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577_33 | On 7 April 2015, ex-Ranger was seen anchored about three miles offshore at Panama City, Panama, attracting a lot of wild speculation as President Obama was scheduled to arrive two days later, for the 7th Summit of the Americas. Newspapers went so far as to repeat the local speculation that the ship was there to provide security for President Obama. On 12 July 2015, Ranger arrived at Brownsville for scrapping. The scrapping process was completed on 1 November 2017, though more than five tons of historic items from the ship were preserved for display at the USS Lexington Museum.
Both of Ranger's anchors were reused on the 2003 commissioned, USS Ronald Reagan.
Awards and decorations
Ranger earned 13 battle stars for service during the Vietnam War.
References
External links |
577_34 | U.S. Navy websites:
history.navy.mil: Navy photos of Ranger
USS Ranger from navsource.org
NAVSEA – Historic Significance Evaluation, USS Ranger, 30 November 2010.
Navy Awards Contract for Ranger Dismantling, 22 December 2014
Forrestal-class aircraft carriers
Ships built in Newport News, Virginia
1957 ships
Cold War aircraft carriers of the United States
Vietnam War aircraft carriers of the United States
Gulf War ships of the United States |
578_0 | Isabel Paterson (January 22, 1886 – January 10, 1961) was a Canadian-American journalist, novelist, political philosopher, and a leading literary and cultural critic of her day. Historian Jim Powell has called Paterson one of the three founding mothers of American libertarianism, along with Rose Wilder Lane and Ayn Rand, who both acknowledged an intellectual debt to Paterson. Paterson's best-known work, The God of the Machine (1943), a treatise on political philosophy, economics, and history, reached conclusions and espoused beliefs that many libertarians credit as a foundation of their philosophy. Her biographer Stephen D. Cox (2004) believes Paterson was the "earliest progenitor of libertarianism as we know it today." In a letter of 1943, Rand wrote that "The God of the Machine is a document that could literally save the world ... The God of the Machine does for capitalism what Das Kapital does for the Reds and what the Bible did for Christianity." |
578_1 | Life
Born Isabel Mary Bowler in rural Manitoulin Island, Ontario, she moved with her family to the west when she was very young. She grew up on a cattle ranch in Alberta. Paterson's family was quite poor and she had eight siblings. A voracious reader who was largely self-educated, she had brief and informal public schooling during these years: about three years in a country school, from the ages of 11 to 14. In her late teen years, Bowler left the ranch for the city of Calgary, where she took a clerical job with the Canadian Pacific Railway. As a teenager, she worked as a waitress, stenographer, and bookkeeper, working at one point as an assistant to future Canadian Prime Minister R. B. Bennett. |
578_2 | This hardscrabble youth probably led Paterson to attach great importance to productive "self-starters". Although she was articulate, well-read, and erudite, Paterson had extremely limited formal education, an experience she shared with Rose Wilder Lane, who was also Paterson's friend and correspondent for many years.
In 1910, at the age of 24, Bowler entered into a short-lived marriage with Canadian Kenneth B. Paterson. The marriage was not happy, and they parted in 1918. It was during these years, in a foray south of the border, that Paterson landed a job with a newspaper, the Inland Herald in Spokane, Washington. Initially she worked in the business department of the paper, but later transferred to the editorial department. There her journalistic career began. Her next position was with a newspaper in Vancouver, British Columbia, where for two years she wrote drama reviews. |
578_3 | Writer and critic
In 1914, Paterson started submitting her first two novels, The Magpie's Nest and The Shadow Riders, to publishers, without much success. It was not until 1916 that her second novel The Shadow Riders was accepted and published by John Lane Company, which also published The Magpie's Nest the following year in 1917.
After World War I, she moved to New York City, where she worked for the sculptor Gutzon Borglum. He was creating statues for the Cathedral of St. John the Divine and would later carve the memorial at Mount Rushmore. Paterson also wrote for the World and the American in New York. |
578_4 | In 1921, Paterson became an assistant to Burton Rascoe, the new literary editor of the New York Tribune, later the New York Herald Tribune. For 25 years, from 1924 to 1949, she wrote a column (signed "I.M.P.") for the Herald Tribune's "Books" section. Paterson became one of the most influential literary critics of her time. She covered a time of great expansion in the United States literary world, with new work by the rising generation of Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and many others, African Americans of the Harlem Renaissance, as well as the first American generation of the great waves of European immigrants. Her friends during this period included the famous humorist Will Cuppy. In 1928 she became an American citizen, at the age of 42. |
578_5 | She was notorious for demonstrating her sharp wit and goring of sacred cows in her column, where she also first articulated many of the political ideas that reached their final form in The God of the Machine. Her thinking, especially on free trade, was also foreshadowed in her historical novels of the 1920s and 1930s. Paterson opposed most of the economic program known as the New Deal, which American president Franklin D. Roosevelt put into effect during the Great Depression. She advocated less government involvement in both social and fiscal issues.
Along with Rose Wilder Lane and Zora Neale Hurston, Paterson was critical of Roosevelt's foreign policy and wrote columns throughout the 1930s supporting liberty and avoiding foreign entanglements.
Paterson and Ayn Rand
By the late 1930s, Paterson led a group of younger writers, many of them other Herald Tribune employees, who shared her views. One was future Time magazine correspondent and editor Sam Welles (Samuel Gardner Welles). |
578_6 | Another was the young Ayn Rand. From their many discussions, Paterson is credited with adding to Rand's knowledge of American history and government, and Rand with contributing ideas to The God of the Machine. Paterson believed Rand's ethics to be a unique contribution, writing to Rand in the 1940s, "You still don't seem to know yourself that your idea is new. It is not Nietzsche or Max Stirner... Their supposed Ego was composed of whirling words – your concept of the Ego is an entity, a person, a living creature functioning in concrete reality." |
578_7 | Paterson and Rand promoted each other's books and conducted an extensive correspondence over the years, in which they often touched on religion and philosophy. An atheist, Rand was critical of the deist Paterson's attempts to link capitalism with religion. Rand believed the two to be incompatible, and the two argued at length. Their correspondence ended after they quarreled in 1948. During a visit to Rand at her home in California, Paterson's remarks about writer Morrie Ryskind and abrasive behavior toward businessman William C. Mullendore, other guests of Rand, resulted in Rand's disillusionment with "Pat."
Similarly, Paterson had broken with another friend and political ally, Rose Wilder Lane, in 1946. |
578_8 | As a sign of the political tenor of the times, The God of the Machine was published in the same year as Rand's novel The Fountainhead and Rose Wilder Lane's The Discovery of Freedom. Writer Albert Jay Nock wrote that Lane's and Paterson's nonfiction books were "the only intelligible books on the philosophy of individualism that have been written in America this century." The two women had "shown the male world of this period how to think fundamentally... They don't fumble and fiddle around – every shot goes straight to the centre." Journalist John Chamberlain credits Paterson, Lane and Rand with his final "conversion" from socialism to what he called "an older American philosophy" of libertarian and conservative ideas. |
578_9 | Later years
Paterson further influenced the post-WWII rise of lettered American conservatism through her correspondence with the young Russell Kirk in the 1940s, and with the young William F. Buckley in the 1950s. Buckley and Kirk went on to found the National Review, to which Paterson contributed for a brief time. However, she sometimes sharply differed from Buckley, for example by disagreeing with the magazine's review of Rand's novel, Atlas Shrugged.
In her retirement, Paterson declined to enroll in Social Security and kept her Social Security card in an envelope with words "'Social Security' Swindle" written on it.
Paterson died on January 10, 1961, and was interred in the Welles family plot at Saint Mary's Episcopal Churchyard in Burlington, New Jersey. |
578_10 | Quotations
"Most of the harm in the world is done by good people, and not by accident, lapse, or omission. It is the result of their deliberate actions, long persevered in, which they hold to be motivated by high ideals toward virtuous ends... when millions are slaughtered, when torture is practiced, starvation enforced, oppression made a policy, as at present over a large part of the world, and as it has often been in the past, it must be at the behest of very many good people, and even by their direct action, for what they consider a worthy object." (The God of the Machine)
Bibliography
1916. The Shadow Riders (online e-book).
1917. The Magpie's Nest (online e-book).
1924. The Singing Season
1926. The Fourth Queen
1930. The Road of the Gods
1933. Never Ask the End (online e-book).
1934. The Golden Vanity
1940. If It Prove Fair Weather
1943. The God of the Machine (online e-book).
Unpublished. Joyous Gard (Completed 1958.)
References |
578_11 | Further reading
Beito, David T. and Beito, Linda Royster, "Isabel Paterson, Rose Wilder Lane, and Zora Neale Hurston on War, Race, the State, and Liberty", Independent Review 12 (Spring 2008).
Burns, Jennifer. Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right, Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.
Chamberlain, John. A Life with the Printed Word. Chicago: Regnery, 1982.
Cox, Stephen, ed. (2015). Culture and Liberty: Writings of Isabel Paterson. New Brunswick NJ, USA: Transaction Publishers, 2015.
Cox, Stephen. "Representing Isabel Paterson," American Literary History, 17 (Summer, 2005), 244–58.
Cox, Stephen. The Woman and the Dynamo: Isabel Paterson and the Idea of America. New Brunswick NJ, USA: Transaction Publishers, 2004.
Doherty, Brian, Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement. New York: Public Affairs, 2007.
Heller, Anne C. (2010). Ayn Rand and the World She Made. New York: Nan A. Talese-Doubleday.
External links |
578_12 | Cato Institute: Isabel Paterson 1886–1961.
1886 births
1961 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American philosophers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century Canadian non-fiction writers
20th-century Canadian philosophers
20th-century Canadian women writers
American deists
American libertarians
American literary critics
Women literary critics
American political philosophers
American political writers
American women non-fiction writers
American women philosophers
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian libertarians
Canadian literary critics
Canadian philosophers
Canadian political philosophers
Canadian political writers
Canadian women non-fiction writers
Canadian women philosophers
Christian libertarians
Christian philosophers
Deist philosophers
Libertarian theorists
New York Herald Tribune people
Non-interventionism
Old Right (United States)
People from Manitoulin Island
Writers from Michigan
Canadian deists
American women critics |
579_0 | This article contains a List of Facilities of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) in Canada. The BCATP was a major program for training Allied air crews during World War II that was administered by the Government of Canada, and commanded by the Royal Canadian Air Force with the assistance of a board of representatives from the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Canada.
Schools and facilities were set up at 231 locations across Canada.
Many of these facilities were airfields. In December 1939 the Canadian government identified 24 existing airfields that could be used, leaving 80 new ones to be built. Classroom facilities with residences were commandeered from universities, colleges, and other provincial institutions. Basic training facilities were commandeered from private schools and municipal governments. These "borrowed" facilities were augmented with new construction as required. |
579_1 | Planning and operation of facilities
There were four phases to the acquisition, construction, and operation of BCATP facilities:
the beginning as specified in the Riverdale Agreement of 17 December 1939
an expansion as a result of the move of RAF facilities to Canada starting in July 1940
An example of this is the Elementary Flying Training School at De Winton, Alberta. It began as a transplanted RAF school run by RAF personnel. It opened on 18 June 1941 as No. 31 EFTS. On 13 July 1942 it was taken over by the Toronto Flying Club under contract to the RCAF.
an expansion as a result of the Ottawa conference of May and June 1942
closures as a result of the decision to begin winding down in November 1943 and terminate the plan on 29 March 1945
BCATP activities were managed through four Training Commands. Each command was responsible for activities in a region of Canada: |
579_2 | No. 1 Toronto, Ontario, covered southern Ontario
No. 2 Winnipeg, Manitoba, covered northwestern Ontario, all of Manitoba, and part of Saskatchewan
No. 3 Montreal, Quebec, covered Quebec and the Maritimes
No. 4 Regina, Saskatchewan, covered most of Saskatchewan, and all of Alberta and British Columbia: moved to Calgary, Alberta, in October 1941
Manning Depots
Trainees began their military careers at a Manning Depot where they learned to bathe, shave, shine boots, polish buttons, maintain their uniforms, and otherwise behave in the required manner. There were two hours of physical education every day and instruction in marching, rifle drill, foot drill, saluting, and other routines.
Remedial high school education was offered to bring 17- and 18-year-old trainees up to the RCAF academic level. There was also a standard aptitude test: the RCAF Classification Test. |
579_3 | After four or five weeks, a selection committee decided whether the trainee would be placed in the aircrew or groundcrew stream. Aircrew "Wireless Air Gunner" candidates went directly to a Wireless School. "Air Observer" and "Pilot" aircrew candidates went to an Initial Training School.
Trainees were often assigned "tarmac duty" to keep busy. Some were sent to factories to count nuts and bolts; others were sent to flying schools and other RCAF facilities to guard things, clean things, paint things, and polish things. Tarmac duty could last several months or more.
The No. 1 Manning Depot in Toronto was the Coliseum Building on the Canadian National Exhibition grounds, which accommodated up to 5,000 personnel. |
579_4 | No. 1 Toronto, Ontario
No. 2 Brandon, Manitoba, moved to Swift Current, Saskatchewan
No. 3 Edmonton, Alberta
No. 4 Quebec City, Quebec
No. 5 Lachine, Quebec
No. 6 Toronto, Ontario, (Women's Division, October 1941 – May 1942)
No. 7 Rockcliffe, Ontario (Women's Division, Fall 1942)
Aircrew training facilities
Initial Training Schools |
579_5 | Pilot and Air Observer candidates began their 26- or 28-week training program with four weeks at an Initial Training School (ITS). They studied theoretical subjects and were subjected to a variety of tests. Theoretical studies included navigation, theory of flight, meteorology, duties of an officer, air force administration, algebra, and trigonometry. Tests included an interview with a psychiatrist, the 4 hour long M2 physical examination, a session in a decompression chamber, and a "test flight" in a Link Trainer as well as academics. At the end of the course the postings were announced. Occasionally candidates were re-routed to the Wireless Air Gunner stream at the end of ITS.
No. 1 Eglinton Hunt Club, Toronto, Ontario
No. 2 Regina College & Regina Normal School, Regina, Saskatchewan
No. 3 Sacred Heart College, Victoriaville, Quebec
No. 4 Edmonton Normal School, Edmonton, Alberta
No. 5 Ontario Provincial School for the Deaf, Belleville, Ontario |
579_6 | No. 6 Toronto Board of Education, Toronto, Ontario
No. 7 Saskatoon Normal School & Bedford Road Collegiate, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan |
579_7 | Elementary Flying Training Schools
An Elementary Flying Training School (EFTS) gave a trainee 50 hours of basic flying instruction on a simple trainer like the De Havilland Tiger Moth, Fleet Finch, or Fairchild Cornell over 8 weeks. Elementary schools were operated by civilian flying clubs under contract to the RCAF and most of the instructors were civilians. For example, No. 12 EFTS Goderich was run by the Kitchener-Waterloo Flying Club and the County of Huron Flying Club. The next step for a pilot was the Service Flying Training School. |
579_8 | No. 1 Malton, Ontario (Moth)
No. 2 Fort William, Ontario (Moth)
No. 3 London, Ontario (Finch)
No. 4 Windsor Mills, Quebec, (Finch and Moth) at Saint-François-Xavier-de-Brompton, Quebec Picture
No. 5 Lethbridge, Alberta, moved to High River, Alberta (Moth and Cornell)
No. 6 Prince Albert, Saskatchewan (Moth and Cornell)
No. 7 Windsor, Ontario (Finch, Cornell)
No. 8 Vancouver, British Columbia, moved to Boundary Bay, British Columbia (Moth)
No. 9 St. Catharines, Ontario (Moth)
No. 10 Hamilton, Ontario, moved to Pendleton, Ontario (Moth, Finch and Cornell at Pendleton)
No. 11 Cap-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec (Finch and Cornell)
No. 12 Goderich, Ontario (Finch)
No. 13 St. Eugene, Ontario(Finch, Cornell)
No. 14 Portage la Prairie, Manitoba (Moth and Finch)
No. 15 Regina, Saskatchewan (Moth and Cornell)
No. 16 Edmonton, Alberta (Moth and Finch)
No. 17 Stanley, Nova Scotia (Finch and Moth)
No. 18 Boundary Bay, British Columbia (Moth)
No. 19 Virden, Manitoba (Moth and Cornell) |
579_9 | No. 20 Oshawa, Ontario (Moth, Cornell)
No. 21 Chatham, New Brunswick (Finch)
No. 22 L'Ancienne-Lorette, Quebec (Finch)
No. 23 Davidson, Saskatchewan, moved to Yorkton, Saskatchewan; operated by the RCAF. (Cornell)
No. 24 Abbotsford, British Columbia (Cornell)
No. 25 Assiniboia, Saskatchewan; originally No. 34 RAF (Cornell)
No. 26 Neepawa, Manitoba; originally No. 35 RAF (Moth)
No. 31 DeWinton, Alberta (Moth, Stearman and Cornell)
No. 32 Bowden, Alberta (Moth, Stearman and Cornell)
No. 33 Caron, Saskatchewan (Cornell)
No. 34 Assiniboia, Saskatchewan (Moth, Cornell)
No. 35 Neepawa, Manitoba (Moth and Cornell)
No. 36 Pearce, Alberta (Moth and Stearman) |
579_10 | Service Flying Training Schools
Graduates of the EFTS "learn-to-fly" program went on a Service Flying Training School (SFTS) for 16 weeks. For the first 8 weeks the trainee was part of an intermediate training squadron; for the next 6 weeks an advanced training squadron and for the final 2 weeks training was conducted at a Bombing & Gunnery School. The Service schools were military establishments run by the RCAF or the RAF.
There were two different types of Service Flying Training Schools. Trainees in the fighter pilot stream went to an SFTS like No. 14 Aylmer, where they trained in the North American Harvard or North American Yale. Trainees in the bomber, coastal or transport pilot stream went to an SFTS like No. 5 Brantford where they learned multi-engine technique in an Airspeed Oxford, Avro Anson or Cessna Crane. |
579_11 | No. 1 Camp Borden, Ontario (Harvard and Yale)
No. 2 Uplands, Ontario (Harvard and Yale)
No. 3 Calgary, Alberta (Anson and Crane)
No. 4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Anson and Crane)
No. 5 Brantford, Ontario (Anson)
No. 6 Dunnville, Ontario (Harvard and Yale)
No. 7 Fort MacLeod, Alberta (Anson)
No. 8 Moncton, New Brunswick (Anson and Harvard)
No. 9 Summerside, Prince Edward Island, moved to Centralia, Ontario (Anson and Harvard)
No. 10 Dauphin, Manitoba (Harvard and Crane)
No. 11 Yorkton, Saskatchewan (Harvard, Crane and Anson)
No. 12 Brandon, Manitoba (Crane and Anson)
No. 13 St. Hubert, Quebec, moved to North Battleford, Saskatchewan (Harvard and Anson)
No. 14 Aylmer, Ontario (Anson, Harvard, Yale, and Supermarine Walrus)
No. 15 Claresholm, Alberta (Anson)
No. 16 Hagersville, Ontario (Anson and Harvard)
No. 17 Souris, Manitoba (Anson and Harvard)
No. 18 Gimli, Manitoba (Anson and Harvard)
No. 19 Vulcan, Alberta (Anson)
No. 31 Kingston, Ontario (Battle and Harvard) |
579_12 | No. 32 Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan (Havard and Oxford)
No. 33 Carberry, Manitoba (Anson)
No. 34 Medicine Hat, Alberta (Harvard and Oxford)
No. 35 North Battleford, Saskatchewan (Oxford)
No. 36 Penhold, Alberta (Oxford)
No. 37 Calgary, Alberta (Oxford, Harvard and Anson)
No. 38 Estevan, Saskatchewan (Anson)
No. 39 Swift Current, Saskatchewan (Oxford)
No. 41 Weyburn, Saskatchewan (Anson and Harvard) |
579_13 | Air Observer Schools
Air Observers were later called "navigators". For recruits in this stream, the training path after ITS was 8 weeks at an Air Observer School (AOS), 1 month at a Bombing & Gunnery School, and finally 1 month at a Navigation School. The Air Observer schools were operated by civilians under contract to the RCAF. For example, Nos. 7, 8, and 9 were run by CP Airlines. However, the instructors were RCAF. The basic navigation techniques throughout the war years were dead reckoning and visual pilotage, and the tools were the aeronautical chart, magnetic compass, watch, trip log, pencil, Douglas protractor, and Dalton Navigational Computer. They trained in the Avro Anson. |
579_14 | No. 1 Malton, Ontario
No. 2 Edmonton, Alberta
No. 3 Regina, Saskatchewan, moved to Pearce, Alberta
No. 4 London, Ontario
No. 5 Winnipeg, Manitoba
No. 6 Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
No. 7 Portage la Prairie, Manitoba
No. 8 L'Ancienne-Lorette, Quebec (No. 8 AOS BCATP)
No. 9 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec
No. 10 Chatham, New Brunswick
Bombing and Gunnery Schools
The Bombing and Gunnery School (B&GS) offered instruction in the techniques of bomb aiming and aerial machine gunnery to Air Observers, Bomb Aimers, and Wireless Air Gunners. These schools required large areas to accommodate their bombing and gunnery ranges, and were often located near water. The Avro Anson, Fairey Battle, Bristol Bolingbroke, and Westland Lysander were the standard aircraft used at B&GS schools. |
579_15 | No. 1 Jarvis, Ontario
No. 2 Mossbank, Saskatchewan
No. 3 Macdonald, Manitoba
No. 4 Fingal, Ontario
No. 5 Dafoe, Saskatchewan
No. 6 Mountain View, Ontario
No. 7 Paulson, Manitoba
No. 8 Lethbridge, Alberta
No. 9 Mont-Joli, Quebec
No. 10 Mount Pleasant, Prince Edward Island
No. 31 Picton, Ontario
Air Navigation Schools
Nos. 1 & 2 Air Navigation Schools offered four-week courses in astronavigation and were the last step for Air Observers. The RAF schools, Nos. 31, 32, and 33, provided the same training as Air Observer Schools.
No. 1 Trenton, Ontario moved to Rivers, Manitoba and redesignated Central Navigation School
No. 2 Pennfield Ridge, New Brunswick (Anson)
No. 31 Port Albert, Ontario (Anson)
No. 32 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
No. 33 Hamilton, Ontario (Anson)
No. 2 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
Wireless Schools |
579_16 | Trainees in the "Wireless Air Gunner" (WAG) stream spent 24 weeks at a Wireless School learning the theory and application of wireless communications. This included signalling with lights and flags as well as radio. Their "WAG" training was completed with four weeks at a Bombing & Gunnery School.
No. 1 Montreal, Quebec moved to Mount Hope, Ontario (Norseman, Moth, Stinson 105)
No. 2 Calgary, Alberta (Harvard and Fort)
No. 3 Winnipeg, Manitoba (Moth, Stinson 105)
No. 4 Guelph, Ontario (Moth)
Naval Air Gunner School
No. 1 Yarmouth, Nova Scotia (Swordfish) |
579_17 | Flight Engineers' School
The flight engineer was the member of a heavy bomber aircrew responsible for monitoring the fuel, electrical systems and the engines. He also controlled the throttle settings and was the pilot's "assistant". Flight engineers were not co-pilots but they had some flying training and
were expected to be able to take over the controls in the event the pilot was killed or disabled.
No. 1 Aylmer, Ontario (Halifax)
General Reconnaissance Schools
The General Reconnaissance School trained pilots and air observers in the techniques required for ocean patrol. It was the equivalent to an Operational Training Unit (OTU), and last stop before aircrew were assigned to operations. The topics included DR Navigation, Astro Navigation, Compasses and Instruments, Meteorology, Signals, Reconnaissance, Coding, Ship Recognition, Aerial Photography, and Visual Signals. Flight Lieutenant (F/L) R. E. MacBride from No. 162 (BR) Squadron RCAF trained at No. 1 GR. |
579_18 | Aircrew spent nine weeks at a General Reconnaissance School.
No. 1 General Reconnaissance School RCAF (Summerside, Prince Edward Island) (Anson)
No. 31 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (Anson)
Operational Training Units
The Operational Training Unit (OTU) was the last stop for aircrew trainees. They spent 8 to 14 weeks learning to fly operational aircraft (Hawker Hurricane or Fairey Swordfish, e.g.). The instructors had experience in actual operations, and often were posted to OTUs after their operational tour. |
579_19 | No. 1 Bagotville, Quebec (Hurricane)
No. 3 Patricia Bay, British Columbia (Canso, Catalina)
No. 5 Boundary Bay, British Columbia and Abbotsford, British Columbia (Consolidated B-24 Liberator, North American Mitchell)
No. 31 Debert, Nova Scotia redesignated No. 7 OTU (Lockheed Hudson, de Havilland Mosquito, Anson))
No. 32 Patricia Bay, British Columbia moved to Comox, British Columbia and redesignated No. 6 OTU and moved to Greenwood, Nova Scotia (Bristol Beaufort, Handley Page Hampden, Swordfish, Anson)
No. 34 Pennfield Ridge, New Brunswick (Ventura)
No. 36 Greenwood, Nova Scotia redesignated No. 8 OTU (Hudson, Mosquito)
Central Flying School
The Central Flying School was located at Trenton, Ontario.
Central Navigation School
The Central Navigation School was located at Rivers, Manitoba (Anson).
Instrument Navigation School
The Instrument Navigation School was located near Deseronto, Ontario. |
579_20 | Flying Instructor Schools
No. 1 Trenton, Ontario
No. 2 Vulcan, Alberta, moved to Pearce, Alberta
No. 3 Arnprior, Ontario
Relief landing fields
Every principal airfield (e.g. EFTS or SFTS) had one or two relief airfields located within 10–15 km. The No. 1 Relief Airfield is called "R1" in RCAF Station diaries. Some of the relief fields were paved, some were just grass, and some had hangars, barracks, and maintenance facilities. For example, trainees at No. 14 SFTS Aylmer moved to their R1 at Yarmouth Centre for the last four weeks of their course (radio, bombing, and gunnery). |
579_21 | Airdrie, Alberta – R1 for No. 3 SFTS Calgary
Alliston, Ontario – R2 for No. 1 SFTS Camp Borden
Blackfalds, Alberta – R2 for No. 36 SFTS Penhold
Boharm, Saskatchewan – R1 for No. 33 EFTS Caron
Brada, Saskatchewan – R2 for No. 15 EFTS Regina
Brora, Saskatchewan – R1 for No. 35 and No. 13 SFTF North Battleford
Burtch, Ontario – R1 for No. 5 SFTS Brantford and principal field for No. 4 Wireless School Guelph.
Buttress, Saskatchewan – R1 for No. 32 SFTS Moose Jaw
Carp, Ontario – R1 for No. 2 SFTS Ottawa
Cayuga, Ontario – R1 for No. 16 SFTS Hagersville
Champion, Alberta – R2 for No. 19 SFTS Vulcan
Chandler, Saskatchewan – Relief for No. 38 SFTS Estevan |
579_22 | Chater, Manitoba – R1 for No. 12 SFTS Brandon
Douglas, Manitoba – R2 for No.12 SFTS Brandon
Chicoutimi, Quebec – R1 for No. 1 OTU Bagotville
Dufferin, Ontario – Relief for No. 16 SFTS Hagersville
Eden, Manitoba – R1 for No. 35 EFTS Neepawa
Edenvale, Ontario – R1 for No. 1 SFTS Camp Borden
Edwards, Ontario – Relief for No. 2 SFTS Ottawa
Elgin, Manitoba – R2 for No. 17 SFTS Souris
Ensign, Alberta – R1 for No. 19 SFTS Vulcan
Farnham, Quebec – R2 for No. 13 SFTS St. Hubert
Frank Lake, Alberta – Relief for No. 5 EFTS High River
Gananoque – R1 for No. 31 SFTS Kingston
Grand Bend, Ontario – R1 for No. 9 SFTS Centralia
Goderich South – Relief for No. 12 EFTS Goderich
Gladys, Alberta – R2 for No. 31 EFTS DeWinton
Granum, Alberta – R1 for No. 7 SFTS Fort MacLeod |
579_23 | Halbrite, Saskatchewan – R1 for No. 41 SFTS Weyburn
Hamlin, Saskatchewan – R1 for No. 35 SFTS North Battleford
Hartney, Manitoba – R1 for No. 17 SFTS Souris
Hawkesbury, Ontario – Relief for No. 13 EFTS St. Eugene
Holsom, Alberta – Relief for No. 34 SFTS Medicine Hat
Innisfail, Alberta – R1 for No. 36 SFTS Penhold
Inverlake, Alberta – R2 for No. 3 SFTS Calgary
Langley, British Columbia – Relief for No. 18 EFTS Boundary Bay
Limoges, Ontario – Relief for No. 10 EFTS Pendleton
Maitland, Nova Scotia – Relief for No. 31 OTU Debert
Maurice, Quebec – Relief for No. 11 EFTS Cap-de-la-Madelaine
Mount Pleasant, Prince Edward Island – R1 for No. 9 SFTS Summerside
Netley, Manitoba – R1 for No. 18 SFTS Gimli
Netook, Alberta – R1 for No. 32 EFTS Bowden
North Junction, Manitoba – Relief for No. 10 SFTS Dauphin
Oberon, Manitoba – R2 for No. 33 SFTS Carberry
Osler, Saskatchewan – R2 for No. 4 SFTS Saskatoon
Outram, Saskatchewan – Relief for No. 38 SFTS Estevan |
579_24 | Petrel, Manitoba – R1 for No. 33 SFTS Carberry
Pontiac, Quebec – Relief for No. 3 FIS Arnprior
Pulteney, Alberta – R2 for No. 15 SFTS Claresholm
Ralph, Saskatchewan – R2 for No. 41 SFTS Weyburn
Rhein, Saskatchewan – R2 for No. 11 SFTS Yorkton
St. Aldwyn, Saskatchewan – R1 for No. 39 SFTS Swift Current.
St. Honoré, Quebec – Relief for No. 1 OTU Bagotville
St. Joseph, Ontario – Relief for No. 9 SFTS Centralia
St. Thomas, Ontario – R1 for No. 14 SFTS Aylmer and No. 4 B&GS Fingal
Salisbury, New Brunswick – R2 for No. 8 SFTS Moncton
Sandhurst, Ontario – R2 for No. 31 SFTS Kingston
Scoudouc, New Brunswick – R1 for No. 8 SFTS Moncton
Shepard, Alberta – R1 for No. 31 EFTS DeWinton
Sturdee, Saskatchewan – R1 for No. 11 SFTS Yorkton
Tillsonburg, Ontario – R2 for No. 14 SFTS Aylmer
Valley River, Manitoba – Relief for No. 10 SFTS Dauphin
Vanscoy, Saskatchewan – R1 for No. 4 SFTS Saskatoon.
Waterville, Nova Scotia – Relief for No. 8 OTU Greenwood |
579_25 | Welland, Ontario – R1 for No. 6 SFTS Dunnville
Wellington, Prince Edward Island – Relief for No. 1 GRS Summerside
Whitby, Ontario – Relief for No. 20 EFTS Oshawa
Whitla, Alberta – Relief for No. 34 SFTS Medicine Hat
Willoughby, Ontario – Relief for No. 9 EFTS St. Catharines
Woodhouse, Alberta – R1 No. 15 SFTS Claresholm |
579_26 | Groundcrew training facilities
Air Armament School Mountain View, Ontario
No. 1 Radio Direction Finding (Radar) School Leaside, Ontario
No. 31 Radio Direction Finding (Radar) School Clinton, Ontario, later RCAF No. 5
School of Cookery Guelph, Ontario
No. 1 Code and Cypher School Guelph, Ontario
No. 1 Technical Training School St. Thomas, Ontario
Support facilities
No. 1 Test Kitchen Guelph, Ontario
No. 1 Nutritional Laboratory Guelph, Ontario
No. 6 Repair Depot Trenton, Ontario
No. 8 Repair Depot Winnipeg, Manitoba
See also
List of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan facilities in Australia
List of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan facilities in South Africa
List of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan facilities in Southern Rhodesia
Flags of Canada
Royal Canadian Air Force Ensign
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography |
579_27 | Dunmore, Spencer. Wings for Victory. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1994. .
Hatch, F. J. Aerodrome of Democracy: Canada and the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan 1939–1945. Ottawa: Canadian Department of National Defence, 1983. .
Hewer, H. In for a Penny, In for a Pound: the Adventures and Misadventures of a Wireless Operator in Bomber Command. Toronto: Stoddart, 2000 .
Lougheed, E. C. "No. 4 Wireless School At Guelph, 1941-1945.". Archival and Special Collections, University of Guelph, RE1 UOG A1642, 2002.
McIntyre, "Mac", M.). "The Aylmer Story 14 S.F.T.S.". In Wilkinson, Les. I'll Never Forget ... Canadian Aviation In The Second World War. Willowdale, Ontario: Canadian Aviation Historical Society, 1979. .
Milberry, Larry. Aviation in Canada: Evolution of an Air Force. Toronto: CANAV Books, 2010. .
Scherer, J. L., F/O RCAF. "Canada's Part In The War". Flying Aces Magazine (New York: Magazine Publishers, Inc.), April 1941. |
579_28 | Stewart, G. "Night Intruder". in Wilkinson, Les. I'll Never Forget'...'Canadian Aviation In The Second World War. Willowdale, Ontario: Canadian Aviation Historical Society, 1979. .
Wikene, I. "Canso & Catalina In The R.C.A.F". in Wilkinson, Les, ed. I'll Never Forget ... Canadian Aviation In The Second World War. Willowdale, Ontario: Canadian Aviation Historical Society. 1979. .
Ziegler, M. We Serve That Men May Fly. Hamilton, Ontario: R.C.A.F. (W.D.) Association, 1973. |
579_29 | External links
Aeronautical Charts from the 1940s
Graves of BCATP Casualties in Canada
Royal Canadian Air Force BCATP site list
Station Magazines
WWII Air Training Sites in Huron County
British D
Aviation in Canada
Canada
Lists of airports in Canada
World War II sites in Canada
Military history of Canada during World War II
Canada history-related lists
Canadian military-related lists
Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II |
580_0 | In classical antiquity, Phrygia (; , Phrygía ; ) (also known as the Kingdom of Muska) was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now Asian Turkey, centred on the Sangarios River. After its conquest, it became a region of the great empires of the time.
Stories of the heroic age of Greek mythology tell of several legendary Phrygian kings:
Gordias, whose Gordian Knot would later be cut by Alexander the Great
Midas, who turned whatever he touched to gold
Mygdon, who warred with the Amazons |
580_1 | According to Homer's Iliad, the Phrygians participated in the Trojan War as close allies of the Trojans, fighting against the Achaeans. Phrygian power reached its peak in the late 8th century BC under another, historical, king: Midas, who dominated most of western and central Anatolia and rivaled Assyria and Urartu for power in eastern Anatolia. This later Midas was, however, also the last independent king of Phrygia before Cimmerians sacked the Phrygian capital, Gordium, around 695 BC. Phrygia then became subject to Lydia, and then successively to Persia, Alexander and his Hellenistic successors, Pergamon, the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire. Over this time Phrygians became Christian and Greek-speaking, assimilating into the Byzantine state; after the Turkish conquest of Byzantine Anatolia in the late Middle Ages, the name "Phrygia" passed out of usage as a territorial designation.
Geography |
580_2 | Phrygia describes an area on the western end of the high Anatolian plateau, an arid region quite unlike the forested lands to the north and west of it. Phrygia begins in the northwest where an area of dry steppe is diluted by the Sakarya and Porsuk river system and is home to the settlements of Dorylaeum near modern Eskişehir, and the Phrygian capital Gordion. The climate is harsh with hot summers and cold winters. Therefore, olives will not easily grow here so the land is mostly used for livestock grazing and barley production. |
580_3 | South of Dorylaeum, there an important Phrygian settlement, Midas City (Yazılıkaya, Eskişehir), is situated in an area of hills and columns of volcanic tuff. To the south again, central Phrygia includes the cities of Afyonkarahisar (ancient Akroinon) with its marble quarries at nearby Docimium (İscehisar), and the town of Synnada. At the western end of Phrygia stood the towns of Aizanoi (modern Çavdarhisar) and Acmonia. From here to the southwest lies the hilly area of Phrygia that contrasts to the bare plains of the region's heartland.
Southwestern Phrygia is watered by the Maeander (Büyük Menderes River) and its tributary the Lycus, and contains the towns of Laodicea on the Lycus and Hierapolis.
Origins |
580_4 | Legendary ancient migrations
According to ancient tradition among Greek historians, the Phrygians anciently migrated to Anatolia from the Balkans. Herodotus says that the Phrygians were called Bryges when they lived in Europe. He and other Greek writers also recorded legends about King Midas that associated him with or put his origin in Macedonia; Herodotus, for example, says a wild rose garden in Macedonia was named after Midas.
Some classical writers also connected the Phrygians with the Mygdones, the name of two groups of people, one of which lived in northern Macedonia and another in Mysia. Likewise, the Phrygians have been identified with the Bebryces, a people said to have warred with Mysia before the Trojan War and who had a king named Mygdon at roughly the same time as the Phrygians were said to have had a king named Mygdon. |
580_5 | The classical historian Strabo groups Phrygians, Mygdones, Mysians, Bebryces and Bithynians together as peoples that migrated to Anatolia from the Balkans. This image of Phrygians as part of a related group of northwest Anatolian cultures seems the most likely explanation for the confusion over whether Phrygians, Bebryces and Anatolian Mygdones were or were not the same people. |
580_6 | Phrygian language
Phrygian continued to be spoken until the 6th century AD, though its distinctive alphabet was lost earlier than those of most Anatolian cultures. One of the Homeric Hymns describes the Phrygian language as not mutually intelligible with that of Troy, and inscriptions found at Gordium make clear that Phrygians spoke an Indo-European language with at least some vocabulary similar to Greek. Phrygian clearly did not belong to the family of Anatolian languages spoken in most of the adjacent countries, such as Hittite. The apparent similarity of the Phrygian language to Greek and its dissimilarity with the Anatolian languages spoken by most of their neighbors is also taken as support for a European origin of the Phrygians. |
580_7 | From what is available, it is evident that Phrygian shares important features with Greek and Armenian. Phrygian is part of the centum group of Indo-European languages. However, between the 19th and the first half of the 20th century Phrygian was mostly considered a satəm language, and thus closer to Armenian and Thracian, while today it is commonly considered to be a centum language and thus closer to Greek. The reason that in the past Phrygian had the guise of a satəm language was due to two secondary processes that affected it. Namely, Phrygian merged the old labiovelar with the plain velar, and secondly, when in contact with palatal vowels /e/ and /i/, especially in initial position, some consonants became palatalized. Furthermore, Kortlandt (1988) presented common sound changes of Thracian and Armenian and their separation from Phrygian and the rest of the palaeo-Balkan languages from an early stage. |
580_8 | Modern consensus regards Greek as the closest relative of Phrygian, a position that is supported by Brixhe, Neumann, Matzinger, Woodhouse, Ligorio, Lubotsky, and Obrador-Cursach. Furthermore, 34 out of the 36 Phrygian isoglosses that are recorded are shared with Greek, with 22 being exclusive between them. The last 50 years of Phrygian scholarship developed a hypothesis that proposes a proto-Graeco-Phrygian stage out of which Greek and Phrygian originated, and if Phrygian was more sufficiently attested, that stage could perhaps be reconstructed.
Recent migration hypotheses |
580_9 | Some scholars dismiss the claim of a Phrygian migration as a mere legend, likely arising from the coincidental similarity of their name to the Bryges, and have theorized that migration into Phrygia could have occurred more recently than classical sources suggest. They have sought to fit the Phrygian arrival into a narrative explaining the downfall of the Hittite Empire and the end of the high Bronze Age in Anatolia,.
According to the "recent migration" theory, the Phrygians invaded just before or after the collapse of the Hittite Empire at the beginning of the 12th century BC, filling the political vacuum in central-western Anatolia, and may have been counted among the "Sea Peoples" that Egyptian records credit with bringing about the Hittite collapse. The so-called Handmade Knobbed Ware found in Western Anatolia during this period has been tentatively identified as an import connected to this invasion.
Relation to their Hittite predecessors |
580_10 | Some scholars accept as factual the Iliad'''s account that the Phrygians were established on the Sakarya River before the Trojan War, and thus must have been there during the later stages of the Hittite Empire, and probably earlier, and consequently dismiss proposals of recent immigration to Phrygia. These scholars seek instead to trace the Phrygians' origins among the many nations of western Anatolia who were subject to the Hittites. This interpretation also gets support from Greek legends about the founding of Phrygia's main city Gordium by Gordias and of Ancyra by Midas, which suggest that Gordium and Ancyra were believed to date from the distant past before the Trojan War. |
580_11 | No one has conclusively identified which of the many subjects of the Hittites might have represented early Phrygians. According to a classical tradition, popularized by Josephus, Phrygia can be equated with the country called Togarmah by the ancient Hebrews, which has in turn been identified as the Tegarama of Hittite texts and Til-Garimmu of Assyrian records. Josephus called Togarmah "the Thrugrammeans, who, as the Greeks resolved, were named Phrygians". However, the Greek source cited by Josephus is unknown, and it is unclear if there was any basis for the identification other than name similarity. |
580_12 | Scholars of the Hittites believe Tegarama was in eastern Anatolia – some locate it at Gurun – far to the east of Phrygia. Some scholars have identified Phrygia with the Assuwa league, and noted that the Iliad mentions a Phrygian (Queen Hecuba's brother) named Asios. Another possible early name of Phrygia could be Hapalla, the name of the easternmost province that emerged from the splintering of the Bronze Age western Anatolian empire Arzawa. However, scholars are unsure if Hapalla corresponds to Phrygia or to Pisidia, further south. |
580_13 | Relation to Armenians
Ancient Greek historian Herodotus (writing circa 440 BCE), suggested that Armenians migrated from Phrygia, which at the time encompassed much of western and central Anatolia: "the Armenians were equipped like Phrygians, being Phrygian colonists" (7.73) () According to Herotodus, the Phrygians had originated in the Balkans, in an area adjoining Macedonia, from where they had emigrated to Anatolia during the Bronze Age collapse. This led later scholars, such as Igor Diakonoff, to theorize that Armenians also originated in the Balkans and moved east with the Phrygians. However, an Armenian origin in the Balkans, although once widely accepted, has been facing increased scrutiny in recent years due to discrepancies in the timeline and lack of genetic and archeological evidence. In fact, some scholars have suggested that the Phrygians and/or the apparently related Mushki people were originally from Armenia and moved westward. |
580_14 | A number of linguists have rejected a close relationship between Armenian and Phrygian, despite saying that the two languages do share some features.Clackson, J. P. T., 2008, “Classical Armenian”, in Woodard,R. D., The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 124–143Hamp, Eric P. (August 2013). "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist's Evolving View" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. Phrygian is now classified as a centum language more closely related to Greek than Armenian, whereas Armenian is mostly satem.
History
Around the time of the Trojan war
According to the Iliad, the homeland of the Phrygians was on the Sangarius River, which would remain the centre of Phrygia throughout its history. Phrygia was famous for its wine and had "brave and expert" horsemen. |
580_15 | According to the Iliad, before the Trojan War, a young king Priam of Troy had taken an army to Phrygia to support it in a war against the Amazons. Homer calls the Phrygians "the people of Otreus and godlike Mygdon". According to Euripides, Quintus Smyrnaeus and others, this Mygdon's son, Coroebus, fought and died in the Trojan War; he had sued for the hand of the Trojan princess Cassandra in marriage. The name Otreus could be an eponym for Otroea, a place on Lake Ascania in the vicinity of the later Nicaea, and the name Mygdon is clearly an eponym for the Mygdones, a people said by Strabo to live in northwest Asia Minor, and who appear to have sometimes been considered distinct from the Phrygians. However, Pausanias believed that Mygdon's tomb was located at Stectorium in the southern Phrygian highlands, near modern Sandikli. |
580_16 | According to the Bibliotheca, the Greek hero Heracles slew a king Mygdon of the Bebryces in a battle in northwest Anatolia that if historical would have taken place about a generation before the Trojan War. According to the story, while traveling from Minoa to the Amazons, Heracles stopped in Mysia and supported the Mysians in a battle with the Bebryces. According to some interpretations, Bebryces is an alternate name for Phrygians and this Mygdon is the same person mentioned in the Iliad. |
580_17 | King Priam married the Phrygian princess Hecabe (or Hecuba) and maintained a close alliance with the Phrygians, who repaid him by fighting "ardently" in the Trojan War against the Greeks. Hecabe was a daughter of the Phrygian king Dymas, son of Eioneus, son of Proteus. According to the Iliad, Hecabe's younger brother Asius also fought at Troy (see above); and Quintus Smyrnaeus mentions two grandsons of Dymas that fell at the hands of Neoptolemus at the end of the Trojan War: "Two sons he slew of Meges rich in gold, Scion of Dymas – sons of high renown, cunning to hurl the dart, to drive the steed in war, and deftly cast the lance afar, born at one birth beside Sangarius' banks of Periboea to him, Celtus one, and Eubius the other." Teleutas, father of the maiden Tecmessa, is mentioned as another mythical Phrygian king. |
580_18 | There are indications in the Iliad that the heart of the Phrygian country was further north and downriver than it would be in later history. The Phrygian contingent arrives to aid Troy coming from Lake Ascania in northwest Anatolia, and is led by Phorcys and Ascanius, both sons of Aretaon.
In one of the so-called Homeric Hymns, Phrygia is said to be "rich in fortresses" and ruled by "famous Otreus".
Peak and destruction of the Phrygian kingdom
During the 8th century BC, the Phrygian kingdom with its capital at Gordium in the upper Sakarya River valley expanded into an empire dominating most of central and western Anatolia and encroaching upon the larger Assyrian Empire to its southeast and the kingdom of Urartu to the northeast. |
580_19 | According to the classical historians Strabo, Eusebius and Julius Africanus, the king of Phrygia during this time was another Midas. This historical Midas is believed to be the same person named as Mita in Assyrian texts from the period and identified as king of the Mushki. Scholars figure that Assyrians called Phrygians "Mushki" because the Phrygians and Mushki, an eastern Anatolian people, were at that time campaigning in a joint army. This Midas is thought to have reigned Phrygia at the peak of its power from about 720 BC to about 695 BC (according to Eusebius) or 676 BC (according to Julius Africanus). An Assyrian inscription mentioning "Mita", dated to 709 BC, during the reign of Sargon of Assyria, suggests Phrygia and Assyria had struck a truce by that time. This Midas appears to have had good relations and close trade ties with the Greeks, and reputedly married an Aeolian Greek princess. |
580_20 | A system of writing in the Phrygian language developed and flourished in Gordium during this period, using a Phoenician-derived alphabet similar to the Greek one. A distinctive Phrygian pottery called Polished Ware appears during this period.
However, the Phrygian Kingdom was then overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders, and Gordium was sacked and destroyed. According to Strabo and others, Midas committed suicide by drinking bulls' blood.
A series of digs have opened Gordium as one of Turkey's most revealing archeological sites. Excavations confirm a violent destruction of Gordium around 675 BC. A tomb from the period, popularly identified as the "Tomb of Midas", revealed a wooden structure deeply buried under a vast tumulus, containing grave goods, a coffin, furniture, and food offerings (Archaeological Museum, Ankara). |
580_21 | As a Lydian province
After their destruction of Gordium, the Cimmerians remained in western Anatolia and warred with Lydia, which eventually expelled them by around 620 BC, and then expanded to incorporate Phrygia, which became the Lydian empire's eastern frontier. The Gordium site reveals a considerable building program during the 6th century BC, under the domination of Lydian kings including the proverbially rich King Croesus. Meanwhile, Phrygia's former eastern subjects fell to Assyria and later to the Medes.
There may be an echo of strife with Lydia and perhaps a veiled reference to royal hostages, in the legend of the twice-unlucky Phrygian prince Adrastus, who accidentally killed his brother and exiled himself to Lydia, where King Croesus welcomed him. Once again, Adrastus accidentally killed Croesus' son and then committed suicide.
As Persian province(s) |
580_22 | Some time in the 540s BC, Phrygia passed to the Achaemenid (Great Persian) Empire when Cyrus the Great conquered Lydia.
After Darius the Great became Persian Emperor in 521 BC, he remade the ancient trade route into the Persian "Royal Road" and instituted administrative reforms that included setting up satrapies. The Phrygian satrapy (province) lay west of the Halys River (now Kızıl River) and east of Mysia and Lydia. Its capital was established at Dascylium, modern Ergili.
In the course of the 5th century, the region was divided in two administrative satrapies: Hellespontine Phrygia and Greater Phrygia. |
580_23 | Under Alexander and his successors
The Macedonian Greek conqueror Alexander the Great passed through Gordium in 333 BC and severed the Gordian Knot in the temple of Sabazios ("Zeus"). According to a legend, possibly promulgated by Alexander's publicists, whoever untied the knot would be master of Asia. With Gordium sited on the Persian Royal Road that led through the heart of Anatolia, the prophecy had some geographical plausibility. With Alexander, Phrygia became part of the wider Hellenistic world. Upon Alexander's death in 323 BC, the Battle of Ipsus took place in 301 BC. |
580_24 | Celts and Attalids
In the chaotic period after Alexander's death, northern Phrygia was overrun by Celts, eventually to become the province of Galatia. The former capital of Gordium was captured and destroyed by the Gauls soon afterwards and disappeared from history.
In 188 BC, the southern remnant of Phrygia came under the control of the Attalids of Pergamon. However, the Phrygian language survived, although now written in the Greek alphabet.
Under Rome and Byzantium |
580_25 | In 133 BC, the remnants of Phrygia passed to Rome. For purposes of provincial administration, the Romans maintained a divided Phrygia, attaching the northeastern part to the province of Galatia and the western portion to the province of Asia. There is some evidence that western Phrygia and Caria were separated from Asia in 254–259 to become the new province of Phrygia and Caria. During the reforms of Diocletian, Phrygia was divided anew into two provinces: "Phrygia I", or Phrygia Salutaris (meaning "healthy" in Latin), and Phrygia II, or Pacatiana (Greek Πακατιανή, "peaceful"), both under the Diocese of Asia. Salutaris with Synnada as its capital comprised the eastern portion of the region and Pacatiana with Laodicea on the Lycus as capital of the western portion. The provinces survived up to the end of the 7th century, when they were replaced by the Theme system. In the Late Roman, early "Byzantine" period, most of Phrygia belonged to the Anatolic theme. It was overrun by the Turks |
580_26 | in the aftermath of the Battle of Manzikert (1071). The Turks had taken complete control in the 13th century, but the ancient name of Phrygia remained in use until the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453. |
580_27 | Culture
The ruins of Gordion and Midas City prove that Phrygia had developed an advanced Bronze Age culture. This Phrygian culture interacted in a number of ways with Greek culture in various periods of history.
The "Great Mother", Cybele, as the Greeks and Romans knew her, was originally worshiped in the mountains of Phrygia, where she was known as "Mountain Mother". In her typical Phrygian form, she wears a long belted dress, a polos (a high cylindrical headdress), and a veil covering the whole body. The later version of Cybele was established by a pupil of Phidias, the sculptor Agoracritus, and became the image most widely adopted by Cybele's expanding following, both in the Aegean world and at Rome. It shows her humanized though still enthroned, her hand resting on an attendant lion and the other holding the tympanon, a circular frame drum, similar to a tambourine. |
580_28 | The Phrygians also venerated Sabazios, the sky and father-god depicted on horseback. Although the Greeks associated Sabazios with Zeus, representations of him, even in Roman times, show him as a horseman god. His conflicts with the indigenous Mother Goddess, whose creature was the Lunar Bull, may be surmised in the way that Sabazios' horse places a hoof on the head of a bull, in a Roman relief at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
The earliest traditions of Greek music derived from Phrygia, transmitted through the Greek colonies in Anatolia, and included the Phrygian mode, which was considered to be the warlike mode in ancient Greek music. Phrygian Midas, the king of the "golden touch", was tutored in music by Orpheus himself, according to the myth. Another musical invention that came from Phrygia was the aulos, a reed instrument with two pipes. |
580_29 | Marsyas, the satyr who first formed the instrument using the hollowed antler of a stag, was a Phrygian follower of Cybele. He unwisely competed in music with the Olympian Apollo and inevitably lost, whereupon Apollo flayed Marsyas alive and provocatively hung his skin on Cybele's own sacred tree, a pine. Phrygia was also the scene of another musical contest, between Apollo and Pan. Midas was either a judge or spectator, and said he preferred Pan's pipes to Apollo's lyre, and was given donkey's ears as a punishment. The two stories were often confused or conflated, as by Titian. |
580_30 | Classical Greek iconography identifies the Trojan Paris as non-Greek by his Phrygian cap, which was worn by Mithras and survived into modern imagery as the "Liberty cap" of the American and French revolutionaries.
The Phrygians spoke an Indo-European language. (See Phrygian language.) Although the Phrygians adopted the alphabet originated by the Phoenicians, only a few dozen inscriptions in the Phrygian language have been found, primarily funereal, and so much of what is thought to be known of Phrygia is second-hand information from Greek sources. |
580_31 | Mythic past |
580_32 | The name of the earliest known mythical king was Nannacus (aka Annacus). This king resided at Iconium, the most eastern city of the kingdom of Phrygia at that time; and after his death, at the age of 300 years, a great flood overwhelmed the country, as had been foretold by an ancient oracle. The next king mentioned in extant classical sources was called Manis or Masdes. According to Plutarch, because of his splendid exploits, great things were called "manic" in Phrygia. Thereafter, the kingdom of Phrygia seems to have become fragmented among various kings. One of the kings was Tantalus, who ruled over the north western region of Phrygia around Mount Sipylus. Tantalus was endlessly punished in Tartarus, because he allegedly killed his son Pelops and sacrificially offered him to the Olympians, a reference to the suppression of human sacrifice. Tantalus was also falsely accused of stealing from the lotteries he had invented. In the mythic age before the Trojan war, during a time of an |
580_33 | interregnum, Gordius (or Gordias), a Phrygian farmer, became king, fulfilling an oracular prophecy. The kingless Phrygians had turned for guidance to the oracle of Sabazios ("Zeus" to the Greeks) at Telmissus, in the part of Phrygia that later became part of Galatia. They had been instructed by the oracle to acclaim as their king the first man who rode up to the god's temple in a cart. That man was Gordias (Gordios, Gordius), a farmer, who dedicated the ox-cart in question, tied to its shaft with the "Gordian Knot". Gordias refounded a capital at Gordium in west central Anatolia, situated on the old trackway through the heart of Anatolia that became Darius's Persian "Royal Road" from Pessinus to Ancyra, and not far from the River Sangarius. |
580_34 | The Phrygians are associated in Greek mythology with the Dactyls, minor gods credited with the invention of iron smelting, who in most versions of the legend lived at Mount Ida in Phrygia.
Gordias's son (adopted in some versions) was Midas. A large body of myths and legends surround this first king Midas. connecting him with a mythological tale concerning Attis. This shadowy figure resided at Pessinus and attempted to marry his daughter to the young Attis in spite of the opposition of his lover Agdestis and his mother, the goddess Cybele. When Agdestis and/or Cybele appear and cast madness upon the members of the wedding feast. Midas is said to have died in the ensuing chaos.
King Midas is said to have associated himself with Silenus and other satyrs and with Dionysus, who granted him a "golden touch". |
580_35 | In one version of his story, Midas travels from Thrace accompanied by a band of his people to Asia Minor to wash away the taint of his unwelcome "golden touch" in the river Pactolus. Leaving the gold in the river's sands, Midas found himself in Phrygia, where he was adopted by the childless king Gordias and taken under the protection of Cybele. Acting as the visible representative of Cybele, and under her authority, it would seem, a Phrygian king could designate his successor.
The Phrygian Sibyl was the priestess presiding over the Apollonian oracle at Phrygia.
According to Herodotus, the Egyptian pharaoh Psammetichus II had two children raised in isolation in order to find the original language. The children were reported to have uttered bekos'', which is Phrygian for "bread", so Psammetichus admitted that the Phrygians were a nation older than the Egyptians. |
580_36 | Christian period
Visitors from Phrygia were reported to have been among the crowds present in Jerusalem on the occasion of Pentecost as recorded in . In the Apostle Paul and his companion Silas travelled through Phrygia and the region of Galatia proclaiming the Christian gospel. Their plans appear to have been to go to Asia but circumstances or guidance, "in ways which we are not told, by inner promptings, or by visions of the night, or by the inspired utterances of those among their converts who had received the gift of prophecy" prevented them from doing so and instead they travelled westwards towards the coast. |
580_37 | The Christian heresy known as Montanism, and still known in Orthodoxy as "the Phrygian heresy", arose in the unidentified village of Ardabau in the 2nd century AD, and was distinguished by ecstatic spirituality and women priests. Originally described as a rural movement, it is now thought to have been of urban origin like other Christian developments. The new Jerusalem its adherents founded in the village of Pepouza has now been identified in a remote valley that later held a monastery.
See also
Ancient regions of Anatolia
Phrygians
Bryges
Paleo-Balkan languages
Phrygian cap
Phrygian language
References
Bibliography
External links
States and territories established in the 12th century BC
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century BC
Historical regions of Anatolia
Pauline churches
History of Ankara Province
History of Afyonkarahisar Province
History of Eskişehir Province |
581_0 | The Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies is located in Banff, Alberta, Canada. The museum collects, preserves, and exhibits materials related to the cultural heritage of the Rocky Mountains of Canada, making them available for education as well as research. The museum, which contains an archive and a library, was the inspiration of Banff artists Peter and Catharine Whyte. The Alpine Club of Canada has dedicated the Peter and Catharine Whyte Hut on the Peyto Glacier after the couple.
The Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies is the fourth largest cultural history museum in Alberta. The Museum opened in 1968 and houses the Art Galleries, Archives, Heritage Gallery and Museum Shop. The four-acre site also includes two historic log homes, that can be visited during the summer, and four log cabins. |
581_1 | History
The museum was opened on June 16, 1968, by the Peter and Catharine Whyte Foundation. The Archives of the Canadian Rockies was the starting point of the museum and the Banff Library was incorporated in the Whyte Museum in 1970. The exhibition space saw several expansions during the 1980s and a new facility was opened in 1993. The museum acquires and exhibits art and artifacts from the Canadian Rockies, aiming to showcase the culture and history of the Rocky Mountains of Canada. Many of Byron Harmon's photographs, pioneer photographer of the Canadian Rockies, are housed at the museum. |
581_2 | Founders |
581_3 | Peter and Catharine Whyte met at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Peter was a typical "Banffite", he participated in all the activities the area offered like skiing, hiking, horseback riding, etc. He was also an artist and had learnt a lot by accompanying artists that came to Banff in the early 20th century, including Carl Rungius, Aldro Hibbard, and J.E.H. MacDonald. He drove tour busses and limousines for the Brewster Company. Catharine was born and raised in Concord, Massachusetts to a fairly affluent family. Her father had been the treasurer and Vice President of the Stone & Webster Engineering Firm and her mother was a business woman in the 1890s. Her grandfather, Edward Sylvester Morse, had been the first director of the Peabody Museum in Salem. Her affluent lifestyle gave her a great childhood, but she was looking something more in her life. Peter and the Canadian Rockies offered her that; Catharine was a free spirit, and she believed in happiness over material goods. Peter and |
581_4 | Catharine got married in 1930, and moved out to Banff to start their lives together. Catharine fell in love with Pete's mountains quickly. Their first summer they dedicated to painting wilderness and First Nations people, and in the autumn they arranged with Earl Spencer to build their log home studio, still located today on Museum property. |
581_5 | Peter and Catharine Whyte Foundation |
581_6 | Founded and initially endowed by Peter and Catharine in 1958, the Foundation originally had a broad base of interests. As well as acting as an agency for collecting and preserving the culture of the Canadian Rockies, the Wa-Che-Yo-Cha-Pa Foundation supported medical research and Native education. Peter and Catharine's extensive collection of artifacts and historical materials formed the nucleus of what became known as the Archives of the Canadian Rockies. Catharine increased the Foundation's endowments in 1971 and renamed it in honour of Peter who died in 1966. The Peter Whyte Foundation ceased to give money to other causes and used all of its income to support the new building which now housed the archives, gallery and library. Catharine Whyte, founder, benefactor and President of the Foundation died in 1979. The endowment was increased through her bequest and the remainder of the historic and artistic collections, including the Whyte and Moore homes, were left to the Foundation, |
581_7 | which was renamed the Peter and Catharine Whyte Foundation. |
581_8 | The Expanded Museum
In 1993 a new wing was added to the Whyte Museum to help it meet its full potential as a cultural tourism generator. The new wing added 13,000 square feet to the existing 16,000 square foot building, which was renovated at the same time the addition was completed. The construction and renovation project increased exhibition and public space, provided expanded storage space and conservation work areas, and expanded the Museum Shop and administration areas. The new building allowed the Museum to continue to collect, preserve and exhibit its growing collections.
Collections
Heritage Collection
The Heritage Collection includes artifacts relating to Aboriginal people, artists, immigrants, guides and outfitters, climbers, surveyors, hikers, explorers, adventurers, skiers and residents of the town and area. |
581_9 | Art Collection
The Whyte Museum's art collection spans the early 1800s to present day and includes regionally created and related works by Canadian and international artists.
Prominent/Notable Artists and Collections:
A.Y. Jackson
Franz Johnston
Charles Comfort
Charlie Beil
Aldro Hibbard
Carl Rungius
Frederic Marlett Bell-Smith
Mary Vaux Walcott
Margaret Shelton
Nicholas Raphael de Grandmaison
Mary T. S. Schäffer Warren
Heritage homes
There are six homes on the property of the Whyte Museum. Two are available for entry during the summer tour season (the Moore home and the Whyte home), and the other four cabins are only able to be seen on the outside. These historic homes work to represent the lifestyle of Banff's earlier pioneers and the people who helped to shape the community and land into what it is today. They are aimed at preserving significant examples of Banff's earlier architectural styles and homes associated with some of the area's more noteworthy residents. |
581_10 | Moore Home
The Moore home is the home of collectors and community leaders Philip and Pearl (Brewster) Moore. The house was built in 1907 on Fox Street and was later donated to the Whyte Museum in 1971, leading to its transplant onto museum property. It belonged to Philip and Pearl Moore, who were early pioneers of the area and worked to preserve a lot of Banff's earlier history.
Whyte Home
The home of Peter and Catharine (Robb) Whyte, the Museum's founders, philanthropists, world travellers and visual artists. The Whyte home was built in its current location in 1930-31 just after Peter and Catharine were married. It was originally meant to be a summer home, but as time went by it turned into a year-round residence.
Peyto Cabin |
581_11 | Welcoming visitors to the town of Banff is the face of the legendary guide Bill Peyto. Ebenezer William Peyto came to Banff from England in the early 1890s. Peyto, a prospector, hunter-trapper, warden and guide, used this cabin to store his outfitting and trapping supplies. With Peyto's cabin as well as those of Jack Sinclair, Jimmy Simpson, and Fred Ballard, this property by the Bow River became Banff's outfitting and guiding center. In the 1930s Peter and Catherine Whyte moved the cabin closer to their house and used it to house their Stoney friends while painting portraits.
Sinclair Cabin |
581_12 | Jack Sinclair was a prospector from Australia. After settling in Banff in the 1890s, Jack began packing for his prospecting companion and friend Bill Peyto. At the outbreak of the Boer war, Jack and Bill flipped a coin to see who would go forth to defend the Empire. Jack, losing the toss, stayed to look after their claims. Sinclair later decided to seek his own fortune in prospecting in Africa. The land near the Bow where the museum now stands was transferred to Dave White for $100 in 1910.
Mather Cabin |
581_13 | William Mather arrived in Banff from Ontario around 1910, where he entered into a boat rental business with Raymond Rooper. Bill later became sole owner and expanded the business to include ice skating in the winter. A well trained logman, Bill built the sturdy shaped timber cabin. This small structure was where Mather's four children were raised. Bill's wife once gave birth in the cabin during a large flood; the doctor who birthed the baby was wearing a pair of hipwaders! In later years Bill's son, Allen, rented the cabin out as part of a cabin rental business. The cabin was moved to the Whyte property from across the river in 1977.
Windy Cabin |
581_14 | Windy is the sole remaining example of the original backcountry cabins used by the National Parks Warden Service. It is the third of a string of cabins that enabled the wardens to patrol the Parks frontiers against poaching. Built in 1911, Windy was located 45 kilometers north of Banff on the Panther River. As headquarters for the Panther River district, Windy was operated year-round. In the early 1970s, worried about the deterioration of this important structure, Parks Canada moved the cabin down the Cascade fire road to its present location. The Park Warden Service furnished Windy with appropriate artifacts in 1985.
Archives and Library
The Whyte Museum's Archives & Library was established in 1966 to serve the unique mountain regions of Western Canada. The Archives & Library has various collections available, and holds the records and archival materials of the Alpine Club of Canada.
Affiliations
The Museum is affiliated with CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada. |
581_15 | References
Unless specifically stated otherwise, the sources for this article are the Whyte Museum website and their online archives.
Buildings and structures in Banff, Alberta
Art museums and galleries in Alberta
History of mountaineering
Museums established in 1968
1968 establishments in Alberta
Libraries in Alberta |
582_0 | Lace is an American television two-part miniseries, based on the 1982 bonkbuster novel of the same name by author Shirley Conran. The series aired on ABC on February 26–27, 1984. The plot concerns the search by sex symbol Lili (Phoebe Cates) for her natural mother, who surrendered her for adoption as a newborn. Lace was one of the highest-rated television movies of the 1983–84 television season.
Lili's line "Incidentally, which one of you bitches is my mother?", addressed to her three maternal candidates — Pagan Trelawney (Brooke Adams), Judy Hale (Bess Armstrong) and Maxine Pascal (Arielle Dombasle) — was named the best line in television history by TV Guide in its 1993 issue celebrating 40 years of television.
Plot |
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