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624_12 | Stevenson established the Equal Franchise Society of Pennsylvania, in recognition of the difficulties women faced in obtaining the right to vote. She served as president until 1910 and first vice president until the Federal Suffrage Amendment passed in 1920. In 1910, the Equal Franchise Society of Philadelphia republished the speech entitled "Shall Women Have the Right to Vote?", originally delivered by Wendell Philipps in Worcester, MA in 1851. In the forward of the publication, Stevenson (signed only as 'S.Y.S.'), reflected on the ongoing struggle for women's suffrage, writing:A Chinese philosopher, a disciple of Laotse, once said: “Man is like a child born at midnight who when he sees the sunrise, thinks there was no yesterday.” There are many persons in the community even today, who regard the present movement in favor of equal suffrage as a transitory, hysterical agitation of a demagogic nature, of which the impulse has been received in the United States from the outbreaks of |
624_13 | militant partisans in England. In the minds of these persons, the movement in the past is vaguely associated with eccentric clothing and more or less ridicule; in the present, with the restlessness of what is regarded as an unwomanly demonstration. |
624_14 | While believers in equal suffrage in this country have taken advantage of the interest aroused in every part of the world by the news from the militant suffragists of England, the movement can claim a respectable history and a fairly long pedigree. If in the last century the pioneers in the demand for “Women's Rights” in England found strength in the support of such men as John Stuart Mill, their American sisters found among others an outspoken champion in another clear thinker— Wendell Phillips. |
624_15 | The principle of equality is generally admitted—the question of expediency still faces us. In reprinting Wendell Phillips’ admirable address, the intention therefore, is to make clear the relation of the present movement to its historical background. While listening to the words of a strong man who, in 1851, had the courage to support an unpopular cause in the interest of justice and fair play, it is hoped that encouragement will be given to those who today are fighting in the ranks. - S. Y. SWith regard to her active role in the women's rights movement, Stevenson said the following: "The days of useless martyrdom are over, also those of heroic sacrifice where it is not needed. What we need to do today is not to slaughter men and parties who do not happen to think as we do … but to educate them, teach them to see, to know, to love, to feel, to grow."
Career
Anthropology and egyptology |
624_16 | In the 1880s anthropology was still emerging as an established academic discipline, and universities were beginning to develop and formalize their anthropology departments. Stevenson became involved in Egyptological pursuits through her membership in the American branch of the Egypt Exploration Fund, which was founded in 1882 by Amelia Edwards. Throughout her career, Stevenson made several trips overseas, although she never carried out her own archaeological fieldwork. She contributed to the collections of what is now the University of Pennsylvania' Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology as the first curator of the Egyptian and Mediterranean section, a position to which she was appointed in 1890. "Anthropological Work in America", an article in the July 1892 issue of Popular Science Monthly, declared that Stevenson "is perhaps [America's] only lady Egyptologist. Her lectures in Egyptian subjects have made a sensation." She mentored with Frederick Ward Putnam, who had just |
624_17 | established Harvard's anthropology department, along with Franz Boas, Zelia Nuttall, and Alice Fletcher. Stevenson's interests were very wide and ranged from cultural diffusion to cultural evolution. |
624_18 | In 1892 Putnam supported Stevenson's appointment to the Jury of Awards for Ethnology during the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. A special act had to be passed to allow a woman to serve this position; Stevenson was elected vice president of the jury. In 1894 Stevenson was the first woman to speak at the Peabody Museum on "Egypt at the Dawn of History". She was president of the Oriental Club of Philadelphia, the Contemporary Club, president and secretary Pennsylvania Chapter of the Archaeological Institute of America, and was founder and officer of the University Archaeological Association, the American Folk-Lore Society, and the American Exploration Society. She was also a member of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia and in 1895 was one of the first two women admitted to the American Philosophical Society. Stevenson also joined the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1884 and was nominated a Fellow in 1895. |
624_19 | In 1894, Stevenson was the first woman to receive an honorary doctorate degree from the University of Pennsylvania. She also received an honorary degree from Temple University, and medals from the National Institute of Social Sciences Association.
Of Stevenson's role, Langdon Warner stated: "“If women today find no difficulty in being recognized as scholars, and if their counsel is demanded in Museums, it is due to Mrs. Stevenson in a far greater measure than our casual generation will ever know." |
624_20 | University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |
624_21 | Stevenson played a pivotal role in the establishment of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (Penn Museum). In 1891, Stevenson, William Pepper, Talcott Williams, and Joseph Coates were appointed by the University Archaeological Association to create the Department of Archaeology and Paleontology. Stevenson then served on the governing board from its start (1892) until 1905 (secretary 1894-1904; president 1904-05). During her tenure, she contributed to the building of the "Free Museum of Science and Art", which was first dedicated in 1899 and which eventually became the Penn Museum. She served as the curator of the Egyptian and Mediterranean section of the museum from 1890 to 1905. In her position as curator, Stevenson was concerned with collections acquisitions and in 1898 she travelled to Egypt and purchased 42 cases of artifacts for the American Exploration Society, mostly from the ancient site of Dendereh, including the Penn Museum's first papyrus. |
624_22 | In 1905, Stevenson, along with more than 125 supporters, resigned from her position at the museum following controversy surrounding Herman Hilprecht's personal appropriations and fraudulent publication of antiquities. Hilprecht was cleared of charges but Stevenson never returned to her position at the museum.
As noted in her Penn Museum biography: "As one of the principal founders of the University Museum, one whose contributions to the building program of the Museum was essential to its success, Stevenson set a powerful example for generations of women to follow."
Journalism
Stevenson wrote as a columnist for the Philadelphia Public Ledger under the pen names Peggy Shippen ("Peggy Shippen's Diary") and Sally Wistar ("Sally Wistar Says") until 1920. As Peggy Shippen, Stevenson wrote a society column for Philadelphia's elite, and her pseudonym paid homage to Peggy Shippen, a Philadelphian and a prominent figure during the Revolutionary War who was married to Benedict Arnold. |
624_23 | Education and museum studies
Following her departure from the Penn Museum in 1905, Stevenson developed one of the first college-level courses in training museum professionals in the United States, which she taught at the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art, now known as The University of the Arts (Philadelphia). Her lectures covered topics ranging from "The Modern Museum and its Functions" to "The Diseases of Objects and Remedies." She also became a curator in the museum now known as the Philadelphia Museum of Art. |
624_24 | Scholarly publications
"On Certain Symbols used in the Decoration of some Potsherds from Daphnae and Naukratis, now in the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania," Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia for 1890–91, 1892.
"The Tomb of King Amenhotep," Papers on Egyptian Archaeology, 1892.
"Mr. Petrie's Discoveries at Tel el-Amarna," Science Vol. 19; Nos. 480–482, 510.
"An Ancient Egyptian Rite Illustrating a Phase of Primitive Thought," International Congress of Anthropology, Memoirs, Chicago, 1894, 298–311.
"Some Sculptures from Koptos in Philadelphia," American Journal of Archaeology 10 (1895), 347–351.
"The Feather and the Wing in Early Mythology," Oriental Studies of the Oriental Club of Philadelphia, 1894, 202–241.
"On the Remains of Foreigners Discovered in Egypt by Mr. W.M. Flinders Petrie, 1895, now in the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. XXXV. |
624_25 | Maximilian in Mexico: A Woman's Reminiscences of the French Intervention. New York, 1899.
Egypt and Western Asia in Antiquity by Ferdinand Justi, Morris Jastrow Jr., and Sara Y. Stevenson, Philadelphia, 1905. |
624_26 | References
External links |
624_27 | Biography of Sara Yorke Stevenson at the at the http://www.archives.upenn.edu/ University Archives
Phillips, W., C. Catt, & National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection. 1910. [Philadelphia: Republished by The Equal Franchise Society of Pennsylvania] [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/93838344/
Fleischman, A. 2013. "Women Archaeologists in the Early Days of the Museum" Expedition Magazine 54.3: n. pag. Expedition Magazine. Penn Museum. http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/?p=10589
O'Connor, D. 1979. "The University Museum in Egypt" Expedition Magazine 21.2: n. pag. Expedition Magazine. Penn Museum. http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/?p=4402
Anonymous. 1979. "The Museum in the Field" Expedition Magazine 21.2: n. pag. Expedition Magazine. Penn Museum. http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/?p=14630 |
624_28 | Pezzati, A. 2015. "Gold Medals & Grand Prizes" Expedition Magazine 57.1: n. pag. Expedition Magazine. Penn Museum. http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/?p=22582
Sara Yorke Stevenson Collections at Social Networks and Archival Context (SNAC) http://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jx941m |
624_29 | 1847 births
1921 deaths
Archaeologists from Paris
Writers from Philadelphia
American archaeologists
American historians
American Egyptologists
American curators
American women curators
American suffragists
American women's rights activists
University of Pennsylvania faculty
American women historians
American women archaeologists
Activists from Philadelphia
Museum education
Members of the American Philosophical Society
American women writers
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |
625_0 | The following is a list of notable deaths in August 2003.
Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:
Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.
August 2003
1
Bob McMaster, 82, Australian wrestler and rugby player.
Guy Thys, 80, former Belgian national football coach.
Marie Trintignant, 41, French actress and daughter of actor Jean-Louis Trintignant, beaten to death by singer Bertrand Cantat .
Gordon Arnaud Winter, 90, Canadian Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland. |
625_1 | 2
Ken Coote, 75, English footballer.
Don Estelle, 70, British actor.
Sir Charles Kerruish, 86, Manx politician.
Mike Levey, 55, American infomercial host, cancer.
Paulinho Nogueira, 75, Brazilian guitarist, singer and composer.
Peter Safar, 79, Austrian-born American physician, cancer.
Lesley Woods, 92, American actress (The Edge of Night, All My Children, The Bold and the Beautiful).
Hatten Yoder, 82, American petrologist, writer and historian, pioneered the study of minerals under high pressure and temperatures.
3
Joyce Macdonald, 81, New Zealand backstroke swimmer.
Joseph Saidu Momoh, 66, President of Sierra Leone.
Alan Reiher, 76, Australian public servant.
Roger Voudouris, 48, American singer-songwriter and guitarist, liver disease. |
625_2 | 4
Anthony of Sourozh, 89, Russian monk, bishop and broadcaster, longest-ordained hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Pål Arne Fagernes, 29, Norwegian javelin thrower and olympian, car accident.
Chung Mong-hun, 54, Korean businessman, suicide.
Sarup Singh, 86, Indian academic and politician.
James Welch, 62, American Blackfeet and Gros Ventre writer and poet (Winter in the Blood, Fools Crow).
5
Tite Curet Alonso, 77, Puerto Rican music composer, critic and journalist.
John Flemming, 62, British economist.
Samuel J. Tedesco, 88, American politician, Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut.
Don Turnbull, 66, UK games magazine editor.
Benjamin Vaughan, 85, Welsh Anglican priest, Bishop of Swansea and Brecon.
Robert Joseph Ward, 77, American judge (U.S. District Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York). |
625_3 | 6
Julius Baker, 87, American flute player, principal flutist of the New York Philharmonic for 18 years.
Robin Banerjee, 94, Indian environmentalist and wildlife photographer.
William Bateman Hall, 80, British nuclear engineer.
Louis Lasagna, 80, American physician and professor of medicine, lymphoma.
Roberto Marinho, 98, Brazilian businessman.
Grover Mitchell, 73, American jazz trombonist, cancer.
Larry Taylor, 85, English actor and stuntman. |
625_4 | 7
K. D. Arulpragasam, 71, Sri Lankan Tamil academic.
Grigoriy Lvovitch Bondarevsky, 83, Russian professor, writer, and historian, murdered.
Melvin DeStigter, 74, American politician, cancer.
Charles Jones, 85, Australian politician.
Roxie Collie Laybourne, 92, American ornithologist.
Mickey McDermott, 74, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox, Washington Senators, Kansas City Athletics).
Pierre Vilar, 97, French historian, authoritative historian of Spain.
Claude Alvin Villee Jr., 86, American biologist and author, wrote a widely used biology textbook.
Rajko Žižić, 48, Yugoslavian professional basketball player (Summer Olympics medals: 1976 silver, 1980 gold, 1984 bronze). |
625_5 | 8
Peter Blunt, 79, British Army officer and businessman.
Ismail Ahmed Cachalia, 94, South African political activist.
Martha Chase, 75, American geneticist, pneumonia.
Sam Gillespie, 32, Australian-born philosopher.
Lilli Gyldenkilde, 67, Danish politician, cancer.
Bhupen Khakhar, 69, Indian contemporary artist.
Allan McCready, 86, New Zealand politician.
Giant Ochiai, 30, Japanese professional wrestler and mixed martial artist, subdural hematoma.
Sir Edward Pickering, 81, British newspaper editor.
9
Ali Bakar, 55, Malaysian footballer.
Ray Harford, 58, English football manager.
Gregory Hines, 57, American dancer, actor.
Chester Ludgin, 77, American baritone.
Billy Rogell, 98, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers, Chicago Cubs).
Esmond Wright, 87, British historian, media personality and politician (Member of Parliament for Glasgow Pollok). |
625_6 | 10
Constance Chapman, 91, English actor.
Jacques Deray, 74, French film director and screenwriter.
Aïcha Fofana, Malian translator and author.
Carmita Jiménez, 64, Puerto Rican singer.
Jimmy Kelly, 71, English footballer.
Bill Perkins, 79, American jazz saxophonist and flutist.
Cedric Price, 68, English architect and writer.
11
Roger Antoine, 81, French basketball player (1956 Olympic basketball, 1960 Olympic basketball).
Armand Borel, 80, Swiss mathematician, wrote articles fundamental to the development of mathematics.
Herb Brooks, 66, American hockey player and coach (1980 Olympic gold medal winning "Miracle on Ice" hockey team).
Diana Mitford, 93, widow of British Fascist leader Oswald Mosley.
John Shearman, 72, British art historian.
Joseph Ventaja, 73, French boxer (bronze medal in featherweight boxing at the 1952 Summer Olympics). |
625_7 | 12
Sir William Douglas, 81, Barbadian jurist, Chief Justice of Barbados (1965–1986).
Jackie Hamilton, 65, British stand-up comedian.
Matt Moffitt, 46, Australian singer, songwriter.
Albert Lemieux, 87, Canadian politician and businessman.
Walter J. Ong, 90, American]] Jesuit priest, professor of English literature, historian, and philosopher.
Edward Skottowe Northrop, 92, American judge (U.S. District Judge of the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland).
13
Ward Bennett, 85, American designer and artist.
Charlie Devens, 93, American baseball player (New York Yankees).
Lothar Emmerich, 61, German football player.
Kazım Kartal, 67, Turkish actor, heart attack.
Michael Maclagan, 89, British historian.
Ed Townsend, 74, American songwriter and producer. |
625_8 | 14
Chuck Brown, 52, American politician.
Bishop Donal Lamont, 92, Irish born Rhodesian Roman Catholic bishop and Nobel Peace Prize nominee.
Helmut Rahn, 73, German footballer, World Champion 1954.
Robin Thompson, 72, Irish rugby player.
Kirk Varnedoe, 57, American art historian, chief curator at the Museum of Modern Art.
15
Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, 86, Dutch nurse, Nazi resister and last known person to see Anne Franke
Red Hardy, 80, American baseball player (New York Giants).
Enric Llaudet, 86, Spanish businessman and sports executive.
Mack Magaha, 75, American bluegrass fiddler.
Roy Neal, 82, American television correspondent, covered the manned space program for NBC News.
Eric Nisenson, 57, American author and jazz historian, kidney failure related to leukemia. |
625_9 | 16
Idi Amin, 78, Ugandan military officer, President of Uganda, known as a murderous and erratic ruler.
Nándor Balázs, 77, Hungarian-American physicist.
Bert Crane, 80, Australian politician.
Lowell Johnston, 77, Canadian politician and businessman.
Charles C. Noble, 87, American major general and engineer.
Ben Mang Reng Say, 75, Indonesian politician, stroke.
Gösta Sundqvist, 46, Finnish musician and radio personality, heart attack.
James Whitehead, 67, American poet and novelist (Joiner).
17
Ben Belitt, 92, American poet and translator.
James Chalker, 90, Canadian politician and businessperson.
Paolo Massimo Antici, 79, Italian diplomat.
Margaret Raia, 78, American actress with dwarfism, brain seizure.
Connie Douglas Reeves, 101, member of the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame, complications following a fall. |
625_10 | 18
Alan Green, 71, British local politician.
Tony Jackson, 65, English singer and bass-guitar player, alcoholism.
Jocelyne Jocya, 61, French singer and songwriter, breast cancer.
Endre Szász, 77, Hungarian artist.
Zachary Turner, 1, American boy, murder–suicide, his killing is documented in the movie Dear Zachary |
625_11 | 19
Al Bansavage, 65, American professional football player (USC, Los Angeles Chargers, Oakland Raiders).
Lester Mondale, 99, American Unitarian minister and humanist.
John Munro, 72, Canadian politician (member of Parliament of Canada representing Hamilton East, Ontario).
Carlos Roberto Reina, 77, former president of Honduras.
Notable victims killed in the Canal Hotel bombing in Baghdad, Iraq:
Gillian Clark, 47, Canadian aid worker for the Christian Children's Fund
Reham Al-Farra, 29, Jordanian diplomat and journalist.
Arthur Helton, 54, American Director of peace and conflict studies at the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations.
Reza Hosseini, 43, Iranian UNOHCI Humanitarian affairs officer
Jean-Sélim Kanaan, 33, Egyptian, Italian and French United Nations diplomat and member of Sérgio Vieira de Mello's staff.
Sérgio Vieira de Mello, 55, Brazilian UN diplomat and Secretary-General's Special Representative in Iraq. |
625_12 | Fiona Watson, 35, Scottish member of Vieira de Mello's staff, political affairs officer.
Nadia Younes, 57, Egyptian United Nations aide, chief of staff for Vieira de Mello. |
625_13 | 20
Ian MacDonald, 54, British music critic, suicide.
Brianne Murphy, 70, British cinematographer,.
Nermin Neftçi, 78/79, Turkish jurist and politician.
John Ogbu, 64, Nigerian-American anthropologist and professor, post-surgery heart attack.
Andrew Ray, 64, British actor.
21
Ismail Abu Shanab, 52–53, Palestinian political leader, a founder and the second highest leader of Hamas.
Ken Coleman, 78, American radio and television sportscaster.
John Coplans, 83, British artist, art writer, curator, and museum director.
Frank Harlan Freedman, 78, American judge (U.S. District Judge of the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts).
Fraser Noble, 85, Scottish classicist, economist and university leader (University of Leicester, University of Aberdeen).
Kathy Wilkes, 57, English philosopher and education worker in Eastern Europe.
Wesley Willis, 40, American singer-songwriter and visual artist, leukemia. |
625_14 | 22
Imperio Argentina, 92, Argentine actress and singer.
Colleen Browning, 85, American painter.
Julie Dusanko, 81, Canadian baseball player (AAGPBL)
Arnold Gerschwiler, 89, Swiss figure skating trainer.
Glenn Stetson, 62, Canadian singer. |
625_15 | 23
Hy Anzell, 79, American actor (Little Shop of Horrors, Checking Out, Bananas, Annie Hall).
J. Bowyer Bell, 71, American historian, artist and art critic, best known as a terrorism expert.
Bobby Bonds, 57, American baseball player (San Francisco Giants, California Angels) and father of San Francisco Giants ballplayer Barry Bonds.
Maurice Buret, 94, French equestrian competitor (gold medal in equestrian team dressage at the 1948 Summer Olympics).
Mal Colston, 65, Australian politician.
Jack Dyer, 89, Australian rules football legend.
John Geoghan, 68, defrocked American pedophile priest.
Robert N. C. Nix Jr., 75, American judge, chief justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from 1984 to 1996.
Michael Kijana Wamalwa, 58, Kenyan politician, eighth Vice-President of Kenya.
Ed Zandy, 83, American trumpet player, member of the second Glenn Miller Orchestra, formed in 1938. |
625_16 | 24
Harry W. Addison, 82, American author.
Robert C. Bruce, 88, American actor.
John Burgess, 94, American bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, first African-American to head an Episcopal diocese.
John Jacob Rhodes, 86, American politician (House Minority Leader, U.S. Representative for Arizona's 1st congress. dist.).
Sir Wilfred Thesiger, 93, British explorer.
Zena Walker, 69, British actress (Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for A Day in the Death of Joe Egg).
Kent Walton, 86, British sports commentator, known for his wrestling commentary on ITV's World of Sport from 1955 to 1988.
Wendell L. Wray, 77, American librarian and professor, director of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. |
625_17 | 25
Clive Barry, 80, Australian novelist.
Tom Feelings, 70, American cartoonist, children's book illustrator, and author.
Harold McMaster, 87, American inventor and entrepreneur.
Hjalmar Pettersson, 96, Swedish cyclist (men's individual road race at the 1928 Summer Olympics).
Ajit Vachani, 52, Indian film and television actor.
Waid Vanderpoel, 81, American financier and conservationist. |
625_18 | 26
Wayne Andre, 71, American jazz trombonist and session musician (Liza Minnelli, Bruce Springsteen, Alice Cooper).
Sultanah Bahiyah, 73, Malaysian Sultanah and Raja.
Edo Belli, 85, American architect, one of Chicago's top architects.
Wilma Burgess, 64, American country music singer ("Misty Blue", "Baby", "Don't Touch Me"), heart attack.
Clive Charles, 51, English football player, coach and television announcer, prostate cancer.
Hans Fränkel, 86, German-American sinologist.
Bimal Kar, 81, Bengali writer and novelist.
Jim Wacker, American college football coach (Texas Christian University, University of Minnesota). |
625_19 | 27
Jinx Falkenburg, 84, American actress and model.
Henry P. Glass, 91, Austrian-born American designer and architect.
Marc Honegger, 77, French musicologist and choirmaster.
Kogga Devanna Kamath, 81, India puppeteer.
Pierre Poujade, 82, French populist politician.
Nikolai Todorov, 82, Bulgarian historian and politician, acting President (1990)
Charles Van Horne, 82, Canadian politician (member of Parliament of Canada representing Restigouche—Madawaska, New Brunswick).
28
Frank E. Bolden, 90, American journalist, Pittsburgh street reporter and World War II war correspondent.
William Cochran, 81, British physicist.
Peter Hacks, 75, German playwright and author.
Wilfred Hoare, 93, English cricketer.
Richard Morris, American author. |
625_20 | 29
Herbert Abrams, 82, American portrait artist (Jimmy Carter, George H.W. Bush, William Westmoreland, Arthur Miller).
Horace W. Babcock, 90, American astronomer, director of the Palomar Observatory from 1964 to 1978.
Anant Balani, 41, Indian film director and screenwriter, heart attack.
Dick Bogard, 66, American minor league baseball player, manager and MLB scout (Houston Astros, Milwaukee Brewers, Oakland Athletics).
Ayatollah Sayed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim, 63, Iraqi cleric and politician.
Madame Anahit, 85–86, Turkish accordionist, heart failure. |
625_21 | 30
Robert Abplanalp, 81, American inventor and industrialist, invented aerosol spray valve, confidant of Richard Nixon.
Webster Anderson, 70, American U.S. Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient for his actions in the Vietnam War.
Arthur Edward Blanchette, 82, Canadian diplomat.
Charles Bronson, 81, American actor (The Magnificent Seven, The Great Escape, Death Wish).
Donald Davidson, 86, American philosopher.
Claude Passeau, 94, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates, Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago Cubs).
31
Jelena de Belder-Kovačič, 78, Slovenian-Belgian botanist and horticulturist.
Anne Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster, 88, Irish born peeress.
Warren Rogers, 81, American journalist.
John Storrs, 83, American architect in Oregon.
Pavel Tigrid, 85, Czech writer, publisher, author and politician.
Jung Yong-hoon, 24, South Korean footballer, car accident.
References
2003-08
08 |
626_0 | Tapani Rinne (born February 2, 1962) is a Finnish musician, composer, record producer and sound designer, who is known for his experimental and innovative style with the clarinet and saxophone. It has earned him a reputation as one of the most respected and unique Nordic instrumentalists.
Rinne is most widely recognized as the foreman of the pioneering Finnish electro jazz group RinneRadio, but he has an established solo career with several albums of his own, too. As a record producer he has been also responsible for several albums made together with the Sámi yoik singer Wimme Saari as well as for the albums Kielo (1999) and Kluster (2002) by the experimental accordionist Kimmo Pohjonen. Besides his solo career as a recording artist and numerous other artist collaborations, Rinne has composed music and soundscapes for theater, radio plays, documentaries, films, art exhibitions, contemporary circus shows and dance performances. |
626_1 | Author Petri Silas wrote about Tapani Rinne as a musician the following way in the 5th edition of Finnish Jazz published by Finnish Music Information Centre in 1998: “One of the most successful category-smashers in contemporary jazz, Tapani Rinne has carefully steered his career from one victory to another. His eccentric mix of trad jazz, fragile ambient soundscapes and hard-driving techno, hip hop and drum’n’bass beats in the group RinneRadio has paved the way to stardom both nationally and internationally.”
Biography |
626_2 | As a solo artist
Tapani Rinne has been an avid student of clarinets and saxophones since the age of eight. He started his musical career in the sax section of the Pori Big Band in 1974 and studied clarinet at the prestigious Sibelius Academy in Helsinki between 1981 and 1986. In the 1980s, Tapani Rinne was playing as one of the members in Edward Vesala Sound & Fury on the album Lumi (1986) as well as in Raoul Björkenheim’s group Krakatau on the album Ritual (1988). He was also developing his talent among the ranks of UMO Jazz Orchestra, Espoo Big Band and the EBU Big Band. During those years Vesala encouraged Rinne to launch a project of his own and thus RinneRadio was born. Vesala was responsible also for the production of RinneRadio's self-titled debut album in 1988. |
626_3 | The solo career as a recording artist started in 1999 with the release of his debut solo album Insider. Tapani Rinne has released four albums since that. Musically they are all ambient-based, while the fourth Radioton album from 2019 was described as a dive directly into the deep layers of minimal ambient creating a breathlike soothing soundscape brainstorming with only a bass clarinet and effect pedals. His fifth album Foghornia was released on Signature Dark label in October 2020 picking up where the previous one left off, said to dig even deeper into melancholic depths of dark ambient music.
With RinneRadio
RinneRadio is a pioneering Finnish electro jazz group, which Tapani Rinne founded in 1988. They are best known for fusing jazz into ambient music and techno, years before it became a worldwide trend, and adding hints of world music into it. RinneRadio has released more than a dozen of albums and performed all over the world. |
626_4 | The reputation of RinneRadio as something radically new was cemented with the albums Dance and Visions (1990), Joik (1992), Unik (1994) and Rok (1996) pushing the ever-evolving group into fervent exploration of new soundscapes beyond jazz, drum & bass, ambient and techno. While the line-up of RinneRadio has changed several times during the years, Tapani Rinne is still the leader and the musical conductor of the group.
With Wimme Saari
Tapani Rinne has paired with the Sámi yoik singer Wimme Saari on two albums Soabbi (2013) and Human (2017) which they made and released together. Before officially coming out as a duo they had collaborated already on RinneRadio’s albums Dance and Visions (1990), Joik (1992) and Unik (1994), which led Tapani Rinne to produce the first albums Wimme (1995), Gierran (1997) and Cugu (2000) for the Wimme act. |
626_5 | After dropping off from the liaison for a while to focus on RinneRadio, Tapani Rinne returned to produce the Wimme album Mun (2009), which landed them the respected Finnish Teosto prize in 2011 and was another success after the earlier breakthrough albums. Mun peaked on the World Music Charts Europe’s radio charts as the #3 album in May 2010 and reached the Top 20 list on five months during that year.
Since the 2010’s, Wimme and Rinne have performed worldwide together as a duo, including shows at WOMEX in Copenhagen in 2011 and in Tampere in 2019. The Songlines magazine called the album Human "a genre-defying tribute to the raw beauty ‒ and occasional madness ‒ of the human condition”. The album drew inspiration from the natural world combining calm beauty, affirmation and a holistic worldview, while the previous album Soabbi was based on religious hymns. |
626_6 | With SlowHill
SlowHill are a Finnish instrumental downtempo/lounge band, which Rinne formed with the well-known Finnish DJ Slow (aka Vellu Maurola), a former member of the band Pepe Deluxé. The band fuses hip hop and electronic beats into easy listening jazz atmospheres. Their debut album Finndisc was issued by the legendary Blue Note Records in 2002. The second album Fennika was published by Plastinka Records. The third album Muzak was released five years later in 2010. It was issued by Universal Music Finland. |
626_7 | The latest project SlowHillxEGS is a collaboration with the Helsinki-based contemporary artist EGS, known for his global graffiti art and other visual projects. The trio does not perform concerts in the traditional form as their rare appearances are about composing new chill hop sounds while simultaneously creating a work of art. The tracks are inspired by lo-fi hip hop genre, mellow relaxation and elevator music. The aim of the concept album or performance is to create a new kind of live dialogue with live instruments, groovy beats and painterly techniques, which forms a feedback loop of immediate inspiration to give birth to new creations. |
626_8 | Other collaborations
Outside of RinneRadio, Wimme, SlowHill and his solo albums, reedsman/composer Tapani Rinne has made his mark through close collaborations with several artists, mostly from Finland. In the early days of his career he collaborated with respected jazz musicians such as Edward Vesala and Raoul Björkenheim with guest appearances on each other's albums. Another famous Finnish jazz musician, who worked closely together with Tapani Rinne, was pianist Iro Haarla. She was also part of the original lineup on RinneRadio's debut album.
In the beginning of the 1990s, Tapani Rinne collaborated with another unconventional Finnish saxophonist, internationally acknowledged Jimi Tenor. They ended up doing together album titled Suburban Sax, which was released in 1991. |
626_9 | Collaborations with Finnish multi-instrumentalist and percussionist Teho Majamäki led Tapani Rinne to record experimental albums Inside the Temple in 2012 and Under The Ground in 2015. The first one was recorded inside holy places in India, and the latter in the newly blasted rock tunnels of the railroad built to connect the center of Helsinki to the Vantaa airport. On both albums the artists improvised music inspired by the surroundings, while preserving the physical acoustics and echoes of the exceptional locations. All About Jazz credited Inside The Temple as a five stars album in their review in 2011. |
626_10 | In 2020, Tapani Rinne collaborated with Helsinki-based electronic music artist Aleksi Myllykoski by playing saxophone on the minimalist, melancholic and introspective album Dark Days. Musically the album has been described as ambient and drone-based noir jazz with influences from techno and jungle to experimental music. Aleksi Myllykoski also replaced Konsta “DJ Muffler” Mikkonen in the official lineup of RinneRadio in 2020.
Using the alias TR, Tapani Rinne has collaborated with popular Finnish EDM artist Janji on several tracks, such as “Milky Way Stars” in 2014, which has garnered millions of listens on various stream services.
Since 2016, Rinne has participated as a musician in the innovative and widely covered Classical Trancelations in Concert music concept fusing classical music and rave culture and performing live together with the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra and a wide range of popular Finnish music artists on many occasions. |
626_11 | With RinneRadio, Tapani Rinne has collaborated with several artists, including Pan Sonic’s synthetist Mika Vainio and world renowned dance producers such as Jaakko “JS16” Salovaara and Jori Hulkkonen.
Pauli Saastamoinen has been mainly responsible in the studio for the quality control and final sound mastering of recordings by Tapani Rinne during the years. Tapani Rinne has also collaborated with Tuomas Norvio frequently, also after the period when Norvio was officially a member of RinneRadio from 2001 till 2009.
In the 1980s, Tapani Rinne played tenor saxophone in the Finnish band The Bullworkers, which fused many elements from rock to rhythm & blues, jazz and popular music, for some years until founding and focusing on RinneRadio. |
626_12 | Production work for other artists
Tapani Rinne worked as the musical producer of avantgarde and experimental accordionist Kimmo Pohjonen’s albums Kielo (1999) and Kluster (2002). Kimmo Pohjonen has been granted the accolade of Finnish Folk Musician of the Year in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 in the Finnish Ethnogala and has achieved international success and recognition worldwide.
Rinne's production can also be heard on Finnish folk artist Sanna Kurki-Suonio’s album Huria, where he played as one of the musicians himself as well. The album was released in 2007 by Rockadillo Records.
Compositions for films, theater, radio and art exhibitions |
626_13 | Film music
Besides albums, Tapani Rinne has composed a lot of music for numerous films including documentaries, fiction movies and short films. The music for the fiction film Koti-ikävä (2005) was chosen as the representative of Finland for the competition in the international Auxerre Music & Cinema Festival in France. For the same soundtrack, Tapani Rinne and DJ Slow were also nominees in the Finnish Jussi Awards for the best film music of 2005.
Rinne also composed music for the Finnish documentary film Angel of the North, which premiered in 2017 and was directed by the French director Jean Michel Roux. One of his later international assignments was working as a composer for Norwegian dance film Human Habitat 2019. Earlier during his career, Rinne has composed music for documentary film White Terror, which was an international co-production and premiered in 2005. |
626_14 | Wimme & Rinne and RinneRadio were responsible for compositions in the experimental short film Eatnanvuloš lottit (Maan sisällä linnut) by Finnish-Sámi director Marja Helander in 2017. The film was credited with the Risto Jarva Award in 2018. It was screened also at Sundance Film Festival in 2019 and eventually purchased into the collections of Finnish National Gallery.
For television series, Tapani Rinne has worked as the composer for the Nordic co-production Insider in 1999 as well provided theme music by RinneRadio for the series Kylmäverisesti sinun, broadcast in Finland in the beginning of the millennium.
RinneRadio also composed music for the Italian films Atomic! A train of mad Italians in China (Cimap! Cento italiani matti a Pechino) in 2008 and The Missing Piece (Il pezzo mancante) in 2010, both directed by Giovanni Piperno. |
626_15 | Other noteworthy film compositions by Tapani Rinne include documentary films Nokia Mobile: We Were Connecting People (Nokia Mobile: Matkapuhelimen tarina) (2017) directed by Arto Koskinen as well as When Heroes Lie (Sinivalkoinen valhe) (2012) and Pavlov’s Dogs (Pavlovin koirat) (2005) by director Arto Halonen.
Incidental music
Tapani Rinne has composed incidental music for different performances from theater plays to contemporary circus and dance shows internationally.
Rinne's premiere work as a theater composer was for the drama Frankenstein played in 2013 in the Finnish National Theatre. In 2019, he composed music for a contemporary theater performance named Tie Konyaan there.
Another collaboration with Wimme Saari was to compose the music for the physical and cinematic performance Strømsteder // Sarfartuut in Teater Grob, Copenhagen in 2013. The show was co-produced by the National Theatre of Greenland. |
626_16 | Projects include also incidental music and compositions for contemporary dance performances, such as choreographer Susanna Leinonen's works No One, Just Your Friend in 2000 and Babolat in 2001.
In the 2010s, Tapani Rinne composed and performed music for the Finnish contemporary circus group Circo Aereo’s shows. For example, in Mano he created a multi-faceted sonar landscape for the performance with his clarinet in 2014. Rinne has collaborated also with contemporary music group Defunensemble, when working together with sound designer and musician Tuomas Norvio as the composer for performances such as Concerto Planos in 2016 and electro-acoustic live performance Ko(o)dit Home Codes Gå dit! in 2017.
RinneRadio played live music as the guest stars when Helsinki-based Dance Theater Hurjaruuth performed their Winter Circus show of 2006 in Auditorium Parco della Musica in Rome, Italy. |
626_17 | Soundscape design
As a sound designer, Tapani Rinne has composed ambient soundscapes based on live instrumentation, many times in collaboration with Tuomas Norvio, for radio plays and programs of Finnish Broadcast Company YLE. Many of these soundscapes were for Radioateljee show, which was broadcast for a period of more than 35 years on YLE radio and produced by Harri Huhtamäki. One of these plays directed by Huhtamäki, Hänen täytyy olla erilainen – Balladi Hallin Jannesta, was announced as the winner in Prix Italia Awards in 2011 for the overall quality among radio documentaries. Rinne has also designed soundscapes for other radio programs, such as Ääniversumi and Radio Variaatio on YLE. |
626_18 | Tapani Rinne has also created and composed soundscapes to art installations. One of these was the environmental art installation with Pia Ilonen, Ilkka Paloniemi and Annina Holmberg titled Kuiskausten puutarha in January 2000 in the Sinebrychoff park in Helsinki. Another one was a collaborative installation Kuula with Ilkka Paloniemi combining light and sound and exhibited on Lux Helsinki light festival in 2014. In 2018, he created the soundscape for Fire Garden installation exhibited for Helsinki Design Week and made together with designer Leena Kouhia and architect Sofie Hagerström. The next year Rinne worked as the sound designer on another installation titled Kotikatu/Uudenmaankatu with Leena Kouhia for HDW.
Collaboration album Under The Ground in 2015 with Teho Majamäki was based on the recordings, which City of Vantaa originally ordered from the duo to be used as the soundscapes inside the new train stations connecting the Helsinki airport to the city by rail. |
626_19 | Rinne's soundscapes have been also heard in several art exhibitions, many of them focusing on photos in particular and including artists such as the Finnish fine art photographer Marja Pirilä.
Discography
Solo albums
Insider (1999)
Nectic (2002)
Silent Night (2005)
Radioton (2019)
Foghornia (2020)
With RinneRadio
See: RinneRadio
With Wimme and Wimme & Rinne
Wimme (Wimme) (1995)
Gierran (Wimme) (1997)
Cugu (Wimme) (2000)
Mun (Wimme) (2009)
Soabbi (2013) (Wimme Saari & Tapani Rinne)
Human (2017) (Wimme & Rinne)
With SlowHill
See: SlowHill
With Jimi Tenor
Suburban Sax (1991)
With Teho Majamäki
Inside The Temple (2011)
Under The Ground (2015)
With Aleksi Myllykoski
Dark Days (2020)
With Pori Big Band
Luhtahuitti (2012)
With Tuomas Norvio and Harri Huhtamäki
Mindscape Music (2014)
(As sideman...)
With Edward Vesala
Lumi (ECM, 1986)
With Krakatau
Ritual (1988) |
626_20 | Awards
Tapani Rinne has been granted numerous awards for his musical work during the years. Some of the most notable include:
Teosto Prize of 2011 for compositions and arrangements on Wimme Saari's album Mun
Prix Italia Awards Winner of 2011 for Hänen täytyy olla erilainen – Balladi Hallin Jannesta for the overall quality among radio documentaries
Etno-Emma Prize of 2007 in the Finnish Emma Awards for Sanna Kurki-Suonio's album Huria produced by Tapani Rinne
Pori Jazz Artist of the Year 1996
Jazz-Emma Prize of 1994 in the Finnish Emma Awards for RinneRadio's album Unik
Georgie (Yrjö) Award of 1992 for the most distinguished and topical Finnish jazz musician of the year
Other nominations
In 2014, Tapani Rinne was nominated as one of the artistic advisors of Helsinki Festival in the committee founded for years 2014–2017. In 2013, he was also responsible for designing the program of Helsinki Festival's Wunderkammer club event organized in the Helsinki Music Centre. |
626_21 | References
External links
Official website of Tapani Rinne
RinneRadio’s official website
1962 births
Living people
Finnish jazz musicians
Finnish electronic musicians
Experimental musicians |
627_0 | The Drone Federalism Act of 2017 is a bill introduced in the 115th Congress by U.S. Senators Tom Cotton (R-AR), Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), Mike Lee (R-UT), and Richard Blumenthal (D-CT) on May 25, 2017. The bill would "affirm state regulatory authority regarding the operation of unmanned aerial systems (UAS), or drones."
The bill would create a process by which the federal government would work with state and local governments to manage the use of both recreational and commercial drones. Essentially, the bill would let local municipalities choose how "hobbyists" (non-business operators of drones) can use their drones, as long as the use was below an altitude of 200 feet.
While the bill shifts the regulatory authority from the FAA to local governments, it would still preserve the FAA's right to preemption as limited to only "the extent necessary to ensure the safety and efficiency of the national airspace system for interstate commerce." |
627_1 | "The senators are pitching the Drone Federalism Act as a way for local governments, including Native American tribal authorities, to create drone rules specific to their regions without butting heads with the federal government," according to Fortune magazine.
The National Governors Association supports the legislation.
Legislative background
According to the Federal Aviation Administration, around four million drones are expected to be in use by the year 2020. The FAA has already registered more than 750,000 drone operators and 200,000-manned aircraft operators in the United States.
A week before the bill was introduced, a federal appeals court ruled that the FAA lacks the authority to regulate drone use by hobbyists. The court ruling makes it so that hobbyists no longer have to register their drones in a national database. The FAA previously required registration before the court ruling. |
627_2 | According to Fortune magazine, "The FAA can still regulate how businesses use drones for purposes like inspecting oil rigs, but it cannot oversee "model aircraft," according to the 2012 FAA Modernization and Reform Act and affirmed by Washington, D.C appeals court judges. The 2012 bill lumped drones used by hobbyists into the category of "model aircraft."
Over the past several years, states and local municipalities have created their own laws and regulations for the use of drones. Many of these governments believed that the FAA's rules regarding drone use for hobbyists "failed to account for issues relating to privacy and trespassing, as in the case of someone flying a drone over another person’s house and taking photos."
135 local governments in 31 states have enacted their own drone rules.
Legislative details
The Drone Federalism Act is designed to limit the scope of "the FAA’s preemption for drone regulations and protect states’ rights to enact drone laws." |
627_3 | Feinstein’s proposal would reserve state authority to "issue reasonable restrictions on the time, manner, and place of operation of a civil unmanned aircraft system that is operated below 200 feet above ground level or within 200 feet of a structure," and further defines "reasonable restrictions" to include: limits on speed; prohibitions on flight near any public or private property; restrictions on operations during certain times of day or week, or special occasions; and other "prohibitions that protect public safety, personal privacy, or property rights, or that manage land use or restrict noise pollution." |
627_4 | If passed, the bill would:
Recognizes the FAA’s general authority over the nation’s airspace. It would make sure that state and local governments have the right to issue reasonable restrictions on the time and areas of operations for drone use.
"Reaffirms that the federal government will respect private property rights to the airspace immediately above a person’s property, which includes the first 200 feet."
Promote cooperation between various levels of government.
Protect the legitimate interests of state, local, and tribal governments, including:
protecting public safety
protecting personal privacy
protecting property rights
managing land use
restricting nuisances and noise pollution
Legislative history
The bill was introduced in the Senate on May 25, 2017. As of May 30, 2017, the bill has a total of 1 sponsor and 3 original cosponsors. It did not not become law. |
627_5 | It was reintroduced in February 2021 by Senator Mike Lee of Utah. It has been shelved for the time being. The Drone Service Providers Alliance (DSPA) predict that Senator Mike Lee will make another attempt to pass this bill in the near future.
See also
Drone
Miniature UAV
References
External links
"You No Longer Have to Register Your Drone." May 19, 2017. Fortune.
"Drone Federalism Act of 2017". Draft text of legislation.
Proposed legislation of the 115th United States Congress |
628_0 | Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1 December 1864 – 21 April 1934) was an Anglo-Norwegian polar explorer and a pioneer of modern Antarctic travel. He was the precursor of Sir Robert Falcon Scott, Sir Ernest Shackleton, Roald Amundsen, and others associated with the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. From 1898 to 1900, he led the British-financed Southern Cross expedition, which established a new Farthest South record at 78° 50'S.
Borchgrevink began his exploring career in 1894, by joining a Norwegian whaling expedition, during which he became one of the first persons to set foot on the Antarctic mainland. This achievement helped him to obtain backing for his Southern Cross expedition, which became the first to overwinter on the Antarctic mainland, and the first to visit the Great Ice Barrier since the expedition of Sir James Clark Ross nearly 60 years previously. |
628_1 | However, the expedition's successes, including the Farthest South, were received with only moderate interest by the public and by the British geographical establishment, whose attention was by then focused on Scott's upcoming Discovery expedition. Some of Borchgrevink's colleagues were critical of his leadership, and his own accounts of the expedition were regarded as journalistic and unreliable.
After the Southern Cross expedition, Borchgrevink was one of three scientists sent to the Caribbean in 1902, by the National Geographic Society, to report on the aftermath of the Mount Pelée eruption. Thereafter he settled in Kristiania, leading a life mainly away from public attention. His pioneering work was subsequently recognised and honoured by several countries, and in 1912, he received a handsome tribute from Roald Amundsen, conqueror of the South Pole. |
628_2 | In 1930, the Royal Geographical Society finally acknowledged Borchgrevink's contribution to polar exploration and awarded him its Patron's Medal. The Society acknowledged in its citation that justice had not previously been done to the work of the Southern Cross expedition.
Early life
Carsten Borchgrevink was born in Christiania, the son of a Norwegian lawyer, Henrik Christian Borchgrevink, and an English mother Annie, née Ridley. The family lived in the Uranienborg neighbourhood, where Roald Amundsen, an occasional childhood playmate, also grew up. Borchgrevink was educated at Gjertsen College, Oslo, and later (1885–88) at the Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry at Tharandt, Saxony, in Germany. |
628_3 | According to the historian Roland Huntford, Borchgrevink was of a restless nature, with a passion for adventure which took him, after his forestry training, to Australia. For four years he worked with government surveying teams in Queensland and New South Wales before settling in the small town of Bowenfels, where he became a teacher in languages and natural sciences at Cooerwull Academy. His initial interest in polar exploration developed from reading press reports about the work of local scientists on the first Australian Antarctic Exploration Committee. This organisation, founded in 1886, was investigating the possibility of establishing permanent scientific research stations in the Antarctic regions. These plans were not realised; it was a revival of interest in commercial whaling in the early 1890s that gave Borchgrevink the opportunity, in 1894, to sign up for a Norwegian expedition to Antarctica. |
628_4 | Whaling voyage |
628_5 | The expedition that Borchgrevink joined was organised by Henryk Bull, a Norwegian businessman and entrepreneur who, like Borchgrevink, had settled in Australia in the late 1880s. Bull planned to make a sealing and whaling voyage into Antarctic waters; after failing to interest Melbourne's learned societies in a cost-sharing venture of a commercial–scientific nature, he returned to Norway to organise his expedition there. He met Svend Foyn, the 84-year-old "father of modern whaling" and inventor of the harpoon gun. With Foyn's help he acquired the whaler Kap Nor ("North Cape"), which he renamed Antarctic. Bull hired an experienced whaling captain, Leonard Kristensen, and with a crew and a small scientific team left Norway in September 1893. When Borchgrevink learned that Antarctic was due to visit Melbourne in September 1894, he hurried there hoping to find a vacancy. He was fortunate; William Speirs Bruce, later an Antarctic expedition leader in his own right, had intended to join |
628_6 | Bull's expedition as a natural scientist but could not reach the ship before it left Norway. This created an opening for Borchgrevink, who met Bull in Melbourne and persuaded him to take him on as a deck-hand and part-time scientist. |
628_7 | During the following months, Antarctic's sealing activities around the subantarctic islands were successful, but whales proved difficult to find. Bull and Kristensen decided to take the ship further south, to areas where the presence of whales had been reported by earlier expeditions. The ship penetrated a belt of pack ice and sailed into the Ross Sea, but whales were still elusive. On 17 January 1895 a landing was made at Possession Island, where Sir James Clark Ross had planted the British flag in 1841. Bull and Borchgrevink left a message in a canister there, to prove their presence there. On the island Borchgrevink found a lichen, the first plant life discovered south of the Antarctic Circle. On 24 January the ship reached the vicinity of Cape Adare, at the northern extremity of the Victoria Land coastline of the Antarctic mainland. Ross's 1841 expedition been unable to land here, but as Antarctic neared the cape, conditions were calm enough for a boat to be lowered. A party |
628_8 | including Bull, Kristensen, Borchgrevink and others then headed for a shingled foreshore below the cape. Exactly who went ashore first became a matter of dispute, with both Kristensen and Borchgrevink contending for the honour along with a 17-year-old New Zealand seaman, Alexander von Tunzelmann, who said that he had "leapt out to hold the boat steady". The party claimed this as the first landing on the Antarctic mainland, although they may have been preceded by the Anglo-American sealing captain John Davis, on the Antarctic Peninsula on 7 February 1821, or by other whaling expeditions. |
628_9 | While ashore at Cape Adare, Borchgrevink collected further specimens of rocks and lichens, the latter of which would prove of great interest to the scientific community, which had doubted the ability of vegetation to survive so far south. He also made a careful study of the foreshore, assessing its potential as a site where a future expedition might land and establish winter quarters. When Antarctic reached Melbourne, Bull and Borchgrevink left the ship. Each hoped to raise funds for a further Antarctic expedition, but their efforts were unsuccessful. An animosity developed between them, possibly because of their differing accounts of the voyage on the Antarctic; each emphasised his own role without fully acknowledging that of the other.
Making plans |
628_10 | International Geographical Congress 1895
To promote his developing ideas for an expedition that would overwinter on the Antarctic continent at Cape Adare, Borchgrevink hurried to London, where the Royal Geographical Society was hosting the Sixth International Geographical Congress. On 1 August 1895 he addressed the conference, giving an account of the Cape Adare foreshore as a location where a scientific expedition might establish itself for the Antarctic winter. He described the site as "a safe situation for houses, tents and provisions", and said there were indications that in this place "the unbound forces of the Antarctic Circle do not display the full severity of their powers". He also suggested that the interior of the continent might be accessible from the foreshore by an easy route—a "gentle slope". He ended his speech by declaring his willingness to lead an expedition there himself. |
628_11 | Hugh Robert Mill, the Royal Geographical Society's librarian, who was present at the Congress, reported reactions to the speech: "His blunt manner and abrupt speech stirred the academic discussions with a fresh breeze of realism. Nobody liked Borchgrevink very much at that time, but he had a dynamic quality and a set purpose to get out again to the unknown South that struck some of us as boding well for exploration". The Congress did not, however, endorse Borchgrevink's ideas. Instead, it passed a general resolution in support of Antarctic exploration, to the effect that "the various scientific societies throughout the world should urge, in whatever way seems to them most effective, that this work be undertaken before the close of the century".
Seeking support |
628_12 | For the next two years Borchgrevink travelled in Europe and in Australia, seeking support and backing for his expedition ideas without success. One of those with whom he sought to join forces was William Speirs Bruce, who was planning his own Antarctic expedition. Their joint plans foundered when Borchgrevink, who had severed relations with Henryk Bull, learned that Bruce was in discussions with him; "I regret therefore that we cannot collaborate", wrote Borchgrevink to Bruce. He also discovered that the Royal Geographical Society had been harbouring its own plans for an Antarctic expedition since 1893. |
628_13 | Under the influence of its president, Sir Clements Markham, this RGS project was envisaged not only as a scientific endeavour, but as an attempt to relive the former glories of Royal Naval polar exploration. This vision would eventually develop into the National Antarctic Expedition with the , under Robert Falcon Scott, and it was this that attracted the interest of the learned societies rather than Borchgrevink's more modest proposals. Markham was fiercely opposed to private ventures that might divert financial support from his project, and Borchgrevink found himself starved of practical help: "It was up a steep hill", he wrote, "that I had to roll my Antarctic boulder." |
628_14 | Sir George Newnes |
628_15 | During his search for backers, Borchgrevink met Sir George Newnes, a leading British magazine publisher and cinema pioneer whose portfolio included the Westminster Gazette, Tit-Bits, Country Life and the Strand Magazine. It was not unusual for publishers to support exploration—Newnes's great rival Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe) had recently financed Frederick Jackson's expedition to Franz Josef Land, and had pledged financial backing to the National Antarctic Expedition. Newnes was sufficiently impressed by Borchgrevink to offer the full costs of his proposed expedition—around £40,000, (at least £3 million in 2008 values). This generosity infuriated Sir Clements Markham and the geographical establishment, who saw Borchgrevink as a penniless Norwegian nobody who had secured British money which they believed ought to have been theirs. Markham maintained an attitude of hostility and contempt towards Borchgrevink, and chastised Mill for attending the launch of his expedition. |
628_16 | Newnes stipulated that the expedition should sail under a British flag, and should be styled the "British Antarctic Expedition". In the event, of the total party of 29, only two were British, with one Australian and the rest Norwegian. Despite this, Borchgrevink took steps to emphasise the expedition's British character, flying the personal flag of the Duke of York and taking 500 bamboo poles with miniature Union Jacks for, as he put it, "purpose of survey and extension of the British Empire".
Southern Cross Expedition
Winter in Antarctica |
628_17 | With funding assured, Borchgrevink purchased the whaling ship Pollux, renamed her , and had her fitted out for Antarctic service. Southern Cross sailed from London on 22 August 1898, and after a three-week pause in Hobart, Tasmania, reached Cape Adare on 17 February 1899. Here, on the site which Borchgrevink had described to the Congress, the expedition set up the first-ever shore base on the Antarctic continent—in the midst of a penguin colony. It was named "Camp Ridley" in honour of Borchgrevink's mother. |
628_18 | In 1901 Borchgrevink published the book First on the Antarctic Continent. He wrote in a chapter dedicated to Adélie penguins: "We all watched the life of the penguins with the utmost interest, and I believe and hope that some of us learnt something from their habits and characteristics." On 2 March, the ship departed for New Zealand to winter there, leaving a shore party of 10 with their provisions, equipment and 70 dogs. These were the first dogs brought to the Antarctic; likewise, the expedition pioneered the use thereof the Primus stove, invented in Sweden six years earlier. |
628_19 | Louis Bernacchi, the party's Australian physicist, was later to write: "In many respects, Borchgrevink was not a good leader". Borchgrevink was evidently no autocrat but, Bernacchi said, without the framework of an accepted hierarchy a state of "democratic anarchy" prevailed, with "dirt, disorder and inactivity the order of the day". Furthermore, as winter developed, Borchgrevink's hopes that Cape Adare would escape the worst Antarctic weather proved false; in fact he had chosen a site which was particularly exposed to the freezing winds blown northwards from the inland ice. As time progressed, tempers wore thin; the party became irritable and boredom set in. |
628_20 | There were accidents: a candle left burning caused extensive fire damage, and on another occasion several members of the party were almost asphyxiated by fumes from the stove. Borchgrevink did attempt to establish a routine, and scientific work was carried on throughout, but as he wrote himself, referring to the general lack of fellowship: "The silence roars in one's ears". Further lowering the group's spirits, their zoologist, Nicolai Hanson, fell ill, failed to respond to treatment, and died on 14 October 1899. |
628_21 | When the southern winter ended and sledging activity became possible, Borchgrevink's assumptions about an easy route to the interior were shattered; the glaciated mountain ranges adjoining Cape Adare precluded any travel inland, restricting exploration to the immediate area around the cape. However, Borchgrevink's basic expedition plan—to overwinter on the Antarctic continent and carry out scientific observations there—had been achieved. When Southern Cross returned at the end of January 1900, Borchgrevink decided to abandon the camp, although there were sufficient fuel and provisions left to last another year. |
628_22 | Instead of returning home directly, Southern Cross sailed south until it reached the Great Ice Barrier, discovered by Sir James Clark Ross during his 1839–1843 voyage and later renamed the Ross Ice Shelf in his honour. No one had visited the Barrier since then, and Ross had been unable to effect a landing. Borchgrevink discovered an inlet in the Barrier edge; in later years this would be named the "Bay of Whales" by Shackleton. Here, on 16 February 1900, Borchgrevink, William Colbeck and the Sami dog-handler, Per Savio, made the first landing on the Barrier and, with dogs and sledges, travelled south to set a new Farthest South record at 78° 50'S. Southern Cross visited other Ross Sea islands before turning for home, reaching New Zealand on 1 April 1900. Borchgrevink then took a steamer to England, arriving early in June.
Return and reception |
628_23 | The reception afforded to the expedition on its return to England was lukewarm. Public interest and attention was fixed on the forthcoming national expedition of which Robert Falcon Scott had just been appointed commander, rather than on a venture which was considered British only in name.
In spite of the Southern Cross expedition's achievements there was still resentment in geographical circles—harboured especially by Sir Clements Markham—about Borchgrevink's acceptance of Newnes's gift. Also, Bruce complained that Borchgrevink had appropriated plans that he had developed but been forced to abandon. Borchgrevink's credibility was not helped by the boastful tone sounded in various articles which were published in Newnes's magazines, nor by the journalistic style of his rapidly written expedition account, First on the Antarctic Continent, the English edition of which appeared in 1901. |
628_24 | In hailing his expedition as a great success, Borchgrevink spoke of "another Klondyke", an abundance of fish, seals and birds, and of "quartz, in which metals are to be seen". In his book, he listed the expedition's main achievements: proof that an expedition could live on Victoria Land over winter; a year's continuous magnetic and meteorological observations; an estimate of the current position of the South Magnetic Pole; discoveries of new species of insects and shallow-water fauna; coastal mapping and the discovery of new islands; the first landing on Ross Island and, finally, the scaling of the Great Ice Barrier and the sledging to 78°50'S, "the furthest south ever reached by man". |
628_25 | Other commentators have observed that the choice of the winter site at Cape Adare had ruled out any serious geographical exploration of the Antarctic interior. The scientific results of the expedition were less than had been anticipated, due in part to the loss of some of Nicolai Hanson's natural history notes; Borchgrevink may have been responsible for this loss; He would later be involved in a dispute with Hanson's former employers, Natural History Museum, London, over these missing notes and other specimens collected by Hanson. |
628_26 | During the years following his return Borchgrevink was honoured by the American Geographical Society, and was made a Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav by King Oscar II. Later he received honours from Denmark and Austria, but in England his work was for many years largely disregarded, despite Mill's acknowledgement of "a dashing piece of pioneer work, useful in training men for later service". The historian David Crane suggests that if Borchgrevink had been a British naval officer, England would have taken his achievements more seriously.
Post-expedition life |
628_27 | Mount Pelée disaster
In summer 1902 Borchgrevink was one of three geographers invited by the National Geographic Society (NGS) to report on the after-effects of the catastrophic eruptions of Mount Pelée, on the French-Caribbean island of Martinique. These eruptions, in May 1902, had destroyed the town of Saint-Pierre, with enormous loss of life. Borchgrevink visited the island in June, when the main volcanic activity had subsided, and found the mountain "perfectly quiet", and the islanders recovered from their panic. However, he did not think that Saint-Pierre would ever be inhabited again. He reported a narrow escape when, at the foot of the mountain, a jet of steam came out of the ground over which he and his party had just passed: "If it had struck any one of us we would have been scalded to death". He later presented his report to the NGS in Washington. |
628_28 | Retirement
On his return from Washington, Borchgrevink virtually retired into private life. On 7 September 1896, he had married an English bride, Constance Prior Standen, with whom he settled in Slemdal, in Oslo, where two sons and two daughters were born. Borchgrevink devoted himself mainly to sporting and literary activities, producing a book entitled The Game of Norway. On two occasions he apparently considered returning to the Antarctic; in August 1902 he stated his intention to lead a new Antarctic expedition for the NGS, but nothing came of this, and a later venture, announced in Berlin in 1909, was likewise stillborn. |
628_29 | Although he remained out of the limelight, Borchgrevink retained his interest in Antarctic matters, visiting Scott shortly before the sailed on Scott's last expedition in June 1910. When news of Scott's fate reached the outside world, Borchgrevink paid tribute: "He was the first in the field with a finely organised expedition and the first who did systematic work on the great south polar continent". In a letter of condolence to John Scott Keltie, the Royal Geographical Society's secretary, Borchgrevink said of Scott: "He was a man!" |
628_30 | In Norway differing assessments of Borchgrevink were made by the country's polar elite: Roald Amundsen was a long-time friend and supporter, whereas Fridtjof Nansen, according to Scott, spoke of him as a "tremendous fraud". When Amundsen returned from his South Pole conquest in 1912, he paid full tribute to Borchgrevink's pioneering work: "We must acknowledge that in ascending the Barrier, Borchgrevink opened the way to the south and threw aside the greatest obstacle to the expeditions that followed". |
628_31 | During his later years Borchgrevink lived quietly. In 1929, the Parliament of Norway awarded him a pension of 3,000 Norwegian kroner. In 1930, came belated recognition from London—the Royal Geographical Society awarded him its Patron's Medal, proclaiming that the magnitude of the difficulties overcome by Borchgrevink had initially been underestimated: "It was only after the work of Scott's Northern Party ... that we were able to realise the improbability that any explorer could do more in the Cape Adare district than Mr Borchgrevink had accomplished. It appeared, then, that justice had not been done at the time to the pioneer work of the Southern Cross expedition, which had been carried out under the British flag and at the expense of a British benefactor."
Death and commemoration |
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