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1343_17 | parody of Catullus 4 and describes the career of the old muleteer Sabinus. The elegiac poem 11 is a mock lament for the drunken Octavius Musa. Poem 12 makes fun of Noctuinus for his two lovers. Poem 13 is in iambics and attacks a certain Lucienus or Luccius for his love affairs and seedy living. Poem 13a is an elegiac epitaph on an unknown scholar. Poem 14 is an elegiac prayer to Venus to help him complete the Aeneid and a promise to pay his vows to her. The final poem is an elegiac epigram for Virgil's tomb signed by Varius. Scholarly support for a Virgilian authorship of the Catalepton remains significant. |
1343_18 | Elegiae in Maecenatem ("Elegies for Maecenas") |
1343_19 | The Elegiae are two poems on the death of Maecenas (8 BC) in elegiac couplets whose ascription to Virgil (70-19 BC) is impossible. It has been conjectured by Scaliger that they are the work of an Albinovanus Pedo, who is also responsible for the Consolatio ad Liviam. They were formerly transmitted as one long poem. The first poem opens with the author saying he has just written a lament for a young man, perhaps Drusus who died in 9 BC. The poet describes his first meeting with Maecenas introduced by Lollius, praises his art, and defends his wearing of loose clothes (criticized later by Seneca). Maecenas' life spent on culture rather than war is praised, as is his service at Actium; a long mythological section compares Maecenas to Bacchus and describes the labors of Hercules and his service to Omphale. The death is compared to the loss of Hesperus and Tithonus and ends with a prayer that the earth rest lightly on him. The second poem was separated by Scaliger and is far shorter, |
1343_20 | encompassing the dying words of Maecenas. First he wishes he had died before Drusus and then prays that he be remembered, that the Romans remain loyal to Augustus, that he have an heir, and that Augustus be divinized by Venus. |
1343_21 | Notes
Bibliography
Overviews
Duckworth, G. E. 1966. "Studies in Latin Hexameter Poetry." Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 97: 67–113.
Fairclough, H. 1922. "The Poems of the Appendix Vergiliana." Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 53:5-34.
Frank, T. 1920. "Vergil's Apprenticeship. I." Classical Philology 15.1: 23–38.
Peirano, Irene. 2012. The Rhetoric of the Roman Fake: Latin Pseudepigrapha in Context. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Reeve, Michael D. 1976. "The Textual Tradition of the Appendix Vergiliana. Maia 28.3: 233–254.
Culex |
1343_22 | Barrett, A. A. 1970. "The Authorship of the Culex: An Evaluation of the Evidence." Latomus 29.2 : 348–362.
Barrett, A. A. 1970. "The Catalogue of Trees in the Culex." Classical World 63.7: 230–232.
Barrett, A. A. 1976. "The Poet's Intentions in the Culex." Latomus 35.3 : 567–574.
Barrett, A. A. 1968. The Poetry of the Culex. Toronto: ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Barrett, A. A. 1970. "The Topography of the Gnat's Descent". Classical Journal 65.6 : 255–257.
Chambert, Régine. 2004. "Vergil's Epicureanism in his Early Poems." In Vergil, Philodemus, and the Augustans Edited by David Armstrong, 43–60. Austin: University of Texas Press
Drew, D. L. 1925. Culex. Sources and Their Bearing on the Problem of Authorship. Oxford : Blackwell.
Ellis, R. 1882. "On the Culex and Other Poems of the Appendix Vergiliana" The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 3, No. 11 (1882), pp. 271–284.
Fordyce C. J. 1932. "Octavius in the Culex." Classical Philology. 27.2: 174-174. |
1343_23 | Fraenkel, Ed. 1952. "The Culex." Journal of Roman Studies 42.1-2: 1–9.
Jacobson, Howard. 2004. "The Date of Culex." Phoenix 58.3–4: 345–347.
Kearey, T. 2018. "(Mis)reading the Gnat: Truth and Deception in the Pseudo-Virgilian Culex." Ramus 47.2: 174–196.
Kennedy, D. F. 1982. "Gallus and the Culex." Classical Quarterly 32: 371–389.
Most, Glenn. 1987. "The Virgilian Culex." In Homo Viator: Classical Essays for John Bramble. Edited by Bramble, J. C., Michael Whitby, Philip R Hardie, and Mary Whitby, 199–209.
Ross, D. O. 1975. "The Culex and Moretum as Post-Augustan Literary Parodies." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 79: 235–263.
Walker L. V. 1929. "Vergil's Descriptive Art." Classical Journal 24.9: 666–679. |
1343_24 | Ciris
Connors, Catherine. 1991. "Simultaneous Hunting and Herding at Ciris 297–300." The Classical Quarterly 41.2: 556–559.
Gorman, Vanessa B. 1995. "Vergilian Models for the Characterization of Scylla in the Ciris." Vergilius 41: 35–48.
Kayachev, Boris. 2016. "Allusion and Allegory: Studies in the Ciris." Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 346. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
Knox, P. E. 1983. "Cinna, the Ciris, and Ovid." Classical Philology 78.4, 309–311.
Lyne, R. O. A. M. 1978. Ciris. A Poem Attributed to Vergil. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Lyne, R. 1971. "The Dating of the Ciris." The Classical Quarterly 21.1: 233–253.
Richardson L., Jr. 1944. Poetical Theory in Republican Rome. An Analytical Discussion of the Shorter Narrative Poems Written in Latin during the First Century B. C. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Steele, R. B. 1930. "The Authorship of the Ciris." The American Journal of Philology 51.2: 148–184. |
1343_25 | Copa
Cutolo Paolo. 1990. "The Genre of the Copa." ARCA: Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers, and Monographs 29: 115–119.
Drew, D. 1923. "The Copa." The Classical Quarterly 17.2: 73–81.
Drabkin, I. 1930. The Copa: An Investigation of the Problem of Date and Authorship, with Notes On Some Passages of the Poem. Geneva, N.Y.: The W.F. Humphrey Press.
Goodyear F. R. D. 1977. "The Copa. A Text and Commentary." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 24: 117–131.
Grant, Mark. 2001. "The "Copa:" Poetry, Youth, and the Roman Bar." Proceedings of the Virgil Society 24: 121-134.
Henderson, John. 2002. "Corny Copa: The Motel Muse." In Cultivating the Muse: Struggles for Power and Inspiration in Classical Literature. Edited by Effrosini Spentzou and Don Fowler, 253–278. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
McCracken, G. 1932. "The Originality of the "Copa"." The Classical Journal 28.2: 124-127.
Rosivach, Vincent J. 1996. "The Sociology of the Copa." Latomus 55.3: 605–614. |
1343_26 | Tarrant Richard J. 1992. "Nights at the Copa: Observations on Language and Date." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 94: 331–347. |
1343_27 | Moretum
Douglas, F. L. 1929. "A Study of the Moretum." Syracuse: Syracuse University.
Fitzgerald, William. 1996. "Labor and Laborer in Latin Poetry: The Case of the Moretum." Arethusa 29.3: 389–418.
Horsfall, Nicholas. 2001. "The "Moretum" Decomposed." Classica et Medioevalia 52: 303–317.
Kenney E. J. 1984. Moretum. The Ploughman's Lunch, A Poem Ascribed to Virgil. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press.
Rosivach, Vincent J. 1994. "Humbler Fare in the Moretum." NECN 22: 57–59.
Ross, D. O. 1975. "The Culex and Moretum as Post-Augustan Literary Parodies." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 79: 235–263 |
1343_28 | Dirae
Breed, Brian W. 2012. "The Pseudo-Vergilian Dirae and the Earliest Responses to Vergilian Pastoral." Trends in Classics 4.1: 3–28.
Fraenkel, E. 1966. "The Dirae." The Journal of Roman Studies 56: 142-155
Goodyear, F. R. D. 1971. "The Dirae." Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 17: 30–43.
Mackie, C. 1992." Vergil's Dirae, South Italy, and Etruria." Phoenix 46.4: 352–361.
T homas, Richard F. 1988. "Exhausted Oats ([Verg.] Dirae 15)?" The American Journal of Philology 109.1: 69-70
van der Graaf, Cornelis. 1945. The Dirae: With Translation and an Investigation of its Authorship. Leiden: Brill. |
1343_29 | Catalepton
Carlson, Gregory I. and Ernst A. Schmidt. 1971. “From and Transformation in Vergil's Catalepton.” The American Journal of Philology 92.2: 252–265.
Holzberg, N. 2004. "Impersonating Young Virgil: The Author of the Catalepton and His Libellus." Materiali E Discussioni per L'analisi Dei Testi Classici 52: 29–40.
Kajanto, I. 1975. "Who was Sabinus Ille ? A Reinterpretation of Catalepton 10." Arctos9 : 47–55.
Khan, H. 1967. "The Humor of Catullus, Carm. 4, and the Theme of Virgil, Catalepton 10." The American Journal of Philology 88.2: 163-172
Radford, R. 1923. "The Language of the Pseudo-Vergilian Catalepton with Especial Reference to Its Ovidian Characteristics." Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 54: 168–186.
Reeve, M. D. 1975. "The Textual Tradition of Aetna, Ciris and Catalepton." Maia 27: 231–247.
Richardson, L. 1972. "Catullus 4 and Catalepton 10 Again." The American Journal of Philology 93.1: 215–222. |
1343_30 | Richmond, J. A. 1974. "The Archetype of the Priapea and Catalepton." Hermes 102: 300–304.
Schoonhoven, H. 1983. The Panegyricus Messallae. Date and relation with Catalepton 9. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 30.3 : 1681–1707.
Syme, R. 1958. "Sabinus the Muleteer." Latomus 17.1: 73–80. |
1343_31 | External links
Corpus Scriptorum Latinorum's Appendix Vergiliana: Links to Latin texts and English translations
Appendix Vergiliana: The Minor Poems of Vergil in English translation by Joseph J. Mooney.
Works in the Appendix Vergiliana at Perseus Digital Library
Poetry by Virgil
Latin poems
Appendix Vergiliana
1st-century BC Latin books |
1344_0 | The Brahms Trio is one of the leading chamber ensembles of Russia, piano trio that unites violinist Nikolai Sachenko – winner of the Golden Medal of the XI International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow, cellist Kirill Rodin – winner of the Golden Medal of the VIII International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow, and pianist Natalia Rubinstein – First Prize winner of the Joseph Joachim Chamber Music Competition in Weimar and founder of the ensemble.
Founded in Moscow in 1988, the Brahms Trio has performed worldwide and has recorded much of Russian piano trio repertoire. The Brahms Trio made a significant contribution to enlarging the chamber repertoire by rediscovering unknown piano trios of Russian composers of the late-19th and early-20th century.
The musicians of the Brahms Trio are professors of the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory, recipients of the awards ‘For the Prominent Contribution to the Development of Culture’ as well as the title ‘Merited Artist of Russia’. |
1344_1 | Early years |
1344_2 | The Brahms Trio was formed in 1988 as a part of the chamber music class of Konstantin Oznobishchev at the Gnessin School of Music. Since 1990, the artistic biography of the Brahms Trio has been inextricably linked to the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory. The chamber music classes of the legendary Moscow Conservatory professors Tatiana Gaidamovich and Oleksandr Bondurianskyi (The Moscow Trio) made an invaluable impact on the music formation and development of the ensemble. Furthermore, such masters as , Natalia Shakhovskaya, Valentin Berlinsky (Borodin Quartet), and Rudolf Barshai had a significant influence on the shaping of the performing style and career of the trio. In 1991, the ensemble was named after Johannes Brahms. That same year, the official debut of the Brahms Trio took place at the Small Hall of the Moscow Conservatory. In 1993, the Brahms Trio won the 2nd prize at the XIII International Chamber Music Competition in Trapani, Italy, and in 1996, the 1st prize at the First |
1344_3 | Joseph Joachim Chamber Music Competition in Weimar, Germany. In 1995 the Brahms Trio became a resident ensemble of the Moscow Philharmonic Society. |
1344_4 | Performing activities
Since the middle of the 90s, the Brahms Trio has had an active concert schedule, including regular appearances at major concert halls such as the Great Hall of the Tchaikovsky Conservatory in Moscow, the Saint Petersburg Philharmonia concert halls, the Brucknerhaus in Linz, the Stadtcasino Basel, the National Philharmonic in Warsaw, Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall in Zagreb, the Cemal Reşit Rey Concert Hall in Istanbul, the Seoul Arts Centre, as well as at festivals in Melbourne, Hong Kong, Ljubljana, Ohrid, Copenhagen, Brussels, and Paris among others. In 2015, the Brahms Trio was invited by ICA Classics to participate in the presentation of the memorial CD edition ’A Tribute to Rudolf Barshai’ in London.
The ensemble has collaborated with renowned artists such as Charles Neidich, Pavle Dešpalj, Andrei Gridchuk, , Hibla Gerzmava, Yana Ivanilova, and Carmen Balthrop among others. |
1344_5 | Since the beginning of its career, the Brahms Trio has participated in and initiated major musical events in Russia. From 1998 to 2006, concerts and master classes were held in more than one hundred cities of Ural, Russia's northern regions, and Siberia as a part of the Brahms Trio's 'Russian Chamber Music Assemblies'. In 1994, the annual Festival was established in Moscow by the Brahms Trio. |
1344_6 | The History of the Russian Piano Trio
In recent years, Russian chamber music has been at the heart of the artistic activities of the Brahms Trio. The ensemble's repertoire includes all the famous Russian piano trios and many previously unknown works by Russian composers of the Silver Age and Art Nouveau, including the piano trios of Vladimir Dyck, Sergei Yuferov, Konstantin Sternberg, Nikolai Lopatnikoff and others, that were premiered by the Brahms Trio. The first anthology of the Russian piano trio, recorded by the Brahms Trio, a series of 15 CDs, titled ’History of the Russian Piano Trio’, will be released by NAXOS from November 2020 onwards. |
1344_7 | Moscow Conservatory |
1344_8 | Graduates of the Moscow Conservatory, the members of the Brahms Trio are extending the traditions of the Russian school of performing arts and music education established by Anton Rubinstein in the 19th century. Natalia Rubinstein has been a Professor of chamber music at the Moscow Conservatory since 2003, and Kirill Rodin has held a position as a Professor of cello since 1990. Their students regularly become laureates of Russian and international competitions, and many of them are actively performing and teaching at universities and conservatories all over the world. On the initiative of the Brahms Trio, an annual series of chamber music concerts with young performers is being held at the Moscow Conservatory and the State Institute for Art Studies in Moscow. In 2018, a similar concert series of Russian chamber music, performed by young ensembles of the Moscow Conservatory, has been established by the Brahms Trio at the Albert Long Hall of the Bosphorus University in Istanbul. |
1344_9 | Since 2009, the Brahms Trio has annually opened the chamber music concert season at the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory.
References
External links
Chamber music groups
Piano trios
Musical groups from Moscow
Musical groups established in 1988 |
1345_0 | The Handel and Haydn Society, familiarly known as H+H, is an American chorus and period instrument orchestra based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1815, it is in its 207th consecutive season, the most of any performing arts organization in the United States. |
1345_1 | Early history |
1345_2 | The Grammy-winning Handel and Haydn Society was founded as an oratorio society in Boston on March 24, 1815, by a group of Boston merchants and musicians, "to promote the love of good music and a better performance of it". The founders, Gottlieb Graupner, Thomas Smith Webb, Amasa Winchester, and Matthew S. Parker, described their aims as "cultivating and improving a correct taste in the performance of Sacred Music, and also to introduce into more general practice, the works of Handel, Haydn, and other eminent composers." The society made its debut on Christmas Day, December 25, 1815, at King's Chapel (then Stone Chapel), with a chorus of 90 men and 10 women. The early chorus members were middle-class tradesmen drawn from the choirs of local churches. Only men could be members, while a far smaller number of women were invited to participate. In its early decades the society hired what musicians it could afford and used unpaid amateurs to complete the orchestra or sometimes substituted |
1345_3 | organ for orchestra. |
1345_4 | Jonas Chickering, at the start of his career as a piano manufacturer, joined the society in 1818 at age 20 and later became its president. The society was also an early promoter of composer Lowell Mason, publishing his first collection of hymns in 1822 and later electing him as the group's President. Profits from the sales of that hymnbook and a second collection of sacred music subsidized the society for several decades.
The Handel and Haydn Society has given a number of notable American premieres, including Handel's Messiah in 1818, and Haydn's The Creation in 1819. The society also sponsored the first American publication of an edition of Messiah in 1816. It presented the U.S. premieres of musical settings by many baroque and classical composers, including Mozart and Bach. An 1818 assessment in the New England Palladium magazine said: |
1345_5 | Some early reviews noted that public interest waned after a few years as many standard works were repeated. John Rowe Parker wrote in the Euterpeiad:
The society's principal chronicler believes that repeating repertoire was necessary to support "much rehearsing until the inexperienced singers could master that which special enthusiasm had carried through in rough outline." Membership from the start and well into the 20th century was limited to men, though the chorus, which was first dominated by male voices, was soon roughly balanced between male and female.
About 1823, several of the society's members commissioned Beethoven to compose an oratorio, apparently with an English text, which he never completed. |
1345_6 | From its earliest years, Handel and Haydn participated in music festivals and civic celebrations to commemorate significant historical events. For the visit of President James Monroe in 1817, the H+H orchestra performed a march composed for the occasion by their concertmaster, followed by almost two dozen arias and choruses. In 1826, H+H joined the services in Faneuil Hall marking the deaths of President Adams and Jefferson. In 1830 it helped mark the 200th anniversary of the founding of Boston, and it gave a concert in 1833 to help raise funds for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument. President John Tyler attended an 1843 concert, and the society helped commemorate the death of Daniel Webster in 1852. That same year it participated in the opening of the Boston Music Hall, which later became the first home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The next year it presented the Boston Premiere of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Its 600-member chorus participated in Boston's memorial service |
1345_7 | for Abraham Lincoln, singing "Mourn, ye afflicted people" from Handel's Judas Maccabaeus and "Cast thy burden upon the Lord" from Mendelssohn's Elijah. It marked the centennial of Beethoven's birth by performing selections from his Ninth Symphony in 1870.<ref>Perkins and Dwight, "Concerts: Fifty-Sixth Season"</ref> When Boston paid tribute to Admiral George Dewey upon his return from the Spanish–American War in 1899, 280 H+H singers greeted his arrival at City Hall with "See the Conquering Hero Comes" from Judas Maccabaeus. It performed for Grand Duke Alexis of Russia and Queen Elizabeth II. In addition, the society held benefit concerts for the Union Army, victims of the Chicago fire of 1871, and Russian Jewish refugees displaced by the 1882 May Laws. |
1345_8 | The society occasionally favored a composer whose modern reputation has not matched his nineteenth-century popularity. In the 1830s, the society presented David, an oratorio by Haydn's pupil Sigismund von Neukomm, 55 times. By the 1850s, H+H had hundreds of members, but fewer than half participated as the society presented repeat performances of a small number of classic oratorios varied only by a sampling of church anthems. Rossini's Moses in Egypt was performed 25 times in the course of two seasons in the mid-1840s. In 1852, the society upgraded the quality of its orchestral support by hiring the Germania Orchestra, a band of European immigrant musicians with their own conductor, a group far better trained than the musicians hired until then who had found Mendelssohn's works very challenging. |
1345_9 | The society joined in celebrations marking the effective date of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. The society marked its golden jubilee in May 1865 with a five-day festival of nine concerts employing a chorus of 700. It included the first H+H performance with full orchestra of Mendelssohn's Hymn of Praise. Five more such festivals using more modest forces followed at three-year intervals. Years of preparation led to the first all-but-complete H+H performance of Bach's St. Matthew Passion on May 8, 1874.
One noteworthy member of the society's chorus in the middle of the 19th century was Julia Ward Howe, composer of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic". |
1345_10 | The society has performed Handel's Messiah annually since 1854. It gave the first United States performances of Verdi's Requiem in 1878, just four years after its world premiere, and of Handel's Joshua on Easter Sunday 1876. The first works by American composers appeared in the society's 1874 programs: St. Peter by John Knowles Paine and the Forty-sixth Psalm by Dudley Buck. In 1892, the society presented the premiere of the Mass in E flat by Amy Beach, a youthful work by the first important female American composer. Critics condemned the H+H performance of the Berlioz Te Deum in 1888 as the work of "a musical crank". |
1345_11 | As the society considered works outside the traditional religious oratorio tradition, such as Saint-Saens' Samson and Delilah, it surveyed local religious leaders to determine if they would object to such performances on Sunday evenings. Some did not object to the music or subject matter, but to conducting a commercial enterprise on the Sabbath. In a few instances, the music was modified for Sunday performances, as when the drinking song was dropped from Haydn's The Creation. |
1345_12 | The society participated in some of the mass concerts and festivals that followed the end of the American Civil War, at first reluctantly. Invited to participate in Boston's National Peace Jubilee that assembled more than 10,000 voices, H+H was, according to the event's organizer, "the very first invited, yet they were among the very last−the one hundred and second society−to accept." In 1870 the society joined in a New York City celebration, with members of the orchestra and 546 chorus members taking overnight boats to perform excerpts from Elijah. When H+H traveled to perform the complete Elijah and other works in New York City and Brooklyn in 1873, a special train carried the performers, including approximately 400 singers.Perkins and Dwight, History, 330-2 |
1345_13 | To mark the arrival of the twentieth century, 200 members of the H+H chorus participated in a midnight ceremony at the Massachusetts State House on December 31, 1899, leading the singing of "Old One Hundredth" and "America". The society performed for the first time in Boston's Symphony Hall on October 21, 1900. In the new century, as musical tastes changed and other professional groups competed for the same audience, H+H reduced its performances to four annually and avoided innovative repertoire choices. Occasionally a concert took on the flavor of a "pops concert", with sentimental vocal solos including Arthur Sullivan's "The Lost Chord", even as the society's president lamented how the public was distracted from concert-going "in these days of radio and victrolas." |
1345_14 | The society struggled during the financial crisis of the 1930s, experimenting unsuccessfully with evenings of Wagner excerpts. A better strategy arranged for concerts to be sponsored by local charities, such as the League of Catholic Women, Boston University, and Faulkner Hospital, all of which underwrote ticket sales. World War II created personnel problems and the number of choristers fell to 206 active members, its lowest point in a hundred years. Yet the society ambitiously planned its first performance of Brahms' A German Requiem for April 29, 1945, and dedicated it to President Roosevelt who died on April 12. It released its first commercial recording, Handel's Messiah, in 1955, made its television debut in 1961, and in December 1963 presented the world's first televised performance of Messiah. |
1345_15 | H+H marked its 150th anniversary in March 1965 with the premiere of Randall Thompson's The Passion According to St. Luke, which it commissioned for the occasion.Johnson, Hallelujah, 237-40
Historically informed performance
Toward the middle of the 20th century, the Handel and Haydn Society began adopting the practices of the "historically informed performance" movement, striving for vocal and instrumental "authenticity". This came is response to a review in the Boston Globe by Michael Steinberg, who criticized the group's failure to demonstrate any awareness of the revolution in performance practice already under way in larger music centers. He later described the variables at issue: "Decisions about tempo, articulation, vocal embellishment (long felt to be sacrilegious and unthinkable), weight and color of sonority, all contributed to this process." Writing in 2005, he included Thomas Dunn in a list of seven "conductors who most powerfully effected this re-examination." |
1345_16 | In 1967, Dunn, an expert in baroque performance practice, became the society's artistic director and transformed its large amateur chorus into a smaller professional musical ensemble. In 1963, Time magazine had called Dunn "the hero of the baroqueniks". Under Dunn in 1977, H+H made the first recording of Alfred Mann's 1963 edition of Messiah, the only recording at the time in which the soloists joined in singing the choruses, following the practice of Handel's time. Dunn nevertheless performed an extensive repertory that extended to Stravinsky and contemporary composers. By the time he retired H&H was something of an anomaly, an ensemble that adopted historical performance practices for older music but played exclusively modern instruments.
Christopher Hogwood succeeded Dunn in 1986, and under his direction the society's orchestra began using period instruments in their performances. The society has since remained committed to historically informed performance practice. |
1345_17 | Recent history
With Hogwood, the society made its first appearance outside of the United States at the 1996 Edinburgh Festival. H+H also presented a number of programs that linked the baroque tradition of improvisation to that of such contemporary jazz artists as Chick Corea and Gary Burton. |
1345_18 | Grant Llewellyn was music director from 2001 through 2006 and held the title of principal conductor for three seasons through 2009. During his tenure, the society produced several commercial recordings, including Peace and All is Bright, and received its first Grammy Award for a collaboration with the San Francisco choral ensemble Chanticleer for the 2003 recording of Sir John Tavener's Lamentations and Praises.The society also entered into a multi-year partnership with Chinese director Chen Shi-Zheng starting in 2003, which resulted in fully staged productions of Monteverdi's Vespers (in 2003) and Orfeo (in 2006) that Chen saw as the beginning of a cycle of Monteverdi's surviving operas and his Vespers. The 2006 Orfeo was co-produced by the English National Opera. Chen also directed a production of Purcell's Dido and Aeneas in 2005 for Handel and Haydn. In July 2007, the ensemble made its debut at the London Proms under Sir Roger Norrington. |
1345_19 | Harry Christophers first conducted the Handel and Haydn Society in September 2006 at the Esterházy Palace at the Haydn Festival in Eisenstadt, Austria, the society's first appearance on the European continent. He returned to the society for further guest-conducting appearances in December 2007 and January 2008. In September 2008, the society announced the appointment of Christophers as its artistic director, effective with the 2009–10 season, with an initial contract of three years. In September 2011, the society extended Christophers' contract for another four years, through the 2015–16 season. In January 2019, the society announced that Christophers is to conclude his tenure as its artistic director at the close of the 2020–21 season. |
1345_20 | Since 2011, each concert season has featured masterworks the society premiered in the United States. In February 2011, it presented Handel's Israel in Egypt, the American premiere of which it gave on February 13, 1859. In March and April 2012, the society performed Bach's St. Matthew Passion. The society gave the complete American premiere of Bach's masterpiece in 1879. The group gave several concerts in California in the spring of 2013 and ended its 2012–13 season with Handel's Jephtha, a dramatic oratorio given its American premiere by H+H in 1867.
In 2015, the Handel and Haydn Society celebrated its bicentennial, beginning with its 161st annual performances of Handel's Messiah in December 2014 and closing with Messiah again in December 2015. Throughout the year, the society presented exhibits, lectures, free concerts, and more designed to showcase its rich history and future plans. |
1345_21 | The Handel and Haydn Society maintains a publicly accessible online searchable archive of its performances and artist history. All performances and artists from 1815 to the present can be accessed.
Artistic leadership
Prior to 1847, conducting duties fell nominally to the President of the society. However, the keyboardist or first violin in the orchestra did most of the actual conducting. As the society's ambitions grew, it became increasingly clear that it needed more established musical leadership. Over the years, the name of the title has changed several times, from "Conductor" to later titles of "Artistic Director" and "Music Director". |
1345_22 | Charles E. Horn, 1847–1849
J.E. Goodson, 1851–1852
Carl Bergmann, 1852–1854
Carl Zerrahn, 1854–1895 and 1897–1898
B.J. Lang, 1895–1897
Reinhold L. Herman, 1898–1899
Emil Mollenhauer, 1900–1927
Thompson Stone, 1927–1959
Edward F. Gilday, 1959–1967
Thomas Dunn, 1967–1986
Christopher Hogwood, 1986–2001
Grant Llewellyn, 2001–2006
Harry Christophers, 2009–present
Educational outreach |
1345_23 | The Handel and Haydn Society's Karen S. and George D. Levy Educational Outreach Program provides music education to children in communities throughout eastern Massachusetts with several components:
The Vocal Apprenticeship Program (VAP) provides in-depth training for talented young singers in grades 3-12. It was established in 1994 to identify and nurture youngsters with special talent whose families lack the financial resources to pursue private instruction.
The Vocal Quartet visits schools with original presentations developed to teach music history in an entertaining, age appropriate way.
Collaborative Youth Concerts bring singers from different high schools together to perform in their home communities alongside Handel and Haydn Society musicians. |
1345_24 | The society selects the winner of its annual Candace MacMillen Achtmeyer Award, which extends the society's support to an outstanding senior who has participated for at least two years in the Vocal Apprenticeship Program (High School Soloists, Young Men's Chorus, Young Women's Chorus).
The Barbara E. Maze Award for Musical Excellence extends the society's support to an outstanding VAP alumnus with a cash award of $2,000 given to a high school graduate who intends to continue professional vocal instruction. The award is named in honor of Handel and Haydn Society Governor Barbara E. Maze, who was instrumental in creating VAP. Ms. Maze was chair of the society's Cultural Diversity Committee, and a member of the Handel and Haydn Educational Outreach Committee. She was a retired Assistant Dean of Student Affairs for Boston University. Maze was the National Chairperson for the Leontyne Price Vocal Arts Competition, and President of Project STEP.
See also
Sophia Hewitt Ostinelli
Notes |
1345_25 | References
Sources
Michael Broyles, "Music of the Highest Class": Elitism and Populism in Antebellum Boston (Yale University Press, 1992)
H. Earle Johnson, First Performances in America to 1900: Works with Orchestra (Detroit: College Music Society, 1979)
H. Earle Johnson, Hallelujah, Amen!: The Story of the Handel and Haydn Society of Boston (Boston: B. Humphries, 1965)
H. Earle Johnson, Musical Interludes in Boston, 1795-1830 (NY: Columbia University Press, 1943)
Teresa M. Neff, "In the Public Eye: the Handel and Haydn Society and Music Reviews, 1840-1860". Symposium sponsored by the American Literature Association: "Musical Intelligence in Antebellum Boston", June 25, 2017
Teresa M. Neff and Jan Swafford, eds., The Handel and Haydn Society: Bringing Music to Life for 200 Years (Jaffrey, NH: David R. Godine, 2014)
External links |
1345_26 | Handel and Haydn Society web site, including searchable archive
Handel and Haydn Society Archives, Music Department, Special Collections, Boston Public Library
"200 years of oratorios", The Economist'', March 23, 2015
Choirs in Massachusetts
American instrumental musical groups
Musical groups from Boston
Mixed early music groups
1815 establishments in Massachusetts
Musical groups established in the 1810s
Grammy Award winners
Orchestras based in Massachusetts
Organizations established in 1815
Arts organizations established in the 1810s
Classical music in the United States |
1346_0 | Shijiazhuang (; ; Mandarin: ), formerly known as Shimen and romanized as Shihkiachwang, is the capital and largest city of North China's Hebei Province. Administratively a prefecture-level city, it is about southwest of Beijing, and it administers eight districts, two county-level cities, and 12 counties.
As of 2019, the city had a total population of 11,031,200, with 4,303,700 in the central (or metro) area comprising the seven districts and the county of Zhengding largely conurbated with the Shijiazhuang metropolitan area as urbanization continues to proliferate. Shijiazhuang's total population ranked twelfth in mainland China. |
1346_1 | Shijiazhuang experienced dramatic growth after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The population of the metropolitan area has more than quadrupled in 30 years as a result of industrialization and infrastructural developments. From 2008 to 2011, Shijiazhuang implemented a three-year plan which concluded with the reorganization of the city resulting in an increase of green areas and new buildings and roads. A train station, airport and a subway system have been opened.
Shijiazhuang is situated east of the Taihang Mountains, a mountain range extending over from north to south with an average elevation of , making Shijiazhuang a place for hiking, outdoor trips, and cycling. |
1346_2 | Name
The city's present name, Shijiazhuang (), first appeared during the Ming dynasty. Its literal meaning is "Shi family's village". The word Shijiazhuang was general used after construction of Shijiazhuang station of Zhengtai Railway in 1907. In Chinglish style, Shijiazhuang can be translated from characters meaning to words named Rock-Home-Town (石:Rock;家:Home;庄:Town), the same meaning as Hometown of Rock to call. |
1346_3 | The origin of the name is heavily disputed. One story claimed that the Wanli Emperor sent 24 officers and their families to the area, after which the group splits into 2 settlements consisting of 10 and 14 families. The Imperial Court then named the settlements "village of 10 families" () and "village of 14 families" (), respectively. Since Chinese characters for ten () and stone () are homophones, it's speculated that the city name gradually evolved into its current spelling. Another explanation is that the settlement was named after the highest-ranking official amongst the groups, who was surnamed Shi. However, a county named Shiyi (), in present-day Luquan District, was already present during the Warring States period, suggesting that the name, or its elements, have even older origins. |
1346_4 | At first, the settlement was officially known only as "Shijia", as the "zhuang" was solely used to denote the nature of the settlement being a village, instead of being part of its name. This was further evidenced on June 24, 1925, when the Republican government ordered the village to be established as an autonomous city under the name Shijia. The city ended up being renamed as Shimen () when it was officially incorporated on August 29, 1925, after the merger with another village, Xiumen (). Despite being renamed, however, many documents and war plans from the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War still referred to the city as "Shijiazhuang" or "Shizhuang". To avoid confusion and association with the Japanese Army, the Chinese Communist Party ultimately reverted the city's name back to Shijiazhuang on December 26, 1947. Since then, many terms regarding the city have been stemmed from the "zhuang" suffix, including its nickname |
1346_5 | "international village" (), and the colloquial demonym, "villagers" (). |
1346_6 | History
Pre-Qin Period
This area was occupied by Xianyu people at beginning of Zhou Dynasty, and later belonged to Zhongshan state (中山國) and Zhao State at pre-Qin period. |
1346_7 | Qin and Han dynasties
In pre-Han times (i.e., before 206 BC), the site of the city of Shiyi in the state of Zhao was located in this area. After taking over Zhao, Qin Shi Huang established Hengshan Commandery in the region. It became part of the Zhao Principality under Western Han. The land was briefly granted to Liu Buyi (), son of the Emperor Hui, during Empress Dowager Lü's reign. The territory was then passed to Liu Hong, Emperor Houshao of Han, after Buyi's death. It was then granted to Liu Chao (), another son of Emperor Hui. During the defeat of the Lü clan, Liu Chao was killed and the territory became a commandery of Zhao once again. Later, due to a naming taboo of Emperor Wen of Han, whose personal name is Liu Heng, its name was changed to Changshan. From Han (206 BC–AD 220) to Sui (581–618) times it was the site of a county seat named Shiyi. |
1346_8 | Tang dynasty
With the reorganization of local government in the early period of the Tang dynasty (618–907), Hengshan county was abolished, and it was reestablished as a prefecture. It was renamed as Zhen Prefecture due to a naming taboo with Emperor Muzong of Tang, whose personal name was Li Heng.
Ming and Qing dynasties
The name "Shijiazhuang" was first mentioned in 1535 on a stele of a local temple. Shijiazhuang was then little more than a local market town, subordinated to the flourishing city of Zhengding a few miles to the north.
Republican era |
1346_9 | The growth of Shijiazhuang into one of China's major cities began in 1905, when the Beijing–Wuhan (Hankou) railway reached the area, stimulating trade and encouraging local farmers to grow cash crops. Two years later the town became the junction for the new Shitai line, running from Shijiazhuang to Taiyuan, Shanxi. The connection transformed the town from a local collecting center and market into a communications center of national importance on the main route from Beijing and Tianjin to Shanxi, and later, when the railway from Taiyuan was extended to the southwest, to Shaanxi as well. The city also became the center of an extensive road network. |
1346_10 | Pre-World War II Shijiazhuang was a large railway town as well as a commercial and collecting center for Shanxi and regions farther west and for agricultural produce of the North China Plain, particularly grain, tobacco, and cotton. By 1935 it had far outstripped Zhengding as an economic center. At the end of World War II the character of the city changed when it took on an administrative role as the preeminent city in western Hebei, and developed into an industrial city. Some industries, such as match manufacturing, tobacco processing, and glassmaking, had already been established before the war. By 1941, Shide railway line was constructed between Shijiazhuang and Dezhou, Shandong in the war occupied period, operated by North China Transportation Company. |
1346_11 | On November 12, 1947, the city was captured by Communist forces. Xibaipo, a village about from downtown Shijiazhuang, in Pingshan County was the location of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army during the decisive stages of the Chinese Civil War between May 26, 1948, and March 23, 1949, at which point they were moved to Beijing. Today, the area is a memorial site.
People's Republic
Since the city was pivotal to the People's Liberation Army's victory of the Chinese Civil War, many governmental agencies have roots in Shijiazhuang. The creation of the North China People's Government in 1947 affirmed the city's position as a key political center. A year later, as the result of the merger between the Bank of North China, the Bank of Beihai, and the Northwest Agricultural Bank, the People's Bank of China was established here, where it produced and released the first series of the renminbi. |
1346_12 | Meanwhile, the industrialization of the city also gathered momentum thanks to government initiatives including the First Five-Year Plan. Shijiazhuang was one of the fourteen cities selected as focus cities for development. The population more than tripled in the decade 1948–58. In the 1950s, the city experienced a major expansion in the textile industry, with large-scale cotton spinning, weaving, printing, and dyeing works. In addition, there are plants processing local farm produce. In the 1960s it was the site of a new chemical industry, with plants producing fertilizer and caustic soda. Shijiazhuang also became an engineering base, with a tractor-accessory plant. There are important coal deposits at Jingxing and Huailu, now named Luquan, a few miles to the west in the foothills of the Taihang Mountains, which provide fuel for a thermal-generating plant supplying power to local industries. |
1346_13 | Tianjin was again carved out of Hebei in 1967, remaining a separate entity today. The provincial capital was then moved to Baoding, however, the city was plunged into chaos due to the Cultural Revolution just a year later. Thus, under the direction of Mao Zedong to "prepare for war and natural disasters", Shijiazhuang became the provincial capital in 1968.
Beginning in the 1990s, Shijiazhuang saw another episode of rapid growth and development. Starting from the plains area in the east and south of the city, the focus of the developments later shifted towards the mountainous districts and counties in the west, as well as along the Hutuo River in the north. |
1346_14 | In the early hours of March 16, 2001, 4 apartment buildings were leveled after a series of explosions rocked the city, killing 108 while injuring 38. The perpetrator was a deaf, unemployed man named Jin Ruchao who police arrested weeks later. Jin confessed that he had delivered the bombs via taxi and stated that the bombings were an act of revenge on his relatives, who were among the tenants of the apartments. Jin and his accomplices were later executed. |
1346_15 | In December 2020, its mayor, Deng Peiran, was charged with corruption, with Ma Yujun currently serving as the acting mayor. Few weeks later, the city became a new COVID-19 hotspot: starting from the village of Xiaoguozhuang in Gaocheng District in the northern portion of the city, cases has been increasing rapidly since January 2, 2021. Due to its proximity with Beijing and the severity of the outbreak, harsh measures were put into place, with all 11 million residences undergoing mandatory testing, as well as school closures, banning of gatherings, and residential districts being sealed. All highways were blocked off, with rail and air links also suspended. |
1346_16 | Throughout the years, the city's administrative units have been shifted and adjusted multiple times. Initially, Shijiazhuang was administered under the prefecture of the same name, along with the counties of Zhengding, Pingshan, Lingshou, Jingxing, Jianping, Huailu, Jinxian, Gaocheng, Luancheng, Zhaoxian, Shulu, Yuanshi, Zanhuang, Gaoyi, and one town, Xinji. The first new district of the city, Jingxing Mining District, was created on June 27, 1950. On November 7, 1952, Hengshui Prefecture, to the east, was merged into Shijiazhuang, adding six more counties. The prefecture continued to expand after Dingxian Prefecture was split and merged into Baoding and Shijiazhuang on June 18, 1954. Between March 1960 and May 1961, the prefecture and the city merged. Thereafter, however, the prefecture was re-established, with Hengshui Prefecture splitting away the next year. The city and its prefecture merged for good in June 1993. In the 2010s, Shijiazhuang's administrative divisions saw further |
1346_17 | changes. In 2013, the county-level city of Xinji, although still part of Shijiazhuang prefecture, is now directly administered by Hebei province. Later, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved more adjustments to the city's divisions. Qiaodong District was dissolved and merged into Chang'an and Qiaoxi districts. Three county-level cities, Gaocheng, Luquan, and Luancheng, became urban districts. |
1346_18 | Geography
Shijiazhuang is located in south-central Hebei, and is part of the Bohai Economic Rim. Its administrative area ranges in latitude from 37° 27' to 38° 47' N, and the longitude 113° 30' to 115° 20' E. The prefecture-level city reaches a north–south extent and a wide from east to west. The prefecture has borders stretching long and covers an area of . Bordering prefecture-level cities in Hebei are Hengshui (E), Xingtai (S), and Baoding (N/NE). To the west lies the province of Shanxi.
The city stands at the edge of the North China Plain, which rises to the Taihang Mountains to the west of the city, and lies south of the Hutuo River. From west to east, the topography can be summarised as moderately high mountains, then low-lying mountains, hills, basin, and finally plains. Out of the eight east–west routes across the Taihang Mountains, the fifth, the Niangzi Pass, connects the city directly with Taiyuan, Shanxi. |
1346_19 | The mountainous part of the prefecture consists of parts of:
Jingxing Mining District
Jingxing County
Zanhuang County
Xingtang County
Lingshou County
Yuanshi County
Luquan District
The Hutuo River Basin in the east juts into:
Xinle City
Wuji County
Shenze County
Jinzhou City
Gaocheng District
Gaoyi County
Zhao County
Luancheng District
Zhengding County
The metropolitan area and its suburbs, in their entirety
All of the divisions mentioned in the above list, except for Jingxing Mining District |
1346_20 | Climate
The city has a continental, monsoon-influenced semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), characterised by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian monsoon, and generally cold, windy, very dry winters that reflect the influence of the Siberian anticyclone. Spring can see sandstorms blowing in from the Mongolian steppe, accompanied by rapidly warming, but generally dry, conditions. Autumn is similar to spring in temperature and lack of rainfall. January averages , while July averages ; the annual mean is . With the monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 45 percent in July to 61 percent in May, the city receives 2,427 hours of sunshine annually. More than half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August alone.
Air quality |
1346_21 | According to the National Environmental Analysis released by Tsinghua University and The Asian Development Bank in January 2013, Shijiazhuang is one of ten most air-polluted cities in the world. Also according to this report, 7 of 10 most air-polluted cities are in China, including Taiyuan, Beijing, Urumqi, Lanzhou, Chongqing, Jinan and Shijiazhuang. As air pollution in China is at an all-time high, several northern cities are among the most polluted cities and has one of the worst air quality in China. Reporting on China's air quality has been accompanied by what seems like a monochromatic slideshow of the country's several cities smothered in thick smog. According to a survey made by "Global voices China" in February 2013, Shijiazhuang is among China's 10 most polluted cities along with other cities including major Chinese cities like Beijing and Zhengzhou, and 6 other prefectural cities all in Hebei. These cities are all situated in traditional geographic subdivision of "Huabei |
1346_22 | (North China) Region". |
1346_23 | A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on December 2, 2013, across a distance of around , including Shijiazhuang and surrounding areas. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form a thick layer of smog over the region. Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system in North China region. Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly SO2) towards China's east coast.
Administrative divisions
Shijiazhuang has direct administrative jurisdiction over: |
1346_24 | Demographics |
1346_25 | Migrants flowing in from all across China largely contributed to the population growth of Shijiazhuang in recent times. With a population of 120,000 in 1947, Shijiazhuang became the first medium-large city captured by the Chinese Communist Party from the Kuomintang. By the time of the People's Republic of China's founding in 1949, the total urban population increased to more than 270,000 people, more than doubling in a span of two years. In 1953, when China rolled out its first five-year plan, the total population of Shijiazhuang's urban area increased to 320,000. In 1960, the total population of the Shijiazhuang urban area had reached 650,000. In 1968, the city experienced a substantial increase due to it being designated the capital of Hebei to avoid chaos in Baoding amidst the Cultural Revolution. By 1980, the urban population had surpassed the one million mark, joining the ranks of a large city. As of the end of 2017, the urban population of Shijiazhuang exceeded 4.5 million. |
1346_26 | In just six decades, the city's population has increased by more than 20 folds. At the end of 2009, the city's total non-migrant population was 9,774,100, an increase of 109,300 over the previous year. The birth rate of the city’s population is 14.65%, the death rate is 6.25%, and the natural growth rate is 8.4%. |
1346_27 | According to the sixth national census in 2010, the city's total non-migrant population stands at 10,163,788. Compared with the fifth national census a decade prior, there was an increase of 818,365 people, or an increase of 8.76%, and an average annual growth rate of 0.84%. Among them, the male population stood at 5,087,913, accounting for 50.06% of the total population; the female population is 5,075,875, accounting for 49.94% of the total population. The gender ratio of the total population is 100 women per 100.24 men. The population aged between 0–14 is 1,548,125, accounting for 15.23% of the total population; the population aged between 15–64 is 7,789,753, accounting for 76.64% of the total population; the population aged 65 and over is 825,910, accounting for 8.13% of the total population.
The top 10 surnames of Shijiazhuang are: Zhang (10.27%), Wang (9.25%), Li (9.17%), Liu (6.73%), Zhao (4.28%), Yang (2.82%), Gao (2.08%), Chen (1.92%), Ma (1.77%), and Guo (1.55%). |
1346_28 | On May 6, 2011, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences published the "2011 China Urban Competitiveness Blue Book: China Urban Competitiveness Report". In it, the happiness survey sampled 294 cities across China, arriving at the conclusion that the residents of Shijiazhuang were the happiest. This result caused strong doubts from netizens.
Economy
In 2014, the GDP of Shijiazhuang reached CNY(RMB)￥510.02 billion (about $80.45 billion in USD), an increase of 12 percent over the previous year, and placing the city 20th in provincial capitals by GDP. |
1346_29 | Shijiazhuang has become a major industrial city in North China and is considered to be the economic center of Hebei province, along with Tangshan. The city also located in Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang Hi-Tech Industrial Belt, which is one of the main Hi-Tech Belts in China. Nicknamed the "medicine hub of China", it's home to major pharmaceutical companies and factories like the North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang Pharma Group, and Shineway Pharma. The textile industry is also one of the backbones of the city's commerce. Other sectors include machinery and chemicals, building materials, light industry, and electronics. With abundant agricultural resources, Shijiazhuang has 590,000 hectares of cultivated land and is the main source of cotton, pears, dates and walnuts in Hebei province.
In 2008, total imports reached US$1.393 billion, an increase of 42.1 percent over the previous year. Exports increased by 34.9 percent to US$5.596 billion. |
1346_30 | 2006 World Bank reported that Shijiazhuang was spending less than RMB400 per capita on education, as opposed to Beijing (RMB1,044) and Weihai (RMB1,631).
Development zones
Shijiazhuang High-Tech Industrial Development Zone
The zone was established in March 1991 as a state-level development zone and is divided into three districts. National highways 107, 207, 307, 308 pass through the zone. It is away from Shijiazhuang railway station, away from Tianjin Port. Industries include pharmaceuticals, electronic information, mechanical production, automobile manufacturing, chemicals production and logistics. |
1346_31 | The Eastern District, located in the eastern part of Shijiazhuang, covers an area of , and serves as the primary section of the New High-tech Industrial Development Zone. The district focuses on the establishment of new high-tech enterprises. There are plans to expand the district into an area of . A railway line operated by Shijiazhuang Oil Refinery runs through the zone from north to south, so enterprises in the zone can build lines of their own.
The Western District, located in the southwest of Shijiazhuang, covers an area of . It focuses on small- and medium-sized technology enterprises and technology incubation. Liangcun District, which borders the Western District, covers , and focuses on the pharmaceutical industry and the petrochemical industry. |
1346_32 | By 2009, some 2,600 enterprises had settled in the zone, of which 185 were foreign-funded enterprises. Firms from Japan, the US, the Republic of Korea, Germany, Italy, Canada, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan had established themselves in the zone.
Dairy
The city is a center for the dairy trade, being the headquarters of the Sanlu Group. Sanlu became Shijiazhuang's largest taxpayer since it had become the largest formula seller in China for a continuous 15-year period. Richard McGregor, author of The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers, said that Sanlu became "an invaluable asset for a city otherwise struggling to attract industry and investment on a par with China's premier metropolises." |
1346_33 | Both the dairy trade and Sanlu were affected by the 2008 Chinese milk scandal. The chairman and general manager of Sanlu, and several party officials, including the vice-mayor in charge of food and agriculture, Zhang Fawang, were reportedly removed from office. Mayor Ji Chuntang reportedly resigned on September 17, 2008.
Transportation
Expressways
The city is served by many expressways, including the Shitai, Beijing–Shenzhen and Taiyuan–Cangzhou Expressways.
Railway |
1346_34 | Shijiazhuang is a transportation hub at the intersection point of the Beijing–Guangzhou, Taiyuan–Dezhou, and Shuozhou–Huanghua railways. The new Shijiazhuang railway station (opened December 2012) has a rare distinction of being served by both the "conventional" Beijing–Guangzhou Railway and the new Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong High-Speed Railway. Such an arrangement is fairly uncommon on China's high-speed rail network, as typically high-speed lines are constructed to bypass city cores, where the older "conventional" train stations are.
In Shijiazhuang's case, to make it possible to bring the new high-speed railway into the central city, a long railway tunnel was constructed under the city. This is the first time a high-speed railway has been run under a Chinese city.
There is also the smaller Shijiazhuang North railway station, used by trains going west toward Taiyuan without the need for passing though downtown.
Metro |
1346_35 | Line 1, Line 2 and Line 3 of the Shijiazhuang Metro are currently operational. The system is in length. The latest metro plan of Shijiazhuang includes 6 lines in total.
Airport
The Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport is the province's center of air transportation. It is about 30 kilometers northeast of the city. There are 32 domestic routes arriving at and departing from Shijiazhuang, including destinations such as Shanghai, Shenzhen and Dalian. The airport serves 12 international destinations including four routes to Russia. The airport is being expanded and will be capable of being an alternate airport to Beijing Capital International Airport.
With the opening of the Beijing–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway at the end of 2012, the airport got its own train station, making available fast, although infrequent, train service between the airport and Shijiazhuang railway station, as well as other stations in the region. |
1346_36 | Cycling
Most large roads in the city feature a separate cycle lane and, combined with the city being flat, make it ideal for cycling. Thousands of cyclists use the city each day and often there are more cyclists waiting at a crossroad than cars.
Military
Shijiazhuang is headquarters of the 27th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the three group armies that comprise the Beijing Military Region responsible for defending China's capital.
Culture
City centre
The city of Shijiazhuang is similar to Beijing in that all roads run from north to south and east to west, making the city easy to navigate. Many roads have cycle paths making it cyclist friendly. In the heart of the city is the Hebei Museum which was refurbished in 2013 and 2014. It holds regular events, mostly showing traditional Chinese art and artifacts. The Yutong International Sports Centre hosts the Shijiazhuang Ever Bright football matches as well as holding pop concerts. |
1346_37 | Shijiazhuang Zoo is located on the west side of the city. The zoo has 3,000 animals of 250 species including flamingos, golden monkeys, manchurian tigers, Indian elephants, giraffes, chimpanzees, kangaroos, seals, white tigers, springboks and pandas. Near the Shijiazhuang Zoo are the Botanical Gardens (), offering a range of exotic and native plants both to view and purchase. The Martyrs Memorial () can be found in the centre of the city, commemorating the soldiers lost in war.
Places of interest |
1346_38 | Baodu Zhai (), or Baodu Village, is an ancient fortified hilltop settlement located on the west side of the city, the mountain contains walks and buddhist statues. Close to Baodu Zhai is Fenglong Mountain () is situated outside of Shijiazhuang to the west, the mountain features walks and a large stone Buddha statue situated on top of the mountain. Mount Cangyan () is a scenic area in Jingxing County, famous for its combination of natural mountain scenery with historical man-made structures. It was featured in a scene of the Chinese movie Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. |
1346_39 | The Longxing Temple () is an ancient Buddhist monastery located just outside the city. It has been referred to as the "First Temple south of Beijing". The Anji Bridge (also known as Zhaozhou Bridge) () is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. Credited to the design of a craftsman named Li Chun, the bridge was constructed in the years 595–605 during the Sui dynasty (581–618). It is the oldest standing bridge in China. The Pagoda of Bailin Temple ( or ) is an octagonal-based brick Chinese pagoda built in 1330 during the reign of Emperor Wenzong, ruler of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). |
1346_40 | City parks
The downtown area of the city contains a range of parks. The largest park is found in the centre of the city known as Chang'an Park (), the park includes an underground shopping mall, a theatre, a museum, a lake, bars and restaurants. Another park is found on the south east side of the city: Century Park (), Century Park contains a lake in the centre with an amusement park to the north side. On the northwest side of the city is Water Park () which features a large lake, amusement rides, short walks and various restaurants. As well as these three large parks there are smaller parks scattered across the city.
Shopping
The largest mall in the city is the Wanda shopping mall, located in the southeast side of the city, along with the Lerthai Shopping Complex at the downtown, and Wondermall on the southwest side. The Wanda mall includes an IMAX theatre. |
1346_41 | Food
During the summer barbecue restaurants () open, selling a whole range of foods, the most popular of which are lamb kebabs (). Thousands of restaurants can be found across the city offering a range of Chinese as well as western cuisine open around the clock.
Cultural References
The 2018 arthouse film An Elephant Sitting Still by Hu Bo was shot and set in Shijiazhuang. |
1346_42 | Notable people
Kang Hui, news anchor for China Central Television.
Omnipotent Youth Society, Chinese alternative rock band that was formed in the late 1990s.
Feng Zhang, Chinese-American biochemist. Known for his role in the development of CRISPR technologies.
Sun Yingsha, table tennis player.
Zhao Tuo, Qin dynasty Chinese general. Founder of Triệu dynasty.
Zhao Yun, military general who lived during the late Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period.
Li Jiang, an official of Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong.
Li Deyu, a Chinese poet, politician, and writer of Tang Dynasty.
Han Shantong, one of leaders of the early Red Turban rebellion.
Zhou Dongyu, actress considered one of the Four Dan actresses of the post 90's generation
Zheng Yuanjie, Chinese fairy tale author, and founder and sole writer of a children's literature magazine known as the King of Fairy Tales. |
1346_43 | Sports
Shijiazhuang Ever Bright F.C. () is a Chinese football club based in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, which competes in the Chinese Super League. It plays in the 37,000-seat Yutong International Sports Centre. The team changed to their current name on February 24, 2014.
Yutong International Sports Center () is a multi-use stadium, used mostly for football matches. The capacity is 38,500.
Hospitals
Hebei General Hospital
The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City
The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University
Bethune International Peace Hospital , namesake after Norman Bethune a Canadian thoracic surgeon who is honored for his humanitarian service in bringing modern medicine to rural China.
Education
Universities and colleges
Shijiazhuang University
Hebei GEO University
Shijiazhuang Tiedao University
Hebei Normal University
Hebei Medical University
Twin towns and sister cities
Shijiazhuang's twin towns and sister cities are: |
1346_44 | Nagano, Nagano Prefecture, Japan (April 19, 1981)
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (May 31, 1985)
Des Moines, Iowa, United States (August 8, 1986)
Edison, New Jersey, United States (Date unknown)
Parma, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (September 22, 1987)
Corby, England, United Kingdom (October 5, 1994)
Ayagawa, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan (May 23, 1995)
Solofra, Avellino, Italy (August 17, 1997)
Cheonan, South Chungcheong, South Korea (August 26, 1997)
Querétaro City, Querétaro, Mexico (September 2, 1997)
Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada (July 9, 1998)
Falkenberg, Halland County, Sweden (August 6, 2002)
Nam Định, Nam Định Province, Vietnam (December 27, 2004)
Nagykanizsa, Zala County, Hungary (2007)
See also
List of twin towns and sister cities in China
Yanzhao Evening News
References
External links
Shijiazhuang Government official website
1925 establishments in China
Cities in Hebei
Provincial capitals in China
Prefecture-level divisions of Hebei |
1347_0 | Raphael Cohen-Almagor is an Israeli/British academic.
Cohen-Almagor received his D. Phil. in political theory from Oxford University in 1991, and his B.A. and M.A. from Tel Aviv University (both Magna cum Laude). In 1992-1995 he lectured at the Hebrew University Law Faculty. In 1995-2007 he taught at the University of Haifa Law School, Department of Communication, and Library and Information Studies University of Haifa. In 2019, he was Distinguished Visiting Professor to the Faculty of Laws, University College London (UCL). |
1347_1 | Raphael has served in various organisations, including as Chairperson of “The Second Generation to the Holocaust and Heroism Remembrance” Organization in Israel; Founder and Director of the Medical Ethics Think-tank at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute; member of the Israel Press Council, Chairperson of Library and Information Studies, and Founder and Director of Center for Democratic Studies, both at the University of Haifa. Cohen-Almagor was the Yitzhak Rabin - Fulbright Visiting Professor at UCLA School of Law and Dept. of Communication, Visiting Professor at Johns Hopkins University, and Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Presently he is Chair in Politics at the University of Hull, United Kingdom, and Director of the Middle East Study Group. In 2008-2009 he served as Acting Deputy Dean for Research at Hull Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. |
1347_2 | Professor Cohen-Almagor has published numerous articles and book chapters in the fields of political science, law, Israel studies, philosophy, media ethics, medical ethics, education, sociology, and history. Since 2000, he has been writing a monthly blog on Israeli politics, human rights concerns, scientific developments, the arts and other issues.
The Democratic Catch |
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