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1942_0 | Theresa Maeve Rourke Cassidy is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the X-Men. Debuting under the codename Siryn, she later retired the name and went by Banshee, in honor of her late father, Sean Cassidy, who first used the alias.
Like her father, the X-Men's Banshee, Theresa is an Irish mutant who possesses a "sonic scream" that can incapacitate and injure an opponent's hearing, or send powerful vibrations through the air, the latter of which she can use to fly. Her name refers to the Sirens of Greek mythology.
Theresa was raised by Banshee's cousin and nemesis Black Tom Cassidy without Banshee's knowledge. By her early teens, she left Black Tom and eventually joined the X-Men offshoots X-Force and later X-Factor. |
1942_1 | Publication history
Siryn was created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Steve Leialoha, and first appeared in Spider-Woman #37 (April 1981) as a villain. Along with many young mutants at the time such as Sunspot and Multiple Man, she featured in the limited series Fallen Angels (1987). She was one of the first members of X-Force (vol. 1) (1991), beginning in issue #3, and remained a regular in that book until issue #100 (2000). As a love interest of Deadpool, she concurrently appeared in one of his earliest solo titles—Deadpool: Sins of the Past (1994), and sporadically appeared in Deadpool (vol. 1) (1997) and Cable and Deadpool (vol. 1) (2005). In 2006, she rejoined forces with Multiple Man as a member of X-Factor (vol. 3) up until issue #244 (2012), in which she becomes The Morrigan and leaves the team and general publication.
Fictional character biography |
1942_2 | Early life
While Sean Cassidy was working on a deep undercover mission for Interpol, his wife Maeve gave birth to their daughter, Theresa, at Cassidy Keep, County Mayo, Ireland. Maeve later dies in an IRA bombing, and with no means to contact Sean, his cousin Tom takes care of Theresa. When Sean returns and learns of his wife's death, he is devastated. Before Tom can tell him about Theresa, Sean lashes out at Tom with his sonic scream for not having taken better care of Maeve. As Sean flies away in anger, Tom falls into a chasm and breaks his leg, leaving him with a limp. Tom swears to make Sean pay and vows to never tell him about his daughter, and raises her himself. |
1942_3 | Tom (now known as Black Tom) trains Theresa as his apprentice in his criminal activities. As a young teen, she accompanies him and his then-partner, the Juggernaut, to San Francisco. She takes the name Siryn, aids them in a vibranium theft, and battles the original Spider-Woman. Due to her inexperience, she performs poorly in battle and is defeated by Spider-Woman again during Black Tom's temporary capture. Initially believing her to be seriously hurt, Black Tom resolves to break all association with her so that she will not be exposed to further danger. While in custody, he absolves Theresa of all responsibility for her crimes, and writes a letter to Sean explaining who she is. The X-Men bring Theresa back to their headquarters, where she is joyfully reunited with her father.
Muir Island |
1942_4 | Theresa moves to Muir Island, home of the research laboratories of Dr. Moira MacTaggert, a longtime ally of Professor Xavier. During an overnight visit to Xavier Institute, Siryn, Kitty Pryde, Illyana Rasputin, and a young Muir Island resident named Amp battle robotic duplicates of the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants after accidentally releasing them from the Danger Room. Later in the evening, Siryn gets into a fist fight with Kitty after Amp convinces her that Kitty was trying to sabotage her chances with a young man named Dimitri. After the fight is broken up by Wolverine, the girls reconcile and leave on friendly terms. She also accompanies Wolverine and Kitty when they are asked by Professor Xavier to act as bodyguards for the mutant pop-star Dazzler. Dazzler is impressed with Theresa's rendition of "Amazing Grace", that she asks the young mutant to act as a backing vocalist for her concert. |
1942_5 | On the island, Siryn starts a romantic relationship with Jamie Madrox. This version of Multiple Man is revealed to be one of his many duplicates and not the original Multiple Man, leading to the end of the relationship. During this time Siryn and Multiple Man travel to New York City. She and Madrox search for two members of the New Mutants: Sunspot and Warlock, who had run away from the school. Siryn and Multiple Man find Sunspot and meet the association of street-level mutants known as the Fallen Angels, and they are all transported to Devil Dinosaur's planet. They travel to the Coconut Grove, the home planet of the alien Ariel. While there, her superhuman powers are neutralized and she is made a captive by Unipar. She regains her superhuman powers and returns to Earth. She chooses to remain in the Fallen Angels for some time to help reform their criminal members.
Back on Muir Island, she briefly falls under the mental control of the Shadow King.
X-Force |
1942_6 | Siryn becomes a core member of X-Force, a paramilitary superhero team and for a time was its field leader. As a member of X-Force, her teammate Warpath develops a romantic interest in her while she begins flirting with Deadpool. Deadpool and Siryn become involved when the two fight Black Tom Cassidy and the Juggernaut. Although Banshee warns Siryn that Deadpool is a madman and a murderer, she finds Deadpool attractive, and the feelings are reciprocated. Over time, Siryn becomes the voice of reason and sanity in Deadpool's ear. She assists him in some of his missions, such as when Deadpool felt he needed some blood from the Hulk in order to cure problems with his own healing powers. In the end Siryn becomes overwhelmed with balancing her duties with X-Force and the demands of Deadpool's mental health. She promises him that she would consider progressing their relationship if he continues on the path of good, and once she has her X-Force responsibilities secured. Warpath continues to |
1942_7 | seek Siryn's affections, and makes his dislike for Deadpool clear during a visit to the baseball diamond used in the movie Field of Dreams. |
1942_8 | Siryn confronts various adversaries during her time in X-Force: she puts down a coup in Asgard, and confronts the forces of Onslaught, the interdimensional media mogul known as Mojo, and S.H.I.E.L.D. on more than one occasion. Warpath helps her cope with her drinking problems, and as of recent issues of X-Factor she is leading a sober lifestyle.
She becomes a vital part of the team, as opined by an aspect of Charles Xavier, which saves the entire team from a near-death experience.
She leaves when Feral, a former teammate turned villain, slashes her throat, destroying her vocal cords and rendering her temporarily mute and powerless.
X-Corporation
Deadpool tracks down Wolverine and steals a sample of his blood to heal Siryn, who regains the use of her vocal cords. |
1942_9 | Siryn joins the Paris branch of X-Corporation, claiming to atone for her father's sins for his failed X-Corps idea, where she reunites with Multiple Man, Rictor and Cannonball. She works with Monet St. Croix for the first time. Their first mission does not go well and Siryn deals with the loss of her teammate, Darkstar. |
1942_10 | X-Factor Investigations
Siryn leaves X-Corporation to become a member of X-Factor Investigations. As part of her initial duties for X-Factor Investigations, she investigates the murder of a woman who died in a movie star's penthouse, on behalf of the victim's sister. A rival firm, Singularity Investigations, represents the actor with Damian Tryp, Jr. as the defense counsel. Siryn and X-Factor Investigations manage to incriminate the star and thwart Singularity Investigation's assassination attempt on Rictor. Tryp Jr. later ambushes Siryn and beats her, leaving her to die in an alley. She is later found and taken hostage by a mentally ill former mutant only to be rescued by Rictor.
While recovering from her injuries, Cyclops approaches Theresa and informs her Banshee has died. She goes into a state of denial, holding on to how many X-Men have been believed dead have returned alive. |
1942_11 | During the Superhuman Civil War, Theresa opposes the registration act and is tasked with contacting more high-profile superheroes about the Decimation. After speaking with Spider-Man, X-Factor gets into contact with Quicksilver and Cyclops' team of X-Men, demanding they answer why the reason behind the Decimation was kept secret and defy the registration act.
Siryn's relationships with Multiple Man and Monet become strained. After spending a night drinking, Madrox awakens to learn that he and one of his duplicates slept with Theresa and Monet. Although he is initially uncertain as to which was which, he concludes with near certainty that he slept with Theresa, and the dupe slept with Monet, though this does little to assuage Theresa and Monet's anger. Theresa resolves her differences with both Madrox and Monet, and the two women develop a budding friendship after a shopping trip to Paris and partner together on later missions. |
1942_12 | Siryn and Monet are sent to retrieve two famous child singers (who specialize in mutant hate songs) from their parents. The two are ambushed, knocked out, and kidnapped by the children's mutant bodyguards, Solo and Clay. They awake imprisoned, but they both escape and return the children to their grandparents. It is revealed that the entire mission was a ruse by Josef Huber to lure the women away from their X-Factor teammates, as both Monet and Siryn's mental-based powers negatively affect Huber's mind-control abilities.
Messiah Complex
Theresa assists Rictor's infiltration of the Purifiers and accompanies the X-Men to rescue the mutant baby and X-Force. She later receives a call from Peepers, who is being pursued by Predator X, but Theresa arrives too late to help him and finds his remains. Siryn prays at Madrox's bedside when he awakes, and takes part in the X-Men's assault on the Marauders' base with Monet and Guido, fighting Exodus in the battle. |
1942_13 | Divided We Stand
Siryn reveals that she is pregnant with Jamie's child, and after talking with Monet reveals she intends to keep it. When she attempts to tell Jamie he mistakenly believes that she wants to quit X-Factor. Monet later helps Siryn realize that she still loves Jamie. Siryn tries to tell him again, but Arcade appears and destroys Mutant Town. Afterwards, Jamie reveals he knows she is pregnant and the team moves to Detroit, Michigan, to get away from Val Cooper and O*N*E. |
1942_14 | Sean
After moving to Detroit, Theresa becomes inactive during X-Factor's field missions. She gets into an argument with Val upon finding out X-Factor has been under the employ of O*N*E since the destruction of Mutant Town. Val reveals her interest in Theresa's child and during a heated discussion, Theresa's water breaks and she is taken to a hospital. As Theresa goes into labor, she proposes to Jamie, who accepts. She gives birth to a boy, and they name him Sean after her father, whose death she finally accepts. Hours after his birth, baby Sean is absorbed into Jamie's body as Jamie holds him, to his horror. Theresa attempts to save the baby and claws at Jamie's chest to get him back but pops some of her stitches and goes back into surgery. Jamie reveals Sean was an "infant dupe", and was absorbed into him as a duplicate would, but Theresa declares that she would break his neck the next time she sees him after breaking his fingers. |
1942_15 | Assuming leadership and departure
After the pregnancy, Jamie leaves the team and Theresa takes charge, though she sinks into a depression. Following Jamie's return to the present, he offers to leave the team headquarters in Detroit and start a branch with Guido in New York. She disbands the Detroit team, with the remaining members defecting to the New York branch. Theresa returns home to Ireland where she runs into Reverend John Maddox, one of Jamie's dupes, who helps her cope with depression. She later has a one-night stand with Deadpool. After coming to terms with Banshee's death and reconciling her grief, Theresa retires the codename Siryn and takes her deceased father's codename as her own, calling herself Banshee in honor of his memory. |
1942_16 | Return to X-Factor Investigations
After Cable and Hope Summers return to the present during X-Men: Second Coming, agents of the Mutant Response Division target Theresa for assassination when she attempts to return to America. She is rescued by Layla Miller and Shatterstar, and they teleport back to America and rejoin X-Factor in the final battle with the Mutant Response Division.
Afterwards, Jamie accepts a new assignment from a disguised Hela who is searching for a missing pendant of Thor's hammer. When Jamie and Theresa track it down and take it off of the neck of a drunken bar patron, he reveals he is Pip the Troll. After a brief fight, Hela appears, captures Pip, and teleports back to her base in Las Vegas. The team travel to Las Vegas and with the help of Thor, retrieve Pip from Hela's domain. |
1942_17 | The team is later hired by J. Jonah Jameson when an old friend of his is killed. Thinking the murderer may come after him, Theresa acts as his personal bodyguard. During a protest, Theresa receives an image of the murderer, who is revealed to be a woman named Ballistique. At that moment, Theresa sees Ballistique talking to J. Jonah Jameson and tries to attack by launching a powerful sonic scream at her but due to Ballistique's close proximity to Jameson, the police think Theresa is attempting to attack Jameson. The police attempt to stop Theresa by attacking her with their nightsticks but not before she can warn Monet about Ballistique. During the ordeal, Guido is seriously wounded, and Monet takes him to the hospital where Theresa attempts to console her. |
1942_18 | Theresa and the rest of X-Factor later become the target of various mystical canine and feline deities who attempt to capture Wolfsbane and her unborn baby. After the baby is born, it attempts to attack Theresa and Jamie but not knowing it is Rahne's son, Theresa uses one of her screams to blast it away from the duo. Later, while tracking a demon by the name of Bloodbath, Theresa witnesses it kill Jamie. After it is revealed Layla can bring back the dead, minus their soul, Theresa has no problems in asking Layla to return Jamie, putting her at odds with Monet for a while. |
1942_19 | After Havok and Polaris rejoin X-Factor, Theresa is present when Layla reveals Jamie has come back from the dead but not by her doing. After returning from one of X-Factor's missions, Theresa and Polaris share concern for Wolfsbane's wellbeing as she barely comes out of her room unless it is for missions. The two women decide to take Rahne on a road trip to Reverend John Maddox to help her. During the trip, Theresa and Lorna bond and develop a friendship. |
1942_20 | The Morrigan |
1942_21 | Wolverine learns that a woman matching Theresa's description has been attacking and killing people in Ulster County, New York. Pairing up with Havok, the two investigate the murders. Upon questioning the family of the murder victims, Theresa notices two photos featuring the family's grandmother and granddaughter, both wearing triquetras. Although she first believes the little girl to be a mutant, Theresa realizes the girl is not when she summons a Celtic goddess, the Morrigan. The girl attempts to send the Morrigan back but she ignores the girl and takes Theresa, furious that she has been using the name Banshee, one of the many names associated with the Morrigan. The Morrigan takes Theresa to a lighthouse and offers her a choice: apologize and worship her, or die. Theresa rejects the Morrigan's offer and is thrown to her death as her vocal cords had been weakened by the ordeal. Havok arrives to see Theresa falling to her doom when she is rescued by a demon named Jezabel. Havok |
1942_22 | destroys the lighthouse, leaving the Morrigan trapped under rubble. Jezebel advises them the apocalypse is coming and Theresa will have to make a tough choice sometime within the near future: to become part of a race of new gods or perish with the rest of humanity. |
1942_23 | Over the next few days, Theresa considers drinking alcohol to help deal with what is going on when she is stopped by her father. Unsure if he is real, she attempts to seek help from the other members of X-Factor only to find Polaris has lost her mind.<ref name="XFactorV3#244">David, Peter (w). X-Factor (vol. 3) #244. Marvel Comics.</ref> Theresa goes back to her room, where she continues to converse with Sean about the Morrigan and if he is real or some kind of hallucination when Layla enters, who reveals she knows what is going on. Theresa and Layla attempt to summon the Morrigan but Theresa is teleported to Ireland instead. During the confrontation, Theresa asks if the Morrigan can heal Lorna but the Morrigan advises her she cannot, as Lorna does not believe in her. The Morrigan reveals she is tired of being a goddess and misses her own father; if Theresa wants to help Lorna, she must become the Morrigan. Theresa agrees and hurls a sonic lance through the Morrigan, killing her. In |
1942_24 | that moment, Lorna is completely healed of her insanity. Theresa teleports back to headquarters, appearing before Jamie as the Morrigan and telling him goodbye. Theresa lets him know she never stopped loving him and if he needs her, all he has to do is pray before departing. |
1942_25 | After Jamie is transformed into a demon, he takes her up on this offer so she rescues and transforms him back into human form. She then asks the now-married Madrox and Layla if they want to reform the team but, they decline saying that they have a farm to start up and a baby on the way.
House of X
Theresa, back in her mortal form, is seen on Krakoa reunited with her father. During the celebration after the Quiet Council's first meeting, she uses her sonic powers in conjunction with Dazzler's light abilities to put on a light show for the people. |
1942_26 | Powers and abilities |
1942_27 | Siryn is a mutant who possesses sonic powers similar to those of her father, Banshee, although she is able to use her powers in ways that Banshee could not. Like her father, she has the ability to emit high-decibel "sonic screams" to create various sonic effects with her vocal cords. She can vary the pitch to deflect projectiles. She possesses an enhanced sense of hearing and can use her voice to detect objects via echolocation. While screaming, Siryn is able to fly at the speed of sound. She has potent sonic attacks that can shatter objects; project concussive blasts of sonic force (a "sonic lance"); and cause immediate pain, nausea/vomiting, and unconsciousness. She has shown a degree of resistance to sounds and vibrations that would be harmful or painful to normal humans and mutants without sonic-based powers. She possesses psionic powers to create a force field that protects her against her own sonic vibrations, assists her ability to fly, and directs her sonic powers. |
1942_28 | She is vulnerable to losing her power by overstraining and overusing her sonic screams or injury to her throat and vocal cords. She lacks fine control of her abilities when in extreme distress: for example, when she screamed in pain during her pregnancy, she unwillingly shattered every window in the complex and caused the medical staff to writhe in agony.<ref>David, Peter. X-Factor #39 Marvel Comics. (2009)</ref>
Unlike her father, Siryn is able to influence and control other human beings with her sonics, and cause them to enter a hypnotic state. Siryn can cause the intended person to fall in love with her without regard to gender or sexual orientation and carry out her wishes and commands, like mythical Sirens. Siryn once used this ability on Spider-Man, forcing him to divulge the truth about the Decimation of the mutants.
In addition, she can prevent others from hearing external sounds by a certain vocal pitch so that she can secretly deliver messages to them. |
1942_29 | When Theresa becomes the Morrigan, she gains numerous undefined mystical abilities. Her known powers include the ability to teleport by her own free will or to people who summon her using the correct ritual, heal her followers and people with a personal bond to her, and some form of immortality or longevity. She is able to revert Jamie to his human form and absorb laser blasts from a gun that can destroy Layla Miller's force field. |
1942_30 | Other versions
Theresa appears in the What If? story "What If the X-Men Died on their First Mission?". After the X-Men's death on Krakoa, Beast hastily assembles a mutant team to combat Count Nefaria and his Ani-Men. At this point, Theresa is still under the guardianship of Black Tom and unaware of her father's existence and death. After learning the facts from Beast, she names herself Banshee in her father's honor. After foiling Nefaria and settling her affairs with Black Tom, she joins the newly formed X-Men team.
Theresa appears in the series X-Man during the 1995–1996 "Age of Apocalypse" storyline, in which she is known as Sonique'''. She is a companion to Nate Grey, and fights alongside him and Sauron against Mr. Sinister. She is temporarily a member of the Sinister Six, who aid Sinister in attacking the X-Men, after being brainwashed by Jean Grey. She is freed from Grey's influence by Psylocke. |
1942_31 | A child version of Theresa appears in the Ultimate universe. She is seen as one of William Stryker, Jr.'s hostages, and is almost executed before being rescued by Kitty Pryde and the new X-Men. |
1942_32 | References
External links
The Woman Behind the Voice
UncannyXmen.net Spotlight On Siryn
Characters created by Chris Claremont
Comics characters introduced in 1981
Fictional characters who can manipulate sound
Fictional characters with healing abilities
Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators
Fictional Irish people
Fictional private investigators
Irish superheroes
Marvel Comics characters who can teleport
Marvel Comics female superheroes
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics orphans
X-Factor (comics) |
1943_0 | The Sisters of Providence of Holyoke, Massachusetts, are a congregation of Roman Catholic religious sisters founded in 1892.
History
In November 1873, four Sisters of Charity from the House of Providence in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, (today's Sisters of Providence of Saint Vincent de Paul), came to Holyoke in Western Massachusetts to care for the sick poor, most of whom were immigrants laboring in the city's paper mills. Holyoke was a young, rapidly growing industrial city with cotton, satin and thread mills. These employed hundreds of immigrants, especially those from Ireland and Scotland. |
1943_1 | A great dam was built across the Connecticut at Holyoke. Hundreds of laborers were employed in its construction. The immigrants and mill employees were lodged in company houses, badly constructed, unsanitary and overcrowded. Disease, especially typhoid fever, was rampant. Since the city had neither hospital nor an almshouse, during illness these poor people received little or no care. There were no homes for the aged or infirm, or an orphanage for homeless children. Rev. Patrick J. Harkins was pastor of St. Jerome's Church, the only Catholic Church in the city. Harkins was aware of the needs of his poor parishioners and sought their fulfillment. In September 1873 two Sisters of Charity of the House of Providence arrived from their Mother House in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The two, Sister Mary de Chantal and Sister Mary Elizabeth were on a begging trip and seeking his permission to solicit funds from his parish for their poor back home. Granting their petition, Harkins required, that |
1943_2 | in return, they petition their superiors in Kingston to establish a mission in Holyoke to meet the charitable needs of his parish. |
1943_3 | The sisters’ Reverend Mother Mary John and Mother Mary Edward, first assistant, visited Holyoke on September 23, 1873. They accepted Holyoke as their first mission. On November 7, 1873, four sisters arrived to establish the Holyoke mission, settling in their first House of Providence, located on the other side of the Connecticut River in South Hadley Falls. Within one week, Sisters Mary Edward, Mary Mount Carmel, Mary of the Cross, and Mary Patrick welcomed their first orphan, 11-year old Edward Reilly. It was not long after that before the city almoner was sending the city's needy and the infirm to the sisters for care and shelter. Soon their house was filled to capacity and only the very sick and friendless could be admitted. |
1943_4 | The work of the Sisters of Providence, as all in Holyoke called them, rapidly developed. Soon they were not only caring for the orphaned, the aged, and the infirm at the House of Providence, but for the sick poor in their homes where the sisters spent nights with the dying and preparing the dead for burial. To help support themselves and their ministries, the sisters made and sold altar breads, church linens, vestments and burial robes. This last work was a major source of income for the House of Providence until around 1920. In the summer of 1875 Father Harkins sent a request to Kingston for the Sisters to take charge of the Boys School at St. Jerome's Institute. Teaching was not one of the works for which the sisters’ Congregation had been founded, but not finding it incompatible with their Rule, and wishing to cooperate with the pastor accepted this new work on August 12, 1875. Sister Mary of Providence, Sister Mary Berchmans and four novices arrived from Kingston to begin the new |
1943_5 | teaching ministry. As no convent had been provided for the sisters teaching in the school, they resided at the House of Providence and frequently helped care for the orphans, aged and infirm in their free time from school, as well as relieving on night duty or spending their nights with the dying. With true missionary spirit, these pioneer sisters generously and courageously fulfilled their vocation as servants of the poor. |
1943_6 | By 1890 the Rev. Dr. Thomas D. Beaven, acting for the Right Rev. Patrick J. O’Reilly, Bishop of Springfield Diocese of which Holyoke is a part, petitioned Rome for the sisters in Holyoke to become a new diocesan Congregation, separate from the Mother House in Kingston. On the day of Bishop O’Reilly's death, May 28, 1892 notice arrived that Rome had granted that permission, and on August 12 Father Beaven was appointed to succeed as bishop. Following his predecessor's plan, sisters who wished were permitted to remain members of the Kingston Community, and on August 13, 1892, fourteen of their number bade farewell to their companions in Holyoke and returned to Kingston. The 30 remaining sisters became the nucleus for the new diocesan Community. And, on August 17, 1892 a provisional government was established with Mother Mary of Providence (in secular life Catherine Horan), as its first major superior. |
1943_7 | The sisters’ new Community was incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth as the Sisters of Providence, Holyoke, Massachusetts. Their charter, dated December 17, 1892, was granted for “the establishment and maintaining of the school for the education of children; establishing and maintaining a hospital for the cure of the sick; assisting the poor and destitute people; and teaching and fitting young women for the Order of the Sisters of Providence and maintaining the same.” In the next 15 years, the sisters, under the able leadership of Mother Mary of Providence established 20 works of charity. Mother Mary served as teacher, principal, nurse, administrator and religious leader. By her death in 1943, the Sisters of Providence had made sharp inroads into alleviating the social needs of Western Massachusetts. In their various missions, the works of the Community were continuing to flourish throughout the Springfield Diocese, which at that time include Worcester in central |
1943_8 | Massachusetts. The Sisters ministries included several hospitals and nursing schools, an orphanage, nursing homes, a residence for working girls and a home for unwed mothers. Many others of their ministries also aided the poor and needy. |
1943_9 | In 1950, the diocese was divided into two diocese: the newly established Worcester Diocese was headed by Bishop John Wright, and the Springfield Diocese by Bishop Christopher J. Weldon. The need to rebuild many of the institutions operated by the Sisters of Providence was a major concern. Some of the buildings were more than 50 years old, while others needed expansion or modernization. In the Springfield Diocese, Bishop Weldon raised funds to add a new wing to Farren Memorial Hospital in Montague City, and to rebuild Providence Hospital in Holyoke. Funds were also raised to replace the original Brightside buildings in Holyoke with Our Lady of Providence Children's Center in West Springfield, the Guild of the Holy Child in Westfield moved into its new building, and in Worcester, there was a dedication for a new Saint Vincent Hospital. |
1943_10 | During these same years, the Community took steps to provide the advanced educations the Sisters needed in order to assume significant roles within these modern, sophisticated health and human service agencies. A House of Studies was opened in the Boston area for the many sisters who began to pursue professional studies. Many of the newer members of the Community were sent to the House of Studies or to Marillac College, a sister formation college in St. Louise, Missouri, where they obtained college degrees. |
1943_11 | Today, the sisters legacy is visible in the Sisters of Providence Health System, a member of Trinity Health-New England, whose parent organization Trinity Health is the second largest Catholic health System in the U. S. In addition, the sisters sponsor Genesis Spiritual Life Center, Providence Ministries for the Needy, Providence Place at Ingleside, and Mary's Meadow at Providence Place. Currently they are working to further develop the Hillside at Providence as a ministry site for elder health and affordable housing services.
Seeds of hope : the history of the Sisters of Providence, Holyoke, Massachusetts
References
Sisters of Providence archival materials housed in the Sisters of Providence Archives in Holyoke, Mass.
Further reading
External links
Sisters of Providence of Holyoke
Catholic religious institutes established in the 19th century
Holyoke, Massachusetts
History of women in Massachusetts |
1944_0 | The name John (in Greek, ) is prominent in the New Testament and occurs numerous times. Among Jews of this period, the name was one of the most popular, borne by about five percent of men. Thus, it has long been debated which Johns are to be identified with which.
Mentioned in narrative
At least five unique Johns are mentioned in the texts of New Testament itself. For example,
F.P. Dutripon's Latin Bible concordance (Paris 1838) identified 10 people named Joannes (John) in the Bible, 5 of whom featured in the New Testament:
John the Baptist
John the Apostle, son of Zebedee, whom Dutripon equated with John the Evangelist, John of Patmos, John the Presbyter, the Beloved Disciple and John of Ephesus
John, father of Simon Peter
John Mark, whom Dutripon distinguishes from Mark the Evangelist
John, son of Annas (Acts 4:6)
John, father of Simon Peter |
1944_1 | Simon Peter is at times called “Simon, son of John”, though in Matthew the text has Simon Bariona. The latter appears to be untranslated Aramaic, with bar meaning “son of” and Iona being Jonah, or according to Bauckham, Jôhana‘, an Aramaized form of John.
John the Baptist
John the Baptist, son of Zechariah, figures prominently in the beginning of each of the four Gospels. The Synoptic Gospels distinguish him as “the Baptist”, but the Gospel of John omits this epithet, as no other John is therein mentioned by name. John the Baptist was beheaded during the ministry of Jesus, so in most cases he is easily distinguished from other Johns.
Ford proposes that Revelation originated as prophecy of John the Baptist, expanded by his followers to produce the book in its current form, but most scholars reject this theory.
John the Apostle |
1944_2 | John, son of Zebedee was one of the Twelve Apostles, along with his brother James. This John is mentioned frequently in the Synoptic Gospels, but always (with a lone exception) in company with his brother James or with Peter or often with both.
In the first eight chapters of Acts, Peter is always accompanied by a certain John, who is almost certainly his fellow apostle, and is presumably also the John that Paul elsewhere lists with Peter and James as “pillars”. But after the execution of his brother James in 44, this John is never again mentioned. |
1944_3 | There are many early indications that James and John were killed together. The response of Jesus to these two, “The cup that I drink you shall drink; and you shall be baptized with the baptism with which I am baptized,” has been understood since antiquity as foretelling their martyrdom. Indeed, Papias (c. 100) records that James and John “were killed by the Jews”, and early martyrologies record the martyrdom of “John and James the apostles in Jerusalem”.
John of the high-priestly family |
1944_4 | This John is mentioned once in passing as present during the trial of Peter and John in Jerusalem, as recorded in Acts: “On the next day, their rulers, elders, and experts in the law came together in Jerusalem. Annas the high priest was there, and Caiaphas, John, Alexander, and others who were members of the high priest’s family.” Thus, he is probably distinct from John the Apostle, although some scholars (including the 5th Century writer Nonnus, as well as the Gospel of the Nazarenes) have suggested that the Zebedees' fishing business made them known to the high priest, while others conclude that being fishermen (owning multiple boats) is not synonymous with being poor nor precludes priestly connections, and some argue that the other disciple who was known to the high priest and who spoke to the servant-girl on duty there and brought Peter in mentioned in John 18:15 is likely to be the same disciple who is never mentioned by name in John's Gospel. However, the Sons of Zebedee are |
1944_5 | both present in chapter 21 in the count of five plus two (where seven is the 'complete' number) unnamed disciples. The Beloved Disciple is named as such separately; the other is likely Andrew, which would be the reverse of the first followers identified in John 1:35. |
1944_6 | Polycrates of Ephesus (c. 190) writes that John the Evangelist “was a priest, wearing the petalon”—i.e., specifically that he had served as High Priest. In this, he seems to identify the Evangelist with this high-priestly John mentioned in Acts. Some modern scholars make the same identification,<ref>{{cite journal | title=Lapostolo ed evangelista Giovanni,' 'sacerdoto' levitico | journal=Revista Biblica | year=1990 | volume=38 | issue=4 | pages=451–483 | last=Rigato | first=Maria-Luisa }}</ref> further citing from the Gospel “the other disciple, who was known to the High Priest.” |
1944_7 | Although there is no conclusive proof, and early writings such as by Polycrates may be interpretations based on their reading of the gospels, there are many theories - as one example: given that Elizabeth, Mary's kinswoman, was a "Daughter of Aaron" (and so had priestly connections), so too would Mary's sister mentioned in John 19:25... and she is mentioned in a way, some suggest, that might indicate she is John's mother.
John Mark
“John, called Mark” is mentioned several times in Acts. Such use of one Semitic name and another Greek name was a common practice among Jews of the time. He is usually identified with the Mark mentioned in various epistles. Some traditions and scholars also equate him with Mark the Evangelist, but others such as Dutripon (1838) reject this identification. |
1944_8 | This John is occasionally proposed as author of some of the Johannine works as well. Tarazi (2004) even goes so far as to attribute to him the Gospels of both Mark and John and all the other Johannine books.
Johannine literature
Five canonical books of the New Testament are ascribed to John and thus called collectively the Johannine literature:
The Gospel of John
The First Epistle of John
The Second Epistle of John
The Third Epistle of John
The Book of Revelation
Only in Revelation does the text itself name its author as John; the other Johannine works are ascribed to John only through their attached titles and other external references. |
1944_9 | Whether or not these attributions have a basis in historical truth—modern scholars vary widely in their opinions about authorship—the question remains of which John each of these attributions refers to. Since antiquity, many have considered the entire Johannine corpus to be the work of a single author, a certain John of Ephesus, whom many identified with the Apostle John, son of Zebedee. On the other hand, this identification and the authorship of individual works have also been disputed since antiquity. Thus, the reputed authors of the Johannine works are conventionally called more explicitly—without prejudice to the issues of actual authorship and of their mutual identification—as follows.
John the Evangelist
The author of the Gospel has traditionally been termed John the Evangelist. |
1944_10 | In the Gospel, the name John occurs exclusively in reference to John the Baptist or to the father of Simon Peter, and without that epithet, though “the sons of Zebedee” (named James and John in the Synoptics) are also mentioned once. The Gospel even lacks a list of the Twelve Apostles.
The anonymous “disciple whom Jesus loved” is identified in the closing verses as the one whose testimony the Gospel bears: “This is the disciple who testifies about these things and has written these things.” Ancient sources invariably identify this disciple with the Evangelist, and many modern scholars agree, though others consider that John the Evangelist fashioned the testimony of the Beloved Disciple into a Gospel, as Mark did for Peter, or hold on other grounds that the two are not identical.
Further identification of the Beloved Disciple and/or the Evangelist with John the Apostle has been variously defended and impugned. |
1944_11 | Some scholars see the Gospel's “and we know that his testimony is true,” as indicating a second hand, of a hypothetical redactor or some group of elders certifying the work. Bauckham, however, argues that this is simply the “we of authoritative testimony” of the author himself, used also in the Epistles.
As was an ordinary practice of the time, the Evangelist may have employed an amanuensis. Apocryphal sources of about the 5th century variously name Prochorus, Timothy, or even Papias, and modern scholars have suggested others.
John the Presbyter
The short second and third epistles are addressed “From the Elder”. On this basis, the author is termed John the Elder or John the Presbyter (presbyter being Greek for elder). |
1944_12 | Papias (c. 100) refers to a certain “John the Elder, a disciple of the Lord”, one of the “elders” he had listened to, and from whose sayings he drew in his five-book Exegesis, now lost. Papias goes on to refer to him simply as “the Elder”. Most see Papias as referring to the same John, at least, who penned the epistles.
In later centuries, some saw the address from “the Elder” in the second and third epistles as possibly indicating a different author than the other Johannine works, which cast doubt on their apostolic authority and therefore on their canonicity.Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 3.25.3.
John of Patmos
The author of the Book of Revelation (also known as the Apocalypse of John) is variously termed John of Patmos, John the Revelator, John the Divine, or John the Theologian. |
1944_13 | The text of Revelation identifies its author thus: “I, John, your brother and the one who shares with you in the persecution, kingdom, and endurance that are in Jesus, was on the island called Patmos because of the word of God and the testimony about Jesus.” Patmos was an island near Ephesus, and Revelation begins with letters addressed to the seven churches of Asia, which were Ephesus and other nearby cities. |
1944_14 | Dionysius of Alexandria (c. 250) closely criticized Revelation and concluded that it was starkly different from the Gospel and First Epistle (which Dionysius regarded as both the work of John the Apostle) in grammar, style, content, and anonymity, and thus could hardly be the work of the same author, but must have been written by another John, for “there are two monuments in Ephesus, each bearing the name of John.” Many modern scholars have concurred with this analysis, but others find striking similarities on closer inspection and attribute the stylistic differences to the Evangelist's use of an amanuensis. |
1944_15 | The ancient scholars who accepted Revelation as authentic, however, invariably identified its author as John the Evangelist. Our earliest and most reliable informant is Irenaeus (c. 180), who knew John's personal disciples while in Smyrna. Irenaeus firmly identifies the Revelator with the Evangelist and tells us that he remained with the Church in Ephesus until the time of Trajan (98–117). The Revelator was still publicly active until the close of Domitian’s reign (81–96), as Irenaeus says:
From Irenaeus’ ambiguous syntax, some later writers inferred that the exile to Patmos occurred under Domitian, though others explicitly ascribed it to Nero (54–68); modern scholars still debate which is more likely.
Clement of Alexandria, a contemporary of Irenaeus, tells an anecdote of John and the young robber captain, which opens with:
So again the Revelator is identified with the Bishop of Ephesus, about whom ancient sources have much to say.
John of Ephesus |
1944_16 | Patristic sources from as early as the 2nd century widely attest to a certain John, a disciple of Jesus, who lived to old age in Ephesus, and to whom all the Johannine works are ascribed.
Whether such a man existed, which works he wrote, whether this figure has been confused or conflated with a second John, and whether he is identical with John son of Zebedee or any other John in the New Testament are all matters of intense controversy.
Irenaeus (c. 180), who cites from Papias and “the elders” and also personally knew Polycarp of Smyrna, another disciple of John of Ephesus, is widely considered the most reliable authority we have on this John. In our first extant description of all four Gospels, Irenaeus concludes: |
1944_17 | Here, John the Evangelist is clearly identified with the Beloved Disciple and located in Ephesus. Elsewhere Irenaeus unmistakably cites this same John as author of the Epistles and Revelation as well. Irenaeus also speaks of the aged John surviving in Ephesus until the time of Trajan (98–117), which would be about 70 years after the Crucifixion.
Polycrates of Ephesus (c. 190) is another especially respected source on John, writing of his own relative and predecessor (following the Philip the Apostle):
Polycrates is in accord with Irenaeus, but seems to additionally identify John with the high-priestly John in Acts.
The earliest evidence on the identity of this John is from Papias of Hierapolis, a “hearer of John” writing c. 100, whose work survives only in fragments quoted by others. Papias writes: |
1944_18 | So, Papias refers first to John the Apostle, listed with his brother and others of the Twelve, whose words the elders had handed down to him, and then to John the Elder, another disciple of Jesus, who was himself still being heard. Though some have interpreted these as two references to the same John, Bauckham argues that Papias is clearly distinguishing them. Papias then goes on to cite “the Elder” (just as the Second and Third Epistles are addressed from) on the origins of the Gospels of Mark and Matthew at least, and also to cite from the First Epistle and Revelation.
Papias’ account of the origin of the Gospel of John is apparently paraphrased and expanded by Eusebius and is most likely the source for the Muratorian Canon (c. 170) when it says: |
1944_19 | The Acts of John, an apocryphal Gnostic work thought to have been composed around the late 2nd century, paints a rich, full narrative about John that was profoundly influential on later sources. Here we find the first explicit identification with the son of Zebedee, the story of the attempted execution by boiling oil also reported by Tertullian, the manner of John's natural death, and a great deal more. From the 3rd century onward, legends about John abound, with little hope of untangling any truth from the fiction. |
1944_20 | It is clear that John of Ephesus was regarded from the earliest times as a personal disciple of Jesus and a crucial witness to his life, an author of scripture, an apostle, and a great leader among the churches of Asia; whether he was also the son of Zebedee, one of the Twelve Apostles, is much more doubtful. No such identification is explicit in the early sources, apart from the clearly apocryphal, until the middle of the 3rd century. At most, John of Ephesus is occasionally called apostle, but in those cases the term is certainly not confined to the Twelve, and when mentioned with one of the Twelve Apostles, the Evangelist is in fact usually called a disciple'' by contrast. Bauckham argues that Papias distinguishes them and that the words of Polycrates even preclude such identification, and echos of this distinction linger in a few later sources. Among the orthodox, Origen is the first to explicitly accept the identification, which requires him to reconcile the tradition of John's |
1944_21 | natural death with the prophecy of John's martyrdom by seeing the latter fulfilled in his temporary exile to Patmos. On the other hand, after this point the identification was almost universally accepted in antiquity. |
1944_22 | On whether or not John of Ephesus is to be identified with any of the Johns in the New Testament narrative—the son of Zebedee, the high-priestly John, or even John Mark—modern scholars remain divided.
See also
New Testament people named James
New Testament people named Joseph (or Joses)
New Testament people named Judas or Jude
New Testament people named Mary
New Testament people named Simon
Notes
References
New Testament people
New Testament-related lists |
1945_0 | This is a list of Spanish words of Celtic origin. It is further divided into words that are known (or thought) to have come from Gaulish and those that have come from an undetermined Celtic source. Some of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from a Celtic source. Some of these words have alternate etymologies and may also appear on a list of Spanish words from a different language. Any form with an asterisk (*) is unattested and therefore hypothetical.
List
From English:
"tunnel" |
1945_1 | From French:
"graduate", from French and this from late Latin "bachelor".
"battle". From from "military drill in fencing," from Latin , see below.
"billiard".
"brigade"
"brooch, clasp, clip". From Old French "a spit," from Vulgar Latin (*) "a nail, spike," from Latin "a nail, projecting (adj.), buck-toothed (adj.)" from Celtic (*) "a pin, badger."
"brandy"
"cream" from French
"dispute, quarrel". from Old French "discussion, controversy, contest" (Modern French , from , "to fight, wrestle, struggle," from + "to fight, strike," from Latin , see above.
from French
"ambassador" and this from gaulish "who serves around".
, from Middle French , diminutive of ; akin to Irish "spear", Welsh "dart", Breton
"tannery", from French , from "tanbark"; akin to Breton "red oak", Old Cornish , Old and Modern Irish "mass of metal from furnace; metal bar, ingot"; (ogham letter) "holly, elder".
"penguin" from fr. .
"barrel" from French and this from Celtic * "skin" |
1945_2 | "ton" see *
"buffoon, jester" from French |
1945_3 | From Italian:
"brocade". From Italian , from "a twist thread, shoot, sprout," see below.
"broccoli". From Italian , plural of , "sprout of cabbage/turnip" diminutive of "shoot, sprout," from Vulgar Latin (*), see above.
From Late or Vulgar Latin:
"birch tree" from late Latin "birch", diminutive of Gaulish "birch"; akin to Old Irish , Irish/Scottish , Manx , Welsh , Breton . The of is by the influence of Spanish "fir tree.
"white poplar"
"lark" (OSp ) from gaulish
"shad" |
1945_4 | "plot of land marked for planting"
"shards, smithereens"
"arpent" (OSp ) from Latin "old measure"
"cross-bar" from common Celtic }
"railing, balustrade"
"spleen" from Latin "red"
"henbane" from gaulish "henbane"
"leadwort"
"bicolor(ed) (animal); pronghorn bull"
"watercress" from common Celtic "watercress"
, "granitic crag, irregular pearl, round nodule"
"tar" from Latin *
"big lip"
"pruning hook"
/* "billy-goat, buck"
"dung" from * (PIE * "excrement") Proto-Celtic: "dirty"
"common pandora" from Celtic * "spotted, speckled"
OSp "bran; filth"
"scrubland"
"heather"
"British"
"cradle, lap"
"witch"
"billy goat" from a Celtic *
"cow pasture"
"standard, sheth (of plow)", "water tower"
"Cambrian"
"way" from Celtic * through lat.
"song"
"cart"
"spider crab"
"beehive"
"mistress, home-wrecker"
"belt"
"circle"
"maggot"
"hillock"
"trough"
"to addle" |
1945_5 | "large stone"
"gaillard" from French
"hook"
"claw, talon"
"heron"
"handful, fagot"
"Germanic"
/
"stubborn or tangled hair"
through the Latin from Celtic *
~ "vain, vacuous, without substance"
"open field"
"lance"
"to launch"
"tin, tin can"
"slime, mud"
"league (unit)"
"dregs, lees"
,
"flagstone" from hisp-Celtic * "flagstone"
"mine" through the Latin . However asturian 'vein' directly from Celtic *.
"moorland"
"piece" from Celtic * through the Latin .
"penguin"
"finch"
"pot"
"Portuguese oak"
"line"
"brill, seabass"
"shad"
"hound"
"tunic", * "cloak" through the Latin from Celtic *
"mountain pasture, commons"
"ploughed or sown field"
"rope"
"auger, drill"
"tanine"
"wooden peg"
"badger"
"stubborn"
"mire, muddy place"
"cudgel, club"
"rag"
"straw- or thatch-roofed hut"
"man"
"vassal" from Celtic * "servant" through the Latin
"path" from Celtic * through the Latin "way"
, "dwarf elder" |
1945_6 | Inherited Hispano-Celtic
to cart, to transport: from + (see below) + the verbal infinitive suffix -.
"white poplar" (also Asturian ); akin to Irish "elm", Welsh , Cornish , Breton "elm"
"lark" (OSp ), from Gaulish "crest lark", derivative of * "swan", akin to Irish and Welsh
, (also Catalan , ), from Gaulish "hands together"; akin to Old Irish
, (also Galician ) from *, from "around" + "to go" + -; akin to Old Irish "to visit, go to", Welsh "I went", Cornish "he was going"
"smithereens" (also Galician , Old Catalan ), from * + -
Old Spanish "arpent"; akin to Old Irish "end, extremity", Welsh "chief" and "against", Cornish "id."
"cross-bar", (also Galician ) from * "bar, beam"; akin to Irish e "ridgepole"
"railing, balustrade", (also Portuguese , Catalan ) from *, from * "part, portion"; Welsh , Cornish/Breton , Irish
"henbane", from (Pseudo-Aristotle, , 7.821); akin to Welsh "henbane", Old Irish "sun" |
1945_7 | "of Belgium, a Belgian": from Latin , singular of Belgae, from Gaulish , possibly meaning "the threatening (ones), the swollen (ones)," the IE root * (cf. Dutch 'to worsen', originally 'to swell'), enlargement of * "to swell" ; akin to Old Irish '(s)he swells'.
"bicolor; pronghorn", originally just "pronghorn", from * "white-tipped", from * "tip, peak" + "white"; akin to Irish/Breton "peak", Cornish/Welsh "id."; also Old Irish , Ir/Sc , Welsh , Breton
"watercress", (also Galician ) from *; akin to Welsh , Breton/Cornish , Old Irish , Irish , Scottish Gaelic
"granite crag, cliff", from "over" and "rock"
(dial.) (also Old Spanish , Galician ), from * "load"; akin to Irish/Scottish "load", "to rock"
"big lip, lip blubber" (also Galician "lip"), from OSp "snout", from * "animal's mouth", from * "to yell"; akin to Old Irish , Irish ‘yell, roar’, Scottish , Welsh ‘to low, sob’, Cornish ‘to bray’, Breton ‘to bleat’ |
1945_8 | (Huesca) "pruning hook", from * (also French , Occitan ); akin to Welsh "billhook", Cornish "id.", Irish "sickle", Breton "boar-spear"
"scrubland; rocky terrain", from *, from "fortress"; akin to Middle Irish , genitive "mountain", Scottish "fortified hill", Welsh "hill", "id", Cornish , "hill", Breton "hill", "brooch, prickles"
"heather" (also Navarre , Galician , Asturian ), from OSp , from *, from , from HispCelt *; akin to Welsh/Cornish (< * < *), Middle Breton , Old Irish , , Irish . Similarly, Catalan , Occitan , Milanese < *.
"witch" (also Portuguese , Aragonese , Catalan ), from *, from * "magic"; akin to Middle Welsh "magic wand", Breton "witch, magic", "spells, charms", Old Irish "charms", "to light up, illuminate", "shining one".
is from Italian "sharp, tart, rough" and has two possible etymologies:
either it is akin to Welsh "nimble, lively", Irish/Scottish "to be surprised, to jump for joy" |
1945_9 | or it is from Medieval Latin "butcher's broom plant", a blend of Latin "butcher's broom" and Late Latin "heather"
"cow pasture" (OSp "meadow, cowfield", Portuguese , Old Galician "dairy farm; herd"), from Celtiberian "byre, cowshed" (Old Irish "wealth in cattle") and "field" (cf. Irish , Welsh , Cornish/Breton )
"standard, sheth (of a plow)", cambija "water tower" (also Galician and Portuguese "yoke", Galician "wheel rim"), from * "crooked, bent", feminine of *; akin to Old Irish 'crooked', Irish/Scottish , Welsh , Cornish/Breton "curved, bent"; Welsh "tire rim", Breton , both from *.
= to load, to charge, to charge with a crime, to carry: from Late Latin "to load," from , see below.
= a highway lane: from , see below.
= cart, cartload, car, streetcar, coach: from Latin from Gaulish , from the IE root (*) "to run" . |
1945_10 | "spider crab", (also Galician , Portuguese ) from Celtic "first" + "large, big", referring to the fact it is larger than more common species of crabs; akin to Breton "before", Cornish , "before, early", Welsh "id.", Irish "first"; and Middle Irish "big, large", Welsh/Cornish "all, entire"
"beehive" (also Portuguese , Galician ), from * "made from straw", from * "straw" (cf. Leonese "straw"); akin to Breton "stalk" (MBr )
"mistress, home-wrecker", (also Old Galician ) from OSp ~ , from *, from * "to take"; akin to Welsh , 'to take', Breton , , Cornish 'to take', Irish 'help'
"bent", from *; akin to
= belt, from Gallo-Latin "strap" (compare also Galician "twisted twig using as a bond"); akin to Old Irish "fetter", Scottish "bond, chain", Welsh "saddle", Middle Welsh "leashes", Cornish "fastening, link", Breton "link, bond"
"circle"; akin to Middle Irish "circle", "sickle", Welsh "circle", Cornish "hedge, boundary; turn, shift" |
1945_11 | "maggot" (also Galician ), older "maggot", from * "decay"; akin to Old Irish "to fall", Irish , Scottish
"trough" (also Galician ), from * "hand"; akin to Irish , Welsh , Breton
"to addle", in OSp "to brood" (also Galician "to brood, sit on eggs"); akin to Old Irish 'to warm', Welsh/Cornish 'to brood, sit (on eggs)', Breton
"large stone", from *, from *; akin to Old Irish 'stone pillar', 'standing stone'
"hook" (also French "fallow field"), from * "small curved branch"; akin to Old Irish "branch"
"claw, talon"; akin to Welsh "leg", Corn/Bret "leg, stalk, stem", Old Irish "calves of the leg", Irish
"heron" (also Portuguese ), from *; akin to Welsh , Cornish , Breton
"handful", from , from *; akin to Irish "to take", Welsh "to grasp, hold", Cornish ; also Welsh "tongs", Breton/Cornish , Old Irish
(OSp "hair, beard"), from *; akin to Old Irish "beard", Irish , Welsh "eyelid", Breton |
1945_12 | "gouge" (also Portuguese , French ), from *; akin to Old Irish "sting", Scottish "chisel", Old Welsh "piercer", Welsh "beak", Old Breton "beak", Breton "tailless"
~ huero "vain, vacuous, without substance", from dialectal "to brood, sit on eggs" (see above)
"league", from Late Latin ; akin to Old Irish (gen. ) "stone", Irish
"dregs, lees", "slime, mud" ( ~ ~ "birdlime", Basque ), from *; Old Breton 'silt, deposit', Breton 'dregs', Welsh 'silt, deposit'
Old Spanish 'sterile, infertile', from *, derivative of Latin 'dwarf horse' (cf. Portuguese 'sterile'), from Gaulish * (cf. Basque 'mule')
"mine", from * (also Asturian "vein"), from * "ore"; akin to Welsh "ore", Cornish , Irish
"moor", attested as , from * + (superlative).
"finch" (var. pinchón; also Catalan , Occitan , Tuscan ) from Gaulish ; akin to Welsh , Breton |
1945_13 | "Portuguese oak", from earlier , from Asturian (also Aragonese "oak", Galician "Portuguese oak"), from * (cf. Gascon , French ) + ; akin to Middle Irish "curly, gnarled", "to bend", Irish "to twist, turn, spin", Old Welsh , Welsh "twist"
"brill, seabass", from * "round-limbed", from "wheel, circle" + "limb"; akin to Old Irish , Welsh , Cornish , Breton and Irish "limb", Welsh ‘sack, purse’, Cornish ‘bow-net’
"shad" (also Portuguese , Catalan , Galician ), from *; akin to Old Irish "summer", Welsh , Breton , Cornish , with typical Celtic m > b lenition
; akin to Middle Irish "snare", "rivet", Welsh "snare", "rivet"
, from * "seat"; akin to Old Welsh
"tilled or sown field" (also Old Galician , Galician , Portuguese ), from *, from * "separate, apart" + * "field"; akin to Old Irish "alone", Welsh "other", Cornish "self, one's own", and Irish , Welsh , Cornish/Breton . |
1945_14 | (also Portuguese/Italian , Old French ), from Gaulish *; akin to Welsh/Cornish "chain", Breton "harness trace", Irish "rope", Scottish "straw rope"
, (also Galician ) from *; akin to Welsh "drill", Irish , Cornish , Breton
, from *; akin to Scottish , "nail, stud"
"badger" (also Portuguese , Catalan , , Old French , Italian ), from OSp , from Gaulish *; akin to Old Irish (person's name) "badger", Scottish "marten", Old Welsh (person's name)
"stubborn" (also Catalan 'stiff, rigid', Béarnais 'cruel, treacherous', Italian , 'miserly, crude'), from *; akin to Middle Irish , Welsh 'miserly, scarce'
"mire, muddy place" (also Catalan "pool in a river", Galician "dam"), from *; akin to Irish/Cornish "hole", Welsh , Breton |
1945_15 | , from Galician "skin, bark", from Gaulish *, "skin, hide, rind"; akin to Old Irish "skin, surface", Irish "hide, skin", Welsh "skin", Cornish "surface", Breton "rind, surface". From the same source came Late Latin 'wine-cask', whence French 'tun' (wine-cask)', 'barrel'.
"club, cudgel" (also Portuguese , Galician "door bolt"), from *; akin to Old Irish "iron nail, tine", Irish "metal nail", Scottish "nail"
"jester, baffoon" (also Portuguese , Galician "sadness, pity", French "vagrant, beggar"); akin to Old Irish "miserable", Irish , Scottish , Welsh "wretched", Breton "beggar", Cornish "miser; wretched"
(also Portuguese/Catalan "wattle hut", dial. French "haybale, straw heap"), from (Lat fundus , in Tabula Veleiana, c. 2nd century); akin to Middle Irish "fort; woodhouse" |
1945_16 | "elder" (also Asturian , Galician , Occitan , ), from older , , from *, alteration of Gaulish , odicus (Marcellus Empiricus, De medicamentis liber, 7.13), which was also loaned into German "dwarf elder, danewort", Old Saxon , Dutch . |
1945_17 | Loanwords
to lower, to knock down, to humble: from Vulgar Latin to demolish, knock down, overthrow: from + Latin , see below. The d is assimilated to the b in .
abomasum: from Modern Latin (first used in English in 1706) from Latin + "intestine of an ox," possibly from Gaulish.
to button, fasten: from + "a button" (see below) + the verbal infinitive suffix .
a muddy place, bog: from "to dirty to soil," from + "mire, muddy place" (possibly from a Celtic word represented in Old Irish "hole, pit, grave") + the verbal infinitive suffix .
a bachelor: from Old French "bachelor, young man, young gentleman" (Modern French ), from Medieval Latin "an advanced student, farmer," probably from Celtic, possibly related to Irish "rural dweller, farmer."
battle, struggle: from Vulgar Latin (*) "combat," from Late Latin "military drill in fencing," from Latin , see below. |
1945_18 | battery: from French (originally referred to a battery of kitchen utensils made with a hammer), from , from Latin , see below.
to hit, strike: from Latin , "to beat, strike," probably of Celtic origin.
an orchestra conductor's baton: from Italian , from , from Latin , see above.
a bohemian, of Bohemia, vagabond, eccentric, Gitano, Gypsy: from (from the belief that the Gitanos came from Bohemia), from Latin , literally "place of the Boi/Boii", from tribal name + from Germanic * "home" (see here). The etymology of Boii is disputed, either "cattle-owners" or "warriors, strikers".
broccoli
from Latin , from ; akin to Welsh "form", Irish
from Vulgar Latin (*) "a nail
a brocade: from Italian , from "a twist thread, shoot, sprout," see below.
brooch, clasp, clip, fastener: from Old French "a spit," from Vulgar Latin (*) "a nail, spike," from Latin "a nail, projecting (adj.), buck-toothed (adj.)" from Celtic (*) "a pin, badger." |
1945_19 | broccoli: from Italian , plural of , "sprout of cabbage/turnip" diminutive of "shoot, sprout," from Vulgar Latin (*), see above.
to engage in combat, to fight: from + see above.
rabbit: Iberian or Celtiberian; cf Irish , Cornish , Manx , Gaelic , Welsh .
a debate, dispute, quarrel: from Old French "discussion, controversy, contest" (Modern French ), from , "to fight, wrestle, struggle," from + "to fight, strike," from Latin , see above.
, from Middle French , diminutive of ; akin to Irish "spear", Welsh "dart", Breton
"tannery", from French , from "tanbark"; akin to Breton "red oak", Old Cornish , Old and Modern Irish "mass of metal from furnace; metal bar, ingot; (ogham letter) "holly, alder". |
1945_20 | See also
Linguistic history of Spanish
List of Galician words of Celtic origin
List of Spanish words of Basque/Iberian origin
List of English words of Spanish origin
Lists of English words of Celtic origin
List of French words of Gaulish origin
Notes
Bibliography
Cornelius Joseph Crowly, "New Linguistic Date for Hispano-Celtic: An Evaluation", Bono Homini Donum: Essays in Historical Linguistics in Memory of J. Alexander Kerns, vol. 1, ed., Yoël L. Arbeitman & Allan R. Bomhard (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1981), pp. 73–85.
Guido Gómez de Silva, Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua española ()
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edn. (2000).
Celtic
Spanish |
1946_0 | Rigoberto Urán Urán, ODB (born 26 January 1987) is a Colombian professional road racing cyclist who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam .
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he won a silver medal in the road race. He became the first Colombian ever to make the podium of the Giro d'Italia, when he finished second behind Vincenzo Nibali in the 2013 edition of the race, having taken leadership of following the abandonment of team captain Bradley Wiggins. He also won a mountain-top stage in that race with a solo breakaway. The previous year, he had won the white jersey for best young rider, and a seventh-place finish overall. In the 2014 Giro d'Italia he finished second again in the general classification, this time behind countryman Nairo Quintana. At the 2017 Tour de France, Urán won the ninth stage and finished second overall, fifty-four seconds down on race winner Chris Froome. |
1946_1 | Early life
Urán was first introduced to the world of cycling at the age of 14 by his father, who was assassinated a few months later by one of the country's paramilitary terrorist groups. Rigoberto had to work as a lottery-ticket seller to help his family and at the age of 16 he turned professional and moved to Medellín to ride for Orgullo Paisa, a Colombian cycling team.
Cycling career |
1946_2 | Tenax and Unibet (2006–07)
At the age of 19 he moved to Italy to ride for Team Tenax with his compatriot Marlon Pérez Arango. The following year he signed for and won a time trial at the Euskal Bizikleta that was stopped with some riders still left to go due to heavy rainfall and strong winds. He also won the eighth stage of the Tour de Suisse, getting away from a bunch of approximately 55 riders with to go and holding onto the lead. He also finished ninth overall of the race. At the 2007 Deutschland Tour he was in a breakaway with eventual stage winner Damiano Cunego when he flew down over a mountain stream and smashed into a retaining wall. He fractured both elbows and the right wrist.
Caisse d'Epargne (2008–10) |
1946_3 | In 2008 he signed a contract with and went on to finish second at the Volta a Catalunya and third at the Giro di Lombardia, a prestigious one-day classic. At the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, Urán competed in the road race but he did not finish. In 2009 he finished fifth overall at the Tour de Romandie and rode his first the Tour de France and finished 52nd. In 2010 he rode the Giro d'Italia and finished 7th overall in the 2010 Tour de Suisse. He also rode the Vuelta a España but suffered a fall that ended his options of a high overall placing while being eighth overall.
Team Sky (2011–13)
2011 |
1946_4 | Urán joined for the 2011 season. He finished 5th in Liège–Bastogne–Liège, and 4th overall in the Volta a Catalunya. At the Tour de France, Urán became leader of Sky after Bradley Wiggins crashed out on Stage 7. He finished 5th on Stage 14, taking the best young rider's jersey and moving up to 11th overall in the process. Urán lost the jersey to Rein Taaramäe on Stage 18 after picking up an illness, and eventually finished 24th overall. He managed to recover in time for the Clásica de San Sebastián where he placed 9th and took his first top 10 finish in the race. Urán travelled to Canada in September in order to ride the new Canadian World Tour classics that was introduced in 2010. His best result was 3rd at Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec, which he later won in 2015. |
1946_5 | 2012
During the Volta a Catalunya, Urán claimed his first win for Sky on Stage 4 after winning a sprint from a 6-man breakaway which narrowly held off the chasing pack. Urán finished second on the following stage, and finished the race in fifth place overall.
At the Giro d'Italia he won the young rider classification and finished seventh overall after being in the lead group for most of the mountain stages. He did not have one result that stood out in the individual stages, but finished in the top ten of stages 10, 14, 17 (4th), 19 and 20, which were all crucial mountainous affairs. He finished 5 minutes and 57 seconds in arrears of the victor, Canadian Ryder Hesjedal of . |
1946_6 | He took silver in the Olympic road race after breaking away with Alexander Vinokourov with to cover. Approximately 200 metres from the arrival, and with the victory secured for one of the two men, Urán looked back, unwisely over his left shoulder (since Vinokourov was on his right) to see if the chasers were approaching to threaten their lead. Vinokourov then started his sprint, taking Urán by surprise. Urán reacted with a delay since he did not see the move and could not close the gap as Vinokourov took the gold medal. He rode the Vuelta a España in support of his leader Chris Froome, and finished in 29th position. Later in the fall, competing in the Italian Classic Gran Piemonte, Urán attacked in the final climb of the day, followed by Gorka Verdugo (). The pair agreed verbally to cooperate until the 500 metres to go mark, and Urán started his sprint with 300 metres to go, winning by six seconds over Luca Paolini of who was trying to come from behind. A couple of days later, he |
1946_7 | grabbed the third place in the Monument of cycling Giro di Lombardia in difficult weather conditions (cold and rain). He crossed the line in Lecco as part of a small group of chasers who unsuccessfully tried to reel in Joaquim Rodríguez of the squad. |
1946_8 | 2013 |
1946_9 | Urán was selected for the Giro d'Italia, originally as one of Bradley Wiggins' mountain domestiques. Urán sat fifth overall after Sky won the team time trial on Stage 2, and moved up to third overall on the following stage. He moved up to second overall, behind Luca Paolini, on Stage 4, after Wiggins lost time behind a crash. However, on Stage 7, Urán was forced to wait for Wiggins after he struggled then crashed on wet descents, and dropped out of the top ten as a result. After the individual time trial on Stage 8, Urán sat tenth overall, 2 minutes and 49 seconds behind new leader Vincenzo Nibali. On Stage 10, the first mountain stage of the race, Urán launched an attack on the final climb, Altopiano del Montasio, and won the stage by 20 seconds from compatriot Carlos Betancur. Urán also moved up to third overall, 2 minutes and 4 seconds behind Nibali, and 1 second ahead of Wiggins. Wiggins withdrew due to illness after losing further time on Stage 12, leaving Urán as Sky's leader. |
1946_10 | Urán placed fifth on Stage 14 to maintain third place by a single second to Mauro Santambrogio, but solidified his position on Stage 16 as Santambrogio lost over two minutes. Urán came sixth in the mountain time trial on Stage 18 to reduce the gap to second placed Cadel Evans to just 12 seconds. On the final summit finish on Stage 20, Urán came third behind Nibali and Fabio Duarte to leapfrog Evans into second place. He safely negotiated the final stage to finish the Giro second overall, 4 minutes and 43 seconds behind Nibali, to take his first Grand Tour podium. |
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