targets
list | level
stringclasses 2
values | question
stringlengths 32
133
| idx
stringlengths 16
91
| context
stringlengths 899
129k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Martigues"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Anto Drobnjak belong to from 2000 to 2002? | /wiki/Anto_Drobnjak#P54#5 | Anto Drobnjak Anto Drobnjak ( Cyrillic : Анто Дробњак ; born 21 September 1968 ) is a Montenegrin former professional footballer who played as a striker . He was one of two top scorers of the First League of Yugoslavia in 1993 when he played for Red Star Belgrade . Internationally , he played for Yugoslavias national football team in the qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , although he was not selected to the countrys squad for the final tournament . Club career . Budućnost . Drobnjak joined Budućnost ahead of the 1987–88 season . He made his professional debut under coach Stanko Špaco Poklepović , during a time when Budućnost fielded their most accomplished generation at the time ; Drobnjaks teammates at Budućnost included Dragoje Leković , Branko Brnović , Željko Petrović , Predrag Mijatović , and Dejan Savićević . Drobnjak later attributed his early development to Špaco Poklepović : Red Star Belgrade . Drobnjak joined Red Star Belgrade ahead of the 1992–93 season , after which he was the leagues top scorer along with Vojvodinas Vesko Mihajlović . On 15 May 1993 , he scored the winning goal in the final of the 1993 Yugoslav Cup , in which Red Star beat Partizan 1–0 . He was Red Stars top scorer in the 1993–94 season along with teammate Ilija Ivić , and was fifth highest goal scorer in the league that season . Bastia . Amidst international sanctions against Yugoslavia , Drobnjak asked Red Stars sports director Dragan Džajić if there was any opportunity could leave both the club and country . Džajić got word of Bastias search for a classic center forward , and after negotiations through Džajić , Drobnjak signed a three-year contract with Bastia in 1994 . Under coach Frédéric Antonetti , he spent the following three seasons at the club , scoring 50 goals in 100 league games . On 3 May 1995 , Drobnjak scored a goal in the 1995 Coupe de la Ligue Final against Paris Saint-Germain , although it was denied by the referee . He signed a new three-year contract with Bastia in 1996 . At the end of the 1996–97 season , Drobnjak was the sixth highest goal scorer in the league and Bastia finished in seventh overall . As a result , he received offers from Olympique de Marseille and Lens , but he ultimately chose Lens due to Bastias bitter rivalry with Marseille . Lens . In 1997 , Drobnjak switched to fellow French club Lens , helping them win the league in his debut season under coach Daniel Leclercq . On 22 August 1997 , Leclercq gave Drobnjak the green light to start against Olympique de Marseille in spite of a lingering back injury ; Drobnjak went on to score a hat-trick in a 2–3 away win for Lens . On 15 November 1997 , he scored a hat-trick in a 5–4 win against AS Cannes . He was the fourth highest goal scorer in the league that season . Later career . He subsequently moved to Japan and played for Gamba Osaka . After a year , Drobnjak returned to France and joined Sochaux . He also spent one season at Martigues , before retiring in 2002 . International career . Between 1996 and 1998 , Drobnjak earned seven caps and scored three times for FR Yugoslavia . He made his debut on 6 October 1996 in a 1–8 away win against Faroe Islands under coach Slobodan Santrač during the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification . On 24 February 1998 , Drobnjak scored a goal in a 3–1 friendly loss against Argentina at Estadio José María Minella . However , he was not selected to Yugoslavias final squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup . Multiple newspapers at the time expressed surprise at Drobnjaks absence in Yugoslavias squad at the 1998 World Cup . His final international was an April 1998 friendly match against South Korea . Post-playing career . Drobnjak served as assistant manager to Branko Brnović at Montenegro from 2011 to 2015 . Honours . Club . Red Star Belgrade - FR Yugoslavia Cup : 1992–93 Lens - Championnat de France : 1997–98 Individual . - First League of FR Yugoslavia top scorer : 1992–93 |
[
"LBSCR"
]
| easy | What operated LB&SCR E1 class from 1874 to Dec 1922? | /wiki/LB&SCR_E1_class#P137#0 | LB&SCR E1 class The London , Brighton and South Coast Railway E1 Class were steam locomotives designed by William Stroudley in 1874 for short-distance goods and piloting duties . They were originally classified E , and generally known as E-tanks ; They were reclassified E1 in the time of D . E . Marsh . Construction and use . The first six locomotives of this useful and long-lived class were built at Brighton and appeared in traffic between September 1874 and March 1875 . They performed well and further orders were placed at regular intervals until December 1891 when the class consisted of eighty locomotives and were used throughout the LBSCR system , principally for goods and shunting , but occasionally for secondary passenger duties . In 1884 Stroudley also built one example of the class ( No . 157 Barcelona ) with a larger boiler and Gladstone-type cylinders with valves underneath to work on the steeply-graded lines between Eastbourne and Tunbridge Wells . This Special E-tank was withdrawn in 1922 . Rebuilds and withdrawals . After 1894/95 the class gradually began to be replaced by R.J . Billintons radial tanks of the E3 and E4 classes . Withdrawals commenced in 1908 when one locomotive was broken up for spares , and others were withdrawn at intervals until May 1914 , when the increased need for locomotives during the First World War meant that there were no further withdrawals . One locomotive ( no . 89 ) was rebuilt with a larger boiler by D . E . Marsh between January and June 1911 and reclassified E1X ; it was renumbered 89A in October 1911 , and 689 in December 1912 . However this was rebuilt as an E1 in 1930 once the boiler was condemned . Under Southern Railway ownership , withdrawals continued during the 1920s , with some examples sold to industrial railways rather than scrapped . Eight examples were also rebuilt as radial tank engines for use in the west of England . These were classified as E1/R . Four E1s were also transferred for duties on the Isle of Wight : three were shipped from Southampton on 4 July 1932 and a fourth on 16 June 1933 . Before transfer , they were overhauled at Eastleigh Works , painted green , renumbered W1-W4 and given names related to the Island . - 136 ( originally Brindisi ) became W1 Medina . - 152 ( originally Hungary ) became W2 Yarmouth . - 154 ( originally Madrid ) became W3 Ryde . - 131 ( originally Gournay ) became W4 Wroxall . Nos . W1–W3 were allocated to Newport , and no . W4 was at Ryde . They were primarily intended for goods traffic , but were used on passenger trains where necessary . At speed they were unsteady , but after no . W4 was successfully rebalanced at Ryde Works in October 1933 , the others were modified similarly during 1935–36 . Thirty examples survived the transfer of ownership to British Railways in 1948 but during the 1950s they were gradually replaced by diesel shunters . The last survivor , BR no 32694 , was allocated to Southampton Docks . It was withdrawn in July 1961 and scrapped at Eastleigh Works later that year . The four on the Isle of Wight worked goods trains until route closures in the 1950s brought a reduction in their duties . When repairs became due , they were withdrawn from service instead of being overhauled : no . W2 was withdrawn in September 1956 , no . W1 in March 1957 , no . W3 in June 1959 and no . W4 in October 1960 . Preservation . One example , No . B110 ( originally No . 110 Burgundy ) was sold in 1927 to the Cannock and Rugeley Colliery Company . They gave it the number 9 and named it Cannock Wood , and it worked their internal system until 1963 . After withdrawal it was bought for preservation and moved between several sites before restoration began in 1986 and it returned to action at the East Somerset Railway in 1993 . It was withdrawn prematurely in 1997 requiring firebox and boiler repairs , and spent many years in pieces awaiting overhaul , although in 2011 it was cosmetically restored into ( inauthentic ) BR black . In 2012 , B110 was sold to the Isle of Wight Steam Railway , in return for LMS Ivatt Class 2 no . 46447 moving to the ESR . The railway plans to restore the engine and run it as No . W2 Yarmouth , which was an identity previously worn by one of the Isle of Wight-based E1s . External links . - Steam locomotive database - East Somerset Railway page - Rail UK database entry - Southern E-Group |
[
""
]
| easy | What was the operator of LB&SCR E1 class from 1923 to Dec 1947? | /wiki/LB&SCR_E1_class#P137#1 | LB&SCR E1 class The London , Brighton and South Coast Railway E1 Class were steam locomotives designed by William Stroudley in 1874 for short-distance goods and piloting duties . They were originally classified E , and generally known as E-tanks ; They were reclassified E1 in the time of D . E . Marsh . Construction and use . The first six locomotives of this useful and long-lived class were built at Brighton and appeared in traffic between September 1874 and March 1875 . They performed well and further orders were placed at regular intervals until December 1891 when the class consisted of eighty locomotives and were used throughout the LBSCR system , principally for goods and shunting , but occasionally for secondary passenger duties . In 1884 Stroudley also built one example of the class ( No . 157 Barcelona ) with a larger boiler and Gladstone-type cylinders with valves underneath to work on the steeply-graded lines between Eastbourne and Tunbridge Wells . This Special E-tank was withdrawn in 1922 . Rebuilds and withdrawals . After 1894/95 the class gradually began to be replaced by R.J . Billintons radial tanks of the E3 and E4 classes . Withdrawals commenced in 1908 when one locomotive was broken up for spares , and others were withdrawn at intervals until May 1914 , when the increased need for locomotives during the First World War meant that there were no further withdrawals . One locomotive ( no . 89 ) was rebuilt with a larger boiler by D . E . Marsh between January and June 1911 and reclassified E1X ; it was renumbered 89A in October 1911 , and 689 in December 1912 . However this was rebuilt as an E1 in 1930 once the boiler was condemned . Under Southern Railway ownership , withdrawals continued during the 1920s , with some examples sold to industrial railways rather than scrapped . Eight examples were also rebuilt as radial tank engines for use in the west of England . These were classified as E1/R . Four E1s were also transferred for duties on the Isle of Wight : three were shipped from Southampton on 4 July 1932 and a fourth on 16 June 1933 . Before transfer , they were overhauled at Eastleigh Works , painted green , renumbered W1-W4 and given names related to the Island . - 136 ( originally Brindisi ) became W1 Medina . - 152 ( originally Hungary ) became W2 Yarmouth . - 154 ( originally Madrid ) became W3 Ryde . - 131 ( originally Gournay ) became W4 Wroxall . Nos . W1–W3 were allocated to Newport , and no . W4 was at Ryde . They were primarily intended for goods traffic , but were used on passenger trains where necessary . At speed they were unsteady , but after no . W4 was successfully rebalanced at Ryde Works in October 1933 , the others were modified similarly during 1935–36 . Thirty examples survived the transfer of ownership to British Railways in 1948 but during the 1950s they were gradually replaced by diesel shunters . The last survivor , BR no 32694 , was allocated to Southampton Docks . It was withdrawn in July 1961 and scrapped at Eastleigh Works later that year . The four on the Isle of Wight worked goods trains until route closures in the 1950s brought a reduction in their duties . When repairs became due , they were withdrawn from service instead of being overhauled : no . W2 was withdrawn in September 1956 , no . W1 in March 1957 , no . W3 in June 1959 and no . W4 in October 1960 . Preservation . One example , No . B110 ( originally No . 110 Burgundy ) was sold in 1927 to the Cannock and Rugeley Colliery Company . They gave it the number 9 and named it Cannock Wood , and it worked their internal system until 1963 . After withdrawal it was bought for preservation and moved between several sites before restoration began in 1986 and it returned to action at the East Somerset Railway in 1993 . It was withdrawn prematurely in 1997 requiring firebox and boiler repairs , and spent many years in pieces awaiting overhaul , although in 2011 it was cosmetically restored into ( inauthentic ) BR black . In 2012 , B110 was sold to the Isle of Wight Steam Railway , in return for LMS Ivatt Class 2 no . 46447 moving to the ESR . The railway plans to restore the engine and run it as No . W2 Yarmouth , which was an identity previously worn by one of the Isle of Wight-based E1s . External links . - Steam locomotive database - East Somerset Railway page - Rail UK database entry - Southern E-Group |
[
"British Railways"
]
| easy | What operated LB&SCR E1 class from 1948 to 1961? | /wiki/LB&SCR_E1_class#P137#2 | LB&SCR E1 class The London , Brighton and South Coast Railway E1 Class were steam locomotives designed by William Stroudley in 1874 for short-distance goods and piloting duties . They were originally classified E , and generally known as E-tanks ; They were reclassified E1 in the time of D . E . Marsh . Construction and use . The first six locomotives of this useful and long-lived class were built at Brighton and appeared in traffic between September 1874 and March 1875 . They performed well and further orders were placed at regular intervals until December 1891 when the class consisted of eighty locomotives and were used throughout the LBSCR system , principally for goods and shunting , but occasionally for secondary passenger duties . In 1884 Stroudley also built one example of the class ( No . 157 Barcelona ) with a larger boiler and Gladstone-type cylinders with valves underneath to work on the steeply-graded lines between Eastbourne and Tunbridge Wells . This Special E-tank was withdrawn in 1922 . Rebuilds and withdrawals . After 1894/95 the class gradually began to be replaced by R.J . Billintons radial tanks of the E3 and E4 classes . Withdrawals commenced in 1908 when one locomotive was broken up for spares , and others were withdrawn at intervals until May 1914 , when the increased need for locomotives during the First World War meant that there were no further withdrawals . One locomotive ( no . 89 ) was rebuilt with a larger boiler by D . E . Marsh between January and June 1911 and reclassified E1X ; it was renumbered 89A in October 1911 , and 689 in December 1912 . However this was rebuilt as an E1 in 1930 once the boiler was condemned . Under Southern Railway ownership , withdrawals continued during the 1920s , with some examples sold to industrial railways rather than scrapped . Eight examples were also rebuilt as radial tank engines for use in the west of England . These were classified as E1/R . Four E1s were also transferred for duties on the Isle of Wight : three were shipped from Southampton on 4 July 1932 and a fourth on 16 June 1933 . Before transfer , they were overhauled at Eastleigh Works , painted green , renumbered W1-W4 and given names related to the Island . - 136 ( originally Brindisi ) became W1 Medina . - 152 ( originally Hungary ) became W2 Yarmouth . - 154 ( originally Madrid ) became W3 Ryde . - 131 ( originally Gournay ) became W4 Wroxall . Nos . W1–W3 were allocated to Newport , and no . W4 was at Ryde . They were primarily intended for goods traffic , but were used on passenger trains where necessary . At speed they were unsteady , but after no . W4 was successfully rebalanced at Ryde Works in October 1933 , the others were modified similarly during 1935–36 . Thirty examples survived the transfer of ownership to British Railways in 1948 but during the 1950s they were gradually replaced by diesel shunters . The last survivor , BR no 32694 , was allocated to Southampton Docks . It was withdrawn in July 1961 and scrapped at Eastleigh Works later that year . The four on the Isle of Wight worked goods trains until route closures in the 1950s brought a reduction in their duties . When repairs became due , they were withdrawn from service instead of being overhauled : no . W2 was withdrawn in September 1956 , no . W1 in March 1957 , no . W3 in June 1959 and no . W4 in October 1960 . Preservation . One example , No . B110 ( originally No . 110 Burgundy ) was sold in 1927 to the Cannock and Rugeley Colliery Company . They gave it the number 9 and named it Cannock Wood , and it worked their internal system until 1963 . After withdrawal it was bought for preservation and moved between several sites before restoration began in 1986 and it returned to action at the East Somerset Railway in 1993 . It was withdrawn prematurely in 1997 requiring firebox and boiler repairs , and spent many years in pieces awaiting overhaul , although in 2011 it was cosmetically restored into ( inauthentic ) BR black . In 2012 , B110 was sold to the Isle of Wight Steam Railway , in return for LMS Ivatt Class 2 no . 46447 moving to the ESR . The railway plans to restore the engine and run it as No . W2 Yarmouth , which was an identity previously worn by one of the Isle of Wight-based E1s . External links . - Steam locomotive database - East Somerset Railway page - Rail UK database entry - Southern E-Group |
[
"Chief Justice of India"
]
| easy | What was the position of Mohammad Hidayatullah from Feb 1968 to Dec 1970? | /wiki/Mohammad_Hidayatullah#P39#0 | Mohammad Hidayatullah Mohammad Hidayatullah , OBE ( 17 December 1905 – 18 September 1992 ) was the 11th Chief Justice of India serving from 25 February 1968 to 16 December 1970 , and the sixth Vice President of India , serving from 31 August 1979 to 30 August 1984 . He had also served as the Acting President of India from 20 July 1969 to 24 August 1969 and from 6 October 1982 to 31 October 1982 . He is regarded as an eminent jurist , scholar , educationist , author and linguist . Early life and education . Hidayatullah was born in 1905 in the well-known family of Khan Bahadur Hafiz Mohammed Wilayatullah . His grand father Munshi Kudartullah was advocate in Varanasi . His father was a poet of all-India repute who wrote poems in Urdu and probably it must have been from him that Justice Hidayatullah got his love for language and literature . Wilayatullah was Gold medallist of Aligarh Muslim University in 1897 besting famous mathematician Sir Ziauddin Ahmad , a favourite of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan . He served till 1928 in ICS and from 1929 to 1933 as member of Central Legislative Assembly . Hidaytullahs elder brothers Mohammed Ikramullah ( ICS , later Foreign Secretary , Pakistan ) and Ahmedullah ( ICS , retired as Chairman , Tariff Board ) were scholars as well as sportsmen . He on the other hand excelled in Urdu poetry . After completing primary education at the Government High School of Raipur in 1922 , Hidayatullah attended Morris College in Nagpur , where he was nominated as the Phillips Scholar in 1926 . When he graduated in 1926 , he was awarded the Malak Gold Medal . Following the trend of Indians studying British law abroad , Hidayatullah attended Trinity College at the University of Cambridge from 1927 to 1930 and obtained B.A . and M.A . Degrees from there . Here he secured the 2nd order of merit and was awarded a gold medal for his performance in 1930 . He was called to the Bar from Lincolns Inn when he was just 25 years old . He was awarded LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) from University of the Philippines and D . Litt . ( Honoris Causa ) from University of Bhopal ( now Barkatullah University ) and University of Kakatiya . While at Cambridge , Hidayatullah was elected and served as the President of the Indian Majlis in 1929 . Also while here , he pursued English and Law Tripos from the renowned Lincolns Inn . In addition he secured a place of Barrister-at-Law in 1930 . Career . After graduation , Hidayatullah returned to India and enrolled as an advocate of the High Court of Central Provinces and Berar at Nagpur on 19 July 1930 . He also taught Jurisprudence and Mahomedan Law in the University College of Law at Nagpur and was also the Extension Lecturer in English literature . On 12 December 1942 , he was appointed Government Pleader in the High Court at Nagpur . On 2 August 1943 , he became the Advocate General of Central Provinces and Berar ( now Madhya Pradesh ) and continued to hold the said post till he was appointed as an Additional Judge of that High Court in 1946 . He had the distinction of being the youngest Advocate General of an Indian state , Madhya Pradesh On 24 June 1946 , Hidayatullah was appointed as Additional Judge of that High Court of Central Provinces and Berar and on 13 September 1946 he was appointed as permanent judge of said High Court where he served until being elevated to Chief Justice of the Nagpur High Court in 1954 on 3 December 1954 , being the youngest Chief Justice of a High Court . In November 1956 , he was then appointed as the Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court . On 1 December 1958 , he was elevated as a justice to the Supreme Court of India . In his time he was the youngest judge of the Supreme Court of India . After serving as a judge for nearly 10 years , he was appointed as the Chief Justice of India on 28 February 1968 – becoming the first Muslim Chief Justice of India . He retired from this position on 16 December 1970 . Presidency . During his term as the Chief Justice of India , the then-President of India , Zakir Husain died suddenly , in harness , on 3 May 1969 . Then Vice President of India Mr . V . V . Giri became the acting President . Later , Giri resigned from both offices as acting president and Vice-President to become a candidate in the 1969 Presidential Election . Hidayatullah then served as the President of India for a short period from 20 July to 24 August . The visit of President of the United States Richard Nixon to India made his presidential term historic . After his retirement , Hidayatullah was elected as the Vice-President of India by a consensus among different parties and occupied that high office with distinction from 1979 to August 1984 . During his tenure as the Vice-President , he won the respect of all concerned for his impartiality and independence . In 1982 , when the then President Zail Singh went to the U.S . for medical treatment , Vice-President Hidayatullah officiated as president from 6 October 1982 to 31 October 1982 . Thus , he officiated as acting president twice . Having served at all of these positions made Hidayatullah unique among other members of Indian history . He became the only person to have served in all three offices of Chief Justice of India , President of India , and the Vice President of India . During his long tenure in the Supreme Court he was a party to a number of landmark judgments including the judgment in Golaknath v . State of Punjab which took the view that the Parliament had no power to cut down the Fundamental Rights by constitutional amendment . His judgment in the case of Ranjit D . Udeshi dealing with the law of obscenity , displayed a flair for literature and is particularly of note . Career in Nagpur . Before being elevated as a judge to High Court , Hidayatullah was involved in local and state affairs . The following are some of the committee positions he held : - Member of the Nagpur Municipal Committee ( 1931–1933 ) - Member of the Nagpur Universitys Executive and Academic Councils ( 1934–1953 ) - Member of the Nagpur Improvement Trust ( 1943–1945 ) - Member of the Nagpur Bar Council ( 1943–1946 ) - Chief Commissioner of the Madhya Pradesh Bharat Scouts and Guides ( 1950–1953 ) Many of these positions , as well as those of High Court Justice were held prior to Indian Independence , they were all considered service to Great Britain , thus Hidayatullah was conferred the honour as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire by King George VI in the 1946 Kings Birthday Honours . Teaching and other associations . Having received an education at one of the premier legal institutions of the time , Hidayatullah was able to segue into an academic career not long after returning to India . In 1935 , he took a teaching post at University College of Law , where he taught until 1943 . Later he served as Dean of the Faculty of Law at Nagpur University from 1949 to 1953 . In addition , he served as Faculty of Law at various other institutions throughout the 1950s : Sagar University , Court Vikram University , and the Aligarh Muslim University . He was Pro-Chancellor of the Delhi University from 1968 to 1970 , Chancellor of the Jamia Millia Islamia from 1969 to 1985 , Chancellor of the Delhi and Punjab Universities between 1979 and 1984 and Chancellor of the Hyderabad University from 1986 to 1990 . He was the President of the Indian Law Institute from 1963 to 1970 , President of the International Law Association ( Indian Branch ) from 1968 to 1970 and of the Indian Society of International Law in 1969–70 . He was , at one time , a Member of the Executive Council of the World Assembly of Judges and of the Managing Committee of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law . He was a Member of the International Council of Former Scouts and Guides , Brussels , and Chief Scout of the Boy Scouts Association of India . Post-retirement , Hidayatullah renewed his interest in Boy Scouts and served as Chief Scout of the All India Boy Scouts Association from 1982 to 1992 . He held the posts of the President of Bombay Natural History Society and of the Patron of Schizophrenic Research Foundation of India and Commonwealth Society of India . He was also a Member of the World Association for Orphans and Abandoned Children and a Settlor of the Jawaharlal Nehru Cambridge University Trust . He also represented India in International Conferences held in different countries and cities , such as , Washington , London , Geneva , Sydney , the Hague , Tokyo , Stockholm , Belgrade , Cairo and Bangkok . Scholar and linguist . Hidayatullah was a scholar in Hindi , English , Urdu , Persian and French . He had working knowledge of some other Indian languages including Sanskrit and Bengali . Institutions . Hidayatullah was the president of Indian Law Institute , International Law Association ( Indian Branch ) , Indian Society of International Law from 1968 to 1970 . He also presided the Indian Red Cross Society in 1982 . He was closely associated with Hunger Project of USA , World Association of Orphans and Abandoned Children ( Geneva ) , and Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues ( 1982–84 ) . The Hidayatullah National Law University at Naya Raipur is named after him . Books . - Democracy in India and the Judicial Process , 1966 by Asia Publishing House ( 1967 ) . - The South-West Africa Case , Published 1967 by Asia Publishing House ( 1966 ) . - Judicial Methods Published for the Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies by National Publishing House ( 1970 ) . - A Judges Miscellany , N . M . Tripathi ( 1972 ) . - USA and India : All India Reporter ( 1977 ) . - A Judges Miscellany ( Second Series ) N . M . Tripathi ( 1972 ) . - The Fifth and Sixth Schedules to the Constitution of India , Ashok Pub . House - My own Boswell ( Autobiography ) Arnold-Heinemann ( 1980 ) . - Editor , Mullas Mohammedan Law - Constitutional law of India : Bar Council of India Trust ( 1984 ) . - Right to property and the Indian Constitution : Calcutta University ( 1984 ) . - Justice Hidayatullah on commercial laws : Deep & Deep ( 1982 ) . Awards and honours . - Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) , 1946 Kings Birthday Honours - Order of the Yugoslav Flag with Sash , 1970 , - Medallion and Plaque of Merit Philconsa , Manila , 1970 and - Knight of Mark Twain , 1971 ; - Honoured with Proud Past Alumni in the list of 42 members , from Allahabad University Alumni Association , NCR , Ghaziabad ( Greater Noida ) Chapter 2007-2008 registered under society act 1860 with registration no . 407/2000 . - Honorary Bencher of Lincolns Inn , 1968;* President of Honour , Inns of Courts Society , India . - War Service Badge , 1948 ; - Key of the City of Manila , 1971 ; - Shiromani Award , 1986 ; - Architects of India Award , 1987 ; - Dashrathmal Singhvi Memorial Award of the Banaras HinduUniversity . Between 1970 and 1987 , as many as 12 Indian Universities and the University of Philippines conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctorate of Law or Literature . Legacy . In his honor , the Hidayatullah National Law University was established in 2003 , in his home town of Raipur , in the state of Chhattisgarh . University also organises Justice Hidayatullah Memorial National Moot Court Competition ( HNMCC ) in his memory . Personal life . In 1948 , Hidayatullah married Pushpa Shah . Their son Arshad Hidayatullah is a Senior Counsel at the Supreme Court of India . |
[
"Vice President of India"
]
| easy | Which position did Mohammad Hidayatullah hold from Aug 1979 to Aug 1984? | /wiki/Mohammad_Hidayatullah#P39#1 | Mohammad Hidayatullah Mohammad Hidayatullah , OBE ( 17 December 1905 – 18 September 1992 ) was the 11th Chief Justice of India serving from 25 February 1968 to 16 December 1970 , and the sixth Vice President of India , serving from 31 August 1979 to 30 August 1984 . He had also served as the Acting President of India from 20 July 1969 to 24 August 1969 and from 6 October 1982 to 31 October 1982 . He is regarded as an eminent jurist , scholar , educationist , author and linguist . Early life and education . Hidayatullah was born in 1905 in the well-known family of Khan Bahadur Hafiz Mohammed Wilayatullah . His grand father Munshi Kudartullah was advocate in Varanasi . His father was a poet of all-India repute who wrote poems in Urdu and probably it must have been from him that Justice Hidayatullah got his love for language and literature . Wilayatullah was Gold medallist of Aligarh Muslim University in 1897 besting famous mathematician Sir Ziauddin Ahmad , a favourite of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan . He served till 1928 in ICS and from 1929 to 1933 as member of Central Legislative Assembly . Hidaytullahs elder brothers Mohammed Ikramullah ( ICS , later Foreign Secretary , Pakistan ) and Ahmedullah ( ICS , retired as Chairman , Tariff Board ) were scholars as well as sportsmen . He on the other hand excelled in Urdu poetry . After completing primary education at the Government High School of Raipur in 1922 , Hidayatullah attended Morris College in Nagpur , where he was nominated as the Phillips Scholar in 1926 . When he graduated in 1926 , he was awarded the Malak Gold Medal . Following the trend of Indians studying British law abroad , Hidayatullah attended Trinity College at the University of Cambridge from 1927 to 1930 and obtained B.A . and M.A . Degrees from there . Here he secured the 2nd order of merit and was awarded a gold medal for his performance in 1930 . He was called to the Bar from Lincolns Inn when he was just 25 years old . He was awarded LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) from University of the Philippines and D . Litt . ( Honoris Causa ) from University of Bhopal ( now Barkatullah University ) and University of Kakatiya . While at Cambridge , Hidayatullah was elected and served as the President of the Indian Majlis in 1929 . Also while here , he pursued English and Law Tripos from the renowned Lincolns Inn . In addition he secured a place of Barrister-at-Law in 1930 . Career . After graduation , Hidayatullah returned to India and enrolled as an advocate of the High Court of Central Provinces and Berar at Nagpur on 19 July 1930 . He also taught Jurisprudence and Mahomedan Law in the University College of Law at Nagpur and was also the Extension Lecturer in English literature . On 12 December 1942 , he was appointed Government Pleader in the High Court at Nagpur . On 2 August 1943 , he became the Advocate General of Central Provinces and Berar ( now Madhya Pradesh ) and continued to hold the said post till he was appointed as an Additional Judge of that High Court in 1946 . He had the distinction of being the youngest Advocate General of an Indian state , Madhya Pradesh On 24 June 1946 , Hidayatullah was appointed as Additional Judge of that High Court of Central Provinces and Berar and on 13 September 1946 he was appointed as permanent judge of said High Court where he served until being elevated to Chief Justice of the Nagpur High Court in 1954 on 3 December 1954 , being the youngest Chief Justice of a High Court . In November 1956 , he was then appointed as the Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court . On 1 December 1958 , he was elevated as a justice to the Supreme Court of India . In his time he was the youngest judge of the Supreme Court of India . After serving as a judge for nearly 10 years , he was appointed as the Chief Justice of India on 28 February 1968 – becoming the first Muslim Chief Justice of India . He retired from this position on 16 December 1970 . Presidency . During his term as the Chief Justice of India , the then-President of India , Zakir Husain died suddenly , in harness , on 3 May 1969 . Then Vice President of India Mr . V . V . Giri became the acting President . Later , Giri resigned from both offices as acting president and Vice-President to become a candidate in the 1969 Presidential Election . Hidayatullah then served as the President of India for a short period from 20 July to 24 August . The visit of President of the United States Richard Nixon to India made his presidential term historic . After his retirement , Hidayatullah was elected as the Vice-President of India by a consensus among different parties and occupied that high office with distinction from 1979 to August 1984 . During his tenure as the Vice-President , he won the respect of all concerned for his impartiality and independence . In 1982 , when the then President Zail Singh went to the U.S . for medical treatment , Vice-President Hidayatullah officiated as president from 6 October 1982 to 31 October 1982 . Thus , he officiated as acting president twice . Having served at all of these positions made Hidayatullah unique among other members of Indian history . He became the only person to have served in all three offices of Chief Justice of India , President of India , and the Vice President of India . During his long tenure in the Supreme Court he was a party to a number of landmark judgments including the judgment in Golaknath v . State of Punjab which took the view that the Parliament had no power to cut down the Fundamental Rights by constitutional amendment . His judgment in the case of Ranjit D . Udeshi dealing with the law of obscenity , displayed a flair for literature and is particularly of note . Career in Nagpur . Before being elevated as a judge to High Court , Hidayatullah was involved in local and state affairs . The following are some of the committee positions he held : - Member of the Nagpur Municipal Committee ( 1931–1933 ) - Member of the Nagpur Universitys Executive and Academic Councils ( 1934–1953 ) - Member of the Nagpur Improvement Trust ( 1943–1945 ) - Member of the Nagpur Bar Council ( 1943–1946 ) - Chief Commissioner of the Madhya Pradesh Bharat Scouts and Guides ( 1950–1953 ) Many of these positions , as well as those of High Court Justice were held prior to Indian Independence , they were all considered service to Great Britain , thus Hidayatullah was conferred the honour as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire by King George VI in the 1946 Kings Birthday Honours . Teaching and other associations . Having received an education at one of the premier legal institutions of the time , Hidayatullah was able to segue into an academic career not long after returning to India . In 1935 , he took a teaching post at University College of Law , where he taught until 1943 . Later he served as Dean of the Faculty of Law at Nagpur University from 1949 to 1953 . In addition , he served as Faculty of Law at various other institutions throughout the 1950s : Sagar University , Court Vikram University , and the Aligarh Muslim University . He was Pro-Chancellor of the Delhi University from 1968 to 1970 , Chancellor of the Jamia Millia Islamia from 1969 to 1985 , Chancellor of the Delhi and Punjab Universities between 1979 and 1984 and Chancellor of the Hyderabad University from 1986 to 1990 . He was the President of the Indian Law Institute from 1963 to 1970 , President of the International Law Association ( Indian Branch ) from 1968 to 1970 and of the Indian Society of International Law in 1969–70 . He was , at one time , a Member of the Executive Council of the World Assembly of Judges and of the Managing Committee of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law . He was a Member of the International Council of Former Scouts and Guides , Brussels , and Chief Scout of the Boy Scouts Association of India . Post-retirement , Hidayatullah renewed his interest in Boy Scouts and served as Chief Scout of the All India Boy Scouts Association from 1982 to 1992 . He held the posts of the President of Bombay Natural History Society and of the Patron of Schizophrenic Research Foundation of India and Commonwealth Society of India . He was also a Member of the World Association for Orphans and Abandoned Children and a Settlor of the Jawaharlal Nehru Cambridge University Trust . He also represented India in International Conferences held in different countries and cities , such as , Washington , London , Geneva , Sydney , the Hague , Tokyo , Stockholm , Belgrade , Cairo and Bangkok . Scholar and linguist . Hidayatullah was a scholar in Hindi , English , Urdu , Persian and French . He had working knowledge of some other Indian languages including Sanskrit and Bengali . Institutions . Hidayatullah was the president of Indian Law Institute , International Law Association ( Indian Branch ) , Indian Society of International Law from 1968 to 1970 . He also presided the Indian Red Cross Society in 1982 . He was closely associated with Hunger Project of USA , World Association of Orphans and Abandoned Children ( Geneva ) , and Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues ( 1982–84 ) . The Hidayatullah National Law University at Naya Raipur is named after him . Books . - Democracy in India and the Judicial Process , 1966 by Asia Publishing House ( 1967 ) . - The South-West Africa Case , Published 1967 by Asia Publishing House ( 1966 ) . - Judicial Methods Published for the Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies by National Publishing House ( 1970 ) . - A Judges Miscellany , N . M . Tripathi ( 1972 ) . - USA and India : All India Reporter ( 1977 ) . - A Judges Miscellany ( Second Series ) N . M . Tripathi ( 1972 ) . - The Fifth and Sixth Schedules to the Constitution of India , Ashok Pub . House - My own Boswell ( Autobiography ) Arnold-Heinemann ( 1980 ) . - Editor , Mullas Mohammedan Law - Constitutional law of India : Bar Council of India Trust ( 1984 ) . - Right to property and the Indian Constitution : Calcutta University ( 1984 ) . - Justice Hidayatullah on commercial laws : Deep & Deep ( 1982 ) . Awards and honours . - Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) , 1946 Kings Birthday Honours - Order of the Yugoslav Flag with Sash , 1970 , - Medallion and Plaque of Merit Philconsa , Manila , 1970 and - Knight of Mark Twain , 1971 ; - Honoured with Proud Past Alumni in the list of 42 members , from Allahabad University Alumni Association , NCR , Ghaziabad ( Greater Noida ) Chapter 2007-2008 registered under society act 1860 with registration no . 407/2000 . - Honorary Bencher of Lincolns Inn , 1968;* President of Honour , Inns of Courts Society , India . - War Service Badge , 1948 ; - Key of the City of Manila , 1971 ; - Shiromani Award , 1986 ; - Architects of India Award , 1987 ; - Dashrathmal Singhvi Memorial Award of the Banaras HinduUniversity . Between 1970 and 1987 , as many as 12 Indian Universities and the University of Philippines conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctorate of Law or Literature . Legacy . In his honor , the Hidayatullah National Law University was established in 2003 , in his home town of Raipur , in the state of Chhattisgarh . University also organises Justice Hidayatullah Memorial National Moot Court Competition ( HNMCC ) in his memory . Personal life . In 1948 , Hidayatullah married Pushpa Shah . Their son Arshad Hidayatullah is a Senior Counsel at the Supreme Court of India . |
[
"Stanford University"
]
| easy | What was the name of the employer Persis Drell work for from 2002 to 2005? | /wiki/Persis_Drell#P108#0 | Persis Drell Persis S . Drell is an American physicist best known for her expertise in the field of particle physics . She was the director of the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory from 2007 to 2012 . She was dean of the Stanford University School of Engineering from 2014 until 2017 . Drell became the Provost of Stanford University on February 1 , 2017 . Early life and education . The daughter of noted physicist Sidney Drell , Persis Drell grew up on the Stanford University campus . She earned a Bachelor of Arts in mathematics and physics from Wellesley College and a Ph.D . in atomic physics from University of California , Berkeley , studying under Eugene Commins . She completed her postdoctoral work in high-energy physics at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Career . She joined the physics faculty at Cornell University in 1988 . Stanford University . In 2002 , Drell was hired as associate director of research at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory ( then known as the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ) where she oversaw the BaBar experiment . In 2007 , she was named the fourth director of SLAC , succeeding Jonathan M . Dorfan . In November 2011 , she announced her intention to step down as the head of SLAC and return to a position as a faculty member at Stanford . In September 2014 , Drell became the ninth dean of the Stanford University School of Engineering , the first woman to serve in that role . In February 2017 , Drell became the thirteenth provost of Stanford University . In March 2019 , in response to the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal , Drell announced that all varsity athletic recruits proposed by a Stanford coach for an athletic recommendation will face a background check from a Stanford Athletics executive . In May 2019 , Drell released the Provosts Statement on Diversity and Inclusion . Controversy . In 2019 , Drells administration began a cost-cutting agenda beginning with a proposal to discontinue funds for Stanford University Press , sparking controversy . Following outcry from students and faculty , Drell agreed to a stop-gap measure to fund the press for one additional year . |
[
""
]
| easy | What was the name of the employer Persis Drell work for from 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/Persis_Drell#P108#1 | Persis Drell Persis S . Drell is an American physicist best known for her expertise in the field of particle physics . She was the director of the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory from 2007 to 2012 . She was dean of the Stanford University School of Engineering from 2014 until 2017 . Drell became the Provost of Stanford University on February 1 , 2017 . Early life and education . The daughter of noted physicist Sidney Drell , Persis Drell grew up on the Stanford University campus . She earned a Bachelor of Arts in mathematics and physics from Wellesley College and a Ph.D . in atomic physics from University of California , Berkeley , studying under Eugene Commins . She completed her postdoctoral work in high-energy physics at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Career . She joined the physics faculty at Cornell University in 1988 . Stanford University . In 2002 , Drell was hired as associate director of research at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory ( then known as the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ) where she oversaw the BaBar experiment . In 2007 , she was named the fourth director of SLAC , succeeding Jonathan M . Dorfan . In November 2011 , she announced her intention to step down as the head of SLAC and return to a position as a faculty member at Stanford . In September 2014 , Drell became the ninth dean of the Stanford University School of Engineering , the first woman to serve in that role . In February 2017 , Drell became the thirteenth provost of Stanford University . In March 2019 , in response to the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal , Drell announced that all varsity athletic recruits proposed by a Stanford coach for an athletic recommendation will face a background check from a Stanford Athletics executive . In May 2019 , Drell released the Provosts Statement on Diversity and Inclusion . Controversy . In 2019 , Drells administration began a cost-cutting agenda beginning with a proposal to discontinue funds for Stanford University Press , sparking controversy . Following outcry from students and faculty , Drell agreed to a stop-gap measure to fund the press for one additional year . |
[
"Stanford University School of Engineering"
]
| easy | Who did Persis Drell work for from 2007 to 2012? | /wiki/Persis_Drell#P108#2 | Persis Drell Persis S . Drell is an American physicist best known for her expertise in the field of particle physics . She was the director of the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory from 2007 to 2012 . She was dean of the Stanford University School of Engineering from 2014 until 2017 . Drell became the Provost of Stanford University on February 1 , 2017 . Early life and education . The daughter of noted physicist Sidney Drell , Persis Drell grew up on the Stanford University campus . She earned a Bachelor of Arts in mathematics and physics from Wellesley College and a Ph.D . in atomic physics from University of California , Berkeley , studying under Eugene Commins . She completed her postdoctoral work in high-energy physics at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Career . She joined the physics faculty at Cornell University in 1988 . Stanford University . In 2002 , Drell was hired as associate director of research at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory ( then known as the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ) where she oversaw the BaBar experiment . In 2007 , she was named the fourth director of SLAC , succeeding Jonathan M . Dorfan . In November 2011 , she announced her intention to step down as the head of SLAC and return to a position as a faculty member at Stanford . In September 2014 , Drell became the ninth dean of the Stanford University School of Engineering , the first woman to serve in that role . In February 2017 , Drell became the thirteenth provost of Stanford University . In March 2019 , in response to the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal , Drell announced that all varsity athletic recruits proposed by a Stanford coach for an athletic recommendation will face a background check from a Stanford Athletics executive . In May 2019 , Drell released the Provosts Statement on Diversity and Inclusion . Controversy . In 2019 , Drells administration began a cost-cutting agenda beginning with a proposal to discontinue funds for Stanford University Press , sparking controversy . Following outcry from students and faculty , Drell agreed to a stop-gap measure to fund the press for one additional year . |
[
"Stanford University"
]
| easy | Persis Drell was an employee for whom from 2014 to 2017? | /wiki/Persis_Drell#P108#3 | Persis Drell Persis S . Drell is an American physicist best known for her expertise in the field of particle physics . She was the director of the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory from 2007 to 2012 . She was dean of the Stanford University School of Engineering from 2014 until 2017 . Drell became the Provost of Stanford University on February 1 , 2017 . Early life and education . The daughter of noted physicist Sidney Drell , Persis Drell grew up on the Stanford University campus . She earned a Bachelor of Arts in mathematics and physics from Wellesley College and a Ph.D . in atomic physics from University of California , Berkeley , studying under Eugene Commins . She completed her postdoctoral work in high-energy physics at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Career . She joined the physics faculty at Cornell University in 1988 . Stanford University . In 2002 , Drell was hired as associate director of research at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory ( then known as the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ) where she oversaw the BaBar experiment . In 2007 , she was named the fourth director of SLAC , succeeding Jonathan M . Dorfan . In November 2011 , she announced her intention to step down as the head of SLAC and return to a position as a faculty member at Stanford . In September 2014 , Drell became the ninth dean of the Stanford University School of Engineering , the first woman to serve in that role . In February 2017 , Drell became the thirteenth provost of Stanford University . In March 2019 , in response to the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal , Drell announced that all varsity athletic recruits proposed by a Stanford coach for an athletic recommendation will face a background check from a Stanford Athletics executive . In May 2019 , Drell released the Provosts Statement on Diversity and Inclusion . Controversy . In 2019 , Drells administration began a cost-cutting agenda beginning with a proposal to discontinue funds for Stanford University Press , sparking controversy . Following outcry from students and faculty , Drell agreed to a stop-gap measure to fund the press for one additional year . |
[
"West Bromwich Albion"
]
| easy | Which team did Arthur Rowley play for from 1946 to 1948? | /wiki/Arthur_Rowley#P54#0 | Arthur Rowley George Arthur Rowley Jr . ( 21 April 1926 – 19 December 2002 ) , nicknamed The Gunner because of his explosive left-foot shot , was an English football player and cricketer . He holds the record for the most goals in the history of English league football , scoring 434 from 619 league games . He was the younger brother of Manchester United footballer Jack Rowley . He was shortlisted for inclusion into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008 . He holds the club record for the most goals in a single season at both Leicester City and Shrewsbury Town , scoring 44 goals in 42 league matches at Leicester in 1956–57 and 38 goals in 43 games for Shrewsbury in 1958–59 . He is also Shrewsburys record league goalscorer with 152 league goals . He is Leicesters second all-time top goalscorer , netting 265 times for the Foxes , 8 goals short of Arthur Chandlers record . Early life . George Arthur Rowley was the third son of Mark Rowley , a well known goalkeeper playing semi-professionally in the Birmingham League . Born in Wolverhampton where he was educated at Dudley Road School and later at St Peters Collegiate School , he started his career originally as a centre-half before moving up front where his prowess in the forward line won him an early selection into the schools first team . He went on to win local honours with Wolverhampton and County honours with both Birmingham and Staffordshire . He was selected for England schoolboys but the outbreak of the war robbed him of the opportunity . Playing career . Manchester United . On leaving school in 1940 , Rowley went to work for a sheet metal firm doing war work before joining his older brother Jack in Manchester . Thus Rowley began his career at Manchester United , signing as an Amateur just four days after his 15th birthday . The following day , 26 April 1941 , at 15 years and 5 days old , he became the youngest ever player to feature in the Manchester United first team when he lined up alongside Jack in a war-time league match against Liverpool at Anfield . Rowley went on to play seven times for the United first team before being released in May 1944 . West Bromwich Albion . Rowley also played regularly as an amateur at Wolverhampton Wanderers as guest during the war , before turning professional with West Bromwich Albion later in the summer of 1944 . However , he struggled at The Hawthorns both to score goals and gain a regular place in the first team . Fulham . Albion sold Rowley early in the 1948–49 season to Fulham , where he immediately found his goal-scoring touch , scoring 19 goals in 22 appearance as he helped the side to the Second Division title . Rowley failed to recapture his form in the First Division as he scored only 7 goals . Leicester City . At the end of his first season in the top flight he was sold to Leicester City . There was much criticism from Leicester fans originally towards manager Norman Bullock on signing the relatively unproven Rowley as a replacement for the well-liked Jack Lee . However , after a slow start as a centre forward , Bullock moved Rowley into the number 10 inside left role which is where he would make his name at the Foxes , on 23 September , in which Rowley scored Leicesters consolation goal in a 2–1 defeat to Coventry City . By the end of his debut season , his 28 goals had appeased the crowd , though the club still finished in a disappointing 14th position . It was in his second season that Rowley began to make a name for himself as he broke Arthur Chandlers club record for the most goals in a season , netting 38 times . He then broke his own record again the following season , scoring 41 times in 42 games , 39 of these goals coming in the league , earning him the Second Division golden boot award . He scored a further 36 goals in the 1953–54 season helping fire Leicester to the Second Division title . However , Leicester lasted just one season in the First Division as they were relegated back to the second tier at the first attempt . A couple of seasons later , in 1956–57 , Rowley broke the club record for the most goals in a season for the third time , scoring 44 times in 42 games ( this record still stands today ) , again earning him the Second Division top goalscorer award and again leading Leicester to the Second Division title . Rowley scored a further 20 times in 25 games in 1957–58 to help Leicester this time avoid relegation back to the second tier . However Dave Halliday decided to sell Rowley in the summer of 1958 when he was just 8 goals short of Arthur Chandlers club record for the all-time top goalscorer . This led to a loss of faith by the fans and ultimately his sacking 2 months into the 1958–59 season . In his 8 seasons at Filbert Street overall , Rowley scored 265 goals in 321 games , including 16 hat-tricks . Shrewsbury Town . In the summer of 1958 Rowley left Leicester , who were playing in the First Division , to become the player-manager of Shrewsbury Town of the newly created Fourth Division . In his first season at the Gay Meadow Rowley led Shrewsbury to promotion with a haul of 38 goals in 43 games , winning the Fourth Division golden boot . He followed that up in the Third Division as he continued scoring prolifically , netting 32 , 28 , 23 and 24 times over the next four seasons , before falling away in his last couple of seasons with the club as he began to put on weight and became less mobile , but his influence on the pitch was still to be seen , even employing himself as a makeshift defender on occasion , before finally retiring in 1965 . Management career . Sheffield United . After retiring as a player Rowley managed Shrewsbury for another four years before becoming manager of Sheffield United on 11 July 1968 . United had just been relegated to Division Two but despite good signings who would later gain the team promotion , results were disappointing and he was sacked on 6 August 1969 . He managed Southend United from 1970 to 1976 and was also assistant manager of Telford United and manager of non-league Knighton Town and Oswestry Town before leaving football . Cricketing career . Rowley represented Shropshire in three Minor Counties Championship matches between 1961 and 1962 as a right-handed batsman and a leg break bowler . Later life . Rowley made his home in the suburb of Copthorne , Shrewsbury . He continued to visit the Gay Meadow as a spectator . In 2000 , he was voted by Shrewsbury Town their player of the century . He died in December 2002 aged 76 and was buried on Saturday 26 December ( Boxing Day ) in Shrewsbury General Cemetery in Longden Road . His headstone , in Plot 18 , describes him as a record breaking football hero . Honours . Fulham - Second Division champions : 1948–49 Leicester City - Second Division champions : 1953–54 , 1956–57 Individual - Second Division top goalscorer : ( with Leicester City ) 1952–53 , 1956–57 - Fourth Division top goalscorer : ( with Shrewsbury Town ) 1958–59 External links . - CricketArchive - Obituary in The Guardian |
[
"Fulham"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Arthur Rowley belong to from 1948 to 1950? | /wiki/Arthur_Rowley#P54#1 | Arthur Rowley George Arthur Rowley Jr . ( 21 April 1926 – 19 December 2002 ) , nicknamed The Gunner because of his explosive left-foot shot , was an English football player and cricketer . He holds the record for the most goals in the history of English league football , scoring 434 from 619 league games . He was the younger brother of Manchester United footballer Jack Rowley . He was shortlisted for inclusion into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008 . He holds the club record for the most goals in a single season at both Leicester City and Shrewsbury Town , scoring 44 goals in 42 league matches at Leicester in 1956–57 and 38 goals in 43 games for Shrewsbury in 1958–59 . He is also Shrewsburys record league goalscorer with 152 league goals . He is Leicesters second all-time top goalscorer , netting 265 times for the Foxes , 8 goals short of Arthur Chandlers record . Early life . George Arthur Rowley was the third son of Mark Rowley , a well known goalkeeper playing semi-professionally in the Birmingham League . Born in Wolverhampton where he was educated at Dudley Road School and later at St Peters Collegiate School , he started his career originally as a centre-half before moving up front where his prowess in the forward line won him an early selection into the schools first team . He went on to win local honours with Wolverhampton and County honours with both Birmingham and Staffordshire . He was selected for England schoolboys but the outbreak of the war robbed him of the opportunity . Playing career . Manchester United . On leaving school in 1940 , Rowley went to work for a sheet metal firm doing war work before joining his older brother Jack in Manchester . Thus Rowley began his career at Manchester United , signing as an Amateur just four days after his 15th birthday . The following day , 26 April 1941 , at 15 years and 5 days old , he became the youngest ever player to feature in the Manchester United first team when he lined up alongside Jack in a war-time league match against Liverpool at Anfield . Rowley went on to play seven times for the United first team before being released in May 1944 . West Bromwich Albion . Rowley also played regularly as an amateur at Wolverhampton Wanderers as guest during the war , before turning professional with West Bromwich Albion later in the summer of 1944 . However , he struggled at The Hawthorns both to score goals and gain a regular place in the first team . Fulham . Albion sold Rowley early in the 1948–49 season to Fulham , where he immediately found his goal-scoring touch , scoring 19 goals in 22 appearance as he helped the side to the Second Division title . Rowley failed to recapture his form in the First Division as he scored only 7 goals . Leicester City . At the end of his first season in the top flight he was sold to Leicester City . There was much criticism from Leicester fans originally towards manager Norman Bullock on signing the relatively unproven Rowley as a replacement for the well-liked Jack Lee . However , after a slow start as a centre forward , Bullock moved Rowley into the number 10 inside left role which is where he would make his name at the Foxes , on 23 September , in which Rowley scored Leicesters consolation goal in a 2–1 defeat to Coventry City . By the end of his debut season , his 28 goals had appeased the crowd , though the club still finished in a disappointing 14th position . It was in his second season that Rowley began to make a name for himself as he broke Arthur Chandlers club record for the most goals in a season , netting 38 times . He then broke his own record again the following season , scoring 41 times in 42 games , 39 of these goals coming in the league , earning him the Second Division golden boot award . He scored a further 36 goals in the 1953–54 season helping fire Leicester to the Second Division title . However , Leicester lasted just one season in the First Division as they were relegated back to the second tier at the first attempt . A couple of seasons later , in 1956–57 , Rowley broke the club record for the most goals in a season for the third time , scoring 44 times in 42 games ( this record still stands today ) , again earning him the Second Division top goalscorer award and again leading Leicester to the Second Division title . Rowley scored a further 20 times in 25 games in 1957–58 to help Leicester this time avoid relegation back to the second tier . However Dave Halliday decided to sell Rowley in the summer of 1958 when he was just 8 goals short of Arthur Chandlers club record for the all-time top goalscorer . This led to a loss of faith by the fans and ultimately his sacking 2 months into the 1958–59 season . In his 8 seasons at Filbert Street overall , Rowley scored 265 goals in 321 games , including 16 hat-tricks . Shrewsbury Town . In the summer of 1958 Rowley left Leicester , who were playing in the First Division , to become the player-manager of Shrewsbury Town of the newly created Fourth Division . In his first season at the Gay Meadow Rowley led Shrewsbury to promotion with a haul of 38 goals in 43 games , winning the Fourth Division golden boot . He followed that up in the Third Division as he continued scoring prolifically , netting 32 , 28 , 23 and 24 times over the next four seasons , before falling away in his last couple of seasons with the club as he began to put on weight and became less mobile , but his influence on the pitch was still to be seen , even employing himself as a makeshift defender on occasion , before finally retiring in 1965 . Management career . Sheffield United . After retiring as a player Rowley managed Shrewsbury for another four years before becoming manager of Sheffield United on 11 July 1968 . United had just been relegated to Division Two but despite good signings who would later gain the team promotion , results were disappointing and he was sacked on 6 August 1969 . He managed Southend United from 1970 to 1976 and was also assistant manager of Telford United and manager of non-league Knighton Town and Oswestry Town before leaving football . Cricketing career . Rowley represented Shropshire in three Minor Counties Championship matches between 1961 and 1962 as a right-handed batsman and a leg break bowler . Later life . Rowley made his home in the suburb of Copthorne , Shrewsbury . He continued to visit the Gay Meadow as a spectator . In 2000 , he was voted by Shrewsbury Town their player of the century . He died in December 2002 aged 76 and was buried on Saturday 26 December ( Boxing Day ) in Shrewsbury General Cemetery in Longden Road . His headstone , in Plot 18 , describes him as a record breaking football hero . Honours . Fulham - Second Division champions : 1948–49 Leicester City - Second Division champions : 1953–54 , 1956–57 Individual - Second Division top goalscorer : ( with Leicester City ) 1952–53 , 1956–57 - Fourth Division top goalscorer : ( with Shrewsbury Town ) 1958–59 External links . - CricketArchive - Obituary in The Guardian |
[
"Leicester City"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Arthur Rowley belong to from 1950 to 1958? | /wiki/Arthur_Rowley#P54#2 | Arthur Rowley George Arthur Rowley Jr . ( 21 April 1926 – 19 December 2002 ) , nicknamed The Gunner because of his explosive left-foot shot , was an English football player and cricketer . He holds the record for the most goals in the history of English league football , scoring 434 from 619 league games . He was the younger brother of Manchester United footballer Jack Rowley . He was shortlisted for inclusion into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008 . He holds the club record for the most goals in a single season at both Leicester City and Shrewsbury Town , scoring 44 goals in 42 league matches at Leicester in 1956–57 and 38 goals in 43 games for Shrewsbury in 1958–59 . He is also Shrewsburys record league goalscorer with 152 league goals . He is Leicesters second all-time top goalscorer , netting 265 times for the Foxes , 8 goals short of Arthur Chandlers record . Early life . George Arthur Rowley was the third son of Mark Rowley , a well known goalkeeper playing semi-professionally in the Birmingham League . Born in Wolverhampton where he was educated at Dudley Road School and later at St Peters Collegiate School , he started his career originally as a centre-half before moving up front where his prowess in the forward line won him an early selection into the schools first team . He went on to win local honours with Wolverhampton and County honours with both Birmingham and Staffordshire . He was selected for England schoolboys but the outbreak of the war robbed him of the opportunity . Playing career . Manchester United . On leaving school in 1940 , Rowley went to work for a sheet metal firm doing war work before joining his older brother Jack in Manchester . Thus Rowley began his career at Manchester United , signing as an Amateur just four days after his 15th birthday . The following day , 26 April 1941 , at 15 years and 5 days old , he became the youngest ever player to feature in the Manchester United first team when he lined up alongside Jack in a war-time league match against Liverpool at Anfield . Rowley went on to play seven times for the United first team before being released in May 1944 . West Bromwich Albion . Rowley also played regularly as an amateur at Wolverhampton Wanderers as guest during the war , before turning professional with West Bromwich Albion later in the summer of 1944 . However , he struggled at The Hawthorns both to score goals and gain a regular place in the first team . Fulham . Albion sold Rowley early in the 1948–49 season to Fulham , where he immediately found his goal-scoring touch , scoring 19 goals in 22 appearance as he helped the side to the Second Division title . Rowley failed to recapture his form in the First Division as he scored only 7 goals . Leicester City . At the end of his first season in the top flight he was sold to Leicester City . There was much criticism from Leicester fans originally towards manager Norman Bullock on signing the relatively unproven Rowley as a replacement for the well-liked Jack Lee . However , after a slow start as a centre forward , Bullock moved Rowley into the number 10 inside left role which is where he would make his name at the Foxes , on 23 September , in which Rowley scored Leicesters consolation goal in a 2–1 defeat to Coventry City . By the end of his debut season , his 28 goals had appeased the crowd , though the club still finished in a disappointing 14th position . It was in his second season that Rowley began to make a name for himself as he broke Arthur Chandlers club record for the most goals in a season , netting 38 times . He then broke his own record again the following season , scoring 41 times in 42 games , 39 of these goals coming in the league , earning him the Second Division golden boot award . He scored a further 36 goals in the 1953–54 season helping fire Leicester to the Second Division title . However , Leicester lasted just one season in the First Division as they were relegated back to the second tier at the first attempt . A couple of seasons later , in 1956–57 , Rowley broke the club record for the most goals in a season for the third time , scoring 44 times in 42 games ( this record still stands today ) , again earning him the Second Division top goalscorer award and again leading Leicester to the Second Division title . Rowley scored a further 20 times in 25 games in 1957–58 to help Leicester this time avoid relegation back to the second tier . However Dave Halliday decided to sell Rowley in the summer of 1958 when he was just 8 goals short of Arthur Chandlers club record for the all-time top goalscorer . This led to a loss of faith by the fans and ultimately his sacking 2 months into the 1958–59 season . In his 8 seasons at Filbert Street overall , Rowley scored 265 goals in 321 games , including 16 hat-tricks . Shrewsbury Town . In the summer of 1958 Rowley left Leicester , who were playing in the First Division , to become the player-manager of Shrewsbury Town of the newly created Fourth Division . In his first season at the Gay Meadow Rowley led Shrewsbury to promotion with a haul of 38 goals in 43 games , winning the Fourth Division golden boot . He followed that up in the Third Division as he continued scoring prolifically , netting 32 , 28 , 23 and 24 times over the next four seasons , before falling away in his last couple of seasons with the club as he began to put on weight and became less mobile , but his influence on the pitch was still to be seen , even employing himself as a makeshift defender on occasion , before finally retiring in 1965 . Management career . Sheffield United . After retiring as a player Rowley managed Shrewsbury for another four years before becoming manager of Sheffield United on 11 July 1968 . United had just been relegated to Division Two but despite good signings who would later gain the team promotion , results were disappointing and he was sacked on 6 August 1969 . He managed Southend United from 1970 to 1976 and was also assistant manager of Telford United and manager of non-league Knighton Town and Oswestry Town before leaving football . Cricketing career . Rowley represented Shropshire in three Minor Counties Championship matches between 1961 and 1962 as a right-handed batsman and a leg break bowler . Later life . Rowley made his home in the suburb of Copthorne , Shrewsbury . He continued to visit the Gay Meadow as a spectator . In 2000 , he was voted by Shrewsbury Town their player of the century . He died in December 2002 aged 76 and was buried on Saturday 26 December ( Boxing Day ) in Shrewsbury General Cemetery in Longden Road . His headstone , in Plot 18 , describes him as a record breaking football hero . Honours . Fulham - Second Division champions : 1948–49 Leicester City - Second Division champions : 1953–54 , 1956–57 Individual - Second Division top goalscorer : ( with Leicester City ) 1952–53 , 1956–57 - Fourth Division top goalscorer : ( with Shrewsbury Town ) 1958–59 External links . - CricketArchive - Obituary in The Guardian |
[
"Shrewsbury Town"
]
| easy | Arthur Rowley played for which team from 1958 to 1965? | /wiki/Arthur_Rowley#P54#3 | Arthur Rowley George Arthur Rowley Jr . ( 21 April 1926 – 19 December 2002 ) , nicknamed The Gunner because of his explosive left-foot shot , was an English football player and cricketer . He holds the record for the most goals in the history of English league football , scoring 434 from 619 league games . He was the younger brother of Manchester United footballer Jack Rowley . He was shortlisted for inclusion into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008 . He holds the club record for the most goals in a single season at both Leicester City and Shrewsbury Town , scoring 44 goals in 42 league matches at Leicester in 1956–57 and 38 goals in 43 games for Shrewsbury in 1958–59 . He is also Shrewsburys record league goalscorer with 152 league goals . He is Leicesters second all-time top goalscorer , netting 265 times for the Foxes , 8 goals short of Arthur Chandlers record . Early life . George Arthur Rowley was the third son of Mark Rowley , a well known goalkeeper playing semi-professionally in the Birmingham League . Born in Wolverhampton where he was educated at Dudley Road School and later at St Peters Collegiate School , he started his career originally as a centre-half before moving up front where his prowess in the forward line won him an early selection into the schools first team . He went on to win local honours with Wolverhampton and County honours with both Birmingham and Staffordshire . He was selected for England schoolboys but the outbreak of the war robbed him of the opportunity . Playing career . Manchester United . On leaving school in 1940 , Rowley went to work for a sheet metal firm doing war work before joining his older brother Jack in Manchester . Thus Rowley began his career at Manchester United , signing as an Amateur just four days after his 15th birthday . The following day , 26 April 1941 , at 15 years and 5 days old , he became the youngest ever player to feature in the Manchester United first team when he lined up alongside Jack in a war-time league match against Liverpool at Anfield . Rowley went on to play seven times for the United first team before being released in May 1944 . West Bromwich Albion . Rowley also played regularly as an amateur at Wolverhampton Wanderers as guest during the war , before turning professional with West Bromwich Albion later in the summer of 1944 . However , he struggled at The Hawthorns both to score goals and gain a regular place in the first team . Fulham . Albion sold Rowley early in the 1948–49 season to Fulham , where he immediately found his goal-scoring touch , scoring 19 goals in 22 appearance as he helped the side to the Second Division title . Rowley failed to recapture his form in the First Division as he scored only 7 goals . Leicester City . At the end of his first season in the top flight he was sold to Leicester City . There was much criticism from Leicester fans originally towards manager Norman Bullock on signing the relatively unproven Rowley as a replacement for the well-liked Jack Lee . However , after a slow start as a centre forward , Bullock moved Rowley into the number 10 inside left role which is where he would make his name at the Foxes , on 23 September , in which Rowley scored Leicesters consolation goal in a 2–1 defeat to Coventry City . By the end of his debut season , his 28 goals had appeased the crowd , though the club still finished in a disappointing 14th position . It was in his second season that Rowley began to make a name for himself as he broke Arthur Chandlers club record for the most goals in a season , netting 38 times . He then broke his own record again the following season , scoring 41 times in 42 games , 39 of these goals coming in the league , earning him the Second Division golden boot award . He scored a further 36 goals in the 1953–54 season helping fire Leicester to the Second Division title . However , Leicester lasted just one season in the First Division as they were relegated back to the second tier at the first attempt . A couple of seasons later , in 1956–57 , Rowley broke the club record for the most goals in a season for the third time , scoring 44 times in 42 games ( this record still stands today ) , again earning him the Second Division top goalscorer award and again leading Leicester to the Second Division title . Rowley scored a further 20 times in 25 games in 1957–58 to help Leicester this time avoid relegation back to the second tier . However Dave Halliday decided to sell Rowley in the summer of 1958 when he was just 8 goals short of Arthur Chandlers club record for the all-time top goalscorer . This led to a loss of faith by the fans and ultimately his sacking 2 months into the 1958–59 season . In his 8 seasons at Filbert Street overall , Rowley scored 265 goals in 321 games , including 16 hat-tricks . Shrewsbury Town . In the summer of 1958 Rowley left Leicester , who were playing in the First Division , to become the player-manager of Shrewsbury Town of the newly created Fourth Division . In his first season at the Gay Meadow Rowley led Shrewsbury to promotion with a haul of 38 goals in 43 games , winning the Fourth Division golden boot . He followed that up in the Third Division as he continued scoring prolifically , netting 32 , 28 , 23 and 24 times over the next four seasons , before falling away in his last couple of seasons with the club as he began to put on weight and became less mobile , but his influence on the pitch was still to be seen , even employing himself as a makeshift defender on occasion , before finally retiring in 1965 . Management career . Sheffield United . After retiring as a player Rowley managed Shrewsbury for another four years before becoming manager of Sheffield United on 11 July 1968 . United had just been relegated to Division Two but despite good signings who would later gain the team promotion , results were disappointing and he was sacked on 6 August 1969 . He managed Southend United from 1970 to 1976 and was also assistant manager of Telford United and manager of non-league Knighton Town and Oswestry Town before leaving football . Cricketing career . Rowley represented Shropshire in three Minor Counties Championship matches between 1961 and 1962 as a right-handed batsman and a leg break bowler . Later life . Rowley made his home in the suburb of Copthorne , Shrewsbury . He continued to visit the Gay Meadow as a spectator . In 2000 , he was voted by Shrewsbury Town their player of the century . He died in December 2002 aged 76 and was buried on Saturday 26 December ( Boxing Day ) in Shrewsbury General Cemetery in Longden Road . His headstone , in Plot 18 , describes him as a record breaking football hero . Honours . Fulham - Second Division champions : 1948–49 Leicester City - Second Division champions : 1953–54 , 1956–57 Individual - Second Division top goalscorer : ( with Leicester City ) 1952–53 , 1956–57 - Fourth Division top goalscorer : ( with Shrewsbury Town ) 1958–59 External links . - CricketArchive - Obituary in The Guardian |
[
"Reserve Fighter Squadron 921"
]
| easy | What was the official name of VFA-86 from Feb 1951 to Feb 1953? | /wiki/VFA-86#P1448#0 | VFA-86 Strike Fighter Squadron 86 ( VFA-86 ) is a strike fighter squadron of the United States Navy based at Naval Air Station Lemoore , California . The squadron is nicknamed Sidewinders , leading to the call sign Winder . The unit currently flies the F/A-18E Super Hornet and is assigned to Carrier Air Wing Seven , tail code AG . History . 1950s . Reserve Fighter Squadron 921 ( VF-921 ) was called to active duty from NAS St . Louis on 1 February 1951 , for the Korean War flying the F4U-4 Corsair . VF-921 was assigned to Carrier Air Wing Eight and deployed to the Mediterranean Sea aboard , in 1951–52 . On 4 February 1953 , the squadron was redesignated Fighter Squadron 84 ( VF-84 ) , while deployed to Naval Station Guantanamo Bay , Cuba aboard . In June 1953 , the squadron briefly flew the F8F-2 Bearcat in preparation for transition to the F9F-5 Panther in November 1953 . The squadrons current Sidewinder name and insignia were adopted in April 1954 . Flying the Panther , VF-84 was again deployed to the Mediterranean Sea aboard from September 1954 to April 1955 . On 1 July 1955 the squadron began flying the F7U-3M Cutlass , was redesignated Attack Squadron 86 ( VA-86 ) , and conducted extensive evaluation of the AIM-7 Sparrow missile . VA-86 was deployed with the F7U only for the shakedown cruise of , being assigned to Air Task Group 181 . From May 1957 until 1967 , the squadron was assigned to Carrier Air Wing Seven , being equipped with various marks of the A4D/A-4 Skyhawk . Between September 1958 and March 1959 , VA-86 was deployed aboard , before CVW-7 was reassigned to the recently commissioned . 1960s . In April 1961 VA-86 operated from USS Independence near Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , during the Bay of Pigs Invasion . In November 1962 , the squadron was assigned to Carrier Air Wing Three and embarked in during the Cuban Missile Crisis operating off the coast of Jacksonville , Florida . VA-86 was flying a mix of A-4Bs and A-4Cs , as the squadron was transitioning to the A-4C . In April–May 1963 , VA-86 provided A-4C detachments aboard Atlantic Fleet anti-submarine carriers , and . The aircraft were equipped with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles to provide the carriers with anti-air warfare capability . From August 1963 to March 1964 , VA-86 was again deployed with CVW-7 aboard USS Independence to the Mediterranean Sea . Following this deployment , the squadron transitioned to the A-4E . On 1 July 1965 , the squadron conducted its first combat missions , flying from Independence against targets in South Vietnam . In 1966–67 , VA-86 was back in the Mediterranean Sea aboard Independence . On 1 June 1967 , VA-86 became the Navys first operational Atlantic Fleet squadron to fly the A-7A Corsair II . VA-86 was reassigned to Carrier Air Wing Six and made another deployment to Vietnam aboard . The squadron conducted its third South East Asia combat deployment aboard from September 1969 to July 1970 while being assigned to Carrier Air Wing Fifteen . In October 1970 , VA-86 transitioned to the E model of the A-7 . 1970s . From 1971 to 1987 , VA-86 was again assigned to CVW-8 . In late spring of 1972 , VA-86 was forced to transition to the A-7C due to unexpected problems with the A-7Es TF-41 engines . The squadron then deployed from June 1972 to March 1973 aboard USS America for a ten-month combat cruise , participating in several intense and lengthy bombing campaigns , including Operation Linebacker and Linebacker II in late-1972 . The squadron remained on station until the Paris Peace Accords were signed in late January 1973 . This was the squadrons fourth combat deployment to Southeast Asia , more than any other East Coast attack squadron and resulted in the receipt of the Meritorious Unit Commendation . The squadron deployed aboard USS America in 1974 for 7 months duty in the Mediterranean and the North Sea . In 1975 , the squadron transitioned to the A-7E and went aboard for the ships maiden voyage and made further deployments during the late 1970s and 1980s . In 1979 , VA-86 planes appeared in the movie The Final Countdown , which was filmed aboard USS Nimitz at Naval Air Station Key West , Florida . 1980s . In January 1980 , after the seizure of the American Embassy in Tehran , Iran VA-86 departed Naples , Italy embarked on Nimitz , en route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope , beginning of 144 consecutive days at sea . In 1981 while aboard Nimitz , the squadron participated in a Freedom of Navigation Exercise in the Gulf of Sidra . During this tense period , VA-86 flew Aerial refuelling and reconnaissance missions over potentially hostile Libyan ships . The squadron awarded the 1982 COMNAVAIRLANT Battle E , as the best East Coast A-7 squadron . In June- July 1985 while aboard USS Nimitz , VA-86 operated off the coast of Lebanon due to the hijacking of TWA flight 847 , and later that year the squadron was awarded the Wade McClusky Award , signifying the most outstanding attack squadron in the Navy . From January–February 1987 while embarked on USS Nimitz , VA-86 operated off the coast of Lebanon after three U.S . citizens were taken hostage from the American University in Beirut , Lebanon . On July 15 , 1987 , VA-86 was officially redesignated Strike Fighter Squadron 86 ( VFA-86 ) , and began flying the F/A-18C Hornet . VA-86 was the first East Coast squadron to receive the C model ( Lot 10 ) of the F/A-18 . From 1988 to 2007 , VFA-86 was assigned to Carrier Air Wing One . In 1989 , during a six-month deployment aboard America , VFA-86 provided air cover for the evacuation of the U.S . Embassy in Beirut . 1990s . In 1991 , the squadron flew combat missions in support of Operation Desert Storm from USS America operating in both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf . In 1992 , the squadron accomplished the first East Coast F/A-18 Standoff Land Attack Missile shoot to a target on San Nicolas Island , California . In 1994 the squadron deployed aboard America in support of Operation Deny Flight . In October , USS America was ordered to the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia in support of United Nations relief efforts . After conducting NATO Operation Deliberate Force missions over Bosnia-Herzegovina from the Adriatic Sea , they returned to NAS Cecil Field in February 1995 . The squadron received the CNOs Safety S Award for 1995 . On 3 October 1997 , the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf aboard . The squadron remained on station in the Gulf through mid-March 1998 during the crisis involving Iraqs non-compliance with UN sanctions , flying Operation Southern Watch contingency missions . VFA-86 was awarded the 1997 Battle E recognizing it as the best East Coast F/A-18 Hornet squadron . From 2 November 1998 to 17 December 1998 , VFA-86 made a short cruise to the Puerto Rican Operating Area aboard . On 22 September 1999 the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean Sea/Arabian aboard , participating in Freedom of Navigation Operations off the coast of Libya . Following the decommissioning of NAS Cecil Field in 1999 due to BRAC action , VFA-86 was one of two U.S . Navy strike fighter squadrons that relocated to MCAS Beaufort , South Carolina in lieu of NAS Oceana , Virginia . The other Navy squadron at MCAS Beaufort , VFA-82 , was deactivated in 2005 . 2000s . On 19 September 2001 , the squadron deployed aboard , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom ( OEF ) over Afghanistan against Taliban and Al Qaeda military targets . When they departed the area on 2 March 2002 , the squadron had flown over 3500 hours and expended over 213 tons of ordnance and were at sea for 160 continuous days . From August 2003 to July 2004 , VFA-86 deployed in in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom ( OIF ) and OEF . From May to November 2006 , the squadron was again deployed on the USS Enterprise in support of OIF and OEF , visiting ports in Croatia , Crete , Dubai , Hong Kong , South Korea , Malaysia and Portugal . In July 2007 , VFA-86 deployed for a last time aboard USS Enterprise in support of OIF and OEF , returning MCAS Beaufort in December 2007 . The squadron earned the 2007 Commander Naval Air Forces U.S . Atlantic Fleet Safety S . Between 31 July 2009 and 26 March 2010 , VFA-86 deployed aboard USS Nimitz to the Western Pacific and the North Arabian Sea , being assigned to Carrier Air Wing Eleven . 2010s . In 2011 the squadron relocated from MCAS Beaufort to NAS Lemoore . After their arrival , they transitioned to the F/A-18E Super Hornet . VFA-86 was then assigned to Carrier Air Wing Two aboard . External links . - Official website of VFA-86 - VFA-86 Sidewinders page on Skyhawk.org |
[
"Fighter Squadron 84"
]
| easy | What was the official name of VFA-86 from Feb 1953 to Jul 1955? | /wiki/VFA-86#P1448#1 | VFA-86 Strike Fighter Squadron 86 ( VFA-86 ) is a strike fighter squadron of the United States Navy based at Naval Air Station Lemoore , California . The squadron is nicknamed Sidewinders , leading to the call sign Winder . The unit currently flies the F/A-18E Super Hornet and is assigned to Carrier Air Wing Seven , tail code AG . History . 1950s . Reserve Fighter Squadron 921 ( VF-921 ) was called to active duty from NAS St . Louis on 1 February 1951 , for the Korean War flying the F4U-4 Corsair . VF-921 was assigned to Carrier Air Wing Eight and deployed to the Mediterranean Sea aboard , in 1951–52 . On 4 February 1953 , the squadron was redesignated Fighter Squadron 84 ( VF-84 ) , while deployed to Naval Station Guantanamo Bay , Cuba aboard . In June 1953 , the squadron briefly flew the F8F-2 Bearcat in preparation for transition to the F9F-5 Panther in November 1953 . The squadrons current Sidewinder name and insignia were adopted in April 1954 . Flying the Panther , VF-84 was again deployed to the Mediterranean Sea aboard from September 1954 to April 1955 . On 1 July 1955 the squadron began flying the F7U-3M Cutlass , was redesignated Attack Squadron 86 ( VA-86 ) , and conducted extensive evaluation of the AIM-7 Sparrow missile . VA-86 was deployed with the F7U only for the shakedown cruise of , being assigned to Air Task Group 181 . From May 1957 until 1967 , the squadron was assigned to Carrier Air Wing Seven , being equipped with various marks of the A4D/A-4 Skyhawk . Between September 1958 and March 1959 , VA-86 was deployed aboard , before CVW-7 was reassigned to the recently commissioned . 1960s . In April 1961 VA-86 operated from USS Independence near Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , during the Bay of Pigs Invasion . In November 1962 , the squadron was assigned to Carrier Air Wing Three and embarked in during the Cuban Missile Crisis operating off the coast of Jacksonville , Florida . VA-86 was flying a mix of A-4Bs and A-4Cs , as the squadron was transitioning to the A-4C . In April–May 1963 , VA-86 provided A-4C detachments aboard Atlantic Fleet anti-submarine carriers , and . The aircraft were equipped with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles to provide the carriers with anti-air warfare capability . From August 1963 to March 1964 , VA-86 was again deployed with CVW-7 aboard USS Independence to the Mediterranean Sea . Following this deployment , the squadron transitioned to the A-4E . On 1 July 1965 , the squadron conducted its first combat missions , flying from Independence against targets in South Vietnam . In 1966–67 , VA-86 was back in the Mediterranean Sea aboard Independence . On 1 June 1967 , VA-86 became the Navys first operational Atlantic Fleet squadron to fly the A-7A Corsair II . VA-86 was reassigned to Carrier Air Wing Six and made another deployment to Vietnam aboard . The squadron conducted its third South East Asia combat deployment aboard from September 1969 to July 1970 while being assigned to Carrier Air Wing Fifteen . In October 1970 , VA-86 transitioned to the E model of the A-7 . 1970s . From 1971 to 1987 , VA-86 was again assigned to CVW-8 . In late spring of 1972 , VA-86 was forced to transition to the A-7C due to unexpected problems with the A-7Es TF-41 engines . The squadron then deployed from June 1972 to March 1973 aboard USS America for a ten-month combat cruise , participating in several intense and lengthy bombing campaigns , including Operation Linebacker and Linebacker II in late-1972 . The squadron remained on station until the Paris Peace Accords were signed in late January 1973 . This was the squadrons fourth combat deployment to Southeast Asia , more than any other East Coast attack squadron and resulted in the receipt of the Meritorious Unit Commendation . The squadron deployed aboard USS America in 1974 for 7 months duty in the Mediterranean and the North Sea . In 1975 , the squadron transitioned to the A-7E and went aboard for the ships maiden voyage and made further deployments during the late 1970s and 1980s . In 1979 , VA-86 planes appeared in the movie The Final Countdown , which was filmed aboard USS Nimitz at Naval Air Station Key West , Florida . 1980s . In January 1980 , after the seizure of the American Embassy in Tehran , Iran VA-86 departed Naples , Italy embarked on Nimitz , en route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope , beginning of 144 consecutive days at sea . In 1981 while aboard Nimitz , the squadron participated in a Freedom of Navigation Exercise in the Gulf of Sidra . During this tense period , VA-86 flew Aerial refuelling and reconnaissance missions over potentially hostile Libyan ships . The squadron awarded the 1982 COMNAVAIRLANT Battle E , as the best East Coast A-7 squadron . In June- July 1985 while aboard USS Nimitz , VA-86 operated off the coast of Lebanon due to the hijacking of TWA flight 847 , and later that year the squadron was awarded the Wade McClusky Award , signifying the most outstanding attack squadron in the Navy . From January–February 1987 while embarked on USS Nimitz , VA-86 operated off the coast of Lebanon after three U.S . citizens were taken hostage from the American University in Beirut , Lebanon . On July 15 , 1987 , VA-86 was officially redesignated Strike Fighter Squadron 86 ( VFA-86 ) , and began flying the F/A-18C Hornet . VA-86 was the first East Coast squadron to receive the C model ( Lot 10 ) of the F/A-18 . From 1988 to 2007 , VFA-86 was assigned to Carrier Air Wing One . In 1989 , during a six-month deployment aboard America , VFA-86 provided air cover for the evacuation of the U.S . Embassy in Beirut . 1990s . In 1991 , the squadron flew combat missions in support of Operation Desert Storm from USS America operating in both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf . In 1992 , the squadron accomplished the first East Coast F/A-18 Standoff Land Attack Missile shoot to a target on San Nicolas Island , California . In 1994 the squadron deployed aboard America in support of Operation Deny Flight . In October , USS America was ordered to the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia in support of United Nations relief efforts . After conducting NATO Operation Deliberate Force missions over Bosnia-Herzegovina from the Adriatic Sea , they returned to NAS Cecil Field in February 1995 . The squadron received the CNOs Safety S Award for 1995 . On 3 October 1997 , the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf aboard . The squadron remained on station in the Gulf through mid-March 1998 during the crisis involving Iraqs non-compliance with UN sanctions , flying Operation Southern Watch contingency missions . VFA-86 was awarded the 1997 Battle E recognizing it as the best East Coast F/A-18 Hornet squadron . From 2 November 1998 to 17 December 1998 , VFA-86 made a short cruise to the Puerto Rican Operating Area aboard . On 22 September 1999 the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean Sea/Arabian aboard , participating in Freedom of Navigation Operations off the coast of Libya . Following the decommissioning of NAS Cecil Field in 1999 due to BRAC action , VFA-86 was one of two U.S . Navy strike fighter squadrons that relocated to MCAS Beaufort , South Carolina in lieu of NAS Oceana , Virginia . The other Navy squadron at MCAS Beaufort , VFA-82 , was deactivated in 2005 . 2000s . On 19 September 2001 , the squadron deployed aboard , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom ( OEF ) over Afghanistan against Taliban and Al Qaeda military targets . When they departed the area on 2 March 2002 , the squadron had flown over 3500 hours and expended over 213 tons of ordnance and were at sea for 160 continuous days . From August 2003 to July 2004 , VFA-86 deployed in in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom ( OIF ) and OEF . From May to November 2006 , the squadron was again deployed on the USS Enterprise in support of OIF and OEF , visiting ports in Croatia , Crete , Dubai , Hong Kong , South Korea , Malaysia and Portugal . In July 2007 , VFA-86 deployed for a last time aboard USS Enterprise in support of OIF and OEF , returning MCAS Beaufort in December 2007 . The squadron earned the 2007 Commander Naval Air Forces U.S . Atlantic Fleet Safety S . Between 31 July 2009 and 26 March 2010 , VFA-86 deployed aboard USS Nimitz to the Western Pacific and the North Arabian Sea , being assigned to Carrier Air Wing Eleven . 2010s . In 2011 the squadron relocated from MCAS Beaufort to NAS Lemoore . After their arrival , they transitioned to the F/A-18E Super Hornet . VFA-86 was then assigned to Carrier Air Wing Two aboard . External links . - Official website of VFA-86 - VFA-86 Sidewinders page on Skyhawk.org |
[
"Attack Squadron 86"
]
| easy | What was the official name of VFA-86 from Jul 1955 to Jul 1987? | /wiki/VFA-86#P1448#2 | VFA-86 Strike Fighter Squadron 86 ( VFA-86 ) is a strike fighter squadron of the United States Navy based at Naval Air Station Lemoore , California . The squadron is nicknamed Sidewinders , leading to the call sign Winder . The unit currently flies the F/A-18E Super Hornet and is assigned to Carrier Air Wing Seven , tail code AG . History . 1950s . Reserve Fighter Squadron 921 ( VF-921 ) was called to active duty from NAS St . Louis on 1 February 1951 , for the Korean War flying the F4U-4 Corsair . VF-921 was assigned to Carrier Air Wing Eight and deployed to the Mediterranean Sea aboard , in 1951–52 . On 4 February 1953 , the squadron was redesignated Fighter Squadron 84 ( VF-84 ) , while deployed to Naval Station Guantanamo Bay , Cuba aboard . In June 1953 , the squadron briefly flew the F8F-2 Bearcat in preparation for transition to the F9F-5 Panther in November 1953 . The squadrons current Sidewinder name and insignia were adopted in April 1954 . Flying the Panther , VF-84 was again deployed to the Mediterranean Sea aboard from September 1954 to April 1955 . On 1 July 1955 the squadron began flying the F7U-3M Cutlass , was redesignated Attack Squadron 86 ( VA-86 ) , and conducted extensive evaluation of the AIM-7 Sparrow missile . VA-86 was deployed with the F7U only for the shakedown cruise of , being assigned to Air Task Group 181 . From May 1957 until 1967 , the squadron was assigned to Carrier Air Wing Seven , being equipped with various marks of the A4D/A-4 Skyhawk . Between September 1958 and March 1959 , VA-86 was deployed aboard , before CVW-7 was reassigned to the recently commissioned . 1960s . In April 1961 VA-86 operated from USS Independence near Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , during the Bay of Pigs Invasion . In November 1962 , the squadron was assigned to Carrier Air Wing Three and embarked in during the Cuban Missile Crisis operating off the coast of Jacksonville , Florida . VA-86 was flying a mix of A-4Bs and A-4Cs , as the squadron was transitioning to the A-4C . In April–May 1963 , VA-86 provided A-4C detachments aboard Atlantic Fleet anti-submarine carriers , and . The aircraft were equipped with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles to provide the carriers with anti-air warfare capability . From August 1963 to March 1964 , VA-86 was again deployed with CVW-7 aboard USS Independence to the Mediterranean Sea . Following this deployment , the squadron transitioned to the A-4E . On 1 July 1965 , the squadron conducted its first combat missions , flying from Independence against targets in South Vietnam . In 1966–67 , VA-86 was back in the Mediterranean Sea aboard Independence . On 1 June 1967 , VA-86 became the Navys first operational Atlantic Fleet squadron to fly the A-7A Corsair II . VA-86 was reassigned to Carrier Air Wing Six and made another deployment to Vietnam aboard . The squadron conducted its third South East Asia combat deployment aboard from September 1969 to July 1970 while being assigned to Carrier Air Wing Fifteen . In October 1970 , VA-86 transitioned to the E model of the A-7 . 1970s . From 1971 to 1987 , VA-86 was again assigned to CVW-8 . In late spring of 1972 , VA-86 was forced to transition to the A-7C due to unexpected problems with the A-7Es TF-41 engines . The squadron then deployed from June 1972 to March 1973 aboard USS America for a ten-month combat cruise , participating in several intense and lengthy bombing campaigns , including Operation Linebacker and Linebacker II in late-1972 . The squadron remained on station until the Paris Peace Accords were signed in late January 1973 . This was the squadrons fourth combat deployment to Southeast Asia , more than any other East Coast attack squadron and resulted in the receipt of the Meritorious Unit Commendation . The squadron deployed aboard USS America in 1974 for 7 months duty in the Mediterranean and the North Sea . In 1975 , the squadron transitioned to the A-7E and went aboard for the ships maiden voyage and made further deployments during the late 1970s and 1980s . In 1979 , VA-86 planes appeared in the movie The Final Countdown , which was filmed aboard USS Nimitz at Naval Air Station Key West , Florida . 1980s . In January 1980 , after the seizure of the American Embassy in Tehran , Iran VA-86 departed Naples , Italy embarked on Nimitz , en route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope , beginning of 144 consecutive days at sea . In 1981 while aboard Nimitz , the squadron participated in a Freedom of Navigation Exercise in the Gulf of Sidra . During this tense period , VA-86 flew Aerial refuelling and reconnaissance missions over potentially hostile Libyan ships . The squadron awarded the 1982 COMNAVAIRLANT Battle E , as the best East Coast A-7 squadron . In June- July 1985 while aboard USS Nimitz , VA-86 operated off the coast of Lebanon due to the hijacking of TWA flight 847 , and later that year the squadron was awarded the Wade McClusky Award , signifying the most outstanding attack squadron in the Navy . From January–February 1987 while embarked on USS Nimitz , VA-86 operated off the coast of Lebanon after three U.S . citizens were taken hostage from the American University in Beirut , Lebanon . On July 15 , 1987 , VA-86 was officially redesignated Strike Fighter Squadron 86 ( VFA-86 ) , and began flying the F/A-18C Hornet . VA-86 was the first East Coast squadron to receive the C model ( Lot 10 ) of the F/A-18 . From 1988 to 2007 , VFA-86 was assigned to Carrier Air Wing One . In 1989 , during a six-month deployment aboard America , VFA-86 provided air cover for the evacuation of the U.S . Embassy in Beirut . 1990s . In 1991 , the squadron flew combat missions in support of Operation Desert Storm from USS America operating in both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf . In 1992 , the squadron accomplished the first East Coast F/A-18 Standoff Land Attack Missile shoot to a target on San Nicolas Island , California . In 1994 the squadron deployed aboard America in support of Operation Deny Flight . In October , USS America was ordered to the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia in support of United Nations relief efforts . After conducting NATO Operation Deliberate Force missions over Bosnia-Herzegovina from the Adriatic Sea , they returned to NAS Cecil Field in February 1995 . The squadron received the CNOs Safety S Award for 1995 . On 3 October 1997 , the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf aboard . The squadron remained on station in the Gulf through mid-March 1998 during the crisis involving Iraqs non-compliance with UN sanctions , flying Operation Southern Watch contingency missions . VFA-86 was awarded the 1997 Battle E recognizing it as the best East Coast F/A-18 Hornet squadron . From 2 November 1998 to 17 December 1998 , VFA-86 made a short cruise to the Puerto Rican Operating Area aboard . On 22 September 1999 the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean Sea/Arabian aboard , participating in Freedom of Navigation Operations off the coast of Libya . Following the decommissioning of NAS Cecil Field in 1999 due to BRAC action , VFA-86 was one of two U.S . Navy strike fighter squadrons that relocated to MCAS Beaufort , South Carolina in lieu of NAS Oceana , Virginia . The other Navy squadron at MCAS Beaufort , VFA-82 , was deactivated in 2005 . 2000s . On 19 September 2001 , the squadron deployed aboard , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom ( OEF ) over Afghanistan against Taliban and Al Qaeda military targets . When they departed the area on 2 March 2002 , the squadron had flown over 3500 hours and expended over 213 tons of ordnance and were at sea for 160 continuous days . From August 2003 to July 2004 , VFA-86 deployed in in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom ( OIF ) and OEF . From May to November 2006 , the squadron was again deployed on the USS Enterprise in support of OIF and OEF , visiting ports in Croatia , Crete , Dubai , Hong Kong , South Korea , Malaysia and Portugal . In July 2007 , VFA-86 deployed for a last time aboard USS Enterprise in support of OIF and OEF , returning MCAS Beaufort in December 2007 . The squadron earned the 2007 Commander Naval Air Forces U.S . Atlantic Fleet Safety S . Between 31 July 2009 and 26 March 2010 , VFA-86 deployed aboard USS Nimitz to the Western Pacific and the North Arabian Sea , being assigned to Carrier Air Wing Eleven . 2010s . In 2011 the squadron relocated from MCAS Beaufort to NAS Lemoore . After their arrival , they transitioned to the F/A-18E Super Hornet . VFA-86 was then assigned to Carrier Air Wing Two aboard . External links . - Official website of VFA-86 - VFA-86 Sidewinders page on Skyhawk.org |
[
"Strike Fighter Squadron 86"
]
| easy | What was the official name of VFA-86 from Jul 1987 to Jul 1988? | /wiki/VFA-86#P1448#3 | VFA-86 Strike Fighter Squadron 86 ( VFA-86 ) is a strike fighter squadron of the United States Navy based at Naval Air Station Lemoore , California . The squadron is nicknamed Sidewinders , leading to the call sign Winder . The unit currently flies the F/A-18E Super Hornet and is assigned to Carrier Air Wing Seven , tail code AG . History . 1950s . Reserve Fighter Squadron 921 ( VF-921 ) was called to active duty from NAS St . Louis on 1 February 1951 , for the Korean War flying the F4U-4 Corsair . VF-921 was assigned to Carrier Air Wing Eight and deployed to the Mediterranean Sea aboard , in 1951–52 . On 4 February 1953 , the squadron was redesignated Fighter Squadron 84 ( VF-84 ) , while deployed to Naval Station Guantanamo Bay , Cuba aboard . In June 1953 , the squadron briefly flew the F8F-2 Bearcat in preparation for transition to the F9F-5 Panther in November 1953 . The squadrons current Sidewinder name and insignia were adopted in April 1954 . Flying the Panther , VF-84 was again deployed to the Mediterranean Sea aboard from September 1954 to April 1955 . On 1 July 1955 the squadron began flying the F7U-3M Cutlass , was redesignated Attack Squadron 86 ( VA-86 ) , and conducted extensive evaluation of the AIM-7 Sparrow missile . VA-86 was deployed with the F7U only for the shakedown cruise of , being assigned to Air Task Group 181 . From May 1957 until 1967 , the squadron was assigned to Carrier Air Wing Seven , being equipped with various marks of the A4D/A-4 Skyhawk . Between September 1958 and March 1959 , VA-86 was deployed aboard , before CVW-7 was reassigned to the recently commissioned . 1960s . In April 1961 VA-86 operated from USS Independence near Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , during the Bay of Pigs Invasion . In November 1962 , the squadron was assigned to Carrier Air Wing Three and embarked in during the Cuban Missile Crisis operating off the coast of Jacksonville , Florida . VA-86 was flying a mix of A-4Bs and A-4Cs , as the squadron was transitioning to the A-4C . In April–May 1963 , VA-86 provided A-4C detachments aboard Atlantic Fleet anti-submarine carriers , and . The aircraft were equipped with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles to provide the carriers with anti-air warfare capability . From August 1963 to March 1964 , VA-86 was again deployed with CVW-7 aboard USS Independence to the Mediterranean Sea . Following this deployment , the squadron transitioned to the A-4E . On 1 July 1965 , the squadron conducted its first combat missions , flying from Independence against targets in South Vietnam . In 1966–67 , VA-86 was back in the Mediterranean Sea aboard Independence . On 1 June 1967 , VA-86 became the Navys first operational Atlantic Fleet squadron to fly the A-7A Corsair II . VA-86 was reassigned to Carrier Air Wing Six and made another deployment to Vietnam aboard . The squadron conducted its third South East Asia combat deployment aboard from September 1969 to July 1970 while being assigned to Carrier Air Wing Fifteen . In October 1970 , VA-86 transitioned to the E model of the A-7 . 1970s . From 1971 to 1987 , VA-86 was again assigned to CVW-8 . In late spring of 1972 , VA-86 was forced to transition to the A-7C due to unexpected problems with the A-7Es TF-41 engines . The squadron then deployed from June 1972 to March 1973 aboard USS America for a ten-month combat cruise , participating in several intense and lengthy bombing campaigns , including Operation Linebacker and Linebacker II in late-1972 . The squadron remained on station until the Paris Peace Accords were signed in late January 1973 . This was the squadrons fourth combat deployment to Southeast Asia , more than any other East Coast attack squadron and resulted in the receipt of the Meritorious Unit Commendation . The squadron deployed aboard USS America in 1974 for 7 months duty in the Mediterranean and the North Sea . In 1975 , the squadron transitioned to the A-7E and went aboard for the ships maiden voyage and made further deployments during the late 1970s and 1980s . In 1979 , VA-86 planes appeared in the movie The Final Countdown , which was filmed aboard USS Nimitz at Naval Air Station Key West , Florida . 1980s . In January 1980 , after the seizure of the American Embassy in Tehran , Iran VA-86 departed Naples , Italy embarked on Nimitz , en route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope , beginning of 144 consecutive days at sea . In 1981 while aboard Nimitz , the squadron participated in a Freedom of Navigation Exercise in the Gulf of Sidra . During this tense period , VA-86 flew Aerial refuelling and reconnaissance missions over potentially hostile Libyan ships . The squadron awarded the 1982 COMNAVAIRLANT Battle E , as the best East Coast A-7 squadron . In June- July 1985 while aboard USS Nimitz , VA-86 operated off the coast of Lebanon due to the hijacking of TWA flight 847 , and later that year the squadron was awarded the Wade McClusky Award , signifying the most outstanding attack squadron in the Navy . From January–February 1987 while embarked on USS Nimitz , VA-86 operated off the coast of Lebanon after three U.S . citizens were taken hostage from the American University in Beirut , Lebanon . On July 15 , 1987 , VA-86 was officially redesignated Strike Fighter Squadron 86 ( VFA-86 ) , and began flying the F/A-18C Hornet . VA-86 was the first East Coast squadron to receive the C model ( Lot 10 ) of the F/A-18 . From 1988 to 2007 , VFA-86 was assigned to Carrier Air Wing One . In 1989 , during a six-month deployment aboard America , VFA-86 provided air cover for the evacuation of the U.S . Embassy in Beirut . 1990s . In 1991 , the squadron flew combat missions in support of Operation Desert Storm from USS America operating in both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf . In 1992 , the squadron accomplished the first East Coast F/A-18 Standoff Land Attack Missile shoot to a target on San Nicolas Island , California . In 1994 the squadron deployed aboard America in support of Operation Deny Flight . In October , USS America was ordered to the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia in support of United Nations relief efforts . After conducting NATO Operation Deliberate Force missions over Bosnia-Herzegovina from the Adriatic Sea , they returned to NAS Cecil Field in February 1995 . The squadron received the CNOs Safety S Award for 1995 . On 3 October 1997 , the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf aboard . The squadron remained on station in the Gulf through mid-March 1998 during the crisis involving Iraqs non-compliance with UN sanctions , flying Operation Southern Watch contingency missions . VFA-86 was awarded the 1997 Battle E recognizing it as the best East Coast F/A-18 Hornet squadron . From 2 November 1998 to 17 December 1998 , VFA-86 made a short cruise to the Puerto Rican Operating Area aboard . On 22 September 1999 the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean Sea/Arabian aboard , participating in Freedom of Navigation Operations off the coast of Libya . Following the decommissioning of NAS Cecil Field in 1999 due to BRAC action , VFA-86 was one of two U.S . Navy strike fighter squadrons that relocated to MCAS Beaufort , South Carolina in lieu of NAS Oceana , Virginia . The other Navy squadron at MCAS Beaufort , VFA-82 , was deactivated in 2005 . 2000s . On 19 September 2001 , the squadron deployed aboard , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom ( OEF ) over Afghanistan against Taliban and Al Qaeda military targets . When they departed the area on 2 March 2002 , the squadron had flown over 3500 hours and expended over 213 tons of ordnance and were at sea for 160 continuous days . From August 2003 to July 2004 , VFA-86 deployed in in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom ( OIF ) and OEF . From May to November 2006 , the squadron was again deployed on the USS Enterprise in support of OIF and OEF , visiting ports in Croatia , Crete , Dubai , Hong Kong , South Korea , Malaysia and Portugal . In July 2007 , VFA-86 deployed for a last time aboard USS Enterprise in support of OIF and OEF , returning MCAS Beaufort in December 2007 . The squadron earned the 2007 Commander Naval Air Forces U.S . Atlantic Fleet Safety S . Between 31 July 2009 and 26 March 2010 , VFA-86 deployed aboard USS Nimitz to the Western Pacific and the North Arabian Sea , being assigned to Carrier Air Wing Eleven . 2010s . In 2011 the squadron relocated from MCAS Beaufort to NAS Lemoore . After their arrival , they transitioned to the F/A-18E Super Hornet . VFA-86 was then assigned to Carrier Air Wing Two aboard . External links . - Official website of VFA-86 - VFA-86 Sidewinders page on Skyhawk.org |
[
"Blackburn Rovers"
]
| easy | Anthony Williams (footballer) played for which team from 1997 to 2000? | /wiki/Anthony_Williams_(footballer)#P54#0 | Anthony Williams ( footballer ) Anthony Simon Williams ( born 20 September 1977 ) is a Welsh former professional footballer and coach . As a player , he was a goalkeeper from 1994 until 2012 . He came through the youth ranks at Premier League side Blackburn Rovers before going on to feature for Queens Park Rangers , Macclesfield Town , Huddersfield Town , Bristol Rovers , Gillingham , Hartlepool United , Swansea City , Stockport County , Grimsby Town , Carlisle United , Bury , Wrexham and Neath . Williams is also a former Wales U-21 player . Playing career . Blackburn Rovers . Williams began his career as a trainee at Blackburn Rovers in 1997 and had loan spells at Queens Park Rangers , Macclesfield Town , Huddersfield Town , Bristol Rovers and Gillingham in three seasons but made no appearances for Blackburn . Hartlepool United . Williams joined Hartlepool United on a free transfer in June 2000 and started 131 league games in four seasons at Victoria Park , helping Hartlepool to the Division Three play-off semi-final in the 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons , and to promotion in the 2002–03 season . He lost his place in the first-team to Jim Provett at the start of the 2003–04 season and had loan spells with Swansea City and Stockport County . At the end of the season , his contract was not renewed and he was released by Hartlepool . Grimsby Town . Williams joined Grimsby Town where he was an ever-present in the 2004–05 season but rejected the offer of a new contract at the end of the season . Carlisle United . Instead he joined Carlisle United . At the start of the 2005–06 season he was the first choice goalkeeper but lost his place to Keiren Westwood and joined Bury on a short loan spell in January 2006 before joining Wrexham on loan in March 2007 until the end of the 2006–07 season . Wrexham . Williams joined Wrexham on a permanent basis in May 2007 , signing a two-year contract , after impressing during his loan spell at the club when he kept five clean sheets in nine games . Following Wrexhams relegation to the Football Conference in May 2008 , he was transfer listed by the club , but stayed with the side until the end of the season before being released . Neath . On 1 June 2009 , Williams signed for Welsh Premier league side Neath , making twenty appearances before being released at the end of the season . Coaching career . On 24 June 2011 , Williams was named as goalkeeping coach at Bury . He returned to the playing ranks in January 2012 when back up keeper Ritchie Branagan suffered an injury resulting in Williams being given a squad number . He joined Crawley Town as assistant manager , with Richie Barker in August 2012 . In November 2013 , Williams had his contract terminated at the club following the departure of manager Richie Barker . On 17 December 2013 , Williams was appointed goalkeeper coach as well as assistant manager at Portsmouth , he was appointed by his old manager at Crawley , Richie Barker . On 27 March 2014 , Williams was sacked by Portsmouth External links . - Official Wrexham A.F.C . profile |
[
"Hartlepool United"
]
| easy | Which team did Anthony Williams (footballer) play for from 2000 to 2004? | /wiki/Anthony_Williams_(footballer)#P54#1 | Anthony Williams ( footballer ) Anthony Simon Williams ( born 20 September 1977 ) is a Welsh former professional footballer and coach . As a player , he was a goalkeeper from 1994 until 2012 . He came through the youth ranks at Premier League side Blackburn Rovers before going on to feature for Queens Park Rangers , Macclesfield Town , Huddersfield Town , Bristol Rovers , Gillingham , Hartlepool United , Swansea City , Stockport County , Grimsby Town , Carlisle United , Bury , Wrexham and Neath . Williams is also a former Wales U-21 player . Playing career . Blackburn Rovers . Williams began his career as a trainee at Blackburn Rovers in 1997 and had loan spells at Queens Park Rangers , Macclesfield Town , Huddersfield Town , Bristol Rovers and Gillingham in three seasons but made no appearances for Blackburn . Hartlepool United . Williams joined Hartlepool United on a free transfer in June 2000 and started 131 league games in four seasons at Victoria Park , helping Hartlepool to the Division Three play-off semi-final in the 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons , and to promotion in the 2002–03 season . He lost his place in the first-team to Jim Provett at the start of the 2003–04 season and had loan spells with Swansea City and Stockport County . At the end of the season , his contract was not renewed and he was released by Hartlepool . Grimsby Town . Williams joined Grimsby Town where he was an ever-present in the 2004–05 season but rejected the offer of a new contract at the end of the season . Carlisle United . Instead he joined Carlisle United . At the start of the 2005–06 season he was the first choice goalkeeper but lost his place to Keiren Westwood and joined Bury on a short loan spell in January 2006 before joining Wrexham on loan in March 2007 until the end of the 2006–07 season . Wrexham . Williams joined Wrexham on a permanent basis in May 2007 , signing a two-year contract , after impressing during his loan spell at the club when he kept five clean sheets in nine games . Following Wrexhams relegation to the Football Conference in May 2008 , he was transfer listed by the club , but stayed with the side until the end of the season before being released . Neath . On 1 June 2009 , Williams signed for Welsh Premier league side Neath , making twenty appearances before being released at the end of the season . Coaching career . On 24 June 2011 , Williams was named as goalkeeping coach at Bury . He returned to the playing ranks in January 2012 when back up keeper Ritchie Branagan suffered an injury resulting in Williams being given a squad number . He joined Crawley Town as assistant manager , with Richie Barker in August 2012 . In November 2013 , Williams had his contract terminated at the club following the departure of manager Richie Barker . On 17 December 2013 , Williams was appointed goalkeeper coach as well as assistant manager at Portsmouth , he was appointed by his old manager at Crawley , Richie Barker . On 27 March 2014 , Williams was sacked by Portsmouth External links . - Official Wrexham A.F.C . profile |
[
"Grimsby Town"
]
| easy | Anthony Williams (footballer) played for which team from 2004 to 2005? | /wiki/Anthony_Williams_(footballer)#P54#2 | Anthony Williams ( footballer ) Anthony Simon Williams ( born 20 September 1977 ) is a Welsh former professional footballer and coach . As a player , he was a goalkeeper from 1994 until 2012 . He came through the youth ranks at Premier League side Blackburn Rovers before going on to feature for Queens Park Rangers , Macclesfield Town , Huddersfield Town , Bristol Rovers , Gillingham , Hartlepool United , Swansea City , Stockport County , Grimsby Town , Carlisle United , Bury , Wrexham and Neath . Williams is also a former Wales U-21 player . Playing career . Blackburn Rovers . Williams began his career as a trainee at Blackburn Rovers in 1997 and had loan spells at Queens Park Rangers , Macclesfield Town , Huddersfield Town , Bristol Rovers and Gillingham in three seasons but made no appearances for Blackburn . Hartlepool United . Williams joined Hartlepool United on a free transfer in June 2000 and started 131 league games in four seasons at Victoria Park , helping Hartlepool to the Division Three play-off semi-final in the 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons , and to promotion in the 2002–03 season . He lost his place in the first-team to Jim Provett at the start of the 2003–04 season and had loan spells with Swansea City and Stockport County . At the end of the season , his contract was not renewed and he was released by Hartlepool . Grimsby Town . Williams joined Grimsby Town where he was an ever-present in the 2004–05 season but rejected the offer of a new contract at the end of the season . Carlisle United . Instead he joined Carlisle United . At the start of the 2005–06 season he was the first choice goalkeeper but lost his place to Keiren Westwood and joined Bury on a short loan spell in January 2006 before joining Wrexham on loan in March 2007 until the end of the 2006–07 season . Wrexham . Williams joined Wrexham on a permanent basis in May 2007 , signing a two-year contract , after impressing during his loan spell at the club when he kept five clean sheets in nine games . Following Wrexhams relegation to the Football Conference in May 2008 , he was transfer listed by the club , but stayed with the side until the end of the season before being released . Neath . On 1 June 2009 , Williams signed for Welsh Premier league side Neath , making twenty appearances before being released at the end of the season . Coaching career . On 24 June 2011 , Williams was named as goalkeeping coach at Bury . He returned to the playing ranks in January 2012 when back up keeper Ritchie Branagan suffered an injury resulting in Williams being given a squad number . He joined Crawley Town as assistant manager , with Richie Barker in August 2012 . In November 2013 , Williams had his contract terminated at the club following the departure of manager Richie Barker . On 17 December 2013 , Williams was appointed goalkeeper coach as well as assistant manager at Portsmouth , he was appointed by his old manager at Crawley , Richie Barker . On 27 March 2014 , Williams was sacked by Portsmouth External links . - Official Wrexham A.F.C . profile |
[
"Carlisle United"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Anthony Williams (footballer) belong to from 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/Anthony_Williams_(footballer)#P54#3 | Anthony Williams ( footballer ) Anthony Simon Williams ( born 20 September 1977 ) is a Welsh former professional footballer and coach . As a player , he was a goalkeeper from 1994 until 2012 . He came through the youth ranks at Premier League side Blackburn Rovers before going on to feature for Queens Park Rangers , Macclesfield Town , Huddersfield Town , Bristol Rovers , Gillingham , Hartlepool United , Swansea City , Stockport County , Grimsby Town , Carlisle United , Bury , Wrexham and Neath . Williams is also a former Wales U-21 player . Playing career . Blackburn Rovers . Williams began his career as a trainee at Blackburn Rovers in 1997 and had loan spells at Queens Park Rangers , Macclesfield Town , Huddersfield Town , Bristol Rovers and Gillingham in three seasons but made no appearances for Blackburn . Hartlepool United . Williams joined Hartlepool United on a free transfer in June 2000 and started 131 league games in four seasons at Victoria Park , helping Hartlepool to the Division Three play-off semi-final in the 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons , and to promotion in the 2002–03 season . He lost his place in the first-team to Jim Provett at the start of the 2003–04 season and had loan spells with Swansea City and Stockport County . At the end of the season , his contract was not renewed and he was released by Hartlepool . Grimsby Town . Williams joined Grimsby Town where he was an ever-present in the 2004–05 season but rejected the offer of a new contract at the end of the season . Carlisle United . Instead he joined Carlisle United . At the start of the 2005–06 season he was the first choice goalkeeper but lost his place to Keiren Westwood and joined Bury on a short loan spell in January 2006 before joining Wrexham on loan in March 2007 until the end of the 2006–07 season . Wrexham . Williams joined Wrexham on a permanent basis in May 2007 , signing a two-year contract , after impressing during his loan spell at the club when he kept five clean sheets in nine games . Following Wrexhams relegation to the Football Conference in May 2008 , he was transfer listed by the club , but stayed with the side until the end of the season before being released . Neath . On 1 June 2009 , Williams signed for Welsh Premier league side Neath , making twenty appearances before being released at the end of the season . Coaching career . On 24 June 2011 , Williams was named as goalkeeping coach at Bury . He returned to the playing ranks in January 2012 when back up keeper Ritchie Branagan suffered an injury resulting in Williams being given a squad number . He joined Crawley Town as assistant manager , with Richie Barker in August 2012 . In November 2013 , Williams had his contract terminated at the club following the departure of manager Richie Barker . On 17 December 2013 , Williams was appointed goalkeeper coach as well as assistant manager at Portsmouth , he was appointed by his old manager at Crawley , Richie Barker . On 27 March 2014 , Williams was sacked by Portsmouth External links . - Official Wrexham A.F.C . profile |
[
"Rome",
"Venice"
]
| easy | Where did Giovanna Garzoni work from 1616 to 1630? | /wiki/Giovanna_Garzoni#P937#0 | Giovanna Garzoni Giovanna Garzoni ( 1600–1670 ) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period . She began her career painting religious , mythological , and allegorical subjects but gained fame for her botanical subjects painted in tempera and watercolour . Her works were praised for their precision and balance and for the exactitude of the objects depicted . She was often called the Chaste Giovanna due to her vow to remain a virgin . Scholars have speculated Garzoni may have been influenced by fellow botanical painter Jacopo Ligozzi although details about Garzonis training are unknown . Early life . Giovanna Garzoni was born in 1600 in Ascoli Piceno in the Marche district of Italy to Giacomo Garzoni and Isabetta Gaia . Both of Garzonis parents were of Venetian origin and are believed to have come from a long line of Venetian painters - a fact that is often disputed . Garzonis grandfather Nicola and Uncle Vincenzo from her mothers side were both goldsmiths while her other uncle , Pietro Gaia , was a painter who studied under Palma the Younger . Historians have widely speculated that Garzoni started off her career as an apprentice under her uncle sometime before 1615 . Garzoni also had a brother , Mattio , with whom she would travel throughout her career . Career . Garzonis first known commission was in the city where she grew up , Rome . It was in 1616 , from the chemist Giovanni Vorvino to paint a herbarium . Four years later in 1620 Garzoni arrived in Venice and painted a Saint Andrew for the Venetian Church of the Ospedale degli Incurabili . Garzoni stayed in Venice for a few more years and during that time attended the Calligraphy school of Giacomo Rogni . Shortly after her studies , Garzoni produced a book of cursive characters called the Libro decaratteri Cancellereschi Corsivi . After finishing her education , Garzoni and her brother Mattio left Venice in 1630 for Naples where she worked for the Spanish viceroy , the Duke of Alacala . Garzoni remained in Naples for a year before returning to Rome in 1631 . Garzonis stay in Rome was short lived however , due to Christina of Frances persistent efforts to have the artist come to Turin to serve as the miniaturist for the Turinese court . Garzoni reached Turin in 1632 and lived there until 1637 . After staying in Turin , Garzoni became familiar with the work of fellow artists Fede Galizia and Panfilo Nuvolone . A few years later in 1640 , Garzoni arrived in Paris and stayed there until 1642 when she went to Rome . Garzoni traveled back and forth from Rome to Florence until 1651 where her primary clients were in the Medici Family , particularly Grand Duke Ferdinando II , Grand Duchess Victoria , and Cardinal Giovan Carlo . After serving the Medici Court , Garzoni decided to settle in Rome in 1651 where she worked continue producing work for the Florentine Court . As well as painting , Garzoni attended the Accademia di San Luca , where she followed events and discussion aimed at educating , socializing , and professionalizing painters , architects and sculptors of Rome . It is noted by several historians that Garzonis pieces were so well received by the public ; she was able to ask any price for her paintings . Notable works and clients . Plate with White Beans : Plate with White Beans was one of the several works of art commissioned by the Medici family . The still life , painted sometime between 1650-1662 , is a naturalistic study of beans in various stages of ripeness and decay . It is collection of the Galleria Palatina in Florence . Portrait of Carlo Emanuele I , Duke of Savory : Created between 1623–1637 when Garzoni was invited to work for the court of Turin by Christina of France in 1632 , this painting is now located in Palazzo Reale , Turin and was last restored in 1995 . Still Life with a Basket of Fruit , a Vase with Carnations and Shells on a Table : This gouache on vellum piece is one of the twenty still-life miniatures that Garzoni produced for the Medici family from the years 1650–1662 . The piece depicts carnations , conch shells , as well as a basket of fruit . Due to her work for the Medici Court , Garzoni became a favorite within the Florentine court for her depictions of nature and botanical subjects . It is now located in the Wallace and Wilhelmina Holladay Collection in Washington , DC . Two important manuscript notebooks by Garzoni exist . The rare books library in Washington DC , Dumbarton Oaks , contains a self-portrait of the elderly artist , in addition to a number of botanical studies . Another album , held by the Accademia di San Luca , the artists institute to which Garzoni left her estate , includes flower studies and still lifes . Personal life . It is believed by historians that Garzoni never married , but others speculate that the artist was once married to Venetian portrait painter Tiberio Tinelli in 1622 . If so , the marriage was short lived , possibly resulting in separation in 1624 . Death . In 1666 , Garzoni devised a will that left her estate to the Church of Santa Martina , the church of the Accademia di San Luca on the basis that she would be buried in the church . Garzoni died in Rome in February 1670 at the age of 70 . Today , Garzonis tomb remains at the Church of Santa Martina but it was not interred there until 1698 , nearly 29 years after her death . Roman painter Giuseppe Ghezzis portrait of Garzoni is also located at the Accademia . Sources . - Ferraro , Joanne M . Marriage Wars in Late Renaissance Venice . ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . - Fortune , Jane , and Linda Falcone . Invisible Women . ( Florence : The Florentine Press , 2010 ) . - Frick , Carole Collier , Stefania Biancani , and Elizabeth S . G . Nicholson . Italian Women Artists : from Renaissance to Baroque . ( Milano : Skira , 2007 ) . - McTighe , Sheila . Foods and the Body in Italian Genre Paintings , about 1580 : Campi , Passarotti , Carracci . The Art Bulletin , College Art Association 86 ( 2004 ) :301–323 , doi 10.2307/3177419 . - Anon . The Flowering of Florence : Botanical Art for the Medici . National Gallery of Art . Accessed October 22 , 2014 . . - The History of the Accademia di San Luca , c . 1590–1635 : Archived from the Archivio di Stato di Roma . National Gallery of Art . . - Vigué , Jordi . Great Women Masters of Art . ( New York : Watson-Guptill , 2003 ) . External links . - Accademia of San Luca - Giovanna Garzoni Getty Museum - National Gallery of Art - Web Gallery of Art ( images ) - Cleveland Institute of Art - Giovanna Garzoni Notebook : Garzoni , Giovanna , 1600–1670 . Piante varie . ca . 1650 . RARE RBR G-3-3 . Dumbarton Oaks Research Library , Washington , DC - CLARA Database of Women Artists |
[
"Naples"
]
| easy | Giovanna Garzoni worked in which location from 1630 to 1631? | /wiki/Giovanna_Garzoni#P937#1 | Giovanna Garzoni Giovanna Garzoni ( 1600–1670 ) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period . She began her career painting religious , mythological , and allegorical subjects but gained fame for her botanical subjects painted in tempera and watercolour . Her works were praised for their precision and balance and for the exactitude of the objects depicted . She was often called the Chaste Giovanna due to her vow to remain a virgin . Scholars have speculated Garzoni may have been influenced by fellow botanical painter Jacopo Ligozzi although details about Garzonis training are unknown . Early life . Giovanna Garzoni was born in 1600 in Ascoli Piceno in the Marche district of Italy to Giacomo Garzoni and Isabetta Gaia . Both of Garzonis parents were of Venetian origin and are believed to have come from a long line of Venetian painters - a fact that is often disputed . Garzonis grandfather Nicola and Uncle Vincenzo from her mothers side were both goldsmiths while her other uncle , Pietro Gaia , was a painter who studied under Palma the Younger . Historians have widely speculated that Garzoni started off her career as an apprentice under her uncle sometime before 1615 . Garzoni also had a brother , Mattio , with whom she would travel throughout her career . Career . Garzonis first known commission was in the city where she grew up , Rome . It was in 1616 , from the chemist Giovanni Vorvino to paint a herbarium . Four years later in 1620 Garzoni arrived in Venice and painted a Saint Andrew for the Venetian Church of the Ospedale degli Incurabili . Garzoni stayed in Venice for a few more years and during that time attended the Calligraphy school of Giacomo Rogni . Shortly after her studies , Garzoni produced a book of cursive characters called the Libro decaratteri Cancellereschi Corsivi . After finishing her education , Garzoni and her brother Mattio left Venice in 1630 for Naples where she worked for the Spanish viceroy , the Duke of Alacala . Garzoni remained in Naples for a year before returning to Rome in 1631 . Garzonis stay in Rome was short lived however , due to Christina of Frances persistent efforts to have the artist come to Turin to serve as the miniaturist for the Turinese court . Garzoni reached Turin in 1632 and lived there until 1637 . After staying in Turin , Garzoni became familiar with the work of fellow artists Fede Galizia and Panfilo Nuvolone . A few years later in 1640 , Garzoni arrived in Paris and stayed there until 1642 when she went to Rome . Garzoni traveled back and forth from Rome to Florence until 1651 where her primary clients were in the Medici Family , particularly Grand Duke Ferdinando II , Grand Duchess Victoria , and Cardinal Giovan Carlo . After serving the Medici Court , Garzoni decided to settle in Rome in 1651 where she worked continue producing work for the Florentine Court . As well as painting , Garzoni attended the Accademia di San Luca , where she followed events and discussion aimed at educating , socializing , and professionalizing painters , architects and sculptors of Rome . It is noted by several historians that Garzonis pieces were so well received by the public ; she was able to ask any price for her paintings . Notable works and clients . Plate with White Beans : Plate with White Beans was one of the several works of art commissioned by the Medici family . The still life , painted sometime between 1650-1662 , is a naturalistic study of beans in various stages of ripeness and decay . It is collection of the Galleria Palatina in Florence . Portrait of Carlo Emanuele I , Duke of Savory : Created between 1623–1637 when Garzoni was invited to work for the court of Turin by Christina of France in 1632 , this painting is now located in Palazzo Reale , Turin and was last restored in 1995 . Still Life with a Basket of Fruit , a Vase with Carnations and Shells on a Table : This gouache on vellum piece is one of the twenty still-life miniatures that Garzoni produced for the Medici family from the years 1650–1662 . The piece depicts carnations , conch shells , as well as a basket of fruit . Due to her work for the Medici Court , Garzoni became a favorite within the Florentine court for her depictions of nature and botanical subjects . It is now located in the Wallace and Wilhelmina Holladay Collection in Washington , DC . Two important manuscript notebooks by Garzoni exist . The rare books library in Washington DC , Dumbarton Oaks , contains a self-portrait of the elderly artist , in addition to a number of botanical studies . Another album , held by the Accademia di San Luca , the artists institute to which Garzoni left her estate , includes flower studies and still lifes . Personal life . It is believed by historians that Garzoni never married , but others speculate that the artist was once married to Venetian portrait painter Tiberio Tinelli in 1622 . If so , the marriage was short lived , possibly resulting in separation in 1624 . Death . In 1666 , Garzoni devised a will that left her estate to the Church of Santa Martina , the church of the Accademia di San Luca on the basis that she would be buried in the church . Garzoni died in Rome in February 1670 at the age of 70 . Today , Garzonis tomb remains at the Church of Santa Martina but it was not interred there until 1698 , nearly 29 years after her death . Roman painter Giuseppe Ghezzis portrait of Garzoni is also located at the Accademia . Sources . - Ferraro , Joanne M . Marriage Wars in Late Renaissance Venice . ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . - Fortune , Jane , and Linda Falcone . Invisible Women . ( Florence : The Florentine Press , 2010 ) . - Frick , Carole Collier , Stefania Biancani , and Elizabeth S . G . Nicholson . Italian Women Artists : from Renaissance to Baroque . ( Milano : Skira , 2007 ) . - McTighe , Sheila . Foods and the Body in Italian Genre Paintings , about 1580 : Campi , Passarotti , Carracci . The Art Bulletin , College Art Association 86 ( 2004 ) :301–323 , doi 10.2307/3177419 . - Anon . The Flowering of Florence : Botanical Art for the Medici . National Gallery of Art . Accessed October 22 , 2014 . . - The History of the Accademia di San Luca , c . 1590–1635 : Archived from the Archivio di Stato di Roma . National Gallery of Art . . - Vigué , Jordi . Great Women Masters of Art . ( New York : Watson-Guptill , 2003 ) . External links . - Accademia of San Luca - Giovanna Garzoni Getty Museum - National Gallery of Art - Web Gallery of Art ( images ) - Cleveland Institute of Art - Giovanna Garzoni Notebook : Garzoni , Giovanna , 1600–1670 . Piante varie . ca . 1650 . RARE RBR G-3-3 . Dumbarton Oaks Research Library , Washington , DC - CLARA Database of Women Artists |
[
"Rome"
]
| easy | What was the working location for Giovanna Garzoni from 1631 to 1632? | /wiki/Giovanna_Garzoni#P937#2 | Giovanna Garzoni Giovanna Garzoni ( 1600–1670 ) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period . She began her career painting religious , mythological , and allegorical subjects but gained fame for her botanical subjects painted in tempera and watercolour . Her works were praised for their precision and balance and for the exactitude of the objects depicted . She was often called the Chaste Giovanna due to her vow to remain a virgin . Scholars have speculated Garzoni may have been influenced by fellow botanical painter Jacopo Ligozzi although details about Garzonis training are unknown . Early life . Giovanna Garzoni was born in 1600 in Ascoli Piceno in the Marche district of Italy to Giacomo Garzoni and Isabetta Gaia . Both of Garzonis parents were of Venetian origin and are believed to have come from a long line of Venetian painters - a fact that is often disputed . Garzonis grandfather Nicola and Uncle Vincenzo from her mothers side were both goldsmiths while her other uncle , Pietro Gaia , was a painter who studied under Palma the Younger . Historians have widely speculated that Garzoni started off her career as an apprentice under her uncle sometime before 1615 . Garzoni also had a brother , Mattio , with whom she would travel throughout her career . Career . Garzonis first known commission was in the city where she grew up , Rome . It was in 1616 , from the chemist Giovanni Vorvino to paint a herbarium . Four years later in 1620 Garzoni arrived in Venice and painted a Saint Andrew for the Venetian Church of the Ospedale degli Incurabili . Garzoni stayed in Venice for a few more years and during that time attended the Calligraphy school of Giacomo Rogni . Shortly after her studies , Garzoni produced a book of cursive characters called the Libro decaratteri Cancellereschi Corsivi . After finishing her education , Garzoni and her brother Mattio left Venice in 1630 for Naples where she worked for the Spanish viceroy , the Duke of Alacala . Garzoni remained in Naples for a year before returning to Rome in 1631 . Garzonis stay in Rome was short lived however , due to Christina of Frances persistent efforts to have the artist come to Turin to serve as the miniaturist for the Turinese court . Garzoni reached Turin in 1632 and lived there until 1637 . After staying in Turin , Garzoni became familiar with the work of fellow artists Fede Galizia and Panfilo Nuvolone . A few years later in 1640 , Garzoni arrived in Paris and stayed there until 1642 when she went to Rome . Garzoni traveled back and forth from Rome to Florence until 1651 where her primary clients were in the Medici Family , particularly Grand Duke Ferdinando II , Grand Duchess Victoria , and Cardinal Giovan Carlo . After serving the Medici Court , Garzoni decided to settle in Rome in 1651 where she worked continue producing work for the Florentine Court . As well as painting , Garzoni attended the Accademia di San Luca , where she followed events and discussion aimed at educating , socializing , and professionalizing painters , architects and sculptors of Rome . It is noted by several historians that Garzonis pieces were so well received by the public ; she was able to ask any price for her paintings . Notable works and clients . Plate with White Beans : Plate with White Beans was one of the several works of art commissioned by the Medici family . The still life , painted sometime between 1650-1662 , is a naturalistic study of beans in various stages of ripeness and decay . It is collection of the Galleria Palatina in Florence . Portrait of Carlo Emanuele I , Duke of Savory : Created between 1623–1637 when Garzoni was invited to work for the court of Turin by Christina of France in 1632 , this painting is now located in Palazzo Reale , Turin and was last restored in 1995 . Still Life with a Basket of Fruit , a Vase with Carnations and Shells on a Table : This gouache on vellum piece is one of the twenty still-life miniatures that Garzoni produced for the Medici family from the years 1650–1662 . The piece depicts carnations , conch shells , as well as a basket of fruit . Due to her work for the Medici Court , Garzoni became a favorite within the Florentine court for her depictions of nature and botanical subjects . It is now located in the Wallace and Wilhelmina Holladay Collection in Washington , DC . Two important manuscript notebooks by Garzoni exist . The rare books library in Washington DC , Dumbarton Oaks , contains a self-portrait of the elderly artist , in addition to a number of botanical studies . Another album , held by the Accademia di San Luca , the artists institute to which Garzoni left her estate , includes flower studies and still lifes . Personal life . It is believed by historians that Garzoni never married , but others speculate that the artist was once married to Venetian portrait painter Tiberio Tinelli in 1622 . If so , the marriage was short lived , possibly resulting in separation in 1624 . Death . In 1666 , Garzoni devised a will that left her estate to the Church of Santa Martina , the church of the Accademia di San Luca on the basis that she would be buried in the church . Garzoni died in Rome in February 1670 at the age of 70 . Today , Garzonis tomb remains at the Church of Santa Martina but it was not interred there until 1698 , nearly 29 years after her death . Roman painter Giuseppe Ghezzis portrait of Garzoni is also located at the Accademia . Sources . - Ferraro , Joanne M . Marriage Wars in Late Renaissance Venice . ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . - Fortune , Jane , and Linda Falcone . Invisible Women . ( Florence : The Florentine Press , 2010 ) . - Frick , Carole Collier , Stefania Biancani , and Elizabeth S . G . Nicholson . Italian Women Artists : from Renaissance to Baroque . ( Milano : Skira , 2007 ) . - McTighe , Sheila . Foods and the Body in Italian Genre Paintings , about 1580 : Campi , Passarotti , Carracci . The Art Bulletin , College Art Association 86 ( 2004 ) :301–323 , doi 10.2307/3177419 . - Anon . The Flowering of Florence : Botanical Art for the Medici . National Gallery of Art . Accessed October 22 , 2014 . . - The History of the Accademia di San Luca , c . 1590–1635 : Archived from the Archivio di Stato di Roma . National Gallery of Art . . - Vigué , Jordi . Great Women Masters of Art . ( New York : Watson-Guptill , 2003 ) . External links . - Accademia of San Luca - Giovanna Garzoni Getty Museum - National Gallery of Art - Web Gallery of Art ( images ) - Cleveland Institute of Art - Giovanna Garzoni Notebook : Garzoni , Giovanna , 1600–1670 . Piante varie . ca . 1650 . RARE RBR G-3-3 . Dumbarton Oaks Research Library , Washington , DC - CLARA Database of Women Artists |
[
"Turin"
]
| easy | What was the working location for Giovanna Garzoni from 1632 to 1638? | /wiki/Giovanna_Garzoni#P937#3 | Giovanna Garzoni Giovanna Garzoni ( 1600–1670 ) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period . She began her career painting religious , mythological , and allegorical subjects but gained fame for her botanical subjects painted in tempera and watercolour . Her works were praised for their precision and balance and for the exactitude of the objects depicted . She was often called the Chaste Giovanna due to her vow to remain a virgin . Scholars have speculated Garzoni may have been influenced by fellow botanical painter Jacopo Ligozzi although details about Garzonis training are unknown . Early life . Giovanna Garzoni was born in 1600 in Ascoli Piceno in the Marche district of Italy to Giacomo Garzoni and Isabetta Gaia . Both of Garzonis parents were of Venetian origin and are believed to have come from a long line of Venetian painters - a fact that is often disputed . Garzonis grandfather Nicola and Uncle Vincenzo from her mothers side were both goldsmiths while her other uncle , Pietro Gaia , was a painter who studied under Palma the Younger . Historians have widely speculated that Garzoni started off her career as an apprentice under her uncle sometime before 1615 . Garzoni also had a brother , Mattio , with whom she would travel throughout her career . Career . Garzonis first known commission was in the city where she grew up , Rome . It was in 1616 , from the chemist Giovanni Vorvino to paint a herbarium . Four years later in 1620 Garzoni arrived in Venice and painted a Saint Andrew for the Venetian Church of the Ospedale degli Incurabili . Garzoni stayed in Venice for a few more years and during that time attended the Calligraphy school of Giacomo Rogni . Shortly after her studies , Garzoni produced a book of cursive characters called the Libro decaratteri Cancellereschi Corsivi . After finishing her education , Garzoni and her brother Mattio left Venice in 1630 for Naples where she worked for the Spanish viceroy , the Duke of Alacala . Garzoni remained in Naples for a year before returning to Rome in 1631 . Garzonis stay in Rome was short lived however , due to Christina of Frances persistent efforts to have the artist come to Turin to serve as the miniaturist for the Turinese court . Garzoni reached Turin in 1632 and lived there until 1637 . After staying in Turin , Garzoni became familiar with the work of fellow artists Fede Galizia and Panfilo Nuvolone . A few years later in 1640 , Garzoni arrived in Paris and stayed there until 1642 when she went to Rome . Garzoni traveled back and forth from Rome to Florence until 1651 where her primary clients were in the Medici Family , particularly Grand Duke Ferdinando II , Grand Duchess Victoria , and Cardinal Giovan Carlo . After serving the Medici Court , Garzoni decided to settle in Rome in 1651 where she worked continue producing work for the Florentine Court . As well as painting , Garzoni attended the Accademia di San Luca , where she followed events and discussion aimed at educating , socializing , and professionalizing painters , architects and sculptors of Rome . It is noted by several historians that Garzonis pieces were so well received by the public ; she was able to ask any price for her paintings . Notable works and clients . Plate with White Beans : Plate with White Beans was one of the several works of art commissioned by the Medici family . The still life , painted sometime between 1650-1662 , is a naturalistic study of beans in various stages of ripeness and decay . It is collection of the Galleria Palatina in Florence . Portrait of Carlo Emanuele I , Duke of Savory : Created between 1623–1637 when Garzoni was invited to work for the court of Turin by Christina of France in 1632 , this painting is now located in Palazzo Reale , Turin and was last restored in 1995 . Still Life with a Basket of Fruit , a Vase with Carnations and Shells on a Table : This gouache on vellum piece is one of the twenty still-life miniatures that Garzoni produced for the Medici family from the years 1650–1662 . The piece depicts carnations , conch shells , as well as a basket of fruit . Due to her work for the Medici Court , Garzoni became a favorite within the Florentine court for her depictions of nature and botanical subjects . It is now located in the Wallace and Wilhelmina Holladay Collection in Washington , DC . Two important manuscript notebooks by Garzoni exist . The rare books library in Washington DC , Dumbarton Oaks , contains a self-portrait of the elderly artist , in addition to a number of botanical studies . Another album , held by the Accademia di San Luca , the artists institute to which Garzoni left her estate , includes flower studies and still lifes . Personal life . It is believed by historians that Garzoni never married , but others speculate that the artist was once married to Venetian portrait painter Tiberio Tinelli in 1622 . If so , the marriage was short lived , possibly resulting in separation in 1624 . Death . In 1666 , Garzoni devised a will that left her estate to the Church of Santa Martina , the church of the Accademia di San Luca on the basis that she would be buried in the church . Garzoni died in Rome in February 1670 at the age of 70 . Today , Garzonis tomb remains at the Church of Santa Martina but it was not interred there until 1698 , nearly 29 years after her death . Roman painter Giuseppe Ghezzis portrait of Garzoni is also located at the Accademia . Sources . - Ferraro , Joanne M . Marriage Wars in Late Renaissance Venice . ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . - Fortune , Jane , and Linda Falcone . Invisible Women . ( Florence : The Florentine Press , 2010 ) . - Frick , Carole Collier , Stefania Biancani , and Elizabeth S . G . Nicholson . Italian Women Artists : from Renaissance to Baroque . ( Milano : Skira , 2007 ) . - McTighe , Sheila . Foods and the Body in Italian Genre Paintings , about 1580 : Campi , Passarotti , Carracci . The Art Bulletin , College Art Association 86 ( 2004 ) :301–323 , doi 10.2307/3177419 . - Anon . The Flowering of Florence : Botanical Art for the Medici . National Gallery of Art . Accessed October 22 , 2014 . . - The History of the Accademia di San Luca , c . 1590–1635 : Archived from the Archivio di Stato di Roma . National Gallery of Art . . - Vigué , Jordi . Great Women Masters of Art . ( New York : Watson-Guptill , 2003 ) . External links . - Accademia of San Luca - Giovanna Garzoni Getty Museum - National Gallery of Art - Web Gallery of Art ( images ) - Cleveland Institute of Art - Giovanna Garzoni Notebook : Garzoni , Giovanna , 1600–1670 . Piante varie . ca . 1650 . RARE RBR G-3-3 . Dumbarton Oaks Research Library , Washington , DC - CLARA Database of Women Artists |
[
"Paris"
]
| easy | Giovanna Garzoni worked in which location from 1638 to 1641? | /wiki/Giovanna_Garzoni#P937#4 | Giovanna Garzoni Giovanna Garzoni ( 1600–1670 ) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period . She began her career painting religious , mythological , and allegorical subjects but gained fame for her botanical subjects painted in tempera and watercolour . Her works were praised for their precision and balance and for the exactitude of the objects depicted . She was often called the Chaste Giovanna due to her vow to remain a virgin . Scholars have speculated Garzoni may have been influenced by fellow botanical painter Jacopo Ligozzi although details about Garzonis training are unknown . Early life . Giovanna Garzoni was born in 1600 in Ascoli Piceno in the Marche district of Italy to Giacomo Garzoni and Isabetta Gaia . Both of Garzonis parents were of Venetian origin and are believed to have come from a long line of Venetian painters - a fact that is often disputed . Garzonis grandfather Nicola and Uncle Vincenzo from her mothers side were both goldsmiths while her other uncle , Pietro Gaia , was a painter who studied under Palma the Younger . Historians have widely speculated that Garzoni started off her career as an apprentice under her uncle sometime before 1615 . Garzoni also had a brother , Mattio , with whom she would travel throughout her career . Career . Garzonis first known commission was in the city where she grew up , Rome . It was in 1616 , from the chemist Giovanni Vorvino to paint a herbarium . Four years later in 1620 Garzoni arrived in Venice and painted a Saint Andrew for the Venetian Church of the Ospedale degli Incurabili . Garzoni stayed in Venice for a few more years and during that time attended the Calligraphy school of Giacomo Rogni . Shortly after her studies , Garzoni produced a book of cursive characters called the Libro decaratteri Cancellereschi Corsivi . After finishing her education , Garzoni and her brother Mattio left Venice in 1630 for Naples where she worked for the Spanish viceroy , the Duke of Alacala . Garzoni remained in Naples for a year before returning to Rome in 1631 . Garzonis stay in Rome was short lived however , due to Christina of Frances persistent efforts to have the artist come to Turin to serve as the miniaturist for the Turinese court . Garzoni reached Turin in 1632 and lived there until 1637 . After staying in Turin , Garzoni became familiar with the work of fellow artists Fede Galizia and Panfilo Nuvolone . A few years later in 1640 , Garzoni arrived in Paris and stayed there until 1642 when she went to Rome . Garzoni traveled back and forth from Rome to Florence until 1651 where her primary clients were in the Medici Family , particularly Grand Duke Ferdinando II , Grand Duchess Victoria , and Cardinal Giovan Carlo . After serving the Medici Court , Garzoni decided to settle in Rome in 1651 where she worked continue producing work for the Florentine Court . As well as painting , Garzoni attended the Accademia di San Luca , where she followed events and discussion aimed at educating , socializing , and professionalizing painters , architects and sculptors of Rome . It is noted by several historians that Garzonis pieces were so well received by the public ; she was able to ask any price for her paintings . Notable works and clients . Plate with White Beans : Plate with White Beans was one of the several works of art commissioned by the Medici family . The still life , painted sometime between 1650-1662 , is a naturalistic study of beans in various stages of ripeness and decay . It is collection of the Galleria Palatina in Florence . Portrait of Carlo Emanuele I , Duke of Savory : Created between 1623–1637 when Garzoni was invited to work for the court of Turin by Christina of France in 1632 , this painting is now located in Palazzo Reale , Turin and was last restored in 1995 . Still Life with a Basket of Fruit , a Vase with Carnations and Shells on a Table : This gouache on vellum piece is one of the twenty still-life miniatures that Garzoni produced for the Medici family from the years 1650–1662 . The piece depicts carnations , conch shells , as well as a basket of fruit . Due to her work for the Medici Court , Garzoni became a favorite within the Florentine court for her depictions of nature and botanical subjects . It is now located in the Wallace and Wilhelmina Holladay Collection in Washington , DC . Two important manuscript notebooks by Garzoni exist . The rare books library in Washington DC , Dumbarton Oaks , contains a self-portrait of the elderly artist , in addition to a number of botanical studies . Another album , held by the Accademia di San Luca , the artists institute to which Garzoni left her estate , includes flower studies and still lifes . Personal life . It is believed by historians that Garzoni never married , but others speculate that the artist was once married to Venetian portrait painter Tiberio Tinelli in 1622 . If so , the marriage was short lived , possibly resulting in separation in 1624 . Death . In 1666 , Garzoni devised a will that left her estate to the Church of Santa Martina , the church of the Accademia di San Luca on the basis that she would be buried in the church . Garzoni died in Rome in February 1670 at the age of 70 . Today , Garzonis tomb remains at the Church of Santa Martina but it was not interred there until 1698 , nearly 29 years after her death . Roman painter Giuseppe Ghezzis portrait of Garzoni is also located at the Accademia . Sources . - Ferraro , Joanne M . Marriage Wars in Late Renaissance Venice . ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . - Fortune , Jane , and Linda Falcone . Invisible Women . ( Florence : The Florentine Press , 2010 ) . - Frick , Carole Collier , Stefania Biancani , and Elizabeth S . G . Nicholson . Italian Women Artists : from Renaissance to Baroque . ( Milano : Skira , 2007 ) . - McTighe , Sheila . Foods and the Body in Italian Genre Paintings , about 1580 : Campi , Passarotti , Carracci . The Art Bulletin , College Art Association 86 ( 2004 ) :301–323 , doi 10.2307/3177419 . - Anon . The Flowering of Florence : Botanical Art for the Medici . National Gallery of Art . Accessed October 22 , 2014 . . - The History of the Accademia di San Luca , c . 1590–1635 : Archived from the Archivio di Stato di Roma . National Gallery of Art . . - Vigué , Jordi . Great Women Masters of Art . ( New York : Watson-Guptill , 2003 ) . External links . - Accademia of San Luca - Giovanna Garzoni Getty Museum - National Gallery of Art - Web Gallery of Art ( images ) - Cleveland Institute of Art - Giovanna Garzoni Notebook : Garzoni , Giovanna , 1600–1670 . Piante varie . ca . 1650 . RARE RBR G-3-3 . Dumbarton Oaks Research Library , Washington , DC - CLARA Database of Women Artists |
[
"Florence",
"Rome"
]
| easy | Where did Giovanna Garzoni work from 1641 to 1651? | /wiki/Giovanna_Garzoni#P937#5 | Giovanna Garzoni Giovanna Garzoni ( 1600–1670 ) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period . She began her career painting religious , mythological , and allegorical subjects but gained fame for her botanical subjects painted in tempera and watercolour . Her works were praised for their precision and balance and for the exactitude of the objects depicted . She was often called the Chaste Giovanna due to her vow to remain a virgin . Scholars have speculated Garzoni may have been influenced by fellow botanical painter Jacopo Ligozzi although details about Garzonis training are unknown . Early life . Giovanna Garzoni was born in 1600 in Ascoli Piceno in the Marche district of Italy to Giacomo Garzoni and Isabetta Gaia . Both of Garzonis parents were of Venetian origin and are believed to have come from a long line of Venetian painters - a fact that is often disputed . Garzonis grandfather Nicola and Uncle Vincenzo from her mothers side were both goldsmiths while her other uncle , Pietro Gaia , was a painter who studied under Palma the Younger . Historians have widely speculated that Garzoni started off her career as an apprentice under her uncle sometime before 1615 . Garzoni also had a brother , Mattio , with whom she would travel throughout her career . Career . Garzonis first known commission was in the city where she grew up , Rome . It was in 1616 , from the chemist Giovanni Vorvino to paint a herbarium . Four years later in 1620 Garzoni arrived in Venice and painted a Saint Andrew for the Venetian Church of the Ospedale degli Incurabili . Garzoni stayed in Venice for a few more years and during that time attended the Calligraphy school of Giacomo Rogni . Shortly after her studies , Garzoni produced a book of cursive characters called the Libro decaratteri Cancellereschi Corsivi . After finishing her education , Garzoni and her brother Mattio left Venice in 1630 for Naples where she worked for the Spanish viceroy , the Duke of Alacala . Garzoni remained in Naples for a year before returning to Rome in 1631 . Garzonis stay in Rome was short lived however , due to Christina of Frances persistent efforts to have the artist come to Turin to serve as the miniaturist for the Turinese court . Garzoni reached Turin in 1632 and lived there until 1637 . After staying in Turin , Garzoni became familiar with the work of fellow artists Fede Galizia and Panfilo Nuvolone . A few years later in 1640 , Garzoni arrived in Paris and stayed there until 1642 when she went to Rome . Garzoni traveled back and forth from Rome to Florence until 1651 where her primary clients were in the Medici Family , particularly Grand Duke Ferdinando II , Grand Duchess Victoria , and Cardinal Giovan Carlo . After serving the Medici Court , Garzoni decided to settle in Rome in 1651 where she worked continue producing work for the Florentine Court . As well as painting , Garzoni attended the Accademia di San Luca , where she followed events and discussion aimed at educating , socializing , and professionalizing painters , architects and sculptors of Rome . It is noted by several historians that Garzonis pieces were so well received by the public ; she was able to ask any price for her paintings . Notable works and clients . Plate with White Beans : Plate with White Beans was one of the several works of art commissioned by the Medici family . The still life , painted sometime between 1650-1662 , is a naturalistic study of beans in various stages of ripeness and decay . It is collection of the Galleria Palatina in Florence . Portrait of Carlo Emanuele I , Duke of Savory : Created between 1623–1637 when Garzoni was invited to work for the court of Turin by Christina of France in 1632 , this painting is now located in Palazzo Reale , Turin and was last restored in 1995 . Still Life with a Basket of Fruit , a Vase with Carnations and Shells on a Table : This gouache on vellum piece is one of the twenty still-life miniatures that Garzoni produced for the Medici family from the years 1650–1662 . The piece depicts carnations , conch shells , as well as a basket of fruit . Due to her work for the Medici Court , Garzoni became a favorite within the Florentine court for her depictions of nature and botanical subjects . It is now located in the Wallace and Wilhelmina Holladay Collection in Washington , DC . Two important manuscript notebooks by Garzoni exist . The rare books library in Washington DC , Dumbarton Oaks , contains a self-portrait of the elderly artist , in addition to a number of botanical studies . Another album , held by the Accademia di San Luca , the artists institute to which Garzoni left her estate , includes flower studies and still lifes . Personal life . It is believed by historians that Garzoni never married , but others speculate that the artist was once married to Venetian portrait painter Tiberio Tinelli in 1622 . If so , the marriage was short lived , possibly resulting in separation in 1624 . Death . In 1666 , Garzoni devised a will that left her estate to the Church of Santa Martina , the church of the Accademia di San Luca on the basis that she would be buried in the church . Garzoni died in Rome in February 1670 at the age of 70 . Today , Garzonis tomb remains at the Church of Santa Martina but it was not interred there until 1698 , nearly 29 years after her death . Roman painter Giuseppe Ghezzis portrait of Garzoni is also located at the Accademia . Sources . - Ferraro , Joanne M . Marriage Wars in Late Renaissance Venice . ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . - Fortune , Jane , and Linda Falcone . Invisible Women . ( Florence : The Florentine Press , 2010 ) . - Frick , Carole Collier , Stefania Biancani , and Elizabeth S . G . Nicholson . Italian Women Artists : from Renaissance to Baroque . ( Milano : Skira , 2007 ) . - McTighe , Sheila . Foods and the Body in Italian Genre Paintings , about 1580 : Campi , Passarotti , Carracci . The Art Bulletin , College Art Association 86 ( 2004 ) :301–323 , doi 10.2307/3177419 . - Anon . The Flowering of Florence : Botanical Art for the Medici . National Gallery of Art . Accessed October 22 , 2014 . . - The History of the Accademia di San Luca , c . 1590–1635 : Archived from the Archivio di Stato di Roma . National Gallery of Art . . - Vigué , Jordi . Great Women Masters of Art . ( New York : Watson-Guptill , 2003 ) . External links . - Accademia of San Luca - Giovanna Garzoni Getty Museum - National Gallery of Art - Web Gallery of Art ( images ) - Cleveland Institute of Art - Giovanna Garzoni Notebook : Garzoni , Giovanna , 1600–1670 . Piante varie . ca . 1650 . RARE RBR G-3-3 . Dumbarton Oaks Research Library , Washington , DC - CLARA Database of Women Artists |
[
"Rome"
]
| easy | What was the working location for Giovanna Garzoni from 1651 to 1670? | /wiki/Giovanna_Garzoni#P937#6 | Giovanna Garzoni Giovanna Garzoni ( 1600–1670 ) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period . She began her career painting religious , mythological , and allegorical subjects but gained fame for her botanical subjects painted in tempera and watercolour . Her works were praised for their precision and balance and for the exactitude of the objects depicted . She was often called the Chaste Giovanna due to her vow to remain a virgin . Scholars have speculated Garzoni may have been influenced by fellow botanical painter Jacopo Ligozzi although details about Garzonis training are unknown . Early life . Giovanna Garzoni was born in 1600 in Ascoli Piceno in the Marche district of Italy to Giacomo Garzoni and Isabetta Gaia . Both of Garzonis parents were of Venetian origin and are believed to have come from a long line of Venetian painters - a fact that is often disputed . Garzonis grandfather Nicola and Uncle Vincenzo from her mothers side were both goldsmiths while her other uncle , Pietro Gaia , was a painter who studied under Palma the Younger . Historians have widely speculated that Garzoni started off her career as an apprentice under her uncle sometime before 1615 . Garzoni also had a brother , Mattio , with whom she would travel throughout her career . Career . Garzonis first known commission was in the city where she grew up , Rome . It was in 1616 , from the chemist Giovanni Vorvino to paint a herbarium . Four years later in 1620 Garzoni arrived in Venice and painted a Saint Andrew for the Venetian Church of the Ospedale degli Incurabili . Garzoni stayed in Venice for a few more years and during that time attended the Calligraphy school of Giacomo Rogni . Shortly after her studies , Garzoni produced a book of cursive characters called the Libro decaratteri Cancellereschi Corsivi . After finishing her education , Garzoni and her brother Mattio left Venice in 1630 for Naples where she worked for the Spanish viceroy , the Duke of Alacala . Garzoni remained in Naples for a year before returning to Rome in 1631 . Garzonis stay in Rome was short lived however , due to Christina of Frances persistent efforts to have the artist come to Turin to serve as the miniaturist for the Turinese court . Garzoni reached Turin in 1632 and lived there until 1637 . After staying in Turin , Garzoni became familiar with the work of fellow artists Fede Galizia and Panfilo Nuvolone . A few years later in 1640 , Garzoni arrived in Paris and stayed there until 1642 when she went to Rome . Garzoni traveled back and forth from Rome to Florence until 1651 where her primary clients were in the Medici Family , particularly Grand Duke Ferdinando II , Grand Duchess Victoria , and Cardinal Giovan Carlo . After serving the Medici Court , Garzoni decided to settle in Rome in 1651 where she worked continue producing work for the Florentine Court . As well as painting , Garzoni attended the Accademia di San Luca , where she followed events and discussion aimed at educating , socializing , and professionalizing painters , architects and sculptors of Rome . It is noted by several historians that Garzonis pieces were so well received by the public ; she was able to ask any price for her paintings . Notable works and clients . Plate with White Beans : Plate with White Beans was one of the several works of art commissioned by the Medici family . The still life , painted sometime between 1650-1662 , is a naturalistic study of beans in various stages of ripeness and decay . It is collection of the Galleria Palatina in Florence . Portrait of Carlo Emanuele I , Duke of Savory : Created between 1623–1637 when Garzoni was invited to work for the court of Turin by Christina of France in 1632 , this painting is now located in Palazzo Reale , Turin and was last restored in 1995 . Still Life with a Basket of Fruit , a Vase with Carnations and Shells on a Table : This gouache on vellum piece is one of the twenty still-life miniatures that Garzoni produced for the Medici family from the years 1650–1662 . The piece depicts carnations , conch shells , as well as a basket of fruit . Due to her work for the Medici Court , Garzoni became a favorite within the Florentine court for her depictions of nature and botanical subjects . It is now located in the Wallace and Wilhelmina Holladay Collection in Washington , DC . Two important manuscript notebooks by Garzoni exist . The rare books library in Washington DC , Dumbarton Oaks , contains a self-portrait of the elderly artist , in addition to a number of botanical studies . Another album , held by the Accademia di San Luca , the artists institute to which Garzoni left her estate , includes flower studies and still lifes . Personal life . It is believed by historians that Garzoni never married , but others speculate that the artist was once married to Venetian portrait painter Tiberio Tinelli in 1622 . If so , the marriage was short lived , possibly resulting in separation in 1624 . Death . In 1666 , Garzoni devised a will that left her estate to the Church of Santa Martina , the church of the Accademia di San Luca on the basis that she would be buried in the church . Garzoni died in Rome in February 1670 at the age of 70 . Today , Garzonis tomb remains at the Church of Santa Martina but it was not interred there until 1698 , nearly 29 years after her death . Roman painter Giuseppe Ghezzis portrait of Garzoni is also located at the Accademia . Sources . - Ferraro , Joanne M . Marriage Wars in Late Renaissance Venice . ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . - Fortune , Jane , and Linda Falcone . Invisible Women . ( Florence : The Florentine Press , 2010 ) . - Frick , Carole Collier , Stefania Biancani , and Elizabeth S . G . Nicholson . Italian Women Artists : from Renaissance to Baroque . ( Milano : Skira , 2007 ) . - McTighe , Sheila . Foods and the Body in Italian Genre Paintings , about 1580 : Campi , Passarotti , Carracci . The Art Bulletin , College Art Association 86 ( 2004 ) :301–323 , doi 10.2307/3177419 . - Anon . The Flowering of Florence : Botanical Art for the Medici . National Gallery of Art . Accessed October 22 , 2014 . . - The History of the Accademia di San Luca , c . 1590–1635 : Archived from the Archivio di Stato di Roma . National Gallery of Art . . - Vigué , Jordi . Great Women Masters of Art . ( New York : Watson-Guptill , 2003 ) . External links . - Accademia of San Luca - Giovanna Garzoni Getty Museum - National Gallery of Art - Web Gallery of Art ( images ) - Cleveland Institute of Art - Giovanna Garzoni Notebook : Garzoni , Giovanna , 1600–1670 . Piante varie . ca . 1650 . RARE RBR G-3-3 . Dumbarton Oaks Research Library , Washington , DC - CLARA Database of Women Artists |
[
"Rocco Buttiglione"
]
| easy | Who was the head of Union of the Centre (2002) from Dec 2002 to Mar 2014? | /wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)#P488#0 | Union of the Centre ( 2002 ) The Union of the Centre ( , UdC ) , whose complete name is Union of Christian and Centre Democrats ( Unione dei Democratici Cristiani e Democratici di Centro , UDC ) , is a Christian-democratic political party in Italy . Lorenzo Cesa is the partys current secretary ; Pier Ferdinando Casini was for years the most recognisable figure and de facto leader of the party , before eventually distancing from it in 2016 . The UdC is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) , of which Casini was president from 2004 to 2015 . The party was formed as Union of Christian and Centre Democrats in December 2002 upon the merger of the Christian Democratic Centre ( CCD ) , the United Christian Democrats ( CDU ) and European Democracy ( DE ) . In 2008 the party was the driving force behind the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) , an alliance comprising , among others , The Rose for Italy of Bruno Tabacci and Savino Pezzotta , the Populars of Ciriaco De Mita and the Liberal Clubs of Ferdinando Adornato . Since then , the partys official name was neglected in favour of the alliances and , since most of the UdC member parties have joined the UDC too , the UDC and the UdC started to overlap almost completely to the point that they are now undistinguishable . The CCD was an early ally of Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia in 1994 and was part of the centre-right Pole/House of Freedoms since its establishment . Consequently , the UDC was consistently part of the centre-right until 2006 . Later , it was affiliated neither to the centre-right nor the centre-left at the national level . Despite this , the party continued to take part in several regional , provincial and municipal governments with the old and the new Forza Italia , while forming alliances also with the centre-left Democratic Party in some regions and cities . In the 2013 general election the UdC was part of With Monti for Italy , the coalition formed around Mario Montis Civic Choice , and obtained a mere 1.8% of the vote , down from 5.6% in 2008 and 6.8% in 2006 . In December 2014 the party , which sat in Enrico Lettas government and Matteo Renzis government ( 2013–2016 ) , formed Popular Area with Angelino Alfanos New Centre-Right . In December 2016 the UdC left the alliance , did not join Paolo Gentilonis government and suffered the final split by Casini and his followers . The party has since returned into the centre-right coalitions fold and took part to the 2018 general election within a joint list named Us with Italy . After the election , the UdC has become a sort of associate party of Forza Italia , being part of the latters group in the Senate . History . Background . In the 2001 Italian general election the Christian Democratic Centre ( CCD ) , led by Pier Ferdinando Casini , and the United Christian Democrats ( CDU ) , a 1995 split from the Italian Peoples Party ( PPI ) led by Rocco Buttiglione were part of the winning centre-right House of Freedoms coalition , but their joint list won a mere 3.2% of the vote ( −2.6pp from 1996 ) . In the event , the two parties suffered the competition of European Democracy ( DE ) , led by Sergio DAntoni and formed largely by further splinters from the PPI , which obtained 2.4% of the vote . After the election , Casini was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies and was replaced by Marco Follini as secretary of the CCD . Soon after , Silvio Berlusconi appointed Carlo Giovanardi ( CCD ) and Buttiglione ( CDU ) as ministers in his second government . A few months later , the CCD and the CDU jointly scored 19.7% of the vote in a regional election ( +0.7pp from the previous regional election ) in Sicily , which was a stronghold for both parties , and Salvatore Cuffaro ( CDU ) was elected President of Sicily with a landslide 59.1% of the vote . DE won 4.5% of the vote and DAntoni was elected to the Sicilian Regional Assembly . Foundation and early years . On 6 December 2002 the CCD , the CDU and DE were merged into the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats ( UDC ) . During the partys first congress , Follini was elected secretary , DAntoni deputy secretary and Buttiglione president . At the 2004 European Parliament election the UDC won 5.9% of the vote and five MEPs . Consequently , the party successfully lobbied for Follinis appointment as Deputy Prime Minister in Berlusconis government with the goal of strengthening and balancing the coalition , while diminishing the influence of Lega Nord . At the 2005 regional elections the UDC and the House of Freedoms faced a severe defeat by winning only 2 regions out of 14 . Follini asked Berlusconi to resign and form a new government . In the new executive Buttiglione became minister of Culture , while Follini step down from his previous post in order to concentrate on the party . On 15 October 2005 Follini suddenly resigned from his position as party secretary and was replaced on 27 October by Lorenzo Cesa , an ally of Casini . The party took part to the 2006 general election with a new logo , characterised by the inclusion of the name of Casini , who also headed party electoral lists in most constituencies . Despite the defeat of the House of Freedoms , the UDC improved its electoral performance by gaining 6.8% of the vote . In the following Sicilian regional election Cuffaro was re-elected President , but the UDCs share of the vote was reduced to 13.0% , due to two factors : the presence of presidents list named after Cuffaro ( which obtained 5.7% and elected mostly UdC members ) and the strong showing of the MpA ( 12.5% ) . Transition and splits . In October 2006 Follini , a harsh critic of Berlusconi , finally left the party to form a new grouping , called Middle Italy , which was eventually merged into the centre-left Democratic Party ( PD ) upon its foundation in October 2007 . This was the fourth split suffered by the UDC in two years after three much bigger splits : the first led by Sergio DAntoni , who joined The Daisy ( DL ) in 2004 ; the second by Gianfranco Rotondi , who launched the Christian Democracy for the Autonomies ( DCA ) in 2005 ; the third by Raffaele Lombardo , who formed the Sicilian-based Movement for Autonomy ( MpA ) later that year . After the departure of Follini , however , Casini became highly critical of Berlusconi too and further distanced the UDC from him . A fifth major split happened at the end of January 2008 when Bruno Tabacci and Mario Baccini left the party because Casini seemed eager to re-join Berlusconi for the upcoming election , after that the Prodi II Cabinet had not passed through a vote of confidence . Shortly afterwards , when Casini refused to merge his party into Berlusconis then-new political movement , The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , the UDC was joined by The Rose for Italy of Tabacci , Baccini and Savino Pezzotta , as well as by two leading members of Forza Italia ( FI ) , Ferdinando Adornato and Angelo Sanza . On the other side , the UDC was left by those who wanted to continue the alliance with Berlusconi : Giovanardi and his faction ( the Liberal Populars ) joined the PdL , citing that the 72% of UDC voters wanted the party to do so . They were soon followed by many others . Union of the Centre . On 28 February 2008 the UDC announced that it would contest the 2008 general election under the banner of the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) , in alliance with The Rose for Italy and other smaller groups , notably including the Populars around Ciriaco De Mita , former leader of Christian Democracy ( DC ) , the Liberal Clubs , the Christian Democratic Party , Veneto for the European Peoples Party , the Democratic Populars and the Autonomist Democrats . Despite having lost many votes to the PdL , the UDC was able to woo some new voters from the centre-left and gained 5.6% of the vote , 36 deputies ( all UDC members but four ) and three senators . Soon after the election , Baccini , one of the leaders of The Rose , surprisingly left the UdC in order to join the PdL . After the election , Casini relaunched his plan for a new centrist party , as an alternative to both the PdL and the PD . This is what he called the party of the nation , open to centrists , Christian democrats , liberals and reformers , even though he presented it as a party based on Christian values , as opposed both to the PD and the PdL , which , despite being a centre-right party , also included social-liberal factions . Casini long criticised the PdL for not being Catholic enough , particularly criticising Berlusconi , who once spoke of anarchy of values in describing the catch-all nature of the PdL , and Gianfranco Fini , who was known for his social-liberal stance on stem-cell research , abortion and right-to-die issues , and explicitly wooed the Christian democrats of the PD to join him . In the 2009 European Parliament election the UdC won 6.5% of the vote and five of its candidates were elected to the European Parliament , including De Mita and Magdi Allam . In the 2010 regional elections the UdC chose to form alliances both with the centre-right and the centre-left ( or stood alone ) in different regions , depending on local conditions , losing ground everywhere but in those southern regions where it was in alliance with the centre-right . Centre-left coalitions . In December 2010 the UdC was a founding member of the New Pole for Italy ( NPI ) , along with Future and Freedom ( FLI ) and the Alliance for Italy . The NPI alliance was short-lived and the three parties , which were supporters of Mario Montis technocratic government in 2011–2013 , parted ways . In 2012 the UdC suffered the split of another Sicilian-based group , Popular Construction ( CP ) , which would be a strong competitor for the party in Sicily , along with the evergreen MpA . The UdC contested the 2013 general election as part of the With Monti for Italy coalition , alongside FLI and Montis Civic Choice ( SC ) . The election was a huge defeat for the UdC , which obtained a mere 1.8% of the vote , eight deputies and two senators . After the election , the party joined Enrico Lettas government with Gianpiero DAlia as minister of Public Administration ( 2013–2014 ) and Matteo Renzis government with Gianluca Galletti as minister of the Environment ( 2014–2016 ) . In February 2014 , during the partys fourth congress , Cesa was narrowly re-elected secretary over DAlia , who was then elected president . The UdC ran in the 2014 European Parliament election on a joint list with the New Centre-Right ( NCD ) , a mainly Christian-democratic outfit emerged from a split from the PdL in its final days . The list obtained 4.4% of the vote and three MEPs , two for the NCD and one for the UdC . In December 2014 the alliance with the NCD was strengthened with the formation of the Popular Area ( AP ) joint parliamentary groups . Re-foundation . In 2016 Casini did not renew his membership to the party , which was thus deprived of its most recognisable leader . Additionally , while still being part of the government and AP , the UdC chose not to support the yes in the 2016 constitutional referendum and to distance from the NCD , rejecting any notion of a joint party . In the run-up of the referendum the party was also abandoned by president DAlia . After the referendum , which saw a huge defeat of the yes side , the UdC left AP altogether , but , other than Casini and DAlia , the party lost another deputy and , more important , minister Galletti . Antonio De Poli replaced DAlia as president . In 2017 the UdC was joined by three senators from other parties . The partys new course was marked also by the return of Follini . For the 2017 Sicilian regional election the UdC re-joined the centre-right at the regional level . The decision led some leading former UdC members in Sicily to return into the partys fold , but was criticised by the partys deputy secretary Giuseppe De Mita , his uncle Ciriaco and Follini , who would jointly launch Italy is Popular , lead it into the Popular Civic List and join the centre-left coalition . In the run-up of the 2018 general election the UdC officially re-joined the centre-right coalition also at the national level , aiming at teaming up with other Christian-democratic parties , notably including the Union of Democrats for Europe ( UDEUR ) , as well as the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Energies for Italy ( EpI ) . Thus , the UdC joined Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list formed by AP splinters ( two groups , a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi and a liberal one led by Enrico Costa ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Civic Choice ( SC ) , Act! , CP and the MpA , with the goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law . NcI was later joined also by IdeA , UdCs partner in the Chamber of Deputies . In the election the NcI obtained a mere 1.3% of the vote and the UdC had three senators elected from single-seat constituencies : De Poli , Paola Binetti and Antonio Saccone . Soon after the election , the party quit NcI and formed a pact with FI . Ideology . Although it is the most vocal supporter of social conservatism in Italy ( opposition to abortion , euthanasia , same-sex marriage , LGBT adoption and legality of cannabis are some of its main concerns ) and can be easily connected with the Christian right , the UdC is usually identified with the political centre in Italy , thanks to its roots in the Christian Democracy ( DC ) . However The Economist once described it as a right-wing , sometimes reactionary party , which stretches a long way from the centre . Moreover , it wrote that many UDC members are diehard corporatists who [ ... ] get most of their votes from the south , where many households depend either on welfare or on public-sector employment . Indeed , the party is stronger in the South and especially in Sicily , where public-sector employment is widely spread . The UDC was an independent-minded and often reluctant member of the House of Freedoms coalition from 2002 to 2008 . The partys leading figure , Pier Ferdinando Casini , was critical of Silvio Berlusconis leadership over the Italian centre-right and presented himself as a moderate alternative to populism , which , in his view , denoted the alliance between The People of Freedom ( PdL ) and Lega Nord . UDCs main goal , similarly to that of the Democratic Movement in France , has been to form governments beyond the left-right divide ( e.g. : Monti Cabinet and Letta Cabinet ) and , possibly , reassembling the remnants of the old DC and control Italian politics from the centre . In this respect , Casini and his followers have long tried to form the nucleus of a third force in Italian politics ( e.g. : New Pole for Italy , With Monti for Italy , Popular Area ) . This centrist option has not succeeded yet : the UdC has remained a much lighter force compared to Berlusconis parties ( Forza Italia , the PdL and finally the new Forza Italia ) , which have drawn most former DC voters , and Italians like confrontational politics based on alternative coalitions and many would support a two-party system , in place of the typically Italian fragmented political spectrum . Finally , several political scientists think that the return of DC is all but likely as the political unity of Catholics ( the core idea on which DC was based ) is not repeatable and it would be anti-historical to try uniting all strains of political Catholicism in a single party . Moreover , although UdC members are keen on presenting themselves as moderates , their solid social conservatism has harmed their prospects , while FI/PdL/FI has been popular also among secularised middle-class voters . Knowing that , Casini tried to open his party , through the UdC , also to non Christian-democratic centrists , liberals and reformers , while wooing former DC members affiliated with other parties , especially the PdL and the centre-left Democratic Party ( PD ) . After Casinis exit from the party in 2016 , the UdC is likely to return to its traditional Christian-democratic roots , as declared by Cesa in a speech to the partys national council . On specific issues , it is relevant to state that the UdC is one of the main supporters of nuclear energy in the Italian political arena . Factions . At the 2007 national congress there were basically four factions within the party . - Casiniani . Led by Pier Ferdinando Casini , Lorenzo Cesa and Rocco Buttiglione , the faction included also Mario Tassone ( co-leader with Buttiglione of a sub-group composed of former members of the United Christian Democrats ( CDU ) , which controlled more than 15% of party delegates ) , Michele Vietti , Luca Volontè , Francesco DOnofrio , Maurizio Ronconi , Francesco Bosi and Antonio De Poli , and gained the support of at least 45% of party members . - Tabaccini . This group , which had the support of the 30% of party members , was basically the left-wing of the party , including leading politicians such as Bruno Tabacci , Mario Baccini and Armando Dionisi , who were formerly close allies of Marco Follini . They proposed to start a co-operation with the Democratic Party ( PD ) or the formation of a centrist party open to figures like Luca Cordero di Montezemolo and Mario Monti . - Cuffariani . This third group consisted in the southern faction of Salvatore Cuffaro , former President of Sicily and was somewhat critical of the centralist-styled leadership of the party . This group , which included Calogero Mannino , Francesco Saverio Romano , Giuseppe Naro and Giuseppe Drago , held the 10% of the party delegates and supported the Casini-Cesa line , although its members had been often friendlier to Berlusconi . In September 2010 most Cuffariani , led by Romano , left the UDC to form The Populars of Italy Tomorrow ( PID ) and support the Berlusconi IV Cabinet . - Giovanardiani . It was the group led by Carlo Giovanardi and Emerenzio Barbieri , who wanted closer ties with Forza Italia and the other parties of the House of Freedoms coalition , including Lega Nord . At the congress the bid of Giovanardi for the leadership was supported by the 13.8% of delegates . Before leaving the UDC in February 2008 in order to join the PdL , Giovanardi and Barbieri organised their faction as Liberal Populars . The three main schisms suffered by the party between 2004 and 2006 , Middle Italy ( IdM ) , Movement for Autonomy ( MpA ) and Christian Democracy for the Autonomies ( DCA ) , were led by the most vocal supporters of each of the last three factions mentioned above , respectively Marco Follini , Raffaele Lombardo and Gianfranco Rotondi . By 2010 virtually all Giovanardiani and Cuffariani had left the party through the Liberal Populars and the PID . Popular support . The UDC/UdC has been historically stronger in the South and in regional elections . The electoral results of the UDC/UdC in the 10 most populated regions of Italy are shown in the table below . The score for the 2006 Sicilian regional election refers to the combined result of the UDC ( 13.0 ) and of LAquilone–Lista del Presidente ( 5.7% ) , the personal list of Salvatore Cuffaro , UDC regional leader and President of Sicily . The elected members of this list were mostly UDC members . Leadership . - Secretary : Marco Follini ( 2002–2005 ) , Lorenzo Cesa ( 2005–2021 ) - Deputy Secretary : Sergio DAntoni ( 2002–2004 ) , Mario Tassone ( 2004–2013 ) , Erminia Mazzoni ( 2005–2007 ) , Salvatore Cuffaro ( 2005–2010 ) , Armando Dionisi ( 2007–2008 ) , Michele Vietti ( 2007–2010 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2014–2016 ) , Mauro Libè ( 2014–2016 ) , Giuseppe De Mita ( 2014–2017 ) - Head of Political Secretariat : Lorenzo Cesa ( 2002–2005 ) , Armando Dionisi ( 2005–2007 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2007–2014 ) - Spokesperson : Michele Vietti ( 2006–2007 ) , Francesco Pionati ( 2007–2008 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2008–2014 ) - President : Rocco Buttiglione ( 2002–2014 ) , Gianpiero DAlia ( 2014–2016 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2016–present ) - Administrative Secretary : Salvatore Cherchi ( 2002–2005 ) , Giuseppe Naro ( 2005–2014 ) , Salvatore Ruggeri ( 2014–present ) - Organizational Secretary : Mario Baccini ( 2002–2005 ) , Renato Grassi ( 2005–2006 ) , Amedeo Ciccanti ( 2006–2007 ) , Giuseppe Galati ( 2007 ) , Francesco Saverio Romano ( 2007–2010 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2011–2014 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Luca Volontè ( 2001–2008 ) , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( 2008–2012 ) , Gian Luca Galletti ( 2012–2013 ) , Giampiero DAlia ( 2013 ) , Giuseppe De Mita ( 2013–2014 ) , Rocco Buttiglione ( 2014–2018 ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Francesco DOnofrio ( 2001–2008 ) , Gianpiero DAlia ( 2008–2013 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2013–present ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Vito Bonsignore ( 2004–2008 ) , Iles Braghetto ( 2008–2009 ) , Carlo Casini ( 2009–2014 ) , Lorenzo Cesa ( 2014–2019 ) |
[
"Gianpiero DAlia"
]
| easy | Who was the head of Union of the Centre (2002) from Mar 2014 to Nov 2016? | /wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)#P488#1 | Union of the Centre ( 2002 ) The Union of the Centre ( , UdC ) , whose complete name is Union of Christian and Centre Democrats ( Unione dei Democratici Cristiani e Democratici di Centro , UDC ) , is a Christian-democratic political party in Italy . Lorenzo Cesa is the partys current secretary ; Pier Ferdinando Casini was for years the most recognisable figure and de facto leader of the party , before eventually distancing from it in 2016 . The UdC is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) , of which Casini was president from 2004 to 2015 . The party was formed as Union of Christian and Centre Democrats in December 2002 upon the merger of the Christian Democratic Centre ( CCD ) , the United Christian Democrats ( CDU ) and European Democracy ( DE ) . In 2008 the party was the driving force behind the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) , an alliance comprising , among others , The Rose for Italy of Bruno Tabacci and Savino Pezzotta , the Populars of Ciriaco De Mita and the Liberal Clubs of Ferdinando Adornato . Since then , the partys official name was neglected in favour of the alliances and , since most of the UdC member parties have joined the UDC too , the UDC and the UdC started to overlap almost completely to the point that they are now undistinguishable . The CCD was an early ally of Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia in 1994 and was part of the centre-right Pole/House of Freedoms since its establishment . Consequently , the UDC was consistently part of the centre-right until 2006 . Later , it was affiliated neither to the centre-right nor the centre-left at the national level . Despite this , the party continued to take part in several regional , provincial and municipal governments with the old and the new Forza Italia , while forming alliances also with the centre-left Democratic Party in some regions and cities . In the 2013 general election the UdC was part of With Monti for Italy , the coalition formed around Mario Montis Civic Choice , and obtained a mere 1.8% of the vote , down from 5.6% in 2008 and 6.8% in 2006 . In December 2014 the party , which sat in Enrico Lettas government and Matteo Renzis government ( 2013–2016 ) , formed Popular Area with Angelino Alfanos New Centre-Right . In December 2016 the UdC left the alliance , did not join Paolo Gentilonis government and suffered the final split by Casini and his followers . The party has since returned into the centre-right coalitions fold and took part to the 2018 general election within a joint list named Us with Italy . After the election , the UdC has become a sort of associate party of Forza Italia , being part of the latters group in the Senate . History . Background . In the 2001 Italian general election the Christian Democratic Centre ( CCD ) , led by Pier Ferdinando Casini , and the United Christian Democrats ( CDU ) , a 1995 split from the Italian Peoples Party ( PPI ) led by Rocco Buttiglione were part of the winning centre-right House of Freedoms coalition , but their joint list won a mere 3.2% of the vote ( −2.6pp from 1996 ) . In the event , the two parties suffered the competition of European Democracy ( DE ) , led by Sergio DAntoni and formed largely by further splinters from the PPI , which obtained 2.4% of the vote . After the election , Casini was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies and was replaced by Marco Follini as secretary of the CCD . Soon after , Silvio Berlusconi appointed Carlo Giovanardi ( CCD ) and Buttiglione ( CDU ) as ministers in his second government . A few months later , the CCD and the CDU jointly scored 19.7% of the vote in a regional election ( +0.7pp from the previous regional election ) in Sicily , which was a stronghold for both parties , and Salvatore Cuffaro ( CDU ) was elected President of Sicily with a landslide 59.1% of the vote . DE won 4.5% of the vote and DAntoni was elected to the Sicilian Regional Assembly . Foundation and early years . On 6 December 2002 the CCD , the CDU and DE were merged into the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats ( UDC ) . During the partys first congress , Follini was elected secretary , DAntoni deputy secretary and Buttiglione president . At the 2004 European Parliament election the UDC won 5.9% of the vote and five MEPs . Consequently , the party successfully lobbied for Follinis appointment as Deputy Prime Minister in Berlusconis government with the goal of strengthening and balancing the coalition , while diminishing the influence of Lega Nord . At the 2005 regional elections the UDC and the House of Freedoms faced a severe defeat by winning only 2 regions out of 14 . Follini asked Berlusconi to resign and form a new government . In the new executive Buttiglione became minister of Culture , while Follini step down from his previous post in order to concentrate on the party . On 15 October 2005 Follini suddenly resigned from his position as party secretary and was replaced on 27 October by Lorenzo Cesa , an ally of Casini . The party took part to the 2006 general election with a new logo , characterised by the inclusion of the name of Casini , who also headed party electoral lists in most constituencies . Despite the defeat of the House of Freedoms , the UDC improved its electoral performance by gaining 6.8% of the vote . In the following Sicilian regional election Cuffaro was re-elected President , but the UDCs share of the vote was reduced to 13.0% , due to two factors : the presence of presidents list named after Cuffaro ( which obtained 5.7% and elected mostly UdC members ) and the strong showing of the MpA ( 12.5% ) . Transition and splits . In October 2006 Follini , a harsh critic of Berlusconi , finally left the party to form a new grouping , called Middle Italy , which was eventually merged into the centre-left Democratic Party ( PD ) upon its foundation in October 2007 . This was the fourth split suffered by the UDC in two years after three much bigger splits : the first led by Sergio DAntoni , who joined The Daisy ( DL ) in 2004 ; the second by Gianfranco Rotondi , who launched the Christian Democracy for the Autonomies ( DCA ) in 2005 ; the third by Raffaele Lombardo , who formed the Sicilian-based Movement for Autonomy ( MpA ) later that year . After the departure of Follini , however , Casini became highly critical of Berlusconi too and further distanced the UDC from him . A fifth major split happened at the end of January 2008 when Bruno Tabacci and Mario Baccini left the party because Casini seemed eager to re-join Berlusconi for the upcoming election , after that the Prodi II Cabinet had not passed through a vote of confidence . Shortly afterwards , when Casini refused to merge his party into Berlusconis then-new political movement , The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , the UDC was joined by The Rose for Italy of Tabacci , Baccini and Savino Pezzotta , as well as by two leading members of Forza Italia ( FI ) , Ferdinando Adornato and Angelo Sanza . On the other side , the UDC was left by those who wanted to continue the alliance with Berlusconi : Giovanardi and his faction ( the Liberal Populars ) joined the PdL , citing that the 72% of UDC voters wanted the party to do so . They were soon followed by many others . Union of the Centre . On 28 February 2008 the UDC announced that it would contest the 2008 general election under the banner of the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) , in alliance with The Rose for Italy and other smaller groups , notably including the Populars around Ciriaco De Mita , former leader of Christian Democracy ( DC ) , the Liberal Clubs , the Christian Democratic Party , Veneto for the European Peoples Party , the Democratic Populars and the Autonomist Democrats . Despite having lost many votes to the PdL , the UDC was able to woo some new voters from the centre-left and gained 5.6% of the vote , 36 deputies ( all UDC members but four ) and three senators . Soon after the election , Baccini , one of the leaders of The Rose , surprisingly left the UdC in order to join the PdL . After the election , Casini relaunched his plan for a new centrist party , as an alternative to both the PdL and the PD . This is what he called the party of the nation , open to centrists , Christian democrats , liberals and reformers , even though he presented it as a party based on Christian values , as opposed both to the PD and the PdL , which , despite being a centre-right party , also included social-liberal factions . Casini long criticised the PdL for not being Catholic enough , particularly criticising Berlusconi , who once spoke of anarchy of values in describing the catch-all nature of the PdL , and Gianfranco Fini , who was known for his social-liberal stance on stem-cell research , abortion and right-to-die issues , and explicitly wooed the Christian democrats of the PD to join him . In the 2009 European Parliament election the UdC won 6.5% of the vote and five of its candidates were elected to the European Parliament , including De Mita and Magdi Allam . In the 2010 regional elections the UdC chose to form alliances both with the centre-right and the centre-left ( or stood alone ) in different regions , depending on local conditions , losing ground everywhere but in those southern regions where it was in alliance with the centre-right . Centre-left coalitions . In December 2010 the UdC was a founding member of the New Pole for Italy ( NPI ) , along with Future and Freedom ( FLI ) and the Alliance for Italy . The NPI alliance was short-lived and the three parties , which were supporters of Mario Montis technocratic government in 2011–2013 , parted ways . In 2012 the UdC suffered the split of another Sicilian-based group , Popular Construction ( CP ) , which would be a strong competitor for the party in Sicily , along with the evergreen MpA . The UdC contested the 2013 general election as part of the With Monti for Italy coalition , alongside FLI and Montis Civic Choice ( SC ) . The election was a huge defeat for the UdC , which obtained a mere 1.8% of the vote , eight deputies and two senators . After the election , the party joined Enrico Lettas government with Gianpiero DAlia as minister of Public Administration ( 2013–2014 ) and Matteo Renzis government with Gianluca Galletti as minister of the Environment ( 2014–2016 ) . In February 2014 , during the partys fourth congress , Cesa was narrowly re-elected secretary over DAlia , who was then elected president . The UdC ran in the 2014 European Parliament election on a joint list with the New Centre-Right ( NCD ) , a mainly Christian-democratic outfit emerged from a split from the PdL in its final days . The list obtained 4.4% of the vote and three MEPs , two for the NCD and one for the UdC . In December 2014 the alliance with the NCD was strengthened with the formation of the Popular Area ( AP ) joint parliamentary groups . Re-foundation . In 2016 Casini did not renew his membership to the party , which was thus deprived of its most recognisable leader . Additionally , while still being part of the government and AP , the UdC chose not to support the yes in the 2016 constitutional referendum and to distance from the NCD , rejecting any notion of a joint party . In the run-up of the referendum the party was also abandoned by president DAlia . After the referendum , which saw a huge defeat of the yes side , the UdC left AP altogether , but , other than Casini and DAlia , the party lost another deputy and , more important , minister Galletti . Antonio De Poli replaced DAlia as president . In 2017 the UdC was joined by three senators from other parties . The partys new course was marked also by the return of Follini . For the 2017 Sicilian regional election the UdC re-joined the centre-right at the regional level . The decision led some leading former UdC members in Sicily to return into the partys fold , but was criticised by the partys deputy secretary Giuseppe De Mita , his uncle Ciriaco and Follini , who would jointly launch Italy is Popular , lead it into the Popular Civic List and join the centre-left coalition . In the run-up of the 2018 general election the UdC officially re-joined the centre-right coalition also at the national level , aiming at teaming up with other Christian-democratic parties , notably including the Union of Democrats for Europe ( UDEUR ) , as well as the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Energies for Italy ( EpI ) . Thus , the UdC joined Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list formed by AP splinters ( two groups , a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi and a liberal one led by Enrico Costa ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Civic Choice ( SC ) , Act! , CP and the MpA , with the goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law . NcI was later joined also by IdeA , UdCs partner in the Chamber of Deputies . In the election the NcI obtained a mere 1.3% of the vote and the UdC had three senators elected from single-seat constituencies : De Poli , Paola Binetti and Antonio Saccone . Soon after the election , the party quit NcI and formed a pact with FI . Ideology . Although it is the most vocal supporter of social conservatism in Italy ( opposition to abortion , euthanasia , same-sex marriage , LGBT adoption and legality of cannabis are some of its main concerns ) and can be easily connected with the Christian right , the UdC is usually identified with the political centre in Italy , thanks to its roots in the Christian Democracy ( DC ) . However The Economist once described it as a right-wing , sometimes reactionary party , which stretches a long way from the centre . Moreover , it wrote that many UDC members are diehard corporatists who [ ... ] get most of their votes from the south , where many households depend either on welfare or on public-sector employment . Indeed , the party is stronger in the South and especially in Sicily , where public-sector employment is widely spread . The UDC was an independent-minded and often reluctant member of the House of Freedoms coalition from 2002 to 2008 . The partys leading figure , Pier Ferdinando Casini , was critical of Silvio Berlusconis leadership over the Italian centre-right and presented himself as a moderate alternative to populism , which , in his view , denoted the alliance between The People of Freedom ( PdL ) and Lega Nord . UDCs main goal , similarly to that of the Democratic Movement in France , has been to form governments beyond the left-right divide ( e.g. : Monti Cabinet and Letta Cabinet ) and , possibly , reassembling the remnants of the old DC and control Italian politics from the centre . In this respect , Casini and his followers have long tried to form the nucleus of a third force in Italian politics ( e.g. : New Pole for Italy , With Monti for Italy , Popular Area ) . This centrist option has not succeeded yet : the UdC has remained a much lighter force compared to Berlusconis parties ( Forza Italia , the PdL and finally the new Forza Italia ) , which have drawn most former DC voters , and Italians like confrontational politics based on alternative coalitions and many would support a two-party system , in place of the typically Italian fragmented political spectrum . Finally , several political scientists think that the return of DC is all but likely as the political unity of Catholics ( the core idea on which DC was based ) is not repeatable and it would be anti-historical to try uniting all strains of political Catholicism in a single party . Moreover , although UdC members are keen on presenting themselves as moderates , their solid social conservatism has harmed their prospects , while FI/PdL/FI has been popular also among secularised middle-class voters . Knowing that , Casini tried to open his party , through the UdC , also to non Christian-democratic centrists , liberals and reformers , while wooing former DC members affiliated with other parties , especially the PdL and the centre-left Democratic Party ( PD ) . After Casinis exit from the party in 2016 , the UdC is likely to return to its traditional Christian-democratic roots , as declared by Cesa in a speech to the partys national council . On specific issues , it is relevant to state that the UdC is one of the main supporters of nuclear energy in the Italian political arena . Factions . At the 2007 national congress there were basically four factions within the party . - Casiniani . Led by Pier Ferdinando Casini , Lorenzo Cesa and Rocco Buttiglione , the faction included also Mario Tassone ( co-leader with Buttiglione of a sub-group composed of former members of the United Christian Democrats ( CDU ) , which controlled more than 15% of party delegates ) , Michele Vietti , Luca Volontè , Francesco DOnofrio , Maurizio Ronconi , Francesco Bosi and Antonio De Poli , and gained the support of at least 45% of party members . - Tabaccini . This group , which had the support of the 30% of party members , was basically the left-wing of the party , including leading politicians such as Bruno Tabacci , Mario Baccini and Armando Dionisi , who were formerly close allies of Marco Follini . They proposed to start a co-operation with the Democratic Party ( PD ) or the formation of a centrist party open to figures like Luca Cordero di Montezemolo and Mario Monti . - Cuffariani . This third group consisted in the southern faction of Salvatore Cuffaro , former President of Sicily and was somewhat critical of the centralist-styled leadership of the party . This group , which included Calogero Mannino , Francesco Saverio Romano , Giuseppe Naro and Giuseppe Drago , held the 10% of the party delegates and supported the Casini-Cesa line , although its members had been often friendlier to Berlusconi . In September 2010 most Cuffariani , led by Romano , left the UDC to form The Populars of Italy Tomorrow ( PID ) and support the Berlusconi IV Cabinet . - Giovanardiani . It was the group led by Carlo Giovanardi and Emerenzio Barbieri , who wanted closer ties with Forza Italia and the other parties of the House of Freedoms coalition , including Lega Nord . At the congress the bid of Giovanardi for the leadership was supported by the 13.8% of delegates . Before leaving the UDC in February 2008 in order to join the PdL , Giovanardi and Barbieri organised their faction as Liberal Populars . The three main schisms suffered by the party between 2004 and 2006 , Middle Italy ( IdM ) , Movement for Autonomy ( MpA ) and Christian Democracy for the Autonomies ( DCA ) , were led by the most vocal supporters of each of the last three factions mentioned above , respectively Marco Follini , Raffaele Lombardo and Gianfranco Rotondi . By 2010 virtually all Giovanardiani and Cuffariani had left the party through the Liberal Populars and the PID . Popular support . The UDC/UdC has been historically stronger in the South and in regional elections . The electoral results of the UDC/UdC in the 10 most populated regions of Italy are shown in the table below . The score for the 2006 Sicilian regional election refers to the combined result of the UDC ( 13.0 ) and of LAquilone–Lista del Presidente ( 5.7% ) , the personal list of Salvatore Cuffaro , UDC regional leader and President of Sicily . The elected members of this list were mostly UDC members . Leadership . - Secretary : Marco Follini ( 2002–2005 ) , Lorenzo Cesa ( 2005–2021 ) - Deputy Secretary : Sergio DAntoni ( 2002–2004 ) , Mario Tassone ( 2004–2013 ) , Erminia Mazzoni ( 2005–2007 ) , Salvatore Cuffaro ( 2005–2010 ) , Armando Dionisi ( 2007–2008 ) , Michele Vietti ( 2007–2010 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2014–2016 ) , Mauro Libè ( 2014–2016 ) , Giuseppe De Mita ( 2014–2017 ) - Head of Political Secretariat : Lorenzo Cesa ( 2002–2005 ) , Armando Dionisi ( 2005–2007 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2007–2014 ) - Spokesperson : Michele Vietti ( 2006–2007 ) , Francesco Pionati ( 2007–2008 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2008–2014 ) - President : Rocco Buttiglione ( 2002–2014 ) , Gianpiero DAlia ( 2014–2016 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2016–present ) - Administrative Secretary : Salvatore Cherchi ( 2002–2005 ) , Giuseppe Naro ( 2005–2014 ) , Salvatore Ruggeri ( 2014–present ) - Organizational Secretary : Mario Baccini ( 2002–2005 ) , Renato Grassi ( 2005–2006 ) , Amedeo Ciccanti ( 2006–2007 ) , Giuseppe Galati ( 2007 ) , Francesco Saverio Romano ( 2007–2010 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2011–2014 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Luca Volontè ( 2001–2008 ) , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( 2008–2012 ) , Gian Luca Galletti ( 2012–2013 ) , Giampiero DAlia ( 2013 ) , Giuseppe De Mita ( 2013–2014 ) , Rocco Buttiglione ( 2014–2018 ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Francesco DOnofrio ( 2001–2008 ) , Gianpiero DAlia ( 2008–2013 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2013–present ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Vito Bonsignore ( 2004–2008 ) , Iles Braghetto ( 2008–2009 ) , Carlo Casini ( 2009–2014 ) , Lorenzo Cesa ( 2014–2019 ) |
[
"Antonio De Poli"
]
| easy | Who was the head of Union of the Centre (2002) from Dec 2016 to Dec 2017? | /wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)#P488#2 | Union of the Centre ( 2002 ) The Union of the Centre ( , UdC ) , whose complete name is Union of Christian and Centre Democrats ( Unione dei Democratici Cristiani e Democratici di Centro , UDC ) , is a Christian-democratic political party in Italy . Lorenzo Cesa is the partys current secretary ; Pier Ferdinando Casini was for years the most recognisable figure and de facto leader of the party , before eventually distancing from it in 2016 . The UdC is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) , of which Casini was president from 2004 to 2015 . The party was formed as Union of Christian and Centre Democrats in December 2002 upon the merger of the Christian Democratic Centre ( CCD ) , the United Christian Democrats ( CDU ) and European Democracy ( DE ) . In 2008 the party was the driving force behind the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) , an alliance comprising , among others , The Rose for Italy of Bruno Tabacci and Savino Pezzotta , the Populars of Ciriaco De Mita and the Liberal Clubs of Ferdinando Adornato . Since then , the partys official name was neglected in favour of the alliances and , since most of the UdC member parties have joined the UDC too , the UDC and the UdC started to overlap almost completely to the point that they are now undistinguishable . The CCD was an early ally of Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia in 1994 and was part of the centre-right Pole/House of Freedoms since its establishment . Consequently , the UDC was consistently part of the centre-right until 2006 . Later , it was affiliated neither to the centre-right nor the centre-left at the national level . Despite this , the party continued to take part in several regional , provincial and municipal governments with the old and the new Forza Italia , while forming alliances also with the centre-left Democratic Party in some regions and cities . In the 2013 general election the UdC was part of With Monti for Italy , the coalition formed around Mario Montis Civic Choice , and obtained a mere 1.8% of the vote , down from 5.6% in 2008 and 6.8% in 2006 . In December 2014 the party , which sat in Enrico Lettas government and Matteo Renzis government ( 2013–2016 ) , formed Popular Area with Angelino Alfanos New Centre-Right . In December 2016 the UdC left the alliance , did not join Paolo Gentilonis government and suffered the final split by Casini and his followers . The party has since returned into the centre-right coalitions fold and took part to the 2018 general election within a joint list named Us with Italy . After the election , the UdC has become a sort of associate party of Forza Italia , being part of the latters group in the Senate . History . Background . In the 2001 Italian general election the Christian Democratic Centre ( CCD ) , led by Pier Ferdinando Casini , and the United Christian Democrats ( CDU ) , a 1995 split from the Italian Peoples Party ( PPI ) led by Rocco Buttiglione were part of the winning centre-right House of Freedoms coalition , but their joint list won a mere 3.2% of the vote ( −2.6pp from 1996 ) . In the event , the two parties suffered the competition of European Democracy ( DE ) , led by Sergio DAntoni and formed largely by further splinters from the PPI , which obtained 2.4% of the vote . After the election , Casini was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies and was replaced by Marco Follini as secretary of the CCD . Soon after , Silvio Berlusconi appointed Carlo Giovanardi ( CCD ) and Buttiglione ( CDU ) as ministers in his second government . A few months later , the CCD and the CDU jointly scored 19.7% of the vote in a regional election ( +0.7pp from the previous regional election ) in Sicily , which was a stronghold for both parties , and Salvatore Cuffaro ( CDU ) was elected President of Sicily with a landslide 59.1% of the vote . DE won 4.5% of the vote and DAntoni was elected to the Sicilian Regional Assembly . Foundation and early years . On 6 December 2002 the CCD , the CDU and DE were merged into the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats ( UDC ) . During the partys first congress , Follini was elected secretary , DAntoni deputy secretary and Buttiglione president . At the 2004 European Parliament election the UDC won 5.9% of the vote and five MEPs . Consequently , the party successfully lobbied for Follinis appointment as Deputy Prime Minister in Berlusconis government with the goal of strengthening and balancing the coalition , while diminishing the influence of Lega Nord . At the 2005 regional elections the UDC and the House of Freedoms faced a severe defeat by winning only 2 regions out of 14 . Follini asked Berlusconi to resign and form a new government . In the new executive Buttiglione became minister of Culture , while Follini step down from his previous post in order to concentrate on the party . On 15 October 2005 Follini suddenly resigned from his position as party secretary and was replaced on 27 October by Lorenzo Cesa , an ally of Casini . The party took part to the 2006 general election with a new logo , characterised by the inclusion of the name of Casini , who also headed party electoral lists in most constituencies . Despite the defeat of the House of Freedoms , the UDC improved its electoral performance by gaining 6.8% of the vote . In the following Sicilian regional election Cuffaro was re-elected President , but the UDCs share of the vote was reduced to 13.0% , due to two factors : the presence of presidents list named after Cuffaro ( which obtained 5.7% and elected mostly UdC members ) and the strong showing of the MpA ( 12.5% ) . Transition and splits . In October 2006 Follini , a harsh critic of Berlusconi , finally left the party to form a new grouping , called Middle Italy , which was eventually merged into the centre-left Democratic Party ( PD ) upon its foundation in October 2007 . This was the fourth split suffered by the UDC in two years after three much bigger splits : the first led by Sergio DAntoni , who joined The Daisy ( DL ) in 2004 ; the second by Gianfranco Rotondi , who launched the Christian Democracy for the Autonomies ( DCA ) in 2005 ; the third by Raffaele Lombardo , who formed the Sicilian-based Movement for Autonomy ( MpA ) later that year . After the departure of Follini , however , Casini became highly critical of Berlusconi too and further distanced the UDC from him . A fifth major split happened at the end of January 2008 when Bruno Tabacci and Mario Baccini left the party because Casini seemed eager to re-join Berlusconi for the upcoming election , after that the Prodi II Cabinet had not passed through a vote of confidence . Shortly afterwards , when Casini refused to merge his party into Berlusconis then-new political movement , The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , the UDC was joined by The Rose for Italy of Tabacci , Baccini and Savino Pezzotta , as well as by two leading members of Forza Italia ( FI ) , Ferdinando Adornato and Angelo Sanza . On the other side , the UDC was left by those who wanted to continue the alliance with Berlusconi : Giovanardi and his faction ( the Liberal Populars ) joined the PdL , citing that the 72% of UDC voters wanted the party to do so . They were soon followed by many others . Union of the Centre . On 28 February 2008 the UDC announced that it would contest the 2008 general election under the banner of the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) , in alliance with The Rose for Italy and other smaller groups , notably including the Populars around Ciriaco De Mita , former leader of Christian Democracy ( DC ) , the Liberal Clubs , the Christian Democratic Party , Veneto for the European Peoples Party , the Democratic Populars and the Autonomist Democrats . Despite having lost many votes to the PdL , the UDC was able to woo some new voters from the centre-left and gained 5.6% of the vote , 36 deputies ( all UDC members but four ) and three senators . Soon after the election , Baccini , one of the leaders of The Rose , surprisingly left the UdC in order to join the PdL . After the election , Casini relaunched his plan for a new centrist party , as an alternative to both the PdL and the PD . This is what he called the party of the nation , open to centrists , Christian democrats , liberals and reformers , even though he presented it as a party based on Christian values , as opposed both to the PD and the PdL , which , despite being a centre-right party , also included social-liberal factions . Casini long criticised the PdL for not being Catholic enough , particularly criticising Berlusconi , who once spoke of anarchy of values in describing the catch-all nature of the PdL , and Gianfranco Fini , who was known for his social-liberal stance on stem-cell research , abortion and right-to-die issues , and explicitly wooed the Christian democrats of the PD to join him . In the 2009 European Parliament election the UdC won 6.5% of the vote and five of its candidates were elected to the European Parliament , including De Mita and Magdi Allam . In the 2010 regional elections the UdC chose to form alliances both with the centre-right and the centre-left ( or stood alone ) in different regions , depending on local conditions , losing ground everywhere but in those southern regions where it was in alliance with the centre-right . Centre-left coalitions . In December 2010 the UdC was a founding member of the New Pole for Italy ( NPI ) , along with Future and Freedom ( FLI ) and the Alliance for Italy . The NPI alliance was short-lived and the three parties , which were supporters of Mario Montis technocratic government in 2011–2013 , parted ways . In 2012 the UdC suffered the split of another Sicilian-based group , Popular Construction ( CP ) , which would be a strong competitor for the party in Sicily , along with the evergreen MpA . The UdC contested the 2013 general election as part of the With Monti for Italy coalition , alongside FLI and Montis Civic Choice ( SC ) . The election was a huge defeat for the UdC , which obtained a mere 1.8% of the vote , eight deputies and two senators . After the election , the party joined Enrico Lettas government with Gianpiero DAlia as minister of Public Administration ( 2013–2014 ) and Matteo Renzis government with Gianluca Galletti as minister of the Environment ( 2014–2016 ) . In February 2014 , during the partys fourth congress , Cesa was narrowly re-elected secretary over DAlia , who was then elected president . The UdC ran in the 2014 European Parliament election on a joint list with the New Centre-Right ( NCD ) , a mainly Christian-democratic outfit emerged from a split from the PdL in its final days . The list obtained 4.4% of the vote and three MEPs , two for the NCD and one for the UdC . In December 2014 the alliance with the NCD was strengthened with the formation of the Popular Area ( AP ) joint parliamentary groups . Re-foundation . In 2016 Casini did not renew his membership to the party , which was thus deprived of its most recognisable leader . Additionally , while still being part of the government and AP , the UdC chose not to support the yes in the 2016 constitutional referendum and to distance from the NCD , rejecting any notion of a joint party . In the run-up of the referendum the party was also abandoned by president DAlia . After the referendum , which saw a huge defeat of the yes side , the UdC left AP altogether , but , other than Casini and DAlia , the party lost another deputy and , more important , minister Galletti . Antonio De Poli replaced DAlia as president . In 2017 the UdC was joined by three senators from other parties . The partys new course was marked also by the return of Follini . For the 2017 Sicilian regional election the UdC re-joined the centre-right at the regional level . The decision led some leading former UdC members in Sicily to return into the partys fold , but was criticised by the partys deputy secretary Giuseppe De Mita , his uncle Ciriaco and Follini , who would jointly launch Italy is Popular , lead it into the Popular Civic List and join the centre-left coalition . In the run-up of the 2018 general election the UdC officially re-joined the centre-right coalition also at the national level , aiming at teaming up with other Christian-democratic parties , notably including the Union of Democrats for Europe ( UDEUR ) , as well as the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Energies for Italy ( EpI ) . Thus , the UdC joined Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list formed by AP splinters ( two groups , a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi and a liberal one led by Enrico Costa ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Civic Choice ( SC ) , Act! , CP and the MpA , with the goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law . NcI was later joined also by IdeA , UdCs partner in the Chamber of Deputies . In the election the NcI obtained a mere 1.3% of the vote and the UdC had three senators elected from single-seat constituencies : De Poli , Paola Binetti and Antonio Saccone . Soon after the election , the party quit NcI and formed a pact with FI . Ideology . Although it is the most vocal supporter of social conservatism in Italy ( opposition to abortion , euthanasia , same-sex marriage , LGBT adoption and legality of cannabis are some of its main concerns ) and can be easily connected with the Christian right , the UdC is usually identified with the political centre in Italy , thanks to its roots in the Christian Democracy ( DC ) . However The Economist once described it as a right-wing , sometimes reactionary party , which stretches a long way from the centre . Moreover , it wrote that many UDC members are diehard corporatists who [ ... ] get most of their votes from the south , where many households depend either on welfare or on public-sector employment . Indeed , the party is stronger in the South and especially in Sicily , where public-sector employment is widely spread . The UDC was an independent-minded and often reluctant member of the House of Freedoms coalition from 2002 to 2008 . The partys leading figure , Pier Ferdinando Casini , was critical of Silvio Berlusconis leadership over the Italian centre-right and presented himself as a moderate alternative to populism , which , in his view , denoted the alliance between The People of Freedom ( PdL ) and Lega Nord . UDCs main goal , similarly to that of the Democratic Movement in France , has been to form governments beyond the left-right divide ( e.g. : Monti Cabinet and Letta Cabinet ) and , possibly , reassembling the remnants of the old DC and control Italian politics from the centre . In this respect , Casini and his followers have long tried to form the nucleus of a third force in Italian politics ( e.g. : New Pole for Italy , With Monti for Italy , Popular Area ) . This centrist option has not succeeded yet : the UdC has remained a much lighter force compared to Berlusconis parties ( Forza Italia , the PdL and finally the new Forza Italia ) , which have drawn most former DC voters , and Italians like confrontational politics based on alternative coalitions and many would support a two-party system , in place of the typically Italian fragmented political spectrum . Finally , several political scientists think that the return of DC is all but likely as the political unity of Catholics ( the core idea on which DC was based ) is not repeatable and it would be anti-historical to try uniting all strains of political Catholicism in a single party . Moreover , although UdC members are keen on presenting themselves as moderates , their solid social conservatism has harmed their prospects , while FI/PdL/FI has been popular also among secularised middle-class voters . Knowing that , Casini tried to open his party , through the UdC , also to non Christian-democratic centrists , liberals and reformers , while wooing former DC members affiliated with other parties , especially the PdL and the centre-left Democratic Party ( PD ) . After Casinis exit from the party in 2016 , the UdC is likely to return to its traditional Christian-democratic roots , as declared by Cesa in a speech to the partys national council . On specific issues , it is relevant to state that the UdC is one of the main supporters of nuclear energy in the Italian political arena . Factions . At the 2007 national congress there were basically four factions within the party . - Casiniani . Led by Pier Ferdinando Casini , Lorenzo Cesa and Rocco Buttiglione , the faction included also Mario Tassone ( co-leader with Buttiglione of a sub-group composed of former members of the United Christian Democrats ( CDU ) , which controlled more than 15% of party delegates ) , Michele Vietti , Luca Volontè , Francesco DOnofrio , Maurizio Ronconi , Francesco Bosi and Antonio De Poli , and gained the support of at least 45% of party members . - Tabaccini . This group , which had the support of the 30% of party members , was basically the left-wing of the party , including leading politicians such as Bruno Tabacci , Mario Baccini and Armando Dionisi , who were formerly close allies of Marco Follini . They proposed to start a co-operation with the Democratic Party ( PD ) or the formation of a centrist party open to figures like Luca Cordero di Montezemolo and Mario Monti . - Cuffariani . This third group consisted in the southern faction of Salvatore Cuffaro , former President of Sicily and was somewhat critical of the centralist-styled leadership of the party . This group , which included Calogero Mannino , Francesco Saverio Romano , Giuseppe Naro and Giuseppe Drago , held the 10% of the party delegates and supported the Casini-Cesa line , although its members had been often friendlier to Berlusconi . In September 2010 most Cuffariani , led by Romano , left the UDC to form The Populars of Italy Tomorrow ( PID ) and support the Berlusconi IV Cabinet . - Giovanardiani . It was the group led by Carlo Giovanardi and Emerenzio Barbieri , who wanted closer ties with Forza Italia and the other parties of the House of Freedoms coalition , including Lega Nord . At the congress the bid of Giovanardi for the leadership was supported by the 13.8% of delegates . Before leaving the UDC in February 2008 in order to join the PdL , Giovanardi and Barbieri organised their faction as Liberal Populars . The three main schisms suffered by the party between 2004 and 2006 , Middle Italy ( IdM ) , Movement for Autonomy ( MpA ) and Christian Democracy for the Autonomies ( DCA ) , were led by the most vocal supporters of each of the last three factions mentioned above , respectively Marco Follini , Raffaele Lombardo and Gianfranco Rotondi . By 2010 virtually all Giovanardiani and Cuffariani had left the party through the Liberal Populars and the PID . Popular support . The UDC/UdC has been historically stronger in the South and in regional elections . The electoral results of the UDC/UdC in the 10 most populated regions of Italy are shown in the table below . The score for the 2006 Sicilian regional election refers to the combined result of the UDC ( 13.0 ) and of LAquilone–Lista del Presidente ( 5.7% ) , the personal list of Salvatore Cuffaro , UDC regional leader and President of Sicily . The elected members of this list were mostly UDC members . Leadership . - Secretary : Marco Follini ( 2002–2005 ) , Lorenzo Cesa ( 2005–2021 ) - Deputy Secretary : Sergio DAntoni ( 2002–2004 ) , Mario Tassone ( 2004–2013 ) , Erminia Mazzoni ( 2005–2007 ) , Salvatore Cuffaro ( 2005–2010 ) , Armando Dionisi ( 2007–2008 ) , Michele Vietti ( 2007–2010 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2014–2016 ) , Mauro Libè ( 2014–2016 ) , Giuseppe De Mita ( 2014–2017 ) - Head of Political Secretariat : Lorenzo Cesa ( 2002–2005 ) , Armando Dionisi ( 2005–2007 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2007–2014 ) - Spokesperson : Michele Vietti ( 2006–2007 ) , Francesco Pionati ( 2007–2008 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2008–2014 ) - President : Rocco Buttiglione ( 2002–2014 ) , Gianpiero DAlia ( 2014–2016 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2016–present ) - Administrative Secretary : Salvatore Cherchi ( 2002–2005 ) , Giuseppe Naro ( 2005–2014 ) , Salvatore Ruggeri ( 2014–present ) - Organizational Secretary : Mario Baccini ( 2002–2005 ) , Renato Grassi ( 2005–2006 ) , Amedeo Ciccanti ( 2006–2007 ) , Giuseppe Galati ( 2007 ) , Francesco Saverio Romano ( 2007–2010 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2011–2014 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Luca Volontè ( 2001–2008 ) , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( 2008–2012 ) , Gian Luca Galletti ( 2012–2013 ) , Giampiero DAlia ( 2013 ) , Giuseppe De Mita ( 2013–2014 ) , Rocco Buttiglione ( 2014–2018 ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Francesco DOnofrio ( 2001–2008 ) , Gianpiero DAlia ( 2008–2013 ) , Antonio De Poli ( 2013–present ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Vito Bonsignore ( 2004–2008 ) , Iles Braghetto ( 2008–2009 ) , Carlo Casini ( 2009–2014 ) , Lorenzo Cesa ( 2014–2019 ) |
[
"mayor of Portland"
]
| easy | What position did Neil Goldschmidt take from 1973 to Sep 1979? | /wiki/Neil_Goldschmidt#P39#0 | Neil Goldschmidt Neil Edward Goldschmidt ( born June 16 , 1940 ) is an American businessman and Democratic politician from the state of Oregon who held local , state and federal offices over three decades . After serving as the governor of Oregon , Goldschmidt was once considered the most influential and powerful figure in Oregons politics . His career and legacy were severely damaged by revelations that he had raped a young teenage girl in 1973 , during his first term as mayor of Portland . Goldschmidt was elected to the Portland City Council in 1970 and then as mayor of Portland in 1972 , becoming the youngest mayor of any major American city . He promoted the revitalization of Downtown Portland and was influential on Portland-area transportation policy , particularly with the scrapping of the controversial Mount Hood Freeway and the establishment of the MAX Light Rail system . He was appointed U.S . Secretary of Transportation by President Jimmy Carter in 1979 ; in that capacity he worked to revive the ailing automobile industry and to deregulate several industries . He served until the end of Carters presidency in 1981 and then served as a senior executive with Nike for several years . He was elected the 33rd governor of Oregon in 1986 , serving a single term . He faced significant challenges , particularly a rising anti-tax movement ( leading to Measure 5 in 1990 ) and a doubling of the states prison population . He worked across party lines to reduce regulation and to repair the states infrastructure . His reforms to the State Accident Insurance Fund ( SAIF ) , a state-chartered workers compensation insurance company were heralded at the time , but drew strong criticism in later years . Despite his popularity , Goldschmidt did not seek a second term as governor , becoming an influential and controversial lobbyist . Over the next dozen years or so , he was criticized by editorial boards and Oregonians for several of the causes he supported , including backing the forestry corporation Weyerhaeuser in its hostile takeover of Oregons Willamette Industries and his advocacy for a private investment firm in its attempt to take over Portland General Electric , a publicly-owned local utility company . In 2003 , Governor Ted Kulongoski appointed Goldschmidt to the Oregon Board of Higher Education , a position he resigned after admitting he had a sexual relationship with a minor girl 30 years earlier . Early life . Goldschmidt was born in Eugene , in Oregons Willamette Valley , on June 16 , 1940 , into a Jewish family to Lester H . Goldschmidt and Annette Levin . He graduated from South Eugene High School . He later attended the University of Oregon , also in Eugene . He served as student body president at the school before graduating in 1963 with a bachelors degree in political science . Goldschmidt served as an intern for U.S . Senator Maurine Neuberger in 1964 in Washington , D.C . While there , he was recruited by New York Congressman Allard K . Lowenstein to do voter registration in Mississippis 1964 Freedom Summer civil rights campaign . Goldschmidt married Margaret Wood in 1965 . They had two children , Joshua and Rebecca , and divorced in 1990 . Goldschmidt earned a law degree from the University of California , Berkeley in 1967 . From 1967 to 1970 he worked as a legal aid lawyer in Portland , Oregon . Political career . In 1970 , Neil Goldschmidt entered politics in Oregon . This began three decades of being in the public eye in the state , serving as mayor of Oregons most populous city and as the states governor . In between he served in the Cabinet of President Jimmy Carter . Portland City Commissioner and Mayor . Goldschmidt won a seat on the Portland City Council in 1970 . As City Commissioner ( 1971–1973 ) and later as Mayor of Portland ( 1973–1979 ) , Goldschmidt participated in the revitalization of the downtown section of that city . He led a freeway revolt against the unpopular Mount Hood Freeway , building consensus among labor unions and other powerful entities to divert Federal funds initially earmarked for the freeway to other projects , ultimately expanding the federal funds brought to the region to include the MAX Light Rail line and the Portland Transit Mall . He is widely credited with opening up the citys government to neighborhood activists and minorities , appointing women and African-Americans in a City Hall that had been dominated by an old-boy network . During his mayoral campaign , he questioned the benefit of expanding the citys police force , preferring to direct resources to crime prevention . According to Nigel Jaquiss , a reporter for Willamette Week , for thirty years he was Oregons most successful and charismatic leader . In 1973 , Governor Tom McCall appointed Goldschmidt to what would be known as the Governors Task Force , which was tasked with exploring regional transportation solutions . Goldschmidt served alongside notable leaders : Glenn Jackson , chair of the board of Portland Power and Light and chair of the Oregon Transportation Commission , was considered the states leading power broker on transportation issues ; and Gerard Drummond , a prominent lawyer and lobbyist , was president of Tri-Mets board of directors . The task force considered an unpopular deal that would have funded the construction of the Mount Hood Freeway , which would have bisected southeast Portland . The deal , which would have been 90% funded by the Federal Highway Administration , was rescinded , with first the Multnomah County Commission and , later , Portland City Council reversing their positions and advising against it . Goldschmidt was initially opposed to diverting funds to light rail , instead favoring busways and more suitable local road projects ; as the 1981 deadline to reallocate the funds approached , however , light rail became a more attractive prospect . By a process not clearly documented , light rail was included in the final plan . All federal money initially intended for the Mount Hood Freeway ultimately went to other road projects , but the total amount was doubled and the first leg of MAX light rail was approved and ultimately completed in 1986 . U.S . Secretary of Transportation . Goldschmidt became the sixth U.S . Secretary of Transportation in 1979 . His recess appointment by President Jimmy Carter came on July 27 of that year , as part of a midterm restructuring of the Carter administrations cabinet positions . The United States Senate confirmed his appointment on September 21 , and he was sworn in on September 24 . In this position , Goldschmidt was known for his work to revive the auto industry , and efforts to deregulate the airline , trucking and railroad industries . A newcomer to the Carter administration and to national politics , Goldschmidt traded not only on his experience in transportation planning , but on his political acumen as well ; following Carters unsuccessful bid for re-election , Goldschmidt expressed doubts about the Democratic Partys future if it couldnt learn to cultivate political allies more effectively . Goldschmidts time in Washington , DC , informed his own understanding of politics , as well . He remained in office through the remainder of the Carter administration . In late 1979 , Republican presidential hopeful John B . Anderson called for Goldschmidts resignation , and members of the United States Senate Banking Committee later chastised him , for having suggested that he would withhold transportation funds from municipalities , such as Chicago and Philadelphia , whose mayors supported Ted Kennedy in his primary election bid against Carter . Goldschmidt resigned at the conclusion of Carters term on January 20 , 1981 . Between positions in public office , Goldschmidt was a Nike executive during the 1980s , serving as international Vice President and then as president of Nike Canada . He was considered as a potential chair of the Democratic National Committee in 1984 . Governor of Oregon . In June 1985 Goldschmidt announced his candidacy for Oregon Governor . His name familiarity and access to large donations through his business and political ties made him the Democratic front runner . He easily defeated Oregon State Senator Edward N . Fadeley in the May 1986 Democratic primary . Goldschmidt defeated Republican Secretary of State Norma Paulus in the 1986 general election 52% to 48% , succeeding two-term Republican Governor Vic Atiyeh , becoming the states 33rd governor . Goldschmidts policy for economic development brought together Democratic liberals and Republican business leaders . His personal focus was on childrens rights , poverty and crime , but the challenge of meeting increasing needs with a decreasing budget overshadowed his tenure . An anti-tax movement took hold during his term , passing the landmark Measure 5 in 1990 , which restricted the generation of revenue by property tax . He was credited with leading The Oregon Comeback , bringing the state out of nearly eight years of recession , through regulatory reform and repair of the states infrastructure . Goldschmidt oversaw a major expansion of the states prison system . In May 1987 , he hired Michael Francke to modernize the states prisons , which an investigator had described as overcrowded and operated as independent fiefdoms . Francke was charged with supervising a plan to add over 1000 new beds to the prison system . Francke was murdered in the Department of Corrections parking lot in 1989 . In 1990 , Goldschmidt brokered agreements between business , labor and insurance interests that changed the states workers compensation regulations . Workers compensation has been a contentious issue in Oregon for some time , as the state-run State Accident Insurance Fund ( SAIF ) insures approximately 35% of the workforce . The legislature passed a law as a result . The changes were considered to benefit the insurance industry and business interests , at the expense of claimants , who were required to establish more extensively that their employers were responsible for injuries . The issue was contentious for some time , involving lawsuits and various efforts to modify the law . In 2000 , Governor John Kitzhaber attempted to reform the system again . This led to a new law in the 2001 Legislature , which was complicated by an Oregon Supreme Court ruling that occurred during deliberations . Goldschmidts Childrens Agenda was important in Oregon with its community initiatives . In 1991 , he helped create the Oregon Childrens Foundation , as well as the Start Making A Reader Today ( SMART ) literacy program , which puts 10,000 volunteers into Oregon schools to read to children . Goldschmidt declined to run for re-election in 1990 , despite the widely held perception that he could have been easily re-elected ; at the time , he cited marital difficulties . Bernie Giusto , who was Goldschmidts driver at the start of his term and later became Multnomah County Sheriff , was widely rumored to be romantically involved with Goldschmidts wife Margie ( and would later date her openly after the Goldschmidts divorce ) . Goldschmidt had hoped at one time to serve two terms , noting that most of predecessor Tom McCalls accomplishments came during his second term . In his farewell address to the City Club of Portland , he stated : After only four years , everything is left undone . Nothing is finished . After leaving elected office . Goldschmidt founded a law and consulting firm , Neil Goldschmidt , Inc. , in Portland in 1991 , four days after leaving office as governor . His clients have included Schnitzer Investment , Nike , PacifiCorp , Paul Allen , Bechtel Enterprises ( a subsidiary of Bechtel Corporation ) , and SAIF . Even out of elected office , he was widely considered the most powerful political figure in the state for many years . His influence extended all over the state and the nation . As a member of the Oregon Health & Science University board , Goldschmidt was an early advocate of the controversial Portland Aerial Tram , which connected the research hospital to real estate projects by his longtime associates Homer Williams and Irving Levin near land whose owners Goldschmidt later represented . He stayed active in Portland as well , advocating an expansion of the Park Blocks ( a strip of open park space cutting through downtown Portland. ) Goldschmidt assisted in the deal that led to the construction of TriMets MAX Red Line to Portland International Airport that opened in 2001 . He also started the Start Making a Reader Today ( SMART ) volunteer program in Oregon schools . Goldschmidt drew criticism in recent years for some of his business activities . In 2002 , he lobbied business and political leaders to support Weyerhaeuser in its hostile takeover of Willamette Industries , Inc. , then the only Fortune 500 company headquartered in Portland . In early 2004 , he backed a purchase of Portland General Electric ( PGE ) by Texas Pacific Group which , though never consummated , put on hold city and county studies to acquire PGE by condemnation . Criticism of Goldschmidts business activities peaked when , on November 13 , 2003 , Governor Ted Kulongoski nominated him to the Oregon State Board of Higher Education . Goldschmidts appointment was initially expected to meet with little opposition . Several state senators , however , voiced concerns about Goldschmidts involvement with SAIF and possible improprieties in the dealings he and his wife had with Texas Pacific . Senator Vicki Walker , in particular , emerged as an outspoken critic of Goldschmidt . The increased scrutiny on Goldschmidts career , including reporters difficulties accessing records from his time as governor , ultimately led to the revelation of an illegal sexual relationship with a minor girl , which had occurred decades before , during his time as Mayor of Portland . These revelations ended Goldschmidts extensive career at the center of Oregon politics and policymaking . Revelation of sexual abuse . In May 2004 , a rapid series of events resulted in Goldschmidts confession to a sexual relationship with a young teenage girl in the mid 1970s ; the quick demise of his political career , including resignations from several prominent organizations ; and the transfer of his many documents from the privately run Oregon Historical Society to the state-run Oregon State Archives . On May 6 , under pressure from Willamette Week , Goldschmidt publicly announced that he had engaged in a sexual relationship with a 14-year-old girl ( the victim later indicated she was 13 ) for an extended period during his first term as Mayor of Portland . Sex with a person under 16 years of age constitutes third degree rape under Oregon law , a felony punishable by up to five years in prison . By the time the relationship had become public , however , the statute of limitations had expired , making Goldschmidt immune from any prosecution over the matter . Under Oregon law , Goldschmidt would have been required to register as a sex offender , had he been convicted of the crime of third-degree rape . The fact that the registration law did not pass until 1997 , after the illicit sexual relationship ended , would not have exempted him from registration . Oregon case law has determined that the registration of offenders whose acts were committed prior to the passage of the law does not violate either Oregons Constitution or the United States Constitutions prohibition on ex post facto laws . Goldschmidts confessional letter was published on the front page of The Oregonian on May 7 , 2004 . It differed from the Willamette Week<nowiki></nowiki>s account , most notably in the length of the relationship ( nearly a year according to Goldschmidt , but three years according to Willamette Week at the time ; it was later revealed by Willamette Week that the relationship actually continued through 1991 , after Goldschmidts single term as governor ) and in Goldschmidts use of the term affair to characterize it . The Oregonian was criticized for its coverage and use of the term affair . Writers and editors at The Oregonian acknowledged mistakes in their handling of the story , but denied that a desire to protect Goldschmidt motivated the mistakes . The Willamette Week article , written by Nigel Jaquiss , was awarded the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for investigative reporting . In his initial negotiations with Willamette Week , Goldschmidt agreed to resign his positions with the Texas Pacific Group and the Board of Higher Education , which he did . His decision in 1990 not to run for a second term as governor , long the subject of speculation , was finally explained . Further developments revealed that Goldschmidt was assisted by businessman Robert K . Burtchaell in keeping his molestation of the girl a secret . In return , Goldschmidt gave his support to Burtchaells ( unsuccessful ) bid to extend a lease for a houseboat moorage on the Willamette River . Goldschmidts rabbi made an appeal in The Oregonian for forgiveness . Although Goldschmidt could no longer be prosecuted for the offense , the Oregon State Bar began an investigation into the matter . Goldschmidt submitted a Form B resignation , which was received by the bar on May 13 , where he says that he is aware that he would not be eligible for readmission . Following complaints from local media over limited access to Goldschmidts public papers stored at the Oregon Historical Society ( OHS ) , the state archivist announced May 29 that Goldschmidt would seize the 256 boxes of documents to guarantee public access as defined in a state law passed in 1973 . That law required that public access to such records be maintained , but did not specify where the records be kept . Following Goldschmidts decision to put the documents in the care of the OHS , the state legislature passed a law requiring future governors to leave their documents in the state archives . Many records were published on the state archives website in early 2005 . The scandal has affected numerous people and organizations associated with Goldschmidt . Many people have been accused of knowing of the crime , but failing to act accordingly . Debby Kennedy , who worked for Goldschmidt while he was governor , recalled , I just cant tell you how many rumors there were about him then . Multnomah County Sheriff Bernie Giusto , who admitted knowing about the abuse , announced his early retirement in February 2008 . On March 7 , 2011 , the Oregon Senate President and Co-Speakers of the House released a statement that Goldschmidts Governors portrait had been removed from the walls of the State Capitol building in Salem and put into storage , out of respect for his victim , Elizabeth Lynn Dunham who passed away from cancer on January 16 , 2011 at the age of 49 . Articles by Goldschmidt . - Goldschmidt , Neil . The U.S . Automobile Industry , 1980 . Report to the president from the secretary of transportation , United States Department of Transportation , January 1981 . External links . - President Carter greets Secretary Goldschmidt , a photo published November 4 , 1980 , in The Oregonian , from that newspapers flickr account . |
[
"U.S . Secretary of Transportation"
]
| easy | What was the position of Neil Goldschmidt from Sep 1979 to 1981? | /wiki/Neil_Goldschmidt#P39#1 | Neil Goldschmidt Neil Edward Goldschmidt ( born June 16 , 1940 ) is an American businessman and Democratic politician from the state of Oregon who held local , state and federal offices over three decades . After serving as the governor of Oregon , Goldschmidt was once considered the most influential and powerful figure in Oregons politics . His career and legacy were severely damaged by revelations that he had raped a young teenage girl in 1973 , during his first term as mayor of Portland . Goldschmidt was elected to the Portland City Council in 1970 and then as mayor of Portland in 1972 , becoming the youngest mayor of any major American city . He promoted the revitalization of Downtown Portland and was influential on Portland-area transportation policy , particularly with the scrapping of the controversial Mount Hood Freeway and the establishment of the MAX Light Rail system . He was appointed U.S . Secretary of Transportation by President Jimmy Carter in 1979 ; in that capacity he worked to revive the ailing automobile industry and to deregulate several industries . He served until the end of Carters presidency in 1981 and then served as a senior executive with Nike for several years . He was elected the 33rd governor of Oregon in 1986 , serving a single term . He faced significant challenges , particularly a rising anti-tax movement ( leading to Measure 5 in 1990 ) and a doubling of the states prison population . He worked across party lines to reduce regulation and to repair the states infrastructure . His reforms to the State Accident Insurance Fund ( SAIF ) , a state-chartered workers compensation insurance company were heralded at the time , but drew strong criticism in later years . Despite his popularity , Goldschmidt did not seek a second term as governor , becoming an influential and controversial lobbyist . Over the next dozen years or so , he was criticized by editorial boards and Oregonians for several of the causes he supported , including backing the forestry corporation Weyerhaeuser in its hostile takeover of Oregons Willamette Industries and his advocacy for a private investment firm in its attempt to take over Portland General Electric , a publicly-owned local utility company . In 2003 , Governor Ted Kulongoski appointed Goldschmidt to the Oregon Board of Higher Education , a position he resigned after admitting he had a sexual relationship with a minor girl 30 years earlier . Early life . Goldschmidt was born in Eugene , in Oregons Willamette Valley , on June 16 , 1940 , into a Jewish family to Lester H . Goldschmidt and Annette Levin . He graduated from South Eugene High School . He later attended the University of Oregon , also in Eugene . He served as student body president at the school before graduating in 1963 with a bachelors degree in political science . Goldschmidt served as an intern for U.S . Senator Maurine Neuberger in 1964 in Washington , D.C . While there , he was recruited by New York Congressman Allard K . Lowenstein to do voter registration in Mississippis 1964 Freedom Summer civil rights campaign . Goldschmidt married Margaret Wood in 1965 . They had two children , Joshua and Rebecca , and divorced in 1990 . Goldschmidt earned a law degree from the University of California , Berkeley in 1967 . From 1967 to 1970 he worked as a legal aid lawyer in Portland , Oregon . Political career . In 1970 , Neil Goldschmidt entered politics in Oregon . This began three decades of being in the public eye in the state , serving as mayor of Oregons most populous city and as the states governor . In between he served in the Cabinet of President Jimmy Carter . Portland City Commissioner and Mayor . Goldschmidt won a seat on the Portland City Council in 1970 . As City Commissioner ( 1971–1973 ) and later as Mayor of Portland ( 1973–1979 ) , Goldschmidt participated in the revitalization of the downtown section of that city . He led a freeway revolt against the unpopular Mount Hood Freeway , building consensus among labor unions and other powerful entities to divert Federal funds initially earmarked for the freeway to other projects , ultimately expanding the federal funds brought to the region to include the MAX Light Rail line and the Portland Transit Mall . He is widely credited with opening up the citys government to neighborhood activists and minorities , appointing women and African-Americans in a City Hall that had been dominated by an old-boy network . During his mayoral campaign , he questioned the benefit of expanding the citys police force , preferring to direct resources to crime prevention . According to Nigel Jaquiss , a reporter for Willamette Week , for thirty years he was Oregons most successful and charismatic leader . In 1973 , Governor Tom McCall appointed Goldschmidt to what would be known as the Governors Task Force , which was tasked with exploring regional transportation solutions . Goldschmidt served alongside notable leaders : Glenn Jackson , chair of the board of Portland Power and Light and chair of the Oregon Transportation Commission , was considered the states leading power broker on transportation issues ; and Gerard Drummond , a prominent lawyer and lobbyist , was president of Tri-Mets board of directors . The task force considered an unpopular deal that would have funded the construction of the Mount Hood Freeway , which would have bisected southeast Portland . The deal , which would have been 90% funded by the Federal Highway Administration , was rescinded , with first the Multnomah County Commission and , later , Portland City Council reversing their positions and advising against it . Goldschmidt was initially opposed to diverting funds to light rail , instead favoring busways and more suitable local road projects ; as the 1981 deadline to reallocate the funds approached , however , light rail became a more attractive prospect . By a process not clearly documented , light rail was included in the final plan . All federal money initially intended for the Mount Hood Freeway ultimately went to other road projects , but the total amount was doubled and the first leg of MAX light rail was approved and ultimately completed in 1986 . U.S . Secretary of Transportation . Goldschmidt became the sixth U.S . Secretary of Transportation in 1979 . His recess appointment by President Jimmy Carter came on July 27 of that year , as part of a midterm restructuring of the Carter administrations cabinet positions . The United States Senate confirmed his appointment on September 21 , and he was sworn in on September 24 . In this position , Goldschmidt was known for his work to revive the auto industry , and efforts to deregulate the airline , trucking and railroad industries . A newcomer to the Carter administration and to national politics , Goldschmidt traded not only on his experience in transportation planning , but on his political acumen as well ; following Carters unsuccessful bid for re-election , Goldschmidt expressed doubts about the Democratic Partys future if it couldnt learn to cultivate political allies more effectively . Goldschmidts time in Washington , DC , informed his own understanding of politics , as well . He remained in office through the remainder of the Carter administration . In late 1979 , Republican presidential hopeful John B . Anderson called for Goldschmidts resignation , and members of the United States Senate Banking Committee later chastised him , for having suggested that he would withhold transportation funds from municipalities , such as Chicago and Philadelphia , whose mayors supported Ted Kennedy in his primary election bid against Carter . Goldschmidt resigned at the conclusion of Carters term on January 20 , 1981 . Between positions in public office , Goldschmidt was a Nike executive during the 1980s , serving as international Vice President and then as president of Nike Canada . He was considered as a potential chair of the Democratic National Committee in 1984 . Governor of Oregon . In June 1985 Goldschmidt announced his candidacy for Oregon Governor . His name familiarity and access to large donations through his business and political ties made him the Democratic front runner . He easily defeated Oregon State Senator Edward N . Fadeley in the May 1986 Democratic primary . Goldschmidt defeated Republican Secretary of State Norma Paulus in the 1986 general election 52% to 48% , succeeding two-term Republican Governor Vic Atiyeh , becoming the states 33rd governor . Goldschmidts policy for economic development brought together Democratic liberals and Republican business leaders . His personal focus was on childrens rights , poverty and crime , but the challenge of meeting increasing needs with a decreasing budget overshadowed his tenure . An anti-tax movement took hold during his term , passing the landmark Measure 5 in 1990 , which restricted the generation of revenue by property tax . He was credited with leading The Oregon Comeback , bringing the state out of nearly eight years of recession , through regulatory reform and repair of the states infrastructure . Goldschmidt oversaw a major expansion of the states prison system . In May 1987 , he hired Michael Francke to modernize the states prisons , which an investigator had described as overcrowded and operated as independent fiefdoms . Francke was charged with supervising a plan to add over 1000 new beds to the prison system . Francke was murdered in the Department of Corrections parking lot in 1989 . In 1990 , Goldschmidt brokered agreements between business , labor and insurance interests that changed the states workers compensation regulations . Workers compensation has been a contentious issue in Oregon for some time , as the state-run State Accident Insurance Fund ( SAIF ) insures approximately 35% of the workforce . The legislature passed a law as a result . The changes were considered to benefit the insurance industry and business interests , at the expense of claimants , who were required to establish more extensively that their employers were responsible for injuries . The issue was contentious for some time , involving lawsuits and various efforts to modify the law . In 2000 , Governor John Kitzhaber attempted to reform the system again . This led to a new law in the 2001 Legislature , which was complicated by an Oregon Supreme Court ruling that occurred during deliberations . Goldschmidts Childrens Agenda was important in Oregon with its community initiatives . In 1991 , he helped create the Oregon Childrens Foundation , as well as the Start Making A Reader Today ( SMART ) literacy program , which puts 10,000 volunteers into Oregon schools to read to children . Goldschmidt declined to run for re-election in 1990 , despite the widely held perception that he could have been easily re-elected ; at the time , he cited marital difficulties . Bernie Giusto , who was Goldschmidts driver at the start of his term and later became Multnomah County Sheriff , was widely rumored to be romantically involved with Goldschmidts wife Margie ( and would later date her openly after the Goldschmidts divorce ) . Goldschmidt had hoped at one time to serve two terms , noting that most of predecessor Tom McCalls accomplishments came during his second term . In his farewell address to the City Club of Portland , he stated : After only four years , everything is left undone . Nothing is finished . After leaving elected office . Goldschmidt founded a law and consulting firm , Neil Goldschmidt , Inc. , in Portland in 1991 , four days after leaving office as governor . His clients have included Schnitzer Investment , Nike , PacifiCorp , Paul Allen , Bechtel Enterprises ( a subsidiary of Bechtel Corporation ) , and SAIF . Even out of elected office , he was widely considered the most powerful political figure in the state for many years . His influence extended all over the state and the nation . As a member of the Oregon Health & Science University board , Goldschmidt was an early advocate of the controversial Portland Aerial Tram , which connected the research hospital to real estate projects by his longtime associates Homer Williams and Irving Levin near land whose owners Goldschmidt later represented . He stayed active in Portland as well , advocating an expansion of the Park Blocks ( a strip of open park space cutting through downtown Portland. ) Goldschmidt assisted in the deal that led to the construction of TriMets MAX Red Line to Portland International Airport that opened in 2001 . He also started the Start Making a Reader Today ( SMART ) volunteer program in Oregon schools . Goldschmidt drew criticism in recent years for some of his business activities . In 2002 , he lobbied business and political leaders to support Weyerhaeuser in its hostile takeover of Willamette Industries , Inc. , then the only Fortune 500 company headquartered in Portland . In early 2004 , he backed a purchase of Portland General Electric ( PGE ) by Texas Pacific Group which , though never consummated , put on hold city and county studies to acquire PGE by condemnation . Criticism of Goldschmidts business activities peaked when , on November 13 , 2003 , Governor Ted Kulongoski nominated him to the Oregon State Board of Higher Education . Goldschmidts appointment was initially expected to meet with little opposition . Several state senators , however , voiced concerns about Goldschmidts involvement with SAIF and possible improprieties in the dealings he and his wife had with Texas Pacific . Senator Vicki Walker , in particular , emerged as an outspoken critic of Goldschmidt . The increased scrutiny on Goldschmidts career , including reporters difficulties accessing records from his time as governor , ultimately led to the revelation of an illegal sexual relationship with a minor girl , which had occurred decades before , during his time as Mayor of Portland . These revelations ended Goldschmidts extensive career at the center of Oregon politics and policymaking . Revelation of sexual abuse . In May 2004 , a rapid series of events resulted in Goldschmidts confession to a sexual relationship with a young teenage girl in the mid 1970s ; the quick demise of his political career , including resignations from several prominent organizations ; and the transfer of his many documents from the privately run Oregon Historical Society to the state-run Oregon State Archives . On May 6 , under pressure from Willamette Week , Goldschmidt publicly announced that he had engaged in a sexual relationship with a 14-year-old girl ( the victim later indicated she was 13 ) for an extended period during his first term as Mayor of Portland . Sex with a person under 16 years of age constitutes third degree rape under Oregon law , a felony punishable by up to five years in prison . By the time the relationship had become public , however , the statute of limitations had expired , making Goldschmidt immune from any prosecution over the matter . Under Oregon law , Goldschmidt would have been required to register as a sex offender , had he been convicted of the crime of third-degree rape . The fact that the registration law did not pass until 1997 , after the illicit sexual relationship ended , would not have exempted him from registration . Oregon case law has determined that the registration of offenders whose acts were committed prior to the passage of the law does not violate either Oregons Constitution or the United States Constitutions prohibition on ex post facto laws . Goldschmidts confessional letter was published on the front page of The Oregonian on May 7 , 2004 . It differed from the Willamette Week<nowiki></nowiki>s account , most notably in the length of the relationship ( nearly a year according to Goldschmidt , but three years according to Willamette Week at the time ; it was later revealed by Willamette Week that the relationship actually continued through 1991 , after Goldschmidts single term as governor ) and in Goldschmidts use of the term affair to characterize it . The Oregonian was criticized for its coverage and use of the term affair . Writers and editors at The Oregonian acknowledged mistakes in their handling of the story , but denied that a desire to protect Goldschmidt motivated the mistakes . The Willamette Week article , written by Nigel Jaquiss , was awarded the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for investigative reporting . In his initial negotiations with Willamette Week , Goldschmidt agreed to resign his positions with the Texas Pacific Group and the Board of Higher Education , which he did . His decision in 1990 not to run for a second term as governor , long the subject of speculation , was finally explained . Further developments revealed that Goldschmidt was assisted by businessman Robert K . Burtchaell in keeping his molestation of the girl a secret . In return , Goldschmidt gave his support to Burtchaells ( unsuccessful ) bid to extend a lease for a houseboat moorage on the Willamette River . Goldschmidts rabbi made an appeal in The Oregonian for forgiveness . Although Goldschmidt could no longer be prosecuted for the offense , the Oregon State Bar began an investigation into the matter . Goldschmidt submitted a Form B resignation , which was received by the bar on May 13 , where he says that he is aware that he would not be eligible for readmission . Following complaints from local media over limited access to Goldschmidts public papers stored at the Oregon Historical Society ( OHS ) , the state archivist announced May 29 that Goldschmidt would seize the 256 boxes of documents to guarantee public access as defined in a state law passed in 1973 . That law required that public access to such records be maintained , but did not specify where the records be kept . Following Goldschmidts decision to put the documents in the care of the OHS , the state legislature passed a law requiring future governors to leave their documents in the state archives . Many records were published on the state archives website in early 2005 . The scandal has affected numerous people and organizations associated with Goldschmidt . Many people have been accused of knowing of the crime , but failing to act accordingly . Debby Kennedy , who worked for Goldschmidt while he was governor , recalled , I just cant tell you how many rumors there were about him then . Multnomah County Sheriff Bernie Giusto , who admitted knowing about the abuse , announced his early retirement in February 2008 . On March 7 , 2011 , the Oregon Senate President and Co-Speakers of the House released a statement that Goldschmidts Governors portrait had been removed from the walls of the State Capitol building in Salem and put into storage , out of respect for his victim , Elizabeth Lynn Dunham who passed away from cancer on January 16 , 2011 at the age of 49 . Articles by Goldschmidt . - Goldschmidt , Neil . The U.S . Automobile Industry , 1980 . Report to the president from the secretary of transportation , United States Department of Transportation , January 1981 . External links . - President Carter greets Secretary Goldschmidt , a photo published November 4 , 1980 , in The Oregonian , from that newspapers flickr account . |
[
"governor of Oregon"
]
| easy | Which position did Neil Goldschmidt hold from 1987 to 1991? | /wiki/Neil_Goldschmidt#P39#2 | Neil Goldschmidt Neil Edward Goldschmidt ( born June 16 , 1940 ) is an American businessman and Democratic politician from the state of Oregon who held local , state and federal offices over three decades . After serving as the governor of Oregon , Goldschmidt was once considered the most influential and powerful figure in Oregons politics . His career and legacy were severely damaged by revelations that he had raped a young teenage girl in 1973 , during his first term as mayor of Portland . Goldschmidt was elected to the Portland City Council in 1970 and then as mayor of Portland in 1972 , becoming the youngest mayor of any major American city . He promoted the revitalization of Downtown Portland and was influential on Portland-area transportation policy , particularly with the scrapping of the controversial Mount Hood Freeway and the establishment of the MAX Light Rail system . He was appointed U.S . Secretary of Transportation by President Jimmy Carter in 1979 ; in that capacity he worked to revive the ailing automobile industry and to deregulate several industries . He served until the end of Carters presidency in 1981 and then served as a senior executive with Nike for several years . He was elected the 33rd governor of Oregon in 1986 , serving a single term . He faced significant challenges , particularly a rising anti-tax movement ( leading to Measure 5 in 1990 ) and a doubling of the states prison population . He worked across party lines to reduce regulation and to repair the states infrastructure . His reforms to the State Accident Insurance Fund ( SAIF ) , a state-chartered workers compensation insurance company were heralded at the time , but drew strong criticism in later years . Despite his popularity , Goldschmidt did not seek a second term as governor , becoming an influential and controversial lobbyist . Over the next dozen years or so , he was criticized by editorial boards and Oregonians for several of the causes he supported , including backing the forestry corporation Weyerhaeuser in its hostile takeover of Oregons Willamette Industries and his advocacy for a private investment firm in its attempt to take over Portland General Electric , a publicly-owned local utility company . In 2003 , Governor Ted Kulongoski appointed Goldschmidt to the Oregon Board of Higher Education , a position he resigned after admitting he had a sexual relationship with a minor girl 30 years earlier . Early life . Goldschmidt was born in Eugene , in Oregons Willamette Valley , on June 16 , 1940 , into a Jewish family to Lester H . Goldschmidt and Annette Levin . He graduated from South Eugene High School . He later attended the University of Oregon , also in Eugene . He served as student body president at the school before graduating in 1963 with a bachelors degree in political science . Goldschmidt served as an intern for U.S . Senator Maurine Neuberger in 1964 in Washington , D.C . While there , he was recruited by New York Congressman Allard K . Lowenstein to do voter registration in Mississippis 1964 Freedom Summer civil rights campaign . Goldschmidt married Margaret Wood in 1965 . They had two children , Joshua and Rebecca , and divorced in 1990 . Goldschmidt earned a law degree from the University of California , Berkeley in 1967 . From 1967 to 1970 he worked as a legal aid lawyer in Portland , Oregon . Political career . In 1970 , Neil Goldschmidt entered politics in Oregon . This began three decades of being in the public eye in the state , serving as mayor of Oregons most populous city and as the states governor . In between he served in the Cabinet of President Jimmy Carter . Portland City Commissioner and Mayor . Goldschmidt won a seat on the Portland City Council in 1970 . As City Commissioner ( 1971–1973 ) and later as Mayor of Portland ( 1973–1979 ) , Goldschmidt participated in the revitalization of the downtown section of that city . He led a freeway revolt against the unpopular Mount Hood Freeway , building consensus among labor unions and other powerful entities to divert Federal funds initially earmarked for the freeway to other projects , ultimately expanding the federal funds brought to the region to include the MAX Light Rail line and the Portland Transit Mall . He is widely credited with opening up the citys government to neighborhood activists and minorities , appointing women and African-Americans in a City Hall that had been dominated by an old-boy network . During his mayoral campaign , he questioned the benefit of expanding the citys police force , preferring to direct resources to crime prevention . According to Nigel Jaquiss , a reporter for Willamette Week , for thirty years he was Oregons most successful and charismatic leader . In 1973 , Governor Tom McCall appointed Goldschmidt to what would be known as the Governors Task Force , which was tasked with exploring regional transportation solutions . Goldschmidt served alongside notable leaders : Glenn Jackson , chair of the board of Portland Power and Light and chair of the Oregon Transportation Commission , was considered the states leading power broker on transportation issues ; and Gerard Drummond , a prominent lawyer and lobbyist , was president of Tri-Mets board of directors . The task force considered an unpopular deal that would have funded the construction of the Mount Hood Freeway , which would have bisected southeast Portland . The deal , which would have been 90% funded by the Federal Highway Administration , was rescinded , with first the Multnomah County Commission and , later , Portland City Council reversing their positions and advising against it . Goldschmidt was initially opposed to diverting funds to light rail , instead favoring busways and more suitable local road projects ; as the 1981 deadline to reallocate the funds approached , however , light rail became a more attractive prospect . By a process not clearly documented , light rail was included in the final plan . All federal money initially intended for the Mount Hood Freeway ultimately went to other road projects , but the total amount was doubled and the first leg of MAX light rail was approved and ultimately completed in 1986 . U.S . Secretary of Transportation . Goldschmidt became the sixth U.S . Secretary of Transportation in 1979 . His recess appointment by President Jimmy Carter came on July 27 of that year , as part of a midterm restructuring of the Carter administrations cabinet positions . The United States Senate confirmed his appointment on September 21 , and he was sworn in on September 24 . In this position , Goldschmidt was known for his work to revive the auto industry , and efforts to deregulate the airline , trucking and railroad industries . A newcomer to the Carter administration and to national politics , Goldschmidt traded not only on his experience in transportation planning , but on his political acumen as well ; following Carters unsuccessful bid for re-election , Goldschmidt expressed doubts about the Democratic Partys future if it couldnt learn to cultivate political allies more effectively . Goldschmidts time in Washington , DC , informed his own understanding of politics , as well . He remained in office through the remainder of the Carter administration . In late 1979 , Republican presidential hopeful John B . Anderson called for Goldschmidts resignation , and members of the United States Senate Banking Committee later chastised him , for having suggested that he would withhold transportation funds from municipalities , such as Chicago and Philadelphia , whose mayors supported Ted Kennedy in his primary election bid against Carter . Goldschmidt resigned at the conclusion of Carters term on January 20 , 1981 . Between positions in public office , Goldschmidt was a Nike executive during the 1980s , serving as international Vice President and then as president of Nike Canada . He was considered as a potential chair of the Democratic National Committee in 1984 . Governor of Oregon . In June 1985 Goldschmidt announced his candidacy for Oregon Governor . His name familiarity and access to large donations through his business and political ties made him the Democratic front runner . He easily defeated Oregon State Senator Edward N . Fadeley in the May 1986 Democratic primary . Goldschmidt defeated Republican Secretary of State Norma Paulus in the 1986 general election 52% to 48% , succeeding two-term Republican Governor Vic Atiyeh , becoming the states 33rd governor . Goldschmidts policy for economic development brought together Democratic liberals and Republican business leaders . His personal focus was on childrens rights , poverty and crime , but the challenge of meeting increasing needs with a decreasing budget overshadowed his tenure . An anti-tax movement took hold during his term , passing the landmark Measure 5 in 1990 , which restricted the generation of revenue by property tax . He was credited with leading The Oregon Comeback , bringing the state out of nearly eight years of recession , through regulatory reform and repair of the states infrastructure . Goldschmidt oversaw a major expansion of the states prison system . In May 1987 , he hired Michael Francke to modernize the states prisons , which an investigator had described as overcrowded and operated as independent fiefdoms . Francke was charged with supervising a plan to add over 1000 new beds to the prison system . Francke was murdered in the Department of Corrections parking lot in 1989 . In 1990 , Goldschmidt brokered agreements between business , labor and insurance interests that changed the states workers compensation regulations . Workers compensation has been a contentious issue in Oregon for some time , as the state-run State Accident Insurance Fund ( SAIF ) insures approximately 35% of the workforce . The legislature passed a law as a result . The changes were considered to benefit the insurance industry and business interests , at the expense of claimants , who were required to establish more extensively that their employers were responsible for injuries . The issue was contentious for some time , involving lawsuits and various efforts to modify the law . In 2000 , Governor John Kitzhaber attempted to reform the system again . This led to a new law in the 2001 Legislature , which was complicated by an Oregon Supreme Court ruling that occurred during deliberations . Goldschmidts Childrens Agenda was important in Oregon with its community initiatives . In 1991 , he helped create the Oregon Childrens Foundation , as well as the Start Making A Reader Today ( SMART ) literacy program , which puts 10,000 volunteers into Oregon schools to read to children . Goldschmidt declined to run for re-election in 1990 , despite the widely held perception that he could have been easily re-elected ; at the time , he cited marital difficulties . Bernie Giusto , who was Goldschmidts driver at the start of his term and later became Multnomah County Sheriff , was widely rumored to be romantically involved with Goldschmidts wife Margie ( and would later date her openly after the Goldschmidts divorce ) . Goldschmidt had hoped at one time to serve two terms , noting that most of predecessor Tom McCalls accomplishments came during his second term . In his farewell address to the City Club of Portland , he stated : After only four years , everything is left undone . Nothing is finished . After leaving elected office . Goldschmidt founded a law and consulting firm , Neil Goldschmidt , Inc. , in Portland in 1991 , four days after leaving office as governor . His clients have included Schnitzer Investment , Nike , PacifiCorp , Paul Allen , Bechtel Enterprises ( a subsidiary of Bechtel Corporation ) , and SAIF . Even out of elected office , he was widely considered the most powerful political figure in the state for many years . His influence extended all over the state and the nation . As a member of the Oregon Health & Science University board , Goldschmidt was an early advocate of the controversial Portland Aerial Tram , which connected the research hospital to real estate projects by his longtime associates Homer Williams and Irving Levin near land whose owners Goldschmidt later represented . He stayed active in Portland as well , advocating an expansion of the Park Blocks ( a strip of open park space cutting through downtown Portland. ) Goldschmidt assisted in the deal that led to the construction of TriMets MAX Red Line to Portland International Airport that opened in 2001 . He also started the Start Making a Reader Today ( SMART ) volunteer program in Oregon schools . Goldschmidt drew criticism in recent years for some of his business activities . In 2002 , he lobbied business and political leaders to support Weyerhaeuser in its hostile takeover of Willamette Industries , Inc. , then the only Fortune 500 company headquartered in Portland . In early 2004 , he backed a purchase of Portland General Electric ( PGE ) by Texas Pacific Group which , though never consummated , put on hold city and county studies to acquire PGE by condemnation . Criticism of Goldschmidts business activities peaked when , on November 13 , 2003 , Governor Ted Kulongoski nominated him to the Oregon State Board of Higher Education . Goldschmidts appointment was initially expected to meet with little opposition . Several state senators , however , voiced concerns about Goldschmidts involvement with SAIF and possible improprieties in the dealings he and his wife had with Texas Pacific . Senator Vicki Walker , in particular , emerged as an outspoken critic of Goldschmidt . The increased scrutiny on Goldschmidts career , including reporters difficulties accessing records from his time as governor , ultimately led to the revelation of an illegal sexual relationship with a minor girl , which had occurred decades before , during his time as Mayor of Portland . These revelations ended Goldschmidts extensive career at the center of Oregon politics and policymaking . Revelation of sexual abuse . In May 2004 , a rapid series of events resulted in Goldschmidts confession to a sexual relationship with a young teenage girl in the mid 1970s ; the quick demise of his political career , including resignations from several prominent organizations ; and the transfer of his many documents from the privately run Oregon Historical Society to the state-run Oregon State Archives . On May 6 , under pressure from Willamette Week , Goldschmidt publicly announced that he had engaged in a sexual relationship with a 14-year-old girl ( the victim later indicated she was 13 ) for an extended period during his first term as Mayor of Portland . Sex with a person under 16 years of age constitutes third degree rape under Oregon law , a felony punishable by up to five years in prison . By the time the relationship had become public , however , the statute of limitations had expired , making Goldschmidt immune from any prosecution over the matter . Under Oregon law , Goldschmidt would have been required to register as a sex offender , had he been convicted of the crime of third-degree rape . The fact that the registration law did not pass until 1997 , after the illicit sexual relationship ended , would not have exempted him from registration . Oregon case law has determined that the registration of offenders whose acts were committed prior to the passage of the law does not violate either Oregons Constitution or the United States Constitutions prohibition on ex post facto laws . Goldschmidts confessional letter was published on the front page of The Oregonian on May 7 , 2004 . It differed from the Willamette Week<nowiki></nowiki>s account , most notably in the length of the relationship ( nearly a year according to Goldschmidt , but three years according to Willamette Week at the time ; it was later revealed by Willamette Week that the relationship actually continued through 1991 , after Goldschmidts single term as governor ) and in Goldschmidts use of the term affair to characterize it . The Oregonian was criticized for its coverage and use of the term affair . Writers and editors at The Oregonian acknowledged mistakes in their handling of the story , but denied that a desire to protect Goldschmidt motivated the mistakes . The Willamette Week article , written by Nigel Jaquiss , was awarded the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for investigative reporting . In his initial negotiations with Willamette Week , Goldschmidt agreed to resign his positions with the Texas Pacific Group and the Board of Higher Education , which he did . His decision in 1990 not to run for a second term as governor , long the subject of speculation , was finally explained . Further developments revealed that Goldschmidt was assisted by businessman Robert K . Burtchaell in keeping his molestation of the girl a secret . In return , Goldschmidt gave his support to Burtchaells ( unsuccessful ) bid to extend a lease for a houseboat moorage on the Willamette River . Goldschmidts rabbi made an appeal in The Oregonian for forgiveness . Although Goldschmidt could no longer be prosecuted for the offense , the Oregon State Bar began an investigation into the matter . Goldschmidt submitted a Form B resignation , which was received by the bar on May 13 , where he says that he is aware that he would not be eligible for readmission . Following complaints from local media over limited access to Goldschmidts public papers stored at the Oregon Historical Society ( OHS ) , the state archivist announced May 29 that Goldschmidt would seize the 256 boxes of documents to guarantee public access as defined in a state law passed in 1973 . That law required that public access to such records be maintained , but did not specify where the records be kept . Following Goldschmidts decision to put the documents in the care of the OHS , the state legislature passed a law requiring future governors to leave their documents in the state archives . Many records were published on the state archives website in early 2005 . The scandal has affected numerous people and organizations associated with Goldschmidt . Many people have been accused of knowing of the crime , but failing to act accordingly . Debby Kennedy , who worked for Goldschmidt while he was governor , recalled , I just cant tell you how many rumors there were about him then . Multnomah County Sheriff Bernie Giusto , who admitted knowing about the abuse , announced his early retirement in February 2008 . On March 7 , 2011 , the Oregon Senate President and Co-Speakers of the House released a statement that Goldschmidts Governors portrait had been removed from the walls of the State Capitol building in Salem and put into storage , out of respect for his victim , Elizabeth Lynn Dunham who passed away from cancer on January 16 , 2011 at the age of 49 . Articles by Goldschmidt . - Goldschmidt , Neil . The U.S . Automobile Industry , 1980 . Report to the president from the secretary of transportation , United States Department of Transportation , January 1981 . External links . - President Carter greets Secretary Goldschmidt , a photo published November 4 , 1980 , in The Oregonian , from that newspapers flickr account . |
[
""
]
| easy | JetForm was officially named what from 1981 to 1982? | /wiki/JetForm#P1448#0 | JetForm JetForm was the name of a Canadian software manufacturer created by four consultants ( Wayne Hall , Bob Allum , Tom Hicks , and John Gleed ) that was based out of Ottawa , Ontario , Canada and an electronic form software product of the same name . JetForm once had major offices in the United States , various countries in Europe , Australia , and New Zealand . It was founded in 1982 , and was listed under NASDAQ as FORMF , under the Pacific Stock Exchange as JTF , and the Toronto Stock Exchange as JFM . History . The company was originally named Indigo Software and was solely a software consulting firm . Indigo Software did work for the Canadian Federal Government and IBM ( as the maintainer of an IBM CAD software product ) ; among other clients . One significant government project resulted in an electronic forms product being created : iFiller , iPrint , et al . With Microsofts release of Windows 3.11 , Indigo Software did a major enhancement to the forms software and re-branded it JetForm . The JetForm forms product was very successful , and Indigo Softwares consulting work also began to focus on work associated with the JetForm software . Given the popularity of the forms software , Indigo Software made a decision to rename the company JetForm . Its eponymous series of products directly competed against other electronic forms software , such as Delrinas PerForm , and FormFlow products . In September , 1996 , Symantec , which had bought Delrina the previous year , sold their Electronic Forms Division to JetForm . JetForm continued to develop the FormFlow series of products under its own name . Around this time , JetForm bought the naming rights to the Ottawa Baseball Stadium , naming it JetForm Park . On September 13 , 2001 , JetForm changed its name to Accelio . Accelio was acquired by Adobe Systems in February 2002 . The electronic forms products were officially retired in 2004 . Adobe marketed JetForm as Adobe Central Output Server , without any major changes . Adobes successor for the JetForm technology was released June 7 , 2007 , as Adobe LiveCycle Enterprise Suite ( ES ) , part of the Adobe LiveCycle suite . The product was renamed again on April 9 , 2009 to Adobe Central / Central Pro Output Server and reached its end of Extended Support on June 30 , 2016 . JetForm Rises Again , In 2007 two of the original founders Tom Hicks , Wayne Hall and four of the core software developers of JetForm Central came together to build a new enterprise class document designer , merge engine , presentation and delivery system . The software is called DocOrigin ( a play off the Origin of Documents ) . DocOrigin was first released in 2009 and in 2013 version 3.0 was released . JetForm Software . JetForm Design allowed for routing and tracking in workflow systems , on-screen form creation , and access to SQL and ODBC-compliant databases . JetForm Filler was used for completing on-screen forms . JetForm also developed the XML form format XFA , which was later adopted by Adobe into its PDF software . One of the Indigo Forms softwares innovations when it was introduced was its ability to have its forms installed into Laserjet font cartridges . This meant that the product only had to send forms data to the printer ; since the form was already encoded in the font cartridge . Given the slow printer interfaces used at that time , this greatly reduced print times . External links . - Adobe Central / Central Pro Output Server end of Extended Support , June 30 , 2016 - Legacy JetForm/Accelio Form Products FAQ , PDF , accessed November 3 , 2005 - JetForm Products - Wayback Machine reference from 1996 , accessed November 11 , 2005 - JetForm FormFlow Product Guide , PDF , accessed July 19 , 2006 |
[
"Indigo Software",
"JetForm"
]
| easy | JetForm was officially named what from 1982 to Sep 2001? | /wiki/JetForm#P1448#1 | JetForm JetForm was the name of a Canadian software manufacturer created by four consultants ( Wayne Hall , Bob Allum , Tom Hicks , and John Gleed ) that was based out of Ottawa , Ontario , Canada and an electronic form software product of the same name . JetForm once had major offices in the United States , various countries in Europe , Australia , and New Zealand . It was founded in 1982 , and was listed under NASDAQ as FORMF , under the Pacific Stock Exchange as JTF , and the Toronto Stock Exchange as JFM . History . The company was originally named Indigo Software and was solely a software consulting firm . Indigo Software did work for the Canadian Federal Government and IBM ( as the maintainer of an IBM CAD software product ) ; among other clients . One significant government project resulted in an electronic forms product being created : iFiller , iPrint , et al . With Microsofts release of Windows 3.11 , Indigo Software did a major enhancement to the forms software and re-branded it JetForm . The JetForm forms product was very successful , and Indigo Softwares consulting work also began to focus on work associated with the JetForm software . Given the popularity of the forms software , Indigo Software made a decision to rename the company JetForm . Its eponymous series of products directly competed against other electronic forms software , such as Delrinas PerForm , and FormFlow products . In September , 1996 , Symantec , which had bought Delrina the previous year , sold their Electronic Forms Division to JetForm . JetForm continued to develop the FormFlow series of products under its own name . Around this time , JetForm bought the naming rights to the Ottawa Baseball Stadium , naming it JetForm Park . On September 13 , 2001 , JetForm changed its name to Accelio . Accelio was acquired by Adobe Systems in February 2002 . The electronic forms products were officially retired in 2004 . Adobe marketed JetForm as Adobe Central Output Server , without any major changes . Adobes successor for the JetForm technology was released June 7 , 2007 , as Adobe LiveCycle Enterprise Suite ( ES ) , part of the Adobe LiveCycle suite . The product was renamed again on April 9 , 2009 to Adobe Central / Central Pro Output Server and reached its end of Extended Support on June 30 , 2016 . JetForm Rises Again , In 2007 two of the original founders Tom Hicks , Wayne Hall and four of the core software developers of JetForm Central came together to build a new enterprise class document designer , merge engine , presentation and delivery system . The software is called DocOrigin ( a play off the Origin of Documents ) . DocOrigin was first released in 2009 and in 2013 version 3.0 was released . JetForm Software . JetForm Design allowed for routing and tracking in workflow systems , on-screen form creation , and access to SQL and ODBC-compliant databases . JetForm Filler was used for completing on-screen forms . JetForm also developed the XML form format XFA , which was later adopted by Adobe into its PDF software . One of the Indigo Forms softwares innovations when it was introduced was its ability to have its forms installed into Laserjet font cartridges . This meant that the product only had to send forms data to the printer ; since the form was already encoded in the font cartridge . Given the slow printer interfaces used at that time , this greatly reduced print times . External links . - Adobe Central / Central Pro Output Server end of Extended Support , June 30 , 2016 - Legacy JetForm/Accelio Form Products FAQ , PDF , accessed November 3 , 2005 - JetForm Products - Wayback Machine reference from 1996 , accessed November 11 , 2005 - JetForm FormFlow Product Guide , PDF , accessed July 19 , 2006 |
[
"Accelio"
]
| easy | JetForm was officially named what from Sep 2001 to Sep 2002? | /wiki/JetForm#P1448#2 | JetForm JetForm was the name of a Canadian software manufacturer created by four consultants ( Wayne Hall , Bob Allum , Tom Hicks , and John Gleed ) that was based out of Ottawa , Ontario , Canada and an electronic form software product of the same name . JetForm once had major offices in the United States , various countries in Europe , Australia , and New Zealand . It was founded in 1982 , and was listed under NASDAQ as FORMF , under the Pacific Stock Exchange as JTF , and the Toronto Stock Exchange as JFM . History . The company was originally named Indigo Software and was solely a software consulting firm . Indigo Software did work for the Canadian Federal Government and IBM ( as the maintainer of an IBM CAD software product ) ; among other clients . One significant government project resulted in an electronic forms product being created : iFiller , iPrint , et al . With Microsofts release of Windows 3.11 , Indigo Software did a major enhancement to the forms software and re-branded it JetForm . The JetForm forms product was very successful , and Indigo Softwares consulting work also began to focus on work associated with the JetForm software . Given the popularity of the forms software , Indigo Software made a decision to rename the company JetForm . Its eponymous series of products directly competed against other electronic forms software , such as Delrinas PerForm , and FormFlow products . In September , 1996 , Symantec , which had bought Delrina the previous year , sold their Electronic Forms Division to JetForm . JetForm continued to develop the FormFlow series of products under its own name . Around this time , JetForm bought the naming rights to the Ottawa Baseball Stadium , naming it JetForm Park . On September 13 , 2001 , JetForm changed its name to Accelio . Accelio was acquired by Adobe Systems in February 2002 . The electronic forms products were officially retired in 2004 . Adobe marketed JetForm as Adobe Central Output Server , without any major changes . Adobes successor for the JetForm technology was released June 7 , 2007 , as Adobe LiveCycle Enterprise Suite ( ES ) , part of the Adobe LiveCycle suite . The product was renamed again on April 9 , 2009 to Adobe Central / Central Pro Output Server and reached its end of Extended Support on June 30 , 2016 . JetForm Rises Again , In 2007 two of the original founders Tom Hicks , Wayne Hall and four of the core software developers of JetForm Central came together to build a new enterprise class document designer , merge engine , presentation and delivery system . The software is called DocOrigin ( a play off the Origin of Documents ) . DocOrigin was first released in 2009 and in 2013 version 3.0 was released . JetForm Software . JetForm Design allowed for routing and tracking in workflow systems , on-screen form creation , and access to SQL and ODBC-compliant databases . JetForm Filler was used for completing on-screen forms . JetForm also developed the XML form format XFA , which was later adopted by Adobe into its PDF software . One of the Indigo Forms softwares innovations when it was introduced was its ability to have its forms installed into Laserjet font cartridges . This meant that the product only had to send forms data to the printer ; since the form was already encoded in the font cartridge . Given the slow printer interfaces used at that time , this greatly reduced print times . External links . - Adobe Central / Central Pro Output Server end of Extended Support , June 30 , 2016 - Legacy JetForm/Accelio Form Products FAQ , PDF , accessed November 3 , 2005 - JetForm Products - Wayback Machine reference from 1996 , accessed November 11 , 2005 - JetForm FormFlow Product Guide , PDF , accessed July 19 , 2006 |
[
""
]
| easy | Where was LeRoy D. Brown educated from 1878 to 1879? | /wiki/LeRoy_D._Brown#P69#0 | LeRoy D . Brown LeRoy D . Brown was the first president of University of Nevada . History . Nevada became a state in 1864 . Its constitution mandated the establishment of a state university with departments in agriculture , the mechanic arts , and mining , along with a state normal school for teacher training . The constitution specified that the state university would be controlled by an elected Board of Regents . The Nevada Legislature established the first State University campus in Elko , Nevada . Its Preparatory Department opened for enrollment in October 1874 with the goal of enhancing Nevadas young people to be ready for college-level study . D . R . Sessions served as Principal of the preparatory department . The Elko campus closed on July 15 , 1885 , when it was determined that Reno would provide a larger population for higher education students . The Board of Regents selected Dr . Leroy D . Brown to be the first president of the University of Nevada at the new Reno campus . A veteran of the American Civil War , he had taught in Ohio for twenty years and had been elected to the office of Commissioner of Education in Ohio . He was working for a bank in Ohio when he was recruited to Nevada . His administration began in September , 1887 , before the first campus building , Morrill Hall , was completely constructed . By October , 50 students were enrolled . The Board of Regents selected Hannah Keziah Clapp of Carson City to be his assistant and a faculty member of the University . President Brown established the departments of mining and metallurgy , natural science and the Nevada State Normal School . The Secretary of War detailed a U . S . Army officer to provide drill and military tactics instruction to all male students . The first group of cadets was organized in the fall of 1888 . Lieutenant Arthur C . Ducat was also employed as Professor of Modern Languages , later providing drawing instruction and calisthenics training for female students the first physical education curriculum at the University . President Brown and the other faculty developed organized a curriculum involving three areas of study : the School of Liberal Arts , the School of Agriculture , and the School of Mechanic Arts and Mining . The Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station was founded in response to the Congressional Hatch Act of March 2 , 1887 . Hatch Hall was completed in 1889 , becoming the second building on the Reno campus . By the end of Browns administration , the School of Mechanic Arts was separate from the School of Mining , and a Business ( Commercial ) Department had been created . The Commercial Department was for non-college students . Its first diplomas were issued in 1889 . He resigned on January 1 , 1890 , later sending his son to attend the University . Timeline . - 1848 - Born in Center Township , Noble County , Ohio on November 3 . Developed a reading habit , early in his life and visited the old township library in his neighborhood . - 1864 - Ran away from home and enlisted as a member of Company H , 116 O . V . I . in which he served until the end of the war . - 1866-1867 – Taught school - 1867 – Brown prepared for college at an academy in Athens , Ohio - 1869 – Became a student and was later awarded graduation at Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware , Ohio . ( A.B . ’79 , A.M ’82 ) - 1871 – Appointed Noble County Examiner - 1873 – Principal of graded school in Newport , Ohio - 1874 – Called to superintendency of the Belpre Ohio schools - 1875 – Superintendent at Eaton , Ohio - 1878 – Married Miss Esther Emma Gable of Eaton , Ohio - 1879 – Brown was elected to position of Superintendent of Public schools at Hamilton , Ohio and was reelected and held the office until he became State Commissioner . - 1883 – Earned Ph.D . at Baker University , San Luis Obispo . - 1884-1887 – Entered into a three year office as Ohio State Commissioner of Common Schools . - 1887 – Brown moved his family to Alliance , Ohio to pursue the banking business . - 1887 – 1890 - At age 38 , LeRoy Brown received an offer and moved his family of seven ( wife , Esther , plus five small children ) to Reno , Nevada to become Nevada State University President ( September 1887 - January 1 , 1890 ) . - 1890-1892 – Became supervising Principal of Santa Monica Schools from 1890-1892 - 1893 to 1894 – moved to Los Angeles and became superintendent of city schools . He was reelected for another year and his salary was raised from $2,700 to $3,000 per year . Two weeks later he resigned , as he preferred the principal position of a High School and there was a vacant position . - 1898 – Died January 13 . San Luis Obispo , California |
[
"Baker University"
]
| easy | LeRoy D. Brown went to which school from 1879 to 1883? | /wiki/LeRoy_D._Brown#P69#1 | LeRoy D . Brown LeRoy D . Brown was the first president of University of Nevada . History . Nevada became a state in 1864 . Its constitution mandated the establishment of a state university with departments in agriculture , the mechanic arts , and mining , along with a state normal school for teacher training . The constitution specified that the state university would be controlled by an elected Board of Regents . The Nevada Legislature established the first State University campus in Elko , Nevada . Its Preparatory Department opened for enrollment in October 1874 with the goal of enhancing Nevadas young people to be ready for college-level study . D . R . Sessions served as Principal of the preparatory department . The Elko campus closed on July 15 , 1885 , when it was determined that Reno would provide a larger population for higher education students . The Board of Regents selected Dr . Leroy D . Brown to be the first president of the University of Nevada at the new Reno campus . A veteran of the American Civil War , he had taught in Ohio for twenty years and had been elected to the office of Commissioner of Education in Ohio . He was working for a bank in Ohio when he was recruited to Nevada . His administration began in September , 1887 , before the first campus building , Morrill Hall , was completely constructed . By October , 50 students were enrolled . The Board of Regents selected Hannah Keziah Clapp of Carson City to be his assistant and a faculty member of the University . President Brown established the departments of mining and metallurgy , natural science and the Nevada State Normal School . The Secretary of War detailed a U . S . Army officer to provide drill and military tactics instruction to all male students . The first group of cadets was organized in the fall of 1888 . Lieutenant Arthur C . Ducat was also employed as Professor of Modern Languages , later providing drawing instruction and calisthenics training for female students the first physical education curriculum at the University . President Brown and the other faculty developed organized a curriculum involving three areas of study : the School of Liberal Arts , the School of Agriculture , and the School of Mechanic Arts and Mining . The Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station was founded in response to the Congressional Hatch Act of March 2 , 1887 . Hatch Hall was completed in 1889 , becoming the second building on the Reno campus . By the end of Browns administration , the School of Mechanic Arts was separate from the School of Mining , and a Business ( Commercial ) Department had been created . The Commercial Department was for non-college students . Its first diplomas were issued in 1889 . He resigned on January 1 , 1890 , later sending his son to attend the University . Timeline . - 1848 - Born in Center Township , Noble County , Ohio on November 3 . Developed a reading habit , early in his life and visited the old township library in his neighborhood . - 1864 - Ran away from home and enlisted as a member of Company H , 116 O . V . I . in which he served until the end of the war . - 1866-1867 – Taught school - 1867 – Brown prepared for college at an academy in Athens , Ohio - 1869 – Became a student and was later awarded graduation at Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware , Ohio . ( A.B . ’79 , A.M ’82 ) - 1871 – Appointed Noble County Examiner - 1873 – Principal of graded school in Newport , Ohio - 1874 – Called to superintendency of the Belpre Ohio schools - 1875 – Superintendent at Eaton , Ohio - 1878 – Married Miss Esther Emma Gable of Eaton , Ohio - 1879 – Brown was elected to position of Superintendent of Public schools at Hamilton , Ohio and was reelected and held the office until he became State Commissioner . - 1883 – Earned Ph.D . at Baker University , San Luis Obispo . - 1884-1887 – Entered into a three year office as Ohio State Commissioner of Common Schools . - 1887 – Brown moved his family to Alliance , Ohio to pursue the banking business . - 1887 – 1890 - At age 38 , LeRoy Brown received an offer and moved his family of seven ( wife , Esther , plus five small children ) to Reno , Nevada to become Nevada State University President ( September 1887 - January 1 , 1890 ) . - 1890-1892 – Became supervising Principal of Santa Monica Schools from 1890-1892 - 1893 to 1894 – moved to Los Angeles and became superintendent of city schools . He was reelected for another year and his salary was raised from $2,700 to $3,000 per year . Two weeks later he resigned , as he preferred the principal position of a High School and there was a vacant position . - 1898 – Died January 13 . San Luis Obispo , California |
[
"Department of Agriculture"
]
| easy | What was the official name of Department of Agriculture (Philippines) from 1974 to 1978? | /wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)#P1448#0 | Department of Agriculture ( Philippines ) The Department of Agriculture ( abbreviated as DA ; ) , is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the promotion of agricultural and fisheries development and growth . It has its headquarters at Elliptical Road corner Visayas Avenue , Diliman , Quezon City . The department is currently led by the Secretary of Agriculture , nominated by the President of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments . The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet . The current Secretary is William Dar , who assumed office on August 5 , 2019 . History . The Department of Agriculture had its beginnings when President Emilio Aguinaldo established the Department of Agriculture and Manufacturing on June 23 , 1898 . Jose Alejandrino was appointed the first Secretary . Under United States administration . In 1901 , under the American colonial government , priority was given to the development of other agricultural products , such as rice and other basic commodities , as well as fishing , forestry , and mining . This new focus necessitated the establishment of the insular Bureau of Agriculture . This bureau was put under the Department of the Interior through Philippine Legislatures Act No . 271 . It was later put under the supervision of the Department of Public Instruction in 1910 . The first Filipino to head the Bureau under the American occupation is Adriano Hernandez , who was himself a practicing farmer . The Bureau of Agriculture grew rapidly until it was abolished by the enactment of Act No . 2666 , otherwise known as An Act to Re-organize the Executive Department of the Government of the Philippine Islands , on November 18 , 1916 , and was implemented on January 1 , 1917 . This act provided for the establishment of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources ( DANR ) , which would take over direct executive control , direction , and supervision of the Bureaus of Agriculture , Forestry , Lands , Science , and Weather , as well as all matters concerning hunting , fisheries , sponges and other sea products , and such others as may be assigned to it by law . By virtue of another reorganization act ( through Act No . 4007 ) in 1932 , the DANR became the Department of Agriculture and Commerce . The Bureau of Commerce , which used to be under the Department of Commerce and Communication , was placed under the reorganized Department . In 1942 , while the Commonwealth Government was in exile , the Department was re-organized again , becoming the Department of Finance , Agriculture and Commerce . Upon the resumption of the Commonwealth in February 1945 , it became the Department of Justice , Agriculture and Commerce , and then back to being the Department of Agriculture and Commerce in December of the same year . Post-independence . In 1947 , it was renamed again as the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources by virtue of Executive Order No . 94 by Pres . Manuel Roxas . The Bureau of Commerce , among others , was incorporated to the newly created Department of Commerce and Industry . On September 14 , 1959 , the DANR moved to its current building in Diliman , Quezon City from the Agrifina Circle ( now the Teodoro Valencia Circle ) in Manila . By virtue of Presidential Decree 461 , signed into law by Pres . Ferdinand Marcos , the DANR was split in May 1974 into two departments : the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Natural Resources ( which later became the current DENR ) . After the shift to the parliamentary system in 1978 , all departments were changed to ministries . Thus , the office became the Ministry of Agriculture and Food until 1987 , when the department was renamed again as the Department of Agriculture , through Pres . Corazon Aquinos Executive Order No . 116 . The same EO mandated the DA to promote agricultural development by providing the policy framework , public investment , and support services , which are needed for domestic and export-oriented business enterprises . Guided by the principle that agriculture is business , the DA implemented policy and institutional reforms that freed the agriculture markets , enabling farmers to enjoy higher farmgate prices . These reforms included the dismantling of agricultural monopolies and the elimination of agricultural taxes . Reforms in the agricultural credit system , such as the phase-out of the direct lending scheme , was also initiated . In May 2014 , pursuant to Executive Order No . 165 , four agencies representing three-quarters of the DAs budget — the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority , the National Food Authority , the National Irrigation Administration , and the Philippine Coconut Authority — were removed from DA control . This was part of the anti-corruption reforms which followed the pork barrel scam . The four agencies are now directly under the Office of the President , where they are overseen by the Presidential Assistant for Food Security and Agricultural Modernization . Organizational structure . The Department is headed by the Secretary of Agriculture , with the following undersecretaries and assistant secretaries : - Undersecretary/Chief of Staff - Undersecretary for Administration , Agribusiness and Marketing , and Regional Engagement - Undersecretary for Finance - Undersecretary for Field Operations - Undersecretary for High Value Crops and Rural Credit - Undersecretary for Policy , Planning , Research and Regulation - Undersecretary for Special Concerns - Assistant Secretary for Agribusiness - Assistant Secretary for Administration - Assistant Secretary for Field Operations - Assistant Secretary for Finance - Assistant Secretary for Fisheries - Assistant Secretary for Regulations - Assistant Secretary for the Visayas - Assistant Secretary for Livestock Under the Office of the Secretary are the following offices and services : - Administrative Service - Agribusiness and Marketing Assistance Service - Field Operations Service - Financial and Management Service - Information and Communications Technology Service - Internal Audit Service - Legal Service - Planning Service - Policy Research Service - Project Development Service A regional executive director is assigned to each of the 17 regions of the Philippines . Bureaus . The DA is composed of eight bureaus , namely : - Agricultural Training Institute ( ATI ) - Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards ( BAFS ) , formerly known as Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Product Standards ( BAFPS ) until the enactment of R.A . No . 10601 . - Bureau of Animal Industry ( BAI ) - Bureau of Agricultural Research ( BAR ) - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources ( BFAR ) - Bureau of Plant Industry ( BPI ) - Bureau of Soils and Water Management ( BSWM ) - Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering ( BAFE ) , new bureau under R.A . No . 10601 Formerly-attached bureaus : - Bureau of Agricultural Statistics ( BAS ) ( now under the Philippine Statistics Authority ) Attached agencies . The following agencies , corporations and councils are attached to the DA for policy and program coordination : - Agricultural Credit and Policy Council ( ACPC ) - Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority ( PhilFIDA ) - National Dairy Authority ( NDA ) - National Fisheries Research and Development Institute ( NFRDI ) - National Meat Inspection Service ( NMIS ) - National Tobacco Administration ( NTA ) - Philippine Carabao Center ( PCC ) - Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fishery ( PCAF ) - Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization ( PHilMech ) - Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation ( PCIC ) - Philippine Fisheries Development Authority ( PFDA ) - Philippine Rice Research Institute ( Philrice ) - Quedan Rural Credit and Guarantee Corporation ( QUEDANCOR ) - Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ( SEAFDEC ) - Sugar Regulatory Administration ( SRA ) - Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority ( FPA ) - National Food Authority ( NFA ) - Philippine Coconut Authority ( PCA ) Formerly-attached agencies : - Cotton Development Administration ( CODA ) ( merged with Fiber Industry Development Authority ) |
[
"Ministry of Agriculture"
]
| easy | Department of Agriculture (Philippines) was officially named what from 1978 to Jun 1984? | /wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)#P1448#1 | Department of Agriculture ( Philippines ) The Department of Agriculture ( abbreviated as DA ; ) , is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the promotion of agricultural and fisheries development and growth . It has its headquarters at Elliptical Road corner Visayas Avenue , Diliman , Quezon City . The department is currently led by the Secretary of Agriculture , nominated by the President of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments . The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet . The current Secretary is William Dar , who assumed office on August 5 , 2019 . History . The Department of Agriculture had its beginnings when President Emilio Aguinaldo established the Department of Agriculture and Manufacturing on June 23 , 1898 . Jose Alejandrino was appointed the first Secretary . Under United States administration . In 1901 , under the American colonial government , priority was given to the development of other agricultural products , such as rice and other basic commodities , as well as fishing , forestry , and mining . This new focus necessitated the establishment of the insular Bureau of Agriculture . This bureau was put under the Department of the Interior through Philippine Legislatures Act No . 271 . It was later put under the supervision of the Department of Public Instruction in 1910 . The first Filipino to head the Bureau under the American occupation is Adriano Hernandez , who was himself a practicing farmer . The Bureau of Agriculture grew rapidly until it was abolished by the enactment of Act No . 2666 , otherwise known as An Act to Re-organize the Executive Department of the Government of the Philippine Islands , on November 18 , 1916 , and was implemented on January 1 , 1917 . This act provided for the establishment of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources ( DANR ) , which would take over direct executive control , direction , and supervision of the Bureaus of Agriculture , Forestry , Lands , Science , and Weather , as well as all matters concerning hunting , fisheries , sponges and other sea products , and such others as may be assigned to it by law . By virtue of another reorganization act ( through Act No . 4007 ) in 1932 , the DANR became the Department of Agriculture and Commerce . The Bureau of Commerce , which used to be under the Department of Commerce and Communication , was placed under the reorganized Department . In 1942 , while the Commonwealth Government was in exile , the Department was re-organized again , becoming the Department of Finance , Agriculture and Commerce . Upon the resumption of the Commonwealth in February 1945 , it became the Department of Justice , Agriculture and Commerce , and then back to being the Department of Agriculture and Commerce in December of the same year . Post-independence . In 1947 , it was renamed again as the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources by virtue of Executive Order No . 94 by Pres . Manuel Roxas . The Bureau of Commerce , among others , was incorporated to the newly created Department of Commerce and Industry . On September 14 , 1959 , the DANR moved to its current building in Diliman , Quezon City from the Agrifina Circle ( now the Teodoro Valencia Circle ) in Manila . By virtue of Presidential Decree 461 , signed into law by Pres . Ferdinand Marcos , the DANR was split in May 1974 into two departments : the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Natural Resources ( which later became the current DENR ) . After the shift to the parliamentary system in 1978 , all departments were changed to ministries . Thus , the office became the Ministry of Agriculture and Food until 1987 , when the department was renamed again as the Department of Agriculture , through Pres . Corazon Aquinos Executive Order No . 116 . The same EO mandated the DA to promote agricultural development by providing the policy framework , public investment , and support services , which are needed for domestic and export-oriented business enterprises . Guided by the principle that agriculture is business , the DA implemented policy and institutional reforms that freed the agriculture markets , enabling farmers to enjoy higher farmgate prices . These reforms included the dismantling of agricultural monopolies and the elimination of agricultural taxes . Reforms in the agricultural credit system , such as the phase-out of the direct lending scheme , was also initiated . In May 2014 , pursuant to Executive Order No . 165 , four agencies representing three-quarters of the DAs budget — the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority , the National Food Authority , the National Irrigation Administration , and the Philippine Coconut Authority — were removed from DA control . This was part of the anti-corruption reforms which followed the pork barrel scam . The four agencies are now directly under the Office of the President , where they are overseen by the Presidential Assistant for Food Security and Agricultural Modernization . Organizational structure . The Department is headed by the Secretary of Agriculture , with the following undersecretaries and assistant secretaries : - Undersecretary/Chief of Staff - Undersecretary for Administration , Agribusiness and Marketing , and Regional Engagement - Undersecretary for Finance - Undersecretary for Field Operations - Undersecretary for High Value Crops and Rural Credit - Undersecretary for Policy , Planning , Research and Regulation - Undersecretary for Special Concerns - Assistant Secretary for Agribusiness - Assistant Secretary for Administration - Assistant Secretary for Field Operations - Assistant Secretary for Finance - Assistant Secretary for Fisheries - Assistant Secretary for Regulations - Assistant Secretary for the Visayas - Assistant Secretary for Livestock Under the Office of the Secretary are the following offices and services : - Administrative Service - Agribusiness and Marketing Assistance Service - Field Operations Service - Financial and Management Service - Information and Communications Technology Service - Internal Audit Service - Legal Service - Planning Service - Policy Research Service - Project Development Service A regional executive director is assigned to each of the 17 regions of the Philippines . Bureaus . The DA is composed of eight bureaus , namely : - Agricultural Training Institute ( ATI ) - Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards ( BAFS ) , formerly known as Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Product Standards ( BAFPS ) until the enactment of R.A . No . 10601 . - Bureau of Animal Industry ( BAI ) - Bureau of Agricultural Research ( BAR ) - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources ( BFAR ) - Bureau of Plant Industry ( BPI ) - Bureau of Soils and Water Management ( BSWM ) - Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering ( BAFE ) , new bureau under R.A . No . 10601 Formerly-attached bureaus : - Bureau of Agricultural Statistics ( BAS ) ( now under the Philippine Statistics Authority ) Attached agencies . The following agencies , corporations and councils are attached to the DA for policy and program coordination : - Agricultural Credit and Policy Council ( ACPC ) - Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority ( PhilFIDA ) - National Dairy Authority ( NDA ) - National Fisheries Research and Development Institute ( NFRDI ) - National Meat Inspection Service ( NMIS ) - National Tobacco Administration ( NTA ) - Philippine Carabao Center ( PCC ) - Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fishery ( PCAF ) - Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization ( PHilMech ) - Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation ( PCIC ) - Philippine Fisheries Development Authority ( PFDA ) - Philippine Rice Research Institute ( Philrice ) - Quedan Rural Credit and Guarantee Corporation ( QUEDANCOR ) - Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ( SEAFDEC ) - Sugar Regulatory Administration ( SRA ) - Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority ( FPA ) - National Food Authority ( NFA ) - Philippine Coconut Authority ( PCA ) Formerly-attached agencies : - Cotton Development Administration ( CODA ) ( merged with Fiber Industry Development Authority ) |
[
"Ministry of Agriculture and Food"
]
| easy | What was the official name of Department of Agriculture (Philippines) from Jun 1984 to 1987? | /wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)#P1448#2 | Department of Agriculture ( Philippines ) The Department of Agriculture ( abbreviated as DA ; ) , is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the promotion of agricultural and fisheries development and growth . It has its headquarters at Elliptical Road corner Visayas Avenue , Diliman , Quezon City . The department is currently led by the Secretary of Agriculture , nominated by the President of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments . The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet . The current Secretary is William Dar , who assumed office on August 5 , 2019 . History . The Department of Agriculture had its beginnings when President Emilio Aguinaldo established the Department of Agriculture and Manufacturing on June 23 , 1898 . Jose Alejandrino was appointed the first Secretary . Under United States administration . In 1901 , under the American colonial government , priority was given to the development of other agricultural products , such as rice and other basic commodities , as well as fishing , forestry , and mining . This new focus necessitated the establishment of the insular Bureau of Agriculture . This bureau was put under the Department of the Interior through Philippine Legislatures Act No . 271 . It was later put under the supervision of the Department of Public Instruction in 1910 . The first Filipino to head the Bureau under the American occupation is Adriano Hernandez , who was himself a practicing farmer . The Bureau of Agriculture grew rapidly until it was abolished by the enactment of Act No . 2666 , otherwise known as An Act to Re-organize the Executive Department of the Government of the Philippine Islands , on November 18 , 1916 , and was implemented on January 1 , 1917 . This act provided for the establishment of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources ( DANR ) , which would take over direct executive control , direction , and supervision of the Bureaus of Agriculture , Forestry , Lands , Science , and Weather , as well as all matters concerning hunting , fisheries , sponges and other sea products , and such others as may be assigned to it by law . By virtue of another reorganization act ( through Act No . 4007 ) in 1932 , the DANR became the Department of Agriculture and Commerce . The Bureau of Commerce , which used to be under the Department of Commerce and Communication , was placed under the reorganized Department . In 1942 , while the Commonwealth Government was in exile , the Department was re-organized again , becoming the Department of Finance , Agriculture and Commerce . Upon the resumption of the Commonwealth in February 1945 , it became the Department of Justice , Agriculture and Commerce , and then back to being the Department of Agriculture and Commerce in December of the same year . Post-independence . In 1947 , it was renamed again as the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources by virtue of Executive Order No . 94 by Pres . Manuel Roxas . The Bureau of Commerce , among others , was incorporated to the newly created Department of Commerce and Industry . On September 14 , 1959 , the DANR moved to its current building in Diliman , Quezon City from the Agrifina Circle ( now the Teodoro Valencia Circle ) in Manila . By virtue of Presidential Decree 461 , signed into law by Pres . Ferdinand Marcos , the DANR was split in May 1974 into two departments : the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Natural Resources ( which later became the current DENR ) . After the shift to the parliamentary system in 1978 , all departments were changed to ministries . Thus , the office became the Ministry of Agriculture and Food until 1987 , when the department was renamed again as the Department of Agriculture , through Pres . Corazon Aquinos Executive Order No . 116 . The same EO mandated the DA to promote agricultural development by providing the policy framework , public investment , and support services , which are needed for domestic and export-oriented business enterprises . Guided by the principle that agriculture is business , the DA implemented policy and institutional reforms that freed the agriculture markets , enabling farmers to enjoy higher farmgate prices . These reforms included the dismantling of agricultural monopolies and the elimination of agricultural taxes . Reforms in the agricultural credit system , such as the phase-out of the direct lending scheme , was also initiated . In May 2014 , pursuant to Executive Order No . 165 , four agencies representing three-quarters of the DAs budget — the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority , the National Food Authority , the National Irrigation Administration , and the Philippine Coconut Authority — were removed from DA control . This was part of the anti-corruption reforms which followed the pork barrel scam . The four agencies are now directly under the Office of the President , where they are overseen by the Presidential Assistant for Food Security and Agricultural Modernization . Organizational structure . The Department is headed by the Secretary of Agriculture , with the following undersecretaries and assistant secretaries : - Undersecretary/Chief of Staff - Undersecretary for Administration , Agribusiness and Marketing , and Regional Engagement - Undersecretary for Finance - Undersecretary for Field Operations - Undersecretary for High Value Crops and Rural Credit - Undersecretary for Policy , Planning , Research and Regulation - Undersecretary for Special Concerns - Assistant Secretary for Agribusiness - Assistant Secretary for Administration - Assistant Secretary for Field Operations - Assistant Secretary for Finance - Assistant Secretary for Fisheries - Assistant Secretary for Regulations - Assistant Secretary for the Visayas - Assistant Secretary for Livestock Under the Office of the Secretary are the following offices and services : - Administrative Service - Agribusiness and Marketing Assistance Service - Field Operations Service - Financial and Management Service - Information and Communications Technology Service - Internal Audit Service - Legal Service - Planning Service - Policy Research Service - Project Development Service A regional executive director is assigned to each of the 17 regions of the Philippines . Bureaus . The DA is composed of eight bureaus , namely : - Agricultural Training Institute ( ATI ) - Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards ( BAFS ) , formerly known as Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Product Standards ( BAFPS ) until the enactment of R.A . No . 10601 . - Bureau of Animal Industry ( BAI ) - Bureau of Agricultural Research ( BAR ) - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources ( BFAR ) - Bureau of Plant Industry ( BPI ) - Bureau of Soils and Water Management ( BSWM ) - Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering ( BAFE ) , new bureau under R.A . No . 10601 Formerly-attached bureaus : - Bureau of Agricultural Statistics ( BAS ) ( now under the Philippine Statistics Authority ) Attached agencies . The following agencies , corporations and councils are attached to the DA for policy and program coordination : - Agricultural Credit and Policy Council ( ACPC ) - Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority ( PhilFIDA ) - National Dairy Authority ( NDA ) - National Fisheries Research and Development Institute ( NFRDI ) - National Meat Inspection Service ( NMIS ) - National Tobacco Administration ( NTA ) - Philippine Carabao Center ( PCC ) - Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fishery ( PCAF ) - Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization ( PHilMech ) - Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation ( PCIC ) - Philippine Fisheries Development Authority ( PFDA ) - Philippine Rice Research Institute ( Philrice ) - Quedan Rural Credit and Guarantee Corporation ( QUEDANCOR ) - Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ( SEAFDEC ) - Sugar Regulatory Administration ( SRA ) - Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority ( FPA ) - National Food Authority ( NFA ) - Philippine Coconut Authority ( PCA ) Formerly-attached agencies : - Cotton Development Administration ( CODA ) ( merged with Fiber Industry Development Authority ) |
[
"Ministry of Agriculture"
]
| easy | Department of Agriculture (Philippines) was officially named what in 1987? | /wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)#P1448#3 | Department of Agriculture ( Philippines ) The Department of Agriculture ( abbreviated as DA ; ) , is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the promotion of agricultural and fisheries development and growth . It has its headquarters at Elliptical Road corner Visayas Avenue , Diliman , Quezon City . The department is currently led by the Secretary of Agriculture , nominated by the President of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments . The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet . The current Secretary is William Dar , who assumed office on August 5 , 2019 . History . The Department of Agriculture had its beginnings when President Emilio Aguinaldo established the Department of Agriculture and Manufacturing on June 23 , 1898 . Jose Alejandrino was appointed the first Secretary . Under United States administration . In 1901 , under the American colonial government , priority was given to the development of other agricultural products , such as rice and other basic commodities , as well as fishing , forestry , and mining . This new focus necessitated the establishment of the insular Bureau of Agriculture . This bureau was put under the Department of the Interior through Philippine Legislatures Act No . 271 . It was later put under the supervision of the Department of Public Instruction in 1910 . The first Filipino to head the Bureau under the American occupation is Adriano Hernandez , who was himself a practicing farmer . The Bureau of Agriculture grew rapidly until it was abolished by the enactment of Act No . 2666 , otherwise known as An Act to Re-organize the Executive Department of the Government of the Philippine Islands , on November 18 , 1916 , and was implemented on January 1 , 1917 . This act provided for the establishment of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources ( DANR ) , which would take over direct executive control , direction , and supervision of the Bureaus of Agriculture , Forestry , Lands , Science , and Weather , as well as all matters concerning hunting , fisheries , sponges and other sea products , and such others as may be assigned to it by law . By virtue of another reorganization act ( through Act No . 4007 ) in 1932 , the DANR became the Department of Agriculture and Commerce . The Bureau of Commerce , which used to be under the Department of Commerce and Communication , was placed under the reorganized Department . In 1942 , while the Commonwealth Government was in exile , the Department was re-organized again , becoming the Department of Finance , Agriculture and Commerce . Upon the resumption of the Commonwealth in February 1945 , it became the Department of Justice , Agriculture and Commerce , and then back to being the Department of Agriculture and Commerce in December of the same year . Post-independence . In 1947 , it was renamed again as the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources by virtue of Executive Order No . 94 by Pres . Manuel Roxas . The Bureau of Commerce , among others , was incorporated to the newly created Department of Commerce and Industry . On September 14 , 1959 , the DANR moved to its current building in Diliman , Quezon City from the Agrifina Circle ( now the Teodoro Valencia Circle ) in Manila . By virtue of Presidential Decree 461 , signed into law by Pres . Ferdinand Marcos , the DANR was split in May 1974 into two departments : the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Natural Resources ( which later became the current DENR ) . After the shift to the parliamentary system in 1978 , all departments were changed to ministries . Thus , the office became the Ministry of Agriculture and Food until 1987 , when the department was renamed again as the Department of Agriculture , through Pres . Corazon Aquinos Executive Order No . 116 . The same EO mandated the DA to promote agricultural development by providing the policy framework , public investment , and support services , which are needed for domestic and export-oriented business enterprises . Guided by the principle that agriculture is business , the DA implemented policy and institutional reforms that freed the agriculture markets , enabling farmers to enjoy higher farmgate prices . These reforms included the dismantling of agricultural monopolies and the elimination of agricultural taxes . Reforms in the agricultural credit system , such as the phase-out of the direct lending scheme , was also initiated . In May 2014 , pursuant to Executive Order No . 165 , four agencies representing three-quarters of the DAs budget — the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority , the National Food Authority , the National Irrigation Administration , and the Philippine Coconut Authority — were removed from DA control . This was part of the anti-corruption reforms which followed the pork barrel scam . The four agencies are now directly under the Office of the President , where they are overseen by the Presidential Assistant for Food Security and Agricultural Modernization . Organizational structure . The Department is headed by the Secretary of Agriculture , with the following undersecretaries and assistant secretaries : - Undersecretary/Chief of Staff - Undersecretary for Administration , Agribusiness and Marketing , and Regional Engagement - Undersecretary for Finance - Undersecretary for Field Operations - Undersecretary for High Value Crops and Rural Credit - Undersecretary for Policy , Planning , Research and Regulation - Undersecretary for Special Concerns - Assistant Secretary for Agribusiness - Assistant Secretary for Administration - Assistant Secretary for Field Operations - Assistant Secretary for Finance - Assistant Secretary for Fisheries - Assistant Secretary for Regulations - Assistant Secretary for the Visayas - Assistant Secretary for Livestock Under the Office of the Secretary are the following offices and services : - Administrative Service - Agribusiness and Marketing Assistance Service - Field Operations Service - Financial and Management Service - Information and Communications Technology Service - Internal Audit Service - Legal Service - Planning Service - Policy Research Service - Project Development Service A regional executive director is assigned to each of the 17 regions of the Philippines . Bureaus . The DA is composed of eight bureaus , namely : - Agricultural Training Institute ( ATI ) - Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards ( BAFS ) , formerly known as Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Product Standards ( BAFPS ) until the enactment of R.A . No . 10601 . - Bureau of Animal Industry ( BAI ) - Bureau of Agricultural Research ( BAR ) - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources ( BFAR ) - Bureau of Plant Industry ( BPI ) - Bureau of Soils and Water Management ( BSWM ) - Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering ( BAFE ) , new bureau under R.A . No . 10601 Formerly-attached bureaus : - Bureau of Agricultural Statistics ( BAS ) ( now under the Philippine Statistics Authority ) Attached agencies . The following agencies , corporations and councils are attached to the DA for policy and program coordination : - Agricultural Credit and Policy Council ( ACPC ) - Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority ( PhilFIDA ) - National Dairy Authority ( NDA ) - National Fisheries Research and Development Institute ( NFRDI ) - National Meat Inspection Service ( NMIS ) - National Tobacco Administration ( NTA ) - Philippine Carabao Center ( PCC ) - Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fishery ( PCAF ) - Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization ( PHilMech ) - Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation ( PCIC ) - Philippine Fisheries Development Authority ( PFDA ) - Philippine Rice Research Institute ( Philrice ) - Quedan Rural Credit and Guarantee Corporation ( QUEDANCOR ) - Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ( SEAFDEC ) - Sugar Regulatory Administration ( SRA ) - Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority ( FPA ) - National Food Authority ( NFA ) - Philippine Coconut Authority ( PCA ) Formerly-attached agencies : - Cotton Development Administration ( CODA ) ( merged with Fiber Industry Development Authority ) |
[
"Department of Agriculture"
]
| easy | Department of Agriculture (Philippines) was officially named what from Feb 1987 to Feb 1988? | /wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)#P1448#4 | Department of Agriculture ( Philippines ) The Department of Agriculture ( abbreviated as DA ; ) , is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the promotion of agricultural and fisheries development and growth . It has its headquarters at Elliptical Road corner Visayas Avenue , Diliman , Quezon City . The department is currently led by the Secretary of Agriculture , nominated by the President of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments . The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet . The current Secretary is William Dar , who assumed office on August 5 , 2019 . History . The Department of Agriculture had its beginnings when President Emilio Aguinaldo established the Department of Agriculture and Manufacturing on June 23 , 1898 . Jose Alejandrino was appointed the first Secretary . Under United States administration . In 1901 , under the American colonial government , priority was given to the development of other agricultural products , such as rice and other basic commodities , as well as fishing , forestry , and mining . This new focus necessitated the establishment of the insular Bureau of Agriculture . This bureau was put under the Department of the Interior through Philippine Legislatures Act No . 271 . It was later put under the supervision of the Department of Public Instruction in 1910 . The first Filipino to head the Bureau under the American occupation is Adriano Hernandez , who was himself a practicing farmer . The Bureau of Agriculture grew rapidly until it was abolished by the enactment of Act No . 2666 , otherwise known as An Act to Re-organize the Executive Department of the Government of the Philippine Islands , on November 18 , 1916 , and was implemented on January 1 , 1917 . This act provided for the establishment of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources ( DANR ) , which would take over direct executive control , direction , and supervision of the Bureaus of Agriculture , Forestry , Lands , Science , and Weather , as well as all matters concerning hunting , fisheries , sponges and other sea products , and such others as may be assigned to it by law . By virtue of another reorganization act ( through Act No . 4007 ) in 1932 , the DANR became the Department of Agriculture and Commerce . The Bureau of Commerce , which used to be under the Department of Commerce and Communication , was placed under the reorganized Department . In 1942 , while the Commonwealth Government was in exile , the Department was re-organized again , becoming the Department of Finance , Agriculture and Commerce . Upon the resumption of the Commonwealth in February 1945 , it became the Department of Justice , Agriculture and Commerce , and then back to being the Department of Agriculture and Commerce in December of the same year . Post-independence . In 1947 , it was renamed again as the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources by virtue of Executive Order No . 94 by Pres . Manuel Roxas . The Bureau of Commerce , among others , was incorporated to the newly created Department of Commerce and Industry . On September 14 , 1959 , the DANR moved to its current building in Diliman , Quezon City from the Agrifina Circle ( now the Teodoro Valencia Circle ) in Manila . By virtue of Presidential Decree 461 , signed into law by Pres . Ferdinand Marcos , the DANR was split in May 1974 into two departments : the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Natural Resources ( which later became the current DENR ) . After the shift to the parliamentary system in 1978 , all departments were changed to ministries . Thus , the office became the Ministry of Agriculture and Food until 1987 , when the department was renamed again as the Department of Agriculture , through Pres . Corazon Aquinos Executive Order No . 116 . The same EO mandated the DA to promote agricultural development by providing the policy framework , public investment , and support services , which are needed for domestic and export-oriented business enterprises . Guided by the principle that agriculture is business , the DA implemented policy and institutional reforms that freed the agriculture markets , enabling farmers to enjoy higher farmgate prices . These reforms included the dismantling of agricultural monopolies and the elimination of agricultural taxes . Reforms in the agricultural credit system , such as the phase-out of the direct lending scheme , was also initiated . In May 2014 , pursuant to Executive Order No . 165 , four agencies representing three-quarters of the DAs budget — the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority , the National Food Authority , the National Irrigation Administration , and the Philippine Coconut Authority — were removed from DA control . This was part of the anti-corruption reforms which followed the pork barrel scam . The four agencies are now directly under the Office of the President , where they are overseen by the Presidential Assistant for Food Security and Agricultural Modernization . Organizational structure . The Department is headed by the Secretary of Agriculture , with the following undersecretaries and assistant secretaries : - Undersecretary/Chief of Staff - Undersecretary for Administration , Agribusiness and Marketing , and Regional Engagement - Undersecretary for Finance - Undersecretary for Field Operations - Undersecretary for High Value Crops and Rural Credit - Undersecretary for Policy , Planning , Research and Regulation - Undersecretary for Special Concerns - Assistant Secretary for Agribusiness - Assistant Secretary for Administration - Assistant Secretary for Field Operations - Assistant Secretary for Finance - Assistant Secretary for Fisheries - Assistant Secretary for Regulations - Assistant Secretary for the Visayas - Assistant Secretary for Livestock Under the Office of the Secretary are the following offices and services : - Administrative Service - Agribusiness and Marketing Assistance Service - Field Operations Service - Financial and Management Service - Information and Communications Technology Service - Internal Audit Service - Legal Service - Planning Service - Policy Research Service - Project Development Service A regional executive director is assigned to each of the 17 regions of the Philippines . Bureaus . The DA is composed of eight bureaus , namely : - Agricultural Training Institute ( ATI ) - Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards ( BAFS ) , formerly known as Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Product Standards ( BAFPS ) until the enactment of R.A . No . 10601 . - Bureau of Animal Industry ( BAI ) - Bureau of Agricultural Research ( BAR ) - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources ( BFAR ) - Bureau of Plant Industry ( BPI ) - Bureau of Soils and Water Management ( BSWM ) - Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering ( BAFE ) , new bureau under R.A . No . 10601 Formerly-attached bureaus : - Bureau of Agricultural Statistics ( BAS ) ( now under the Philippine Statistics Authority ) Attached agencies . The following agencies , corporations and councils are attached to the DA for policy and program coordination : - Agricultural Credit and Policy Council ( ACPC ) - Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority ( PhilFIDA ) - National Dairy Authority ( NDA ) - National Fisheries Research and Development Institute ( NFRDI ) - National Meat Inspection Service ( NMIS ) - National Tobacco Administration ( NTA ) - Philippine Carabao Center ( PCC ) - Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fishery ( PCAF ) - Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization ( PHilMech ) - Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation ( PCIC ) - Philippine Fisheries Development Authority ( PFDA ) - Philippine Rice Research Institute ( Philrice ) - Quedan Rural Credit and Guarantee Corporation ( QUEDANCOR ) - Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ( SEAFDEC ) - Sugar Regulatory Administration ( SRA ) - Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority ( FPA ) - National Food Authority ( NFA ) - Philippine Coconut Authority ( PCA ) Formerly-attached agencies : - Cotton Development Administration ( CODA ) ( merged with Fiber Industry Development Authority ) |
[
"Member of Parliament"
]
| easy | What was the position of George Oliver (politician) from Nov 1922 to Nov 1923? | /wiki/George_Oliver_(politician)#P39#0 | George Oliver ( politician ) George Harold Oliver QC ( 24 November 1888 – 22 September 1984 ) was a British engineer , barrister and politician who was for a longtime Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Ilkeston and served briefly as a junior government minister . Early career . Oliver was born in Bolton and educated at Holy Trinity School in the town . He became an engineer working as a gear cutter for Rolls Royce , and when the works were moved to Derby , he moved with them . He also joined the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and became shop steward of the works ; his union activity brought him into the Labour Party and was elected to Derby Town Council as a Labour Party candidate . As an engineering worker he was not called up to fight in the First World War . Parliamentary candidate . At the 1918 general election Oliver fought Ilkeston , an area not far from Derby . He enjoyed a straight fight with J . E . B . Seely , a Coalition Liberal , but lost by 1,698 votes . He remained involved in the constituency ; from 1921 , he was organising agent of the Workers Union . He was adopted again as candidate for the 1922 general election ; this time he was successful by 1,084 . Retraining . He was re-elected in 1923 , and during the Labour government he seconded a motion calling for a national minimum wage . He also supported exemption from entertainments duty for charitable entertainments . After the Labour government lost a vote of no confidence , Oliver was again re-elected in the 1924 general election . He had determined to retrain as a trade union lawyer , and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1927 . Shortly after he persuaded the Home Secretary to halt the planned hanging of one of his constituents who had been convicted of murder . In March 1930 Oliver initiated a debate on the development of civilian air transport . He supported opening cinemas on Sundays , and also supported restrictions on the use of motor cars in elections , arguing that it was taking the opportunity to adjust the balance between rich and poor . However , Oliver could not survive the Conservative landslide at the 1931 general election : he lost by only two votes in the equal closest election result during universal franchise . Out of Parliament . Out of Parliament , Oliver worked as a Barrister for the Transport and General Workers Union . He acted for the union at an inquest into the poisoning deaths of three workers at the British Celanese artificial silk factory at Spondon in 1934 . At the 1935 general election he regained his seat by 10,601 votes . When selected to introduce a Private Members Bill in February 1936 , Oliver chose to bring in a Bill to extend the jurisdiction of County Courts . He was also involved in the Labour Party conference in 1939 , when he moved the expulsion from the party of Aneurin Bevan and three others because of their involvement in the Popular Front movement attempting to build an alliance with the Liberal Party . In 1943 he was chair of the Labour Party Conference Arrangements Committee . Minister . Oliver was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office in the Attlee government in August 1945 . He acted as chairman of a departmental committee looking into the electoral registration system from 1945 to 1947 , which recommended a return to the system of street canvassing to get people registered to vote . He left the government in October 1947 . In 1949 he was appointed as a Kings Counsel . Boundary changes gave him a very safe seat and in the 1951 general election his majority of 30,398 was the fourth largest in the country . In February 1952 he was chosen to be one of the members of the House of Commons to call on the Queen Mother to extend Parliaments condolences on the death of King George VI . Elder statesman . As an elder statesman , Oliver began to cast more dissenting votes . In July 1960 he supported a Conservative government motion supporting political and economic unity in Europe . In 1963 he was named to a committee investigating the pay for Members of Parliament . Oliver stood down at the 1964 general election , but lived to be 95 . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs Vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) - Who Was Who , A & C Black - The Times House of Commons , 1929 |
[
"Member of Parliament"
]
| easy | What was the position of George Oliver (politician) from Dec 1923 to Oct 1931? | /wiki/George_Oliver_(politician)#P39#1 | George Oliver ( politician ) George Harold Oliver QC ( 24 November 1888 – 22 September 1984 ) was a British engineer , barrister and politician who was for a longtime Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Ilkeston and served briefly as a junior government minister . Early career . Oliver was born in Bolton and educated at Holy Trinity School in the town . He became an engineer working as a gear cutter for Rolls Royce , and when the works were moved to Derby , he moved with them . He also joined the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and became shop steward of the works ; his union activity brought him into the Labour Party and was elected to Derby Town Council as a Labour Party candidate . As an engineering worker he was not called up to fight in the First World War . Parliamentary candidate . At the 1918 general election Oliver fought Ilkeston , an area not far from Derby . He enjoyed a straight fight with J . E . B . Seely , a Coalition Liberal , but lost by 1,698 votes . He remained involved in the constituency ; from 1921 , he was organising agent of the Workers Union . He was adopted again as candidate for the 1922 general election ; this time he was successful by 1,084 . Retraining . He was re-elected in 1923 , and during the Labour government he seconded a motion calling for a national minimum wage . He also supported exemption from entertainments duty for charitable entertainments . After the Labour government lost a vote of no confidence , Oliver was again re-elected in the 1924 general election . He had determined to retrain as a trade union lawyer , and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1927 . Shortly after he persuaded the Home Secretary to halt the planned hanging of one of his constituents who had been convicted of murder . In March 1930 Oliver initiated a debate on the development of civilian air transport . He supported opening cinemas on Sundays , and also supported restrictions on the use of motor cars in elections , arguing that it was taking the opportunity to adjust the balance between rich and poor . However , Oliver could not survive the Conservative landslide at the 1931 general election : he lost by only two votes in the equal closest election result during universal franchise . Out of Parliament . Out of Parliament , Oliver worked as a Barrister for the Transport and General Workers Union . He acted for the union at an inquest into the poisoning deaths of three workers at the British Celanese artificial silk factory at Spondon in 1934 . At the 1935 general election he regained his seat by 10,601 votes . When selected to introduce a Private Members Bill in February 1936 , Oliver chose to bring in a Bill to extend the jurisdiction of County Courts . He was also involved in the Labour Party conference in 1939 , when he moved the expulsion from the party of Aneurin Bevan and three others because of their involvement in the Popular Front movement attempting to build an alliance with the Liberal Party . In 1943 he was chair of the Labour Party Conference Arrangements Committee . Minister . Oliver was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office in the Attlee government in August 1945 . He acted as chairman of a departmental committee looking into the electoral registration system from 1945 to 1947 , which recommended a return to the system of street canvassing to get people registered to vote . He left the government in October 1947 . In 1949 he was appointed as a Kings Counsel . Boundary changes gave him a very safe seat and in the 1951 general election his majority of 30,398 was the fourth largest in the country . In February 1952 he was chosen to be one of the members of the House of Commons to call on the Queen Mother to extend Parliaments condolences on the death of King George VI . Elder statesman . As an elder statesman , Oliver began to cast more dissenting votes . In July 1960 he supported a Conservative government motion supporting political and economic unity in Europe . In 1963 he was named to a committee investigating the pay for Members of Parliament . Oliver stood down at the 1964 general election , but lived to be 95 . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs Vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) - Who Was Who , A & C Black - The Times House of Commons , 1929 |
[
"Member of Parliament"
]
| easy | George Oliver (politician) took which position from Nov 1935 to Jun 1945? | /wiki/George_Oliver_(politician)#P39#2 | George Oliver ( politician ) George Harold Oliver QC ( 24 November 1888 – 22 September 1984 ) was a British engineer , barrister and politician who was for a longtime Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Ilkeston and served briefly as a junior government minister . Early career . Oliver was born in Bolton and educated at Holy Trinity School in the town . He became an engineer working as a gear cutter for Rolls Royce , and when the works were moved to Derby , he moved with them . He also joined the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and became shop steward of the works ; his union activity brought him into the Labour Party and was elected to Derby Town Council as a Labour Party candidate . As an engineering worker he was not called up to fight in the First World War . Parliamentary candidate . At the 1918 general election Oliver fought Ilkeston , an area not far from Derby . He enjoyed a straight fight with J . E . B . Seely , a Coalition Liberal , but lost by 1,698 votes . He remained involved in the constituency ; from 1921 , he was organising agent of the Workers Union . He was adopted again as candidate for the 1922 general election ; this time he was successful by 1,084 . Retraining . He was re-elected in 1923 , and during the Labour government he seconded a motion calling for a national minimum wage . He also supported exemption from entertainments duty for charitable entertainments . After the Labour government lost a vote of no confidence , Oliver was again re-elected in the 1924 general election . He had determined to retrain as a trade union lawyer , and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1927 . Shortly after he persuaded the Home Secretary to halt the planned hanging of one of his constituents who had been convicted of murder . In March 1930 Oliver initiated a debate on the development of civilian air transport . He supported opening cinemas on Sundays , and also supported restrictions on the use of motor cars in elections , arguing that it was taking the opportunity to adjust the balance between rich and poor . However , Oliver could not survive the Conservative landslide at the 1931 general election : he lost by only two votes in the equal closest election result during universal franchise . Out of Parliament . Out of Parliament , Oliver worked as a Barrister for the Transport and General Workers Union . He acted for the union at an inquest into the poisoning deaths of three workers at the British Celanese artificial silk factory at Spondon in 1934 . At the 1935 general election he regained his seat by 10,601 votes . When selected to introduce a Private Members Bill in February 1936 , Oliver chose to bring in a Bill to extend the jurisdiction of County Courts . He was also involved in the Labour Party conference in 1939 , when he moved the expulsion from the party of Aneurin Bevan and three others because of their involvement in the Popular Front movement attempting to build an alliance with the Liberal Party . In 1943 he was chair of the Labour Party Conference Arrangements Committee . Minister . Oliver was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office in the Attlee government in August 1945 . He acted as chairman of a departmental committee looking into the electoral registration system from 1945 to 1947 , which recommended a return to the system of street canvassing to get people registered to vote . He left the government in October 1947 . In 1949 he was appointed as a Kings Counsel . Boundary changes gave him a very safe seat and in the 1951 general election his majority of 30,398 was the fourth largest in the country . In February 1952 he was chosen to be one of the members of the House of Commons to call on the Queen Mother to extend Parliaments condolences on the death of King George VI . Elder statesman . As an elder statesman , Oliver began to cast more dissenting votes . In July 1960 he supported a Conservative government motion supporting political and economic unity in Europe . In 1963 he was named to a committee investigating the pay for Members of Parliament . Oliver stood down at the 1964 general election , but lived to be 95 . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs Vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) - Who Was Who , A & C Black - The Times House of Commons , 1929 |
[
"Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office",
"Member of Parliament"
]
| easy | What position did George Oliver (politician) take from Jul 1945 to Feb 1950? | /wiki/George_Oliver_(politician)#P39#3 | George Oliver ( politician ) George Harold Oliver QC ( 24 November 1888 – 22 September 1984 ) was a British engineer , barrister and politician who was for a longtime Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Ilkeston and served briefly as a junior government minister . Early career . Oliver was born in Bolton and educated at Holy Trinity School in the town . He became an engineer working as a gear cutter for Rolls Royce , and when the works were moved to Derby , he moved with them . He also joined the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and became shop steward of the works ; his union activity brought him into the Labour Party and was elected to Derby Town Council as a Labour Party candidate . As an engineering worker he was not called up to fight in the First World War . Parliamentary candidate . At the 1918 general election Oliver fought Ilkeston , an area not far from Derby . He enjoyed a straight fight with J . E . B . Seely , a Coalition Liberal , but lost by 1,698 votes . He remained involved in the constituency ; from 1921 , he was organising agent of the Workers Union . He was adopted again as candidate for the 1922 general election ; this time he was successful by 1,084 . Retraining . He was re-elected in 1923 , and during the Labour government he seconded a motion calling for a national minimum wage . He also supported exemption from entertainments duty for charitable entertainments . After the Labour government lost a vote of no confidence , Oliver was again re-elected in the 1924 general election . He had determined to retrain as a trade union lawyer , and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1927 . Shortly after he persuaded the Home Secretary to halt the planned hanging of one of his constituents who had been convicted of murder . In March 1930 Oliver initiated a debate on the development of civilian air transport . He supported opening cinemas on Sundays , and also supported restrictions on the use of motor cars in elections , arguing that it was taking the opportunity to adjust the balance between rich and poor . However , Oliver could not survive the Conservative landslide at the 1931 general election : he lost by only two votes in the equal closest election result during universal franchise . Out of Parliament . Out of Parliament , Oliver worked as a Barrister for the Transport and General Workers Union . He acted for the union at an inquest into the poisoning deaths of three workers at the British Celanese artificial silk factory at Spondon in 1934 . At the 1935 general election he regained his seat by 10,601 votes . When selected to introduce a Private Members Bill in February 1936 , Oliver chose to bring in a Bill to extend the jurisdiction of County Courts . He was also involved in the Labour Party conference in 1939 , when he moved the expulsion from the party of Aneurin Bevan and three others because of their involvement in the Popular Front movement attempting to build an alliance with the Liberal Party . In 1943 he was chair of the Labour Party Conference Arrangements Committee . Minister . Oliver was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office in the Attlee government in August 1945 . He acted as chairman of a departmental committee looking into the electoral registration system from 1945 to 1947 , which recommended a return to the system of street canvassing to get people registered to vote . He left the government in October 1947 . In 1949 he was appointed as a Kings Counsel . Boundary changes gave him a very safe seat and in the 1951 general election his majority of 30,398 was the fourth largest in the country . In February 1952 he was chosen to be one of the members of the House of Commons to call on the Queen Mother to extend Parliaments condolences on the death of King George VI . Elder statesman . As an elder statesman , Oliver began to cast more dissenting votes . In July 1960 he supported a Conservative government motion supporting political and economic unity in Europe . In 1963 he was named to a committee investigating the pay for Members of Parliament . Oliver stood down at the 1964 general election , but lived to be 95 . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs Vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) - Who Was Who , A & C Black - The Times House of Commons , 1929 |
[
"Member of Parliament"
]
| easy | What was the position of George Oliver (politician) from Feb 1950 to May 1955? | /wiki/George_Oliver_(politician)#P39#4 | George Oliver ( politician ) George Harold Oliver QC ( 24 November 1888 – 22 September 1984 ) was a British engineer , barrister and politician who was for a longtime Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Ilkeston and served briefly as a junior government minister . Early career . Oliver was born in Bolton and educated at Holy Trinity School in the town . He became an engineer working as a gear cutter for Rolls Royce , and when the works were moved to Derby , he moved with them . He also joined the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and became shop steward of the works ; his union activity brought him into the Labour Party and was elected to Derby Town Council as a Labour Party candidate . As an engineering worker he was not called up to fight in the First World War . Parliamentary candidate . At the 1918 general election Oliver fought Ilkeston , an area not far from Derby . He enjoyed a straight fight with J . E . B . Seely , a Coalition Liberal , but lost by 1,698 votes . He remained involved in the constituency ; from 1921 , he was organising agent of the Workers Union . He was adopted again as candidate for the 1922 general election ; this time he was successful by 1,084 . Retraining . He was re-elected in 1923 , and during the Labour government he seconded a motion calling for a national minimum wage . He also supported exemption from entertainments duty for charitable entertainments . After the Labour government lost a vote of no confidence , Oliver was again re-elected in the 1924 general election . He had determined to retrain as a trade union lawyer , and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1927 . Shortly after he persuaded the Home Secretary to halt the planned hanging of one of his constituents who had been convicted of murder . In March 1930 Oliver initiated a debate on the development of civilian air transport . He supported opening cinemas on Sundays , and also supported restrictions on the use of motor cars in elections , arguing that it was taking the opportunity to adjust the balance between rich and poor . However , Oliver could not survive the Conservative landslide at the 1931 general election : he lost by only two votes in the equal closest election result during universal franchise . Out of Parliament . Out of Parliament , Oliver worked as a Barrister for the Transport and General Workers Union . He acted for the union at an inquest into the poisoning deaths of three workers at the British Celanese artificial silk factory at Spondon in 1934 . At the 1935 general election he regained his seat by 10,601 votes . When selected to introduce a Private Members Bill in February 1936 , Oliver chose to bring in a Bill to extend the jurisdiction of County Courts . He was also involved in the Labour Party conference in 1939 , when he moved the expulsion from the party of Aneurin Bevan and three others because of their involvement in the Popular Front movement attempting to build an alliance with the Liberal Party . In 1943 he was chair of the Labour Party Conference Arrangements Committee . Minister . Oliver was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office in the Attlee government in August 1945 . He acted as chairman of a departmental committee looking into the electoral registration system from 1945 to 1947 , which recommended a return to the system of street canvassing to get people registered to vote . He left the government in October 1947 . In 1949 he was appointed as a Kings Counsel . Boundary changes gave him a very safe seat and in the 1951 general election his majority of 30,398 was the fourth largest in the country . In February 1952 he was chosen to be one of the members of the House of Commons to call on the Queen Mother to extend Parliaments condolences on the death of King George VI . Elder statesman . As an elder statesman , Oliver began to cast more dissenting votes . In July 1960 he supported a Conservative government motion supporting political and economic unity in Europe . In 1963 he was named to a committee investigating the pay for Members of Parliament . Oliver stood down at the 1964 general election , but lived to be 95 . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs Vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) - Who Was Who , A & C Black - The Times House of Commons , 1929 |
[
"Rangers"
]
| easy | Which team did Lewis Macleod (footballer) play for from 2004 to 2009? | /wiki/Lewis_Macleod_(footballer)#P54#0 | Lewis Macleod ( footballer ) Lewis Kenneth Macleod ( born 16 June 1994 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Plymouth Argyle . He came to prominence with Rangers in Scotland and is a product of the clubs academy . Macleod represented Scotland from U16 to U21 level . Club career . Rangers . Early years . Macleod began his career with youth club Newmains Hammers , playing a year above his age-group , before joining Livingston . He signed for Scottish Premier League club Rangers as a 10-year-old in 2004 . He progressed through the youth system at Murray Park and was called up to the first team squad for the first time for a league match versus Motherwell on 31 March 2012 . He remained an unused substitute during the 2–1 victory . It was his only involvement in the first team squad during the 2011–12 season . Breakthrough ( 2012–2013 ) . After Rangers entered administration in February 2012 , the Scottish Football Association imposed a transfer embargo on the club . This created opportunities for players within the youth and reserve ranks , including Macleod . Macleod made his professional debut in a Scottish Challenge Cup first round match versus Brechin City on 29 July 2012 . He started the game and Rangers went through to the second round after game finished 2–1 after extra-time , with Macleods corner providing the winning goal – a 102nd-minute header by Lee McCulloch . Macleod went on to hold down a regular starting place in the team and signed a five-year contract extension on 13 September 2012 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 4–1 victory over Montrose on 23 September , while also claiming the man of the match award . Macleod continued his starting run and good form through to January 2013 ( scoring in home and away matches versus Elgin City ) and won the Scottish Football Leagues Young Player of the Month award for November 2012 . A knee injury suffered against Montrose on 26 January 2013 kept him sidelined until the final game of the season against Berwick Rangers . Macleod made 29 appearances and scored three goals in Rangers 2012–13 Third Division title-winning season and won the Rangers Young Player of the Year award . 2013–2014 . After three goals in 2013–14 pre-season , Macleod continued his good form into the regular season , hitting four goals in a seven-game spell , the most notable being an overhead kick in a 2–0 victory over Ayr United on 6 October 2013 . He held down a regular starting place , but again his season was cut short in January , after an adverse reaction to a viral infection affected the muscles around his heart . In March 2014 , manager Ally McCoist allayed fears that Macleods career could be under threat . Macleod failed to appear again during the 2013–14 season and finished the campaign with 24 appearances and five goals . In his absence , Rangers won the Scottish League One title to seal a place in the Scottish Championship for the 2014–15 season , with Macleod receiving a winners medal . Macleod made a successful recovery from his health problems and scored on his comeback in a closed-doors friendly at Rangers Training Centre versus Fulham in July 2014 . He began the 2014–15 season in good form , scoring four goals in his first four appearances of the season and four goals in 9 games from September through to November . A match-winning bicycle kick versus Livingston on 4 October later won Rangers Goal of the Season award and he won the Scottish League Young Player of the Month award for October . After suffering a serious hamstring injury suffered during a 3–2 defeat to Alloa Athletic on 3 December 2014 , it was reported that Macleod would be out until 2015 , but the Alloa match turned out to be his final appearance in a Rangers shirt . On 31 December 2014 , it was announced that Macleod had left Rangers . His involvement in the 2014–15 season ended with 21 appearances and eight goals . Macleod made 74 appearances and scored 16 goals during his years as a first team player at Ibrox . Brentford . 2015–2016 . On 31 December 2014 , Macleod moved to England to sign for Championship club Brentford for an undisclosed fee on a -year contract , effective 3 January 2015 . The fee was later reported by The Sunday Post to be £850,000 , with add-ons raising the amount to up to £1.3 million . Having failed to recover from the hamstring injury suffered in his last match while a Rangers player , Macleods recovery suffered a setback when he tweaked the hamstring again in training . He finally made his first appearance in a Brentford shirt with 45 minutes in a Development Squad defeat to Nottingham Forest on 28 March 2015 , but two weeks later , manager Mark Warburton ruled Macleod out of first team contention for the rest of the 2014–15 season . In an apparent U-turn , Macleod won his maiden first team call-up for Brentfords playoff semi-final first leg versus Middlesbrough on 8 May . He remained an unused substitute during the 2–1 defeat and was replaced on the bench by Chris Long for the second leg , which resulted in a 3–0 loss that ended Brentfords season . Macleods rehabilitation away from the first team squad saw him miss the entire 2015–16 pre-season . He returned to the Development Squad in October , making seven appearances either side of a recurrence of his hamstring injury in mid-November 2015 . He finally made his first team debut versus Brighton & Hove Albion on 5 February 2016 , when he replaced Josh McEachran after 82 minutes of the 3–0 defeat . Later that month , Macleod suffered a slight medial ligament injury in training and was not included in any further squads during the 2015–16 season . 2016–2019 . After returning to fitness for the 2016–17 pre-season , he made his first competitive start for the club on the opening day of the regular season , playing 82 minutes of a 2–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town , before being replaced by Philipp Hofmann . Macleod made 12 further appearances before suffering a serious knee injury during a West London derby versus Queens Park Rangers on 28 October 2016 . In December 2016 , he signed a one-year contract extension , which would keep him at Griffin Park until the end of the 2018–19 season . After recovering from the knee injury and then suffering a hamstring problem in October 2017 , Macleod made his first appearance for over 13 months as a second-half substitute for Sergi Canós in a 3–1 victory over West London rivals Fulham on 2 December 2017 . After just one FA Cup start and sporadic substitute cameos , Macleod made his first league start of the 2017–18 season versus Middlesbrough on 17 March 2018 and scored his first goal for the club with the equaliser in a 1–1 draw . He finished the 2017–18 season with 11 appearances and one goal . Macleod entered the 2018–19 season fully fit and held down a starting place through much of the first four months of the campaign . After scoring his third goal of the season with an injury time equaliser versus West Bromwich Albion on 3 December 2018 , he suffered a hamstring injury , but after returning to fitness , his reluctance to sign a new contract meant he made just one further appearance before the end of the season . Macleod departed Brentford when his contract expired at the end of the 2018–19 season and he finished his career at Griffin Park with 43 appearances and four goals . Wigan Athletic . On 12 July 2019 , Macleod signed a one-year contract with Championship club Wigan Athletic on a free transfer . He was largely out of favour during the 2019–20 season and made just 12 appearances before his contract expired . Plymouth Argyle . On 17 August 2020 , Macleod signed a one-year contract with newly-promoted League One club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer . During an injury-affected 2020–21 season , he made 17 appearances and was released when his contract expired . International career . U16–U19 . Macleod has represented the Scotland national team from under-16 to under-21 level . He won six under-16 caps , which included three of Scotlands 2009 Victory Shield matches . He was an under-17 regular between January 2010 and March 2011 and won four of his seven caps in Scotlands unsuccessful 2011 European Under-17 Championship qualifying campaign . By April 2012 he had progressed to the under-18 squad and won two caps in a pair of friendlies against Serbia and scored his first international goal in a 4–1 win in the second match . Macleod made five appearances for the under-19 squad in September and October 2012 ( scoring in a 4–0 2013 European Under-19 Championship qualifying rout of Armenia ) and scored his second under-19 goal in a 2–2 elite qualifying draw with Belgium on 24 May 2013 . His under-19 career ended after his sixth and final cap against Georgia on 26 May 2013 , a 3–1 elite qualifying round defeat which ended the under-19s chances of qualifying for the tournament finals . U21 . Macleod made his under-21 debut while a regular of the under-19 team and received his first call up for a friendly versus Portugal on 14 November 2012 . He made his debut in the 3–2 defeat , coming on as a 75th-minute substitute for Kenny McLean . On 14 October 2013 , Macleod scored his first goal for the under-21s in a 2–1 loss to Georgia and made six appearances in Scotlands unsuccessful 2015 European U21 Championship qualifying campaign . After nearly two years away from international football due to injuries , Macleod was recalled to the under-21 squad for two 2017 European U21 Championship qualifiers in September 2016 , but he withdrew due to injury . Full . On 4 November 2014 , manager Gordon Strachan called Macleod into the senior Scottish squad for the first time , ahead of a Euro 2016 qualifier against the Republic of Ireland and a friendly against England . Strachan stated that Macleod was not just coming along to make up the numbers , but he featured only in the England match as an unused substitute . Style of play . Macleod stated that he likes to get forward , but I also like to help out defensively too . I like to play either a number 8 or a number 10 role . Plymouth Argyle manager Ryan Lowe described him as a fantastic number four . He can play in the eight position as well . He has got fantastic vision and fantastic ability to hit most passes . Personal life . Macleod attended Newmains Primary School in Wishaw and is a former pupil of Coltness High School . His father Kenny played junior football for Wishaw and was on the books at Barnsley as a youth . As well as football , Macleod also excelled in golf at school , playing for his school team and winning tournaments . He is the cousin of former goalkeeper David McEwan . Honours . Rangers - Scottish League One : 2013–14 - Scottish Football League Third Division : 2012–13 Individual - Scottish Football League Young Player of the Month : November 2012 , October 2014 - Rangers Young Player of the Year : 2012–13 External links . - Lewis Macleod at pafc.co.uk |
[
"Scotland"
]
| easy | Which team did Lewis Macleod (footballer) play for from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Lewis_Macleod_(footballer)#P54#1 | Lewis Macleod ( footballer ) Lewis Kenneth Macleod ( born 16 June 1994 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Plymouth Argyle . He came to prominence with Rangers in Scotland and is a product of the clubs academy . Macleod represented Scotland from U16 to U21 level . Club career . Rangers . Early years . Macleod began his career with youth club Newmains Hammers , playing a year above his age-group , before joining Livingston . He signed for Scottish Premier League club Rangers as a 10-year-old in 2004 . He progressed through the youth system at Murray Park and was called up to the first team squad for the first time for a league match versus Motherwell on 31 March 2012 . He remained an unused substitute during the 2–1 victory . It was his only involvement in the first team squad during the 2011–12 season . Breakthrough ( 2012–2013 ) . After Rangers entered administration in February 2012 , the Scottish Football Association imposed a transfer embargo on the club . This created opportunities for players within the youth and reserve ranks , including Macleod . Macleod made his professional debut in a Scottish Challenge Cup first round match versus Brechin City on 29 July 2012 . He started the game and Rangers went through to the second round after game finished 2–1 after extra-time , with Macleods corner providing the winning goal – a 102nd-minute header by Lee McCulloch . Macleod went on to hold down a regular starting place in the team and signed a five-year contract extension on 13 September 2012 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 4–1 victory over Montrose on 23 September , while also claiming the man of the match award . Macleod continued his starting run and good form through to January 2013 ( scoring in home and away matches versus Elgin City ) and won the Scottish Football Leagues Young Player of the Month award for November 2012 . A knee injury suffered against Montrose on 26 January 2013 kept him sidelined until the final game of the season against Berwick Rangers . Macleod made 29 appearances and scored three goals in Rangers 2012–13 Third Division title-winning season and won the Rangers Young Player of the Year award . 2013–2014 . After three goals in 2013–14 pre-season , Macleod continued his good form into the regular season , hitting four goals in a seven-game spell , the most notable being an overhead kick in a 2–0 victory over Ayr United on 6 October 2013 . He held down a regular starting place , but again his season was cut short in January , after an adverse reaction to a viral infection affected the muscles around his heart . In March 2014 , manager Ally McCoist allayed fears that Macleods career could be under threat . Macleod failed to appear again during the 2013–14 season and finished the campaign with 24 appearances and five goals . In his absence , Rangers won the Scottish League One title to seal a place in the Scottish Championship for the 2014–15 season , with Macleod receiving a winners medal . Macleod made a successful recovery from his health problems and scored on his comeback in a closed-doors friendly at Rangers Training Centre versus Fulham in July 2014 . He began the 2014–15 season in good form , scoring four goals in his first four appearances of the season and four goals in 9 games from September through to November . A match-winning bicycle kick versus Livingston on 4 October later won Rangers Goal of the Season award and he won the Scottish League Young Player of the Month award for October . After suffering a serious hamstring injury suffered during a 3–2 defeat to Alloa Athletic on 3 December 2014 , it was reported that Macleod would be out until 2015 , but the Alloa match turned out to be his final appearance in a Rangers shirt . On 31 December 2014 , it was announced that Macleod had left Rangers . His involvement in the 2014–15 season ended with 21 appearances and eight goals . Macleod made 74 appearances and scored 16 goals during his years as a first team player at Ibrox . Brentford . 2015–2016 . On 31 December 2014 , Macleod moved to England to sign for Championship club Brentford for an undisclosed fee on a -year contract , effective 3 January 2015 . The fee was later reported by The Sunday Post to be £850,000 , with add-ons raising the amount to up to £1.3 million . Having failed to recover from the hamstring injury suffered in his last match while a Rangers player , Macleods recovery suffered a setback when he tweaked the hamstring again in training . He finally made his first appearance in a Brentford shirt with 45 minutes in a Development Squad defeat to Nottingham Forest on 28 March 2015 , but two weeks later , manager Mark Warburton ruled Macleod out of first team contention for the rest of the 2014–15 season . In an apparent U-turn , Macleod won his maiden first team call-up for Brentfords playoff semi-final first leg versus Middlesbrough on 8 May . He remained an unused substitute during the 2–1 defeat and was replaced on the bench by Chris Long for the second leg , which resulted in a 3–0 loss that ended Brentfords season . Macleods rehabilitation away from the first team squad saw him miss the entire 2015–16 pre-season . He returned to the Development Squad in October , making seven appearances either side of a recurrence of his hamstring injury in mid-November 2015 . He finally made his first team debut versus Brighton & Hove Albion on 5 February 2016 , when he replaced Josh McEachran after 82 minutes of the 3–0 defeat . Later that month , Macleod suffered a slight medial ligament injury in training and was not included in any further squads during the 2015–16 season . 2016–2019 . After returning to fitness for the 2016–17 pre-season , he made his first competitive start for the club on the opening day of the regular season , playing 82 minutes of a 2–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town , before being replaced by Philipp Hofmann . Macleod made 12 further appearances before suffering a serious knee injury during a West London derby versus Queens Park Rangers on 28 October 2016 . In December 2016 , he signed a one-year contract extension , which would keep him at Griffin Park until the end of the 2018–19 season . After recovering from the knee injury and then suffering a hamstring problem in October 2017 , Macleod made his first appearance for over 13 months as a second-half substitute for Sergi Canós in a 3–1 victory over West London rivals Fulham on 2 December 2017 . After just one FA Cup start and sporadic substitute cameos , Macleod made his first league start of the 2017–18 season versus Middlesbrough on 17 March 2018 and scored his first goal for the club with the equaliser in a 1–1 draw . He finished the 2017–18 season with 11 appearances and one goal . Macleod entered the 2018–19 season fully fit and held down a starting place through much of the first four months of the campaign . After scoring his third goal of the season with an injury time equaliser versus West Bromwich Albion on 3 December 2018 , he suffered a hamstring injury , but after returning to fitness , his reluctance to sign a new contract meant he made just one further appearance before the end of the season . Macleod departed Brentford when his contract expired at the end of the 2018–19 season and he finished his career at Griffin Park with 43 appearances and four goals . Wigan Athletic . On 12 July 2019 , Macleod signed a one-year contract with Championship club Wigan Athletic on a free transfer . He was largely out of favour during the 2019–20 season and made just 12 appearances before his contract expired . Plymouth Argyle . On 17 August 2020 , Macleod signed a one-year contract with newly-promoted League One club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer . During an injury-affected 2020–21 season , he made 17 appearances and was released when his contract expired . International career . U16–U19 . Macleod has represented the Scotland national team from under-16 to under-21 level . He won six under-16 caps , which included three of Scotlands 2009 Victory Shield matches . He was an under-17 regular between January 2010 and March 2011 and won four of his seven caps in Scotlands unsuccessful 2011 European Under-17 Championship qualifying campaign . By April 2012 he had progressed to the under-18 squad and won two caps in a pair of friendlies against Serbia and scored his first international goal in a 4–1 win in the second match . Macleod made five appearances for the under-19 squad in September and October 2012 ( scoring in a 4–0 2013 European Under-19 Championship qualifying rout of Armenia ) and scored his second under-19 goal in a 2–2 elite qualifying draw with Belgium on 24 May 2013 . His under-19 career ended after his sixth and final cap against Georgia on 26 May 2013 , a 3–1 elite qualifying round defeat which ended the under-19s chances of qualifying for the tournament finals . U21 . Macleod made his under-21 debut while a regular of the under-19 team and received his first call up for a friendly versus Portugal on 14 November 2012 . He made his debut in the 3–2 defeat , coming on as a 75th-minute substitute for Kenny McLean . On 14 October 2013 , Macleod scored his first goal for the under-21s in a 2–1 loss to Georgia and made six appearances in Scotlands unsuccessful 2015 European U21 Championship qualifying campaign . After nearly two years away from international football due to injuries , Macleod was recalled to the under-21 squad for two 2017 European U21 Championship qualifiers in September 2016 , but he withdrew due to injury . Full . On 4 November 2014 , manager Gordon Strachan called Macleod into the senior Scottish squad for the first time , ahead of a Euro 2016 qualifier against the Republic of Ireland and a friendly against England . Strachan stated that Macleod was not just coming along to make up the numbers , but he featured only in the England match as an unused substitute . Style of play . Macleod stated that he likes to get forward , but I also like to help out defensively too . I like to play either a number 8 or a number 10 role . Plymouth Argyle manager Ryan Lowe described him as a fantastic number four . He can play in the eight position as well . He has got fantastic vision and fantastic ability to hit most passes . Personal life . Macleod attended Newmains Primary School in Wishaw and is a former pupil of Coltness High School . His father Kenny played junior football for Wishaw and was on the books at Barnsley as a youth . As well as football , Macleod also excelled in golf at school , playing for his school team and winning tournaments . He is the cousin of former goalkeeper David McEwan . Honours . Rangers - Scottish League One : 2013–14 - Scottish Football League Third Division : 2012–13 Individual - Scottish Football League Young Player of the Month : November 2012 , October 2014 - Rangers Young Player of the Year : 2012–13 External links . - Lewis Macleod at pafc.co.uk |
[
"Scotlands"
]
| easy | Lewis Macleod (footballer) played for which team from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Lewis_Macleod_(footballer)#P54#2 | Lewis Macleod ( footballer ) Lewis Kenneth Macleod ( born 16 June 1994 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Plymouth Argyle . He came to prominence with Rangers in Scotland and is a product of the clubs academy . Macleod represented Scotland from U16 to U21 level . Club career . Rangers . Early years . Macleod began his career with youth club Newmains Hammers , playing a year above his age-group , before joining Livingston . He signed for Scottish Premier League club Rangers as a 10-year-old in 2004 . He progressed through the youth system at Murray Park and was called up to the first team squad for the first time for a league match versus Motherwell on 31 March 2012 . He remained an unused substitute during the 2–1 victory . It was his only involvement in the first team squad during the 2011–12 season . Breakthrough ( 2012–2013 ) . After Rangers entered administration in February 2012 , the Scottish Football Association imposed a transfer embargo on the club . This created opportunities for players within the youth and reserve ranks , including Macleod . Macleod made his professional debut in a Scottish Challenge Cup first round match versus Brechin City on 29 July 2012 . He started the game and Rangers went through to the second round after game finished 2–1 after extra-time , with Macleods corner providing the winning goal – a 102nd-minute header by Lee McCulloch . Macleod went on to hold down a regular starting place in the team and signed a five-year contract extension on 13 September 2012 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 4–1 victory over Montrose on 23 September , while also claiming the man of the match award . Macleod continued his starting run and good form through to January 2013 ( scoring in home and away matches versus Elgin City ) and won the Scottish Football Leagues Young Player of the Month award for November 2012 . A knee injury suffered against Montrose on 26 January 2013 kept him sidelined until the final game of the season against Berwick Rangers . Macleod made 29 appearances and scored three goals in Rangers 2012–13 Third Division title-winning season and won the Rangers Young Player of the Year award . 2013–2014 . After three goals in 2013–14 pre-season , Macleod continued his good form into the regular season , hitting four goals in a seven-game spell , the most notable being an overhead kick in a 2–0 victory over Ayr United on 6 October 2013 . He held down a regular starting place , but again his season was cut short in January , after an adverse reaction to a viral infection affected the muscles around his heart . In March 2014 , manager Ally McCoist allayed fears that Macleods career could be under threat . Macleod failed to appear again during the 2013–14 season and finished the campaign with 24 appearances and five goals . In his absence , Rangers won the Scottish League One title to seal a place in the Scottish Championship for the 2014–15 season , with Macleod receiving a winners medal . Macleod made a successful recovery from his health problems and scored on his comeback in a closed-doors friendly at Rangers Training Centre versus Fulham in July 2014 . He began the 2014–15 season in good form , scoring four goals in his first four appearances of the season and four goals in 9 games from September through to November . A match-winning bicycle kick versus Livingston on 4 October later won Rangers Goal of the Season award and he won the Scottish League Young Player of the Month award for October . After suffering a serious hamstring injury suffered during a 3–2 defeat to Alloa Athletic on 3 December 2014 , it was reported that Macleod would be out until 2015 , but the Alloa match turned out to be his final appearance in a Rangers shirt . On 31 December 2014 , it was announced that Macleod had left Rangers . His involvement in the 2014–15 season ended with 21 appearances and eight goals . Macleod made 74 appearances and scored 16 goals during his years as a first team player at Ibrox . Brentford . 2015–2016 . On 31 December 2014 , Macleod moved to England to sign for Championship club Brentford for an undisclosed fee on a -year contract , effective 3 January 2015 . The fee was later reported by The Sunday Post to be £850,000 , with add-ons raising the amount to up to £1.3 million . Having failed to recover from the hamstring injury suffered in his last match while a Rangers player , Macleods recovery suffered a setback when he tweaked the hamstring again in training . He finally made his first appearance in a Brentford shirt with 45 minutes in a Development Squad defeat to Nottingham Forest on 28 March 2015 , but two weeks later , manager Mark Warburton ruled Macleod out of first team contention for the rest of the 2014–15 season . In an apparent U-turn , Macleod won his maiden first team call-up for Brentfords playoff semi-final first leg versus Middlesbrough on 8 May . He remained an unused substitute during the 2–1 defeat and was replaced on the bench by Chris Long for the second leg , which resulted in a 3–0 loss that ended Brentfords season . Macleods rehabilitation away from the first team squad saw him miss the entire 2015–16 pre-season . He returned to the Development Squad in October , making seven appearances either side of a recurrence of his hamstring injury in mid-November 2015 . He finally made his first team debut versus Brighton & Hove Albion on 5 February 2016 , when he replaced Josh McEachran after 82 minutes of the 3–0 defeat . Later that month , Macleod suffered a slight medial ligament injury in training and was not included in any further squads during the 2015–16 season . 2016–2019 . After returning to fitness for the 2016–17 pre-season , he made his first competitive start for the club on the opening day of the regular season , playing 82 minutes of a 2–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town , before being replaced by Philipp Hofmann . Macleod made 12 further appearances before suffering a serious knee injury during a West London derby versus Queens Park Rangers on 28 October 2016 . In December 2016 , he signed a one-year contract extension , which would keep him at Griffin Park until the end of the 2018–19 season . After recovering from the knee injury and then suffering a hamstring problem in October 2017 , Macleod made his first appearance for over 13 months as a second-half substitute for Sergi Canós in a 3–1 victory over West London rivals Fulham on 2 December 2017 . After just one FA Cup start and sporadic substitute cameos , Macleod made his first league start of the 2017–18 season versus Middlesbrough on 17 March 2018 and scored his first goal for the club with the equaliser in a 1–1 draw . He finished the 2017–18 season with 11 appearances and one goal . Macleod entered the 2018–19 season fully fit and held down a starting place through much of the first four months of the campaign . After scoring his third goal of the season with an injury time equaliser versus West Bromwich Albion on 3 December 2018 , he suffered a hamstring injury , but after returning to fitness , his reluctance to sign a new contract meant he made just one further appearance before the end of the season . Macleod departed Brentford when his contract expired at the end of the 2018–19 season and he finished his career at Griffin Park with 43 appearances and four goals . Wigan Athletic . On 12 July 2019 , Macleod signed a one-year contract with Championship club Wigan Athletic on a free transfer . He was largely out of favour during the 2019–20 season and made just 12 appearances before his contract expired . Plymouth Argyle . On 17 August 2020 , Macleod signed a one-year contract with newly-promoted League One club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer . During an injury-affected 2020–21 season , he made 17 appearances and was released when his contract expired . International career . U16–U19 . Macleod has represented the Scotland national team from under-16 to under-21 level . He won six under-16 caps , which included three of Scotlands 2009 Victory Shield matches . He was an under-17 regular between January 2010 and March 2011 and won four of his seven caps in Scotlands unsuccessful 2011 European Under-17 Championship qualifying campaign . By April 2012 he had progressed to the under-18 squad and won two caps in a pair of friendlies against Serbia and scored his first international goal in a 4–1 win in the second match . Macleod made five appearances for the under-19 squad in September and October 2012 ( scoring in a 4–0 2013 European Under-19 Championship qualifying rout of Armenia ) and scored his second under-19 goal in a 2–2 elite qualifying draw with Belgium on 24 May 2013 . His under-19 career ended after his sixth and final cap against Georgia on 26 May 2013 , a 3–1 elite qualifying round defeat which ended the under-19s chances of qualifying for the tournament finals . U21 . Macleod made his under-21 debut while a regular of the under-19 team and received his first call up for a friendly versus Portugal on 14 November 2012 . He made his debut in the 3–2 defeat , coming on as a 75th-minute substitute for Kenny McLean . On 14 October 2013 , Macleod scored his first goal for the under-21s in a 2–1 loss to Georgia and made six appearances in Scotlands unsuccessful 2015 European U21 Championship qualifying campaign . After nearly two years away from international football due to injuries , Macleod was recalled to the under-21 squad for two 2017 European U21 Championship qualifiers in September 2016 , but he withdrew due to injury . Full . On 4 November 2014 , manager Gordon Strachan called Macleod into the senior Scottish squad for the first time , ahead of a Euro 2016 qualifier against the Republic of Ireland and a friendly against England . Strachan stated that Macleod was not just coming along to make up the numbers , but he featured only in the England match as an unused substitute . Style of play . Macleod stated that he likes to get forward , but I also like to help out defensively too . I like to play either a number 8 or a number 10 role . Plymouth Argyle manager Ryan Lowe described him as a fantastic number four . He can play in the eight position as well . He has got fantastic vision and fantastic ability to hit most passes . Personal life . Macleod attended Newmains Primary School in Wishaw and is a former pupil of Coltness High School . His father Kenny played junior football for Wishaw and was on the books at Barnsley as a youth . As well as football , Macleod also excelled in golf at school , playing for his school team and winning tournaments . He is the cousin of former goalkeeper David McEwan . Honours . Rangers - Scottish League One : 2013–14 - Scottish Football League Third Division : 2012–13 Individual - Scottish Football League Young Player of the Month : November 2012 , October 2014 - Rangers Young Player of the Year : 2012–13 External links . - Lewis Macleod at pafc.co.uk |
[
"Murray Park"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Lewis Macleod (footballer) belong to from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Lewis_Macleod_(footballer)#P54#3 | Lewis Macleod ( footballer ) Lewis Kenneth Macleod ( born 16 June 1994 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Plymouth Argyle . He came to prominence with Rangers in Scotland and is a product of the clubs academy . Macleod represented Scotland from U16 to U21 level . Club career . Rangers . Early years . Macleod began his career with youth club Newmains Hammers , playing a year above his age-group , before joining Livingston . He signed for Scottish Premier League club Rangers as a 10-year-old in 2004 . He progressed through the youth system at Murray Park and was called up to the first team squad for the first time for a league match versus Motherwell on 31 March 2012 . He remained an unused substitute during the 2–1 victory . It was his only involvement in the first team squad during the 2011–12 season . Breakthrough ( 2012–2013 ) . After Rangers entered administration in February 2012 , the Scottish Football Association imposed a transfer embargo on the club . This created opportunities for players within the youth and reserve ranks , including Macleod . Macleod made his professional debut in a Scottish Challenge Cup first round match versus Brechin City on 29 July 2012 . He started the game and Rangers went through to the second round after game finished 2–1 after extra-time , with Macleods corner providing the winning goal – a 102nd-minute header by Lee McCulloch . Macleod went on to hold down a regular starting place in the team and signed a five-year contract extension on 13 September 2012 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 4–1 victory over Montrose on 23 September , while also claiming the man of the match award . Macleod continued his starting run and good form through to January 2013 ( scoring in home and away matches versus Elgin City ) and won the Scottish Football Leagues Young Player of the Month award for November 2012 . A knee injury suffered against Montrose on 26 January 2013 kept him sidelined until the final game of the season against Berwick Rangers . Macleod made 29 appearances and scored three goals in Rangers 2012–13 Third Division title-winning season and won the Rangers Young Player of the Year award . 2013–2014 . After three goals in 2013–14 pre-season , Macleod continued his good form into the regular season , hitting four goals in a seven-game spell , the most notable being an overhead kick in a 2–0 victory over Ayr United on 6 October 2013 . He held down a regular starting place , but again his season was cut short in January , after an adverse reaction to a viral infection affected the muscles around his heart . In March 2014 , manager Ally McCoist allayed fears that Macleods career could be under threat . Macleod failed to appear again during the 2013–14 season and finished the campaign with 24 appearances and five goals . In his absence , Rangers won the Scottish League One title to seal a place in the Scottish Championship for the 2014–15 season , with Macleod receiving a winners medal . Macleod made a successful recovery from his health problems and scored on his comeback in a closed-doors friendly at Rangers Training Centre versus Fulham in July 2014 . He began the 2014–15 season in good form , scoring four goals in his first four appearances of the season and four goals in 9 games from September through to November . A match-winning bicycle kick versus Livingston on 4 October later won Rangers Goal of the Season award and he won the Scottish League Young Player of the Month award for October . After suffering a serious hamstring injury suffered during a 3–2 defeat to Alloa Athletic on 3 December 2014 , it was reported that Macleod would be out until 2015 , but the Alloa match turned out to be his final appearance in a Rangers shirt . On 31 December 2014 , it was announced that Macleod had left Rangers . His involvement in the 2014–15 season ended with 21 appearances and eight goals . Macleod made 74 appearances and scored 16 goals during his years as a first team player at Ibrox . Brentford . 2015–2016 . On 31 December 2014 , Macleod moved to England to sign for Championship club Brentford for an undisclosed fee on a -year contract , effective 3 January 2015 . The fee was later reported by The Sunday Post to be £850,000 , with add-ons raising the amount to up to £1.3 million . Having failed to recover from the hamstring injury suffered in his last match while a Rangers player , Macleods recovery suffered a setback when he tweaked the hamstring again in training . He finally made his first appearance in a Brentford shirt with 45 minutes in a Development Squad defeat to Nottingham Forest on 28 March 2015 , but two weeks later , manager Mark Warburton ruled Macleod out of first team contention for the rest of the 2014–15 season . In an apparent U-turn , Macleod won his maiden first team call-up for Brentfords playoff semi-final first leg versus Middlesbrough on 8 May . He remained an unused substitute during the 2–1 defeat and was replaced on the bench by Chris Long for the second leg , which resulted in a 3–0 loss that ended Brentfords season . Macleods rehabilitation away from the first team squad saw him miss the entire 2015–16 pre-season . He returned to the Development Squad in October , making seven appearances either side of a recurrence of his hamstring injury in mid-November 2015 . He finally made his first team debut versus Brighton & Hove Albion on 5 February 2016 , when he replaced Josh McEachran after 82 minutes of the 3–0 defeat . Later that month , Macleod suffered a slight medial ligament injury in training and was not included in any further squads during the 2015–16 season . 2016–2019 . After returning to fitness for the 2016–17 pre-season , he made his first competitive start for the club on the opening day of the regular season , playing 82 minutes of a 2–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town , before being replaced by Philipp Hofmann . Macleod made 12 further appearances before suffering a serious knee injury during a West London derby versus Queens Park Rangers on 28 October 2016 . In December 2016 , he signed a one-year contract extension , which would keep him at Griffin Park until the end of the 2018–19 season . After recovering from the knee injury and then suffering a hamstring problem in October 2017 , Macleod made his first appearance for over 13 months as a second-half substitute for Sergi Canós in a 3–1 victory over West London rivals Fulham on 2 December 2017 . After just one FA Cup start and sporadic substitute cameos , Macleod made his first league start of the 2017–18 season versus Middlesbrough on 17 March 2018 and scored his first goal for the club with the equaliser in a 1–1 draw . He finished the 2017–18 season with 11 appearances and one goal . Macleod entered the 2018–19 season fully fit and held down a starting place through much of the first four months of the campaign . After scoring his third goal of the season with an injury time equaliser versus West Bromwich Albion on 3 December 2018 , he suffered a hamstring injury , but after returning to fitness , his reluctance to sign a new contract meant he made just one further appearance before the end of the season . Macleod departed Brentford when his contract expired at the end of the 2018–19 season and he finished his career at Griffin Park with 43 appearances and four goals . Wigan Athletic . On 12 July 2019 , Macleod signed a one-year contract with Championship club Wigan Athletic on a free transfer . He was largely out of favour during the 2019–20 season and made just 12 appearances before his contract expired . Plymouth Argyle . On 17 August 2020 , Macleod signed a one-year contract with newly-promoted League One club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer . During an injury-affected 2020–21 season , he made 17 appearances and was released when his contract expired . International career . U16–U19 . Macleod has represented the Scotland national team from under-16 to under-21 level . He won six under-16 caps , which included three of Scotlands 2009 Victory Shield matches . He was an under-17 regular between January 2010 and March 2011 and won four of his seven caps in Scotlands unsuccessful 2011 European Under-17 Championship qualifying campaign . By April 2012 he had progressed to the under-18 squad and won two caps in a pair of friendlies against Serbia and scored his first international goal in a 4–1 win in the second match . Macleod made five appearances for the under-19 squad in September and October 2012 ( scoring in a 4–0 2013 European Under-19 Championship qualifying rout of Armenia ) and scored his second under-19 goal in a 2–2 elite qualifying draw with Belgium on 24 May 2013 . His under-19 career ended after his sixth and final cap against Georgia on 26 May 2013 , a 3–1 elite qualifying round defeat which ended the under-19s chances of qualifying for the tournament finals . U21 . Macleod made his under-21 debut while a regular of the under-19 team and received his first call up for a friendly versus Portugal on 14 November 2012 . He made his debut in the 3–2 defeat , coming on as a 75th-minute substitute for Kenny McLean . On 14 October 2013 , Macleod scored his first goal for the under-21s in a 2–1 loss to Georgia and made six appearances in Scotlands unsuccessful 2015 European U21 Championship qualifying campaign . After nearly two years away from international football due to injuries , Macleod was recalled to the under-21 squad for two 2017 European U21 Championship qualifiers in September 2016 , but he withdrew due to injury . Full . On 4 November 2014 , manager Gordon Strachan called Macleod into the senior Scottish squad for the first time , ahead of a Euro 2016 qualifier against the Republic of Ireland and a friendly against England . Strachan stated that Macleod was not just coming along to make up the numbers , but he featured only in the England match as an unused substitute . Style of play . Macleod stated that he likes to get forward , but I also like to help out defensively too . I like to play either a number 8 or a number 10 role . Plymouth Argyle manager Ryan Lowe described him as a fantastic number four . He can play in the eight position as well . He has got fantastic vision and fantastic ability to hit most passes . Personal life . Macleod attended Newmains Primary School in Wishaw and is a former pupil of Coltness High School . His father Kenny played junior football for Wishaw and was on the books at Barnsley as a youth . As well as football , Macleod also excelled in golf at school , playing for his school team and winning tournaments . He is the cousin of former goalkeeper David McEwan . Honours . Rangers - Scottish League One : 2013–14 - Scottish Football League Third Division : 2012–13 Individual - Scottish Football League Young Player of the Month : November 2012 , October 2014 - Rangers Young Player of the Year : 2012–13 External links . - Lewis Macleod at pafc.co.uk |
[
"Rangers"
]
| easy | Lewis Macleod (footballer) played for which team from 2013 to 2015? | /wiki/Lewis_Macleod_(footballer)#P54#4 | Lewis Macleod ( footballer ) Lewis Kenneth Macleod ( born 16 June 1994 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Plymouth Argyle . He came to prominence with Rangers in Scotland and is a product of the clubs academy . Macleod represented Scotland from U16 to U21 level . Club career . Rangers . Early years . Macleod began his career with youth club Newmains Hammers , playing a year above his age-group , before joining Livingston . He signed for Scottish Premier League club Rangers as a 10-year-old in 2004 . He progressed through the youth system at Murray Park and was called up to the first team squad for the first time for a league match versus Motherwell on 31 March 2012 . He remained an unused substitute during the 2–1 victory . It was his only involvement in the first team squad during the 2011–12 season . Breakthrough ( 2012–2013 ) . After Rangers entered administration in February 2012 , the Scottish Football Association imposed a transfer embargo on the club . This created opportunities for players within the youth and reserve ranks , including Macleod . Macleod made his professional debut in a Scottish Challenge Cup first round match versus Brechin City on 29 July 2012 . He started the game and Rangers went through to the second round after game finished 2–1 after extra-time , with Macleods corner providing the winning goal – a 102nd-minute header by Lee McCulloch . Macleod went on to hold down a regular starting place in the team and signed a five-year contract extension on 13 September 2012 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 4–1 victory over Montrose on 23 September , while also claiming the man of the match award . Macleod continued his starting run and good form through to January 2013 ( scoring in home and away matches versus Elgin City ) and won the Scottish Football Leagues Young Player of the Month award for November 2012 . A knee injury suffered against Montrose on 26 January 2013 kept him sidelined until the final game of the season against Berwick Rangers . Macleod made 29 appearances and scored three goals in Rangers 2012–13 Third Division title-winning season and won the Rangers Young Player of the Year award . 2013–2014 . After three goals in 2013–14 pre-season , Macleod continued his good form into the regular season , hitting four goals in a seven-game spell , the most notable being an overhead kick in a 2–0 victory over Ayr United on 6 October 2013 . He held down a regular starting place , but again his season was cut short in January , after an adverse reaction to a viral infection affected the muscles around his heart . In March 2014 , manager Ally McCoist allayed fears that Macleods career could be under threat . Macleod failed to appear again during the 2013–14 season and finished the campaign with 24 appearances and five goals . In his absence , Rangers won the Scottish League One title to seal a place in the Scottish Championship for the 2014–15 season , with Macleod receiving a winners medal . Macleod made a successful recovery from his health problems and scored on his comeback in a closed-doors friendly at Rangers Training Centre versus Fulham in July 2014 . He began the 2014–15 season in good form , scoring four goals in his first four appearances of the season and four goals in 9 games from September through to November . A match-winning bicycle kick versus Livingston on 4 October later won Rangers Goal of the Season award and he won the Scottish League Young Player of the Month award for October . After suffering a serious hamstring injury suffered during a 3–2 defeat to Alloa Athletic on 3 December 2014 , it was reported that Macleod would be out until 2015 , but the Alloa match turned out to be his final appearance in a Rangers shirt . On 31 December 2014 , it was announced that Macleod had left Rangers . His involvement in the 2014–15 season ended with 21 appearances and eight goals . Macleod made 74 appearances and scored 16 goals during his years as a first team player at Ibrox . Brentford . 2015–2016 . On 31 December 2014 , Macleod moved to England to sign for Championship club Brentford for an undisclosed fee on a -year contract , effective 3 January 2015 . The fee was later reported by The Sunday Post to be £850,000 , with add-ons raising the amount to up to £1.3 million . Having failed to recover from the hamstring injury suffered in his last match while a Rangers player , Macleods recovery suffered a setback when he tweaked the hamstring again in training . He finally made his first appearance in a Brentford shirt with 45 minutes in a Development Squad defeat to Nottingham Forest on 28 March 2015 , but two weeks later , manager Mark Warburton ruled Macleod out of first team contention for the rest of the 2014–15 season . In an apparent U-turn , Macleod won his maiden first team call-up for Brentfords playoff semi-final first leg versus Middlesbrough on 8 May . He remained an unused substitute during the 2–1 defeat and was replaced on the bench by Chris Long for the second leg , which resulted in a 3–0 loss that ended Brentfords season . Macleods rehabilitation away from the first team squad saw him miss the entire 2015–16 pre-season . He returned to the Development Squad in October , making seven appearances either side of a recurrence of his hamstring injury in mid-November 2015 . He finally made his first team debut versus Brighton & Hove Albion on 5 February 2016 , when he replaced Josh McEachran after 82 minutes of the 3–0 defeat . Later that month , Macleod suffered a slight medial ligament injury in training and was not included in any further squads during the 2015–16 season . 2016–2019 . After returning to fitness for the 2016–17 pre-season , he made his first competitive start for the club on the opening day of the regular season , playing 82 minutes of a 2–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town , before being replaced by Philipp Hofmann . Macleod made 12 further appearances before suffering a serious knee injury during a West London derby versus Queens Park Rangers on 28 October 2016 . In December 2016 , he signed a one-year contract extension , which would keep him at Griffin Park until the end of the 2018–19 season . After recovering from the knee injury and then suffering a hamstring problem in October 2017 , Macleod made his first appearance for over 13 months as a second-half substitute for Sergi Canós in a 3–1 victory over West London rivals Fulham on 2 December 2017 . After just one FA Cup start and sporadic substitute cameos , Macleod made his first league start of the 2017–18 season versus Middlesbrough on 17 March 2018 and scored his first goal for the club with the equaliser in a 1–1 draw . He finished the 2017–18 season with 11 appearances and one goal . Macleod entered the 2018–19 season fully fit and held down a starting place through much of the first four months of the campaign . After scoring his third goal of the season with an injury time equaliser versus West Bromwich Albion on 3 December 2018 , he suffered a hamstring injury , but after returning to fitness , his reluctance to sign a new contract meant he made just one further appearance before the end of the season . Macleod departed Brentford when his contract expired at the end of the 2018–19 season and he finished his career at Griffin Park with 43 appearances and four goals . Wigan Athletic . On 12 July 2019 , Macleod signed a one-year contract with Championship club Wigan Athletic on a free transfer . He was largely out of favour during the 2019–20 season and made just 12 appearances before his contract expired . Plymouth Argyle . On 17 August 2020 , Macleod signed a one-year contract with newly-promoted League One club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer . During an injury-affected 2020–21 season , he made 17 appearances and was released when his contract expired . International career . U16–U19 . Macleod has represented the Scotland national team from under-16 to under-21 level . He won six under-16 caps , which included three of Scotlands 2009 Victory Shield matches . He was an under-17 regular between January 2010 and March 2011 and won four of his seven caps in Scotlands unsuccessful 2011 European Under-17 Championship qualifying campaign . By April 2012 he had progressed to the under-18 squad and won two caps in a pair of friendlies against Serbia and scored his first international goal in a 4–1 win in the second match . Macleod made five appearances for the under-19 squad in September and October 2012 ( scoring in a 4–0 2013 European Under-19 Championship qualifying rout of Armenia ) and scored his second under-19 goal in a 2–2 elite qualifying draw with Belgium on 24 May 2013 . His under-19 career ended after his sixth and final cap against Georgia on 26 May 2013 , a 3–1 elite qualifying round defeat which ended the under-19s chances of qualifying for the tournament finals . U21 . Macleod made his under-21 debut while a regular of the under-19 team and received his first call up for a friendly versus Portugal on 14 November 2012 . He made his debut in the 3–2 defeat , coming on as a 75th-minute substitute for Kenny McLean . On 14 October 2013 , Macleod scored his first goal for the under-21s in a 2–1 loss to Georgia and made six appearances in Scotlands unsuccessful 2015 European U21 Championship qualifying campaign . After nearly two years away from international football due to injuries , Macleod was recalled to the under-21 squad for two 2017 European U21 Championship qualifiers in September 2016 , but he withdrew due to injury . Full . On 4 November 2014 , manager Gordon Strachan called Macleod into the senior Scottish squad for the first time , ahead of a Euro 2016 qualifier against the Republic of Ireland and a friendly against England . Strachan stated that Macleod was not just coming along to make up the numbers , but he featured only in the England match as an unused substitute . Style of play . Macleod stated that he likes to get forward , but I also like to help out defensively too . I like to play either a number 8 or a number 10 role . Plymouth Argyle manager Ryan Lowe described him as a fantastic number four . He can play in the eight position as well . He has got fantastic vision and fantastic ability to hit most passes . Personal life . Macleod attended Newmains Primary School in Wishaw and is a former pupil of Coltness High School . His father Kenny played junior football for Wishaw and was on the books at Barnsley as a youth . As well as football , Macleod also excelled in golf at school , playing for his school team and winning tournaments . He is the cousin of former goalkeeper David McEwan . Honours . Rangers - Scottish League One : 2013–14 - Scottish Football League Third Division : 2012–13 Individual - Scottish Football League Young Player of the Month : November 2012 , October 2014 - Rangers Young Player of the Year : 2012–13 External links . - Lewis Macleod at pafc.co.uk |
[
"Brentford"
]
| easy | Which team did Lewis Macleod (footballer) play for from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Lewis_Macleod_(footballer)#P54#5 | Lewis Macleod ( footballer ) Lewis Kenneth Macleod ( born 16 June 1994 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Plymouth Argyle . He came to prominence with Rangers in Scotland and is a product of the clubs academy . Macleod represented Scotland from U16 to U21 level . Club career . Rangers . Early years . Macleod began his career with youth club Newmains Hammers , playing a year above his age-group , before joining Livingston . He signed for Scottish Premier League club Rangers as a 10-year-old in 2004 . He progressed through the youth system at Murray Park and was called up to the first team squad for the first time for a league match versus Motherwell on 31 March 2012 . He remained an unused substitute during the 2–1 victory . It was his only involvement in the first team squad during the 2011–12 season . Breakthrough ( 2012–2013 ) . After Rangers entered administration in February 2012 , the Scottish Football Association imposed a transfer embargo on the club . This created opportunities for players within the youth and reserve ranks , including Macleod . Macleod made his professional debut in a Scottish Challenge Cup first round match versus Brechin City on 29 July 2012 . He started the game and Rangers went through to the second round after game finished 2–1 after extra-time , with Macleods corner providing the winning goal – a 102nd-minute header by Lee McCulloch . Macleod went on to hold down a regular starting place in the team and signed a five-year contract extension on 13 September 2012 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 4–1 victory over Montrose on 23 September , while also claiming the man of the match award . Macleod continued his starting run and good form through to January 2013 ( scoring in home and away matches versus Elgin City ) and won the Scottish Football Leagues Young Player of the Month award for November 2012 . A knee injury suffered against Montrose on 26 January 2013 kept him sidelined until the final game of the season against Berwick Rangers . Macleod made 29 appearances and scored three goals in Rangers 2012–13 Third Division title-winning season and won the Rangers Young Player of the Year award . 2013–2014 . After three goals in 2013–14 pre-season , Macleod continued his good form into the regular season , hitting four goals in a seven-game spell , the most notable being an overhead kick in a 2–0 victory over Ayr United on 6 October 2013 . He held down a regular starting place , but again his season was cut short in January , after an adverse reaction to a viral infection affected the muscles around his heart . In March 2014 , manager Ally McCoist allayed fears that Macleods career could be under threat . Macleod failed to appear again during the 2013–14 season and finished the campaign with 24 appearances and five goals . In his absence , Rangers won the Scottish League One title to seal a place in the Scottish Championship for the 2014–15 season , with Macleod receiving a winners medal . Macleod made a successful recovery from his health problems and scored on his comeback in a closed-doors friendly at Rangers Training Centre versus Fulham in July 2014 . He began the 2014–15 season in good form , scoring four goals in his first four appearances of the season and four goals in 9 games from September through to November . A match-winning bicycle kick versus Livingston on 4 October later won Rangers Goal of the Season award and he won the Scottish League Young Player of the Month award for October . After suffering a serious hamstring injury suffered during a 3–2 defeat to Alloa Athletic on 3 December 2014 , it was reported that Macleod would be out until 2015 , but the Alloa match turned out to be his final appearance in a Rangers shirt . On 31 December 2014 , it was announced that Macleod had left Rangers . His involvement in the 2014–15 season ended with 21 appearances and eight goals . Macleod made 74 appearances and scored 16 goals during his years as a first team player at Ibrox . Brentford . 2015–2016 . On 31 December 2014 , Macleod moved to England to sign for Championship club Brentford for an undisclosed fee on a -year contract , effective 3 January 2015 . The fee was later reported by The Sunday Post to be £850,000 , with add-ons raising the amount to up to £1.3 million . Having failed to recover from the hamstring injury suffered in his last match while a Rangers player , Macleods recovery suffered a setback when he tweaked the hamstring again in training . He finally made his first appearance in a Brentford shirt with 45 minutes in a Development Squad defeat to Nottingham Forest on 28 March 2015 , but two weeks later , manager Mark Warburton ruled Macleod out of first team contention for the rest of the 2014–15 season . In an apparent U-turn , Macleod won his maiden first team call-up for Brentfords playoff semi-final first leg versus Middlesbrough on 8 May . He remained an unused substitute during the 2–1 defeat and was replaced on the bench by Chris Long for the second leg , which resulted in a 3–0 loss that ended Brentfords season . Macleods rehabilitation away from the first team squad saw him miss the entire 2015–16 pre-season . He returned to the Development Squad in October , making seven appearances either side of a recurrence of his hamstring injury in mid-November 2015 . He finally made his first team debut versus Brighton & Hove Albion on 5 February 2016 , when he replaced Josh McEachran after 82 minutes of the 3–0 defeat . Later that month , Macleod suffered a slight medial ligament injury in training and was not included in any further squads during the 2015–16 season . 2016–2019 . After returning to fitness for the 2016–17 pre-season , he made his first competitive start for the club on the opening day of the regular season , playing 82 minutes of a 2–1 defeat to Huddersfield Town , before being replaced by Philipp Hofmann . Macleod made 12 further appearances before suffering a serious knee injury during a West London derby versus Queens Park Rangers on 28 October 2016 . In December 2016 , he signed a one-year contract extension , which would keep him at Griffin Park until the end of the 2018–19 season . After recovering from the knee injury and then suffering a hamstring problem in October 2017 , Macleod made his first appearance for over 13 months as a second-half substitute for Sergi Canós in a 3–1 victory over West London rivals Fulham on 2 December 2017 . After just one FA Cup start and sporadic substitute cameos , Macleod made his first league start of the 2017–18 season versus Middlesbrough on 17 March 2018 and scored his first goal for the club with the equaliser in a 1–1 draw . He finished the 2017–18 season with 11 appearances and one goal . Macleod entered the 2018–19 season fully fit and held down a starting place through much of the first four months of the campaign . After scoring his third goal of the season with an injury time equaliser versus West Bromwich Albion on 3 December 2018 , he suffered a hamstring injury , but after returning to fitness , his reluctance to sign a new contract meant he made just one further appearance before the end of the season . Macleod departed Brentford when his contract expired at the end of the 2018–19 season and he finished his career at Griffin Park with 43 appearances and four goals . Wigan Athletic . On 12 July 2019 , Macleod signed a one-year contract with Championship club Wigan Athletic on a free transfer . He was largely out of favour during the 2019–20 season and made just 12 appearances before his contract expired . Plymouth Argyle . On 17 August 2020 , Macleod signed a one-year contract with newly-promoted League One club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer . During an injury-affected 2020–21 season , he made 17 appearances and was released when his contract expired . International career . U16–U19 . Macleod has represented the Scotland national team from under-16 to under-21 level . He won six under-16 caps , which included three of Scotlands 2009 Victory Shield matches . He was an under-17 regular between January 2010 and March 2011 and won four of his seven caps in Scotlands unsuccessful 2011 European Under-17 Championship qualifying campaign . By April 2012 he had progressed to the under-18 squad and won two caps in a pair of friendlies against Serbia and scored his first international goal in a 4–1 win in the second match . Macleod made five appearances for the under-19 squad in September and October 2012 ( scoring in a 4–0 2013 European Under-19 Championship qualifying rout of Armenia ) and scored his second under-19 goal in a 2–2 elite qualifying draw with Belgium on 24 May 2013 . His under-19 career ended after his sixth and final cap against Georgia on 26 May 2013 , a 3–1 elite qualifying round defeat which ended the under-19s chances of qualifying for the tournament finals . U21 . Macleod made his under-21 debut while a regular of the under-19 team and received his first call up for a friendly versus Portugal on 14 November 2012 . He made his debut in the 3–2 defeat , coming on as a 75th-minute substitute for Kenny McLean . On 14 October 2013 , Macleod scored his first goal for the under-21s in a 2–1 loss to Georgia and made six appearances in Scotlands unsuccessful 2015 European U21 Championship qualifying campaign . After nearly two years away from international football due to injuries , Macleod was recalled to the under-21 squad for two 2017 European U21 Championship qualifiers in September 2016 , but he withdrew due to injury . Full . On 4 November 2014 , manager Gordon Strachan called Macleod into the senior Scottish squad for the first time , ahead of a Euro 2016 qualifier against the Republic of Ireland and a friendly against England . Strachan stated that Macleod was not just coming along to make up the numbers , but he featured only in the England match as an unused substitute . Style of play . Macleod stated that he likes to get forward , but I also like to help out defensively too . I like to play either a number 8 or a number 10 role . Plymouth Argyle manager Ryan Lowe described him as a fantastic number four . He can play in the eight position as well . He has got fantastic vision and fantastic ability to hit most passes . Personal life . Macleod attended Newmains Primary School in Wishaw and is a former pupil of Coltness High School . His father Kenny played junior football for Wishaw and was on the books at Barnsley as a youth . As well as football , Macleod also excelled in golf at school , playing for his school team and winning tournaments . He is the cousin of former goalkeeper David McEwan . Honours . Rangers - Scottish League One : 2013–14 - Scottish Football League Third Division : 2012–13 Individual - Scottish Football League Young Player of the Month : November 2012 , October 2014 - Rangers Young Player of the Year : 2012–13 External links . - Lewis Macleod at pafc.co.uk |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hastings"
]
| easy | Which position did Charles James Murray hold from Mar 1880 to Jun 1883? | /wiki/Charles_James_Murray#P39#0 | Charles James Murray Charles James Murray ( 29 November 1851 – 25 September 1929 ) was a British Conservative Party politician and diplomat . Early life . He was the son of The Hon . Sir Charles Augustus Murray and his American born wife Elizabeth Elise Wadsworth . His parents met while his father was spending several years travelling across Europe and America between 1835 and 1838 . His father returned to England in 1838 where his father obtained the position of Master of the Household in the Court of the young Queen Victoria . After being removed from the positions in the Household reforms initiated by Albert , Prince Consort , his father became a diplomat in Naples followed by consul-general in Egypt in 1846 . His parents married in December 1850 during one of his fathers visits to Scotland . While in Cairo , his mother tragically died after giving birth to him . His father later served as Minister to the Swiss Confederation , and Envoy to the Shah of Persia and the King of Saxony . In 1862 , his father remarried to his first cousin once removed Hon . Edith Susan Esther Fitzpatrick ( a daughter of John Fitzpatrick , 1st Baron Castletown ) . From this marriage , Charles had a much younger half-brother , Cecil Henry Alexander Murray . His paternal grandparents were George Murray , 5th Earl of Dunmore and the former Lady Susan Hamilton ( a daughter of Archibald Hamilton , 9th Duke of Hamilton ) . His paternal uncle was Alexander Murray , 6th Earl of Dunmore and among his paternal cousins were Lady Susan Catherine Mary Murray ( wife of James Carnegie , 9th Earl of Southesk ) , Lady Constance Euphemia Woronzow Murray ( wife of William Elphinstone , 15th Lord Elphinstone ) , and Charles Murray , 7th Earl of Dunmore . His maternal grandparents were prominent landowner and businessman James Wadsworth . His maternal uncle , James S . Wadsworth , was a Union Army General during the American Civil War . Among his American cousins were Cornelia Wadsworth Adair ( who married Scots-Irish businessman John George Adair and became matriarch of Glenveagh Castle in County Donegal , Ireland ) , U.S . Representative James Wolcott Wadsworth , and Elizabeth Wadsworth , who married Arthur Smith-Barry ( later Baron Barrymore ) . Career . Murray was elected as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hastings in 1880 , a position he resigned in 1883 . He was elected Member of Parliament for Coventry in 1895 until he retired at the 1906 general election . He later served as Third Secretary of the Diplomatic Service and was officer in the Ross and Cromarty Mountain Battery , Royal Garrison Artillery . Between 1917 and 1918 , he fought in the World War I and was awarded the Officier de Mérite Agricole . Personal life . On 9 August 1875 , Murray was married to Lady Anne Francesca Wilhelmina Finch , a daughter of Heneage Finch , 6th Earl of Aylesford and the former Jane Wightwick Knightley ( the only daughter and heiress of John Wightwick Knightley of Offchurch Bury ) . Her brothers , Heneage and Charles , both succeeded their father as the 7th and 8th Earl of Aylesford . Together , they lived at Lochcarron , Ross-shire in Scotland and were the parents of : - Sybil Louisa Murray ( 1876–1957 ) , who married Hon . Claude Henry Comaraich Willoughby , a younger son of Henry Willoughby , 8th Baron Middleton , in 1904 . - Lieutenant Alastair Heneage Murray ( 1878–1900 ) , who died at Senekal , South Africa from wounds received in action during the Boer War . - Charles Wadsworth Murray ( 1894–1945 ) , who married Elizabeth Grant , daughter of Frank Grant , in 1924 . Murray died on 25 September 1929 . His widow , Lady Anne , died on 10 January 1933 . Descendants . Through his daughter Sybil , he was a grandfather of Henry Douglas Willoughby ( 1908–1908 ) , Mary Bridget Willoughby ( 1910–2003 ) ( who married Lt.-Gen . Sir Edward Dacre Howard-Vyse in 1940 ) and Joan Lavinia Willoughby ( 1913–1989 ) ( who married Harry Nettleton in 1960 ) . Through his son Charles , he was a grandfather of Helen Rosemary Murray ( b . 1928 ) , who married Hubert Zipperlen in 1966 . |
[
"Member of Parliament for Coventry"
]
| easy | What was the position of Charles James Murray from Jul 1895 to Sep 1900? | /wiki/Charles_James_Murray#P39#1 | Charles James Murray Charles James Murray ( 29 November 1851 – 25 September 1929 ) was a British Conservative Party politician and diplomat . Early life . He was the son of The Hon . Sir Charles Augustus Murray and his American born wife Elizabeth Elise Wadsworth . His parents met while his father was spending several years travelling across Europe and America between 1835 and 1838 . His father returned to England in 1838 where his father obtained the position of Master of the Household in the Court of the young Queen Victoria . After being removed from the positions in the Household reforms initiated by Albert , Prince Consort , his father became a diplomat in Naples followed by consul-general in Egypt in 1846 . His parents married in December 1850 during one of his fathers visits to Scotland . While in Cairo , his mother tragically died after giving birth to him . His father later served as Minister to the Swiss Confederation , and Envoy to the Shah of Persia and the King of Saxony . In 1862 , his father remarried to his first cousin once removed Hon . Edith Susan Esther Fitzpatrick ( a daughter of John Fitzpatrick , 1st Baron Castletown ) . From this marriage , Charles had a much younger half-brother , Cecil Henry Alexander Murray . His paternal grandparents were George Murray , 5th Earl of Dunmore and the former Lady Susan Hamilton ( a daughter of Archibald Hamilton , 9th Duke of Hamilton ) . His paternal uncle was Alexander Murray , 6th Earl of Dunmore and among his paternal cousins were Lady Susan Catherine Mary Murray ( wife of James Carnegie , 9th Earl of Southesk ) , Lady Constance Euphemia Woronzow Murray ( wife of William Elphinstone , 15th Lord Elphinstone ) , and Charles Murray , 7th Earl of Dunmore . His maternal grandparents were prominent landowner and businessman James Wadsworth . His maternal uncle , James S . Wadsworth , was a Union Army General during the American Civil War . Among his American cousins were Cornelia Wadsworth Adair ( who married Scots-Irish businessman John George Adair and became matriarch of Glenveagh Castle in County Donegal , Ireland ) , U.S . Representative James Wolcott Wadsworth , and Elizabeth Wadsworth , who married Arthur Smith-Barry ( later Baron Barrymore ) . Career . Murray was elected as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hastings in 1880 , a position he resigned in 1883 . He was elected Member of Parliament for Coventry in 1895 until he retired at the 1906 general election . He later served as Third Secretary of the Diplomatic Service and was officer in the Ross and Cromarty Mountain Battery , Royal Garrison Artillery . Between 1917 and 1918 , he fought in the World War I and was awarded the Officier de Mérite Agricole . Personal life . On 9 August 1875 , Murray was married to Lady Anne Francesca Wilhelmina Finch , a daughter of Heneage Finch , 6th Earl of Aylesford and the former Jane Wightwick Knightley ( the only daughter and heiress of John Wightwick Knightley of Offchurch Bury ) . Her brothers , Heneage and Charles , both succeeded their father as the 7th and 8th Earl of Aylesford . Together , they lived at Lochcarron , Ross-shire in Scotland and were the parents of : - Sybil Louisa Murray ( 1876–1957 ) , who married Hon . Claude Henry Comaraich Willoughby , a younger son of Henry Willoughby , 8th Baron Middleton , in 1904 . - Lieutenant Alastair Heneage Murray ( 1878–1900 ) , who died at Senekal , South Africa from wounds received in action during the Boer War . - Charles Wadsworth Murray ( 1894–1945 ) , who married Elizabeth Grant , daughter of Frank Grant , in 1924 . Murray died on 25 September 1929 . His widow , Lady Anne , died on 10 January 1933 . Descendants . Through his daughter Sybil , he was a grandfather of Henry Douglas Willoughby ( 1908–1908 ) , Mary Bridget Willoughby ( 1910–2003 ) ( who married Lt.-Gen . Sir Edward Dacre Howard-Vyse in 1940 ) and Joan Lavinia Willoughby ( 1913–1989 ) ( who married Harry Nettleton in 1960 ) . Through his son Charles , he was a grandfather of Helen Rosemary Murray ( b . 1928 ) , who married Hubert Zipperlen in 1966 . |
[
"Member of Parliament for Coventry"
]
| easy | What was the position of Charles James Murray from Oct 1900 to 1906? | /wiki/Charles_James_Murray#P39#2 | Charles James Murray Charles James Murray ( 29 November 1851 – 25 September 1929 ) was a British Conservative Party politician and diplomat . Early life . He was the son of The Hon . Sir Charles Augustus Murray and his American born wife Elizabeth Elise Wadsworth . His parents met while his father was spending several years travelling across Europe and America between 1835 and 1838 . His father returned to England in 1838 where his father obtained the position of Master of the Household in the Court of the young Queen Victoria . After being removed from the positions in the Household reforms initiated by Albert , Prince Consort , his father became a diplomat in Naples followed by consul-general in Egypt in 1846 . His parents married in December 1850 during one of his fathers visits to Scotland . While in Cairo , his mother tragically died after giving birth to him . His father later served as Minister to the Swiss Confederation , and Envoy to the Shah of Persia and the King of Saxony . In 1862 , his father remarried to his first cousin once removed Hon . Edith Susan Esther Fitzpatrick ( a daughter of John Fitzpatrick , 1st Baron Castletown ) . From this marriage , Charles had a much younger half-brother , Cecil Henry Alexander Murray . His paternal grandparents were George Murray , 5th Earl of Dunmore and the former Lady Susan Hamilton ( a daughter of Archibald Hamilton , 9th Duke of Hamilton ) . His paternal uncle was Alexander Murray , 6th Earl of Dunmore and among his paternal cousins were Lady Susan Catherine Mary Murray ( wife of James Carnegie , 9th Earl of Southesk ) , Lady Constance Euphemia Woronzow Murray ( wife of William Elphinstone , 15th Lord Elphinstone ) , and Charles Murray , 7th Earl of Dunmore . His maternal grandparents were prominent landowner and businessman James Wadsworth . His maternal uncle , James S . Wadsworth , was a Union Army General during the American Civil War . Among his American cousins were Cornelia Wadsworth Adair ( who married Scots-Irish businessman John George Adair and became matriarch of Glenveagh Castle in County Donegal , Ireland ) , U.S . Representative James Wolcott Wadsworth , and Elizabeth Wadsworth , who married Arthur Smith-Barry ( later Baron Barrymore ) . Career . Murray was elected as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hastings in 1880 , a position he resigned in 1883 . He was elected Member of Parliament for Coventry in 1895 until he retired at the 1906 general election . He later served as Third Secretary of the Diplomatic Service and was officer in the Ross and Cromarty Mountain Battery , Royal Garrison Artillery . Between 1917 and 1918 , he fought in the World War I and was awarded the Officier de Mérite Agricole . Personal life . On 9 August 1875 , Murray was married to Lady Anne Francesca Wilhelmina Finch , a daughter of Heneage Finch , 6th Earl of Aylesford and the former Jane Wightwick Knightley ( the only daughter and heiress of John Wightwick Knightley of Offchurch Bury ) . Her brothers , Heneage and Charles , both succeeded their father as the 7th and 8th Earl of Aylesford . Together , they lived at Lochcarron , Ross-shire in Scotland and were the parents of : - Sybil Louisa Murray ( 1876–1957 ) , who married Hon . Claude Henry Comaraich Willoughby , a younger son of Henry Willoughby , 8th Baron Middleton , in 1904 . - Lieutenant Alastair Heneage Murray ( 1878–1900 ) , who died at Senekal , South Africa from wounds received in action during the Boer War . - Charles Wadsworth Murray ( 1894–1945 ) , who married Elizabeth Grant , daughter of Frank Grant , in 1924 . Murray died on 25 September 1929 . His widow , Lady Anne , died on 10 January 1933 . Descendants . Through his daughter Sybil , he was a grandfather of Henry Douglas Willoughby ( 1908–1908 ) , Mary Bridget Willoughby ( 1910–2003 ) ( who married Lt.-Gen . Sir Edward Dacre Howard-Vyse in 1940 ) and Joan Lavinia Willoughby ( 1913–1989 ) ( who married Harry Nettleton in 1960 ) . Through his son Charles , he was a grandfather of Helen Rosemary Murray ( b . 1928 ) , who married Hubert Zipperlen in 1966 . |
[
"member of the municipal council"
]
| easy | Josep Bargalló took which position from Nov 1995 to Sep 2003? | /wiki/Josep_Bargalló#P39#0 | Josep Bargalló Josep Bargalló i Valls ( born 3 October 1958 ) is a Catalan teacher , politician and the current Minister of Education of Catalonia . Born in 1958 in Torredembarra , Bargalló studied philology at the University of Barcelona before becoming a teacher . He was a member of the municipal council in Torredembarra from 1995 to 2003 . He was a member of the Parliament of Catalonia from April 1992 to September 2003 when he retired from politics . However , in December 2003 he was appointed Minister of Education of Catalonia and in February 2004 he was promoted to Chief Advisor/First Minister of Catalonia . Bargalló and other Republican Left of Catalonia ministers were sacked from the Catalan government in May 2006 . Bargalló was re-elected to the Parliament of Catalonia in December 2006 but resigned in January 2007 after being appointed director of the Institut Ramon Llull , a position he held until December 2010 . He was also director of the Fundació Ramon Llull from 2008 to 2010 . Bargalló returned to politics in June 2018 when he was appointed Minister of Education of Catalonia for a second time . Early life . Bargalló was born on 3 October 1958 in Torredembarra , Catalonia . He has degree in Catalan philology from the University of Barcelona ( UB ) in Tarragona and a masters degree in advanced studies of Catalan language , literature and culture from the Rovira i Virgili University ( URV ) . Career . Bargalló started working as a teacher in 1981 and was headteacher of Pons d’Icart Secondary School in Tarragona from 1985 to 1987 . He has been a member of the Unió dels Treballadors dEnsenyament de Catalunya ( USTEC·STEs ) , a teachers union , since 1980 . Bargalló has also taught several post-graduate courses . Since 2011 he has been vice-president of the Josep Irla Foundation graduate course in Catalan philology at UB and co-ordinator of the Institute of Educational Sciences at URV . Bargalló is a member of the Societat Catalana de Llengua i Literatura , part of the Institut dEstudis Catalans . He has worked in the publishing sector , as a literary director for several collections and publishing houses . He was co-ordinator of the Capitell de Columna edicions collection between 1988 and 1991 and literary director of Edicions El Mèdol from 1989 to 1998 . He has written several books and essays on history and literature as well as film scripts . He has also been a literature critic for newspapers and specialist magazines . Bargalló is a member of the Colla Castellera Nois de la Torre , Ball de Diables de Torredembarra and the group of carriers of the Virgen de Torredembarra dragon . Bargalló was director of the Institut Ramon Llull from December 2006 to December 2010 and director of the Fundació Ramon Llull from 2008 to 2010 . Politics . Bargallós political life began in the Assemblea de Catalunya , which he founded , in Torredembarra . Over the years he has also been a member of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia ( PSUC ) , Socialist Party of National Liberation ( PSAN ) and Left Nationalists ( NE ) . Bargalló contested the 1992 regional election as an independent Republican Left of Catalonia ( ERC ) candidate in the Province of Tarragona and was elected to the Parliament of Catalonia . He joined ERC in 1995 . He was re-elected at the 1995 and 1999 regional elections . Bargalló contested the 1995 local elections as an ERC candidate in Torredembarra and was elected . He was re-elected at the 1999 and 2003 local elections . He was deputy mayor of Torredembarra from 1999 and 2003 . Bargalló chose to retire from politics in 2003 and at the 2003 regional election he was placed 18th on ERCs list of candidates in the Province of Tarragona but as the party only managed to win three seats in the province he was not re-elected . However , after the election leftist parties formed a government led by Pasqual Maragall and in December 2003 Bargalló was appointed Minister of Education . He was appointed Chief Advisor ( re-designated First Minister in March 2005 ) in February 2014 following the resignation of Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira . Bargalló and other ERC ministers were sacked from the government in May 2006 as a result the ERCs refusal to support the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia . Bargalló contested the 2006 regional election as an ERC candidate in the Province of Tarragona and was re-elected . He resigned from parliament on 3 January 2007 after being appointed director of the Institut Ramon Llull . On 19 May 2018 newly elected President of Catalonia Quim Torra nominated a new government in which Bargalló was to be Minister of Education . He was sworn in on 2 June 2018 at the Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya . Published works . - Literatura Catalana del Segle XVI al XVIII ( 1987 , Teide ; ) - Un Segle de Castells : de 1900 a 2000 en Dades ( 2001 , Cossetània Edicions ; ) - Manual de Mètrica i Versificació Catalanes ( 2007 , Editorial Empúries ; ) - Què és la Mètrica : Introducció a la Versificació Catalana ( 2007 , Edicions ; ) - Les Set Vides de Pere Romeu : Indians , Modernistes i Sportsmen ( 2016 , A Contra Vent ; ) |
[
"Chief Advisor/First Minister"
]
| easy | Which position did Josep Bargalló hold from Feb 2004 to May 2006? | /wiki/Josep_Bargalló#P39#1 | Josep Bargalló Josep Bargalló i Valls ( born 3 October 1958 ) is a Catalan teacher , politician and the current Minister of Education of Catalonia . Born in 1958 in Torredembarra , Bargalló studied philology at the University of Barcelona before becoming a teacher . He was a member of the municipal council in Torredembarra from 1995 to 2003 . He was a member of the Parliament of Catalonia from April 1992 to September 2003 when he retired from politics . However , in December 2003 he was appointed Minister of Education of Catalonia and in February 2004 he was promoted to Chief Advisor/First Minister of Catalonia . Bargalló and other Republican Left of Catalonia ministers were sacked from the Catalan government in May 2006 . Bargalló was re-elected to the Parliament of Catalonia in December 2006 but resigned in January 2007 after being appointed director of the Institut Ramon Llull , a position he held until December 2010 . He was also director of the Fundació Ramon Llull from 2008 to 2010 . Bargalló returned to politics in June 2018 when he was appointed Minister of Education of Catalonia for a second time . Early life . Bargalló was born on 3 October 1958 in Torredembarra , Catalonia . He has degree in Catalan philology from the University of Barcelona ( UB ) in Tarragona and a masters degree in advanced studies of Catalan language , literature and culture from the Rovira i Virgili University ( URV ) . Career . Bargalló started working as a teacher in 1981 and was headteacher of Pons d’Icart Secondary School in Tarragona from 1985 to 1987 . He has been a member of the Unió dels Treballadors dEnsenyament de Catalunya ( USTEC·STEs ) , a teachers union , since 1980 . Bargalló has also taught several post-graduate courses . Since 2011 he has been vice-president of the Josep Irla Foundation graduate course in Catalan philology at UB and co-ordinator of the Institute of Educational Sciences at URV . Bargalló is a member of the Societat Catalana de Llengua i Literatura , part of the Institut dEstudis Catalans . He has worked in the publishing sector , as a literary director for several collections and publishing houses . He was co-ordinator of the Capitell de Columna edicions collection between 1988 and 1991 and literary director of Edicions El Mèdol from 1989 to 1998 . He has written several books and essays on history and literature as well as film scripts . He has also been a literature critic for newspapers and specialist magazines . Bargalló is a member of the Colla Castellera Nois de la Torre , Ball de Diables de Torredembarra and the group of carriers of the Virgen de Torredembarra dragon . Bargalló was director of the Institut Ramon Llull from December 2006 to December 2010 and director of the Fundació Ramon Llull from 2008 to 2010 . Politics . Bargallós political life began in the Assemblea de Catalunya , which he founded , in Torredembarra . Over the years he has also been a member of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia ( PSUC ) , Socialist Party of National Liberation ( PSAN ) and Left Nationalists ( NE ) . Bargalló contested the 1992 regional election as an independent Republican Left of Catalonia ( ERC ) candidate in the Province of Tarragona and was elected to the Parliament of Catalonia . He joined ERC in 1995 . He was re-elected at the 1995 and 1999 regional elections . Bargalló contested the 1995 local elections as an ERC candidate in Torredembarra and was elected . He was re-elected at the 1999 and 2003 local elections . He was deputy mayor of Torredembarra from 1999 and 2003 . Bargalló chose to retire from politics in 2003 and at the 2003 regional election he was placed 18th on ERCs list of candidates in the Province of Tarragona but as the party only managed to win three seats in the province he was not re-elected . However , after the election leftist parties formed a government led by Pasqual Maragall and in December 2003 Bargalló was appointed Minister of Education . He was appointed Chief Advisor ( re-designated First Minister in March 2005 ) in February 2014 following the resignation of Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira . Bargalló and other ERC ministers were sacked from the government in May 2006 as a result the ERCs refusal to support the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia . Bargalló contested the 2006 regional election as an ERC candidate in the Province of Tarragona and was re-elected . He resigned from parliament on 3 January 2007 after being appointed director of the Institut Ramon Llull . On 19 May 2018 newly elected President of Catalonia Quim Torra nominated a new government in which Bargalló was to be Minister of Education . He was sworn in on 2 June 2018 at the Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya . Published works . - Literatura Catalana del Segle XVI al XVIII ( 1987 , Teide ; ) - Un Segle de Castells : de 1900 a 2000 en Dades ( 2001 , Cossetània Edicions ; ) - Manual de Mètrica i Versificació Catalanes ( 2007 , Editorial Empúries ; ) - Què és la Mètrica : Introducció a la Versificació Catalana ( 2007 , Edicions ; ) - Les Set Vides de Pere Romeu : Indians , Modernistes i Sportsmen ( 2016 , A Contra Vent ; ) |
[
"Parliament of Catalonia"
]
| easy | What was the position of Josep Bargalló in Nov 2006? | /wiki/Josep_Bargalló#P39#2 | Josep Bargalló Josep Bargalló i Valls ( born 3 October 1958 ) is a Catalan teacher , politician and the current Minister of Education of Catalonia . Born in 1958 in Torredembarra , Bargalló studied philology at the University of Barcelona before becoming a teacher . He was a member of the municipal council in Torredembarra from 1995 to 2003 . He was a member of the Parliament of Catalonia from April 1992 to September 2003 when he retired from politics . However , in December 2003 he was appointed Minister of Education of Catalonia and in February 2004 he was promoted to Chief Advisor/First Minister of Catalonia . Bargalló and other Republican Left of Catalonia ministers were sacked from the Catalan government in May 2006 . Bargalló was re-elected to the Parliament of Catalonia in December 2006 but resigned in January 2007 after being appointed director of the Institut Ramon Llull , a position he held until December 2010 . He was also director of the Fundació Ramon Llull from 2008 to 2010 . Bargalló returned to politics in June 2018 when he was appointed Minister of Education of Catalonia for a second time . Early life . Bargalló was born on 3 October 1958 in Torredembarra , Catalonia . He has degree in Catalan philology from the University of Barcelona ( UB ) in Tarragona and a masters degree in advanced studies of Catalan language , literature and culture from the Rovira i Virgili University ( URV ) . Career . Bargalló started working as a teacher in 1981 and was headteacher of Pons d’Icart Secondary School in Tarragona from 1985 to 1987 . He has been a member of the Unió dels Treballadors dEnsenyament de Catalunya ( USTEC·STEs ) , a teachers union , since 1980 . Bargalló has also taught several post-graduate courses . Since 2011 he has been vice-president of the Josep Irla Foundation graduate course in Catalan philology at UB and co-ordinator of the Institute of Educational Sciences at URV . Bargalló is a member of the Societat Catalana de Llengua i Literatura , part of the Institut dEstudis Catalans . He has worked in the publishing sector , as a literary director for several collections and publishing houses . He was co-ordinator of the Capitell de Columna edicions collection between 1988 and 1991 and literary director of Edicions El Mèdol from 1989 to 1998 . He has written several books and essays on history and literature as well as film scripts . He has also been a literature critic for newspapers and specialist magazines . Bargalló is a member of the Colla Castellera Nois de la Torre , Ball de Diables de Torredembarra and the group of carriers of the Virgen de Torredembarra dragon . Bargalló was director of the Institut Ramon Llull from December 2006 to December 2010 and director of the Fundació Ramon Llull from 2008 to 2010 . Politics . Bargallós political life began in the Assemblea de Catalunya , which he founded , in Torredembarra . Over the years he has also been a member of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia ( PSUC ) , Socialist Party of National Liberation ( PSAN ) and Left Nationalists ( NE ) . Bargalló contested the 1992 regional election as an independent Republican Left of Catalonia ( ERC ) candidate in the Province of Tarragona and was elected to the Parliament of Catalonia . He joined ERC in 1995 . He was re-elected at the 1995 and 1999 regional elections . Bargalló contested the 1995 local elections as an ERC candidate in Torredembarra and was elected . He was re-elected at the 1999 and 2003 local elections . He was deputy mayor of Torredembarra from 1999 and 2003 . Bargalló chose to retire from politics in 2003 and at the 2003 regional election he was placed 18th on ERCs list of candidates in the Province of Tarragona but as the party only managed to win three seats in the province he was not re-elected . However , after the election leftist parties formed a government led by Pasqual Maragall and in December 2003 Bargalló was appointed Minister of Education . He was appointed Chief Advisor ( re-designated First Minister in March 2005 ) in February 2014 following the resignation of Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira . Bargalló and other ERC ministers were sacked from the government in May 2006 as a result the ERCs refusal to support the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia . Bargalló contested the 2006 regional election as an ERC candidate in the Province of Tarragona and was re-elected . He resigned from parliament on 3 January 2007 after being appointed director of the Institut Ramon Llull . On 19 May 2018 newly elected President of Catalonia Quim Torra nominated a new government in which Bargalló was to be Minister of Education . He was sworn in on 2 June 2018 at the Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya . Published works . - Literatura Catalana del Segle XVI al XVIII ( 1987 , Teide ; ) - Un Segle de Castells : de 1900 a 2000 en Dades ( 2001 , Cossetània Edicions ; ) - Manual de Mètrica i Versificació Catalanes ( 2007 , Editorial Empúries ; ) - Què és la Mètrica : Introducció a la Versificació Catalana ( 2007 , Edicions ; ) - Les Set Vides de Pere Romeu : Indians , Modernistes i Sportsmen ( 2016 , A Contra Vent ; ) |
[
""
]
| easy | Josep Bargalló took which position from May 2018 to May 2019? | /wiki/Josep_Bargalló#P39#3 | Josep Bargalló Josep Bargalló i Valls ( born 3 October 1958 ) is a Catalan teacher , politician and the current Minister of Education of Catalonia . Born in 1958 in Torredembarra , Bargalló studied philology at the University of Barcelona before becoming a teacher . He was a member of the municipal council in Torredembarra from 1995 to 2003 . He was a member of the Parliament of Catalonia from April 1992 to September 2003 when he retired from politics . However , in December 2003 he was appointed Minister of Education of Catalonia and in February 2004 he was promoted to Chief Advisor/First Minister of Catalonia . Bargalló and other Republican Left of Catalonia ministers were sacked from the Catalan government in May 2006 . Bargalló was re-elected to the Parliament of Catalonia in December 2006 but resigned in January 2007 after being appointed director of the Institut Ramon Llull , a position he held until December 2010 . He was also director of the Fundació Ramon Llull from 2008 to 2010 . Bargalló returned to politics in June 2018 when he was appointed Minister of Education of Catalonia for a second time . Early life . Bargalló was born on 3 October 1958 in Torredembarra , Catalonia . He has degree in Catalan philology from the University of Barcelona ( UB ) in Tarragona and a masters degree in advanced studies of Catalan language , literature and culture from the Rovira i Virgili University ( URV ) . Career . Bargalló started working as a teacher in 1981 and was headteacher of Pons d’Icart Secondary School in Tarragona from 1985 to 1987 . He has been a member of the Unió dels Treballadors dEnsenyament de Catalunya ( USTEC·STEs ) , a teachers union , since 1980 . Bargalló has also taught several post-graduate courses . Since 2011 he has been vice-president of the Josep Irla Foundation graduate course in Catalan philology at UB and co-ordinator of the Institute of Educational Sciences at URV . Bargalló is a member of the Societat Catalana de Llengua i Literatura , part of the Institut dEstudis Catalans . He has worked in the publishing sector , as a literary director for several collections and publishing houses . He was co-ordinator of the Capitell de Columna edicions collection between 1988 and 1991 and literary director of Edicions El Mèdol from 1989 to 1998 . He has written several books and essays on history and literature as well as film scripts . He has also been a literature critic for newspapers and specialist magazines . Bargalló is a member of the Colla Castellera Nois de la Torre , Ball de Diables de Torredembarra and the group of carriers of the Virgen de Torredembarra dragon . Bargalló was director of the Institut Ramon Llull from December 2006 to December 2010 and director of the Fundació Ramon Llull from 2008 to 2010 . Politics . Bargallós political life began in the Assemblea de Catalunya , which he founded , in Torredembarra . Over the years he has also been a member of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia ( PSUC ) , Socialist Party of National Liberation ( PSAN ) and Left Nationalists ( NE ) . Bargalló contested the 1992 regional election as an independent Republican Left of Catalonia ( ERC ) candidate in the Province of Tarragona and was elected to the Parliament of Catalonia . He joined ERC in 1995 . He was re-elected at the 1995 and 1999 regional elections . Bargalló contested the 1995 local elections as an ERC candidate in Torredembarra and was elected . He was re-elected at the 1999 and 2003 local elections . He was deputy mayor of Torredembarra from 1999 and 2003 . Bargalló chose to retire from politics in 2003 and at the 2003 regional election he was placed 18th on ERCs list of candidates in the Province of Tarragona but as the party only managed to win three seats in the province he was not re-elected . However , after the election leftist parties formed a government led by Pasqual Maragall and in December 2003 Bargalló was appointed Minister of Education . He was appointed Chief Advisor ( re-designated First Minister in March 2005 ) in February 2014 following the resignation of Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira . Bargalló and other ERC ministers were sacked from the government in May 2006 as a result the ERCs refusal to support the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia . Bargalló contested the 2006 regional election as an ERC candidate in the Province of Tarragona and was re-elected . He resigned from parliament on 3 January 2007 after being appointed director of the Institut Ramon Llull . On 19 May 2018 newly elected President of Catalonia Quim Torra nominated a new government in which Bargalló was to be Minister of Education . He was sworn in on 2 June 2018 at the Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya . Published works . - Literatura Catalana del Segle XVI al XVIII ( 1987 , Teide ; ) - Un Segle de Castells : de 1900 a 2000 en Dades ( 2001 , Cossetània Edicions ; ) - Manual de Mètrica i Versificació Catalanes ( 2007 , Editorial Empúries ; ) - Què és la Mètrica : Introducció a la Versificació Catalana ( 2007 , Edicions ; ) - Les Set Vides de Pere Romeu : Indians , Modernistes i Sportsmen ( 2016 , A Contra Vent ; ) |
[
"deputy"
]
| easy | Which position did Usher L. Burdick hold from 1900 to 1902? | /wiki/Usher_L._Burdick#P39#0 | Usher L . Burdick Usher Lloyd Burdick ( February 21 , 1879 – August 19 , 1960 ) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from North Dakota . He was the father of Quentin Burdick . Early life and career . Burdick was born in Owatonna , Minnesota , the son of Lucy ( Farnum ) and Ozias Perry Warren Burdick . His parents were farmers . Burdick moved with his parents to Dakota Territory in 1882 . He graduated from the North Dakota State Normal School at Mayville in 1900 . He was deputy superintendent of schools of Benson County from 1900 to 1902 . He graduated from University of Minnesota Law School in 1904 , playing football as well as teaching school in a business college while attending the university . He was admitted to the state bar in 1904 and commenced practice in Munich , North Dakota . Politics . He served as a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1907 to 1911 , serving as speaker in 1909 . He moved to Williston in 1907 and continued the practice of law . He was the eighth Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota from 1911 to 1913 , states attorney of Williams County from 1913 to 1915 , and served as assistant United States district attorney for North Dakota from 1929 to 1932 . Burdick also engaged in livestock breeding and farming and was an author . In 1932 , Burdick was elected president of the Farmers Holiday Association , an association which advocated strikes for farmers , and which took radical direct action against farm foreclosures . Burdick was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination to the 73rd Congress in 1932 , in which he favored Franklin D . Roosevelt to be elected president and the repeal of Prohibition . Burdick was elected as a Republican to the 74th Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1935January 3 , 1945 ) . While in Congress he supported many New Deal programs . He also was supportive of Native American issues . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1944 , but was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for United States Senator for North Dakota . He was an unsuccessful Independent candidate for election in 1944 to the 79th Congress . Burdick was elected to the 81st Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1949January 3 , 1959 ) . He was the only Republican congressional representative to vote against the Communist Control Act which banned the Communist party . In 1958 , afraid that he might be defeated for re-election in the Republican primary , Burdick offered to withdraw his candidacy if the Democratic-NPL Party agreed to support his son Quentin as the party candidate . Quentin then received the party endorsement in April , and won the election in November . Burdick voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . Death . On August 19 , 1960 Burdick died at age 81 in Washington , D.C . and was interred on his ranch at Williston , North Dakota . |
[
"member of the North Dakota House of Representatives"
]
| easy | What position did Usher L. Burdick take from 1907 to 1911? | /wiki/Usher_L._Burdick#P39#1 | Usher L . Burdick Usher Lloyd Burdick ( February 21 , 1879 – August 19 , 1960 ) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from North Dakota . He was the father of Quentin Burdick . Early life and career . Burdick was born in Owatonna , Minnesota , the son of Lucy ( Farnum ) and Ozias Perry Warren Burdick . His parents were farmers . Burdick moved with his parents to Dakota Territory in 1882 . He graduated from the North Dakota State Normal School at Mayville in 1900 . He was deputy superintendent of schools of Benson County from 1900 to 1902 . He graduated from University of Minnesota Law School in 1904 , playing football as well as teaching school in a business college while attending the university . He was admitted to the state bar in 1904 and commenced practice in Munich , North Dakota . Politics . He served as a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1907 to 1911 , serving as speaker in 1909 . He moved to Williston in 1907 and continued the practice of law . He was the eighth Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota from 1911 to 1913 , states attorney of Williams County from 1913 to 1915 , and served as assistant United States district attorney for North Dakota from 1929 to 1932 . Burdick also engaged in livestock breeding and farming and was an author . In 1932 , Burdick was elected president of the Farmers Holiday Association , an association which advocated strikes for farmers , and which took radical direct action against farm foreclosures . Burdick was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination to the 73rd Congress in 1932 , in which he favored Franklin D . Roosevelt to be elected president and the repeal of Prohibition . Burdick was elected as a Republican to the 74th Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1935January 3 , 1945 ) . While in Congress he supported many New Deal programs . He also was supportive of Native American issues . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1944 , but was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for United States Senator for North Dakota . He was an unsuccessful Independent candidate for election in 1944 to the 79th Congress . Burdick was elected to the 81st Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1949January 3 , 1959 ) . He was the only Republican congressional representative to vote against the Communist Control Act which banned the Communist party . In 1958 , afraid that he might be defeated for re-election in the Republican primary , Burdick offered to withdraw his candidacy if the Democratic-NPL Party agreed to support his son Quentin as the party candidate . Quentin then received the party endorsement in April , and won the election in November . Burdick voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . Death . On August 19 , 1960 Burdick died at age 81 in Washington , D.C . and was interred on his ranch at Williston , North Dakota . |
[
""
]
| easy | What position did Usher L. Burdick take from 1911 to 1913? | /wiki/Usher_L._Burdick#P39#2 | Usher L . Burdick Usher Lloyd Burdick ( February 21 , 1879 – August 19 , 1960 ) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from North Dakota . He was the father of Quentin Burdick . Early life and career . Burdick was born in Owatonna , Minnesota , the son of Lucy ( Farnum ) and Ozias Perry Warren Burdick . His parents were farmers . Burdick moved with his parents to Dakota Territory in 1882 . He graduated from the North Dakota State Normal School at Mayville in 1900 . He was deputy superintendent of schools of Benson County from 1900 to 1902 . He graduated from University of Minnesota Law School in 1904 , playing football as well as teaching school in a business college while attending the university . He was admitted to the state bar in 1904 and commenced practice in Munich , North Dakota . Politics . He served as a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1907 to 1911 , serving as speaker in 1909 . He moved to Williston in 1907 and continued the practice of law . He was the eighth Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota from 1911 to 1913 , states attorney of Williams County from 1913 to 1915 , and served as assistant United States district attorney for North Dakota from 1929 to 1932 . Burdick also engaged in livestock breeding and farming and was an author . In 1932 , Burdick was elected president of the Farmers Holiday Association , an association which advocated strikes for farmers , and which took radical direct action against farm foreclosures . Burdick was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination to the 73rd Congress in 1932 , in which he favored Franklin D . Roosevelt to be elected president and the repeal of Prohibition . Burdick was elected as a Republican to the 74th Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1935January 3 , 1945 ) . While in Congress he supported many New Deal programs . He also was supportive of Native American issues . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1944 , but was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for United States Senator for North Dakota . He was an unsuccessful Independent candidate for election in 1944 to the 79th Congress . Burdick was elected to the 81st Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1949January 3 , 1959 ) . He was the only Republican congressional representative to vote against the Communist Control Act which banned the Communist party . In 1958 , afraid that he might be defeated for re-election in the Republican primary , Burdick offered to withdraw his candidacy if the Democratic-NPL Party agreed to support his son Quentin as the party candidate . Quentin then received the party endorsement in April , and won the election in November . Burdick voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . Death . On August 19 , 1960 Burdick died at age 81 in Washington , D.C . and was interred on his ranch at Williston , North Dakota . |
[
"states attorney"
]
| easy | What position did Usher L. Burdick take from 1913 to 1915? | /wiki/Usher_L._Burdick#P39#3 | Usher L . Burdick Usher Lloyd Burdick ( February 21 , 1879 – August 19 , 1960 ) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from North Dakota . He was the father of Quentin Burdick . Early life and career . Burdick was born in Owatonna , Minnesota , the son of Lucy ( Farnum ) and Ozias Perry Warren Burdick . His parents were farmers . Burdick moved with his parents to Dakota Territory in 1882 . He graduated from the North Dakota State Normal School at Mayville in 1900 . He was deputy superintendent of schools of Benson County from 1900 to 1902 . He graduated from University of Minnesota Law School in 1904 , playing football as well as teaching school in a business college while attending the university . He was admitted to the state bar in 1904 and commenced practice in Munich , North Dakota . Politics . He served as a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1907 to 1911 , serving as speaker in 1909 . He moved to Williston in 1907 and continued the practice of law . He was the eighth Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota from 1911 to 1913 , states attorney of Williams County from 1913 to 1915 , and served as assistant United States district attorney for North Dakota from 1929 to 1932 . Burdick also engaged in livestock breeding and farming and was an author . In 1932 , Burdick was elected president of the Farmers Holiday Association , an association which advocated strikes for farmers , and which took radical direct action against farm foreclosures . Burdick was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination to the 73rd Congress in 1932 , in which he favored Franklin D . Roosevelt to be elected president and the repeal of Prohibition . Burdick was elected as a Republican to the 74th Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1935January 3 , 1945 ) . While in Congress he supported many New Deal programs . He also was supportive of Native American issues . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1944 , but was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for United States Senator for North Dakota . He was an unsuccessful Independent candidate for election in 1944 to the 79th Congress . Burdick was elected to the 81st Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1949January 3 , 1959 ) . He was the only Republican congressional representative to vote against the Communist Control Act which banned the Communist party . In 1958 , afraid that he might be defeated for re-election in the Republican primary , Burdick offered to withdraw his candidacy if the Democratic-NPL Party agreed to support his son Quentin as the party candidate . Quentin then received the party endorsement in April , and won the election in November . Burdick voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . Death . On August 19 , 1960 Burdick died at age 81 in Washington , D.C . and was interred on his ranch at Williston , North Dakota . |
[
"deputy"
]
| easy | Which position did Usher L. Burdick hold from 1929 to 1932? | /wiki/Usher_L._Burdick#P39#4 | Usher L . Burdick Usher Lloyd Burdick ( February 21 , 1879 – August 19 , 1960 ) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from North Dakota . He was the father of Quentin Burdick . Early life and career . Burdick was born in Owatonna , Minnesota , the son of Lucy ( Farnum ) and Ozias Perry Warren Burdick . His parents were farmers . Burdick moved with his parents to Dakota Territory in 1882 . He graduated from the North Dakota State Normal School at Mayville in 1900 . He was deputy superintendent of schools of Benson County from 1900 to 1902 . He graduated from University of Minnesota Law School in 1904 , playing football as well as teaching school in a business college while attending the university . He was admitted to the state bar in 1904 and commenced practice in Munich , North Dakota . Politics . He served as a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1907 to 1911 , serving as speaker in 1909 . He moved to Williston in 1907 and continued the practice of law . He was the eighth Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota from 1911 to 1913 , states attorney of Williams County from 1913 to 1915 , and served as assistant United States district attorney for North Dakota from 1929 to 1932 . Burdick also engaged in livestock breeding and farming and was an author . In 1932 , Burdick was elected president of the Farmers Holiday Association , an association which advocated strikes for farmers , and which took radical direct action against farm foreclosures . Burdick was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination to the 73rd Congress in 1932 , in which he favored Franklin D . Roosevelt to be elected president and the repeal of Prohibition . Burdick was elected as a Republican to the 74th Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1935January 3 , 1945 ) . While in Congress he supported many New Deal programs . He also was supportive of Native American issues . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1944 , but was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for United States Senator for North Dakota . He was an unsuccessful Independent candidate for election in 1944 to the 79th Congress . Burdick was elected to the 81st Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1949January 3 , 1959 ) . He was the only Republican congressional representative to vote against the Communist Control Act which banned the Communist party . In 1958 , afraid that he might be defeated for re-election in the Republican primary , Burdick offered to withdraw his candidacy if the Democratic-NPL Party agreed to support his son Quentin as the party candidate . Quentin then received the party endorsement in April , and won the election in November . Burdick voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . Death . On August 19 , 1960 Burdick died at age 81 in Washington , D.C . and was interred on his ranch at Williston , North Dakota . |
[
""
]
| easy | What was the position of Usher L. Burdick from 1935 to 1945? | /wiki/Usher_L._Burdick#P39#5 | Usher L . Burdick Usher Lloyd Burdick ( February 21 , 1879 – August 19 , 1960 ) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from North Dakota . He was the father of Quentin Burdick . Early life and career . Burdick was born in Owatonna , Minnesota , the son of Lucy ( Farnum ) and Ozias Perry Warren Burdick . His parents were farmers . Burdick moved with his parents to Dakota Territory in 1882 . He graduated from the North Dakota State Normal School at Mayville in 1900 . He was deputy superintendent of schools of Benson County from 1900 to 1902 . He graduated from University of Minnesota Law School in 1904 , playing football as well as teaching school in a business college while attending the university . He was admitted to the state bar in 1904 and commenced practice in Munich , North Dakota . Politics . He served as a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1907 to 1911 , serving as speaker in 1909 . He moved to Williston in 1907 and continued the practice of law . He was the eighth Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota from 1911 to 1913 , states attorney of Williams County from 1913 to 1915 , and served as assistant United States district attorney for North Dakota from 1929 to 1932 . Burdick also engaged in livestock breeding and farming and was an author . In 1932 , Burdick was elected president of the Farmers Holiday Association , an association which advocated strikes for farmers , and which took radical direct action against farm foreclosures . Burdick was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination to the 73rd Congress in 1932 , in which he favored Franklin D . Roosevelt to be elected president and the repeal of Prohibition . Burdick was elected as a Republican to the 74th Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1935January 3 , 1945 ) . While in Congress he supported many New Deal programs . He also was supportive of Native American issues . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1944 , but was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for United States Senator for North Dakota . He was an unsuccessful Independent candidate for election in 1944 to the 79th Congress . Burdick was elected to the 81st Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1949January 3 , 1959 ) . He was the only Republican congressional representative to vote against the Communist Control Act which banned the Communist party . In 1958 , afraid that he might be defeated for re-election in the Republican primary , Burdick offered to withdraw his candidacy if the Democratic-NPL Party agreed to support his son Quentin as the party candidate . Quentin then received the party endorsement in April , and won the election in November . Burdick voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . Death . On August 19 , 1960 Burdick died at age 81 in Washington , D.C . and was interred on his ranch at Williston , North Dakota . |
[
""
]
| easy | What position did Usher L. Burdick take from 1949 to 1959? | /wiki/Usher_L._Burdick#P39#6 | Usher L . Burdick Usher Lloyd Burdick ( February 21 , 1879 – August 19 , 1960 ) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from North Dakota . He was the father of Quentin Burdick . Early life and career . Burdick was born in Owatonna , Minnesota , the son of Lucy ( Farnum ) and Ozias Perry Warren Burdick . His parents were farmers . Burdick moved with his parents to Dakota Territory in 1882 . He graduated from the North Dakota State Normal School at Mayville in 1900 . He was deputy superintendent of schools of Benson County from 1900 to 1902 . He graduated from University of Minnesota Law School in 1904 , playing football as well as teaching school in a business college while attending the university . He was admitted to the state bar in 1904 and commenced practice in Munich , North Dakota . Politics . He served as a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1907 to 1911 , serving as speaker in 1909 . He moved to Williston in 1907 and continued the practice of law . He was the eighth Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota from 1911 to 1913 , states attorney of Williams County from 1913 to 1915 , and served as assistant United States district attorney for North Dakota from 1929 to 1932 . Burdick also engaged in livestock breeding and farming and was an author . In 1932 , Burdick was elected president of the Farmers Holiday Association , an association which advocated strikes for farmers , and which took radical direct action against farm foreclosures . Burdick was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination to the 73rd Congress in 1932 , in which he favored Franklin D . Roosevelt to be elected president and the repeal of Prohibition . Burdick was elected as a Republican to the 74th Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1935January 3 , 1945 ) . While in Congress he supported many New Deal programs . He also was supportive of Native American issues . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1944 , but was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for United States Senator for North Dakota . He was an unsuccessful Independent candidate for election in 1944 to the 79th Congress . Burdick was elected to the 81st Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1949January 3 , 1959 ) . He was the only Republican congressional representative to vote against the Communist Control Act which banned the Communist party . In 1958 , afraid that he might be defeated for re-election in the Republican primary , Burdick offered to withdraw his candidacy if the Democratic-NPL Party agreed to support his son Quentin as the party candidate . Quentin then received the party endorsement in April , and won the election in November . Burdick voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . Death . On August 19 , 1960 Burdick died at age 81 in Washington , D.C . and was interred on his ranch at Williston , North Dakota . |
[
""
]
| easy | Leigh Bromby played for which team from 1998 to 1999? | /wiki/Leigh_Bromby#P54#0 | Leigh Bromby Leigh David Bromby ( born 2 June 1980 ) is an English retired footballer who played as a defender . He is currently employed as the Head of Football Operations at Huddersfield Town . Bromby spent the longest spell at a single club in his career at Sheffield Wednesday , but he also played for rivals Sheffield United , and is the only player to have played 100 games for both teams . Career . Sheffield Wednesday . Born in Dewsbury , Bromby started his footballing career when he was spotted by Daniel Firth at Whitchapel Middle school before joining Liversedge then being spotted by Sheffield Wednesday . He then progressed through the Sheffield Wednesday youth academy , and in September 1999 joined Mansfield Town on loan for three months . He made his Football League debut on 12 December 1999 in a 0–0 draw at Barnet . He scored his first career goal in a 3–1 home win over Southend United in January 2000 . Bromby made his Wednesday debut the following season ; on 23 December 2000 as substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers . He went on to make 20 appearances that season . He spent part of the 2002–03 season on loan at Norwich City before returning to Wednesday . After making 112 appearances for the club he moved to local rivals Sheffield United in a free transfer on 24 May 2004 . Sheffield United . Bromby made his début for Sheffield United against Burnley at Turf Moor on 7 August 2004 in a 1–1 draw . He played in all 46 league matches that season and scored his first senior goal for the club in the same game a diving header at the far post . On 15 August 2006 , he signed a new three-year contract with United , with an option for a further year . Bromby spent much of the 2007–08 season on the sidelines , making only 15 appearances . His longest spell in the side was in January 2008 , when he played 6 games in which United lost only once . Watford . On 31 January 2008 he moved to Watford signing a three and a half year contract , for a fee of £600,000 rising to £850,000 based on appearances . His final appearance for United had been in a league fixture against his new club , two days previously . His former manager , Bryan Robson , admitted that he did not want to sell Bromby , but he had wanted regular football and Watfords offer had been reasonable . On 2 February 2008 , Bromby made his debut for Watford at home against Wolverhampton Wanderers . Within the first minute his long throw set up Steve Kabba to score in an eventual 3–0 victory . After only a year at Vicarage Road Bromby returned to Sheffield United on a six-month loan with a view to a permanent deal . He scored once in the league for Watford , in a 1–1 draw with West Bromwich Albion on 11 April 2008 . Sheffield United . Ironically , having returned to Bramall Lane , just as his first spell at the club ended with an appearance against Watford , his first game back with the Blades also saw him appear as a second-half substitute against The Hornets despite them still being his current employers . Bromby played the remainder of the season as defensive cover , completing thirteen appearances and one goal during his loan period . Following the end of the season he signed a new two-year deal with United , returning to his former club on a free transfer . Leeds United . Only a few weeks after re-signing for Sheffield United , and after failing to make a league appearance under manager Kevin Blackwell , Bromby moved to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee at the end of the August 2009 transfer window . As a child Bromby was brought up as a Leeds United fan , so the move helped fulfill a dream of playing for his boyhood heroes . 2009–10 season . He made his Leeds debut in the 2–0 league victory over Stockport County . Bromby gave away a penalty in his second start for Leeds , however Leeds goalkeeper Shane Higgs saved Southend United striker Lee Barnards penalty . Since joining Leeds Bromby has played in the centre back and right back roles . Bromby scored his first goal for Leeds in another match against Stockport County , with a strike in the closing stages to put Leeds 3–2 ahead . Bromby received his 5th booking of the season in the same game against Stockport and missed the next match – an FA Cup 3rd round tie against Manchester United . With Bromby being a Leeds fan , the suspension was especially tough to take . Leeds ended up pulling off a famous victory against Manchester United with Brombys replacement Jason Crowe putting in a fantastic performance . Crowes performance earned him a start ahead of Bromby in the following game against Wycombe Wanderers with Bromby having to settle for a place on the bench . With captain Richard Naylor out injured for the FA Cup 4th round match against Tottenham Hotspur , Bromby played at the heart of Leeds defence and helped Leeds earn a 2–2 draw and a replay against their Premier League opposition . Bromby started Leeds last game of the season , replacing the injured captain Richard Naylor . Leeds won the game 2–1 and thus sealed promotion to The Championship . 2010–11 season . Bromby started the Championship season as Leeds fourth choice defender , with Naylor , Collins and new signing Alex Bruce ahead of him in the starting lineup . Bromby made his first league appearance of the season on 16 October for Leeds when he came on as a second-half substitute against Middlesbrough . He made only his second appearance of the season on 18 December against Queens Park Rangers when he came on as an early first-half substitute for Alex Bruce in Leeds 2–0 win over the league leaders . Bromby made his third appearance of the season as a substitute against Arsenal on 8 January . Leeds were 1–0 up when Robert Snodgrass scored a second half penalty , Arsenal equalised in the 90th minute when Cesc Fàbregas scored a penalty . Bromby came on as a second-half substitute against Arsenal after Andy OBrien came off injured . He then made his first start of the season in the following game against Portsmouth . After several months out of the team , Bromby regained his starting lineup spot on a regular basis displacing Alex Bruce . 2011–12 season . Bromby started the first two games of the season for Leeds on the bench against Southampton and Bradford City but he came into the starting lineup for Leeds first league home game of the season against Middlesbrough . After missing games through injury , Bromby came back into Leeds starting lineup replacing the suspended Patrick Kisnorbo on 20 September , coming into the side for a League Cup tie against fierce rivals Manchester United . Bromby kept his place for Leeds in a 3–3 draw against Brighton & Hove Albion , during which he conceded a penalty . After getting a run of games under his former Blades manager Neil Warnock , Bromby picked up a serious injury against Cardiff City on 21 April when he snapped the Patella tendon in his knee cap . Leeds confirmed the injury was very severe and that Bromby would require surgery on the injury , which could rule him out of action for a year . On 3 May , it was revealed that Bromby had undergone surgery on the ruptured Patella knee tendon , Manager Neil Warnock proclaimed the injury to be very rare and refused to put an exact timescale on Brombys possible return . However Brombys injury was so severe it was announced by the club that he will miss the entire 2012/13 season with the injury . 2012–13 season . At the clubs annual 2012/2013 end of season awards , despite missing the whole season through injury , Bromby won the clubs Community Award for all his work within the community . Having missed the whole of the 2012–13 season due to injury , Bromby was released from his playing contract , but would carry on a role as a coach in Leeds academy . At the start of the 2013/14 season on 25 July 2013 , Bromby announced his retirement as a footballer due to his knee injury , and he officially joined the Leeds academy full-time as the clubs Under 16s coach . Coaching career . Bromby joined the Leeds United coaching set up on 3 April 2013 , after taking his coaching badges whilst injured , after the sacking of Neil Warnock , Bromby became a coach of Leeds Under 18 side to assist Chris Coates who was covering for Richard Naylor . On 3 May , it was announced that Bromby would join Leeds academy coaching team full-time . On 11 July 2014 , Bromby and Under 18s manager Richard Naylor were made redundant by owner Massimo Cellino . On 4 August 2014 , Bromby joined Huddersfield Town as Professional Development Coach . He served a time as Academy Manager and was appointed as the clubs new Head of Football Operations at the completion of the 2019/20 season . Honours . - Leeds United - League One Runners Up ( Promoted ) : 2009–10 - Sheffield United - Championship Runners Up ( Promoted ) : 2005–06 Personal . - Leeds United Contribution To The Community Award 2009–10 - Leeds United Contribution To The Community Award 2012–13 External links . - Club profile at sufc.co.uk - Leigh Bromby profile at watfordfc.co.uk - Career information at ex-canaries.co.uk |
[
"Mansfield Town"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Leigh Bromby belong to from 1999 to 2000? | /wiki/Leigh_Bromby#P54#1 | Leigh Bromby Leigh David Bromby ( born 2 June 1980 ) is an English retired footballer who played as a defender . He is currently employed as the Head of Football Operations at Huddersfield Town . Bromby spent the longest spell at a single club in his career at Sheffield Wednesday , but he also played for rivals Sheffield United , and is the only player to have played 100 games for both teams . Career . Sheffield Wednesday . Born in Dewsbury , Bromby started his footballing career when he was spotted by Daniel Firth at Whitchapel Middle school before joining Liversedge then being spotted by Sheffield Wednesday . He then progressed through the Sheffield Wednesday youth academy , and in September 1999 joined Mansfield Town on loan for three months . He made his Football League debut on 12 December 1999 in a 0–0 draw at Barnet . He scored his first career goal in a 3–1 home win over Southend United in January 2000 . Bromby made his Wednesday debut the following season ; on 23 December 2000 as substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers . He went on to make 20 appearances that season . He spent part of the 2002–03 season on loan at Norwich City before returning to Wednesday . After making 112 appearances for the club he moved to local rivals Sheffield United in a free transfer on 24 May 2004 . Sheffield United . Bromby made his début for Sheffield United against Burnley at Turf Moor on 7 August 2004 in a 1–1 draw . He played in all 46 league matches that season and scored his first senior goal for the club in the same game a diving header at the far post . On 15 August 2006 , he signed a new three-year contract with United , with an option for a further year . Bromby spent much of the 2007–08 season on the sidelines , making only 15 appearances . His longest spell in the side was in January 2008 , when he played 6 games in which United lost only once . Watford . On 31 January 2008 he moved to Watford signing a three and a half year contract , for a fee of £600,000 rising to £850,000 based on appearances . His final appearance for United had been in a league fixture against his new club , two days previously . His former manager , Bryan Robson , admitted that he did not want to sell Bromby , but he had wanted regular football and Watfords offer had been reasonable . On 2 February 2008 , Bromby made his debut for Watford at home against Wolverhampton Wanderers . Within the first minute his long throw set up Steve Kabba to score in an eventual 3–0 victory . After only a year at Vicarage Road Bromby returned to Sheffield United on a six-month loan with a view to a permanent deal . He scored once in the league for Watford , in a 1–1 draw with West Bromwich Albion on 11 April 2008 . Sheffield United . Ironically , having returned to Bramall Lane , just as his first spell at the club ended with an appearance against Watford , his first game back with the Blades also saw him appear as a second-half substitute against The Hornets despite them still being his current employers . Bromby played the remainder of the season as defensive cover , completing thirteen appearances and one goal during his loan period . Following the end of the season he signed a new two-year deal with United , returning to his former club on a free transfer . Leeds United . Only a few weeks after re-signing for Sheffield United , and after failing to make a league appearance under manager Kevin Blackwell , Bromby moved to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee at the end of the August 2009 transfer window . As a child Bromby was brought up as a Leeds United fan , so the move helped fulfill a dream of playing for his boyhood heroes . 2009–10 season . He made his Leeds debut in the 2–0 league victory over Stockport County . Bromby gave away a penalty in his second start for Leeds , however Leeds goalkeeper Shane Higgs saved Southend United striker Lee Barnards penalty . Since joining Leeds Bromby has played in the centre back and right back roles . Bromby scored his first goal for Leeds in another match against Stockport County , with a strike in the closing stages to put Leeds 3–2 ahead . Bromby received his 5th booking of the season in the same game against Stockport and missed the next match – an FA Cup 3rd round tie against Manchester United . With Bromby being a Leeds fan , the suspension was especially tough to take . Leeds ended up pulling off a famous victory against Manchester United with Brombys replacement Jason Crowe putting in a fantastic performance . Crowes performance earned him a start ahead of Bromby in the following game against Wycombe Wanderers with Bromby having to settle for a place on the bench . With captain Richard Naylor out injured for the FA Cup 4th round match against Tottenham Hotspur , Bromby played at the heart of Leeds defence and helped Leeds earn a 2–2 draw and a replay against their Premier League opposition . Bromby started Leeds last game of the season , replacing the injured captain Richard Naylor . Leeds won the game 2–1 and thus sealed promotion to The Championship . 2010–11 season . Bromby started the Championship season as Leeds fourth choice defender , with Naylor , Collins and new signing Alex Bruce ahead of him in the starting lineup . Bromby made his first league appearance of the season on 16 October for Leeds when he came on as a second-half substitute against Middlesbrough . He made only his second appearance of the season on 18 December against Queens Park Rangers when he came on as an early first-half substitute for Alex Bruce in Leeds 2–0 win over the league leaders . Bromby made his third appearance of the season as a substitute against Arsenal on 8 January . Leeds were 1–0 up when Robert Snodgrass scored a second half penalty , Arsenal equalised in the 90th minute when Cesc Fàbregas scored a penalty . Bromby came on as a second-half substitute against Arsenal after Andy OBrien came off injured . He then made his first start of the season in the following game against Portsmouth . After several months out of the team , Bromby regained his starting lineup spot on a regular basis displacing Alex Bruce . 2011–12 season . Bromby started the first two games of the season for Leeds on the bench against Southampton and Bradford City but he came into the starting lineup for Leeds first league home game of the season against Middlesbrough . After missing games through injury , Bromby came back into Leeds starting lineup replacing the suspended Patrick Kisnorbo on 20 September , coming into the side for a League Cup tie against fierce rivals Manchester United . Bromby kept his place for Leeds in a 3–3 draw against Brighton & Hove Albion , during which he conceded a penalty . After getting a run of games under his former Blades manager Neil Warnock , Bromby picked up a serious injury against Cardiff City on 21 April when he snapped the Patella tendon in his knee cap . Leeds confirmed the injury was very severe and that Bromby would require surgery on the injury , which could rule him out of action for a year . On 3 May , it was revealed that Bromby had undergone surgery on the ruptured Patella knee tendon , Manager Neil Warnock proclaimed the injury to be very rare and refused to put an exact timescale on Brombys possible return . However Brombys injury was so severe it was announced by the club that he will miss the entire 2012/13 season with the injury . 2012–13 season . At the clubs annual 2012/2013 end of season awards , despite missing the whole season through injury , Bromby won the clubs Community Award for all his work within the community . Having missed the whole of the 2012–13 season due to injury , Bromby was released from his playing contract , but would carry on a role as a coach in Leeds academy . At the start of the 2013/14 season on 25 July 2013 , Bromby announced his retirement as a footballer due to his knee injury , and he officially joined the Leeds academy full-time as the clubs Under 16s coach . Coaching career . Bromby joined the Leeds United coaching set up on 3 April 2013 , after taking his coaching badges whilst injured , after the sacking of Neil Warnock , Bromby became a coach of Leeds Under 18 side to assist Chris Coates who was covering for Richard Naylor . On 3 May , it was announced that Bromby would join Leeds academy coaching team full-time . On 11 July 2014 , Bromby and Under 18s manager Richard Naylor were made redundant by owner Massimo Cellino . On 4 August 2014 , Bromby joined Huddersfield Town as Professional Development Coach . He served a time as Academy Manager and was appointed as the clubs new Head of Football Operations at the completion of the 2019/20 season . Honours . - Leeds United - League One Runners Up ( Promoted ) : 2009–10 - Sheffield United - Championship Runners Up ( Promoted ) : 2005–06 Personal . - Leeds United Contribution To The Community Award 2009–10 - Leeds United Contribution To The Community Award 2012–13 External links . - Club profile at sufc.co.uk - Leigh Bromby profile at watfordfc.co.uk - Career information at ex-canaries.co.uk |
[
"Sheffield United"
]
| easy | Which team did Leigh Bromby play for from 2004 to 2008? | /wiki/Leigh_Bromby#P54#2 | Leigh Bromby Leigh David Bromby ( born 2 June 1980 ) is an English retired footballer who played as a defender . He is currently employed as the Head of Football Operations at Huddersfield Town . Bromby spent the longest spell at a single club in his career at Sheffield Wednesday , but he also played for rivals Sheffield United , and is the only player to have played 100 games for both teams . Career . Sheffield Wednesday . Born in Dewsbury , Bromby started his footballing career when he was spotted by Daniel Firth at Whitchapel Middle school before joining Liversedge then being spotted by Sheffield Wednesday . He then progressed through the Sheffield Wednesday youth academy , and in September 1999 joined Mansfield Town on loan for three months . He made his Football League debut on 12 December 1999 in a 0–0 draw at Barnet . He scored his first career goal in a 3–1 home win over Southend United in January 2000 . Bromby made his Wednesday debut the following season ; on 23 December 2000 as substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers . He went on to make 20 appearances that season . He spent part of the 2002–03 season on loan at Norwich City before returning to Wednesday . After making 112 appearances for the club he moved to local rivals Sheffield United in a free transfer on 24 May 2004 . Sheffield United . Bromby made his début for Sheffield United against Burnley at Turf Moor on 7 August 2004 in a 1–1 draw . He played in all 46 league matches that season and scored his first senior goal for the club in the same game a diving header at the far post . On 15 August 2006 , he signed a new three-year contract with United , with an option for a further year . Bromby spent much of the 2007–08 season on the sidelines , making only 15 appearances . His longest spell in the side was in January 2008 , when he played 6 games in which United lost only once . Watford . On 31 January 2008 he moved to Watford signing a three and a half year contract , for a fee of £600,000 rising to £850,000 based on appearances . His final appearance for United had been in a league fixture against his new club , two days previously . His former manager , Bryan Robson , admitted that he did not want to sell Bromby , but he had wanted regular football and Watfords offer had been reasonable . On 2 February 2008 , Bromby made his debut for Watford at home against Wolverhampton Wanderers . Within the first minute his long throw set up Steve Kabba to score in an eventual 3–0 victory . After only a year at Vicarage Road Bromby returned to Sheffield United on a six-month loan with a view to a permanent deal . He scored once in the league for Watford , in a 1–1 draw with West Bromwich Albion on 11 April 2008 . Sheffield United . Ironically , having returned to Bramall Lane , just as his first spell at the club ended with an appearance against Watford , his first game back with the Blades also saw him appear as a second-half substitute against The Hornets despite them still being his current employers . Bromby played the remainder of the season as defensive cover , completing thirteen appearances and one goal during his loan period . Following the end of the season he signed a new two-year deal with United , returning to his former club on a free transfer . Leeds United . Only a few weeks after re-signing for Sheffield United , and after failing to make a league appearance under manager Kevin Blackwell , Bromby moved to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee at the end of the August 2009 transfer window . As a child Bromby was brought up as a Leeds United fan , so the move helped fulfill a dream of playing for his boyhood heroes . 2009–10 season . He made his Leeds debut in the 2–0 league victory over Stockport County . Bromby gave away a penalty in his second start for Leeds , however Leeds goalkeeper Shane Higgs saved Southend United striker Lee Barnards penalty . Since joining Leeds Bromby has played in the centre back and right back roles . Bromby scored his first goal for Leeds in another match against Stockport County , with a strike in the closing stages to put Leeds 3–2 ahead . Bromby received his 5th booking of the season in the same game against Stockport and missed the next match – an FA Cup 3rd round tie against Manchester United . With Bromby being a Leeds fan , the suspension was especially tough to take . Leeds ended up pulling off a famous victory against Manchester United with Brombys replacement Jason Crowe putting in a fantastic performance . Crowes performance earned him a start ahead of Bromby in the following game against Wycombe Wanderers with Bromby having to settle for a place on the bench . With captain Richard Naylor out injured for the FA Cup 4th round match against Tottenham Hotspur , Bromby played at the heart of Leeds defence and helped Leeds earn a 2–2 draw and a replay against their Premier League opposition . Bromby started Leeds last game of the season , replacing the injured captain Richard Naylor . Leeds won the game 2–1 and thus sealed promotion to The Championship . 2010–11 season . Bromby started the Championship season as Leeds fourth choice defender , with Naylor , Collins and new signing Alex Bruce ahead of him in the starting lineup . Bromby made his first league appearance of the season on 16 October for Leeds when he came on as a second-half substitute against Middlesbrough . He made only his second appearance of the season on 18 December against Queens Park Rangers when he came on as an early first-half substitute for Alex Bruce in Leeds 2–0 win over the league leaders . Bromby made his third appearance of the season as a substitute against Arsenal on 8 January . Leeds were 1–0 up when Robert Snodgrass scored a second half penalty , Arsenal equalised in the 90th minute when Cesc Fàbregas scored a penalty . Bromby came on as a second-half substitute against Arsenal after Andy OBrien came off injured . He then made his first start of the season in the following game against Portsmouth . After several months out of the team , Bromby regained his starting lineup spot on a regular basis displacing Alex Bruce . 2011–12 season . Bromby started the first two games of the season for Leeds on the bench against Southampton and Bradford City but he came into the starting lineup for Leeds first league home game of the season against Middlesbrough . After missing games through injury , Bromby came back into Leeds starting lineup replacing the suspended Patrick Kisnorbo on 20 September , coming into the side for a League Cup tie against fierce rivals Manchester United . Bromby kept his place for Leeds in a 3–3 draw against Brighton & Hove Albion , during which he conceded a penalty . After getting a run of games under his former Blades manager Neil Warnock , Bromby picked up a serious injury against Cardiff City on 21 April when he snapped the Patella tendon in his knee cap . Leeds confirmed the injury was very severe and that Bromby would require surgery on the injury , which could rule him out of action for a year . On 3 May , it was revealed that Bromby had undergone surgery on the ruptured Patella knee tendon , Manager Neil Warnock proclaimed the injury to be very rare and refused to put an exact timescale on Brombys possible return . However Brombys injury was so severe it was announced by the club that he will miss the entire 2012/13 season with the injury . 2012–13 season . At the clubs annual 2012/2013 end of season awards , despite missing the whole season through injury , Bromby won the clubs Community Award for all his work within the community . Having missed the whole of the 2012–13 season due to injury , Bromby was released from his playing contract , but would carry on a role as a coach in Leeds academy . At the start of the 2013/14 season on 25 July 2013 , Bromby announced his retirement as a footballer due to his knee injury , and he officially joined the Leeds academy full-time as the clubs Under 16s coach . Coaching career . Bromby joined the Leeds United coaching set up on 3 April 2013 , after taking his coaching badges whilst injured , after the sacking of Neil Warnock , Bromby became a coach of Leeds Under 18 side to assist Chris Coates who was covering for Richard Naylor . On 3 May , it was announced that Bromby would join Leeds academy coaching team full-time . On 11 July 2014 , Bromby and Under 18s manager Richard Naylor were made redundant by owner Massimo Cellino . On 4 August 2014 , Bromby joined Huddersfield Town as Professional Development Coach . He served a time as Academy Manager and was appointed as the clubs new Head of Football Operations at the completion of the 2019/20 season . Honours . - Leeds United - League One Runners Up ( Promoted ) : 2009–10 - Sheffield United - Championship Runners Up ( Promoted ) : 2005–06 Personal . - Leeds United Contribution To The Community Award 2009–10 - Leeds United Contribution To The Community Award 2012–13 External links . - Club profile at sufc.co.uk - Leigh Bromby profile at watfordfc.co.uk - Career information at ex-canaries.co.uk |
[
"Watford"
]
| easy | Which team did the player Leigh Bromby belong to from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Leigh_Bromby#P54#3 | Leigh Bromby Leigh David Bromby ( born 2 June 1980 ) is an English retired footballer who played as a defender . He is currently employed as the Head of Football Operations at Huddersfield Town . Bromby spent the longest spell at a single club in his career at Sheffield Wednesday , but he also played for rivals Sheffield United , and is the only player to have played 100 games for both teams . Career . Sheffield Wednesday . Born in Dewsbury , Bromby started his footballing career when he was spotted by Daniel Firth at Whitchapel Middle school before joining Liversedge then being spotted by Sheffield Wednesday . He then progressed through the Sheffield Wednesday youth academy , and in September 1999 joined Mansfield Town on loan for three months . He made his Football League debut on 12 December 1999 in a 0–0 draw at Barnet . He scored his first career goal in a 3–1 home win over Southend United in January 2000 . Bromby made his Wednesday debut the following season ; on 23 December 2000 as substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers . He went on to make 20 appearances that season . He spent part of the 2002–03 season on loan at Norwich City before returning to Wednesday . After making 112 appearances for the club he moved to local rivals Sheffield United in a free transfer on 24 May 2004 . Sheffield United . Bromby made his début for Sheffield United against Burnley at Turf Moor on 7 August 2004 in a 1–1 draw . He played in all 46 league matches that season and scored his first senior goal for the club in the same game a diving header at the far post . On 15 August 2006 , he signed a new three-year contract with United , with an option for a further year . Bromby spent much of the 2007–08 season on the sidelines , making only 15 appearances . His longest spell in the side was in January 2008 , when he played 6 games in which United lost only once . Watford . On 31 January 2008 he moved to Watford signing a three and a half year contract , for a fee of £600,000 rising to £850,000 based on appearances . His final appearance for United had been in a league fixture against his new club , two days previously . His former manager , Bryan Robson , admitted that he did not want to sell Bromby , but he had wanted regular football and Watfords offer had been reasonable . On 2 February 2008 , Bromby made his debut for Watford at home against Wolverhampton Wanderers . Within the first minute his long throw set up Steve Kabba to score in an eventual 3–0 victory . After only a year at Vicarage Road Bromby returned to Sheffield United on a six-month loan with a view to a permanent deal . He scored once in the league for Watford , in a 1–1 draw with West Bromwich Albion on 11 April 2008 . Sheffield United . Ironically , having returned to Bramall Lane , just as his first spell at the club ended with an appearance against Watford , his first game back with the Blades also saw him appear as a second-half substitute against The Hornets despite them still being his current employers . Bromby played the remainder of the season as defensive cover , completing thirteen appearances and one goal during his loan period . Following the end of the season he signed a new two-year deal with United , returning to his former club on a free transfer . Leeds United . Only a few weeks after re-signing for Sheffield United , and after failing to make a league appearance under manager Kevin Blackwell , Bromby moved to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee at the end of the August 2009 transfer window . As a child Bromby was brought up as a Leeds United fan , so the move helped fulfill a dream of playing for his boyhood heroes . 2009–10 season . He made his Leeds debut in the 2–0 league victory over Stockport County . Bromby gave away a penalty in his second start for Leeds , however Leeds goalkeeper Shane Higgs saved Southend United striker Lee Barnards penalty . Since joining Leeds Bromby has played in the centre back and right back roles . Bromby scored his first goal for Leeds in another match against Stockport County , with a strike in the closing stages to put Leeds 3–2 ahead . Bromby received his 5th booking of the season in the same game against Stockport and missed the next match – an FA Cup 3rd round tie against Manchester United . With Bromby being a Leeds fan , the suspension was especially tough to take . Leeds ended up pulling off a famous victory against Manchester United with Brombys replacement Jason Crowe putting in a fantastic performance . Crowes performance earned him a start ahead of Bromby in the following game against Wycombe Wanderers with Bromby having to settle for a place on the bench . With captain Richard Naylor out injured for the FA Cup 4th round match against Tottenham Hotspur , Bromby played at the heart of Leeds defence and helped Leeds earn a 2–2 draw and a replay against their Premier League opposition . Bromby started Leeds last game of the season , replacing the injured captain Richard Naylor . Leeds won the game 2–1 and thus sealed promotion to The Championship . 2010–11 season . Bromby started the Championship season as Leeds fourth choice defender , with Naylor , Collins and new signing Alex Bruce ahead of him in the starting lineup . Bromby made his first league appearance of the season on 16 October for Leeds when he came on as a second-half substitute against Middlesbrough . He made only his second appearance of the season on 18 December against Queens Park Rangers when he came on as an early first-half substitute for Alex Bruce in Leeds 2–0 win over the league leaders . Bromby made his third appearance of the season as a substitute against Arsenal on 8 January . Leeds were 1–0 up when Robert Snodgrass scored a second half penalty , Arsenal equalised in the 90th minute when Cesc Fàbregas scored a penalty . Bromby came on as a second-half substitute against Arsenal after Andy OBrien came off injured . He then made his first start of the season in the following game against Portsmouth . After several months out of the team , Bromby regained his starting lineup spot on a regular basis displacing Alex Bruce . 2011–12 season . Bromby started the first two games of the season for Leeds on the bench against Southampton and Bradford City but he came into the starting lineup for Leeds first league home game of the season against Middlesbrough . After missing games through injury , Bromby came back into Leeds starting lineup replacing the suspended Patrick Kisnorbo on 20 September , coming into the side for a League Cup tie against fierce rivals Manchester United . Bromby kept his place for Leeds in a 3–3 draw against Brighton & Hove Albion , during which he conceded a penalty . After getting a run of games under his former Blades manager Neil Warnock , Bromby picked up a serious injury against Cardiff City on 21 April when he snapped the Patella tendon in his knee cap . Leeds confirmed the injury was very severe and that Bromby would require surgery on the injury , which could rule him out of action for a year . On 3 May , it was revealed that Bromby had undergone surgery on the ruptured Patella knee tendon , Manager Neil Warnock proclaimed the injury to be very rare and refused to put an exact timescale on Brombys possible return . However Brombys injury was so severe it was announced by the club that he will miss the entire 2012/13 season with the injury . 2012–13 season . At the clubs annual 2012/2013 end of season awards , despite missing the whole season through injury , Bromby won the clubs Community Award for all his work within the community . Having missed the whole of the 2012–13 season due to injury , Bromby was released from his playing contract , but would carry on a role as a coach in Leeds academy . At the start of the 2013/14 season on 25 July 2013 , Bromby announced his retirement as a footballer due to his knee injury , and he officially joined the Leeds academy full-time as the clubs Under 16s coach . Coaching career . Bromby joined the Leeds United coaching set up on 3 April 2013 , after taking his coaching badges whilst injured , after the sacking of Neil Warnock , Bromby became a coach of Leeds Under 18 side to assist Chris Coates who was covering for Richard Naylor . On 3 May , it was announced that Bromby would join Leeds academy coaching team full-time . On 11 July 2014 , Bromby and Under 18s manager Richard Naylor were made redundant by owner Massimo Cellino . On 4 August 2014 , Bromby joined Huddersfield Town as Professional Development Coach . He served a time as Academy Manager and was appointed as the clubs new Head of Football Operations at the completion of the 2019/20 season . Honours . - Leeds United - League One Runners Up ( Promoted ) : 2009–10 - Sheffield United - Championship Runners Up ( Promoted ) : 2005–06 Personal . - Leeds United Contribution To The Community Award 2009–10 - Leeds United Contribution To The Community Award 2012–13 External links . - Club profile at sufc.co.uk - Leigh Bromby profile at watfordfc.co.uk - Career information at ex-canaries.co.uk |
[
"Leeds United"
]
| easy | Which team did Leigh Bromby play for from 2009 to 2013? | /wiki/Leigh_Bromby#P54#4 | Leigh Bromby Leigh David Bromby ( born 2 June 1980 ) is an English retired footballer who played as a defender . He is currently employed as the Head of Football Operations at Huddersfield Town . Bromby spent the longest spell at a single club in his career at Sheffield Wednesday , but he also played for rivals Sheffield United , and is the only player to have played 100 games for both teams . Career . Sheffield Wednesday . Born in Dewsbury , Bromby started his footballing career when he was spotted by Daniel Firth at Whitchapel Middle school before joining Liversedge then being spotted by Sheffield Wednesday . He then progressed through the Sheffield Wednesday youth academy , and in September 1999 joined Mansfield Town on loan for three months . He made his Football League debut on 12 December 1999 in a 0–0 draw at Barnet . He scored his first career goal in a 3–1 home win over Southend United in January 2000 . Bromby made his Wednesday debut the following season ; on 23 December 2000 as substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers . He went on to make 20 appearances that season . He spent part of the 2002–03 season on loan at Norwich City before returning to Wednesday . After making 112 appearances for the club he moved to local rivals Sheffield United in a free transfer on 24 May 2004 . Sheffield United . Bromby made his début for Sheffield United against Burnley at Turf Moor on 7 August 2004 in a 1–1 draw . He played in all 46 league matches that season and scored his first senior goal for the club in the same game a diving header at the far post . On 15 August 2006 , he signed a new three-year contract with United , with an option for a further year . Bromby spent much of the 2007–08 season on the sidelines , making only 15 appearances . His longest spell in the side was in January 2008 , when he played 6 games in which United lost only once . Watford . On 31 January 2008 he moved to Watford signing a three and a half year contract , for a fee of £600,000 rising to £850,000 based on appearances . His final appearance for United had been in a league fixture against his new club , two days previously . His former manager , Bryan Robson , admitted that he did not want to sell Bromby , but he had wanted regular football and Watfords offer had been reasonable . On 2 February 2008 , Bromby made his debut for Watford at home against Wolverhampton Wanderers . Within the first minute his long throw set up Steve Kabba to score in an eventual 3–0 victory . After only a year at Vicarage Road Bromby returned to Sheffield United on a six-month loan with a view to a permanent deal . He scored once in the league for Watford , in a 1–1 draw with West Bromwich Albion on 11 April 2008 . Sheffield United . Ironically , having returned to Bramall Lane , just as his first spell at the club ended with an appearance against Watford , his first game back with the Blades also saw him appear as a second-half substitute against The Hornets despite them still being his current employers . Bromby played the remainder of the season as defensive cover , completing thirteen appearances and one goal during his loan period . Following the end of the season he signed a new two-year deal with United , returning to his former club on a free transfer . Leeds United . Only a few weeks after re-signing for Sheffield United , and after failing to make a league appearance under manager Kevin Blackwell , Bromby moved to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee at the end of the August 2009 transfer window . As a child Bromby was brought up as a Leeds United fan , so the move helped fulfill a dream of playing for his boyhood heroes . 2009–10 season . He made his Leeds debut in the 2–0 league victory over Stockport County . Bromby gave away a penalty in his second start for Leeds , however Leeds goalkeeper Shane Higgs saved Southend United striker Lee Barnards penalty . Since joining Leeds Bromby has played in the centre back and right back roles . Bromby scored his first goal for Leeds in another match against Stockport County , with a strike in the closing stages to put Leeds 3–2 ahead . Bromby received his 5th booking of the season in the same game against Stockport and missed the next match – an FA Cup 3rd round tie against Manchester United . With Bromby being a Leeds fan , the suspension was especially tough to take . Leeds ended up pulling off a famous victory against Manchester United with Brombys replacement Jason Crowe putting in a fantastic performance . Crowes performance earned him a start ahead of Bromby in the following game against Wycombe Wanderers with Bromby having to settle for a place on the bench . With captain Richard Naylor out injured for the FA Cup 4th round match against Tottenham Hotspur , Bromby played at the heart of Leeds defence and helped Leeds earn a 2–2 draw and a replay against their Premier League opposition . Bromby started Leeds last game of the season , replacing the injured captain Richard Naylor . Leeds won the game 2–1 and thus sealed promotion to The Championship . 2010–11 season . Bromby started the Championship season as Leeds fourth choice defender , with Naylor , Collins and new signing Alex Bruce ahead of him in the starting lineup . Bromby made his first league appearance of the season on 16 October for Leeds when he came on as a second-half substitute against Middlesbrough . He made only his second appearance of the season on 18 December against Queens Park Rangers when he came on as an early first-half substitute for Alex Bruce in Leeds 2–0 win over the league leaders . Bromby made his third appearance of the season as a substitute against Arsenal on 8 January . Leeds were 1–0 up when Robert Snodgrass scored a second half penalty , Arsenal equalised in the 90th minute when Cesc Fàbregas scored a penalty . Bromby came on as a second-half substitute against Arsenal after Andy OBrien came off injured . He then made his first start of the season in the following game against Portsmouth . After several months out of the team , Bromby regained his starting lineup spot on a regular basis displacing Alex Bruce . 2011–12 season . Bromby started the first two games of the season for Leeds on the bench against Southampton and Bradford City but he came into the starting lineup for Leeds first league home game of the season against Middlesbrough . After missing games through injury , Bromby came back into Leeds starting lineup replacing the suspended Patrick Kisnorbo on 20 September , coming into the side for a League Cup tie against fierce rivals Manchester United . Bromby kept his place for Leeds in a 3–3 draw against Brighton & Hove Albion , during which he conceded a penalty . After getting a run of games under his former Blades manager Neil Warnock , Bromby picked up a serious injury against Cardiff City on 21 April when he snapped the Patella tendon in his knee cap . Leeds confirmed the injury was very severe and that Bromby would require surgery on the injury , which could rule him out of action for a year . On 3 May , it was revealed that Bromby had undergone surgery on the ruptured Patella knee tendon , Manager Neil Warnock proclaimed the injury to be very rare and refused to put an exact timescale on Brombys possible return . However Brombys injury was so severe it was announced by the club that he will miss the entire 2012/13 season with the injury . 2012–13 season . At the clubs annual 2012/2013 end of season awards , despite missing the whole season through injury , Bromby won the clubs Community Award for all his work within the community . Having missed the whole of the 2012–13 season due to injury , Bromby was released from his playing contract , but would carry on a role as a coach in Leeds academy . At the start of the 2013/14 season on 25 July 2013 , Bromby announced his retirement as a footballer due to his knee injury , and he officially joined the Leeds academy full-time as the clubs Under 16s coach . Coaching career . Bromby joined the Leeds United coaching set up on 3 April 2013 , after taking his coaching badges whilst injured , after the sacking of Neil Warnock , Bromby became a coach of Leeds Under 18 side to assist Chris Coates who was covering for Richard Naylor . On 3 May , it was announced that Bromby would join Leeds academy coaching team full-time . On 11 July 2014 , Bromby and Under 18s manager Richard Naylor were made redundant by owner Massimo Cellino . On 4 August 2014 , Bromby joined Huddersfield Town as Professional Development Coach . He served a time as Academy Manager and was appointed as the clubs new Head of Football Operations at the completion of the 2019/20 season . Honours . - Leeds United - League One Runners Up ( Promoted ) : 2009–10 - Sheffield United - Championship Runners Up ( Promoted ) : 2005–06 Personal . - Leeds United Contribution To The Community Award 2009–10 - Leeds United Contribution To The Community Award 2012–13 External links . - Club profile at sufc.co.uk - Leigh Bromby profile at watfordfc.co.uk - Career information at ex-canaries.co.uk |
[
"Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences"
]
| easy | What organization did Knut Agathon Wallenberg join in 1928? | /wiki/Knut_Agathon_Wallenberg#P463#0 | Knut Agathon Wallenberg Knut Agathon Wallenberg ( 19 May 1853 – 1 June 1938 ) was a Swedish banker and politician , he was also a Knight of the Order of the Seraphim . Wallenberg was Minister for Foreign Affairs 1914–1917 , and member of the Riksdags Första kammaren ( the Upper house ) 1907–1919 . Together with his wife , he created Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation , which is one of the main contributors to the private university Stockholm School of Economics . Wallenberg was one of the founders of the Stockholm School of Economics , and is also seen as the founder of the community of Saltsjöbaden and an associated railroad . Early life . Wallenberg was born on 19 May 1853 in Katarina Parish , Stockholm , the son of André Oscar Wallenberg ( 1816–1886 ) and his first wife Catharina Wilhelmina Andersson ( 1826–1855 ) . He was the brother of Oscara ( 1847–1863 ) , Jacob ( 1851–1872 ) , and Wilhelm ( 1855–1910 ) . He also had 14 half-siblings , including Marcus ( 1864–1943 ) and Victor ( 1875–1970 ) . Career . In 1874 Wallenberg was commissioned as a naval officer and became Acting Sub-Lieutenant ( Underlöjtnant ) in the Swedish Navy the same year and joined the board of Stockholms Enskilda Bank . In 1876 he went to Georgiis Banking Institution ( Georgiis bankinstitut ) , and he was appointed lieutenant in the navy in 1876 , from which he resigned in 1882 . Wallenberg was then employed by the Crédit Lyonnais in Paris from 1877 to 1878 . After his fathers death , Wallenberg , who has long been involved in the management of Stockholms Enskilda Bank , took over as the CEO . In many respects his fathers spiritual heir , the company led by him became one of Swedens foremost , which mediated the taking up of large government loans and other significant deals . He was also the driving force for many in the economic field , including in the creation of the residential community Saltsjöbaden near Stockholm and the railways connecting these places . From 1883 he belonged to the Stockholm City Council ( Stockholms stadsfullmäktige ) and from 1890 its Drafting Committee ( Beredningsutskottet ) . Personal life . In 1878 he married Alice Olga Constance Nickelsen ( 1858–1956 ) . The couple adopted Jeanne Nyström ( 1885–1962 ) , who was then two years old , in 1887 and she was named Nannie Wallenberg . She was born out of wedlock to Jean Karadja Pasha , and thus half-sister to Constantin Karadja . Death . Wallenberg died on 1 June 1938 in Skeppsholm Parish , Stockholm . Awards . Swedish . - Knight and Commander of the Orders of His Majesty the King ( Order of the Seraphim ) ( 6 June 1916 ) - King Gustaf Vs Jubilee Commemorative Medal ( 1928 ) - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa ( 24 January 1912 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of Vasa ( 23 September 1897 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of the Polar Star ( 15 October 1906 ) - Knight of the Order of the Polar Star ( 1890 ) Foreign . - Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog ( between 1910 and 1915 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog ( at the latest 1905 ) - Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour ( between 1910 and 1915 ) - Officer of the Legion of Honour ( at the latest 1905 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of St . Olav ( between 1910 and 1915 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of St . Olav ( at the latest 1905 ) - Knight Second Class of the Order of the Red Eagle with Star ( between 1905 and 1908 ) - Knight Second Class of the Order of Saint Stanislaus with Star ( at the latest 1905 ) - Second Class of the Order of the White Elephant ( between 1905 and 1908 ) Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 1928 ) - Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts ( 1913 ) - Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1914 ) |
[
"Royal Swedish Academy of Arts"
]
| easy | What organization did Knut Agathon Wallenberg join in 1913? | /wiki/Knut_Agathon_Wallenberg#P463#1 | Knut Agathon Wallenberg Knut Agathon Wallenberg ( 19 May 1853 – 1 June 1938 ) was a Swedish banker and politician , he was also a Knight of the Order of the Seraphim . Wallenberg was Minister for Foreign Affairs 1914–1917 , and member of the Riksdags Första kammaren ( the Upper house ) 1907–1919 . Together with his wife , he created Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation , which is one of the main contributors to the private university Stockholm School of Economics . Wallenberg was one of the founders of the Stockholm School of Economics , and is also seen as the founder of the community of Saltsjöbaden and an associated railroad . Early life . Wallenberg was born on 19 May 1853 in Katarina Parish , Stockholm , the son of André Oscar Wallenberg ( 1816–1886 ) and his first wife Catharina Wilhelmina Andersson ( 1826–1855 ) . He was the brother of Oscara ( 1847–1863 ) , Jacob ( 1851–1872 ) , and Wilhelm ( 1855–1910 ) . He also had 14 half-siblings , including Marcus ( 1864–1943 ) and Victor ( 1875–1970 ) . Career . In 1874 Wallenberg was commissioned as a naval officer and became Acting Sub-Lieutenant ( Underlöjtnant ) in the Swedish Navy the same year and joined the board of Stockholms Enskilda Bank . In 1876 he went to Georgiis Banking Institution ( Georgiis bankinstitut ) , and he was appointed lieutenant in the navy in 1876 , from which he resigned in 1882 . Wallenberg was then employed by the Crédit Lyonnais in Paris from 1877 to 1878 . After his fathers death , Wallenberg , who has long been involved in the management of Stockholms Enskilda Bank , took over as the CEO . In many respects his fathers spiritual heir , the company led by him became one of Swedens foremost , which mediated the taking up of large government loans and other significant deals . He was also the driving force for many in the economic field , including in the creation of the residential community Saltsjöbaden near Stockholm and the railways connecting these places . From 1883 he belonged to the Stockholm City Council ( Stockholms stadsfullmäktige ) and from 1890 its Drafting Committee ( Beredningsutskottet ) . Personal life . In 1878 he married Alice Olga Constance Nickelsen ( 1858–1956 ) . The couple adopted Jeanne Nyström ( 1885–1962 ) , who was then two years old , in 1887 and she was named Nannie Wallenberg . She was born out of wedlock to Jean Karadja Pasha , and thus half-sister to Constantin Karadja . Death . Wallenberg died on 1 June 1938 in Skeppsholm Parish , Stockholm . Awards . Swedish . - Knight and Commander of the Orders of His Majesty the King ( Order of the Seraphim ) ( 6 June 1916 ) - King Gustaf Vs Jubilee Commemorative Medal ( 1928 ) - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa ( 24 January 1912 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of Vasa ( 23 September 1897 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of the Polar Star ( 15 October 1906 ) - Knight of the Order of the Polar Star ( 1890 ) Foreign . - Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog ( between 1910 and 1915 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog ( at the latest 1905 ) - Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour ( between 1910 and 1915 ) - Officer of the Legion of Honour ( at the latest 1905 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of St . Olav ( between 1910 and 1915 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of St . Olav ( at the latest 1905 ) - Knight Second Class of the Order of the Red Eagle with Star ( between 1905 and 1908 ) - Knight Second Class of the Order of Saint Stanislaus with Star ( at the latest 1905 ) - Second Class of the Order of the White Elephant ( between 1905 and 1908 ) Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 1928 ) - Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts ( 1913 ) - Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1914 ) |
[
"Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences"
]
| easy | Knut Agathon Wallenberg became a member of what organization or association in 1914? | /wiki/Knut_Agathon_Wallenberg#P463#2 | Knut Agathon Wallenberg Knut Agathon Wallenberg ( 19 May 1853 – 1 June 1938 ) was a Swedish banker and politician , he was also a Knight of the Order of the Seraphim . Wallenberg was Minister for Foreign Affairs 1914–1917 , and member of the Riksdags Första kammaren ( the Upper house ) 1907–1919 . Together with his wife , he created Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation , which is one of the main contributors to the private university Stockholm School of Economics . Wallenberg was one of the founders of the Stockholm School of Economics , and is also seen as the founder of the community of Saltsjöbaden and an associated railroad . Early life . Wallenberg was born on 19 May 1853 in Katarina Parish , Stockholm , the son of André Oscar Wallenberg ( 1816–1886 ) and his first wife Catharina Wilhelmina Andersson ( 1826–1855 ) . He was the brother of Oscara ( 1847–1863 ) , Jacob ( 1851–1872 ) , and Wilhelm ( 1855–1910 ) . He also had 14 half-siblings , including Marcus ( 1864–1943 ) and Victor ( 1875–1970 ) . Career . In 1874 Wallenberg was commissioned as a naval officer and became Acting Sub-Lieutenant ( Underlöjtnant ) in the Swedish Navy the same year and joined the board of Stockholms Enskilda Bank . In 1876 he went to Georgiis Banking Institution ( Georgiis bankinstitut ) , and he was appointed lieutenant in the navy in 1876 , from which he resigned in 1882 . Wallenberg was then employed by the Crédit Lyonnais in Paris from 1877 to 1878 . After his fathers death , Wallenberg , who has long been involved in the management of Stockholms Enskilda Bank , took over as the CEO . In many respects his fathers spiritual heir , the company led by him became one of Swedens foremost , which mediated the taking up of large government loans and other significant deals . He was also the driving force for many in the economic field , including in the creation of the residential community Saltsjöbaden near Stockholm and the railways connecting these places . From 1883 he belonged to the Stockholm City Council ( Stockholms stadsfullmäktige ) and from 1890 its Drafting Committee ( Beredningsutskottet ) . Personal life . In 1878 he married Alice Olga Constance Nickelsen ( 1858–1956 ) . The couple adopted Jeanne Nyström ( 1885–1962 ) , who was then two years old , in 1887 and she was named Nannie Wallenberg . She was born out of wedlock to Jean Karadja Pasha , and thus half-sister to Constantin Karadja . Death . Wallenberg died on 1 June 1938 in Skeppsholm Parish , Stockholm . Awards . Swedish . - Knight and Commander of the Orders of His Majesty the King ( Order of the Seraphim ) ( 6 June 1916 ) - King Gustaf Vs Jubilee Commemorative Medal ( 1928 ) - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa ( 24 January 1912 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of Vasa ( 23 September 1897 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of the Polar Star ( 15 October 1906 ) - Knight of the Order of the Polar Star ( 1890 ) Foreign . - Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog ( between 1910 and 1915 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog ( at the latest 1905 ) - Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour ( between 1910 and 1915 ) - Officer of the Legion of Honour ( at the latest 1905 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of St . Olav ( between 1910 and 1915 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of St . Olav ( at the latest 1905 ) - Knight Second Class of the Order of the Red Eagle with Star ( between 1905 and 1908 ) - Knight Second Class of the Order of Saint Stanislaus with Star ( at the latest 1905 ) - Second Class of the Order of the White Elephant ( between 1905 and 1908 ) Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 1928 ) - Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts ( 1913 ) - Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1914 ) |
[
"Duke of Westminster"
]
| easy | Who owned The Blue Boy from 1770 to 1796? | /wiki/The_Blue_Boy#P127#0 | The Blue Boy The Blue Boy ( c . 1770 ) is a full-length portrait in oil by Thomas Gainsborough , now at the Huntington Library , San Marino , California . History . Perhaps Gainsboroughs most famous work , The Blue Boy is thought to be a portrait of Jonathan Buttle ( 1752–1805 ) , the son of a wealthy hardware merchant , although this has never been proven . It is a historical costume study as well as a portrait ; the painting of the youth in his seventeenth-century apparel is regarded as Gainsboroughs homage to Anthony van Dyck and is very similar to Van Dycks portraits of Charles II as a boy . Gainsborough had already drawn something on the canvas before beginning The Blue Boy , which he painted over . The painting is about life-size , measuring wide by tall . Gainsborough painted the portrait in response to the advice of his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds , who had written : The painting was in Buttles possession until he filed for bankruptcy in 1796 . It was first bought by the politician John Nesbitt and then , in 1802 , by the portrait painter John Hoppner . In about 1809 , The Blue Boy entered the collection of the Earl Grosvenor and remained with his descendants until its sale by the second Duke of Westminster to the dealer Joseph Duveen in 1921 . By then , it had become a great popular favourite in print reproductions after having been exhibited to the public in various exhibitions at the British Institution , Royal Academy and elsewhere . In 1919 , the painting inspired German film producer Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau to create his debut film ( The Boy in Blue ) . In a move that caused a public outcry in Britain , it was then sold to the American railway pioneer Henry Edwards Huntington for $728,800 ( £182,200 ) , according to Duveens bill , a then-record price for any painting . According to a mention in The New York Times dated 11 November 1921 , the purchase price was $640,000 , which would be $ million in . Before its departure to California in 1922 , The Blue Boy was briefly put on display at the National Gallery , where it was seen by 90,000 people ; the Gallerys director Charles Holmes was moved to scrawl farewell words on the back of the painting : Au Revoir , C.H . The Blue Boy inspired pop artist Robert Rauschenberg to pursue a painting career . It is often paired with a painting by Thomas Lawrence called Pinkie that sits opposite to it at the Huntington Library . In popular culture . In Quentin Tarantinos film Django Unchained , the main character Django , a freed slave , chooses to wear an outfit identical to that worn by Gainsboroughs subject in The Blue Boy . The painting also is seen in the movie Batman ( 1989 ) as hanging in Gotham museum and again in the Joker movie hanging in smaller form in the Jokers apartment . In the movie Ghostbusters 2 ( 1989 ) the character Janosz Poha contrasts a large portrait of the fictional 16th century sorcerer Vigo the Carpathian with Gainsboroughs Blue Boy . |
[
"John Nesbitt",
"Duke of Westminster"
]
| easy | Who owned The Blue Boy from 1796 to 1802? | /wiki/The_Blue_Boy#P127#1 | The Blue Boy The Blue Boy ( c . 1770 ) is a full-length portrait in oil by Thomas Gainsborough , now at the Huntington Library , San Marino , California . History . Perhaps Gainsboroughs most famous work , The Blue Boy is thought to be a portrait of Jonathan Buttle ( 1752–1805 ) , the son of a wealthy hardware merchant , although this has never been proven . It is a historical costume study as well as a portrait ; the painting of the youth in his seventeenth-century apparel is regarded as Gainsboroughs homage to Anthony van Dyck and is very similar to Van Dycks portraits of Charles II as a boy . Gainsborough had already drawn something on the canvas before beginning The Blue Boy , which he painted over . The painting is about life-size , measuring wide by tall . Gainsborough painted the portrait in response to the advice of his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds , who had written : The painting was in Buttles possession until he filed for bankruptcy in 1796 . It was first bought by the politician John Nesbitt and then , in 1802 , by the portrait painter John Hoppner . In about 1809 , The Blue Boy entered the collection of the Earl Grosvenor and remained with his descendants until its sale by the second Duke of Westminster to the dealer Joseph Duveen in 1921 . By then , it had become a great popular favourite in print reproductions after having been exhibited to the public in various exhibitions at the British Institution , Royal Academy and elsewhere . In 1919 , the painting inspired German film producer Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau to create his debut film ( The Boy in Blue ) . In a move that caused a public outcry in Britain , it was then sold to the American railway pioneer Henry Edwards Huntington for $728,800 ( £182,200 ) , according to Duveens bill , a then-record price for any painting . According to a mention in The New York Times dated 11 November 1921 , the purchase price was $640,000 , which would be $ million in . Before its departure to California in 1922 , The Blue Boy was briefly put on display at the National Gallery , where it was seen by 90,000 people ; the Gallerys director Charles Holmes was moved to scrawl farewell words on the back of the painting : Au Revoir , C.H . The Blue Boy inspired pop artist Robert Rauschenberg to pursue a painting career . It is often paired with a painting by Thomas Lawrence called Pinkie that sits opposite to it at the Huntington Library . In popular culture . In Quentin Tarantinos film Django Unchained , the main character Django , a freed slave , chooses to wear an outfit identical to that worn by Gainsboroughs subject in The Blue Boy . The painting also is seen in the movie Batman ( 1989 ) as hanging in Gotham museum and again in the Joker movie hanging in smaller form in the Jokers apartment . In the movie Ghostbusters 2 ( 1989 ) the character Janosz Poha contrasts a large portrait of the fictional 16th century sorcerer Vigo the Carpathian with Gainsboroughs Blue Boy . |
[
"John Hoppner",
"Duke of Westminster"
]
| easy | Who owned The Blue Boy from 1802 to 1809? | /wiki/The_Blue_Boy#P127#2 | The Blue Boy The Blue Boy ( c . 1770 ) is a full-length portrait in oil by Thomas Gainsborough , now at the Huntington Library , San Marino , California . History . Perhaps Gainsboroughs most famous work , The Blue Boy is thought to be a portrait of Jonathan Buttle ( 1752–1805 ) , the son of a wealthy hardware merchant , although this has never been proven . It is a historical costume study as well as a portrait ; the painting of the youth in his seventeenth-century apparel is regarded as Gainsboroughs homage to Anthony van Dyck and is very similar to Van Dycks portraits of Charles II as a boy . Gainsborough had already drawn something on the canvas before beginning The Blue Boy , which he painted over . The painting is about life-size , measuring wide by tall . Gainsborough painted the portrait in response to the advice of his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds , who had written : The painting was in Buttles possession until he filed for bankruptcy in 1796 . It was first bought by the politician John Nesbitt and then , in 1802 , by the portrait painter John Hoppner . In about 1809 , The Blue Boy entered the collection of the Earl Grosvenor and remained with his descendants until its sale by the second Duke of Westminster to the dealer Joseph Duveen in 1921 . By then , it had become a great popular favourite in print reproductions after having been exhibited to the public in various exhibitions at the British Institution , Royal Academy and elsewhere . In 1919 , the painting inspired German film producer Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau to create his debut film ( The Boy in Blue ) . In a move that caused a public outcry in Britain , it was then sold to the American railway pioneer Henry Edwards Huntington for $728,800 ( £182,200 ) , according to Duveens bill , a then-record price for any painting . According to a mention in The New York Times dated 11 November 1921 , the purchase price was $640,000 , which would be $ million in . Before its departure to California in 1922 , The Blue Boy was briefly put on display at the National Gallery , where it was seen by 90,000 people ; the Gallerys director Charles Holmes was moved to scrawl farewell words on the back of the painting : Au Revoir , C.H . The Blue Boy inspired pop artist Robert Rauschenberg to pursue a painting career . It is often paired with a painting by Thomas Lawrence called Pinkie that sits opposite to it at the Huntington Library . In popular culture . In Quentin Tarantinos film Django Unchained , the main character Django , a freed slave , chooses to wear an outfit identical to that worn by Gainsboroughs subject in The Blue Boy . The painting also is seen in the movie Batman ( 1989 ) as hanging in Gotham museum and again in the Joker movie hanging in smaller form in the Jokers apartment . In the movie Ghostbusters 2 ( 1989 ) the character Janosz Poha contrasts a large portrait of the fictional 16th century sorcerer Vigo the Carpathian with Gainsboroughs Blue Boy . |
[
"Earl Grosvenor",
"Duke of Westminster"
]
| easy | The Blue Boy was owned by whom from 1809 to 1845? | /wiki/The_Blue_Boy#P127#3 | The Blue Boy The Blue Boy ( c . 1770 ) is a full-length portrait in oil by Thomas Gainsborough , now at the Huntington Library , San Marino , California . History . Perhaps Gainsboroughs most famous work , The Blue Boy is thought to be a portrait of Jonathan Buttle ( 1752–1805 ) , the son of a wealthy hardware merchant , although this has never been proven . It is a historical costume study as well as a portrait ; the painting of the youth in his seventeenth-century apparel is regarded as Gainsboroughs homage to Anthony van Dyck and is very similar to Van Dycks portraits of Charles II as a boy . Gainsborough had already drawn something on the canvas before beginning The Blue Boy , which he painted over . The painting is about life-size , measuring wide by tall . Gainsborough painted the portrait in response to the advice of his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds , who had written : The painting was in Buttles possession until he filed for bankruptcy in 1796 . It was first bought by the politician John Nesbitt and then , in 1802 , by the portrait painter John Hoppner . In about 1809 , The Blue Boy entered the collection of the Earl Grosvenor and remained with his descendants until its sale by the second Duke of Westminster to the dealer Joseph Duveen in 1921 . By then , it had become a great popular favourite in print reproductions after having been exhibited to the public in various exhibitions at the British Institution , Royal Academy and elsewhere . In 1919 , the painting inspired German film producer Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau to create his debut film ( The Boy in Blue ) . In a move that caused a public outcry in Britain , it was then sold to the American railway pioneer Henry Edwards Huntington for $728,800 ( £182,200 ) , according to Duveens bill , a then-record price for any painting . According to a mention in The New York Times dated 11 November 1921 , the purchase price was $640,000 , which would be $ million in . Before its departure to California in 1922 , The Blue Boy was briefly put on display at the National Gallery , where it was seen by 90,000 people ; the Gallerys director Charles Holmes was moved to scrawl farewell words on the back of the painting : Au Revoir , C.H . The Blue Boy inspired pop artist Robert Rauschenberg to pursue a painting career . It is often paired with a painting by Thomas Lawrence called Pinkie that sits opposite to it at the Huntington Library . In popular culture . In Quentin Tarantinos film Django Unchained , the main character Django , a freed slave , chooses to wear an outfit identical to that worn by Gainsboroughs subject in The Blue Boy . The painting also is seen in the movie Batman ( 1989 ) as hanging in Gotham museum and again in the Joker movie hanging in smaller form in the Jokers apartment . In the movie Ghostbusters 2 ( 1989 ) the character Janosz Poha contrasts a large portrait of the fictional 16th century sorcerer Vigo the Carpathian with Gainsboroughs Blue Boy . |
[
"Duke of Westminster"
]
| easy | Who owned The Blue Boy from 1845 to 1921? | /wiki/The_Blue_Boy#P127#4 | The Blue Boy The Blue Boy ( c . 1770 ) is a full-length portrait in oil by Thomas Gainsborough , now at the Huntington Library , San Marino , California . History . Perhaps Gainsboroughs most famous work , The Blue Boy is thought to be a portrait of Jonathan Buttle ( 1752–1805 ) , the son of a wealthy hardware merchant , although this has never been proven . It is a historical costume study as well as a portrait ; the painting of the youth in his seventeenth-century apparel is regarded as Gainsboroughs homage to Anthony van Dyck and is very similar to Van Dycks portraits of Charles II as a boy . Gainsborough had already drawn something on the canvas before beginning The Blue Boy , which he painted over . The painting is about life-size , measuring wide by tall . Gainsborough painted the portrait in response to the advice of his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds , who had written : The painting was in Buttles possession until he filed for bankruptcy in 1796 . It was first bought by the politician John Nesbitt and then , in 1802 , by the portrait painter John Hoppner . In about 1809 , The Blue Boy entered the collection of the Earl Grosvenor and remained with his descendants until its sale by the second Duke of Westminster to the dealer Joseph Duveen in 1921 . By then , it had become a great popular favourite in print reproductions after having been exhibited to the public in various exhibitions at the British Institution , Royal Academy and elsewhere . In 1919 , the painting inspired German film producer Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau to create his debut film ( The Boy in Blue ) . In a move that caused a public outcry in Britain , it was then sold to the American railway pioneer Henry Edwards Huntington for $728,800 ( £182,200 ) , according to Duveens bill , a then-record price for any painting . According to a mention in The New York Times dated 11 November 1921 , the purchase price was $640,000 , which would be $ million in . Before its departure to California in 1922 , The Blue Boy was briefly put on display at the National Gallery , where it was seen by 90,000 people ; the Gallerys director Charles Holmes was moved to scrawl farewell words on the back of the painting : Au Revoir , C.H . The Blue Boy inspired pop artist Robert Rauschenberg to pursue a painting career . It is often paired with a painting by Thomas Lawrence called Pinkie that sits opposite to it at the Huntington Library . In popular culture . In Quentin Tarantinos film Django Unchained , the main character Django , a freed slave , chooses to wear an outfit identical to that worn by Gainsboroughs subject in The Blue Boy . The painting also is seen in the movie Batman ( 1989 ) as hanging in Gotham museum and again in the Joker movie hanging in smaller form in the Jokers apartment . In the movie Ghostbusters 2 ( 1989 ) the character Janosz Poha contrasts a large portrait of the fictional 16th century sorcerer Vigo the Carpathian with Gainsboroughs Blue Boy . |
[
"the Huntington"
]
| easy | Who owned The Blue Boy from 1921 to 1922? | /wiki/The_Blue_Boy#P127#5 | The Blue Boy The Blue Boy ( c . 1770 ) is a full-length portrait in oil by Thomas Gainsborough , now at the Huntington Library , San Marino , California . History . Perhaps Gainsboroughs most famous work , The Blue Boy is thought to be a portrait of Jonathan Buttle ( 1752–1805 ) , the son of a wealthy hardware merchant , although this has never been proven . It is a historical costume study as well as a portrait ; the painting of the youth in his seventeenth-century apparel is regarded as Gainsboroughs homage to Anthony van Dyck and is very similar to Van Dycks portraits of Charles II as a boy . Gainsborough had already drawn something on the canvas before beginning The Blue Boy , which he painted over . The painting is about life-size , measuring wide by tall . Gainsborough painted the portrait in response to the advice of his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds , who had written : The painting was in Buttles possession until he filed for bankruptcy in 1796 . It was first bought by the politician John Nesbitt and then , in 1802 , by the portrait painter John Hoppner . In about 1809 , The Blue Boy entered the collection of the Earl Grosvenor and remained with his descendants until its sale by the second Duke of Westminster to the dealer Joseph Duveen in 1921 . By then , it had become a great popular favourite in print reproductions after having been exhibited to the public in various exhibitions at the British Institution , Royal Academy and elsewhere . In 1919 , the painting inspired German film producer Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau to create his debut film ( The Boy in Blue ) . In a move that caused a public outcry in Britain , it was then sold to the American railway pioneer Henry Edwards Huntington for $728,800 ( £182,200 ) , according to Duveens bill , a then-record price for any painting . According to a mention in The New York Times dated 11 November 1921 , the purchase price was $640,000 , which would be $ million in . Before its departure to California in 1922 , The Blue Boy was briefly put on display at the National Gallery , where it was seen by 90,000 people ; the Gallerys director Charles Holmes was moved to scrawl farewell words on the back of the painting : Au Revoir , C.H . The Blue Boy inspired pop artist Robert Rauschenberg to pursue a painting career . It is often paired with a painting by Thomas Lawrence called Pinkie that sits opposite to it at the Huntington Library . In popular culture . In Quentin Tarantinos film Django Unchained , the main character Django , a freed slave , chooses to wear an outfit identical to that worn by Gainsboroughs subject in The Blue Boy . The painting also is seen in the movie Batman ( 1989 ) as hanging in Gotham museum and again in the Joker movie hanging in smaller form in the Jokers apartment . In the movie Ghostbusters 2 ( 1989 ) the character Janosz Poha contrasts a large portrait of the fictional 16th century sorcerer Vigo the Carpathian with Gainsboroughs Blue Boy . |
[
""
]
| easy | What position did Henry Cabot Lodge take from Mar 1887 to Mar 1893? | /wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge#P39#0 | Henry Cabot Lodge Henry Cabot Lodge ( May 12 , 1850 November 9 , 1924 ) was an American Republican politician , historian , and statesman from Massachusetts . He served in the United States Senate from 1893 to 1924 and is best known for his positions on foreign policy . His successful crusade against Woodrow Wilsons Treaty of Versailles ensured that the United States never joined the League of Nations and his reservations against that treaty influenced the structure of the modern United Nations . Lodge received four degrees from Harvard University and was a widely published historian . His close friendship with Theodore Roosevelt began as early as 1884 and lasted their entire lifetimes , even surviving Roosevelts bolt from the Republican Party in 1912 . As a Representative , Lodge sponsored the unsuccessful Lodge Bill of 1890 , which sought to protect the voting rights of African Americans and introduce a national secret ballot . As Senator , Lodge took a more active role in foreign policy , supporting the Spanish–American War , expansion of American territory overseas , and American entry into World War I . He also supported immigration restrictions , becoming a member of the Immigration Restriction League and influencing the Immigration Act of 1917 . After World War I , Lodge became Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and the leader of the Senate Republicans . From that position , he led the opposition to Wilsons Treaty of Versailles , proposing fourteen reservations to the treaty . His strongest objection was to the requirement that all nations repel aggression , fearing that this would erode Congressional powers and erode American sovereignty ; those objections had a major role in producing the veto power of the United Nations Security Council . Lodge remained in the Senate until his death in 1924 . Early life and education . Lodge was born in Beverly , Massachusetts . His father was John Ellerton Lodge . His mother was Anna Cabot , through whom he was a great-grandson of George Cabot . Lodge grew up on Bostons Beacon Hill and spent part of his childhood in Nahant , Massachusetts where he witnessed the 1860 kidnapping of a classmate and gave testimony leading to the arrest and conviction of the kidnappers . He was cousin to the American polymath Charles Peirce . In 1872 , he graduated from Harvard College , where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon , the Porcellian Club , and the Hasty Pudding Club . In 1874 , he graduated from Harvard Law School , and was admitted to the bar in 1875 , practicing at the Boston firm now known as Ropes & Gray . Historian . After traveling through Europe , Lodge returned to Harvard , and in 1876 , became one of the earliest recipients of a Ph.D . in history from an American university . Lodges dissertation , The Anglo-Saxon Land Law , was published in a compilation Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law , alongside his Ph.D . classmates : J . Laurence Laughlin on The Anglo-Saxon Legal Procedure and Ernest Young on The Anglo-Saxon Family Law . All three were supervised by Henry Brooks Adams , who contributed The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law . Lodge maintained a lifelong friendship with Adams . Lodge was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1878 . In 1881 , he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society . Political career . In 1880–1882 , Lodge served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives . Lodge represented his home state in the United States House of Representatives from 1887 to 1893 and in the Senate from 1893 to 1924 . Along with his close friend Theodore Roosevelt , Lodge was sympathetic to the concerns of the Mugwump faction of the Republican Party . Nonetheless , both reluctantly supported James Blaine and protectionism in the 1884 election . Blaine lost narrowly . Lodge was easily reelected time and again but his greatest challenge came in his reelection bid in January 1911 . The Democrats had made significant gains in Massachusetts and the Republicans were split between the progressive and conservative wings , with Lodge trying to mollify both sides . In a major speech before the legislature voted , Lodge took pride in his long selfless service to the state . He emphasized that he had never engaged in corruption or self-dealing . He rarely campaigned on his own behalf but now he made his case , explaining his important roles in civil service reform , maintaining the gold standard , expanding the Navy , developing policies for the Philippine Islands , and trying to restrict immigration by illiterate Europeans , as well as his support for some progressive reforms . Most of all he appealed to party loyalty . Lodge was reelected by five votes . Lodge was very close to Theodore Roosevelt for both of their entire careers . However , Lodge was too conservative to accept Roosevelts attacks on the judiciary in 1910 , and his call for the initiative , referendum , and recall . Lodge stood silent when Roosevelt broke with the party and ran as a third-party candidate in 1912 . Lodge voted for Taft instead of Roosevelt ; after Woodrow Wilson won the election the Lodge-Roosevelt friendship resumed . Civil rights . In 1890 , Lodge co-authored the Federal Elections Bill , along with Sen . George Frisbie Hoar , that guaranteed federal protection for African American voting rights . Although the proposed legislation was supported by President Benjamin Harrison , the bill was blocked by filibustering Democrats in the Senate . In 1891 , he became a member of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . He was assigned national membership number 4,901 . That same year , following the lynching of eleven Italian Americans in New Orleans , Lodge published an article blaming the victims and proposing new restrictions on Italian immigration . Spanish–American War . Lodge was a strong backer of U.S . intervention in Cuba in 1898 , arguing that it was the moral responsibility of the United States to do so : Of the sympathies of the American people , generous , liberty-loving , I have no question . They are with the Cubans in their struggle for freedom . I believe our people would welcome any action on the part of the United States to put an end to the terrible state of things existing there . We can stop it . We can stop it peacefully . We can stop it , in my judgment , by pursuing a proper diplomacy and offering our good offices . Let it once be understood that we mean to stop the horrible state of things in Cuba and it will be stopped . The great power of the United States , if it is once invoked and uplifted , is capable of greater things than that . Following American victory in the Spanish–American War , Lodge came to represent the imperialist faction of the Senate , those who called for the annexation of the Philippines . Lodge maintained that the United States needed to have a strong navy and be more involved in foreign affairs . In a letter to Theodore Roosevelt , Lodge wrote , Porto Rico is not forgotten and we mean to have it . Immigration . Lodge was a vocal proponent of immigration restrictions , for a number of reasons . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , significant numbers of immigrants , primarily from Eastern and Southern Europe , were migrating to industrial centers in the USA . Lodge argued that unskilled foreign labor was undermining the standard of living for American workers , and that a mass influx of uneducated immigrants would result in social conflict and national decline . His position was also influenced by his racist beliefs . In a May 1891 article on Italian immigration , Lodge expressed his concern that immigration by the races who have peopled the United States was declining , while the immigration of people removed from us in race and blood was on the rise . He considered northern Italians superior to southern Italians , not only because they tended to be better educated , but because they were more Teutonic than their southern counterparts , whose immigration he sought to restrict . Lodge was a supporter of 100% Americanism , a common theme in the nativist movement of the era . In an address to the New England Society of Brooklyn in 1888 , Lodge stated : Let every man honor and love the land of his birth and the race from which he springs and keep their memory green . It is a pious and honorable duty . But let us have done with British-Americans and Irish-Americans and German-Americans , and so on , and all be Americans .. . If a man is going to be an American at all let him be so without any qualifying adjectives ; and if he is going to be something else , let him drop the word American from his personal description . He did not believe , however , that all races were equally capable or worthy of being assimilated . In The Great Peril of Unrestricted Immigration he wrote that you can take a Hindoo and give him the highest education the world can afford .. . but you cannot make him an Englishman , and cautioned against the mixing of higher and lower races : On the moral qualities of the English-speaking race , therefore , rest our history , our victories , and all our future . There is only one way in which you can lower those qualities or weaken those characteristics , and that is by breeding them out . If a lower race mixes with a higher in sufficient numbers , history teaches us that the lower race will prevail . As the public voice of the Immigration Restriction League , Lodge argued in support of literacy tests for incoming immigrants . The tests would be designed to exclude members of those races he deemed most alien to the body of the American people . He proposed that the United States should temporarily shut out all further entries , particularly persons of low education or skill , the more efficiently to assimilate the millions who had come . From 1907 to 1911 , he served on the Dillingham Commission , a joint congressional committee established to study the eras immigration patterns and make recommendations to Congress based on its findings . The Commissions recommendations led to the Immigration Act of 1917 . World War I . Lodge was a staunch advocate of entering World War I on the side of the Allied Powers , attacking President Woodrow Wilson for poor military preparedness and accusing pacifists of undermining American patriotism . After the United States entered the war , Lodge continued to attack Wilson as hopelessly idealistic , assailing Wilsons Fourteen Points as unrealistic and weak . He contended that Germany needed to be militarily and economically crushed and saddled with harsh penalties so that it could never again be a threat to the stability of Europe . However , apart from policy differences , even before the end of Wilsons first term and well before Americas entry into the Great War , Lodge confided to Teddy Roosevelt , I never expected to hate anyone in politics with the hatred I feel toward Wilson . In January 1921 , Lodge led the deliberate obstruction of the confirmation of 10,000 presidential Wilson appointments to the War and Navy Departments in the US Senate on the grounds that confirmation of these so called cabinet favorite appointments would embarrass the Harding Administration . He served as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee ( 1919–1924 ) . He also served as chairman of the Senate Republican Conference from 1918 to 1924 . His leadership of the Senate Republicans has led some to retrospectively call him the de facto Senate Majority Leader . During his term in office , he and another powerful senator , Albert J . Beveridge , pushed for the construction of a new navy . League of Nations . The summit of Lodges Senate career came in 1919 , when as the unofficial Senate majority leader , he dealt with the debate over the Treaty of Versailles and the Senates ultimate rejection of the treaty . Lodge wanted to join the League of Nations , but with amendments that would protect American sovereignty . Lodge appealed to the patriotism of American citizens by objecting to what he saw as the weakening of national sovereignty : I have loved but one flag and I can not share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league . Lodge was reluctant to involve the United States in world affairs in anything less than a pre-eminent role : The United States is the worlds best hope , but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations , if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe , you will destroy her power for good , and endanger her very existence . Leave her to march freely through the centuries to come , as in the years that have gone . Strong , generous , and confident , she has nobly served mankind . Beware how you trifle with your marvelous inheritance ; this great land of ordered liberty . For if we stumble and fall , freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin . Lodge was also motivated by political concerns ; he strongly disliked Wilson personally and was eager to find an issue for the Republican Party to run on in the presidential election of 1920 . Lodges key objection to the League of Nations was Article X , which required all signatory nations to repel aggression of any kind if ordered to do so by the League . Lodge rejected an open-ended commitment that might subordinate the national security interests of the United States to the demands of the League . He especially insisted that Congress must approve interventions individually ; the Senate could not , through treaty , unilaterally agree to enter hypothetical conflicts . The Senate was divided into a crazy-quilt of positions on the Versailles question . One block of Democrats strongly supported the Treaty . A second group of Democrats , in line with President Wilson , supported the Treaty and opposed any amendments or reservations . The largest bloc , led by Lodge , comprised a majority of the Republicans . They supported a Treaty with reservations , especially on Article X . Finally , a bi-partisan group of 13 isolationist irreconcilables opposed a treaty in any form . It proved possible to build a majority coalition , but impossible to build a two thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty . The closest the Treaty came to passage was in mid-November 1919 , when Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats , and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations , but Wilson rejected this compromise . Cooper and Bailey suggest that Wilsons stroke on September 25 , 1919 , had so altered his personality that he was unable to effectively negotiate with Lodge . Cooper says the psychological effects of a stroke were profound : Wilsons emotions were unbalanced , and his judgment was warped . .. . Worse , his denial of illness and limitations was starting to border on delusion . The Treaty of Versailles went into effect , but the United States did not sign it and made separate peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary . The United States never joined the League of Nations . Historians agree that the League was ineffective in dealing with major issues , but they debate whether American membership would have made much difference . Lodge won out in the long run ; his reservations were incorporated into the United Nations charter in 1945 , with Article X of the League of Nations charter absent and the U.S. , as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , given an absolute veto . Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. , Lodges grandson , served as U.S . Ambassador to the United Nations from 1953 to 1960 . Washington Naval Conference . In 1922 , President Warren G . Harding appointed Lodge as a delegate to the Washington Naval Conference ( International Conference on the Limitation of Armaments ) , led by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes , and included Elihu Root and Oscar Underwood . This was the first disarmament conference in history and had a goal of world peace through arms reduction . Attended by nine nations , the United States , Japan , China , France , Great Britain , Italy , Belgium , the Netherlands , and Portugal , the conference resulted in three major treaties : Four-Power Treaty , Five-Power Treaty ( more commonly known as the Washington Naval Treaty ) and the Nine-Power Treaty , as well as a number of smaller agreements . Lodge-Fish Resolution . In June 1922 , he introduced the Lodge-Fish Resolution , to illustrate American support for the British policy in Palestine per the 1917 Balfour Declaration . Legacy . Historian George E . Mowry argues that : Henry Cabot Lodge was one of the best informed statesmen of his time , he was an excellent parliamentarian , and he brought to bear on foreign questions a mind that was at once razor sharp and devoid of much of the moral cant that was so typical of the age . .. . [ Yet ] Lodge never made the contributions he should have made , largely because of Lodge the person . He was opportunistic , selfish , jealous , condescending , supercilious , and could never resist calling his opponents spade a dirty shovel . Small wonder that except for Roosevelt and Root , most of his colleagues of both parties disliked him , and many distrusted him . Lodge served on the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for many years . His first appointment was in 1890 , as a Member of the House of Representatives , and he served until his election as a senator in 1893 . He was reappointed to the Board in 1905 and served until he died in 1924 . The other Regents considered Lodge to be a distinguished colleague , whose keen , constructive interest in the affairs of the Institution led him to place his broad knowledge and large experience at its service at all times . Mount Lodge , also named Boundary Peak 166 , located on the Canada–United States border in the Saint Elias Mountains was named in 1908 after him in recognition of his service as U.S . Boundary Commissioner in 1903 . Personal life . In 1871 , he married Anna Nannie Cabot Mills Davis , daughter of Admiral Charles Henry Davis . They had three children : - Constance Davis Lodge ( 1872–1948 ) , wife of U.S . Representative Augustus Peabody Gardner ( from 1892 to 1918 ) and Brigadier General Clarence Charles Williams ( from 1923 to 1948 ) - George Cabot Lodge ( 1873–1909 ) , a noted poet and politician . Georges sons , Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . ( 1902–1985 ) and John Davis Lodge ( 1903–1985 ) , also became politicians . - John Ellerton Lodge ( 1876–1942 ) , an art curator . He was a friend of Fr . Robert J . Johnson of South Bostons Gate of Heaven Church . On November 5 , 1924 , Lodge suffered a severe stroke while recovering in the hospital from surgery for gallstones . He died four days later at the age of 74 . He was interred in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Publications . Books written by Lodge . - 1877 . Life and Letters of George Cabot . Little , Brown . - 1880 . Ballads and Lyrics , Selected and Arranged by Henry Cabot Lodge . Houghton Mifflin ( 1882 reissue contains a Preface by Lodge ) - 1881 . A Short History of the English Colonies in America . Harper & Bros . - 1882 . Alexander Hamilton . Houghton Mifflin ( American Statesmen Series ) . - 1883 . Daniel Webster . Houghton Mifflin ( American Statesmen Series ) . - 1887 . Alexander Hamilton . Houghton Mifflin ( American Statesmen Series ) . - 1889 . George Washington . ( 2 volumes ) . Houghton Mifflin ( American Statesmen series ) . - 1891 . Boston . Longmans , Green , and Co . ( Historic Towns series ) . - 1892 . Speeches . Houghton Mifflin . - 1895 . Hero Tales from American History . With Theodore Roosevelt . Century . - 1898 . The Story of the Revolution . ( 2 volumes ) . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1899 . The War With Spain . Harper & Brothers . - 1902 . A Fighting Frigate , and Other Essays and Addresses . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1906 . A Frontier Town and Other Essays . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1909 . Speeches and Addresses : 1884–1909 . Houghton Mifflin . - 1913 . Early Memories . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1915 . The Democracy of the Constitution , and Other Addresses and Essays . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1917 . War Addresses , 1915-1917 . Houghton Mifflin . - 1919 . Address of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts in Honor of Theodore Roosevelt , Ex-President of the United States , before the Congress of the United States Sunday , February 9 , 1919 . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . - 1919 . Theodore Roosevelt , Boston : Houghton Mifflin . - 1921 . The Senate of the United States and Other Essays and Addresses , Historical and Literary . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1925 . The Senate and the League of Nations . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1925 . Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge , 1884–1918 ( 2 vol. ) . With Theodore Roosevelt . Book chapters written by Lodge . - 1898 . Book series edited by Lodge . - 1903 . The Works of Alexander Hamilton . 12 vol . - 1910 . The History of Nations . Chicago : H . W . Snow , 1901 ; New York : P . F . Collier & Son , 1913- . - 1909 . The Best of the Worlds Classics , Restricted to Prose . ( 10 volumes ) . With Francis Whiting Halsey . Funk & Wagnalls . Articles . - 1891 . |
[
"United States Senate"
]
| easy | Which position did Henry Cabot Lodge hold from Mar 1893 to May 1912? | /wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge#P39#1 | Henry Cabot Lodge Henry Cabot Lodge ( May 12 , 1850 November 9 , 1924 ) was an American Republican politician , historian , and statesman from Massachusetts . He served in the United States Senate from 1893 to 1924 and is best known for his positions on foreign policy . His successful crusade against Woodrow Wilsons Treaty of Versailles ensured that the United States never joined the League of Nations and his reservations against that treaty influenced the structure of the modern United Nations . Lodge received four degrees from Harvard University and was a widely published historian . His close friendship with Theodore Roosevelt began as early as 1884 and lasted their entire lifetimes , even surviving Roosevelts bolt from the Republican Party in 1912 . As a Representative , Lodge sponsored the unsuccessful Lodge Bill of 1890 , which sought to protect the voting rights of African Americans and introduce a national secret ballot . As Senator , Lodge took a more active role in foreign policy , supporting the Spanish–American War , expansion of American territory overseas , and American entry into World War I . He also supported immigration restrictions , becoming a member of the Immigration Restriction League and influencing the Immigration Act of 1917 . After World War I , Lodge became Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and the leader of the Senate Republicans . From that position , he led the opposition to Wilsons Treaty of Versailles , proposing fourteen reservations to the treaty . His strongest objection was to the requirement that all nations repel aggression , fearing that this would erode Congressional powers and erode American sovereignty ; those objections had a major role in producing the veto power of the United Nations Security Council . Lodge remained in the Senate until his death in 1924 . Early life and education . Lodge was born in Beverly , Massachusetts . His father was John Ellerton Lodge . His mother was Anna Cabot , through whom he was a great-grandson of George Cabot . Lodge grew up on Bostons Beacon Hill and spent part of his childhood in Nahant , Massachusetts where he witnessed the 1860 kidnapping of a classmate and gave testimony leading to the arrest and conviction of the kidnappers . He was cousin to the American polymath Charles Peirce . In 1872 , he graduated from Harvard College , where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon , the Porcellian Club , and the Hasty Pudding Club . In 1874 , he graduated from Harvard Law School , and was admitted to the bar in 1875 , practicing at the Boston firm now known as Ropes & Gray . Historian . After traveling through Europe , Lodge returned to Harvard , and in 1876 , became one of the earliest recipients of a Ph.D . in history from an American university . Lodges dissertation , The Anglo-Saxon Land Law , was published in a compilation Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law , alongside his Ph.D . classmates : J . Laurence Laughlin on The Anglo-Saxon Legal Procedure and Ernest Young on The Anglo-Saxon Family Law . All three were supervised by Henry Brooks Adams , who contributed The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law . Lodge maintained a lifelong friendship with Adams . Lodge was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1878 . In 1881 , he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society . Political career . In 1880–1882 , Lodge served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives . Lodge represented his home state in the United States House of Representatives from 1887 to 1893 and in the Senate from 1893 to 1924 . Along with his close friend Theodore Roosevelt , Lodge was sympathetic to the concerns of the Mugwump faction of the Republican Party . Nonetheless , both reluctantly supported James Blaine and protectionism in the 1884 election . Blaine lost narrowly . Lodge was easily reelected time and again but his greatest challenge came in his reelection bid in January 1911 . The Democrats had made significant gains in Massachusetts and the Republicans were split between the progressive and conservative wings , with Lodge trying to mollify both sides . In a major speech before the legislature voted , Lodge took pride in his long selfless service to the state . He emphasized that he had never engaged in corruption or self-dealing . He rarely campaigned on his own behalf but now he made his case , explaining his important roles in civil service reform , maintaining the gold standard , expanding the Navy , developing policies for the Philippine Islands , and trying to restrict immigration by illiterate Europeans , as well as his support for some progressive reforms . Most of all he appealed to party loyalty . Lodge was reelected by five votes . Lodge was very close to Theodore Roosevelt for both of their entire careers . However , Lodge was too conservative to accept Roosevelts attacks on the judiciary in 1910 , and his call for the initiative , referendum , and recall . Lodge stood silent when Roosevelt broke with the party and ran as a third-party candidate in 1912 . Lodge voted for Taft instead of Roosevelt ; after Woodrow Wilson won the election the Lodge-Roosevelt friendship resumed . Civil rights . In 1890 , Lodge co-authored the Federal Elections Bill , along with Sen . George Frisbie Hoar , that guaranteed federal protection for African American voting rights . Although the proposed legislation was supported by President Benjamin Harrison , the bill was blocked by filibustering Democrats in the Senate . In 1891 , he became a member of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . He was assigned national membership number 4,901 . That same year , following the lynching of eleven Italian Americans in New Orleans , Lodge published an article blaming the victims and proposing new restrictions on Italian immigration . Spanish–American War . Lodge was a strong backer of U.S . intervention in Cuba in 1898 , arguing that it was the moral responsibility of the United States to do so : Of the sympathies of the American people , generous , liberty-loving , I have no question . They are with the Cubans in their struggle for freedom . I believe our people would welcome any action on the part of the United States to put an end to the terrible state of things existing there . We can stop it . We can stop it peacefully . We can stop it , in my judgment , by pursuing a proper diplomacy and offering our good offices . Let it once be understood that we mean to stop the horrible state of things in Cuba and it will be stopped . The great power of the United States , if it is once invoked and uplifted , is capable of greater things than that . Following American victory in the Spanish–American War , Lodge came to represent the imperialist faction of the Senate , those who called for the annexation of the Philippines . Lodge maintained that the United States needed to have a strong navy and be more involved in foreign affairs . In a letter to Theodore Roosevelt , Lodge wrote , Porto Rico is not forgotten and we mean to have it . Immigration . Lodge was a vocal proponent of immigration restrictions , for a number of reasons . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , significant numbers of immigrants , primarily from Eastern and Southern Europe , were migrating to industrial centers in the USA . Lodge argued that unskilled foreign labor was undermining the standard of living for American workers , and that a mass influx of uneducated immigrants would result in social conflict and national decline . His position was also influenced by his racist beliefs . In a May 1891 article on Italian immigration , Lodge expressed his concern that immigration by the races who have peopled the United States was declining , while the immigration of people removed from us in race and blood was on the rise . He considered northern Italians superior to southern Italians , not only because they tended to be better educated , but because they were more Teutonic than their southern counterparts , whose immigration he sought to restrict . Lodge was a supporter of 100% Americanism , a common theme in the nativist movement of the era . In an address to the New England Society of Brooklyn in 1888 , Lodge stated : Let every man honor and love the land of his birth and the race from which he springs and keep their memory green . It is a pious and honorable duty . But let us have done with British-Americans and Irish-Americans and German-Americans , and so on , and all be Americans .. . If a man is going to be an American at all let him be so without any qualifying adjectives ; and if he is going to be something else , let him drop the word American from his personal description . He did not believe , however , that all races were equally capable or worthy of being assimilated . In The Great Peril of Unrestricted Immigration he wrote that you can take a Hindoo and give him the highest education the world can afford .. . but you cannot make him an Englishman , and cautioned against the mixing of higher and lower races : On the moral qualities of the English-speaking race , therefore , rest our history , our victories , and all our future . There is only one way in which you can lower those qualities or weaken those characteristics , and that is by breeding them out . If a lower race mixes with a higher in sufficient numbers , history teaches us that the lower race will prevail . As the public voice of the Immigration Restriction League , Lodge argued in support of literacy tests for incoming immigrants . The tests would be designed to exclude members of those races he deemed most alien to the body of the American people . He proposed that the United States should temporarily shut out all further entries , particularly persons of low education or skill , the more efficiently to assimilate the millions who had come . From 1907 to 1911 , he served on the Dillingham Commission , a joint congressional committee established to study the eras immigration patterns and make recommendations to Congress based on its findings . The Commissions recommendations led to the Immigration Act of 1917 . World War I . Lodge was a staunch advocate of entering World War I on the side of the Allied Powers , attacking President Woodrow Wilson for poor military preparedness and accusing pacifists of undermining American patriotism . After the United States entered the war , Lodge continued to attack Wilson as hopelessly idealistic , assailing Wilsons Fourteen Points as unrealistic and weak . He contended that Germany needed to be militarily and economically crushed and saddled with harsh penalties so that it could never again be a threat to the stability of Europe . However , apart from policy differences , even before the end of Wilsons first term and well before Americas entry into the Great War , Lodge confided to Teddy Roosevelt , I never expected to hate anyone in politics with the hatred I feel toward Wilson . In January 1921 , Lodge led the deliberate obstruction of the confirmation of 10,000 presidential Wilson appointments to the War and Navy Departments in the US Senate on the grounds that confirmation of these so called cabinet favorite appointments would embarrass the Harding Administration . He served as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee ( 1919–1924 ) . He also served as chairman of the Senate Republican Conference from 1918 to 1924 . His leadership of the Senate Republicans has led some to retrospectively call him the de facto Senate Majority Leader . During his term in office , he and another powerful senator , Albert J . Beveridge , pushed for the construction of a new navy . League of Nations . The summit of Lodges Senate career came in 1919 , when as the unofficial Senate majority leader , he dealt with the debate over the Treaty of Versailles and the Senates ultimate rejection of the treaty . Lodge wanted to join the League of Nations , but with amendments that would protect American sovereignty . Lodge appealed to the patriotism of American citizens by objecting to what he saw as the weakening of national sovereignty : I have loved but one flag and I can not share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league . Lodge was reluctant to involve the United States in world affairs in anything less than a pre-eminent role : The United States is the worlds best hope , but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations , if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe , you will destroy her power for good , and endanger her very existence . Leave her to march freely through the centuries to come , as in the years that have gone . Strong , generous , and confident , she has nobly served mankind . Beware how you trifle with your marvelous inheritance ; this great land of ordered liberty . For if we stumble and fall , freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin . Lodge was also motivated by political concerns ; he strongly disliked Wilson personally and was eager to find an issue for the Republican Party to run on in the presidential election of 1920 . Lodges key objection to the League of Nations was Article X , which required all signatory nations to repel aggression of any kind if ordered to do so by the League . Lodge rejected an open-ended commitment that might subordinate the national security interests of the United States to the demands of the League . He especially insisted that Congress must approve interventions individually ; the Senate could not , through treaty , unilaterally agree to enter hypothetical conflicts . The Senate was divided into a crazy-quilt of positions on the Versailles question . One block of Democrats strongly supported the Treaty . A second group of Democrats , in line with President Wilson , supported the Treaty and opposed any amendments or reservations . The largest bloc , led by Lodge , comprised a majority of the Republicans . They supported a Treaty with reservations , especially on Article X . Finally , a bi-partisan group of 13 isolationist irreconcilables opposed a treaty in any form . It proved possible to build a majority coalition , but impossible to build a two thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty . The closest the Treaty came to passage was in mid-November 1919 , when Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats , and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations , but Wilson rejected this compromise . Cooper and Bailey suggest that Wilsons stroke on September 25 , 1919 , had so altered his personality that he was unable to effectively negotiate with Lodge . Cooper says the psychological effects of a stroke were profound : Wilsons emotions were unbalanced , and his judgment was warped . .. . Worse , his denial of illness and limitations was starting to border on delusion . The Treaty of Versailles went into effect , but the United States did not sign it and made separate peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary . The United States never joined the League of Nations . Historians agree that the League was ineffective in dealing with major issues , but they debate whether American membership would have made much difference . Lodge won out in the long run ; his reservations were incorporated into the United Nations charter in 1945 , with Article X of the League of Nations charter absent and the U.S. , as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , given an absolute veto . Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. , Lodges grandson , served as U.S . Ambassador to the United Nations from 1953 to 1960 . Washington Naval Conference . In 1922 , President Warren G . Harding appointed Lodge as a delegate to the Washington Naval Conference ( International Conference on the Limitation of Armaments ) , led by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes , and included Elihu Root and Oscar Underwood . This was the first disarmament conference in history and had a goal of world peace through arms reduction . Attended by nine nations , the United States , Japan , China , France , Great Britain , Italy , Belgium , the Netherlands , and Portugal , the conference resulted in three major treaties : Four-Power Treaty , Five-Power Treaty ( more commonly known as the Washington Naval Treaty ) and the Nine-Power Treaty , as well as a number of smaller agreements . Lodge-Fish Resolution . In June 1922 , he introduced the Lodge-Fish Resolution , to illustrate American support for the British policy in Palestine per the 1917 Balfour Declaration . Legacy . Historian George E . Mowry argues that : Henry Cabot Lodge was one of the best informed statesmen of his time , he was an excellent parliamentarian , and he brought to bear on foreign questions a mind that was at once razor sharp and devoid of much of the moral cant that was so typical of the age . .. . [ Yet ] Lodge never made the contributions he should have made , largely because of Lodge the person . He was opportunistic , selfish , jealous , condescending , supercilious , and could never resist calling his opponents spade a dirty shovel . Small wonder that except for Roosevelt and Root , most of his colleagues of both parties disliked him , and many distrusted him . Lodge served on the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for many years . His first appointment was in 1890 , as a Member of the House of Representatives , and he served until his election as a senator in 1893 . He was reappointed to the Board in 1905 and served until he died in 1924 . The other Regents considered Lodge to be a distinguished colleague , whose keen , constructive interest in the affairs of the Institution led him to place his broad knowledge and large experience at its service at all times . Mount Lodge , also named Boundary Peak 166 , located on the Canada–United States border in the Saint Elias Mountains was named in 1908 after him in recognition of his service as U.S . Boundary Commissioner in 1903 . Personal life . In 1871 , he married Anna Nannie Cabot Mills Davis , daughter of Admiral Charles Henry Davis . They had three children : - Constance Davis Lodge ( 1872–1948 ) , wife of U.S . Representative Augustus Peabody Gardner ( from 1892 to 1918 ) and Brigadier General Clarence Charles Williams ( from 1923 to 1948 ) - George Cabot Lodge ( 1873–1909 ) , a noted poet and politician . Georges sons , Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . ( 1902–1985 ) and John Davis Lodge ( 1903–1985 ) , also became politicians . - John Ellerton Lodge ( 1876–1942 ) , an art curator . He was a friend of Fr . Robert J . Johnson of South Bostons Gate of Heaven Church . On November 5 , 1924 , Lodge suffered a severe stroke while recovering in the hospital from surgery for gallstones . He died four days later at the age of 74 . He was interred in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Publications . Books written by Lodge . - 1877 . Life and Letters of George Cabot . Little , Brown . - 1880 . Ballads and Lyrics , Selected and Arranged by Henry Cabot Lodge . Houghton Mifflin ( 1882 reissue contains a Preface by Lodge ) - 1881 . A Short History of the English Colonies in America . Harper & Bros . - 1882 . Alexander Hamilton . Houghton Mifflin ( American Statesmen Series ) . - 1883 . Daniel Webster . Houghton Mifflin ( American Statesmen Series ) . - 1887 . Alexander Hamilton . Houghton Mifflin ( American Statesmen Series ) . - 1889 . George Washington . ( 2 volumes ) . Houghton Mifflin ( American Statesmen series ) . - 1891 . Boston . Longmans , Green , and Co . ( Historic Towns series ) . - 1892 . Speeches . Houghton Mifflin . - 1895 . Hero Tales from American History . With Theodore Roosevelt . Century . - 1898 . The Story of the Revolution . ( 2 volumes ) . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1899 . The War With Spain . Harper & Brothers . - 1902 . A Fighting Frigate , and Other Essays and Addresses . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1906 . A Frontier Town and Other Essays . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1909 . Speeches and Addresses : 1884–1909 . Houghton Mifflin . - 1913 . Early Memories . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1915 . The Democracy of the Constitution , and Other Addresses and Essays . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1917 . War Addresses , 1915-1917 . Houghton Mifflin . - 1919 . Address of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts in Honor of Theodore Roosevelt , Ex-President of the United States , before the Congress of the United States Sunday , February 9 , 1919 . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . - 1919 . Theodore Roosevelt , Boston : Houghton Mifflin . - 1921 . The Senate of the United States and Other Essays and Addresses , Historical and Literary . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1925 . The Senate and the League of Nations . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1925 . Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge , 1884–1918 ( 2 vol. ) . With Theodore Roosevelt . Book chapters written by Lodge . - 1898 . Book series edited by Lodge . - 1903 . The Works of Alexander Hamilton . 12 vol . - 1910 . The History of Nations . Chicago : H . W . Snow , 1901 ; New York : P . F . Collier & Son , 1913- . - 1909 . The Best of the Worlds Classics , Restricted to Prose . ( 10 volumes ) . With Francis Whiting Halsey . Funk & Wagnalls . Articles . - 1891 . |
[
""
]
| easy | What was the position of Henry Cabot Lodge in May 1912? | /wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge#P39#2 | Henry Cabot Lodge Henry Cabot Lodge ( May 12 , 1850 November 9 , 1924 ) was an American Republican politician , historian , and statesman from Massachusetts . He served in the United States Senate from 1893 to 1924 and is best known for his positions on foreign policy . His successful crusade against Woodrow Wilsons Treaty of Versailles ensured that the United States never joined the League of Nations and his reservations against that treaty influenced the structure of the modern United Nations . Lodge received four degrees from Harvard University and was a widely published historian . His close friendship with Theodore Roosevelt began as early as 1884 and lasted their entire lifetimes , even surviving Roosevelts bolt from the Republican Party in 1912 . As a Representative , Lodge sponsored the unsuccessful Lodge Bill of 1890 , which sought to protect the voting rights of African Americans and introduce a national secret ballot . As Senator , Lodge took a more active role in foreign policy , supporting the Spanish–American War , expansion of American territory overseas , and American entry into World War I . He also supported immigration restrictions , becoming a member of the Immigration Restriction League and influencing the Immigration Act of 1917 . After World War I , Lodge became Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and the leader of the Senate Republicans . From that position , he led the opposition to Wilsons Treaty of Versailles , proposing fourteen reservations to the treaty . His strongest objection was to the requirement that all nations repel aggression , fearing that this would erode Congressional powers and erode American sovereignty ; those objections had a major role in producing the veto power of the United Nations Security Council . Lodge remained in the Senate until his death in 1924 . Early life and education . Lodge was born in Beverly , Massachusetts . His father was John Ellerton Lodge . His mother was Anna Cabot , through whom he was a great-grandson of George Cabot . Lodge grew up on Bostons Beacon Hill and spent part of his childhood in Nahant , Massachusetts where he witnessed the 1860 kidnapping of a classmate and gave testimony leading to the arrest and conviction of the kidnappers . He was cousin to the American polymath Charles Peirce . In 1872 , he graduated from Harvard College , where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon , the Porcellian Club , and the Hasty Pudding Club . In 1874 , he graduated from Harvard Law School , and was admitted to the bar in 1875 , practicing at the Boston firm now known as Ropes & Gray . Historian . After traveling through Europe , Lodge returned to Harvard , and in 1876 , became one of the earliest recipients of a Ph.D . in history from an American university . Lodges dissertation , The Anglo-Saxon Land Law , was published in a compilation Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law , alongside his Ph.D . classmates : J . Laurence Laughlin on The Anglo-Saxon Legal Procedure and Ernest Young on The Anglo-Saxon Family Law . All three were supervised by Henry Brooks Adams , who contributed The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law . Lodge maintained a lifelong friendship with Adams . Lodge was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1878 . In 1881 , he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society . Political career . In 1880–1882 , Lodge served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives . Lodge represented his home state in the United States House of Representatives from 1887 to 1893 and in the Senate from 1893 to 1924 . Along with his close friend Theodore Roosevelt , Lodge was sympathetic to the concerns of the Mugwump faction of the Republican Party . Nonetheless , both reluctantly supported James Blaine and protectionism in the 1884 election . Blaine lost narrowly . Lodge was easily reelected time and again but his greatest challenge came in his reelection bid in January 1911 . The Democrats had made significant gains in Massachusetts and the Republicans were split between the progressive and conservative wings , with Lodge trying to mollify both sides . In a major speech before the legislature voted , Lodge took pride in his long selfless service to the state . He emphasized that he had never engaged in corruption or self-dealing . He rarely campaigned on his own behalf but now he made his case , explaining his important roles in civil service reform , maintaining the gold standard , expanding the Navy , developing policies for the Philippine Islands , and trying to restrict immigration by illiterate Europeans , as well as his support for some progressive reforms . Most of all he appealed to party loyalty . Lodge was reelected by five votes . Lodge was very close to Theodore Roosevelt for both of their entire careers . However , Lodge was too conservative to accept Roosevelts attacks on the judiciary in 1910 , and his call for the initiative , referendum , and recall . Lodge stood silent when Roosevelt broke with the party and ran as a third-party candidate in 1912 . Lodge voted for Taft instead of Roosevelt ; after Woodrow Wilson won the election the Lodge-Roosevelt friendship resumed . Civil rights . In 1890 , Lodge co-authored the Federal Elections Bill , along with Sen . George Frisbie Hoar , that guaranteed federal protection for African American voting rights . Although the proposed legislation was supported by President Benjamin Harrison , the bill was blocked by filibustering Democrats in the Senate . In 1891 , he became a member of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . He was assigned national membership number 4,901 . That same year , following the lynching of eleven Italian Americans in New Orleans , Lodge published an article blaming the victims and proposing new restrictions on Italian immigration . Spanish–American War . Lodge was a strong backer of U.S . intervention in Cuba in 1898 , arguing that it was the moral responsibility of the United States to do so : Of the sympathies of the American people , generous , liberty-loving , I have no question . They are with the Cubans in their struggle for freedom . I believe our people would welcome any action on the part of the United States to put an end to the terrible state of things existing there . We can stop it . We can stop it peacefully . We can stop it , in my judgment , by pursuing a proper diplomacy and offering our good offices . Let it once be understood that we mean to stop the horrible state of things in Cuba and it will be stopped . The great power of the United States , if it is once invoked and uplifted , is capable of greater things than that . Following American victory in the Spanish–American War , Lodge came to represent the imperialist faction of the Senate , those who called for the annexation of the Philippines . Lodge maintained that the United States needed to have a strong navy and be more involved in foreign affairs . In a letter to Theodore Roosevelt , Lodge wrote , Porto Rico is not forgotten and we mean to have it . Immigration . Lodge was a vocal proponent of immigration restrictions , for a number of reasons . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , significant numbers of immigrants , primarily from Eastern and Southern Europe , were migrating to industrial centers in the USA . Lodge argued that unskilled foreign labor was undermining the standard of living for American workers , and that a mass influx of uneducated immigrants would result in social conflict and national decline . His position was also influenced by his racist beliefs . In a May 1891 article on Italian immigration , Lodge expressed his concern that immigration by the races who have peopled the United States was declining , while the immigration of people removed from us in race and blood was on the rise . He considered northern Italians superior to southern Italians , not only because they tended to be better educated , but because they were more Teutonic than their southern counterparts , whose immigration he sought to restrict . Lodge was a supporter of 100% Americanism , a common theme in the nativist movement of the era . In an address to the New England Society of Brooklyn in 1888 , Lodge stated : Let every man honor and love the land of his birth and the race from which he springs and keep their memory green . It is a pious and honorable duty . But let us have done with British-Americans and Irish-Americans and German-Americans , and so on , and all be Americans .. . If a man is going to be an American at all let him be so without any qualifying adjectives ; and if he is going to be something else , let him drop the word American from his personal description . He did not believe , however , that all races were equally capable or worthy of being assimilated . In The Great Peril of Unrestricted Immigration he wrote that you can take a Hindoo and give him the highest education the world can afford .. . but you cannot make him an Englishman , and cautioned against the mixing of higher and lower races : On the moral qualities of the English-speaking race , therefore , rest our history , our victories , and all our future . There is only one way in which you can lower those qualities or weaken those characteristics , and that is by breeding them out . If a lower race mixes with a higher in sufficient numbers , history teaches us that the lower race will prevail . As the public voice of the Immigration Restriction League , Lodge argued in support of literacy tests for incoming immigrants . The tests would be designed to exclude members of those races he deemed most alien to the body of the American people . He proposed that the United States should temporarily shut out all further entries , particularly persons of low education or skill , the more efficiently to assimilate the millions who had come . From 1907 to 1911 , he served on the Dillingham Commission , a joint congressional committee established to study the eras immigration patterns and make recommendations to Congress based on its findings . The Commissions recommendations led to the Immigration Act of 1917 . World War I . Lodge was a staunch advocate of entering World War I on the side of the Allied Powers , attacking President Woodrow Wilson for poor military preparedness and accusing pacifists of undermining American patriotism . After the United States entered the war , Lodge continued to attack Wilson as hopelessly idealistic , assailing Wilsons Fourteen Points as unrealistic and weak . He contended that Germany needed to be militarily and economically crushed and saddled with harsh penalties so that it could never again be a threat to the stability of Europe . However , apart from policy differences , even before the end of Wilsons first term and well before Americas entry into the Great War , Lodge confided to Teddy Roosevelt , I never expected to hate anyone in politics with the hatred I feel toward Wilson . In January 1921 , Lodge led the deliberate obstruction of the confirmation of 10,000 presidential Wilson appointments to the War and Navy Departments in the US Senate on the grounds that confirmation of these so called cabinet favorite appointments would embarrass the Harding Administration . He served as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee ( 1919–1924 ) . He also served as chairman of the Senate Republican Conference from 1918 to 1924 . His leadership of the Senate Republicans has led some to retrospectively call him the de facto Senate Majority Leader . During his term in office , he and another powerful senator , Albert J . Beveridge , pushed for the construction of a new navy . League of Nations . The summit of Lodges Senate career came in 1919 , when as the unofficial Senate majority leader , he dealt with the debate over the Treaty of Versailles and the Senates ultimate rejection of the treaty . Lodge wanted to join the League of Nations , but with amendments that would protect American sovereignty . Lodge appealed to the patriotism of American citizens by objecting to what he saw as the weakening of national sovereignty : I have loved but one flag and I can not share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league . Lodge was reluctant to involve the United States in world affairs in anything less than a pre-eminent role : The United States is the worlds best hope , but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations , if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe , you will destroy her power for good , and endanger her very existence . Leave her to march freely through the centuries to come , as in the years that have gone . Strong , generous , and confident , she has nobly served mankind . Beware how you trifle with your marvelous inheritance ; this great land of ordered liberty . For if we stumble and fall , freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin . Lodge was also motivated by political concerns ; he strongly disliked Wilson personally and was eager to find an issue for the Republican Party to run on in the presidential election of 1920 . Lodges key objection to the League of Nations was Article X , which required all signatory nations to repel aggression of any kind if ordered to do so by the League . Lodge rejected an open-ended commitment that might subordinate the national security interests of the United States to the demands of the League . He especially insisted that Congress must approve interventions individually ; the Senate could not , through treaty , unilaterally agree to enter hypothetical conflicts . The Senate was divided into a crazy-quilt of positions on the Versailles question . One block of Democrats strongly supported the Treaty . A second group of Democrats , in line with President Wilson , supported the Treaty and opposed any amendments or reservations . The largest bloc , led by Lodge , comprised a majority of the Republicans . They supported a Treaty with reservations , especially on Article X . Finally , a bi-partisan group of 13 isolationist irreconcilables opposed a treaty in any form . It proved possible to build a majority coalition , but impossible to build a two thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty . The closest the Treaty came to passage was in mid-November 1919 , when Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats , and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations , but Wilson rejected this compromise . Cooper and Bailey suggest that Wilsons stroke on September 25 , 1919 , had so altered his personality that he was unable to effectively negotiate with Lodge . Cooper says the psychological effects of a stroke were profound : Wilsons emotions were unbalanced , and his judgment was warped . .. . Worse , his denial of illness and limitations was starting to border on delusion . The Treaty of Versailles went into effect , but the United States did not sign it and made separate peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary . The United States never joined the League of Nations . Historians agree that the League was ineffective in dealing with major issues , but they debate whether American membership would have made much difference . Lodge won out in the long run ; his reservations were incorporated into the United Nations charter in 1945 , with Article X of the League of Nations charter absent and the U.S. , as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , given an absolute veto . Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. , Lodges grandson , served as U.S . Ambassador to the United Nations from 1953 to 1960 . Washington Naval Conference . In 1922 , President Warren G . Harding appointed Lodge as a delegate to the Washington Naval Conference ( International Conference on the Limitation of Armaments ) , led by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes , and included Elihu Root and Oscar Underwood . This was the first disarmament conference in history and had a goal of world peace through arms reduction . Attended by nine nations , the United States , Japan , China , France , Great Britain , Italy , Belgium , the Netherlands , and Portugal , the conference resulted in three major treaties : Four-Power Treaty , Five-Power Treaty ( more commonly known as the Washington Naval Treaty ) and the Nine-Power Treaty , as well as a number of smaller agreements . Lodge-Fish Resolution . In June 1922 , he introduced the Lodge-Fish Resolution , to illustrate American support for the British policy in Palestine per the 1917 Balfour Declaration . Legacy . Historian George E . Mowry argues that : Henry Cabot Lodge was one of the best informed statesmen of his time , he was an excellent parliamentarian , and he brought to bear on foreign questions a mind that was at once razor sharp and devoid of much of the moral cant that was so typical of the age . .. . [ Yet ] Lodge never made the contributions he should have made , largely because of Lodge the person . He was opportunistic , selfish , jealous , condescending , supercilious , and could never resist calling his opponents spade a dirty shovel . Small wonder that except for Roosevelt and Root , most of his colleagues of both parties disliked him , and many distrusted him . Lodge served on the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for many years . His first appointment was in 1890 , as a Member of the House of Representatives , and he served until his election as a senator in 1893 . He was reappointed to the Board in 1905 and served until he died in 1924 . The other Regents considered Lodge to be a distinguished colleague , whose keen , constructive interest in the affairs of the Institution led him to place his broad knowledge and large experience at its service at all times . Mount Lodge , also named Boundary Peak 166 , located on the Canada–United States border in the Saint Elias Mountains was named in 1908 after him in recognition of his service as U.S . Boundary Commissioner in 1903 . Personal life . In 1871 , he married Anna Nannie Cabot Mills Davis , daughter of Admiral Charles Henry Davis . They had three children : - Constance Davis Lodge ( 1872–1948 ) , wife of U.S . Representative Augustus Peabody Gardner ( from 1892 to 1918 ) and Brigadier General Clarence Charles Williams ( from 1923 to 1948 ) - George Cabot Lodge ( 1873–1909 ) , a noted poet and politician . Georges sons , Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . ( 1902–1985 ) and John Davis Lodge ( 1903–1985 ) , also became politicians . - John Ellerton Lodge ( 1876–1942 ) , an art curator . He was a friend of Fr . Robert J . Johnson of South Bostons Gate of Heaven Church . On November 5 , 1924 , Lodge suffered a severe stroke while recovering in the hospital from surgery for gallstones . He died four days later at the age of 74 . He was interred in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Publications . Books written by Lodge . - 1877 . Life and Letters of George Cabot . Little , Brown . - 1880 . Ballads and Lyrics , Selected and Arranged by Henry Cabot Lodge . Houghton Mifflin ( 1882 reissue contains a Preface by Lodge ) - 1881 . A Short History of the English Colonies in America . Harper & Bros . - 1882 . Alexander Hamilton . Houghton Mifflin ( American Statesmen Series ) . - 1883 . Daniel Webster . Houghton Mifflin ( American Statesmen Series ) . - 1887 . Alexander Hamilton . Houghton Mifflin ( American Statesmen Series ) . - 1889 . George Washington . ( 2 volumes ) . Houghton Mifflin ( American Statesmen series ) . - 1891 . Boston . Longmans , Green , and Co . ( Historic Towns series ) . - 1892 . Speeches . Houghton Mifflin . - 1895 . Hero Tales from American History . With Theodore Roosevelt . Century . - 1898 . The Story of the Revolution . ( 2 volumes ) . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1899 . The War With Spain . Harper & Brothers . - 1902 . A Fighting Frigate , and Other Essays and Addresses . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1906 . A Frontier Town and Other Essays . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1909 . Speeches and Addresses : 1884–1909 . Houghton Mifflin . - 1913 . Early Memories . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1915 . The Democracy of the Constitution , and Other Addresses and Essays . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1917 . War Addresses , 1915-1917 . Houghton Mifflin . - 1919 . Address of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts in Honor of Theodore Roosevelt , Ex-President of the United States , before the Congress of the United States Sunday , February 9 , 1919 . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . - 1919 . Theodore Roosevelt , Boston : Houghton Mifflin . - 1921 . The Senate of the United States and Other Essays and Addresses , Historical and Literary . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1925 . The Senate and the League of Nations . Charles Scribners Sons . - 1925 . Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge , 1884–1918 ( 2 vol. ) . With Theodore Roosevelt . Book chapters written by Lodge . - 1898 . Book series edited by Lodge . - 1903 . The Works of Alexander Hamilton . 12 vol . - 1910 . The History of Nations . Chicago : H . W . Snow , 1901 ; New York : P . F . Collier & Son , 1913- . - 1909 . The Best of the Worlds Classics , Restricted to Prose . ( 10 volumes ) . With Francis Whiting Halsey . Funk & Wagnalls . Articles . - 1891 . |
[
""
]
| easy | Will Grier went to which school from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Will_Grier#P69#0 | Will Grier William Grier ( born April 3 , 1995 ) is an American football quarterback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for the Florida Gators and West Virginia Mountaineers , and was drafted by the Panthers in the third round in the 2019 NFL Draft . Early years . Grier attended SouthLake Christian Academy in Huntersville , North Carolina , then transferred to Davidson Day School in Davidson , North Carolina . As a junior , he threw for a national record 837 yards in a game , breaking the old record of 764 . As a senior , he had 4,989 passing yards with a nation-leading and North Carolina record 77 touchdowns . He also rushed for 1,251 yards with 13 touchdowns . He was named the Parade All-American Player of the Year and Mr . Football USA . For his career , Grier had 14,565 passing yards , a state record 195 touchdown passes , 2,955 rushing yards and 31 rushing touchdowns . Grier was rated by Rivals.com as a four-star recruit and was ranked as the second best dual-threat quarterback in his class and 46th player overall . Grier was offered scholarships to play football at Auburn , Arkansas , Florida , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Wake Forest . He committed to play quarterback at the University of Florida . College career . Florida . Grier competed with Treon Harris to be Jeff Driskels backup as a freshman in 2014 , ultimately redshirting the season . As a redshirt freshman in 2015 , he competed with Harris to be the starting quarterback . Although Harris started the first game of the season against New Mexico State , Grier received playing time , attempting 18 passes and completing 16 for 166 yards with two touchdowns . He rushed for 43 yards with a touchdown . Grier started the second game , against East Carolina , throwing for 151 yards , two touchdowns and an interception . On October 3 , against the Ole Miss Rebels , he had the best game of his young career , going 24-of-29 for 271 yards and four passing touchdowns . He threw his four touchdowns in the first half ; he was the first Gator quarterback since Chris Leak in 2005 to accomplish the feat . The game ended up being a 38–10 win for the Gators . Grier received a one-year suspension , effective October 12 , 2015 , after it was revealed that he had tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs . He said the positive test stems from the over-the-counter supplement Ligandrol , and that he was not aware it was banned , while also admitting he never followed protocol to clear the supplement with team trainers . His appeal was rejected by the NCAA , and he would not be eligible to return until the sixth game of the regular season in 2016 . On December 19 , 2015 , Florida announced that Grier planned to transfer to another school . West Virginia . On April 6 , 2016 , Grier announced that he was transferring to West Virginia University . He sat out the 2016 season per NCAA transfer rules . Grier was the presumed starter for West Virginia heading into the 2017 season , but there were questions surrounding his eligibility , since half of his year-long suspension was served in conjunction with his transfer waiting period . On June 20 , 2017 , West Virginia head coach Dana Holgerson announced that the NCAA had granted Grier a waiver and he would be eligible to play in the season opener against Virginia Tech . In his first game with the Mountaineers , Grier threw for 371 yards , three touchdowns and an interception in a 31–24 loss to Virginia Tech . Grier threw for 352 yards and five touchdowns in a come-from-behind victory over then-No . 24 Texas Tech on October 14 , and was named Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week . In the Mountaineers 11th game of the season , against Texas , Grier left the game in the second quarter with a broken finger on his throwing hand . Grier had surgery on the broken finger and missed the remainder of the season , finishing with 3,490 passing yards and 36 total touchdowns on the year . At the conclusion of the season , Grier was awarded as Big 12 Offensive Newcomer of the Year . On May 23 , 2018 , Grier announced he would be returning for his senior season rather than entering the 2018 NFL Draft . He was listed on preseason watch lists for several national awards , including the Maxwell Award , Walter Camp Award , and Davey OBrien Award . Grier appeared in several preseason lists of potential Heisman Trophy candidates . At the 2018 Big 12 Media Days , he was announced as the conferences Preseason Offensive Player of the Year and a preseason first-team all-conference selection . Grier finished the 2018 season with 3,864 passing yards , 37 touchdowns , and eight interceptions . He was named second-team All-Big 12 at the conclusion of the regular season . West Virginia finished with an 8–3 regular season record , and was invited to the Camping World Bowl ; Grier announced that he would not play in the bowl game , in order to prepare for the 2019 NFL Draft . Grier would be named the winner of the 2018 Senior CLASS Award for FBS football as the outstanding senior student-athlete in that grouping of schools . Statistics . As of November 25 , 2018 : Professional career . Grier was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the third round ( 100th overall ) in the 2019 NFL Draft . On December 16 , 2019 it was announced that Grier would be making his first career start in week 16 against the Indianapolis Colts . During the game , Grier threw for 224 yards and three interceptions and rushed for 17 yards during the 38–6 loss . In Week 17 against the New Orleans Saints , Grier threw for four yards and a pick-six before exiting the game due to a foot injury in the second quarter . The Panthers lost the game 42–10 . Personal life . Will Grier is from Charlotte , North Carolina and is the oldest child of Chad Grier and Elizabeth Grier-Floyd . His father is a football coach and was a former quarterback for the East Carolina Pirates . He has two brothers , Nash and Hayes , a half-sister , Skylynn Elizabeth Floyd and a half-brother , John Henry Hank Grier . Nash , Hayes and Skylynn were popular users of Vine , the defunct video sharing service . Grier is married to Jeanne Marie ONeil Grier and their first daughter , Eloise Marie Grier , was born on November 10 , 2016 . She gave birth to their second daughter , Adeline James Grier , on January 28 , 2020 . External links . - Florida Gators bio - West Virginia Mountaineers bio |
[
""
]
| easy | Where was Will Grier educated from 2014 to 2017? | /wiki/Will_Grier#P69#1 | Will Grier William Grier ( born April 3 , 1995 ) is an American football quarterback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for the Florida Gators and West Virginia Mountaineers , and was drafted by the Panthers in the third round in the 2019 NFL Draft . Early years . Grier attended SouthLake Christian Academy in Huntersville , North Carolina , then transferred to Davidson Day School in Davidson , North Carolina . As a junior , he threw for a national record 837 yards in a game , breaking the old record of 764 . As a senior , he had 4,989 passing yards with a nation-leading and North Carolina record 77 touchdowns . He also rushed for 1,251 yards with 13 touchdowns . He was named the Parade All-American Player of the Year and Mr . Football USA . For his career , Grier had 14,565 passing yards , a state record 195 touchdown passes , 2,955 rushing yards and 31 rushing touchdowns . Grier was rated by Rivals.com as a four-star recruit and was ranked as the second best dual-threat quarterback in his class and 46th player overall . Grier was offered scholarships to play football at Auburn , Arkansas , Florida , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Wake Forest . He committed to play quarterback at the University of Florida . College career . Florida . Grier competed with Treon Harris to be Jeff Driskels backup as a freshman in 2014 , ultimately redshirting the season . As a redshirt freshman in 2015 , he competed with Harris to be the starting quarterback . Although Harris started the first game of the season against New Mexico State , Grier received playing time , attempting 18 passes and completing 16 for 166 yards with two touchdowns . He rushed for 43 yards with a touchdown . Grier started the second game , against East Carolina , throwing for 151 yards , two touchdowns and an interception . On October 3 , against the Ole Miss Rebels , he had the best game of his young career , going 24-of-29 for 271 yards and four passing touchdowns . He threw his four touchdowns in the first half ; he was the first Gator quarterback since Chris Leak in 2005 to accomplish the feat . The game ended up being a 38–10 win for the Gators . Grier received a one-year suspension , effective October 12 , 2015 , after it was revealed that he had tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs . He said the positive test stems from the over-the-counter supplement Ligandrol , and that he was not aware it was banned , while also admitting he never followed protocol to clear the supplement with team trainers . His appeal was rejected by the NCAA , and he would not be eligible to return until the sixth game of the regular season in 2016 . On December 19 , 2015 , Florida announced that Grier planned to transfer to another school . West Virginia . On April 6 , 2016 , Grier announced that he was transferring to West Virginia University . He sat out the 2016 season per NCAA transfer rules . Grier was the presumed starter for West Virginia heading into the 2017 season , but there were questions surrounding his eligibility , since half of his year-long suspension was served in conjunction with his transfer waiting period . On June 20 , 2017 , West Virginia head coach Dana Holgerson announced that the NCAA had granted Grier a waiver and he would be eligible to play in the season opener against Virginia Tech . In his first game with the Mountaineers , Grier threw for 371 yards , three touchdowns and an interception in a 31–24 loss to Virginia Tech . Grier threw for 352 yards and five touchdowns in a come-from-behind victory over then-No . 24 Texas Tech on October 14 , and was named Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week . In the Mountaineers 11th game of the season , against Texas , Grier left the game in the second quarter with a broken finger on his throwing hand . Grier had surgery on the broken finger and missed the remainder of the season , finishing with 3,490 passing yards and 36 total touchdowns on the year . At the conclusion of the season , Grier was awarded as Big 12 Offensive Newcomer of the Year . On May 23 , 2018 , Grier announced he would be returning for his senior season rather than entering the 2018 NFL Draft . He was listed on preseason watch lists for several national awards , including the Maxwell Award , Walter Camp Award , and Davey OBrien Award . Grier appeared in several preseason lists of potential Heisman Trophy candidates . At the 2018 Big 12 Media Days , he was announced as the conferences Preseason Offensive Player of the Year and a preseason first-team all-conference selection . Grier finished the 2018 season with 3,864 passing yards , 37 touchdowns , and eight interceptions . He was named second-team All-Big 12 at the conclusion of the regular season . West Virginia finished with an 8–3 regular season record , and was invited to the Camping World Bowl ; Grier announced that he would not play in the bowl game , in order to prepare for the 2019 NFL Draft . Grier would be named the winner of the 2018 Senior CLASS Award for FBS football as the outstanding senior student-athlete in that grouping of schools . Statistics . As of November 25 , 2018 : Professional career . Grier was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the third round ( 100th overall ) in the 2019 NFL Draft . On December 16 , 2019 it was announced that Grier would be making his first career start in week 16 against the Indianapolis Colts . During the game , Grier threw for 224 yards and three interceptions and rushed for 17 yards during the 38–6 loss . In Week 17 against the New Orleans Saints , Grier threw for four yards and a pick-six before exiting the game due to a foot injury in the second quarter . The Panthers lost the game 42–10 . Personal life . Will Grier is from Charlotte , North Carolina and is the oldest child of Chad Grier and Elizabeth Grier-Floyd . His father is a football coach and was a former quarterback for the East Carolina Pirates . He has two brothers , Nash and Hayes , a half-sister , Skylynn Elizabeth Floyd and a half-brother , John Henry Hank Grier . Nash , Hayes and Skylynn were popular users of Vine , the defunct video sharing service . Grier is married to Jeanne Marie ONeil Grier and their first daughter , Eloise Marie Grier , was born on November 10 , 2016 . She gave birth to their second daughter , Adeline James Grier , on January 28 , 2020 . External links . - Florida Gators bio - West Virginia Mountaineers bio |
[
"Haarlem"
]
| easy | Where did Judith Leyster work from 1629 to 1636? | /wiki/Judith_Leyster#P937#0 | Judith Leyster Judith Jans Leyster ( also Leijster ; c . July 28 , 1609 – February 10 , 1660 ) was a Dutch Golden Age painter . She painted genre works , portraits and still lifes . Although her work was highly regarded by her contemporaries , Leyster and her work became almost forgotten after her death . Her entire oeuvre was attributed to Frans Hals or to her husband , Jan Miense Molenaer , until 1893 . It wasnt until the late 19th century that she was recognized for her artistic abilities . Biography . Leyster was born in Haarlem , the eighth child of Jan Willemsz Leyster , a local brewer and clothmaker . While the details of her training are uncertain , she was mentioned in a Dutch book by Samuel Ampzing titled Beschrijvinge ende lof der stadt Haerlem ( 1928 ) . Some scholars speculate that Leyster pursued a career in painting to help support her family after her fathers bankruptcy . She may have learned painting from Frans Pietersz de Grebber , who was running a respected workshop in Haarlem in the 1620s . During this time her family moved to the province of Utrecht , and she may have come into contact with some of the Utrecht Caravaggisti . Her first known signed work is dated 1629 . By 1633 , she was a member of the Haarlem Guild of St . Luke . There is some debate as to who was the first woman registered by the Guild , with some sources saying it was Leyster in 1633 and others saying it was Sara van Baalbergen in 1631 . Dozens of other female artists may have been admitted to the Guild of St . Luke during the 17th century ; however , the medium in which they worked was often not listed – at this time artists working in embroidery , pottery painting , metal and wood were included in guilds – or they were included for continuing the work of their deceased husbands . Leysters Self-Portrait , c . 1633 ( National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. ) , has been speculated to have been her presentation piece to the Guild . This work marks a historical shift from the rigidity of earlier womens self-portraits in favor of a more relaxed , dynamic pose . It is very relaxed by the standards of other Dutch portrait and comparable mainly to some by Frans Hals ; although it seems unlikely that she wore such formal clothes when painting in oils , especially the very wide lace collar . Within two years of entering the Guild , Leyster had taken on three male apprentices . Records show that Leyster sued Frans Hals for accepting a student who left her workshop for his without first obtaining the Guilds permission . The students mother paid Leyster four guilders in punitive damages , only half of what Leyster asked for , and Hals settled his part of the lawsuit by paying a three-guilder fine rather than return the apprentice . Leyster herself was fined for not having registered the apprentice with the Guild . Following her lawsuit with Frans Hals , Leysters paintings received greater recognition . In 1636 , Leyster married Jan Miense Molenaer , a more prolific artist than herself who worked on similar subjects . In hopes of better economic prospects , the couple moved to Amsterdam where Molenaer already had clients . They remained there for eleven years before returning to Heemstede in the Haarlem area . There they shared a studio in a small house located in the present-day Groenendaal Park . Leyster and Molenaer had five children , only two of whom survived to adulthood . Most of Leysters dated works antedate her marriage and are dated between 1629 and 1635 . There are few known pieces by her painted after 1635 : two illustrations in a book about tulips from 1643 , a portrait from 1652 , and a still life from 1654 that was discovered in a private collection in the 21st century . Leyster may have worked collaboratively with her husband as well . She died in 1660 , aged 50 . She was buried at a farm just outside of Haarlem , and her artwork not on display or recognized as hers for close to 200 years . The fact that the inventory of her estate attributed many of the paintings to the wife of Molenaer , not to Judith Leyster , may have contributed to the misattribution of her work to her husband . Work . She signed her works with a monogram of her initials JL with a star attached . This was a play on words : Leister meant Lead star in Dutch and for Dutch mariners of the time it was the common name for the North Star . The Leistar was the name of her fathers brewery in Haarlem . Only occasionally did she sign her works with her full name . She specialized in portrait-like genre scenes , typically of one to three figures , who generally exude good cheer and are shown against a plain background . Many are children ; others men with drink . Leyster was particularly innovative in her domestic genre scenes . These are quiet scenes of women at home , often with candle- or lamplight , particularly from a womans point of view . The Proposition ( Mauritshuis , The Hague ) is an unusual variant on these scenes , said by some to show a girl receiving unwelcome advances , instead of depicting a willing prostitute , the more common scene under such a title . However , this interpretation is not universally accepted . Much of her other work , especially in music-makers , was similar in nature to that of many of her contemporaries , such as her husband Molenaer , the brothers Frans and Dirck Hals , Jan Steen , and the Utrecht Caravaggisti Hendrick Terbrugghen and Gerrit van Honthorst . Their genre paintings , generally of taverns and other scenes of entertainment , catered to the tastes and interests of a growing segment of the Dutch middle class . She painted few actual portraits , and her only known history painting is David with the head of Goliath ( 1633 ) , which does not depart from her typical portrait style , with a single figure close to the front of the picture space . Leyster and Frans Hals . Although well-known during her lifetime and esteemed by her contemporaries , Leyster and her work were largely forgotten after her death . She was rediscovered in 1893 , when a painting admired for over a century as a work of Frans Hals was recognized as hers . Leysters work was criticized as showing the weakness of the feminine hand while many of her paintings were attributed to Frans Hals . The confusion – or perhaps deceit – may date to Leysters lifetime . Sir Luke Schaud acquired a Leyster , The Jolly Companions , as a Hals in the 1600s . The work ended up with a dealer , Wertheimer of Bond Street , London , who described it as one of the finest Hals paintings . Sir John Millars agreed with the Wertheimer about the authenticity and value of the painting . Wertheimer sold the painting to an English firm for £4,500 . This firm , in turn , sold the painting as a Hals to Baron Schlichting in Paris . In 1893 the Louvre found Leysters monogram under the fabricated signature of Hals . It is not clear when the false signature had been added . When the original signature was discovered , Baron Schlichting sued the English firm , who in turn attempted to rescind their own purchase and get their money back from the art dealer , Wertheimer . The case was settled in court on 31 May 1893 , with the plaintiffs ( the unnamed English firm ) agreeing to keep the painting for £3,500 + £500 costs . During the legal proceedings , there was no consideration for the work as an object of value under its new history : at no time did anyone throw his cap in the air and rejoice that another painter , capable of equalling Hals at his best , had been discovered . Another version of The Jolly Companions had been sold in Brussels in 1890 and bore Leysters monogram crudely altered to an interlocking FH . In 1893 Cornelis Hofstede de Groot wrote the first article on Leyster . He attributed seven paintings to her , six of which are signed with her distinctive monogram JL* . Art historians since then have often dismissed her as an imitator or follower of Hals , although this attitude changed somewhat in the late 20th century . Apart from the lawsuit mentioned above , the nature of Leysters professional relationship with Frans Hals is unclear ; she may have been his student or else a friendly colleague . She may have been a witness at the baptism of Hals daughter Maria in the early 1630s , since a Judith Jansder ( meaning daughter of Jan ) was recorded as a witness , but there were other Judith Janses in Haarlem . Some historians have asserted that Hals or his brother Dirck may have been Leysters teacher , owing to the close similarities between their works . Public collections . Museums holding works by Judith Leyster include the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam ; the Mauritshuis , The Hague ; the Frans Hals Museum , Haarlem ; the Louvre , Paris ; the National Gallery , London ; and the National Gallery of Art , Washington DC . In March of 2021 Leysters work was added to the Gallery of Honor at the Rijksmuseum . Leyster , Gesina ter Borch , and Rachel Ruysch are the first women to be included in the gallery . |
[
"Amsterdam"
]
| easy | Where did Judith Leyster work from 1637 to 1649? | /wiki/Judith_Leyster#P937#1 | Judith Leyster Judith Jans Leyster ( also Leijster ; c . July 28 , 1609 – February 10 , 1660 ) was a Dutch Golden Age painter . She painted genre works , portraits and still lifes . Although her work was highly regarded by her contemporaries , Leyster and her work became almost forgotten after her death . Her entire oeuvre was attributed to Frans Hals or to her husband , Jan Miense Molenaer , until 1893 . It wasnt until the late 19th century that she was recognized for her artistic abilities . Biography . Leyster was born in Haarlem , the eighth child of Jan Willemsz Leyster , a local brewer and clothmaker . While the details of her training are uncertain , she was mentioned in a Dutch book by Samuel Ampzing titled Beschrijvinge ende lof der stadt Haerlem ( 1928 ) . Some scholars speculate that Leyster pursued a career in painting to help support her family after her fathers bankruptcy . She may have learned painting from Frans Pietersz de Grebber , who was running a respected workshop in Haarlem in the 1620s . During this time her family moved to the province of Utrecht , and she may have come into contact with some of the Utrecht Caravaggisti . Her first known signed work is dated 1629 . By 1633 , she was a member of the Haarlem Guild of St . Luke . There is some debate as to who was the first woman registered by the Guild , with some sources saying it was Leyster in 1633 and others saying it was Sara van Baalbergen in 1631 . Dozens of other female artists may have been admitted to the Guild of St . Luke during the 17th century ; however , the medium in which they worked was often not listed – at this time artists working in embroidery , pottery painting , metal and wood were included in guilds – or they were included for continuing the work of their deceased husbands . Leysters Self-Portrait , c . 1633 ( National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. ) , has been speculated to have been her presentation piece to the Guild . This work marks a historical shift from the rigidity of earlier womens self-portraits in favor of a more relaxed , dynamic pose . It is very relaxed by the standards of other Dutch portrait and comparable mainly to some by Frans Hals ; although it seems unlikely that she wore such formal clothes when painting in oils , especially the very wide lace collar . Within two years of entering the Guild , Leyster had taken on three male apprentices . Records show that Leyster sued Frans Hals for accepting a student who left her workshop for his without first obtaining the Guilds permission . The students mother paid Leyster four guilders in punitive damages , only half of what Leyster asked for , and Hals settled his part of the lawsuit by paying a three-guilder fine rather than return the apprentice . Leyster herself was fined for not having registered the apprentice with the Guild . Following her lawsuit with Frans Hals , Leysters paintings received greater recognition . In 1636 , Leyster married Jan Miense Molenaer , a more prolific artist than herself who worked on similar subjects . In hopes of better economic prospects , the couple moved to Amsterdam where Molenaer already had clients . They remained there for eleven years before returning to Heemstede in the Haarlem area . There they shared a studio in a small house located in the present-day Groenendaal Park . Leyster and Molenaer had five children , only two of whom survived to adulthood . Most of Leysters dated works antedate her marriage and are dated between 1629 and 1635 . There are few known pieces by her painted after 1635 : two illustrations in a book about tulips from 1643 , a portrait from 1652 , and a still life from 1654 that was discovered in a private collection in the 21st century . Leyster may have worked collaboratively with her husband as well . She died in 1660 , aged 50 . She was buried at a farm just outside of Haarlem , and her artwork not on display or recognized as hers for close to 200 years . The fact that the inventory of her estate attributed many of the paintings to the wife of Molenaer , not to Judith Leyster , may have contributed to the misattribution of her work to her husband . Work . She signed her works with a monogram of her initials JL with a star attached . This was a play on words : Leister meant Lead star in Dutch and for Dutch mariners of the time it was the common name for the North Star . The Leistar was the name of her fathers brewery in Haarlem . Only occasionally did she sign her works with her full name . She specialized in portrait-like genre scenes , typically of one to three figures , who generally exude good cheer and are shown against a plain background . Many are children ; others men with drink . Leyster was particularly innovative in her domestic genre scenes . These are quiet scenes of women at home , often with candle- or lamplight , particularly from a womans point of view . The Proposition ( Mauritshuis , The Hague ) is an unusual variant on these scenes , said by some to show a girl receiving unwelcome advances , instead of depicting a willing prostitute , the more common scene under such a title . However , this interpretation is not universally accepted . Much of her other work , especially in music-makers , was similar in nature to that of many of her contemporaries , such as her husband Molenaer , the brothers Frans and Dirck Hals , Jan Steen , and the Utrecht Caravaggisti Hendrick Terbrugghen and Gerrit van Honthorst . Their genre paintings , generally of taverns and other scenes of entertainment , catered to the tastes and interests of a growing segment of the Dutch middle class . She painted few actual portraits , and her only known history painting is David with the head of Goliath ( 1633 ) , which does not depart from her typical portrait style , with a single figure close to the front of the picture space . Leyster and Frans Hals . Although well-known during her lifetime and esteemed by her contemporaries , Leyster and her work were largely forgotten after her death . She was rediscovered in 1893 , when a painting admired for over a century as a work of Frans Hals was recognized as hers . Leysters work was criticized as showing the weakness of the feminine hand while many of her paintings were attributed to Frans Hals . The confusion – or perhaps deceit – may date to Leysters lifetime . Sir Luke Schaud acquired a Leyster , The Jolly Companions , as a Hals in the 1600s . The work ended up with a dealer , Wertheimer of Bond Street , London , who described it as one of the finest Hals paintings . Sir John Millars agreed with the Wertheimer about the authenticity and value of the painting . Wertheimer sold the painting to an English firm for £4,500 . This firm , in turn , sold the painting as a Hals to Baron Schlichting in Paris . In 1893 the Louvre found Leysters monogram under the fabricated signature of Hals . It is not clear when the false signature had been added . When the original signature was discovered , Baron Schlichting sued the English firm , who in turn attempted to rescind their own purchase and get their money back from the art dealer , Wertheimer . The case was settled in court on 31 May 1893 , with the plaintiffs ( the unnamed English firm ) agreeing to keep the painting for £3,500 + £500 costs . During the legal proceedings , there was no consideration for the work as an object of value under its new history : at no time did anyone throw his cap in the air and rejoice that another painter , capable of equalling Hals at his best , had been discovered . Another version of The Jolly Companions had been sold in Brussels in 1890 and bore Leysters monogram crudely altered to an interlocking FH . In 1893 Cornelis Hofstede de Groot wrote the first article on Leyster . He attributed seven paintings to her , six of which are signed with her distinctive monogram JL* . Art historians since then have often dismissed her as an imitator or follower of Hals , although this attitude changed somewhat in the late 20th century . Apart from the lawsuit mentioned above , the nature of Leysters professional relationship with Frans Hals is unclear ; she may have been his student or else a friendly colleague . She may have been a witness at the baptism of Hals daughter Maria in the early 1630s , since a Judith Jansder ( meaning daughter of Jan ) was recorded as a witness , but there were other Judith Janses in Haarlem . Some historians have asserted that Hals or his brother Dirck may have been Leysters teacher , owing to the close similarities between their works . Public collections . Museums holding works by Judith Leyster include the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam ; the Mauritshuis , The Hague ; the Frans Hals Museum , Haarlem ; the Louvre , Paris ; the National Gallery , London ; and the National Gallery of Art , Washington DC . In March of 2021 Leysters work was added to the Gallery of Honor at the Rijksmuseum . Leyster , Gesina ter Borch , and Rachel Ruysch are the first women to be included in the gallery . |
[
"Haarlem"
]
| easy | Judith Leyster worked in which location from 1649 to 1655? | /wiki/Judith_Leyster#P937#2 | Judith Leyster Judith Jans Leyster ( also Leijster ; c . July 28 , 1609 – February 10 , 1660 ) was a Dutch Golden Age painter . She painted genre works , portraits and still lifes . Although her work was highly regarded by her contemporaries , Leyster and her work became almost forgotten after her death . Her entire oeuvre was attributed to Frans Hals or to her husband , Jan Miense Molenaer , until 1893 . It wasnt until the late 19th century that she was recognized for her artistic abilities . Biography . Leyster was born in Haarlem , the eighth child of Jan Willemsz Leyster , a local brewer and clothmaker . While the details of her training are uncertain , she was mentioned in a Dutch book by Samuel Ampzing titled Beschrijvinge ende lof der stadt Haerlem ( 1928 ) . Some scholars speculate that Leyster pursued a career in painting to help support her family after her fathers bankruptcy . She may have learned painting from Frans Pietersz de Grebber , who was running a respected workshop in Haarlem in the 1620s . During this time her family moved to the province of Utrecht , and she may have come into contact with some of the Utrecht Caravaggisti . Her first known signed work is dated 1629 . By 1633 , she was a member of the Haarlem Guild of St . Luke . There is some debate as to who was the first woman registered by the Guild , with some sources saying it was Leyster in 1633 and others saying it was Sara van Baalbergen in 1631 . Dozens of other female artists may have been admitted to the Guild of St . Luke during the 17th century ; however , the medium in which they worked was often not listed – at this time artists working in embroidery , pottery painting , metal and wood were included in guilds – or they were included for continuing the work of their deceased husbands . Leysters Self-Portrait , c . 1633 ( National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. ) , has been speculated to have been her presentation piece to the Guild . This work marks a historical shift from the rigidity of earlier womens self-portraits in favor of a more relaxed , dynamic pose . It is very relaxed by the standards of other Dutch portrait and comparable mainly to some by Frans Hals ; although it seems unlikely that she wore such formal clothes when painting in oils , especially the very wide lace collar . Within two years of entering the Guild , Leyster had taken on three male apprentices . Records show that Leyster sued Frans Hals for accepting a student who left her workshop for his without first obtaining the Guilds permission . The students mother paid Leyster four guilders in punitive damages , only half of what Leyster asked for , and Hals settled his part of the lawsuit by paying a three-guilder fine rather than return the apprentice . Leyster herself was fined for not having registered the apprentice with the Guild . Following her lawsuit with Frans Hals , Leysters paintings received greater recognition . In 1636 , Leyster married Jan Miense Molenaer , a more prolific artist than herself who worked on similar subjects . In hopes of better economic prospects , the couple moved to Amsterdam where Molenaer already had clients . They remained there for eleven years before returning to Heemstede in the Haarlem area . There they shared a studio in a small house located in the present-day Groenendaal Park . Leyster and Molenaer had five children , only two of whom survived to adulthood . Most of Leysters dated works antedate her marriage and are dated between 1629 and 1635 . There are few known pieces by her painted after 1635 : two illustrations in a book about tulips from 1643 , a portrait from 1652 , and a still life from 1654 that was discovered in a private collection in the 21st century . Leyster may have worked collaboratively with her husband as well . She died in 1660 , aged 50 . She was buried at a farm just outside of Haarlem , and her artwork not on display or recognized as hers for close to 200 years . The fact that the inventory of her estate attributed many of the paintings to the wife of Molenaer , not to Judith Leyster , may have contributed to the misattribution of her work to her husband . Work . She signed her works with a monogram of her initials JL with a star attached . This was a play on words : Leister meant Lead star in Dutch and for Dutch mariners of the time it was the common name for the North Star . The Leistar was the name of her fathers brewery in Haarlem . Only occasionally did she sign her works with her full name . She specialized in portrait-like genre scenes , typically of one to three figures , who generally exude good cheer and are shown against a plain background . Many are children ; others men with drink . Leyster was particularly innovative in her domestic genre scenes . These are quiet scenes of women at home , often with candle- or lamplight , particularly from a womans point of view . The Proposition ( Mauritshuis , The Hague ) is an unusual variant on these scenes , said by some to show a girl receiving unwelcome advances , instead of depicting a willing prostitute , the more common scene under such a title . However , this interpretation is not universally accepted . Much of her other work , especially in music-makers , was similar in nature to that of many of her contemporaries , such as her husband Molenaer , the brothers Frans and Dirck Hals , Jan Steen , and the Utrecht Caravaggisti Hendrick Terbrugghen and Gerrit van Honthorst . Their genre paintings , generally of taverns and other scenes of entertainment , catered to the tastes and interests of a growing segment of the Dutch middle class . She painted few actual portraits , and her only known history painting is David with the head of Goliath ( 1633 ) , which does not depart from her typical portrait style , with a single figure close to the front of the picture space . Leyster and Frans Hals . Although well-known during her lifetime and esteemed by her contemporaries , Leyster and her work were largely forgotten after her death . She was rediscovered in 1893 , when a painting admired for over a century as a work of Frans Hals was recognized as hers . Leysters work was criticized as showing the weakness of the feminine hand while many of her paintings were attributed to Frans Hals . The confusion – or perhaps deceit – may date to Leysters lifetime . Sir Luke Schaud acquired a Leyster , The Jolly Companions , as a Hals in the 1600s . The work ended up with a dealer , Wertheimer of Bond Street , London , who described it as one of the finest Hals paintings . Sir John Millars agreed with the Wertheimer about the authenticity and value of the painting . Wertheimer sold the painting to an English firm for £4,500 . This firm , in turn , sold the painting as a Hals to Baron Schlichting in Paris . In 1893 the Louvre found Leysters monogram under the fabricated signature of Hals . It is not clear when the false signature had been added . When the original signature was discovered , Baron Schlichting sued the English firm , who in turn attempted to rescind their own purchase and get their money back from the art dealer , Wertheimer . The case was settled in court on 31 May 1893 , with the plaintiffs ( the unnamed English firm ) agreeing to keep the painting for £3,500 + £500 costs . During the legal proceedings , there was no consideration for the work as an object of value under its new history : at no time did anyone throw his cap in the air and rejoice that another painter , capable of equalling Hals at his best , had been discovered . Another version of The Jolly Companions had been sold in Brussels in 1890 and bore Leysters monogram crudely altered to an interlocking FH . In 1893 Cornelis Hofstede de Groot wrote the first article on Leyster . He attributed seven paintings to her , six of which are signed with her distinctive monogram JL* . Art historians since then have often dismissed her as an imitator or follower of Hals , although this attitude changed somewhat in the late 20th century . Apart from the lawsuit mentioned above , the nature of Leysters professional relationship with Frans Hals is unclear ; she may have been his student or else a friendly colleague . She may have been a witness at the baptism of Hals daughter Maria in the early 1630s , since a Judith Jansder ( meaning daughter of Jan ) was recorded as a witness , but there were other Judith Janses in Haarlem . Some historians have asserted that Hals or his brother Dirck may have been Leysters teacher , owing to the close similarities between their works . Public collections . Museums holding works by Judith Leyster include the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam ; the Mauritshuis , The Hague ; the Frans Hals Museum , Haarlem ; the Louvre , Paris ; the National Gallery , London ; and the National Gallery of Art , Washington DC . In March of 2021 Leysters work was added to the Gallery of Honor at the Rijksmuseum . Leyster , Gesina ter Borch , and Rachel Ruysch are the first women to be included in the gallery . |
[
"Amsterdam"
]
| easy | What was the working location for Judith Leyster from 1655 to 1656? | /wiki/Judith_Leyster#P937#3 | Judith Leyster Judith Jans Leyster ( also Leijster ; c . July 28 , 1609 – February 10 , 1660 ) was a Dutch Golden Age painter . She painted genre works , portraits and still lifes . Although her work was highly regarded by her contemporaries , Leyster and her work became almost forgotten after her death . Her entire oeuvre was attributed to Frans Hals or to her husband , Jan Miense Molenaer , until 1893 . It wasnt until the late 19th century that she was recognized for her artistic abilities . Biography . Leyster was born in Haarlem , the eighth child of Jan Willemsz Leyster , a local brewer and clothmaker . While the details of her training are uncertain , she was mentioned in a Dutch book by Samuel Ampzing titled Beschrijvinge ende lof der stadt Haerlem ( 1928 ) . Some scholars speculate that Leyster pursued a career in painting to help support her family after her fathers bankruptcy . She may have learned painting from Frans Pietersz de Grebber , who was running a respected workshop in Haarlem in the 1620s . During this time her family moved to the province of Utrecht , and she may have come into contact with some of the Utrecht Caravaggisti . Her first known signed work is dated 1629 . By 1633 , she was a member of the Haarlem Guild of St . Luke . There is some debate as to who was the first woman registered by the Guild , with some sources saying it was Leyster in 1633 and others saying it was Sara van Baalbergen in 1631 . Dozens of other female artists may have been admitted to the Guild of St . Luke during the 17th century ; however , the medium in which they worked was often not listed – at this time artists working in embroidery , pottery painting , metal and wood were included in guilds – or they were included for continuing the work of their deceased husbands . Leysters Self-Portrait , c . 1633 ( National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. ) , has been speculated to have been her presentation piece to the Guild . This work marks a historical shift from the rigidity of earlier womens self-portraits in favor of a more relaxed , dynamic pose . It is very relaxed by the standards of other Dutch portrait and comparable mainly to some by Frans Hals ; although it seems unlikely that she wore such formal clothes when painting in oils , especially the very wide lace collar . Within two years of entering the Guild , Leyster had taken on three male apprentices . Records show that Leyster sued Frans Hals for accepting a student who left her workshop for his without first obtaining the Guilds permission . The students mother paid Leyster four guilders in punitive damages , only half of what Leyster asked for , and Hals settled his part of the lawsuit by paying a three-guilder fine rather than return the apprentice . Leyster herself was fined for not having registered the apprentice with the Guild . Following her lawsuit with Frans Hals , Leysters paintings received greater recognition . In 1636 , Leyster married Jan Miense Molenaer , a more prolific artist than herself who worked on similar subjects . In hopes of better economic prospects , the couple moved to Amsterdam where Molenaer already had clients . They remained there for eleven years before returning to Heemstede in the Haarlem area . There they shared a studio in a small house located in the present-day Groenendaal Park . Leyster and Molenaer had five children , only two of whom survived to adulthood . Most of Leysters dated works antedate her marriage and are dated between 1629 and 1635 . There are few known pieces by her painted after 1635 : two illustrations in a book about tulips from 1643 , a portrait from 1652 , and a still life from 1654 that was discovered in a private collection in the 21st century . Leyster may have worked collaboratively with her husband as well . She died in 1660 , aged 50 . She was buried at a farm just outside of Haarlem , and her artwork not on display or recognized as hers for close to 200 years . The fact that the inventory of her estate attributed many of the paintings to the wife of Molenaer , not to Judith Leyster , may have contributed to the misattribution of her work to her husband . Work . She signed her works with a monogram of her initials JL with a star attached . This was a play on words : Leister meant Lead star in Dutch and for Dutch mariners of the time it was the common name for the North Star . The Leistar was the name of her fathers brewery in Haarlem . Only occasionally did she sign her works with her full name . She specialized in portrait-like genre scenes , typically of one to three figures , who generally exude good cheer and are shown against a plain background . Many are children ; others men with drink . Leyster was particularly innovative in her domestic genre scenes . These are quiet scenes of women at home , often with candle- or lamplight , particularly from a womans point of view . The Proposition ( Mauritshuis , The Hague ) is an unusual variant on these scenes , said by some to show a girl receiving unwelcome advances , instead of depicting a willing prostitute , the more common scene under such a title . However , this interpretation is not universally accepted . Much of her other work , especially in music-makers , was similar in nature to that of many of her contemporaries , such as her husband Molenaer , the brothers Frans and Dirck Hals , Jan Steen , and the Utrecht Caravaggisti Hendrick Terbrugghen and Gerrit van Honthorst . Their genre paintings , generally of taverns and other scenes of entertainment , catered to the tastes and interests of a growing segment of the Dutch middle class . She painted few actual portraits , and her only known history painting is David with the head of Goliath ( 1633 ) , which does not depart from her typical portrait style , with a single figure close to the front of the picture space . Leyster and Frans Hals . Although well-known during her lifetime and esteemed by her contemporaries , Leyster and her work were largely forgotten after her death . She was rediscovered in 1893 , when a painting admired for over a century as a work of Frans Hals was recognized as hers . Leysters work was criticized as showing the weakness of the feminine hand while many of her paintings were attributed to Frans Hals . The confusion – or perhaps deceit – may date to Leysters lifetime . Sir Luke Schaud acquired a Leyster , The Jolly Companions , as a Hals in the 1600s . The work ended up with a dealer , Wertheimer of Bond Street , London , who described it as one of the finest Hals paintings . Sir John Millars agreed with the Wertheimer about the authenticity and value of the painting . Wertheimer sold the painting to an English firm for £4,500 . This firm , in turn , sold the painting as a Hals to Baron Schlichting in Paris . In 1893 the Louvre found Leysters monogram under the fabricated signature of Hals . It is not clear when the false signature had been added . When the original signature was discovered , Baron Schlichting sued the English firm , who in turn attempted to rescind their own purchase and get their money back from the art dealer , Wertheimer . The case was settled in court on 31 May 1893 , with the plaintiffs ( the unnamed English firm ) agreeing to keep the painting for £3,500 + £500 costs . During the legal proceedings , there was no consideration for the work as an object of value under its new history : at no time did anyone throw his cap in the air and rejoice that another painter , capable of equalling Hals at his best , had been discovered . Another version of The Jolly Companions had been sold in Brussels in 1890 and bore Leysters monogram crudely altered to an interlocking FH . In 1893 Cornelis Hofstede de Groot wrote the first article on Leyster . He attributed seven paintings to her , six of which are signed with her distinctive monogram JL* . Art historians since then have often dismissed her as an imitator or follower of Hals , although this attitude changed somewhat in the late 20th century . Apart from the lawsuit mentioned above , the nature of Leysters professional relationship with Frans Hals is unclear ; she may have been his student or else a friendly colleague . She may have been a witness at the baptism of Hals daughter Maria in the early 1630s , since a Judith Jansder ( meaning daughter of Jan ) was recorded as a witness , but there were other Judith Janses in Haarlem . Some historians have asserted that Hals or his brother Dirck may have been Leysters teacher , owing to the close similarities between their works . Public collections . Museums holding works by Judith Leyster include the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam ; the Mauritshuis , The Hague ; the Frans Hals Museum , Haarlem ; the Louvre , Paris ; the National Gallery , London ; and the National Gallery of Art , Washington DC . In March of 2021 Leysters work was added to the Gallery of Honor at the Rijksmuseum . Leyster , Gesina ter Borch , and Rachel Ruysch are the first women to be included in the gallery . |
[
"Silver Spring , Maryland"
]
| easy | Where was Washington Christian Academy taking place from 1960 to 1982? | /wiki/Washington_Christian_Academy#P276#0 | Washington Christian Academy Washington Christian Academy ( WCA ) is a private Christian school , established in 1960 , in Silver Spring , Maryland , and located in Olney , Maryland , at a new campus that was completed in 2008 . History . Formation . Washington Christian Academy was formed when local families from Presbyterian and Christian Reformed churches in the area felt the need for a strong , biblically based and diverse school in the Washington metropolitan area . For the time , the school defied cultural values and created a school that specifically named diversity as one of its top qualities . The school was formed as Washington Christian School in 1960 for grades K-4 . WCS grew gradually , and in 1982 it leased a larger building from the county on Franwall Avenue in Silver Spring , which allowed it to add a middle school and offer instruction through the eighth grade . WCS expanded again in 1996 when it merged with the nearby Silver Spring Christian Academy ( a local high school formed by parents of WCS alumni ) , forming Washington Christian Academy ( Pre K-12 ) . Transition . During the 2004-2005 school year , Washington Christian Academy was notified that it would need to leave the rented facility the following year as the building was to be torn down to construct a new public school . For the three years from the fall of 2005 through the spring of 2008 , Washington Christian Academy rented space for its elementary school in Colesville Baptist Church off of New Hampshire Avenue in Silver Spring , and likewise rented space for the middle and high schools in Global Mission Church on Georgia Avenue in nearby Aspen Hill . During this transition period , Washington Christian Academy was able to purchase land and build a new facility , which opened in the summer of 2008 . New Campus . Washington Christian Academy opened its newly constructed facility in Olney for the fall semester of 2008 . The new building provided the school with an increase in available space and opportunity for future expansion . The new WCA property is in size , with about of land currently developed , including the new building , gym , baseball and soccer fields and parking areas . Athletics . With the opening of its new Olney campus , WCA also gained a number of modern athletic facilities : including a gymnasium with a hardwood basketball court and seating for up to 300 , a multi-purpose athletic field employed for soccer and numerous other sports and a baseball field . WCA offers the following sports : boys soccer , girls soccer , girls volleyball , boys basketball , girls basketball , cheerleading , baseball , softball , coed track team , coed cross country team and coed golf . WCA has competed in the Maryland Independent Schools Athletic League ( MISAL ) for many years , but has now accepted provisional membership into the Potomac Valley Athletic Conference ( PVAC ) for the 2012-2013 school year . Many teams have had success in the MISAL and hope to continue that success in the PVAC . The WCA Mens Varsity soccer in 2010-11 won the championship game . After a few years of rebuilding , WCAs soccer program was able to get back on its feet . Within 2015-2017 , the Varsity Boys won back-to-back ; the PVAC Division along with the PVAC Championship capped off with two Maryland Christian State Tournament ( MCST ) Championship final appearances which one game was won . In 2017 , they won the Championship Final of the MCST versus Holly Grove Christian School . Within the new expanded PVAC Conference of 11 teams , the boys finished fourth behind Washington International School , Sandy Spring Friends School , and Berman Hebrew Academy . In recent years , WCA teams have won the following : 2018-2019 - Varsity Boys Soccer Maryland Christian State Tournament Champions 2017-2018 - Varsity Boys Soccer Maryland Christian State Tournament Champions 2016-2017 - Varsity Girls Soccer PVAC Division Champions - Varsity Boys Soccer PVAC Division Champions - Varsity Boys Soccer PVAC Tournament Champions - Varsity Boys Soccer Maryland Christian State Tournament Runner-Up 2015-2016 - Varsity Boys Soccer Division Champions 2014-2015 - Varsity Softball League Runner-Up 2013-2014 - Varsity Volleyball Conference Runner-Up - Varsity Boys Soccer Conference Runner-Up - Varsity Softball League Championship 2012-2013 - Varsity Girls Soccer Conference Championship 2011-2012 - Varsity Softball League Championship - Varsity Volleyball League Championship - Middle School Boys Basketball League Championship 2010-2011 - Varsity Boys Soccer League Championship - Middle School Baseball League Championship 2009-2010 - Varsity Boys Basketball League Championship - Varsity Girls Basketball MCST D1 Championship - Varsity Girls Basketball League Championship - Varsity Softball League Championship - Middle School Boys Basketball League Championship 2008-2009 - Varsity Boys Basketball MCST D1 Championship - Varsity Softball League Championship Affiliations . - Christian Schools International ( CSI ) - Middle States Association Commissions on Elementary and Secondary Schools ( MSA-CESS ) |
[
"Silver Spring , Maryland"
]
| easy | Washington Christian Academy took place in which location from 1996 to 2008? | /wiki/Washington_Christian_Academy#P276#1 | Washington Christian Academy Washington Christian Academy ( WCA ) is a private Christian school , established in 1960 , in Silver Spring , Maryland , and located in Olney , Maryland , at a new campus that was completed in 2008 . History . Formation . Washington Christian Academy was formed when local families from Presbyterian and Christian Reformed churches in the area felt the need for a strong , biblically based and diverse school in the Washington metropolitan area . For the time , the school defied cultural values and created a school that specifically named diversity as one of its top qualities . The school was formed as Washington Christian School in 1960 for grades K-4 . WCS grew gradually , and in 1982 it leased a larger building from the county on Franwall Avenue in Silver Spring , which allowed it to add a middle school and offer instruction through the eighth grade . WCS expanded again in 1996 when it merged with the nearby Silver Spring Christian Academy ( a local high school formed by parents of WCS alumni ) , forming Washington Christian Academy ( Pre K-12 ) . Transition . During the 2004-2005 school year , Washington Christian Academy was notified that it would need to leave the rented facility the following year as the building was to be torn down to construct a new public school . For the three years from the fall of 2005 through the spring of 2008 , Washington Christian Academy rented space for its elementary school in Colesville Baptist Church off of New Hampshire Avenue in Silver Spring , and likewise rented space for the middle and high schools in Global Mission Church on Georgia Avenue in nearby Aspen Hill . During this transition period , Washington Christian Academy was able to purchase land and build a new facility , which opened in the summer of 2008 . New Campus . Washington Christian Academy opened its newly constructed facility in Olney for the fall semester of 2008 . The new building provided the school with an increase in available space and opportunity for future expansion . The new WCA property is in size , with about of land currently developed , including the new building , gym , baseball and soccer fields and parking areas . Athletics . With the opening of its new Olney campus , WCA also gained a number of modern athletic facilities : including a gymnasium with a hardwood basketball court and seating for up to 300 , a multi-purpose athletic field employed for soccer and numerous other sports and a baseball field . WCA offers the following sports : boys soccer , girls soccer , girls volleyball , boys basketball , girls basketball , cheerleading , baseball , softball , coed track team , coed cross country team and coed golf . WCA has competed in the Maryland Independent Schools Athletic League ( MISAL ) for many years , but has now accepted provisional membership into the Potomac Valley Athletic Conference ( PVAC ) for the 2012-2013 school year . Many teams have had success in the MISAL and hope to continue that success in the PVAC . The WCA Mens Varsity soccer in 2010-11 won the championship game . After a few years of rebuilding , WCAs soccer program was able to get back on its feet . Within 2015-2017 , the Varsity Boys won back-to-back ; the PVAC Division along with the PVAC Championship capped off with two Maryland Christian State Tournament ( MCST ) Championship final appearances which one game was won . In 2017 , they won the Championship Final of the MCST versus Holly Grove Christian School . Within the new expanded PVAC Conference of 11 teams , the boys finished fourth behind Washington International School , Sandy Spring Friends School , and Berman Hebrew Academy . In recent years , WCA teams have won the following : 2018-2019 - Varsity Boys Soccer Maryland Christian State Tournament Champions 2017-2018 - Varsity Boys Soccer Maryland Christian State Tournament Champions 2016-2017 - Varsity Girls Soccer PVAC Division Champions - Varsity Boys Soccer PVAC Division Champions - Varsity Boys Soccer PVAC Tournament Champions - Varsity Boys Soccer Maryland Christian State Tournament Runner-Up 2015-2016 - Varsity Boys Soccer Division Champions 2014-2015 - Varsity Softball League Runner-Up 2013-2014 - Varsity Volleyball Conference Runner-Up - Varsity Boys Soccer Conference Runner-Up - Varsity Softball League Championship 2012-2013 - Varsity Girls Soccer Conference Championship 2011-2012 - Varsity Softball League Championship - Varsity Volleyball League Championship - Middle School Boys Basketball League Championship 2010-2011 - Varsity Boys Soccer League Championship - Middle School Baseball League Championship 2009-2010 - Varsity Boys Basketball League Championship - Varsity Girls Basketball MCST D1 Championship - Varsity Girls Basketball League Championship - Varsity Softball League Championship - Middle School Boys Basketball League Championship 2008-2009 - Varsity Boys Basketball MCST D1 Championship - Varsity Softball League Championship Affiliations . - Christian Schools International ( CSI ) - Middle States Association Commissions on Elementary and Secondary Schools ( MSA-CESS ) |
[
"Olney , Maryland"
]
| easy | Where was Washington Christian Academy located from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Washington_Christian_Academy#P276#2 | Washington Christian Academy Washington Christian Academy ( WCA ) is a private Christian school , established in 1960 , in Silver Spring , Maryland , and located in Olney , Maryland , at a new campus that was completed in 2008 . History . Formation . Washington Christian Academy was formed when local families from Presbyterian and Christian Reformed churches in the area felt the need for a strong , biblically based and diverse school in the Washington metropolitan area . For the time , the school defied cultural values and created a school that specifically named diversity as one of its top qualities . The school was formed as Washington Christian School in 1960 for grades K-4 . WCS grew gradually , and in 1982 it leased a larger building from the county on Franwall Avenue in Silver Spring , which allowed it to add a middle school and offer instruction through the eighth grade . WCS expanded again in 1996 when it merged with the nearby Silver Spring Christian Academy ( a local high school formed by parents of WCS alumni ) , forming Washington Christian Academy ( Pre K-12 ) . Transition . During the 2004-2005 school year , Washington Christian Academy was notified that it would need to leave the rented facility the following year as the building was to be torn down to construct a new public school . For the three years from the fall of 2005 through the spring of 2008 , Washington Christian Academy rented space for its elementary school in Colesville Baptist Church off of New Hampshire Avenue in Silver Spring , and likewise rented space for the middle and high schools in Global Mission Church on Georgia Avenue in nearby Aspen Hill . During this transition period , Washington Christian Academy was able to purchase land and build a new facility , which opened in the summer of 2008 . New Campus . Washington Christian Academy opened its newly constructed facility in Olney for the fall semester of 2008 . The new building provided the school with an increase in available space and opportunity for future expansion . The new WCA property is in size , with about of land currently developed , including the new building , gym , baseball and soccer fields and parking areas . Athletics . With the opening of its new Olney campus , WCA also gained a number of modern athletic facilities : including a gymnasium with a hardwood basketball court and seating for up to 300 , a multi-purpose athletic field employed for soccer and numerous other sports and a baseball field . WCA offers the following sports : boys soccer , girls soccer , girls volleyball , boys basketball , girls basketball , cheerleading , baseball , softball , coed track team , coed cross country team and coed golf . WCA has competed in the Maryland Independent Schools Athletic League ( MISAL ) for many years , but has now accepted provisional membership into the Potomac Valley Athletic Conference ( PVAC ) for the 2012-2013 school year . Many teams have had success in the MISAL and hope to continue that success in the PVAC . The WCA Mens Varsity soccer in 2010-11 won the championship game . After a few years of rebuilding , WCAs soccer program was able to get back on its feet . Within 2015-2017 , the Varsity Boys won back-to-back ; the PVAC Division along with the PVAC Championship capped off with two Maryland Christian State Tournament ( MCST ) Championship final appearances which one game was won . In 2017 , they won the Championship Final of the MCST versus Holly Grove Christian School . Within the new expanded PVAC Conference of 11 teams , the boys finished fourth behind Washington International School , Sandy Spring Friends School , and Berman Hebrew Academy . In recent years , WCA teams have won the following : 2018-2019 - Varsity Boys Soccer Maryland Christian State Tournament Champions 2017-2018 - Varsity Boys Soccer Maryland Christian State Tournament Champions 2016-2017 - Varsity Girls Soccer PVAC Division Champions - Varsity Boys Soccer PVAC Division Champions - Varsity Boys Soccer PVAC Tournament Champions - Varsity Boys Soccer Maryland Christian State Tournament Runner-Up 2015-2016 - Varsity Boys Soccer Division Champions 2014-2015 - Varsity Softball League Runner-Up 2013-2014 - Varsity Volleyball Conference Runner-Up - Varsity Boys Soccer Conference Runner-Up - Varsity Softball League Championship 2012-2013 - Varsity Girls Soccer Conference Championship 2011-2012 - Varsity Softball League Championship - Varsity Volleyball League Championship - Middle School Boys Basketball League Championship 2010-2011 - Varsity Boys Soccer League Championship - Middle School Baseball League Championship 2009-2010 - Varsity Boys Basketball League Championship - Varsity Girls Basketball MCST D1 Championship - Varsity Girls Basketball League Championship - Varsity Softball League Championship - Middle School Boys Basketball League Championship 2008-2009 - Varsity Boys Basketball MCST D1 Championship - Varsity Softball League Championship Affiliations . - Christian Schools International ( CSI ) - Middle States Association Commissions on Elementary and Secondary Schools ( MSA-CESS ) |
[
""
]
| easy | Daniel Amokachi played for which team from 1989 to 1990? | /wiki/Daniel_Amokachi#P54#0 | Daniel Amokachi Daniel Owefin Amokachi ( born 30 December 1972 ) is a Nigerian former professional footballer , and former assistant manager of the Nigeria national football team . He has been a technical director since 2006 . With World Cup performances , he was third in the African Footballer of the Year award three times . As a forward , he was known for his speed , technique and physical strength , which earned him the nicknames Black Bull and Black Train . Amokachi , who is also very popular and well known in his country , contributed to Nigerias top two tournaments to the World Cup along with his attack partner Emmanuel Amunike . Amokachi scored the first goal of the UEFA Champions League with Club Brugge on 25 November 1992 , beating CSKA Moscow 1–0 . Club career . Amokachi , nicknamed The Bull , was discovered while playing for Ranchers Bees by Nigerian national team coach Clemens Westerhof , who brought the talented player to the 1990 African Nations Cup , and soon Amokachi moved to play for Club Brugge in Belgium . He competed in the new format of the Champions League , and became the first player to score in the competition , after his goal secured a 1–0 win in the opening match in the group stage against CSKA Moscow . Performing well in Belgium and at the 1994 World Cup , Everton became interested in Amokachi and their manager Mike Walker signed him for a fee of £3,000,000 ( $4,700,000 ) . He went on to win the FA Cup with Everton in 1995 , scoring two goals in the semi-final against Tottenham Hotspur after substituting himself into the match while Paul Rideout was receiving treatment ( the manager Joe Royle had only instructed him to warm up in preparation for possibly coming on ) . He appeared in the final only briefly , late on , again as a substitute but is remembered fondly for his beret-wearing celebrations afterwards . He remained at Everton until the end of the 1995–96 season , when he was transferred to Beşiktaş of Turkey for a fee of £1.75million . He had failed to make the impact at Goodison Park that many fans had been hoping for , and had been unable to win a regular place in the first team , as Rideout and Duncan Ferguson were firmly established as Evertons two strikers at that stage . He did , however , stand in for Ferguson while he spent six weeks in prison during the autumn of 1995 for an offence committed in Scotland 18 months earlier . After leaving Beşiktaş in 1999 , his playing career more or less ended . He signed with 1860 Munich , but the contract was cancelled after he failed a medical test . In turn he was rejected by Tranmere Rovers for the same reason . Amokachi trained with French second division side US Créteil , but the deal was hampered by injuries . American MLS team Colorado Rapids signed him in 2002 , but seeing he was not fit enough they released him before a single match was played . He went to play in the United Arab Emirates , but was denied again due to his medical condition . International career . He played many international matches for Nigeria , and was part of the team that participated in the 1994 FIFA World Cup and 1998 FIFA World Cup and won the 1994 African Nations Cup . He also helped win the Olympic gold medal in 1996 , scoring in the Gold Medal game itself against Argentina . Amokachi sustained an injury just ahead of the 1998 FIFA World Cup , played one match at the tournament , but struggled with knee problems thereafter . Managerial career . Amokachi managed Nigerian club Nasarawa United and later Enyimba Aba . In April 2007 , he quit his role as assistant coach of the Nigeria national team . On 10 April 2008 , Amokachi was re-appointed to Nigerias national team , the Super Eagles , as assistant coach to Shuaibu Amodu , and then as assistant to Stephen Keshi . In 2015 , Amokachi managed Ifeanyi Ubah , resigning after five weeks in the post . In January 2016 , he was named as manager of JS Hercules . 4 February 2020 , Amokachi was named as Nigeria’s football ambassador by the President , Major General Muhammadu Buhari ( retd ) . Honours . Everton - FA Cup : 1994–95 - FA Charity Shield : 1995 Beşiktaş - Turkish Cup : Nigeria - African Cup of Nations : 1994 - Olympic Games : Gold Medal 1996 Individual - Beşiktaşs Super League 2000th goal . - International Honorary Award of Sportsmen of Turkey : 2015 - African Footballer of the Year Third : 1994 , 1995 , 1996 - UEFA Champions League First Goal : 1992 - Belgian Ebony Shoes Award : 1992,1994 - IFFHS 20th-century best player in Africa : 18th place - West African Club Championship The best young footballer award : 1989 - Pro League Most successful foreign player award : 1992 Personal life . Amokachi is married to a Tunisian woman and has twin sons named Kalim and Nazim who are following their fathers footsteps in becoming footballers . Both are currently in the Besiktas youth academy . He also has a daughter named Raya . External links . - Daniel Amokachi BJK Profile - Amokachis BJK History - RSSSF Profile - Eurosport Profile - Premier Lig Profile - Everton FC Profile - Nigeria Profile |
[
"Super Eagles"
]
| easy | Daniel Amokachi played for which team from 1990 to 1994? | /wiki/Daniel_Amokachi#P54#1 | Daniel Amokachi Daniel Owefin Amokachi ( born 30 December 1972 ) is a Nigerian former professional footballer , and former assistant manager of the Nigeria national football team . He has been a technical director since 2006 . With World Cup performances , he was third in the African Footballer of the Year award three times . As a forward , he was known for his speed , technique and physical strength , which earned him the nicknames Black Bull and Black Train . Amokachi , who is also very popular and well known in his country , contributed to Nigerias top two tournaments to the World Cup along with his attack partner Emmanuel Amunike . Amokachi scored the first goal of the UEFA Champions League with Club Brugge on 25 November 1992 , beating CSKA Moscow 1–0 . Club career . Amokachi , nicknamed The Bull , was discovered while playing for Ranchers Bees by Nigerian national team coach Clemens Westerhof , who brought the talented player to the 1990 African Nations Cup , and soon Amokachi moved to play for Club Brugge in Belgium . He competed in the new format of the Champions League , and became the first player to score in the competition , after his goal secured a 1–0 win in the opening match in the group stage against CSKA Moscow . Performing well in Belgium and at the 1994 World Cup , Everton became interested in Amokachi and their manager Mike Walker signed him for a fee of £3,000,000 ( $4,700,000 ) . He went on to win the FA Cup with Everton in 1995 , scoring two goals in the semi-final against Tottenham Hotspur after substituting himself into the match while Paul Rideout was receiving treatment ( the manager Joe Royle had only instructed him to warm up in preparation for possibly coming on ) . He appeared in the final only briefly , late on , again as a substitute but is remembered fondly for his beret-wearing celebrations afterwards . He remained at Everton until the end of the 1995–96 season , when he was transferred to Beşiktaş of Turkey for a fee of £1.75million . He had failed to make the impact at Goodison Park that many fans had been hoping for , and had been unable to win a regular place in the first team , as Rideout and Duncan Ferguson were firmly established as Evertons two strikers at that stage . He did , however , stand in for Ferguson while he spent six weeks in prison during the autumn of 1995 for an offence committed in Scotland 18 months earlier . After leaving Beşiktaş in 1999 , his playing career more or less ended . He signed with 1860 Munich , but the contract was cancelled after he failed a medical test . In turn he was rejected by Tranmere Rovers for the same reason . Amokachi trained with French second division side US Créteil , but the deal was hampered by injuries . American MLS team Colorado Rapids signed him in 2002 , but seeing he was not fit enough they released him before a single match was played . He went to play in the United Arab Emirates , but was denied again due to his medical condition . International career . He played many international matches for Nigeria , and was part of the team that participated in the 1994 FIFA World Cup and 1998 FIFA World Cup and won the 1994 African Nations Cup . He also helped win the Olympic gold medal in 1996 , scoring in the Gold Medal game itself against Argentina . Amokachi sustained an injury just ahead of the 1998 FIFA World Cup , played one match at the tournament , but struggled with knee problems thereafter . Managerial career . Amokachi managed Nigerian club Nasarawa United and later Enyimba Aba . In April 2007 , he quit his role as assistant coach of the Nigeria national team . On 10 April 2008 , Amokachi was re-appointed to Nigerias national team , the Super Eagles , as assistant coach to Shuaibu Amodu , and then as assistant to Stephen Keshi . In 2015 , Amokachi managed Ifeanyi Ubah , resigning after five weeks in the post . In January 2016 , he was named as manager of JS Hercules . 4 February 2020 , Amokachi was named as Nigeria’s football ambassador by the President , Major General Muhammadu Buhari ( retd ) . Honours . Everton - FA Cup : 1994–95 - FA Charity Shield : 1995 Beşiktaş - Turkish Cup : Nigeria - African Cup of Nations : 1994 - Olympic Games : Gold Medal 1996 Individual - Beşiktaşs Super League 2000th goal . - International Honorary Award of Sportsmen of Turkey : 2015 - African Footballer of the Year Third : 1994 , 1995 , 1996 - UEFA Champions League First Goal : 1992 - Belgian Ebony Shoes Award : 1992,1994 - IFFHS 20th-century best player in Africa : 18th place - West African Club Championship The best young footballer award : 1989 - Pro League Most successful foreign player award : 1992 Personal life . Amokachi is married to a Tunisian woman and has twin sons named Kalim and Nazim who are following their fathers footsteps in becoming footballers . Both are currently in the Besiktas youth academy . He also has a daughter named Raya . External links . - Daniel Amokachi BJK Profile - Amokachis BJK History - RSSSF Profile - Eurosport Profile - Premier Lig Profile - Everton FC Profile - Nigeria Profile |
[
""
]
| easy | Daniel Amokachi played for which team from 1994 to 1999? | /wiki/Daniel_Amokachi#P54#2 | Daniel Amokachi Daniel Owefin Amokachi ( born 30 December 1972 ) is a Nigerian former professional footballer , and former assistant manager of the Nigeria national football team . He has been a technical director since 2006 . With World Cup performances , he was third in the African Footballer of the Year award three times . As a forward , he was known for his speed , technique and physical strength , which earned him the nicknames Black Bull and Black Train . Amokachi , who is also very popular and well known in his country , contributed to Nigerias top two tournaments to the World Cup along with his attack partner Emmanuel Amunike . Amokachi scored the first goal of the UEFA Champions League with Club Brugge on 25 November 1992 , beating CSKA Moscow 1–0 . Club career . Amokachi , nicknamed The Bull , was discovered while playing for Ranchers Bees by Nigerian national team coach Clemens Westerhof , who brought the talented player to the 1990 African Nations Cup , and soon Amokachi moved to play for Club Brugge in Belgium . He competed in the new format of the Champions League , and became the first player to score in the competition , after his goal secured a 1–0 win in the opening match in the group stage against CSKA Moscow . Performing well in Belgium and at the 1994 World Cup , Everton became interested in Amokachi and their manager Mike Walker signed him for a fee of £3,000,000 ( $4,700,000 ) . He went on to win the FA Cup with Everton in 1995 , scoring two goals in the semi-final against Tottenham Hotspur after substituting himself into the match while Paul Rideout was receiving treatment ( the manager Joe Royle had only instructed him to warm up in preparation for possibly coming on ) . He appeared in the final only briefly , late on , again as a substitute but is remembered fondly for his beret-wearing celebrations afterwards . He remained at Everton until the end of the 1995–96 season , when he was transferred to Beşiktaş of Turkey for a fee of £1.75million . He had failed to make the impact at Goodison Park that many fans had been hoping for , and had been unable to win a regular place in the first team , as Rideout and Duncan Ferguson were firmly established as Evertons two strikers at that stage . He did , however , stand in for Ferguson while he spent six weeks in prison during the autumn of 1995 for an offence committed in Scotland 18 months earlier . After leaving Beşiktaş in 1999 , his playing career more or less ended . He signed with 1860 Munich , but the contract was cancelled after he failed a medical test . In turn he was rejected by Tranmere Rovers for the same reason . Amokachi trained with French second division side US Créteil , but the deal was hampered by injuries . American MLS team Colorado Rapids signed him in 2002 , but seeing he was not fit enough they released him before a single match was played . He went to play in the United Arab Emirates , but was denied again due to his medical condition . International career . He played many international matches for Nigeria , and was part of the team that participated in the 1994 FIFA World Cup and 1998 FIFA World Cup and won the 1994 African Nations Cup . He also helped win the Olympic gold medal in 1996 , scoring in the Gold Medal game itself against Argentina . Amokachi sustained an injury just ahead of the 1998 FIFA World Cup , played one match at the tournament , but struggled with knee problems thereafter . Managerial career . Amokachi managed Nigerian club Nasarawa United and later Enyimba Aba . In April 2007 , he quit his role as assistant coach of the Nigeria national team . On 10 April 2008 , Amokachi was re-appointed to Nigerias national team , the Super Eagles , as assistant coach to Shuaibu Amodu , and then as assistant to Stephen Keshi . In 2015 , Amokachi managed Ifeanyi Ubah , resigning after five weeks in the post . In January 2016 , he was named as manager of JS Hercules . 4 February 2020 , Amokachi was named as Nigeria’s football ambassador by the President , Major General Muhammadu Buhari ( retd ) . Honours . Everton - FA Cup : 1994–95 - FA Charity Shield : 1995 Beşiktaş - Turkish Cup : Nigeria - African Cup of Nations : 1994 - Olympic Games : Gold Medal 1996 Individual - Beşiktaşs Super League 2000th goal . - International Honorary Award of Sportsmen of Turkey : 2015 - African Footballer of the Year Third : 1994 , 1995 , 1996 - UEFA Champions League First Goal : 1992 - Belgian Ebony Shoes Award : 1992,1994 - IFFHS 20th-century best player in Africa : 18th place - West African Club Championship The best young footballer award : 1989 - Pro League Most successful foreign player award : 1992 Personal life . Amokachi is married to a Tunisian woman and has twin sons named Kalim and Nazim who are following their fathers footsteps in becoming footballers . Both are currently in the Besiktas youth academy . He also has a daughter named Raya . External links . - Daniel Amokachi BJK Profile - Amokachis BJK History - RSSSF Profile - Eurosport Profile - Premier Lig Profile - Everton FC Profile - Nigeria Profile |
[
"Archbishop of Monreale"
]
| easy | Which position did Giovanni Boccamazza hold from Aug 1278 to Dec 1285? | /wiki/Giovanni_Boccamazza#P39#0 | Giovanni Boccamazza Giovanni Boccamazza ( died 1309 ) was an Italian Cardinal . He was from the Roman nobility , and was a nephew of Cardinal Giacomo Savelli , who had been an important figure in the Roman Curia since his creation as cardinal in 1261 . Early career . On 14 May 1264 Giovanni was granted the benefice of the church of S . Fortunato de Vernot in the Diocese of Sens . In 1285 Giovannis uncle , Cardinal Savelli , was elected Pope Honorius IV . Giovanni Boccamazza began his career in the Church as a Canon of the Vatican Basilica and Chaplain of Pope Nicholas III ( 1277-1280 ) . Bishop of Monreale . He was made Archbishop of Monreale , near Palermo , by Pope Nicholas III on 15 August 1278 . He had not , however , been the original choice as bishop . The Chapter of the Cathedral of Monreale had originally and unanimously chosen Guillaume , Bishop of Potenza , but he declined the position and resigned the election into the hands of the Pope . The matter was referred to the usual committee of cardinals on episcopal elections , in this case composed of Cardinals Latino Malabranca Orsini , Guillaume de Bray , and Matteo Rosso Orsini . Nicholas then received the bishops resignation of the election to Monreale and sought to appoint Bernard de Montemirato , OSB , the Abbot of Montismajoris in the Diocese of Arles . But he flatly refused . Nicholas then chose his Chaplain , Giovanni Boccamazza . He was there at the time of the Sicilian Vespers ( 1282 ) . It was Cardinal Boccamazza who delivered the news of the Sicilian Vespers to King Charles I of Anjou After fleeing Sicily , he was made cardinal-bishop of Frascati on 22 December 1285—the only cardinal created by Pope Honorius . Legate in Germany . As soon as Honorius IV became pope , he was approached by King Rudolf of Germany , King of the Romans , with regard to his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor . This honor had been promised him by Gregory X in 1275 , but succeeding popes had not authorized the coronation . Now he approached the new pope through the new Archbishop of Mainz , Heinrich de Isnay , O.Min . ( 1286-1288 ) . In reply Honorius sent Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza as Apostolic Legate to Germany , Bohemia , Hungary and Sweden to engage in conversations with Rudolf . Cardinal Giovanni attended the significant synod of March 1287 in Würzburg , considered as a German national council . On 22 July 1287 , during the Sede Vacante following the death of Honorius IV ( 1285-1287 ) , he was at Cambrai , where he issued orders for Dacia and Suecia . While he was at Cambrai the Legate , Cardinal Giovanni was attacked by a nobleman , Nicholas , his brothers and sons , and his retainers , while he was in church . When that attempt failed , they followed him to his house , where there was a riot . The bishop of Cambrai , who held both spiritual and temporal power in the city , was excommunicated by Cardinal Giovanni , and the city was placed under interdict . When Cardinal Giovanni returned to Rome and explained the whole affair to Pope Nicholas personally , the Pope cited the Bishop , the Archdeacon , the Bailli , the Chapter of the Cathedral , and numerous others , to appear before his court in Rome . The case was finally disposed of on 3 October 1291 with the suspension of the Bishop from his pontifical powers and right to collate to benefices for three years . Also , during the same Legatine assignment , Cardinal Giovanni became involved in strife between the Dominicans and the people of Strasbourg , and he felt compelled to lay the city under the Interdict . On 16 September 1287 Cardinal Giovanni was at Clairvaux , and he was still there on 8 November , when he wrote to the Archbishop of Uppsala , Sweden ( Suecia ) , and 6 December 1287 , when he wrote to the Dominicans of Hungary and Poland . He wrote from Novaevallis , on 14 December , to all of the clergy in his Legation for the benefit of the Cistercians . He did not , therefore , attend the Conclave of 1287-1288 . Work in the Roman Curia . He was back in Italy , at Rieti , in September , 1288 , when he subscribed a bull for Pope Nicholas IV . Later in the year , in Rome , he was a member of an examination committee of an abbot-elect . On 28 January 1289 he is mentioned as having been an Auditor in the case involving the canonical election of a bishop of Avignon . Two days later he was assigned the task of consecrating the newly approved Archbishop of Crete . In September 1290 Cardinal Giovanni served on the examination committee that investigated the contested election to the Bishopric of Alatri . In March 1291 he was a member of the committee that reviewed the election of the Abbot of S . Albans . At nearly the same time , he did the same in the case of the monastery of S . Pietro in Perugia . On 5 March 1291 Pope Nicholas granted Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza the power to investigate and reform the apparently large number of encroachments and illegal occupations made by various persons upon the properties belonging to the Lateran Basilica . The Senators and other magistrates of Rome were ordered to assist the Cardinal in restoring the properties of S . Giovanni Laterano . The same service was imposed on Cardinal Giovanni with respect to the Premonstratensian monastery of S . Quirico de valle introducti in the diocese of Reate . He was then empowered to do the same for the Monastery of Farfa . At the end of November 1295 Cardinal Giovanni was present and working in the Roman Curia , and was one of eighteen cardinals who received a distribution from the funds of the Treasury of the College of Cardinals . On 12 March 1296 he was one of twenty-one cardinals who received a 1/18 share in the payment of 2000 livres Tournois presented by the Procurators of the Abbot of Cluny . At Easter 1296 he had his share of 600 gold florins presented by the Archbishop of Florence ; and likewise a share in the 400 gold florins presented by the Bishop of Tortona in Lombardy . On 29 April he shared in the 600 florins paid by the Bishop of Famagusta . At Pentecost 1296 , eighteen cardinals shared in the 1900 florins presented by the Bishop of Séez ; and a distribution of the 500 livres Tournois paid by the Archbishop of Rouen ; and a 1/23 share in the 50 livres of the Bishop of Teramo . On 29 June 1296 there was a distribution of 500 florins paid by the Bishop of Patras . Around the Feast of S . Michael , 29 September 1296 he received a share of the payment made through the bankers of the Abbot of S . Victor of Marseille . On 10 May 1297 he was present at the degrading of Cardinals Jacobus and Petrus Colonna , from whose confiscated income Pope Boniface VIII granted a half to the cardinals , nineteen of whom are named , included Giovanni of Tusculum . He also participated in a distribution of 5 gold pieces which had been offered by the Archbishop of Strigonia at his ad limina visit . On 24 June 1297 he was one of twenty-two cardinals who received his share of the money offered by the Abbot of S . Justinus in Padua ; of the money offered by the Bishop of Padua ; and of the money brought by the Proctor of the Bishop of Siena . At Easter 1298 the Archbishop of Tours visited Rome , and presented the College of Cardinals with 200 livres Tournois , which was divided among fourteen cardinals , including Giovanni of Tusculum . At the same time the sum of 2500 florins out of the payment of the Bishop of Zaragoza was distributed to the same cardinals ; and a distribution from the sum of 2000 florins paid by the Bishop of Pamiers . On 20 May 1298 the 500 florins brought by the Bishop of Lodève was shared by eighteen cardinals in the Curia ; at the same time there was a distribution of the 1000 gold florins paid by the Bishop of Urgel ; and a distribution from the 500 livres Tournois presented by the Archbishop of Rouen . On 2 June 1298 the Abbot of Subiaco paid 300 gold florins owed by his predecessor , which was shared by twenty cardinals . On 5 September 1298 there was a distribution of the payment of 180 livres Tournois made by the Abbot of the Major Monasterium in Tours , with a 1/15 share coming to Cardinal Giovanni of Tusculum . These are only examples , showing the very large , if irregular , income of a cardinal at the time , and indicating that a cardinal was present in the Roman Curia at the time . Cardinals who were not present in the Curia ( except occasionally deceased cardinals , whose estates benefitted from a late payment of dues ) did not share in the distributions ; this applied to Papal Legates , who had to be paid by the Pope through the Apostolic Camera , not by the Camera of the College of Cardinals . On 1 February 1301 Cardinal Giovanni of Tusculum , who had been acting as Assessor ( judge ) on appointment by Boniface VIII , pronounced his verdict in the case of the contested election of Leo , Bishop of Soli in Cyprus . On 20 May 1301 he and three other cardinals , Jean de Cressi , Robert de Pontigny and Matteo Rosso Orsini , were given the mandate to choose a new Abbot of the Monastery of S . Richard in the Diocese of Amiens . In June 1301 he was Auditor in the request that the Cathedral of Sagunto be transferred from regular to secular clergy . On 20 September 1301 his name heads the list of fifteen cardinals , ahead of Bishops Theoderic ( Civitas Papalis ) and Leonardo ( Albano ) , subscribing to the papal grant of privileges to the Monastery of Santa Croce Saxivivo in the Diocese of Foligno . Cardinal Niccolò Boccasini , OP , Bishop of Ostia , who would normally have signed first as senior Cardinal Bishop , was serving as Legate in Hungary . When the year 1301 began , the Curia was resident at the Lateran Palace in Rome ; from 1 May to mid-October it was in Anagni ; from 17 October to the end of the year it was back at the Lateran . In January 1302 Cardinal Giovanni served on a committee to examine the election of the Bishop of Cammin in Germany . On 2 July 1302 he is noted as having on a committee which examined the election and person of John , Abbot of Holy Cross Monastery in Waltham in the Diocese of London . In 1302 , Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza was Canon of the Cathedral of Amiens . At the beginning of 1303 Cardinal Giovanni was consulted by the Pope concerning the depredations which had taken place against the Chapter of the Cathedral of Cambrai . Papal Elector . He participated in five papal conclaves , which saw the elections of popes Nicholas IV in 1288 , Celestine V in 1294 , Boniface VIII in 1294 , Benedict XI in 1303 and Clement V in 1305 . He became dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1302 , upon the death of Cardinal Gerardo Bianchi , Bishop of Sabina ( 1 March 1302 ) . Reign of Benedict XI . On 30 October 1303 , a week after his election , Pope Benedict gave the College of Cardinals a gift of 2680 gold florins , 380 livres Tournois , and over 600 other gold coins of various origins and values . These funds were distributed among the Cardinals , including Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza , except for the Bishop of Ostia , Niccolò Boccasini , who was absent on a Legateship . In 1304 Cardinal Giovanni was again a member of a committee of cardinals that examined the election of an abbot for the Benedictine monastery of S . Maria de Alfiolo in the Diocese of Gubbio ; and likewise for the Benedictine Monastery of S . Angelo de Gaifa in the Diocese of Urbino ; On 4 March 1304 Pope Benedict XI ( 1303-1304 ) granted Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza subinfeudation of three castles , Scandrillia , Castellucii , and Rocca Soldana , which belonged to the Monastery of Farfa by primary infeudation of the Roman Church , along with their tenements and vassals , with full jurisdiction and authority . The properties and their rights would descend to the Cardinals heirs . Death . Pope Nicholas IV had granted Cardinal Giovanni the privilege of making his own Will on 25 November 1289 . He died in Avignon on 10 August 1309 and was buried in the Church of the Dominicans |
Subsets and Splits
Filter Context Length 4000-1
The query filters and retrieves records based on context length, which is a basic filtering operation providing limited insight.
Filter Short Contexts
Basic filtering that returns records with a context length less than 2000 characters, providing limited analytical value.
Context Length Between 2000-4
Filters and retrieves records where the context length is between 2000 and 4000 characters, providing a basic filter on content length.
Filter Context Length 4k-7k
Filters records to show those with context lengths between 4000 and 7500 characters, providing a basic range analysis of context sizes.
Short Context Records
This query retrieves records with a context length less than 950 characters, providing basic filtering but minimal analytical insight.