606f\u5bf9\u6587\u672c\u7684\u4e3b\u5ba2\u89c2\u548c\u6781\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u5224\u522b\u3002\u6700\u540e,\u672c\u6587\u5728\u641c\u7d22\u5f15\u64ce \u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u6587\u672c\u503e\u5411\u6027\u5206\u6790\u529f\u80fd,\u5728\u68c0\u7d22\u5230\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u6863\u7684\u540c\u65f6,\u5f97\u5230\u5176\u8912\u8d2c\u503e\u5411\u3002 \u5173\u952e\u8bcd:\u8bcd\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u4e00\u4f53\u5316,\u60c5\u611f\u8bcd,\u503e\u5411\u6027\u5206\u6790", "corpus_id": 50820529}}, {"query": {"sha": "4a4a2ccc19d41e2642fe797b303b2f398e93a912", "title": "Adopting a management innovation in a professional organization: The case of improvement knowledge in healthcare", "abstract": "Adopting a management innovation in a professional organization the case of improvement knowledge in healthcare Andreas Hellstr\u00f6m Svante Lifvergren Susanne Gustavsson Ida Gremyr Article information: To cite this document: Andreas Hellstr\u00f6m Svante Lifvergren Susanne Gustavsson Ida Gremyr , (2015),\"Adopting a management innovation in a professional organization the case of improvement knowledge in healthcare\", Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 21 Iss 5 pp. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-05-2014-0041", "corpus_id": 34551974}, "pos": {"sha": "b3d51cac8ffdecdf851febda356a2382ab8c083d", "title": "Management innovation", "abstract": "This publication contains reprint articles for which IEEE does not hold copyright. Full text is not available on IEEE Xplore for these articles.", "corpus_id": 212718}, "neg": {"sha": "8569fc88a3d1ac8b873872becb2ee8bc01dc73bc", "title": "Deep-Person: Learning Discriminative Deep Features for Person Re-Identification", "abstract": "Person re-identification (Re-ID) requires discriminative features focusing on the full person to cope with inaccurate person bounding box detection, background clutter, and occlusion. Many recent person Re-ID methods attempt to learn such features describing full person details via part-based feature representation. However, the spatial context between these parts is ignored for the independent extractor on each separate part. In this paper, we propose to apply Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) in an end-to-end way to model the pedestrian, seen as a sequence of body parts from head to foot. Integrating the contextual information strengthens the discriminative ability of local feature aligning better to full person. We also leverage the complementary information between local and global feature. Furthermore, we integrate both identification task and ranking task in one network, where a discriminative embedding and a similarity measurement are learned concurrently. This results in a novel three-branch framework named Deep-Person, which learns highly discriminative features for person Re-ID. Experimental results demonstrate that Deep-Person outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by a large margin on three challenging datasets including Market-1501, CUHK03, and DukeMTMC-reID. \u2217Corresponding author Email address: {xbai,yangmingkun,tengtenghuang,zydou}@hust.edu.cn,yurui.thu@gmail.com, yongchaoxu@hust.edu.cn (Xiang Bai, Mingkun Yang, Tengteng Huang, Zhiyong Dou, Rui Yu, Yongchao Xu) Preprint submitted to Journal of LTEX Templates July 25, 2018 ar X iv :1 71 1. 10 65 8v 3 [ cs .C V ] 2 4 Ju l 2 01 8", "corpus_id": 7953821}}, {"query": {"sha": "42f80d9186370cb9d21d7b244051e0b08dd51372", "title": "Saliency estimation using a non-parametric low-level vision model", "abstract": "Many successful models for predicting attention in a scene involve three main steps: convolution with a set of filters, a center-surround mechanism and spatial pooling to construct a saliency map. However, integrating spatial information and justifying the choice of various parameter values remain open problems. In this paper we show that an efficient model of color appearance in human vision, which contains a principled selection of parameters as well as an innate spatial pooling mechanism, can be generalized to obtain a saliency model that outperforms state-of-the-art models. Scale integration is achieved by an inverse wavelet transform over the set of scale-weighted center-surround responses. The scale-weighting function (termed ECSF) has been optimized to better replicate psychophysical data on color appearance, and the appropriate sizes of the center-surround inhibition windows have been determined by training a Gaussian Mixture Model on eye-fixation data, thus avoiding ad-hoc parameter selection. Additionally, we conclude that the extension of a color appearance model to saliency estimation adds to the evidence for a common low-level visual front-end for different visual tasks.", "corpus_id": 11010048}, "pos": {"sha": "4f847b4ddc105d73bc78f3e7220e6c1f71a7dfb6", "title": "Saliency Based on Information Maximization", "abstract": "A model of bottom-up overt attention is proposed based on the principle of maximizing information sampled from a scene. The proposed operation is based on Shannon's self-information measure and is achieved in a neural circuit, which is demonstrated as having close ties with the circuitry existent in the primate visual cortex. It is further shown that the proposed saliency measure may be extended to address issues that currently elude explanation in the domain of saliency based models. Results on natural images are compared with experimental eye tracking data revealing the efficacy of the model in predicting the deployment of overt attention as compared with existing efforts.", "corpus_id": 18236666}, "neg": {"sha": "be465218317c82e88ce3280de04642b017f9ac86", "title": "Changed nursing scheduling for improved safety culture and working conditions - patients' and nurses' perspectives.", "abstract": "AIM\nTo evaluate fixed scheduling compared with self-scheduling for nursing staff in oncological inpatient care with regard to patient and staff outcomes.\n\n\nBACKGROUND\nVarious scheduling models have been tested to attract and retain nursing staff. Little is known about how these schedules affect staff and patients. Fixed scheduling and self-scheduling have been studied to a small extent, solely from a staff perspective.\n\n\nMETHOD\nWe implemented fixed scheduling on two of four oncological inpatient wards. Two wards kept self-scheduling. Through a quasi-experimental design, baseline and follow-up measurements were collected among staff and patients. The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire was used among staff, as well as study-specific questions for patients and staff.\n\n\nRESULTS\nFixed scheduling was associated with less overtime and fewer possibilities to change shifts. Self-scheduling was associated with more requests from management for short notice shift changes. The type of scheduling did not affect patient-reported outcomes.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nFixed scheduling should be considered in order to lower overtime. Further research is necessary and should explore patient outcomes to a greater extent.\n\n\nIMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT\nScheduling is a core task for nurse managers. Our study suggests fixed scheduling as a strategy for managers to improve the effective use of resources and safety.", "corpus_id": 25637884}}, {"query": {"sha": "bfb784cd2e487a6966ade05c6739ead5412f4257", "title": "Adaptive Security for Multi-layer Ad-hoc Networks", "abstract": "Secure communication is critical in military environments where the network infrastructure is vulnerable to various attacks and compromises. A conventional centralized solution breaks down when the security servers are destroyed by the enemies. In this paper we design and evaluate a security framework for multi-layer ad-hoc wireless networks with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In battlefields, the framework adapts to the contingent damages on the network infrastructure. Depending on the availability of the network infrastructure, our design is composed of two modes. In infrastructure mode, security services, specifically the authentication services, are implemented on UAVs that feature low overhead and flexible managements. When the UAVs fail or are destroyed, our system seamlessly switches to infrastructureless mode, a backup mechanism that maintains comparable security services among the surviving units. In the infrastructureless mode, the security services are localized to each node\u2019s vicinity to comply with the ad-hoc communication mechanism in the scenario. We study the instantiation of these two modes and the transitions between them. Our implementation and simulation measurements confirm the effectiveness of our design.", "corpus_id": 14759007}, "pos": {"sha": "185aa7675f17b3aef06358c591a3cfe5f8266209", "title": "UAV aided intelligent routing for ad-hoc wireless network in single-area theater", "abstract": "Large homogeneous ad hoc wireless networks have a problem: the bandwidth available to an mobile user decreases as the number of nodes in the network increases. Using the embedded ad-hoc networking mechanism, nodes are able to transport packets across the network in a multihop fashion. An embedded mobile backbone is dynamically constructed to form 2-level physical heterogeneous multihop wireless net work. These backbone nodes provide two critical functions: (1) direct communication between neighboring cluster head s. (2) efficient route discovery in HSR. With the broadcast feature of UAV, Link state can be broadcasted to backbone nodes instead of \u201cflooding\u201d on the level 2. Thus, routing overhead can be tremendously reduced, throughput will be improved. We modified Hierarchical State Routing to have an intelligent selection algorithm to reduce the system latency cause d by long propagation delay of UAV channel. The performance of the system is evaluated through simulation experiments.", "corpus_id": 14738913}, "neg": {"sha": "20ffcde31cb03e92f85d3509d2b979706685055f", "title": "C-ICAMA, a centralized intelligent channel assigned multiple access for multi-layer ad-hoc wireless networks with UAVs", "abstract": "Multi-layer ad hoc wireless networks with UAVs is an ideal infrastructure to establish a rapidly deployable wireless communication system any time any where in the world for military applications. In this tactical environment, information traflc is quite asynimetric. Ground jighting units are information consumers and receive jar more data than they transmit. The up-link is used for sending requests for information and some networking configuration overhead with a f a 0 kilobits, while the down-link is used to return the data requested with megabits size (e.g. multimedia file of images and charts). Centralized Intelligent Channel Assigned Multiple Access(C-ICAMA) is a MAC layer protocol proposed for ground backbone nodes to access UAV (Unmanned Aerie1 Vehicle) to solve the highly asymmetric data trafic in this tactical environment. With it\u2019s intelligent scheduling algorithm, it can dynamically allocate bandwidth for up-link and downlink to jit the instantaneous status of symmetric trafJic. The results of C-ICAMA is very promising, due to the dynamic bandwidth allocation of asymmetric i.ip-link and down-link, the access delay is tremendously reduced,", "corpus_id": 14442961}}, {"query": {"sha": "92dd54f88976a3b37f335b18218c6d53ceeb09f1", "title": "Feature extraction of epilepsy EEG using discrete wavelet transform", "abstract": "Epilepsy is one of the most common a chronic neurological disorders of the brain that affect millions of the world's populations. It is characterized by recurrent seizures, which are physical reactions to sudden, usually brief, excessive electrical discharges in a group of brain cells. Hence, seizure identification has great importance in clinical therapy of epileptic patients. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is most commonly used in epilepsy detection since it includes precious physiological information of the brain. However, it could be a challenge to detect the subtle but critical changes included in EEG signals. Feature extraction of EEG signals is core trouble on EEG-based brain mapping analysis. This paper will extract ten features from EEG signal based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for epilepsy detection. These numerous features will help the classifiers to achieve a good accuracy when utilize to classify EEG signal to detect epilepsy. Subsequently, the results have illustrated that DWT has been adopted to extract various features i.e., Entropy, Min, Max, Mean, Median, Standard deviation, Variance, Skewness, Energy and Relative Wave Energy (RWE).", "corpus_id": 5802425}, "pos": {"sha": "696fdd1ba1b8520731b00cc3a45dfbb504a3d93f", "title": "Best basis-based wavelet packet entropy feature extraction and hierarchical EEG classification for epileptic detection", "abstract": "In this study, a hierarchical electroencephalogram (EEG) classification system for epileptic seizure detection is proposed. The system includes the following three stages: (i) original EEG signals representation by wavelet packet coefficients and feature extraction using the best basis-based wavelet packet entropy method, (ii) cross-validation (CV) method together with k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) classifier used in the training stage to hierarchical knowledge base (HKB) construction, and (iii) in the testing stage, computing classification accuracy and rejection rate using the top-ranked discriminative rules from the HKB. The data set is taken from a publicly available EEG database which aims to differentiate healthy subjects and subjects suffering from epilepsy diseases. Experimental results show the efficiency of our proposed system. The best classification accuracy is about 100% via 2-, 5-, and 10-fold cross-validation, which indicates the proposed method has potential in designing a new intelligent EEG-based assistance diagnosis system for early detection of the electroencephalographic changes. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "corpus_id": 14462439}, "neg": {"sha": "d2579be067acdccf3cf452b5ed824fd0a39257f5", "title": "Enabling Quality Control for Entity Resolution: A Human and Machine Cooperation Framework", "abstract": "Even though many machine algorithms have been proposed for entity resolution, it remains very challenging to find a solution with quality guarantees. In this paper, we propose a novel HUman and Machine cOoperation (HUMO) framework for entity resolution (ER), which divides an ER workload between the machine and the human. HUMO enables a mechanism for quality control that can flexibly enforce both precision and recall levels. We introduce the optimization problem of HUMO, minimizing human cost given a quality requirement, and then present three optimization approaches: a conservative baseline one purely based on the monotonicity assumption of precision, a more aggressive one based on sampling and a hybrid one that can take advantage of the strengths of both previous approaches. Finally, we demonstrate by extensive experiments on real and synthetic datasets that HUMO can achieve high-quality results with reasonable return on investment (ROI) in terms of human cost, and it performs considerably better than the state-of-the-art alternatives in quality control.", "corpus_id": 1230508}}, {"query": {"sha": "e1167e0f5dae02d254af60825be6f493814ee074", "title": "Privacy Preserving Payments in Credit Networks: Enabling trust with privacy in online marketplaces", "abstract": "A credit network models trust between agents in a distributed environment and enables payments between arbitrary pairs of agents. With their flexible design and robustness against intrusion, credit networks form the basis of several Sybil-tolerant social networks, spam-resistant communication protocols, and payment systems. Existing systems, however, expose agents\u2019 trust links as well as the existence and volumes of payment transactions, which is considered sensitive information in social environments or in the financial world. This raises a challenging privacy concern, which has largely been ignored by the research on credit networks so far. This paper presents PrivPay, the first provably secure privacypreserving payment protocol for credit networks. The distinguishing feature of PrivPay is the obliviousness of transactions, which entails strong privacy guarantees for payments. PrivPay does not require any trusted third party, maintains a high accuracy of the transactions, and provides an economical solution to network service providers. It is also general-purpose trusted hardwarebased solution applicable to all credit network-based systems. We implemented PrivPay and demonstrated its practicality by privately emulating transactions performed in the Ripple payment system over a period of four months.", "corpus_id": 6062549}, "pos": {"sha": "19c83d150727f832362103ff4b7551356abaa69f", "title": "Sharing graphs using differentially private graph models", "abstract": "Continuing success of research on social and computer networks requires open access to realistic measurement datasets. While these datasets can be shared, generally in the form of social or Internet graphs, doing so often risks exposing sensitive user data to the public. Unfortunately, current techniques to improve privacy on graphs only target specific attacks, and have been proven to be vulnerable against powerful de-anonymization attacks.\n Our work seeks a solution to share meaningful graph datasets while preserving privacy. We observe a clear tension between strength of privacy protection and maintaining structural similarity to the original graph. To navigate the tradeoff, we develop a differentially-private graph model we call Pygmalion. Given a graph G and a desired level of e-differential privacy guarantee, Pygmalion extracts a graph's detailed structure into degree correlation statistics, introduces noise into the resulting dataset, and generates a synthetic graph G'. G' maintains as much structural similarity to G as possible, while introducing enough differences to provide the desired privacy guarantee. We show that simply applying differential privacy to graphs results in the addition of significant noise that may disrupt graph structure, making it unsuitable for experimental study. Instead, we introduce a partitioning approach that provides identical privacy guarantees using much less noise. Applied to real graphs, this technique requires an order of magnitude less noise for the same privacy guarantees. Finally, we apply our graph model to Internet, web, and Facebook social graphs, and show that it produces synthetic graphs that closely match the originals in both graph structure metrics and behavior in application-level tests.", "corpus_id": 1905609}, "neg": {"sha": "56898ef9db374843fbd69f8209ca9515cddf7e3d", "title": "Physics of high-current interruption of vacuum circuit breakers", "abstract": "The present state of knowledge concerning the physical phenomena of high-current interruption with vacuum interrupters (VI) is reviewed. Two arc control methods, application of externally applied axial magnetic field (AMF) or transverse magnetic field (TMF), are available to distribute the heat flux from arc to contacts homogeneously over contact surface, to avoid local overheating. AMF spreads the arc at fixed location. TMF moves the constricted arc over contact surface. Change from diffuse to constricted arcing mode results from superposition of two effects: \"instability of anode sheath\" and \"influence of magneto-gas-dynamic\", when no AMF component exists. Conditions of arc memory at current zero determine the process of current extinction and of recovery of breakdown strength to its ultimate value. Evaporation of metal vapor continues. Charge exchange between fast ions and slow vapor atoms increases the residual charge, left in the switching gap at current zero. Post arc current prolongs and increases consequently. Breakdown during recovery of dielectric strength occurs instantaneously or sporadically delayed. Behavior of breakdown is essentially determined by vapor density. Breakdown mechanism of delayed breakdown is still unresolved. Vapor density is too low to initiate breakdown alone. Lack of fundamental knowledge in combination with complexity hampers numerical treatment of arc behavior, as well as heat flux to contact during arcing and process of interruption presently, as needed for interpretation of experimental results and prediction purposes.", "corpus_id": 30212903}}, {"query": {"sha": "90900a4ba47e1ec9b1c4325f312dd6725f3cc258", "title": "Nature-Inspired Computation and Machine Learning", "abstract": "Modelling the behaviour of algorithms is the realm of Evolutionary Algorithm theory. From a practitioner\u2019s point of view, theory must provide some guidelines regarding which algorithm/parameters to use in order to solve a particular problem. Unfortunately, most theoretical models of evolutionary algorithms are difficult to apply to realistic situations. Recently, there have been works that addressed this problem by proposing models of performance of different Genetic Programming Systems. In this work, we complement previous approaches by proposing a scheme capable of classifying the hardness of optimization problems based on different difficulty measures such as Negative Slope Coefficient, Fitness Distance Correlation, Neutrality, Ruggedness, Basins of Attraction, and Epistasis. The results indicate that this procedure is able to accurately classify the performance of the GA over a set of benchmark problems.", "corpus_id": 1924795}, "pos": {"sha": "ae3ebe6c69fdb19e12d3218a5127788fae269c10", "title": "A Literature Survey of Benchmark Functions For Global Optimization Problems", "abstract": "Test functions are important to validate and compare the performance of optimization algorithms. There have been many test or benchmark functions reported in the literature; however, there is no standard list or set of benchmark functions. Ideally, test functions should have diverse properties so that can be truly useful to test new algorithms in an unbiased way. For this purpose, we have reviewed and compiled a rich set of 175 benchmark functions for unconstrained optimization problems with diverse properties in terms of modality, separability, and valley landscape. This is by far the most complete set of functions so far in the literature, and tt can be expected this complete set of functions can be used for validation of new optimization in the future.", "corpus_id": 19502816}, "neg": {"sha": "1cf87af22b3b4dd0ff1144d861e0573121d8de2e", "title": "Private Information Retrieval", "abstract": "Publicly accessible databases are an indispensable resource for retrieving up-to-date information. But they also pose a significant risk to the privacy of the user, since a curious database operator can follow the user's queries and infer what the user is after. Indeed, in cases where the users' intentions are to be kept secret, users are often cautious about accessing the database. It can be shown that when accessing a single database, to completely guarantee the privacy of the user, the whole database should be down-loaded; namely n bits should be communicated (where n is the number of bits in the database).\nIn this work, we investigate whether by replicating the database, more efficient solutions to the private retrieval problem can be obtained. We describe schemes that enable a user to access k replicated copies of a database (k\u22652) and privately retrieve information stored in the database. This means that each individual server (holding a replicated copy of the database) gets no information on the identity of the item retrieved by the user. Our schemes use the replication to gain substantial saving. In particular, we present a two-server scheme with communication complexity O(n1/3).", "corpus_id": 544823}}, {"query": {"sha": "e5249740022e9ce756f415399986e2deb663ece0", "title": "The Rise of Social Robots : A Review of the Recent Literature", "abstract": "In this article I explore the most recent literature on social robotics and argue that the field of robotics is evolving in a direction that will soon require a systematic collaboration between engineers and sociologists. After discussing several problems relating to social robotics, I emphasize that two key concepts in this research area are scenario and persona. These are already popular as design tools in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), and an approach based on them is now being adopted in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). As robots become more and more sophisticated, engineers will need the help of trained sociologists and psychologists in order to create personas and scenarios and to \u201cteach\u201d humanoids how to behave in various circumstances. 1. Social robots and social work The social consequences of robotics depend to a significant degree on how robots are employed by humans, and to another compelling degree on how robotics evolves from a technical point of view. That is why it could be instructive for engineers interested in cooperating with sociologists to get acquainted with the problems of social work and other social services, and for sociologists interested in the social dimensions of robotics to have a closer look at technical aspects of new generation robots. Regrettably, engineers do not typically read sociological literature, and sociologists and social workers do not regularly read engineers\u2019 books and articles. In what follows, I break this unwritten rule by venturing into an analysis of both types of literature. This type of interdisciplinary approach is particularly necessary after the emergence of so-called \u201csocial robots.\u201d A general definition of social robot is provided by social scientist Kate Darling: A social robot is a physically embodied, autonomous agent that communicates and interacts with humans on an emotional level. For the purposes of this Article, it is important to distinguish social robots from inanimate computers, as well as from industrial or service robots that are not designed to elicit human feelings and mimic social cues. Social robots also follow social behavior patterns, have various \u201cstates of mind,\u201d and adapt to what they learn through their interactions.", "corpus_id": 41569204}, "pos": {"sha": "3bde350d084990554b343c49e7734997a1a7f916", "title": "Pneumatic Artificial Muscles : actuators for robotics and automation", "abstract": "This article is intended as an introduction to and an overview of Pneumatic Artificial Muscles (PAMs). These are pneumatic actuators made mainly of a flexible and inflatable membrane. First, their concept and way of operation are explained. Next, the properties of these actuators are given, the most important of which are the compliant behavior and extremely low weight. A classification and review is following this section. Typical applications are dealt with in the last but one section and, finally, some concluding remarks are made.", "corpus_id": 14944063}, "neg": {"sha": "449bf3d0cdb94ed77d6ddedfcd69619617777d2a", "title": "Enhanced flexible LoRaWAN node for industrial IoT", "abstract": "The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is introducing the IoT approach in the industrial automation world, paving the way to innovative services for improving efficiency, reliability and availability of industrial processes and products. The IIoT takes advantage of the collection of large amount of data by means of (wireless) links connecting smart sensors attached to the system of interest. Low Power Wide Area Networks emerged as a viable solution for implementing private cellular like communications. In this paper, the LoRaWAN technology is addressed, thanks to the wide acceptance it received in both industrial and academic worlds. In particular, an enhanced node is proposed as a building block of IIoT-enabled industrial wireless networks. It offers new features: it behaves as a regular node; it can act as a gateway toward legacy/different (wired) networks; and it can extend LoRaWAN coverage acting as a range extender (i.e. a single hop forwarder). After a brief overview of LoRa and LoRaWAN, the paper deals with the features of the realized node, exploiting commercially available hardware. The experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed approach. In particular, the range extender capability of transmitting replicas of an incoming messages is tested for different transmission delays.", "corpus_id": 49570616}}, {"query": {"sha": "810ae28e7de5208d7ac77de9cb7c02176f68c05c", "title": "Improved novel view synthesis from depth image with large baseline", "abstract": "In this paper, a new algorithm is developed for recovering the large disocclusion regions in depth image based rendering (DIBR) systems on 3DTV. For the DIBR systems, undesirable artifacts occur in the disocclusion regions by using the conventional view synthesis techniques especially with large baseline. Three techniques are proposed to improve the view synthesis results. The first is the preprocessing of the depth image by using the bilateral filter, which helps to sharpen the discontinuous depth changes as well as to smooth the neighboring depth of similar color, thus restraining noises from appearing on the warped images. Secondly, on the warped image of a new viewpoint, we fill the disocclusion regions on the depth image with the background depth levels to preserve the depth structure. For the color image, we propose the depth-guided exemplar-based image inpainting that combines the structural strengths of the color gradient to preserve the image structure in the restored regions. Finally, a trilateral filter, which simultaneous combines the spatial location, the color intensity, and the depth information to determine the weighting, is applied to enhance the image synthesis results. Experimental results are shown to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed novel view synthesis algorithm compared to the traditional methods.", "corpus_id": 13957714}, "pos": {"sha": "3711625f7f22a59a9ac5251a99bb8e3298048ae4", "title": "Image inpainting", "abstract": "Inpainting, the technique of modifying an image in an undetectable form, is as ancient as art itself. The goals and applications of inpainting are numerous, from the restoration of damaged paintings and photographs to the removal/replacement of selected objects. In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm for digital inpainting of still images that attempts to replicate the basic techniques used by professional restorators. After the user selects the regions to be restored, the algorithm automatically fills-in these regions with information surrounding them. The fill-in is done in such a way that isophote lines arriving at the regions' boundaries are completed inside. In contrast with previous approaches, the technique here introduced does not require the user to specify where the novel information comes from. This is automatically done (and in a fast way), thereby allowing to simultaneously fill-in numerous regions containing completely different structures and surrounding backgrounds. In addition, no limitations are imposed on the topology of the region to be inpainted. Applications of this technique include the restoration of old photographs and damaged film; removal of superimposed text like dates, subtitles, or publicity; and the removal of entire objects from the image like microphones or wires in special effects.", "corpus_id": 308278}, "neg": {"sha": "5a4d306052867e035b1751833e108657dbffb106", "title": "Servant Leadership , Employee Satisfaction , and Organizational Performance in Rural Community Hospitals", "abstract": "Servant leadership in today\u2019s healthcare settings provides a unique avenue through which to assess leadership behaviors and the relationship to employee satisfaction and healthcare patient satisfaction measures. This study sought to determine the degree that leaders in community hospitals were perceived as servant leaders and the level of employee satisfaction at these rural community hospitals. Two hundred nineteen surveys were completed from 10 community hospitals. This research revealed that servant leadership and employee satisfaction are strongly correlated. In addition, servant leadership has a significant correlation between intrinsic satisfaction and HCAHPS scores. Further research can be extended to additional categories and geographic areas of the United States to determine how servant leadership, employee satisfaction, and HCAHPS are related. Hospital administrators should examine the findings of this study for possible implications to their leadership style and practice in determining how it may impact the organization they lead.", "corpus_id": 45728514}}, {"query": {"sha": "80552167584a1e883a853bd570f3b8fb586b8094", "title": "QU-RPL: Queue utilization based RPL for load balancing in large scale industrial applications", "abstract": "RPL is an IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) designed to meet the requirements of a wide range of LLN applications including smart grid AMIs, industrial and environmental monitoring, and wireless sensor networks. RPL allows bi-directional end-to-end IPv6 communication on resource constrained LLN devices, leading to the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) with thousands and millions of devices interconnected through multihop mesh networks. In this paper, we investigate the load balancing and congestion problem of RPL. Specifically, we show that most of packet losses under heavy traffic are due to congestion, and a serious load balancing problem exists in RPL in terms of routing parent selection. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a simple yet effective queue utilization based RPL (QU-RPL) that significantly improves end-to-end packet delivery performance compared to the standard RPL. QU-RPL is designed for each node to select its parent node considering the queue utilization of its neighbor nodes as well as their hop distances to an LLN border router (LBR). Owing to its load balancing capability, QU-RPL is very effective in lowering the queue losses and increasing the packet delivery ratio. We verify all our findings through experimental measurements on a real testbed of a multihop LLN over IEEE 802.15.4.", "corpus_id": 4649946}, "pos": {"sha": "2577f910134a07940c4c3505b19a56e153afe26f", "title": "DualMOP-RPL: Supporting Multiple Modes of Downward Routing in a Single RPL Network", "abstract": "RPL is an IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) designed to meet the requirements of a wide range of LLN applications including smart grid AMIs, home and building automation, industrial and environmental monitoring, health care, wireless sensor networks, and the Internet of Things (IoT) in general with thousands and millions of nodes interconnected through multihop mesh networks. RPL constructs tree-like routing topology rooted at an LLN border router (LBR) and supports bidirectional IPv6 communication to and from the mesh devices by providing both upward and downward routing over the routing tree. In this article, we focus on the interoperability of downward routing and supporting its two modes of operations (MOPs) defined in the RPL standard (RFC 6550). Specifically, we show that there exists a serious connectivity problem in RPL protocol when two MOPs are mixed within a single network, even for standard-compliant implementations, which may result in network partitions. To address this problem, this article proposes DualMOP-RPL, an enhanced version of RPL, which supports nodes with different MOPs for downward routing to communicate gracefully in a single RPL network while preserving the high bidirectional data delivery performance. DualMOP-RPL allows multiple overlapping RPL networks in the same geographical regions to cooperate as a single densely connected network even if those networks are using different MOPs. This will not only improve the link qualities and routing performances of the networks but also allow for network migrations and alternate routing in the case of LBR failures. We evaluate DualMOP-RPL through extensive simulations and testbed experiments and show that our proposal eliminates all the problems we have identified.", "corpus_id": 10613656}, "neg": {"sha": "55afadb62e3a7e29078d03ad7d8d1cf09d24da16", "title": "Sensing as a Service (S2aaS): Buying and Selling IoT Data", "abstract": "Over the past few years, a large number of IoT solutions have come to the IoT marketplace [2]. Typically, each solution, consisting of one or more Internet Connected Objects (ICO), is designed to perform a single or minimal number of tasks (primary usage). For example, a smart sprinkler may only be activated if the soil moisture falls below a certain level in a garden. Further, smart plugs allow users to control electronic appliances (including legacy appliances) remotely or create automated schedules. Such automation not only brings convenience to users but also reduces resource wastage (e.g. through efficient planning and predictions).", "corpus_id": 2051243}}, {"query": {"sha": "23d2a2d2c37dee239726326466ef7ce4520065cd", "title": "Representing Web Graphs", "abstract": "A Web repository is a large special-purpose collection of Web pages and associated indexes. Many useful queries and computations over such repositories involve traversal and navigation of the Web graph. However, efficient traversal of huge Web graphs containing several hundred million vertices and a few billion edges is a challenging problem. An additional complication is the lack of a schema to describe the structure of Web graphs. As a result, naive graph representation schemes can significantly increase query ex ecution time and limit the usefulness of Web repositories. In this paper, we propose a novel representation for Web graphs, called an S-Node representation. We demonstrate that S-Node representations are highly space-efficient, en abling in-memory processing of very large Web graphs. In addition, we present detailed experiments that show that SNode representations can significantly reduce query execution times when compared with other schemes for represent-", "corpus_id": 291219}, "pos": {"sha": "44632ddf66c516b07b17c4fa195bc7731a091cb4", "title": "Trawling the Web for Emerging Cyber-Communities", "abstract": "The web harbors a large number of communities -groups of content-creators sharing a common interest -each of which manifests itself as a set of interlinked web pages. Newgroups and commercial web directories together contain of the order of 20000 such communities; our particular interest here is on emerging communities -those that have little or no representation in such fora. The subject of this paper is the systematic enumeration of over 100,000 such emerging communities from a web crawl: we call our process trawling. We motivate a graph-theoretic approach to locating such communities, and describe the algorithms, and the algorithmic engineering necessary to find structures that subscribe to this notion, the challenges in handling such a huge data set, and the results of our experiment.", "corpus_id": 7069190}, "neg": {"sha": "69d18d2a845c99155609298b582e19037807a567", "title": "The visual perception of 3D shape", "abstract": "A fundamental problem for the visual perception of 3D shape is that patterns of optical stimulation are inherently ambiguous. Recent mathematical analyses have shown, however, that these ambiguities can be highly constrained, so that many aspects of 3D structure are uniquely specified even though others might be underdetermined. Empirical results with human observers reveal a similar pattern of performance. Judgments about 3D shape are often systematically distorted relative to the actual structure of an observed scene, but these distortions are typically constrained to a limited class of transformations. These findings suggest that the perceptual representation of 3D shape involves a relatively abstract data structure that is based primarily on qualitative properties that can be reliably determined from visual information.", "corpus_id": 395877}}, {"query": {"sha": "16b1adad7f7126b5c5fe5360df134a6586086621", "title": "Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructures Using Wireless Sensor Networks", "abstract": "A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is designed, implemented, deployed and tested on the 4200ft long main span and the south tower of the Golden Gate Bridge (GGB). Ambient structural vibrations are reliably measured at a low cost and without interfering with the operation of the bridge. Requirements that SHM imposes on WSN are identified and new solutions to meet these requirements are proposed and implemented. In the GGB deployment, 64 nodes are distributed over the main span and the tower, collecting ambient vibrations synchronously at 1kHz rate, with less than 10\u03bcs jitter, and with an accuracy of 30\u03bcG. The sampled data is collected reliably over a 46-hop network, with a bandwidth of 441B/s at the 46th hop. The collected data agrees with theoretical models and previous studies of the bridge. The deployment is the largest WSN for SHM.", "corpus_id": 2355810}, "pos": {"sha": "2530079d98f216a88dd5d91be12a48c6e39d143e", "title": "A macroscope in the redwoods", "abstract": "The wireless sensor network \"macroscope\" offers the potential to advance science by enabling dense temporal and spatial monitoring of large physical volumes. This paper presents a case study of a wireless sensor network that recorded 44 days in the life of a 70-meter tall redwood tree, at a density of every 5 minutes in time and every 2 meters in space. Each node measured air temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetically active solar radiation. The network captured a detailed picture of the complex spatial variation and temporal dynamics of the microclimate surrounding a coastal redwood tree. This paper describes the deployed network and then employs a multi-dimensional analysis methodology to reveal trends and gradients in this large and previously-unobtainable dataset. An analysis of system performance data is then performed, suggesting lessons for future deployments.", "corpus_id": 1233150}, "neg": {"sha": "9561babe4c4934bf00484f8b243717c582b23665", "title": "Detection and Modeling of Buildings from Multiple Aerial Images", "abstract": "Automatic detection and description of cultural features, such as buildings, from aerial images is becoming increasingly important for a number of applications. This task also offers an excellent domain for studying the general problems of scene segmentation, 3-D inference and shape description under highly challenging conditions. We describe a system that detects and constructs 3-D models for rectilinear buildings with either flat or symmetric gable roofs from multiple aerial images; the multiple images, however, need not be stereo pairs (i.e. they may be acquired at different times). Hypotheses for rectangular roof components are generated by grouping lines in the images hierarchically, the hypotheses are verified by searching for presence of predicted walls and shadows. The hypothesis generation process combines the tasks of hierarchical grouping with matching at successive stages. Overlap and containment relations between 3-D structures are analyzed to resolve conflicts. This system has been tested on a large number of real examples with good result, some of which, and their evaluation, are included in the paper. Detection and Modeling of Buildings from Multiple Aerial Images", "corpus_id": 9290548}}, {"query": {"sha": "b134a7e710704cc328b7f55853d9821dcab6ea17", "title": "Enriched LDA (ELDA): Combination of latent Dirichlet allocation with word co-occurrence analysis for aspect extraction", "abstract": "Aspect extraction is one of the fundamental steps in analyzing the characteristics of opinions, feelings and emotions expressed in textual data provided for a certain topic. Current aspect extraction techniques are mostly based on topic models; however, employing only topic models causes incoherent aspects to be generated. Therefore, this paper aims to discover more precise aspects by incorporating co-occurrence relations as prior domain knowledge into the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model. In the proposed method, first, the preliminary aspects are generated based on LDA. Then, in an iterative manner, the prior knowledge is extracted automatically from cooccurrence relations and similar aspects of relevant topics. Finally, the extracted knowledge is incorporated into the LDA model. The iterations improve the quality of the extracted aspects. The competence of the proposed ELDA for the aspect extraction task is evaluated through experiments on two datasets in the English and Persian languages. The experimental results indicate that ELDA not only outperforms the state-of-the-art alternatives in terms of topic coherence and precision, but also has no particular dependency on the written language and can be applied to all languages with reasonable accuracy. Thus, ELDA can impact natural language processing applications, particularly in languages with limited linguistic resources.", "corpus_id": 2444212}, "pos": {"sha": "2d5e004b36eaf5e019c334f589b2ca423e9d2d2e", "title": "Exploiting Domain Knowledge in Aspect Extraction", "abstract": "Aspect extraction is one of the key tasks in sentiment analysis. In recent years, statistical models have been used for the task. However, such models without any domain knowledge often produce aspects that are not interpretable in applications. To tackle the issue, some knowledge-based topic models have been proposed, which allow the user to input some prior domain knowledge to generate coherent aspects. However, existing knowledge-based topic models have several major shortcomings, e.g., little work has been done to incorporate the cannot-link type of knowledge or to automatically adjust the number of topics based on domain knowledge. This paper proposes a more advanced topic model, called MC-LDA (LDA with m-set and c-set), to address these problems, which is based on an Extended generalized P\u00f3lya urn (E-GPU) model (which is also proposed in this paper). Experiments on real-life product reviews from a variety of domains show that MCLDA outperforms the existing state-of-the-art", "corpus_id": 961871}, "neg": {"sha": "dd596f9da673fd7b8af9a8bfaac7a1f617086fe6", "title": "Bigrams of Syntactic Labels for Authorship Discrimination of Short Texts", "abstract": "We present a method for authorship discrimination that is based on the frequency of bigrams of syntactic labels that arise from partial parsing of the text. We show that this method, alone or combined with other classification features, achieves a high accuracy on discrimination of the work of Anne and Charlotte Bront\u00eb, which is very difficult to do by traditional methods. Moreover, high accuracies are achieved even on fragments of text little more than 200 words long. .................................................................................................................................................................................", "corpus_id": 13111019}}, {"query": {"sha": "26a5d97eb1cbc33f044390b4300a44bca0c84052", "title": "Human Factors in Agile Software Development", "abstract": "Through our four years experiments on students' Scrum based agile software development (ASD) process, we have gained deep understanding into the human factors of agile methodology. We designed an agile project management tool - the HASE collaboration development platform to support more than 400 students self-organized into 80 teams to practice ASD. In this thesis, Based on our experiments, simulations and analysis, we contributed a series of solutions and insights in this researches, including 1) a Goal Net based method to enhance goal and requirement management for ASD process, 2) a novel Simple Multi-Agent Real-Time (SMART) approach to enhance intelligent task allocation for ASD process, 3) a Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) based method to enhance emotion and morale management for ASD process, 4) the first large scale in-depth empirical insights on human factors in ASD process which have not yet been well studied by existing research, and 5) the first to identify ASD process as a human-computation system that exploit human efforts to perform tasks that computers are not good at solving. On the other hand, computers can assist human decision making in the ASD process.", "corpus_id": 5270509}, "pos": {"sha": "e26285200097971c79dbcb5da0c30b12f512e250", "title": "U-SCRUM: An Agile Methodology for Promoting Usability", "abstract": "SCRUM poses key challenges for usability (Baxter et al., 2008). First, product goals are set without an adequate study of the userpsilas needs and context. The user stories selected may not be good enough from the usability perspective. Second, user stories of usability import may not be prioritized high enough. Third, given the fact that a product owner thinks in terms of the minimal marketable set of features in a just-in-time process, it is difficult for the development team to get a holistic view of the desired product or features. This experience report proposes U-SCRUM as a variant of the SCRUM methodology. Unlike typical SCRUM, where at best a team member is responsible for usability, U-SCRUM is based on our experience with having two product owners, one focused on usability and the other on the more conventional functions. Our preliminary result is that U-SCRUM yields improved usability than SCRUM.", "corpus_id": 23088110}, "neg": {"sha": "be588555329cdccac5a5845e217401194717cd47", "title": "A Survey on Stock Market Prediction Techniques", "abstract": "Different techniques are available for the prediction of stock market. Very popular some of these are Neural Network, Data Mining, Hidden Markov Model(HMM) And Neuro-Fuzzy system. From these Neural Network and Neuro-Fuzzy Systems are the most leading machine learning techniques in stock market index prediction area. Other traditional methods do not cover all possible relation of stock price movements. Neural Network and Markov Model can be used exclusively in the financial markets and forecasting of stock price. Neural Networks discovers the non linear relationship in the input data set without knowing the relation between input and output. For the sample data which contain noisy information with least principle ANN can generalize and correctly infer the unseen part of data. Hence ANN suits well than any other models in the prediction of stock markets.", "corpus_id": 15301355}}, {"query": {"sha": "81824cf4fe77ee1416321904954885c0cf51b746", "title": "A Review on Efficient Temperature Prediction System Using Back Propagation Neural Network", "abstract": "This paper presents a review of applications of artificial neural networks in weather forecasting area. Artificial neural networks in general are explained; some limitations and some proven benefits of neural networks are discussed. Accurate weather forecasting has been one of the most challenging problems around the world. The technical milestones, that have been achieved by the researchers in this field has been reviewed and presented in this survey paper. This paper also contains a proposed approach of artificial neural network that uses analysis of data and learn from it for future predictions of temperature, with the combination of wireless technology and statistica software. Keywords\u2014 Artificial neural network, Artificial intelligence, Back propagation neural network, Heavy weather software, Statistica software, Wireless technology.", "corpus_id": 7579324}, "pos": {"sha": "67874c7313339e65aeb8ed90c5fc73f8c68bbf5a", "title": "Intelligent weather forecast", "abstract": "In recent years, many solutions to intelligent weather forecast have been proposed, especially on temperature and rainfall, however, it is difficult to simulate the meteorological phenomena and the corresponding characters of weather when some complex differential equations and computational algorithms are merely piled up. On the basis of the review of researches on the non-linear characters of meteorology, This work describes a methodology to short-term temperature and rainfall forecasting over the east coast of China based on some necessary data preprocessing technique and the dynamic weighted time-delay neural networks (DWTDNN), in which each neuron in the input layer is scaled by a weighting function that captures the temporal dynamics of the biological task. This network is a simplified version of the focused gamma network and an extension of TDNN as it incorporates a priori knowledge available about the task into the network architecture. As an example, the estimations produced by the methodology were applied on 8 different weather forecasting data provided by the Shanghai Meteorology Centre to make the result more practical. The results confirm that proposed solutions have the potential for successful application to the problem of temperature and rainfall estimation, and the relationships between the factors that contribute to certain weather conditions can be estimated at a certain extent.", "corpus_id": 23989928}, "neg": {"sha": "c7233266c0d367b5c3fee49492337badf9547863", "title": "A survey of channel models for underwater optical wireless communication", "abstract": "This paper describes and assesses underwater channel models for optical wireless communication. Models considered are: inherent optical properties; vector radiative transfer theory with the small-angle analytical solution and numerical solutions of the vector radiative transfer equation (Monte Carlo, discrete ordinates and invariant imbedding). Variable composition and refractive index, in addition to background light, are highlighted as aspects of the channel which advanced models must represent effectively. Models are assessed against these aspects in terms of their ability to predict transmitted power and spatial and temporal distributions of light a specified distance from a transmitter. Monte Carlo numerical methods are found to be the most versatile but are compromised by long computational time and greater errors than other methods.", "corpus_id": 21967292}}, {"query": {"sha": "599d0462bb6894243bc098a1993d68d38ad7db27", "title": "Designing reconfigurable large-scale deep learning systems using stochastic computing", "abstract": "Deep Learning, as an important branch of machine learning and neural network, is playing an increasingly important role in a number of fields like computer vision, natural language processing, etc. However, large-scale deep learning systems mainly operate in high-performance server clusters, thus restricting the application extensions to personal or mobile devices. The solution proposed in this paper is taking advantage of the fantastic features of stochastic computing methods. Stochastic computing is a type of data representation and processing technique, which uses a binary bit stream to represent a probability number (by counting the number of ones in this bit stream). In the stochastic computing area, some key arithmetic operations such as additions or multiplications can be implemented with very simple components like AND gates or multiplexers, respectively. Thus it provides an immense design space for integrating a large amount of neurons and enabling fully parallel and scalable hardware implementations of large-scale deep learning systems. In this paper, we present a reconfigurable large-scale deep learning system based on stochastic computing technologies, including the design of the neuron, the convolution function, the back-propagation function and some other basic operations. And the network-on-chip technique is also proposed in this paper to achieve the goal of implementing a large-scale hardware system. Our experiments validate the functionality of reconfigurable deep learning systems using stochastic computing, and demonstrate that when the bit streams are set to be 8192 bits, classification of MNIST digits by stochastic computing can perform as low error rate as that by normal arithmetic operations.", "corpus_id": 738155}, "pos": {"sha": "ad0fac81d56f4609bb47fa923a4ea782614ac5dd", "title": "An Efficient Hardware Architecture for a Neural Network Activation Function Generator", "abstract": "This paper proposes an efficient hardware architecture for a function generator suitable for an artificial neural network (ANN). A spline-based approximation function is designed that provides a good trade-off between accuracy and silicon area, whilst also being inherently scalable and adaptable for numerous activation functions. This has been achieved by using a minimax polynomial and through optimal placement of the approximating polynomials based on the results of a genetic algorithm. The approximation error of the proposed method compares favourably to all related research in this field. Efficient hardware multiplication circuitry is used in the implementation, which reduces the area overhead and increases the throughput.", "corpus_id": 12737006}, "neg": {"sha": "f264e8b33c0d49a692a6ce2c4bcb28588aeb7d97", "title": "Recurrent Neural Network Regularization", "abstract": "We present a simple regularization technique for Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) units. Dropout, the most successful technique for regularizing neural networks, does not work well with RNNs and LSTMs. In this paper, we show how to correctly apply dropout to LSTMs, and show that it substantially reduces overfitting on a variety of tasks. These tasks include language modeling, speech recognition, and machine translation.", "corpus_id": 17719760}}, {"query": {"sha": "b1eac2ca5c03ae34a8decce19dacbdd66ef092b6", "title": "Beyond Fano's inequality: bounds on the optimal F-score, BER, and cost-sensitive risk and their implications", "abstract": "Fano\u2019s inequality lower bounds the probability of transmission error through a communication channel. Applied to classification problems, it provides a lower bound on the Bayes error rate and motivates the widely used Infomax principle. In modern machine learning, we are often interested in more than just the error rate. In medical diagnosis, different errors incur different cost; hence, the overall risk is cost-sensitive. Two other popular criteria are balanced error rate (BER) and F-score. In this work, we focus on the two-class problem and use a general definition of conditional entropy (including Shannon\u2019s as a special case) to derive upper/lower bounds on the optimal F-score, BER and cost-sensitive risk, extending Fano\u2019s result. As a consequence, we show that Infomax is not suitable for optimizing F-score or cost-sensitive risk, in that it can potentially lead to low F-score and high risk. For cost-sensitive risk, we propose a new conditional entropy formulation which avoids this inconsistency. In addition, we consider the common practice of using a threshold on the posterior probability to tune performance of a classifier. As is widely known, a threshold of 0.5, where the posteriors cross, minimizes error rate\u2014we derive similar optimal thresholds for F-score and BER.", "corpus_id": 1945434}, "pos": {"sha": "5264ae4ea4411426ddd91dc780c2892c3ff933d3", "title": "An Introduction to Variable and Feature Selection", "abstract": "Variable and feature selection have become the focus of much research in areas of application for which datasets with tens or hundreds of thousands of variabl es are available. These areas include text processing of internet documents, gene expression arr ay nalysis, and combinatorial chemistry. The objective of variable selection is three-fold: improvi ng the prediction performance of the predictors, providing faster and more cost-effective predict ors, and providing a better understanding of the underlying process that generated the data. The contrib utions of this special issue cover a wide range of aspects of such problems: providing a better definit ion of the objective function, feature construction, feature ranking, multivariate feature sele ction, efficient search methods, and feature validity assessment methods.", "corpus_id": 379259}, "neg": {"sha": "81b869b02f8e1dfb0e1f5491ef0944937c1dc8a6", "title": "EvoSuite: On the Challenges of Test Case Generation in the Real World", "abstract": "Test case generation is an important but tedious task, such that researchers have devised many different prototypes that aim to automate it. As these are research prototypes, they are usually only evaluated on a few hand-selected case studies, such that despite great results there remains the question of usability in the \u201creal world\u201d. EVOSUITE is such a research prototype, which automatically generates unit test suites for classes written in the Java programming language. In our ongoing endeavour to achieve real-world usability, we recently passed the milestone success of applying EVOSUITE on hundred projects randomly selected from the SourceForge open source platform. This paper discusses the technical challenges that a testing tool like EVOSUITE needs to address when handling Java classes coming from real-world open source projects, and when producing JUnit test suites intended for real users.", "corpus_id": 17988395}}, {"query": {"sha": "86d4ea9d82b4e4e14e54e6bd09e329b244fdfe3b", "title": "The flooding time synchronization protocol", "abstract": "Wireless sensor network applications, similarly to other distributed systems, often require a scalable time synchronization service enabling data consistency and coordination. This paper describes the Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol (FTSP), especially tailored for applications requiring stringent precision on resource limited wireless platforms. The proposed time synchronization protocol uses low communication bandwidth and it is robust against node and link failures. The FTSP achieves its robustness by utilizing periodic flooding of synchronization messages, and implicit dynamic topology update. The unique high precision performance is reached by utilizing MAC-layer time-stamping and comprehensive error compensation including clock skew estimation. The sources of delays and uncertainties in message transmission are analyzed in detail and techniques are presented to mitigate their effects. The FTSP was implemented on the Berkeley Mica2 platform and evaluated in a 60-node, multi-hop setup. The average per-hop synchronization error was in the one microsecond range, which is markedly better than that of the existing RBS and TPSN algorithms.", "corpus_id": 9897231}, "pos": {"sha": "35b225cf1cb2ff030eff1ffd9c554a87418b16ee", "title": "Sensor network-based countersniper system", "abstract": "An ad-hoc wireless sensor network-based system is presented that detects and accurately locates shooters even in urban environments. The system consists of a large number of cheap sensors communicating through an ad-hoc wireless network, thus it is capable of tolerating multiple sensor failures, provides good coverage and high accuracy, and is capable of overcoming multipath effects. The performance of the proposed system is superior to that of centralized countersniper systems in such challenging environment as dense urban terrain. In this paper, in addition to the overall system architecture, the acoustic signal detection, the most important middleware services and the unique sensor fusion algorithm are also presented. The system performance is analyzed using real measurement data obtained at a US Army MOUT (Military Operations in Urban Terrain) facility.", "corpus_id": 734039}, "neg": {"sha": "34200d9fc5843237c2df7c364afe2c6a4e740a66", "title": "Algorithm of a Perspective Transform-Based PDF417 Barcode Recognition", "abstract": "When a PDF417 barcode are recognized, there are major recognition processes such as segmentation, normalization, and decoding. Among them, the segmentation and normalization steps are very important because they have a strong influence on the rate of barcode recognition. There are also previous segmentation and normalization techniques of processing barcode image, but some issues as follows. First, the previous normalization techniques need an additional restoration process and apply an interpolation process. Second, the previous recognition algorithms recognize a barcode image well only when it is placed in the predefined rectangular area. Therefore, we propose a novel segmentation and normalization method in PDF417 with the aims of improving its recognition rate and precision. The segmentation process to detect the barcode area in an image uses the conventional morphology and Hough transformmethods. The normalization process of the bar code region is based on the conventional perspective transformation and warping algorithms. In addition, we perform experiments using both experimental and actual data for evaluating our algorithms. Consequently, our experimental results can be summarized as follows. First, our method showed a stable performance over existing PDF417 barcode detection and recognition. Second, it overcame the limitation problem where the location of an input image should locate in a predefined rectangle area. Finally, it is expected that our result can be used as a restoration tool of printed images such as documents and pictures.", "corpus_id": 207263094}}, {"query": {"sha": "acb2d62bdb0a63e4137839964d814be16e54c9e2", "title": "Similarity in Semantic Graphs: Combining Structural, Literal, and Ontology-based Measures", "abstract": "Semantic graphs provide a valuable way to represent data while preserving real world meaning. As these graphs become more popular for storing large quantities of data, it is important to have methods of determining similarity between nodes in the graph. This paper extends previous structural similarity algorithms by taking advantage of meaning contained in a graph\u2019s literals and the graph\u2019s ontology and allowing users to control how much each type of similarity effects overall scores. Preliminary tests indicate that including these sources of similarity increases scores in way that is better aligned with human intuition.", "corpus_id": 12953296}, "pos": {"sha": "009dbf3187862352aac542bf7d61e27bce6b27f5", "title": "SimRank: a measure of structural-context similarity", "abstract": "The problem of measuring \"similarity\" of objects arises in many applications, and many domain-specific measures have been developed, e.g., matching text across documents or computing overlap among item-sets. We propose a complementary approach, applicable in any domain with object-to-object relationships, that measures similarity of the structural context in which objects occur, based on their relationships with other objects. Effectively, we compute a measure that says \"two objects are similar if they are related to similar objects:\" This general similarity measure, called SimRank, is based on a simple and intuitive graph-theoretic model. For a given domain, SimRank can be combined with other domain-specific similarity measures. We suggest techniques for efficient computation of SimRank scores, and provide experimental results on two application domains showing the computational feasibility and effectiveness of our approach.", "corpus_id": 5704492}, "neg": {"sha": "c015eccc2fb60ec0d4793ca6743dbc8400356a7f", "title": "Optimizing Artificial Neural Networks using Cat Swarm Optimization Algorithm", "abstract": "An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an abstract representation of the biological nervous system which has the ability to solve many complex problems. The interesting attributes it exhibits makes an ANN capable of \u2015learning\u2016. ANN learning is achieved by training the neural network using a training algorithm. Aside from choosing a training algorithm to train ANNs, the ANN structure can also be optimized by applying certain pruning techniques to reduce network complexity. The Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO) algorithm, a swarm intelligence-based optimization algorithm mimics the behavior of cats, is used as the training algorithm and the Optimal Brain Damage (OBD) method as the pruning algorithm. This study suggests an approach to ANN training through the simultaneous optimization of the connection weights and ANN structure. Experiments performed on benchmark datasets taken from the UCI machine learning repository show that the proposed CSONNOBD is an effective tool for training neural networks.", "corpus_id": 30155362}}, {"query": {"sha": "bba8810ee6dafd858a7a277e00a83f1ffd94a373", "title": "A review of the mandarin-english code-switching corpus: SEAME", "abstract": "In this paper, we report the development of the South East Asia Mandarin-English (SEAME) corpus, including 63 hours of transcribed spontaneous Mandarin-English code-switching speech in its first release, and an update of additional 129 transcribed hours of speech. The corpus was developed for code-switching speech recognition research, such as LVCSR, language recognition, and language segmentation. It was made publicly available through LDC since 2015. The corpus was recorded under unscripted interview and conversation settings, therefore, consisting of spontaneous speech. This paper seeks to present a comprehensive statistics and analysis of the corpus after the update in term of its composition, speaker profile and code-switch characteristics. This paper will also review its suitability for various code-switch related researches and possible further developments.", "corpus_id": 3410408}, "pos": {"sha": "301eb1c203cd1467ada5282e1503c38a547e744e", "title": "Developing Language-tagged Corpora for Code-switching Tweets", "abstract": "Code-switching, where a speaker switches between languages mid-utterance, is frequently used by multilingual populations worldwide. Despite its prevalence, limited effort has been devoted to develop computational approaches or even basic linguistic resources to support research into the processing of such mixedlanguage data. We present a user-centric approach to collecting code-switched utterances from social media posts, and develop language universal guidelines for the annotation of codeswitched data. We also present results for several baseline language identification models on our corpora and demonstrate that language identification in code-switched text is a difficult task that calls for deeper investigation.", "corpus_id": 10074346}, "neg": {"sha": "f28cb37e0f1a225f0d4f27f43ef4e05eee8b321c", "title": "SEAME: a Mandarin-English code-switching speech corpus in south-east asia", "abstract": "In Singapore and Malaysia, people often speak a mixture of Mandarin and English within a single sentence. We call such sentences intra-sentential code-switch sentences. In this paper, we report on the development of a Mandarin-English codeswitching spontaneous speech corpus: SEAME. The corpus is developed as part of a multilingual speech recognition project and will be used to examine how Mandarin-English codeswitch speech occurs in the spoken language in South-East Asia. Additionally, it can provide insights into the development of large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) for code-switching speech. The corpus collected consists of intra-sentential code-switching utterances that are recorded under both interview and conversational settings. This paper describes the corpus design and the analysis of collected corpus.", "corpus_id": 5631708}}, {"query": {"sha": "a08576b8439cf948cd7a78451ae887ddbfaaabba", "title": "Automating role-based provisioning by learning from examples", "abstract": "Role-based provisioning has been adopted as a standard component in leading Identity Management products due to its low administration cost. However, the cost of adjusting existing roles to entitlements from newly deployed applications is usually very high. In this paper, a learning-based approach to automate the provisioning process is proposed and its effectiveness is verified by real provisioning data. Specific learning issues related to provisioning are identified and relevant solutions are presented.", "corpus_id": 18843029}, "pos": {"sha": "e95647e0d3ebae2683059e3c2c4a3bc10580374a", "title": "Mining roles with semantic meanings", "abstract": "With the growing adoption of role-based access control (RBAC) in commercial security and identity management products, how to facilitate the process of migrating a non-RBAC system to an RBAC system has become a problem with significant business impact. Researchers have proposed to use data mining techniques to discover roles to complement the costly top-down approaches for RBAC system construction. A key problem that has not been adequately addressed by existing role mining approaches is how to discover roles with semantic meanings. In this paper, we study the problem in two settings with different information availability. When the only information is user-permission relation, we propose to discover roles whose semantic meaning is based on formal concept lattices. We argue that the theory of formal concept analysis provides a solid theoretical foundation for mining roles from userpermission relation. When user-attribute information is also available, we propose to create roles that can be explained by expressions of user-attributes. Since an expression of attributes describes a real-world concept, the corresponding role represents a real-world concept as well. Furthermore, the algorithms we proposed balance the semantic guarantee of roles with system complexity. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches.", "corpus_id": 1981026}, "neg": {"sha": "fa1db61ea65c9f478c85e757f68642aee21a776a", "title": "A Data Sorting and Searching Scheme Based on Distributed Asymmetric Searchable Encryption", "abstract": "Searchable encryption algorithm is a hot issue nowadays. It can sort the results of searching and return the optimal matching files. The essence of Asymmetric searchable encryption is that users exchange the data of encryption, one party sends a ciphertext with key encryption, the other party with another key receives the ciphertext. Encryption key is not the same as the decryption key, and cannot deduce another key from any one of the key, thus it greatly enhances the information protection, and can prevent leakage the user\u2019s search pattern. In order to get higher efficiency and security in information retrieval, in this paper we introduce the concept of distributed Searchable asymmetric encryption, which is useful for security and can enable search operations on encrypted data. Moreover, we give the proof of security. Finally, experiments results show that our method has better retrieval efficiency.", "corpus_id": 3992072}}, {"query": {"sha": "39f6148d95daf9818d8ba6ede7e619e3f9c035bc", "title": "Incentive Mechanisms for Crowdsourcing Platforms", "abstract": "Crowdsourcing emerged with the development of Web 2.0 technologies as a distributed online practice that harnesses the collective aptitudes and skills of the crowd in order to reach specific goals. The success of crowdsourcing systems is influenced by the users\u2019 levels of participation and interactions on the platform. Therefore, there is a need for the incorporation of appropriate incentive mechanisms that would lead to sustained user engagement and quality contributions. Accordingly, the aim of the particular paper is threefold: first, to provide an overview of user motives and incentives, second, to present the corresponding incentive mechanisms used to trigger these motives, alongside with some indicative examples of successful crowdsourcing platforms that incorporate these incentive mechanisms, and third, to provide recommendations on their careful design in order to cater to the context and goal of the platform.", "corpus_id": 27408882}, "pos": {"sha": "2fda75479692808771fafece53625c3582f08f22", "title": "Performing a check-in: emerging practices, norms and 'conflicts' in location-sharing using foursquare", "abstract": "Location-sharing services have a long history in research, but have only recently become available for consumers. Most popular commercial location-sharing services differ from previous research efforts in important ways: they use manual 'check-ins' to pair user location with semantically named venues rather than tracking; venues are visible to all users; location is shared with a potentially very large audience; and they employ incentives. By analysis of 20 in-depth interviews with foursquare users and 47 survey responses, we gained insight into emerging social practices surrounding location-sharing. We see a shift from privacy issues and data deluge, to more performative considerations in sharing one's location. We discuss performance aspects enabled by check-ins to public venues, and show emergent, but sometimes conflicting norms (not) to check-in.", "corpus_id": 3045455}, "neg": {"sha": "1c8e841d9ea4f82f05707358cf79302fece9e721", "title": "The Ties That Bond: Re-Examining the Relationship between Facebook Use and Bonding Social Capital", "abstract": "Research has established a positive relationship between measures of Facebook use and perceptions of social capital. Like other social network sites, Facebook is especially well-positioned to enhance users' bridging social capital because it lowers coordination costs associated with maintaining a large, potentially diverse network of Friends. The relationship between Facebook use and perceived bonding social capital, however, is not as clear. Previous studies have found a positive relationship between Facebook Intensity (FBI) and a measure of bonding social capital that focuses on benefits accrued locally, i.e., within a university context. This study looks at the relationship between Facebook use, offline behaviors, and social provisions, a broad-based measure of social support that taps into a dimension of bonding. Findings suggest that while FBI no longer predicts bonding, specific behaviors on Facebook are positively linked to perceptions of three social provisions related to one's closest friends and family.", "corpus_id": 2712626}}, {"query": {"sha": "b1334838e9fa1909bc9c55e697681c60cf7ecf8a", "title": "How Content Volume on Landing Pages Influences Consumer Behavior", "abstract": "Accepting Editor: Eli Cohen \u2502 Received: December 2, 2017 \u2502 Revised: February 28, 2018 \u2502 Accepted: March 3, 2018. Cite as: Gafni, R. & Dvir, N. (2018). How content volume on landing pages influences consumer behavior: empirical evidence. Proceedings of the Informing Science and Information Technology Education Conference, La Verne, California, 35-53. Santa Rosa, CA: Informing Science Institute. https://doi.org/10.28945/4016", "corpus_id": 46930837}, "pos": {"sha": "64c1767a569571cc5071e40472a8b9ae04e3d860", "title": "E-commerce : the role of familiarity and trust", "abstract": "Familiarity is a precondition for trust, claims Luhmann [28: Luhmann N. Trust and power. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 1979 (translation from German)], and trust is a prerequisite of social behavior, especially regarding important decisions. This study examines this intriguing idea in the context of the E-commerce involved in inquiring about and purchasing books on the Internet. Survey data from 217 potential users support and extend this hypothesis. The data show that both familiarity with an Internet vendor and its processes and trust in the vendor in \u0304uenced the respondents' intentions to inquire about books, and their intentions to purchase them. Additionally, the data show that while familiarity indeed builds trust, it is primarily people's disposition to trust that a\u0080ected their trust in the vendor. Implications for research and practice are discussed. 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "corpus_id": 15411698}, "neg": {"sha": "08062eef23eddac42fdef148d603f87d7cd20e17", "title": "Architecting a Software-Defined Storage Platform for Cloud Storage Service", "abstract": "The advent of cloud, big data, and mobile creates fast-growing demand of storage. Cloud service providers and data centers are looking for cost-effective storage solution alternative to traditional high-cost embedded-system based storages to meet the need of newly emerging applications, such as messaging, video streaming, data analytics, etc. In particular, they are facing the challenge of lowering cost by accommodating multi-workload on a single instance of storage without compromising workload performance requirements. Software-defined storage (SDS) is a new generation of storage system. Unlike the traditional embedded-system based storages, the SDS uses a software-stack above commodity hardware to provide more valuable and cost-effective features. To meet the challenge the cloud service providers and the data centers are facing, the architecture of a new SDS platform called Federator is proposed in this paper. This paper argues that the architecture of a SDS platform should have three main characteristics: 1. The separation of the control and data path, 2. Self-configuration of storage resources, and 3. Restful APIs for new business extension. A new approach for self-configurable SDS is designed within Federator. This approach includes two types of neural network, which provides optimal storage resource configuration for any type of application. With the clear separation of the control and the data path, the intelligent self-configuration technologies, and the standard Restful API, Federator is expected to better meet the requirements of the new applications in ever-changing computing environments.", "corpus_id": 7022185}}, {"query": {"sha": "e0df1c7c407e856e03f30fb8506daeb986388cff", "title": "On the electrical characteristics of complementary metamaterial resonators", "abstract": "In this letter, a method to obtain the electrical characteristics of complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) coupled to planar transmission lines is presented. CSRRs have been recently proposed by some of the authors as new constitutive elements for the synthesis of metamaterials with negative effective permittivity, and they have been applied to the fabrication of metamaterial-based circuits in planar technology. The method provides the electrical characteristics of CSRRs (including the intrinsic resonant frequency and the unloaded Q-factor), as well as the coupling capacitance between line and CSRRs, and the parameters of the host line. Parameter extraction from the proposed method is applied to two different structures corresponding to the basic cells of left handed (LH) and negative permittivity lines. The method is of actual interest for the design of microwave circuits and metamaterials based on these complementary resonant particles", "corpus_id": 26282801}, "pos": {"sha": "9f8b4730db6aba5839566647e43d75d19e7bd3f2", "title": "Babinet principle applied to the design of metasurfaces and metamaterials.", "abstract": "The electromagnetic theory of diffraction and the Babinet principle are applied to the design of artificial metasurfaces and metamaterials. A new particle, the complementary split rings resonator, is proposed for the design of metasurfaces with high frequency selectivity and planar metamaterials with a negative dielectric permittivity. Applications in the fields of frequency selective surfaces and polarizers, as well as in microwave antennas and filter design, can be envisaged. The tunability of all these devices by an applied dc voltage is also achievable if these particles are etched on the appropriate substrate.", "corpus_id": 13159877}, "neg": {"sha": "93639bd1435e8c6ad0da1dbce79c9dc61930c833", "title": "A Uniplanar Compact Photonic-Bandgap ( UC-PBG ) Structure and Its Applications for Microwave Circuits", "abstract": "This paper presents a novel photonic bandgap (PBG) structure for microwave integrated circuits. This new PBG structure is a two-dimensional square lattice with each element consisting of a metal pad and four connecting branches. Experimental results of a microstrip on a substrate with the PBG ground plane displays a broad stopband, as predicted by finite-difference time-domain simulations. Due to the slow-wave effect generated by this unique structure, the period of the PBG lattice is only 0:1 0 at the cutoff frequency, resulting in the most compact PBG lattice ever achieved. In the passband, the measured slowwave factor ( =k0) is 1.2\u20132.4 times higher and insertion loss is at the same level compared to a conventional 50line. This uniplanar compact PBG (UC-PBG) structure can be built using standard planar fabrication techniques without any modification. Several application examples have also been demonstrated, including a nonleaky conductor-backed coplanar waveguide and a compact spurious-free bandpass filter. This UC-PBG structure should find wide applications for high-performance and compact circuit components in microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits.", "corpus_id": 16476099}}, {"query": {"sha": "89a37349688b49bbfc9fd643db5a41b9071f9ca2", "title": "Multi-Class Support Vector Machines", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 7359186}, "pos": {"sha": "7ec8029e5855b6efbac161488a2e68f83298091c", "title": "Extracting Support Data for a Given Task", "abstract": "We report a novel possibility for extracting a small subset of a data base which contains all the information necessary to solve a given classification task: using the Support Vector Algo rithm to train three different types of handwritten digit classifiers, we observed that these types of classifiers construct their decision surface from strongly overlapping small (k: 4%) subsets of the data base. This finding opens up the possibiiity of compressing data bases significantly by disposing of the data which is not important for the solution of a given task. In addition, we show that the theory allows us to predict the classifier that will have the best generalization ability, based solely on performance on the training set and characteristics of the learning machines. This finding is important for cases where the amount of available data is limited. Introduction Learning can be viewed as inferring regularities from a set of training examples. Much research has been devoted to the study of various learning algorithms which allow the extraction of these underlying regularities. No matter how different the outward appearance of these algorithms is, they all must rely on intrinsic regularities of the data. If the learning has been successful, these intrinsic regularities will be captured in the values of some parameters of a learning machine; for a polynomial classifier, these parameters will be the coefficients of a polynomial, for a neural net they will be the weights and biases, and for a radial basis function classifier they will be weights and centers. This variety of different representations of the intrinsic regularities, however, conceals the fact that they all stem I?--^ --------A M\u201dlll a C\u201d,ll\u2018ll\u201dll T\u201d\u201cb. In the present study, we explore the Support Vector Algorithm, an algorithm which gives rise to a number *permanent address: Max-Planck-Institut fiir biologische Kybernetik, Spemannstrafle 38, 72076 Tiibingen, Germany \u2018supported by ARPA under ONR contract number N00014-94-G-0186 252 KDD-95 of different types of pattern classifiers. We show that the algorithm allows us to construct different classifiers (polynomial classifiers, radial basis function classifiers, and neural networks) exhibiting similar performance and relying on almost identical subsets of the training set, their support vector seZs. In this sense, the support vector set is a stable characteristic of the data. In the csse where the available training data is limited, it is important to have a means for achieving the best possible generalization by controlling characteristics of the learning machine. We use a bound of statistical learning theory (Vapnik, 1995) to predict the degree which yields the best generalization for polynomial classifiers. In the next Section, we follow Vapnik (1995), Baser, Guyon & Vapnik (1992), and Cortes & Vapnik (1995) in briefly recapitulating this algorithm and the idea of Structural Risk Minimization that it is based on. Following that, we will present experimental results obtained with support vector machines. The Support Vector Machine Structural Risk Minimization For the case of two-class pattern recognition, the task of learning from examples can be formulated in the following way: given a set of functions {ja : a E A}, ja : RN + (-l,+l} (the index set A not necessarily being a subset of R\u201d) and a set of examples (x1,Yl),...,(w,w)~ xi E RN, w E (-1, +l}, each one generated from an unknown probability distribution Hr. ul. we want to find a function f.4 which -. ----~ ~---,\u201d provides th&&ll&t p&ible value for the risk R(a) = J KY(x) YI dP(x, Y). The problem is that R(a) is unknown, since P(x, y) is unknown. Therefore an induction principle for risk minimization is necessary. From: KDD-95 Proceedings. Copyright \u00a9 1995, AAAI (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved.", "corpus_id": 6636078}, "neg": {"sha": "81e0f458a894322baf170fa4d6fa8099bd055c39", "title": "Statistical Decision Theory and Bayesian Analysis, 2nd Edition", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 198169059}}, {"query": {"sha": "093f81431a5bd5f32a49203603d123d5fe30d306", "title": "An Overview of the Development of Safety-critical Software", "abstract": "Safety-critical systems are an important part of our daily life. We depend on them in many situations and if a safety-critical system fails it can result in tragic events. It is not acceptable under any circumstances that a safety-critical system malfunction with the results of human lives being lost, and for this reason he development of such systems is a sensitive process. This article is an overview of different strategies for the development process, and parts that are important to design and build a reliable safetycritical system are identified, with the focus being on the software development. In this survey paper we have collected much information taken primarily from current research, but other sources are also represented. We start by defining what a safetycritical system is and why special care should be taken during development. We then describe our findings about strategies and technologies for guaranteeing safety in these kinds of systems, primarily from a development point of view, but ways of controlling running systems online are also described. We end the survey by talking about the future of the research and development of the field.", "corpus_id": 40512885}, "pos": {"sha": "34f9b101578503c86819292b148181e236c0033b", "title": "Design patterns for safety-critical embedded systems", "abstract": "Over the last few years, embedded systems have been increasingly used in safetycritical applications where failure can have serious consequences. The design of these systems is a complex process, which is requiring the integration of common design methods both in hardware and software to fulfill functional and non-functional requirements for these safety-critical applications. Design patterns, which give abstract solutions to commonly recurring design problems, have been widely used in the software and hardware domain. In this thesis, the concept of design patterns is adopted in the design of safetycritical embedded system. A catalog of design patterns was constructed to support the design of safety-critical embedded systems. This catalog includes a set of hardware and software design patterns which cover common design problems such as handling of random and systematic faults, safety monitoring, and sequence control. Furthermore, the catalog provides a decision support component that supports the decision process of choosing a suitable pattern for a particular problem based on the available resources and the requirements of the applicable patterns. As non-functional requirements are an important aspect in the design of safety-critical embedded systems, this work focuses on the integration of implications on non-functional properties in the existing design pattern concept. A pattern representation is proposed for safety-critical embedded application design methods by including fields for the implications and side effects of the represented design pattern on the non-functional requirements of the systems. The considered requirements include safety, reliability, modifiability, cost, and execution time. Safety and reliability represent the main non-functional requirements that should be provided in the design of safety-critical applications. Thus, reliability and safety assessment methods are proposed to show the relative safety and reliability improvement which can be achieved when using the design patterns under consideration. Moreover, a Monte Carlo based simulation method is used to illustrate the proposed assessment method which allows comparing different design patterns with respect to their impact on safety and reliability.", "corpus_id": 5728233}, "neg": {"sha": "8213dbed4db44e113af3ed17d6dad57471a0c048", "title": "The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory", "abstract": null, "corpus_id": 7138354}}, {"query": {"sha": "4e9f83aab2b1eab3183530b0597ca2f7b18406df", "title": "Automatic end-to-end De-identification: Is high accuracy the only metric?", "abstract": "De-identification of electronic health records (EHR) is a vital step towards advancing health informatics research and maximising the use of available data. It is a two-step process where step one is the identification of protected health information (PHI), and step two is replacing such PHI with surrogates. Despite the recent advances in automatic de-identification of EHR, significant obstacles remain if the abundant health data available are to be used to the full potential. Accuracy in de-identification could be considered a necessary, but not sufficient condition for the use of EHR without individual patient consent. We present here a comprehensive review of the progress to date, both the impressive successes in achieving high accuracy and the significant risks and challenges that remain. To best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to present a complete picture of end-to-end automatic deidentification. We review 18 recently published automatic de-identification systems -designed to de-identify EHR in the form of free textto show the advancements made in improving the overall accuracy of the system, and in identifying individual PHI. We argue that despite the improvements in accuracy there remain challenges in surrogate generation and replacements of identified PHIs, and the risks posed to patient protection and privacy.", "corpus_id": 59413754}, "pos": {"sha": "a70e02b6e42b908cdbc53bc6cecb532cf72d4d4a", "title": "MIMIC-III, a freely accessible critical care database", "abstract": "MIMIC-III ('Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care') is a large, single-center database comprising information relating to patients admitted to critical care units at a large tertiary care hospital. Data includes vital signs, medications, laboratory measurements, observations and notes charted by care providers, fluid balance, procedure codes, diagnostic codes, imaging reports, hospital length of stay, survival data, and more. The database supports applications including academic and industrial research, quality improvement initiatives, and higher education coursework.", "corpus_id": 33285731}, "neg": {"sha": "0891ed6ed64fb461bc03557b28c686f87d880c9a", "title": "Neural Architectures for Named Entity Recognition", "abstract": "State-of-the-art named entity recognition systems rely heavily on hand-crafted features and domain-specific knowledge in order to learn effectively from the small, supervised training corpora that are available. In this paper, we introduce two new neural architectures\u2014one based on bidirectional LSTMs and conditional random fields, and the other that constructs and labels segments using a transition-based approach inspired by shift-reduce parsers. Our models rely on two sources of information about words: character-based word representations learned from the supervised corpus and unsupervised word representations learned from unannotated corpora. Our models obtain state-of-the-art performance in NER in four languages without resorting to any language-specific knowledge or resources such as gazetteers. 1", "corpus_id": 6042994}}, {"query": {"sha": "3d213687dd0f4966381b40d7b18b5147ecaf3523", "title": "A Process-Based Knowledge Management System for Schools: A Case Study in Taiwan", "abstract": "Knowledge management systems, or KMSs, have been widely adopted in business organizations, yet little research exists on the actual integration of the knowledge management model and the application of KMSs in secondary schools. In the present study, the common difficulties and limitations regarding the implementation of knowledge management into schools\u2019 organizational cultures are reviewed and discussed. Furthermore, relevant theories of knowledge management models are summarized, and a model of process-based knowledge management appropriate for schools is proposed. Based on the proposed model, this study applied a low-cost, open-source software development framework to establish a process-based knowledge management system for schools, or PKMSS. We conducted a 30-day empirical observation and survey at a secondary school in Taiwan. This case study used methods including a satisfaction survey, qualitative content analysis of knowledge discussion, and unstructured interviews to explore the progress, performance, and limitations of PKMSS implementation. It was determined that PKMSS has some value in promoting schools\u2019 knowledge management. It not only facilitates the externalization and combination of knowledge and effectively keeps the objectives of knowledge sharing in focus, but it also promotes inter-member interactions. However, this study also found certain restrictions in terms of the classification of knowledge content and system functions. Based on the above findings, we propose relevant suggestions as references for the evaluation and introduction of a KMS in educational organizations.", "corpus_id": 533785}, "pos": {"sha": "0a9b3dc3f46ca655869db789a0d1823d3141fb39", "title": "Knowledge sharing behavior of physicians in hospitals", "abstract": "Sharing knowledge of Physicians within hospitals can realize potential gains enormously and is critical to be successful and survive in competitive environments. There is a need for empirical research to identify the factors that determine physician's behavior to share knowledge. This study investigates the factors that determine the physician's individual knowledge sharing behavior in his/her department. The purpose of this study is to examine empirically the physicians' knowledge sharing behavior The research models under investigation are the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) model and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPBI model. These models are empirically examined and compared, using the survey results on physicians' knowledge sharing behavior collected from 286 physicians practicing in 28 departments in 13 tertiary hospitals in Korea. TPB model exhibited a good fit with the data and appeared to be superior to TRA in explaining physicians' intentions to share knowledge. Amended TPB model provided an important improvement In fit over that of original TPB model. In amended TPB model, subjective norms were found to have the strongest total effects on behavioral intentions to share knowledge of physicians through direct and indirect path by attitude. Attitude was found to be the second important factor influencing physicians' intentions. Perceived behavioral control was also found to have effect on the intentions to share knowledge though it was weaker than that of subjective norms or attitude. The implications for physician's knowledge sharing activities are discussed", "corpus_id": 18299689}, "neg": {"sha": "8383250e32900a8ce2aa0ca534a5e84a275a5af4", "title": "Unsupervised Learning of Hierarchical Models for Hand-Object Interactions", "abstract": "Contact forces of the hand are visually unobservable, but play a crucial role in understanding hand-object interactions. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised learning approach for manipulation event segmentation and manipulation event parsing. The proposed framework incorporates hand pose kinematics and contact forces using a low-cost easy-to-replicate tactile glove. We use a temporal grammar model to capture the hierarchical structure of events, integrating extracted force vectors from the raw sensory input of poses and forces. The temporal grammar is represented as a temporal And-Or graph (T-AOG), which can be induced in an unsupervised manner. We obtain the event labeling sequences by measuring the similarity between segments using the Dynamic Time Alignment Kernel (DTAK). Experimental results show that our method achieves high accuracy in manipulation event segmentation, recognition and parsing by utilizing both pose and force data.", "corpus_id": 39216246}}, {"query": {"sha": "3cab3d4a4ca4c8a30474850dc1298168cf8580ff", "title": "A Deep Learning Based DDoS Detection System in Software-Defined Networking (SDN)", "abstract": "Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is one of the most prevalent attacks that an organizational network infrastructure comes across nowadays. Poor network management, low-priced Internet subscriptions, and readily available attack tools can be attributed to their rise. The recently emerged software-defined networking (SDN) and deep learning (DL) concepts promise to revolutionize their respective domains. SDN keeps the global view of the entire managed the network from a single point, i.e., the controller, thus making the network management easier. DL-based approaches improve feature extraction/reduction from a high-dimensional dataset such as network traffic headers. This work proposes a deep learning based multi-vector DDoS detection system in an SDN environment. The detection system is implemented as a network application on top of the SDN controller and can monitor the managed network traffic. Performance evaluation is based on different metrics by applying the system on traffic traces collected from different scenarios. A high accuracy with low false-positive rate is observed in attack detection for the proposed system. Received on 27 November 2016; accepted on 2 July 2017; published on 28 December 2017", "corpus_id": 5572966}, "pos": {"sha": "0c6c1d841d9bc3e921f2823e7953273cc44cfb2b", "title": "Combining ensemble methods and social network metrics for improving accuracy of OCSVM on intrusion detection in SCADA systems", "abstract": "Modern Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCADA systems used by the electric utility industry to monitor and control electric power generation, transmission and distribution are recognized today as critical components of the electric power delivery infrastructure. SCADA systems are large, complex and incorporate increasing numbers of widely distributed components. The presence of a real time intrusion detection mechanism, which can cope with different types of attacks, is of great importance, in order to defend a system against cyber attacks This defense mechanism must be distributed, cheap and above all accurate, since false positive alarms, or mistakes regarding the origin of the intrusion mean severe costs for the system. Recently an integrated detection mechanism, namely IT-OCSVM was proposed, which is distributed in a SCADA network as a part of a distributed intrusion detection system (IDS), providing accurate data about the origin and the time of an intrusion. In this paper we also analyze the architecture of the integrated detection mechanism and we perform extensive simulations based on real cyber attacks in a small SCADA testbed in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed mechanism.", "corpus_id": 11926819}, "neg": {"sha": "3dde3fec553b8d24a85d7059a3cc629ab33f7578", "title": "OpenFlow: enabling innovation in campus networks", "abstract": "This whitepaper proposes OpenFlow: a way for researchers to run experimental protocols in the networks they use every day. OpenFlow is based on an Ethernet switch, with an internal flow-table, and a standardized interface to add and remove flow entries. Our goal is to encourage networking vendors to add OpenFlow to their switch products for deployment in college campus backbones and wiring closets. We believe that OpenFlow is a pragmatic compromise: on one hand, it allows researchers to run experiments on heterogeneous switches in a uniform way at line-rate and with high port-density; while on the other hand, vendors do not need to expose the internal workings of their switches. In addition to allowing researchers to evaluate their ideas in real-world traffic settings, OpenFlow could serve as a useful campus component in proposed large-scale testbeds like GENI. Two buildings at Stanford University will soon run OpenFlow networks, using commercial Ethernet switches and routers. We will work to encourage deployment at other schools; and We encourage you to consider deploying OpenFlow in your university network too", "corpus_id": 1153326}}, {"query": {"sha": "0943d9776ae0bbae7409a96c6253b5919838c382", "title": "Heterogeneous Cellular Network With Energy Harvesting-Based D2D Communication", "abstract": "The concept of mobile user equipment (UE) relay (UER) has been introduced to support device-to-device (D2D) communications for enhancing communication reliability. However, as the UER needs to use its own power for other UE's data transmission, relaying information in D2D communication may be undesirable for the UER. To overcome this issue, motivated by the recent advances in energy harvesting (EH) techniques, we propose a D2D communication provided EH heterogeneous cellular network (D2D-EHHN), where UERs harvest energy from an access point (AP) and use the harvested energy for D2D communication. We develop a framework for the design and analysis of D2D-EHHN by introducing the EH region (EHR) and modeling the status of harvested energy using Markov chain. The UER distribution is derived, and a transmission mode selection scheme including the efficient UER selection method is proposed. The network outage probability is derived in close form to measure the performance of D2D-EHHN. Based on our analysis results, we explore the effects of network parameters on the outage probability and the optimal offloading bias in terms of the outage probability. Particularly, we show that having a high EH efficiency enhances the performance of D2D-EHHN, but can also degrade, especially for dense network.", "corpus_id": 11871752}, "pos": {"sha": "0bfc3626485953e2d3f87854a00a50f88c62269d", "title": "A Tractable Approach to Coverage and Rate in Cellular Networks", "abstract": "Cellular networks are usually modeled by placing the base stations on a grid, with mobile users either randomly scattered or placed deterministically. These models have been used extensively but suffer from being both highly idealized and not very tractable, so complex system-level simulations are used to evaluate coverage/outage probability and rate. More tractable models have long been desirable. We develop new general models for the multi-cell signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) using stochastic geometry. Under very general assumptions, the resulting expressions for the downlink SINR CCDF (equivalent to the coverage probability) involve quickly computable integrals, and in some practical special cases can be simplified to common integrals (e.g., the Q-function) or even to simple closed-form expressions. We also derive the mean rate, and then the coverage gain (and mean rate loss) from static frequency reuse. We compare our coverage predictions to the grid model and an actual base station deployment, and observe that the proposed model is pessimistic (a lower bound on coverage) whereas the grid model is optimistic, and that both are about equally accurate. In addition to being more tractable, the proposed model may better capture the increasingly opportunistic and dense placement of base stations in future networks.", "corpus_id": 1434542}, "neg": {"sha": "63d984f99622a2831d8f15e9a9552bd585ba8e25", "title": "On the achievable throughput of a multiantenna Gaussian broadcast channel", "abstract": "A Gaussian broadcast channel (GBC) with r single-antenna receivers and t antennas at the transmitter is considered. Both transmitter and receivers have perfect knowledge of the channel. Despite its apparent simplicity, this model is, in general, a nondegraded broadcast channel (BC), for which the capacity region is not fully known. For the two-user case, we find a special case of Marton's (1979) region that achieves optimal sum-rate (throughput). In brief, the transmitter decomposes the channel into two interference channels, where interference is caused by the other user signal. Users are successively encoded, such that encoding of the second user is based on the noncausal knowledge of the interference caused by the first user. The crosstalk parameters are optimized such that the overall throughput is maximum and, surprisingly, this is shown to be optimal over all possible strategies (not only with respect to Marton's achievable region). For the case of r>2 users, we find a somewhat simpler choice of Marton's region based on ordering and successively encoding the users. For each user i in the given ordering, the interference caused by users j>i is eliminated by zero forcing at the transmitter, while interference caused by users j