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High dietary intake of polyphenols may be associated with up to a 30% reduction in mortality rates in older adults, according to new research that identifies urinary concentrations of polyphenols as a more acurae measure of intake. The research

High dietary intake of polyphenols may be associated with up to a 30% reduction in mortality rates in older adults, according to new research that identifies urinary concentrations of polyphenols as a more acurae measure of intake. The research, published in the Journal of Nutrition, is the first to evaluate the total dietary polyphenol intake by using a nutritional biomarker and not only a food frequency questionnaire, explained the Spanish team behind the study. Led by Professor Cristina Andrés Lacueva from the University of Barcelona, the 12-year follow-up study used measures of total urinary polyphenol (TUP) concentrations as a proxy of intake, to assess the effect of polyphenol-rich diets on longevity and risk or mortality. The findings suggest an association between high polyphenol intake and reduction of mortality risk - with those that have the highest polyphenol intake associated with a 30% reduction in mortality. "TUP is an independent risk factor for mortality among community-dwelling older adults, suggesting that high dietary intake of polyphenols may be associated with longevity," wrote the research team. “Results corroborate scientific evidence suggesting that people consuming diets rich in fruit and vegetables are at lower risk of several chronic diseases and overall mortality," said Raúl Zamora Ros - first author of the study. The Spanish team analysed data from a population sample of 807 men and women aged 65 or over from Greve and Bagno (Tuscany, Italy), within the InCHIANTI study. Using TUP measures, the group assessed the effect of polyphenol-rich diets - the first time that such a biomarker has been used for an epidemiological or clinical study. “The development and use of nutritional biomarkers enables to make a more precise and, particularly, more objective estimation of intake as it is not only based on participants’ memory when answering questionnaire," said Lacueva. "This methodology makes a more reliable and accurate evaluation of the association between food intake and mortality or disease risk," she said. Using the TUP analysis, the authors found that overall mortality was reduced by 30% in participants who had rich-polyphenol diets (>650 mg/day) in comparison with the participants who had low-polyphenol intakes (<500 mg/day). Lacueva and her colleagues noted that during the 12 year follow-up, 274 participants (34%) died. They found that TUP excretion markers (adjusted for age and sex) tended to be greater in participants who survived than in those who died. However, when the team looked at data on total dietary polyphenols from a food frequency survey, they found no significant differences. As a result, the team stressed that their study not only suggests the benefits of dietary polyphenols but also underlines the importance of evaluating —if possible— food intake by using nutritional biomarkers, not only food frequency questionnaires. "Polyphenols might have a role in the prevention of several chronic diseases, but evaluating total dietary polyphenol (TDP) intake from self-reported questionnaires is inaccurate and unreliable," the team noted.

17th Century IOW William Dawson patented 150 acres in IOW 20 Nov 1635, "due by deed of sale from Hugh Williams, land lying N.W. between Henry Hooper's and the first point within the Great

17th Century IOW William Dawson patented 150 acres in IOW 20 Nov 1635, "due by deed of sale from Hugh Williams, land lying N.W. between Henry Hooper's and the first point within the Great Creek." William Dawson, planter of IOW, May 2, 1637 assigns this land called "Dawson's Neck", to John Garling of Upper Norfolk (Nansemond). In 1664, William Dawson, and Joan, his wife, sell to Edward Miller land where he lives between Mr. Edward Bennett's and John Davis. This is the last record of William Dawson. In 1671 Edward Miller sold this land, "formerly sold by Captain John Upton to William Dawson". William may have died in Nansemond but it is not known what became of him or who his children were. On the 22 of the 6th month, 1683, William Boddie let to Henry Dawson all the woodland grounds formerly let to Ambrose Hadley, " and to his wife Martha and their four children for as long as they shall live", they to pay 2 yards of Indian Corn yearly. In 1698 Margery Shepard of Warwick died and her property came to Martha Dawson, widow, as her niece and next of kin. Martha appointed her eldest son, Henry, her attorney to take possession of the estate. In 1704, in Warwick, Henry Dawson held 200 acres and John Dawson 300 acres. On June 9th, 1703, William Boddie sold to Nicholas Casey the plantation and woodland of 100 acres where Martha Dawson, widow, and her three sons, Henry, John and Martin Dawson lived. Their rights to live there, however, were not to be taken away during their life time. John Dawson married the widow of his landlord's son, John Boddie, shortly after the death of the last named in 1720. They, with John Boddie's two young sons, John and William, moved to Northampton County, NC, about 1732 where John Dawson became a representative in the General Assembly in 1734, and later a member of the Governor's Council, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Colonel of the Northampton Regiment in the Spanish Alarm of 1748. He died in 1762. Henry Dawson, his eldest son by his first wife, was a member of the General Assembly from 1766 until his death in 1770. John Dawson, his son by his second wife, Charity Alston, Represented Northampton in the House of Commons, 1780-82, and Halifax, 1787-98. Martin Dawson, younger brother of John, Sr., remained in IOW where he pantented 350 acres in 1713 and 200 acres in 1727. He made his will in 1745. Mrs. Sudie Rucker Woods of Richmond, VA in her book on the Rucker family page 469, says that in 1631 "Henry Dawson of Breeden in Leicester, England, had three sons who came to VA with William Claiborne, locating in IOW, they were John, Thomas, and William." While there is no authority shown for this statement, nevertheless, there is a coincidence in the fact that a Henry Dawson was then living in Breeden in Leceister, and that "Henry" was a very prevalent name in the Dawson pedigree. You might find more info on the Library of VA website. Notify Administrator about this message? |Home | Help | About Us | Site Index | Jobs | PRIVACY | Affiliate| |© 2007 The Generations Network|

Chalkboard (How Products are Made) The chalkboard is a flat, vertical writing surface on which anything can be inscribed by means of a piece of chalk. The device is generally used for educational purposes, but it can also be found

Chalkboard (How Products are Made) The chalkboard is a flat, vertical writing surface on which anything can be inscribed by means of a piece of chalk. The device is generally used for educational purposes, but it can also be found in the workplace, the home, and restaurants. While chalkboards can be manufactured from a variety of materials, porcelain enamel is the most common material used in today's chalkboard. The origins of the chalkboard date back to the early decades of the 19th century. The forerunner of the chalkboard was the small, paddle-shaped hornbook. This item had been in use in schools of medieval England, and by the time of the Revolutionary War era in colonial America, it was carried by legions of students. The hornbook was a strip of wood with a piece of paper fastened onto it. On the paper were a variety of learning aids in small print. A typical hornbook would carry both the Lord's Prayer and the alphabet, and a translucent sheet of animal horn covered the paper. The hornbooks were small objects, sometimes with a hole at the bottom so they could be tied on a string and worn about the neck. Eventually the hornbook evolved into the reading board. This was a strip of about 15 inches (38 cm) in length, also containing the alphabet and other learning aids, that was hung at the front of the late 18th-century classroom. From the reading board came the concept of one general chalkboard for all students in the classroom to both view and use. The chalkboard of modern times was patented in 1823. It was developed by a leading educator of the day, Samuel Reed Hall. A minister, Hall founded Vermont's Concord Academy, one of the first formal training schools for American teachers. The early chalkboards were simple pine boards painted black. In other cases, a combination of lime, plaster of Paris (a white powdery substance), and lampblack (fine black soot) was spread on the classroom wall. Most modern chalkboards are made of porcelain enamel. In this particular manufacturing process, a tough and durable material such as steel is used as the base. There are several thicknesses of steel used in the manufacture of chalkboards, but the most common is 22-gauge. Another crucial element is silica, a crystalline compound derived from quartz or similar minerals. Found in the crust of the earth, silicon is a tough compound and is called silica when combined with oxygen. Silica is found in most rocks and is a common ingredient in many glass and ceramic products. The surface of a chalkboard is usually a blend of inorganic compounds such as a powdered glass opacifier and oxides, an organic element that provides color to the coating material. Chalkboards can be manufactured in a variety of sizes, styles, and colors. The most common hues are green and black, although shades of brown, blue, and gray are also available. They can be customized during the manufacturing process to include special graphic elements. A music department of a college or university, for example, The Manufacturing Process Preparation of steel - 1 The manufacture of chalkboards begins when large sheets of steel in desired sizes enter the manufacturing facility from an outside supplier. This steel is cold-rolled and inspected for irregularities upon arrival. Next, the large sheets are sent into a chemical washer. This chamber washes, rinses, and dries the steel. When this step is completed, the steel is again inspected for flaws and imperfections. - 2 Next, a slip is applied to the sheets of steel. A slip is a mixture of clay or another organic compound applied to a surface during the manufacture of porcelain or other ceramics. In this case, the slip is usually made from silica, and applied to both sides of the steel sheet by passing it through a coating chamber. The coating must be at least 0.0025 inches (.062 mm) thick. The slip is set aside to dry. The sheets once again pass through an inspection process before they are transferred to the ground coat furnace area. - 3 This ground coat area of the manufacturing facility typically houses a large furnace chamber. The sheets of steel are fed into the chamber and subjected to high temperatures. This softens the steel and allows fusion of the slip with the steel. This is a crucial step in all porcelain manufacturing and fabrication of industrial ceramics. Applying surface compounds - 4 Once the newly porcelained material leaves the furnace, it is treated with a surface-coating compound. Typically, this compound is derived from glass opacifiers and imparts a smoother texture to the board. Oxides for color may also be added. Again, this coating must be at least 0.0025 inches (.062 mm) thick. The boards are once again sent to a drying area. After they are completely cooled and dried, they are once again inspected for surface blemishes and uniformity of color. Fusing the coats - 5 Next, the boards are placed in a cover coat furnace. The purpose of this heat

A layer in a neural network without a bias is nothing more than the multiplication of an input vector with a matrix. (The output vector might be passed through a sigmoid function for normalisation and for use in multi-layered ANN afterwards but that’s

A layer in a neural network without a bias is nothing more than the multiplication of an input vector with a matrix. (The output vector might be passed through a sigmoid function for normalisation and for use in multi-layered ANN afterwards but that’s not important.) This means that you’re using a linear function and thus an input of all zeros will always be mapped to an output of all zeros. This might be a reasonable solution for some systems but in general it is too restrictive. Using a bias, you’re effectively adding another dimension to your input space, which always takes the value one, so you’re avoiding an input vector of all zeros. You don’t lose any generality by this because your trained weight matrix needs not be surjective, so it still can map to all values previously possible. For a ANN mapping two dimensions to one dimension, as in reproducing the AND or the OR (or XOR) functions, you can think of a neuronal network as doing the following: On the 2d plane mark all positions of input vectors. So, for boolean values, you’d want to mark (-1,-1), (1,1), (-1,1), (1,-1). What your ANN now does is drawing a straight line on the 2d plane, separating the positive output from the negative output values. Without bias, this straight line has to go through zero, whereas with bias, you’re free to put it anywhere. So, you’ll see that without bias you’re facing a problem with the AND function, since you can’t put both (1,-1) and (-1,1) to the negative side. (They are not allowed to be on the line.) The problem is equal for the OR function. With a bias, however, it’s easy to draw the line. Note that the XOR function in that situation can’t be solved even with bias.

Laurel Kearns has researched religiously motivated groups in the US who deny human-induced global warming. She talks to Global Ideas about their impact and the potential of religion to tackle climate challenges. Laurel Kearns is an associate professor of

Laurel Kearns has researched religiously motivated groups in the US who deny human-induced global warming. She talks to Global Ideas about their impact and the potential of religion to tackle climate challenges. Laurel Kearns is an associate professor of sociology and religion and environmental studies at the Theological School of Drew University in Madison, New York. DW: Why is it so hard for people – religious or not – to take action against global warming? Laurel Kearns: Humans aren’t used to thinking ecologically. We simply are not accustomed to seeing our actions having a global impact. What we can observe is only local. But doesn’t religion teach us to think beyond restrictions in time and space? Exactly! That is why I became interested in a connection between religion and climate change. Religion challenges us to think big, globally, beyond our local scale. I realized this in the 1980s, when I first found many religiously motivated ecological groups and wrote my dissertation on them. Is your own religious background in such a group as well? No, it’s actually quite the opposite: As a teenager I was in a very fundamentalist/evangelical church. I wanted to study ecology and biology in college, but the church opposed such study so I left that church. Today, I am a Quaker – a religion that comes out of the Christian tradition, but is quite open to other traditions and to ecological concern. So alongside green religious people like yourself you also found the opposite? Yes. In the beginning of the green movement, the majority of Christians saw environmentalism as something that was new-age or too secular, too much about science. Today, this has changed. But as “green” evangelicals succeeded, some opponents became even more radical: one of them is the Acton Institute, a very conservative religious think-thank. Another is the related Cornwall Alliance which denies human-caused global warming, all the while presenting themselves as an environmental group! What is the reasoning of such groups? They interpret the biblical book Genesis that humans have dominion on earth to mean: God put all resources on earth for humans to use. So we should keep drilling for oil and digging for coal because God delights every time we find a new oil field! Some groups may admit that global warming is happening but say: It is natural, and to claim it is man-made and catastrophic is to deny God’s omnipotence. Third, there are the apocalyptic end-timers who believe that the current wars in the Middle East and environmental degradations are a sign that the Book of Revelation is being fulfilled. They see global warming as a good thing because it means that Jesus is coming soon – so why do anything about it? So could you divide these non-ecological religious groups into those who deny global warming and those who accept it as something positive? Oh, the mixture also exists: Religious people who say we don’t have to take action against global warming because God will make sure everything is going to be okay in the end. I encountered another interesting position: People saying that “believing” in global warming is just a substitute for religion in a growingly atheistic world. Environmentalists would establish mother earth as a vengeful Goddess and the fear of pollution as a substitution for the fear of Hell… By framing it as a religion, or a belief in a theory, they claim it to be a matter of choice to believe or not. This is similar to creationists who say: You have one theory on evolution, we have another. They misunderstand the scientific use of the term “theory” as meaning hypothetical. Among such movements, there are many who charge that environmentalists want a one-world government. In this sense, environmentalism replaced communism as the enemy who is trying to “poison and steal your children’s minds”. Are you worried about the influence of such conservative Christians? Most groups on their own wouldn’t get that much attention. But their critical views of environmentalists coincide with those in industry. So corporations give money that enables these religious groups to organize slick media campaigns. And yes, it is dismaying how much they were able to change the public opinion in the US. We were on our way to acknowledging that climate change was happening and take action. But economic conservatives and the religious right have gained traction on this issue in a time of economic downturn, and the numbers of climate skeptics are climbing again. When McCain ran against Obama for president in 2008, he had been a sponsor of climate change legislation. But he was quickly silenced in that respect by his party. The exact same thing happened to Christie Todd Whitman, a former New Jersey governor, who was silenced by the Bush administration when she was the Environmental Protection Agency director. What about other religions? Every world religion – such as Christianity, Judaism and Islam – has within it the seeds for ecological concern. That said, none of those religions developed in a time where ecological concerns like today existed, so none have a full-blown ecological ethic. At the same time, climate skeptics are also found within Judaism and Islam and are linking up with each other. Fundamentalists within each of these religions have similar interpretations that resources are here for humans to use and they share the skepticism of science. The Cornwall Alliance fo

Experience the History of Scouting! In 2010, the Boy Scouts of America celebrates a century of influencing the lives of America’s youth. Since its beginning, the BSA has used advancement as a method to achieve the aims of Scouting

Experience the History of Scouting! In 2010, the Boy Scouts of America celebrates a century of influencing the lives of America’s youth. Since its beginning, the BSA has used advancement as a method to achieve the aims of Scouting—character building, citizenship training, and physical and mental fitness. Each aim is emphasized in the four phases of the Scouting program: Cub Scouting, Boy Scouting, Varsity Scouting, and Venturing. One aspect of Boy Scout advancement—the merit badge program—has always been an important element of Scouting. Through completion of merit badge requirements, generations of Scouts have learned lifetime citizenship lessons, personal fitness habits, and life skills. Countless careers and lifelong hobbies have been launched as a result of the merit badge program. In the past century, many changes have occurred in the merit badge offerings. As society has changed, the Boy Scouts of America has adapted by revising the requirements, implementing name changes, adding new merit badges, and in some instances, eliminating some badges altogether. To allow today’s youth members to experience a piece of Scouting’s past, the BSA’s 2010 Historical Merit Badge program will bring back four discontinued merit badges. These merit badges must be started and completed during the centennial year, starting April 1, 2010, through Dec. 31, 2010. The historical merit badges are Carpentry, Pathfinding, Signaling, and Tracking, which were all released between 1910 and 1911. In addition to completing the same requirements as Scouts did a century ago, today’s Scouts will learn what that their counterpart in 1910 might have experienced. They will learn why Morse code might have been important during a period when most homes had no TV, radio, computer, telephone, or electricity. However, the value of the program for young people is to understand the changes in 100 years of Scouting. Information about the 2010 Historical Merit Badge program, including requirements, may be downloaded. Click here for more information. Scouting Builds: Character, Leadership, Achievement, Service to Others and Appreciation for the Outdoors. Be a Scout! Re-connect and re-engage with Scouting at www.BSAalumni.org What do you think about the 2010 Historical Merit Badge program? Let us Know!

Honorable Mention, Junior Essay Contest 2009 Olivia Ross, 8th Grade Teacher: Peggy Lehman School: Carmel Middle School, Carmel, IN "It’s Our Turn: Fight to Save Civil War Battle

Honorable Mention, Junior Essay Contest 2009 Olivia Ross, 8th Grade Teacher: Peggy Lehman School: Carmel Middle School, Carmel, IN "It’s Our Turn: Fight to Save Civil War Battlefields" When an important event occurs in history, we make attempts to document and preserve that event to the best of our ability. Battlefields are valuable pieces of history that aren’t just written on paper or stories passed on from generation to generation. They honor and represent the many people who fought for our country and are significant to our national heritage. To replace these battlefields with stores or supermarkets, of which we already have abundance, would not only disrespect those who fought for us and their families, but our country as well. The families of those who died and experienced a loss during the Civil War would feel hurt and forgotten. How many mothers lost their sons on the soil that some of us now disregard? How many families waved goodbye to soldiers, only to never see their faces again? Some may regard battlefields as just another patch of land to develop, but one day men walked across that land wondering whether or not they would walk out alive. As our country grows older, the Civil War becomes less and less real and we know fewer people who are connected to it. The battlefields give us something to look back at and reflect on. We also may lead future soldiers to question if their service will be respected throughout history. Preservation of the battlefields shows that we honor those who have fought for our country and pay respect to them. There are many ways to interpret historical sites. Preserving them and spreading the knowledge to future generations will later result in respect and honor for our country and the soldiers who fought and will fight so hard for the life we live today.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a problem that affects approximately 2 million people worldwide. Chronic health problems for patients suffering partial and complete spinal cord injury impose tremendous emotional and financial burdens on patients, families, health care providers, and the health

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a problem that affects approximately 2 million people worldwide. Chronic health problems for patients suffering partial and complete spinal cord injury impose tremendous emotional and financial burdens on patients, families, health care providers, and the health delivery system. There remains no adequate treatment for SCI, but stem cell and regenerative medicine technologies hold substantial promise. Although a handful of early trials involving the implantation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are underway, these studies involve the use of cells that appear to support spinal neuron survival and recovery, but do not replace neurons themselves that were lost due to injury. Much research has focused on generating supportive cells such as oligodendrocytes and glial-like cells which have each been shown to promote the survival and recovery of spinal cord neurons that were not lost due to injury. Unfortunately, the injured spinal cord is an environment that is inhibitory to neurons themselves, and inflammation at the injury site can be hostile to transplanted cells. Recently, however, methods have been developed that hold promise for a strategy in which one type of implanted stem cell may chaperone a second type of stem cell, simultaneously protecting the susceptible cell from the challenging SCI environment while drawing on the strengths of both cells to regenerate the injured spinal cord. Furthermore, if these cells are implanted to the injury site in a tissue-engineered "architectural" matrix that can provide the cells with instructions guiding their behavior towards regeneration, a powerful treatment modality will emerge. This proposal seeks to fabricate such a dual stem cell-seeded implantable matrix, and demonstrate that it is capable of safel

Using cemeteries to teach local history provide many opportunities to provide local context for national topics. Everything from the location of the cemetery in relation to the larger town to the art of the gravestones provides invaluable information about how

Using cemeteries to teach local history provide many opportunities to provide local context for national topics. Everything from the location of the cemetery in relation to the larger town to the art of the gravestones provides invaluable information about how members of that community viewed death and life. How a cemetery is used in the classroom is largely determined by what it is that is being studied. Are you looking to see the impact of disease or mortality on the make-up of the town? Do a survey of individual stones to see what patterns develop. Are you looking at wealth distribution and social status? Compare the complexity of stones within the same 10-20 year period. If you are looking to see how the communityís perspective on death has evolved over time, than take a look at several sections of the cemetery and chart the changes in iconography, structure and location of gravestones. for Local History: ** CEMETERIES ** General Teaching Tips: Provide information on t

The XB-70A, built by North American Aviation's Los Angeles (Calif.) Division for the U.S. Air Force, was an experimental high-speed, delta-wing aircraft designed to fly at three times the speed of sound and at alt

The XB-70A, built by North American Aviation's Los Angeles (Calif.) Division for the U.S. Air Force, was an experimental high-speed, delta-wing aircraft designed to fly at three times the speed of sound and at altitudes in excess of 70,000 feet. It was powered by six General Electric J-93 turbojet engines, each producing approximately 30,000 pounds of thrust. Primary purpose of the aircraft was to investigate the feasibility of long-range, high-speed flight and to advance the aeronautical state of the art in those areas. Among its design features were a movable canard, the "compression lift" aerodynamic design principle, in-flight accessibility to electronics equi

Currently there are no laws or regulations in Australia to protect the use of the word ‘organic’. Many products carry the word ‘organic’ on their labelling, but only if it is certified organic by a recognised certifier can consumers be sure it

Currently there are no laws or regulations in Australia to protect the use of the word ‘organic’. Many products carry the word ‘organic’ on their labelling, but only if it is certified organic by a recognised certifier can consumers be sure it is truly organic. Certified organic products are grown and processed without the use of synthetic chemicals, fertilisers, or GMOs. Organic does not just mean free from positive chemical test results, it refers to how our food is grown and handled. Certified organic or biodynamic products are produced with land management practices that prohibit use of artificial fertilisers, herbicides, pesticides, growth regulators, antibiotics, hormone stimulants or intensive livestock systems. Animals raised using organic methods are treated humanely and with respect. Certification meets international standards which are assured through annual audits of all certified operators by an independent third party auditor. There are a number of approved certifiers in Australia and many more internationally. It can be confusing for consumers – there are numerous eco-labels with certifier’s symbols, and how do consumers know what the standards of each are and whether they meet the international standards. Australian certifiers are accredited and audited annually by the Australian Quarantine Inspection Service (AQIS). Producers are able to choose which certifier they wish to use. Australian certifiers are authorised by the AQIS to verify organic claims. Certification bodies use the National Standard for Organic and Biodynamic Produce as minimum standards for organic certificatio

The county medical director brought attention to a new virus originating in the Middle East. Discovered last year, the “novel coronavirus” — which is named after the virus’s crown-like projections visible under a microscope — appears to be related to viruses

The county medical director brought attention to a new virus originating in the Middle East. Discovered last year, the “novel coronavirus” — which is named after the virus’s crown-like projections visible under a microscope — appears to be related to viruses in bats and goats, and presents itself as a severe case of the flu. In older people, it can develop into pneumonia. “It’s a new respiratory virus,” Auglaize County Medical Director Dr. Juan Torres said. “We still don’t know how bad it is or how big of a problem it will be for public health.” With world travel more convenient, one day a person can be in Wapakoneta and the next day in Hong Kong, which allows for transmission between countries through a cough, he said. According to HealthDay News, the most serious infections occur in those who contract novel coronavirus wit

The sea monster Charybdis lives under a small rock on one side of a narrow channel. Opposite her is Scylla, another sea-monster, that lives inside a much larger rock. The sides of the strait are within

The sea monster Charybdis lives under a small rock on one side of a narrow channel. Opposite her is Scylla, another sea-monster, that lives inside a much larger rock. The sides of the strait are within an arrow shot of each other, and sailors attempting to avoid one of them will come in reach of the other. 'Between Scylla and Charybdis' thus means to having to choose between two dangers, either of which brings harm. Three times a day, Charybdis swallows a huge amount of water, before belching it back out again, creating large whirlpools capable of dragging a ship underwater. In some variations of the story, Charybdis is simply a large whirlpool instead of a sea monster. The theoretical size of Charybdis remains unknown, yet in order to consume Greek ships the whirlpool can be estimated to about 75 feet across. Charybdis has been associated with the Strait of Messina, off the coast of Sicily and opposite a rock on the mainland identified with Scylla. Were Charybdis to be located in the Strait of Messina it would in fact have the size to accommodate the whirlpool. A whirlpool does exist there, caused by currents meeting, but it is seldom dangerous. References in ancient literature At many points within the poem, Odysseus is hindered by the efforts of Poseidon and the sea monsters throughout the ocean. Odysseus faced both Charybdis and Scylla in Homer's Odyssey while rowing through a narrow channel. He ordered his men to avoid Charybdis thus forcing them to pass near Scylla, which resulted in the death of six of his men. Later, stranded on a raft, Odysseus was swept back through the strait to face Scylla and Charybdis once more. This time, Odysseus passed near Charybdis. His raft was sucked into Charybdis' maw, but he survived by clinging to a fig tree growing on a rock over her lair. On the next outflow of water, his raft was expelled. Odysseus recovered it and paddled away safely. Jason and The Argonauts Aristotle tells a story of Aesop in conflict with a ferryman and relating to him a myth about Charybdis. She took one gulp of the sea and brought the mountains to view; islands appeared after another. The third will dry the sea altogether. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charybdis.| - W.H. Roscher, ed. (1886). "Charybdis". Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie 1. - Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War 4.24.5. - Gert-Jan van Dijk, Ainoi, logoi, mythoi: fables in archaic, classical, and Hellenistic Greek literature, Brill NL 1997, pp.351-3; available in Google Books

The National Park usually located in areas mostly undeveloped, usually those with active-area native plants and rare ecosystems in particular (such as specific as endangered species ), the biodiversity, geological or other special features. Occasionally, national forests were established in the

The National Park usually located in areas mostly undeveloped, usually those with active-area native plants and rare ecosystems in particular (such as specific as endangered species ), the biodiversity, geological or other special features. Occasionally, national forests were established in the area has developed with the aim of making it back to the area almost identical to its original state, as close as possible. In some countries, such as in the United Kingdom and Wales, the area is used as a national park are not wilderness, nor owned by the state, and may include residential and land use is significant, usually they are a integral part of the landscape. The forest’s first Scottish National Park Loch Lomond and the Trossachs, was established in July 2002 and the Cairngorms National forest was established in March 2003. History of National park and National forest The idea of establishing natural landscape worthy of protection under the particular protection is derived from the early 19th century. English poet William Wordsworth in 1810 wrote about the Lake District as “a national asset which everyone has rights and interests, who have eyes to identify and heart to enjoy”. American artist George Catlin in 1832, during the trip to the western United States, wrote that the natives of North America in the United States should be preserved: by some great protecting policy of government … in the magnificent gardens … A national park, containing human and animal, all in the wild and the purity of their natural beauty!. Baron Finnish Swedish

Posts By Noelle Swan With roots in San Francisco’s storied People’s Food System, Veritable Vegetable has helped organic growers distribute their produce for nearly 40 years. While farmer’s markets and food co-ops are recent phenomena in some

Posts By Noelle Swan With roots in San Francisco’s storied People’s Food System, Veritable Vegetable has helped organic growers distribute their produce for nearly 40 years. While farmer’s markets and food co-ops are recent phenomena in some parts of the country, northern Californians started seeking an alternative to supermarkets and agricultural food giants in the 1970s. The People’s Food System was a network of collectives in the San Francisco Bay Area that sought to connect local food producers to neighborhood co-ops and community markets. In 1974, some members established the Veritable Vegetable Collective, which focused solely on produce distribution. Over the years, Veritable Vegetable has evolved from a worker-run collective into a for-profit company that serves growers and markets in parts of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, and Hawaii. A multi-disciplinary team of researchers scattered around the country is gearing up to piece together the world’s first high-resolution map of global croplands, in a cross-institutional collaboration. The team’s goal is to answer the question, “Where is all of our food going to come from when global population reaches 9 billion people?” Researchers hope that having a detailed picture of what’s happening with croplands around the world will help to inform the net effect of regional demographic and geological changes. Piecing together that accurate of a map will likely take five years, $3.5 million (funded by NASA), computation of thousands of satellite images, and collaboration with crop experts all over the globe. Beekeepers have been reporting entire hive losses since 2006, when the media dubbed the phenomenon Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Several studies have pointed to poor nutrition, pesticide, pests, and pathogens; however, no single smoking gun has emerged. Awareness of Environmental Impact, Embrace of Sustainability, Defines 4th Generation Deardorff Family FarmsAugust 5, 2013 | Noelle Swan The Deardorff family has been in the produce business since 1937, helping local farmers in Venice, Hollywood, and Los Angeles distribute their produce. As the city of Los Angeles swelled in the early 1960’s, the Deardorffs followed many of their growers north to Ventura County and began to work the land themselves on their own 50-acre ranch. Since then Deardorff Family Farms has passed through four generations and grown immensely. Today, cousins Scott Deardorff, and Tom Deardorff II farm 2,000 acres of sustainably grown celery, tomatoes, greens, and mixed vegetables throughout Ventura County. They market their produce through wholesale distributors, at local markets, and directly to consumers. David Little of The Little Organic Farm in Petaluma, Calif. first began farming to help some childhood friends nearly 20 years ago. He had been working as a contractor and hated it so when his buddies inherited a couple ranches he jumped at the chance to head for the country and try something new. He stayed on for about a year before striking out on his own with a few acres of potatoes. Today, Little farms over 60 acres of land in plots scattered around Marin and Petaluma. Appleton Farms of Ipswich, Mass. is the nation’s oldest continually operating farm. Nine generations of Appleton’s have farmed the land since 1636. In 1998, the family donated the farm’s 1000 acres of farmland, pasture, and woodlands to The Trustees of Reservations, a non-profit land conservation organization that manages over 26,000 acres of land in 75 communities throughout Massachusetts. “When we took over Appleton Farms from the family in 1998, the goal was not to compete with current farming operations, but to help support the momentum for local, healthy food and engaging the community and the public in a way to get people involved in land,” said Holly Hannaway, a spokesperson for Appleton Farms and The Trustees of Reservations. Today, Appleton Farms supports a 550-share Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) Program, donates 10,000 pounds of food annually to local food pantries, trains farming apprentices to be able to establish their own farms, manages a year round dairy store, offers farm-to-table dinners and cooking workshops for kids and adults and maintains 12 miles of trail for recreational use. The island city-state of Singapore is known as one of the most rapidly developing countries in the world. With 5.3 million people living on 275 square miles of land, Singapore is also one of the most densely populated countries in … Have you ever wondered how some plants are able to endure the most extreme conditions from the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park to the high altitudes of Mt. Everest? It turns out that many of these plants likely owe their survival to symbiotic fungi that make themselves at home within the plants tissues. Microbiologist Russell (Rusty) Rodriguez and geneticist Regina Redman of Adaptive Symbiotic Technologies in Seattle, Washington are trying to foster similar relationships between fungus and plants in agriculture in hopes of improving drought and salinity tolerance, promoting temperature resistance, and boosting nutrient content. The husband and wife team first discovered a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant by chance while studying plants that grow in different soils in Yell

Step 1: Contain the babies (wear gloves!) in a bin that is too high for it to crawl out of. Or you can place a laundry basket upside-down over the baby with something heavy on top of it. Step 2

Step 1: Contain the babies (wear gloves!) in a bin that is too high for it to crawl out of. Or you can place a laundry basket upside-down over the baby with something heavy on top of it. Step 2: Give the baby a heat source by placing a water bottle filled with warm water and wrapped in a towel next to the baby. Exchange the water bottle frequently so the baby won't get cold. Step 3: Leave upright containers open (no lid) in the area where the baby was found. If the baby is left during the day and there is no shade over the container, place a flat piece of cardboard over half of the container to give the baby shelter. Protect from rain. So, mom didn't come back and you decided it's time to intervene? Your first reaction to finding a hungry or orphaned wild animal may be to feed it milk. DON'T! Most animals cannot digest cow's milk. It can cause severe diarhea and death. KMR (Kitten Milk Replacer) or Esbilac (Puppy Milk Replacer) are the recommended formulas for baby raccoons. HOWEVER, DO NOT FEED IT! ||If not fed properly, too much, incorrectly diluted formula and the animal can aspirate the liquid into

FOSSIL BATS OF THE AMERICAS late Oligocene, Arikareean NALMA The Brooksville 2 site was discovered in 1994 in a limestone quarry about 10 km northeast of Brooksville in

FOSSIL BATS OF THE AMERICAS late Oligocene, Arikareean NALMA The Brooksville 2 site was discovered in 1994 in a limestone quarry about 10 km northeast of Brooksville in Hernando County in central Florida. The site consists of clays and sands filling karst solution features in marine Oligocene limestone. The fossils were collected mostly by screenwashing because of the abundance of microvertebrates and the rarity of larger mammals (Hayes 2000). The vertebrate fauna includes frogs, lizards, snakes, and a diverse sample of mammals. Hayes (2000) studied the Brooksville marsupials, insectivores, lagomorphs, rodents, and carnivores. Mammals of medium to large body size include: the horse (Miohippus), two small artiodactyls (Nanotragulus and the camelid Nothokemas), and six species of small carnivores (three mustelids and three canids). Besides bats, the small mammal fauna consists of a didelphid marsupial (Herpetotherium), two insectivores (the erinaceid Parvericius and Centetodon), one lagomorph (Megalagus), and at least three rodents (the castorid Agnotocastor, the heteromyid Proheteromys, and an entoptychine). The maximum age of Brooksville 2 (Hayes 2000) is constrained by the presence of the erinaceid insectivore Parvericius and entoptychine rodents, both of which appear at the beginning of the late early or medial Arikareean (=Ar2; ~28 Ma; Tedford et al. 1996). The minimum age is limited by the occurrence of Centetodon, Megalagus, Agnotocastor, and Miohippus, all of which go extinct at the end of the early Arikareean (~24 Ma). The artiodactyls Nanotragulus loomisi and Nothokemas waldropi are characteristic of early Arikareean faunas. Hayes (2000) placed the Brooksville 2 LF in the late early Arikareean (Ar2, 24-28 Ma). The similarity between the bat faunas from Brooksville 2 and I-75 indicates that these two faunas are not more than several million years apart in age, suggesting placement of Brooksville 2 early in the Ar2 (~26-28 Ma). The chiropteran sample from Brooksville 2 consists of about 200 fossils representing five species, including mandible and maxilla fragments with teeth, isolated teeth, and limb bones. The Brooksville bat fauna includes a new genus and species of mormoopid, two undescribed species (one large, one small) representing a new genus of emballonurid, a large undescribed genus and species that may be a phyllostomid, and a single tooth of a molossid. Brooksville shares the first four of these species with I-75. The new genus of possible phyllostomid is also represented by a smaller species at I-75. After Thomas Farm, Brooksville 2 has the second largest bat sample from any North American Tertiary site. The Brooksville and I-75 bat faunas are very similar; both are dominated by the same species of mormoopid and large emballonurid.

Few nighttime sights offer more drama than the full Moon rising over the horizon. Now imagine that instead of the Moon, a gas giant planet spanning three times more sky loomed over the molten landscape of a lava world. This alien vista exists in

Few nighttime sights offer more drama than the full Moon rising over the horizon. Now imagine that instead of the Moon, a gas giant planet spanning three times more sky loomed over the molten landscape of a lava world. This alien vista exists in the newly discovered two-planet system of Kepler-36. |In this artist's conception, a "hot Neptune" known as Kepler-36c looms in the sky of its neighbor, the rocky world Kepler-36b. The two planets have repeated close encounters, experiencing a conjunction every 97 days on average. At that time, they are separated by less than 5 Earth-Moon distances. Such close approaches stir up tremendous gravitational tides that squeeze and stretch both planets, which may promote active volcanism on Kepler-36b. Credit: David A. Aguilar (CfA) “These two worlds are having close encounters,” said Josh Carter, a Hubble Fellow at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA). “They are the closest to each other of any planetary system we’ve found,” added co-author Eric Agol of the University of Washington. Carter, Agol and their colleagues report their discovery in the June 21st Science Express. They spotted the planets in data from NASA’s Kepler spacecraft, which can detect a planet when it passes in front of, and briefly reduces the light coming from, its parent star. The newfound system contains two planets circling a subgiant star much like the Sun except several billion years older. The inner world, Kepler-36b, is a rocky planet 1.5 times the size of Earth and weigh

IBM, together with the general public, is helping academic researchers make advances in energy technologies. The company’s most recent Corporate Responsibility Report, now available, details not only the company’s own environmental stewardship, but discusses projects such as The Clean Energy

IBM, together with the general public, is helping academic researchers make advances in energy technologies. The company’s most recent Corporate Responsibility Report, now available, details not only the company’s own environmental stewardship, but discusses projects such as The Clean Energy Project at Harvard University, which is seeking novel, organic molecules that can underpin cheaper and more efficient solar cells. IBM’s World Community Grid, which provides scientists with free computing power harvested from the idle PCs of volunteers, has enabled Harvard to discover a new compound for solar cells that might one day be painted inexpensively and easily on windows and roofs. The Harvard team is using World Community Grid to automate and accelerate the screening 3.5 million molecules — chemistry’s biggest set of quantum calculations ever. IBM believes that collaboration with academia, government, private enterprise and the general public is the key to better environmental research — and a Smarter Planet. Below is a video that outlines the latest developments as part of The Clean Energy Project.

A recent report released from researchers in the Netherlands shows that current models assessing the impact of crops grown for biofuel production on land use (indirect land use change /ILUC) do not accurately reflect current production and land use realities. Given the

A recent report released from researchers in the Netherlands shows that current models assessing the impact of crops grown for biofuel production on land use (indirect land use change /ILUC) do not accurately reflect current production and land use realities. Given the impact of these models on bioenergy policy, the paper, “Biomass Research,” makes a strong case for updating the way in which the true benefits of biofuels are assessed. This would help insure policy decisions and made with the understanding and consideration of the ethanol’s environmental benefits. National Corn Growers Association (NCGA) Ethanol Committee Chair Chad Willis said, “Ethanol advocates have long understood the major impact that relying upon outdated data or inaccurate models can have on our nation’s biofuels policy and, at NCGA we work to correct the information and models. This study provides an academically rigorous examination of the specific areas in which ethanol modeling and data are currently lacking on a large scope.” Farmers have made amazing strides to increase efficiency and sustainability in the past few decades,” continued Willis, and the models and information used to assess the impact of biofuel production should reflect these gains. American ethanol benefits our environment as well as our economy and our energy security. It only makes sense that our energy policy should take these incredible benefits into account thus maximizing them for the good of all Americans.” Looking at land use and biomass production balances in 34 major biofuel-producing nations, the report concludes that increases in acreage devoted to biofuel feedstock production were more than offset by productivity gains on acreage devoted to food production between 2000 and 2010. These productivity gains were the result of the use of double cropping practices, yield gains and other increased efficiencies. Additionally, the study also notes that during the same period, urbanization and other causes were responsible for the loss of much more agricultural land than biofuel feedstock production. The study’s authors conclude the models need improvement – especially as public policy continues to evolve without taking into account the significant technological and cultural improvements. The authors also contend the use of historical data provides a more reliable tool for estimating ILUC and setting bioenergy policy than the current models. “Increasingly, the data shows that farmers are producing a larger crop in a more sustainable manner,” Willis added. “If we fail to recognize these improvements, our policies will continue to undervalue ethanol’s potential to help us reach important environmental goals.”

If you believe that organic pesticides are 'greener' than conventional pesticides - think again. A new University of Guelph study reveals some organic pesticides can have a higher environmental impact than conventional pesticides because the organic product may require larger doses. "The

If you believe that organic pesticides are 'greener' than conventional pesticides - think again. A new University of Guelph study reveals some organic pesticides can have a higher environmental impact than conventional pesticides because the organic product may require larger doses. "The consumer demand for organic products is increasing partly because of a concern for the environment. But it's too simplistic to say that because it's organic it's better for the environment. Organic growers are permitted to use pesticides that are of natural origin and in some cases these organic pesticides can have higher environmental impacts than synthetic pesticides often because they have to be used in large doses," said environmental sciences professor Rebecca Hallett. Hallett and PhD candidate Christine Bahlai examined four synthetic pesticides: two conventional products commonly used by soybean farmers and two new, reduced-risk pesticides. They also examined a mineral oil-based organic pesticide that smothers aphids and another product containing a fungus that infects and kills insects. "We found the mineral oil organic pesticide had the most impact on the environment because it works by smothering the aphids and therefore requires large amounts to be applied to the plants," said Hallett. The mineral oil-based and fungal products were less effective, and also killed ladybugs and flower bugs, which naturally protect the crop, reducing the amount of pesticides that are needed. "Ultimately, the organic products were much less effective than the novel and conventional pesticides at killing the aphids and they have a potentially higher environmental impact," she said. The study is published today in the journal PloS One. (ANI)

This section provides a short description of all the major objects in the book. This can be printed out as a study guide for students, used as a "key" for leading a class discussion, or you can jump to the quiz/homework

This section provides a short description of all the major objects in the book. This can be printed out as a study guide for students, used as a "key" for leading a class discussion, or you can jump to the quiz/homework section to find worksheets that incorporate these descriptions into a variety of question formats. Tohoga House - This place is the setting for the first two-thirds of the book. Money - This item is a source of contention in the family because there is never enough of it. Georgetown - This is an upscale neighborhood. Baltimore - This city is considered dirty and industrial. Washington, DC - This city is where Henny likes to shop and spend time with her friend Bert as a way to escape everyday life. Greenland - This country is where Sam is sent on his anthropological mission. Orchard - This... This section contains 210 words (approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)

Aug. 20, 2010 When kitchens become infiltrated with fruit flies, especially during the dog days of summer, homeowners might wish that the flying pests would just turn to ice. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster does

Aug. 20, 2010 When kitchens become infiltrated with fruit flies, especially during the dog days of summer, homeowners might wish that the flying pests would just turn to ice. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster does boast apowerful genetic system making it an ideal organism to test a cool new discovery: how an enzyme regulates body energy levels. Shutting off this molecular thermostat could result in a newfound cold tolerance that has multiple applications, including extending the 24-hour window donated organs now have for optimum use. Thanks to a $385,419 grant from the National Institute of Health, a team of Rutgers-Camden biologists is working to engineer cold tolerant fruit flies and ultimately human cells within the next three years. This research breakthrough can be credited to Daniel Shain, a professor of biology at Rutgers-Camden, who has traveled the globe seeking knowledge on how ice worms don't just survive in glaciers, but thrive. When Shain identified a key enzyme that helps ice worms do this -- AMP phosphatase -- he tapped Nir Yakoby, an expert Drosophila geneticist and assistant professor of biology at Rutgers-Camden, to create this cold-tolerant fruit fly. "The goal is to make human cells survive on ice. Twenty-four hours on ice is pushing it and many people die waiting," says Shain, who is scheduled to travel to Tibet next year to observe ice worms in the vicinity. "We're lucky to have an expert Drosophila geneticist on campus to test this genetic switch." Not just the ice worm lives on ice; the Rutgers-Camden research team, which includes undergraduate and graduate students, observed how other organisms, like bacteria, fungi, and algae, also are breaking through their internal thermostats. "Shain accomplished this switch in mono-cell organisms and now we are going further up into the evolutionary tree to a more complex species," offers Yakoby, who joined the Rutgers-Camden faculty last year after conducting postdoctoral research at Princeton University's Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics. "If we can get these human cells to survive on ice, we should expect organs to do the same. Organs are just a collection of cells." A graduate of the University of New Hampshire, where he earned both his bachelor's and master's degrees, Shain earned his doctorate from Colorado State University and held a postdoctoral fellowship through the national Institute of Health at the University of California-Berkeley. Yakoby, who earned his undergraduate and doctoral degrees from Hebrew University in Israel, teaches genetics at Rutgers-Camden. Both Shain and Yakoby are active members of the Rutgers-Camden Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, which offers doctoral and graduate programs and strives to determine the quantitative organizational principles of complex biological systems, using a combination of theoretical and experimental approaches. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Here is the author note from my picture book.—Aaron The story of the would-be fortuneteller is one of the most popular tales of Iran and the rest of the Islamic world, and is found in countless versions. You might enjoy

Here is the author note from my picture book.—Aaron The story of the would-be fortuneteller is one of the most popular tales of Iran and the rest of the Islamic world, and is found in countless versions. You might enjoy looking for them in folktale collections and discovering his additional adventures. Here are a few notes on elements of the story: Isfahan. Isfahan was made the capital of Iran in 1598 by Shah Abbas the Great, and remained so for over a century. Under Abbas, the city became known as one of the most beautiful in the world, and it grew to be a major international center of commerce and the arts. This period is considered a Golden Age in Persian culture. (Persia is the former name of Iran.) Divining/fortunetelling. The attempt to discover hidden knowledge by mystic means seems to have been practiced in every culture throughout history. The Persian art of divining with dice is called raml (pronounced “RAH-mul”). The diviner throws a set of eight dice, then answers the question at hand by interpreting their pattern, often with the help of a book. Clothes. Muslim law requires both women and men to dress “modestly” in public, keeping almost all of the body covered. The traditional covering for Iranian women is a garment called chador (pronounced “chah-DOR”). This is a one-piece cloak and shawl combined, most often black or dark blue, which wraps loosely around the woman’s regular clothes. Though today the women of Iran are no longer forced to wear the chador, most of them do anyway. Public baths. Trips to the public bath, or hammam, have been an important part of traditional social life in Iran and the Middle East. The bath is a building with large, shallow pools filled with hot water—an Eastern version of the hot tub. Both men and women use the bath, but in separate rooms or at separate times. Houses. In Iran, the flat roofs of the traditional adobe houses are designed as living spaces. Here the family sleeps on summer nights to escape the heat indoors. Stairs lead to the roof from inside, and a high wall surrounds it for privacy. Though many versions of this tale were consulted, I based my retelling chiefly on “The Story of the Fortune-Teller,” in Persian Tales, collected and translated by D. L. R. and E. O. Lorimer, Macmillan, London, 1919. I am indebted also to the many students, teachers, and librarians who took part in my email program Works in Progress during the first half of 1995. Their comments on an early draft were invaluable in guiding my revisions.

|Atlantis: Where is the Lost Continent?| The legend of the lost civilization of Atlantis comes to us primarily from an account recorded by Plato, the great Greek philosopher and author, around 370 B.C.E. He described it as a

|Atlantis: Where is the Lost Continent?| The legend of the lost civilization of Atlantis comes to us primarily from an account recorded by Plato, the great Greek philosopher and author, around 370 B.C.E. He described it as a beautiful continent-sized island that existed somewhere to the west of the Mediterranean, by most interpretations. It was a peaceful land, prosperous from its flourishing commerce, highly advanced in knowledge and technology, and powerful in its governmental influence. After many years of prosperity, however, the gods looked unfavorably upon the island nation because of its arrogant rulers and complacent citizenry, and they condemned it. In just one dreadful day and night, Plato tells us, Atlantis was completely destroyed by catastrophic flooding and disappeared beneath the sea. Plato's description of the exact location of Atlantis is vague at best, giving us only its general direction. People have been searching for it ever since. The idea that such a marvelous lost world may have once existed - and about which we know so little and have even less evidence - is compelling. People have devoted their lives to studying, researching and hunting for Atlantis. A lucrative cottage industry has grown around the legend, producing countless books, articles, websites and movies - all speculating on the true fate of the doomed land. Did Atlantis really exist? If so, where was it and can we find evidence of the once-great civilization today? Not surprisingly, there are many theories as to the precise location of Atlantis. Whenever underwater ruins of any kind are found, it seems, someone tries to link them to Atlantis. Here are some of the more popular theories, plus the latest information on a recent remarkable discovery that just might shed light on the legend of Atlantis. Many historians and mainstream scholars consider the story of Atlan

Kehl Family History & Genealogy Kehl family photos, ancestor biographies, and history created by you and the AncientFaces community. Latest Kehl photos These photos were uploaded by members of the Kehl community on

Kehl Family History & Genealogy Kehl family photos, ancestor biographies, and history created by you and the AncientFaces community. Latest Kehl photos These photos were uploaded by members of the Kehl community on AncientFaces. Kehl Surname History Add to this page! This history of the Kehl last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. We do not have content for the following sections: - Kehl family history - Kehl country of origin, nationality, & ethnicity - Kehl last name meaning & etymology - Kehl spelling & pronunciation Click here to edit this page. Kehl Country of Origin, Nationality, & Ethnicity No one has submitted information on Kehl country of origin, nationality, or ethnicity. Add to this section No content has been submitted about the Kehl country of origin. The following is speculative information about Kehl. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. The nationality of Kehl can be very difficult to determine in cases which country boundaries change over time, making the original nationality a mystery. The original ethnicity of Kehl may be difficult to determine based on whether the surname originated organically and independently in various locales; e.g. in the case of surnames that are based on a craft, which can appear in multiple countries independently (such as the family name "Bishop" which may have been taken by church officials). Kehl Meaning & Etymology No one has submitted information on Kehl meaning and etymology. Add to this section No content has been submitted about the meaning of Kehl. The following is speculative information about Kehl. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. The meaning of Kehl come may come from a craft, such as the name "Clark" which evolved from the profession of "clerk". Some of these profession-based last names might be a profession in a different language. For this reason it is essential to research the nationality of a name, and the languages used by its progenitors. Many names like Kehl are inspired by religious texts like the Bhagavadgītā, the Quran, the Bible, and so forth. Commonly these surnames relate to a religious phrase such as "From the ash tree". Kehl Pronunciation & Spelling Variations No one has added information on Kehl spellings or pronunciations. Add to this section No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Kehl. The following is speculative information about Kehl. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. In times when literacy was uncommon, names such

Basically we have two standard plans, for novices and for middlelevel-avanced (ranking < 1500) : 30 lessons 8 lessons about basic chess concepts, like central control, developement, attack and defense

Basically we have two standard plans, for novices and for middlelevel-avanced (ranking < 1500) : 30 lessons 8 lessons about basic chess concepts, like central control, developement, attack and defense.a. 6lessons about basic chess endgames. 10 lessons to build a basic openning repertoire. 6 lesssons about tactics, Finished this plan the student could continue with the plan for middlelevel-avanced players. Plan standard for middlelevel-advanced players (ranking > 1500) : 30 lessons 1- Good and bad bishop. fight knigth agaisnt bishop 1. 2- Fight knight agaisnt bishop 2 3- Fight knight agaisnt bishop 4- Pawn Structure 1 - bad and reasonable structures. 5- Pawn Structure 2 - d5 weakness 6- Pawn Structure 3.- d5 weakness 2 7- Pawn Structures 4 - d4 isolated pawn and e5 pawn 8- Middlegame Different colour bishop 9- Strong Points 11- Midlegame exercise 1 (the exercises consist in study example games, with questions for the student for review and affirm the 12- Midlegame exercise 2 13- Middlegame exercise 3 14- Midlegame exercise 4 15- Midlegame exercise 16- Pawn endgames 1 - basic 17- Pawn endgames 2 - main concepts 18- Pawn endgames 3 - triangulation 19- Pawn endgames 4 - corresponding square method 20-Rook endgames 1 - basic endgames and concepts 21-Rook endgames 2 - more advanced endgames 22 -Rook endgames 3 - activity.importance 23- Different colour bishop endgames 24. Endgame exercise 25. Endgame exercise 5 lessons for practice middlegame positions calculation, calculate seriously positions a

Water, Precious Water. The Zoo strives to create beautiful and water-wise landscapes in all exhibit areas, but nowhere is this more relevant than in our newest landscape area, Encounter Africa. Not only did this exhibit area open during a time of drought

Water, Precious Water. The Zoo strives to create beautiful and water-wise landscapes in all exhibit areas, but nowhere is this more relevant than in our newest landscape area, Encounter Africa. Not only did this exhibit area open during a time of drought, but like Colorado, much of Africa has a dry climate with limited water resources. Water issues in Africa: In Africa easy access to clean water is largely nonexistent. Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest availability of clean and safe drinking water of any region in the world. 355 million Africans do not have access to an improved water source, and it has been estimated that collectively Africans spend 40 billion hours every year walking to collect water. Imagine what it would be like if we each had to walk to the nearest river or well to retrieve and carry our water back home! Water issues in Colorado: In Colorado Springs and along the front range, water issues revolve more around the increased demand due to our ever-growing population and the fact that we use almost half of our limited supply of water on our landscapes. From 1990 to 2000 the population of Colorado Springs grew by more than 30%. This ever-growing demand for water places an increased burden on our natural ecosystem. The Colorado River, which supplies 70 percent of our water in Colorado Springs, no longer reaches the ocean because Colorado and 7 surrounding states collectively use it all. What you can do to help: Both the environmental impact of our water use, and the ever-increasing cost of water, can be incentives for us to reduce water usage on our properties in favor of water-efficient landscapes. 1). Discover a list of landscape plants used in the Encounter Africa landscape. These plants are both ideally suited to our climate, and are water-thrifty plants. 2). For additional suggestions to reduce water usage in your garden, view Seven Tips to Reduce Water Usage in Your Garden.

"To Build a Fire" Most of Jack London's stories are set in the outdoors. By using the outdoors as a backdrop, London offers a unique perspective to the story's themes and different character types. In "To Build a Fire,"

"To Build a Fire" Most of Jack London's stories are set in the outdoors. By using the outdoors as a backdrop, London offers a unique perspective to the story's themes and different character types. In "To Build a Fire," I believe that London uses the theme and character of a rugged, independent outdoorsman to show that, even though we may want to travel alone in the outdoors, we should always travel with friends or stay within our limits. He uses his knowledge of nature to set a wilderness backdrop that fits well into any story that The plot in this story is one of a man trying to conquer the last frontier. I believe that London, through this plot, shows how one needs to keep in mind that, no matter how much we think that we control something, we are still at nature's mercy. Nature's scorn is shown when the central character, after passing through the most dangerous areas of "ice springs," thinks that he is home free. Then he steps into a puddle of shallow water that goes up to his knees. But just when the man thinks that he is home free again and his fire is started and will soon be drying him, it is put out by snow on the very tree that has given him the branches to create his fire. London also shows how we should respect our elders by the knowledge the old man from Sulphur Creek possesses. The old man had warned the younger one about trailing in the back country in such harsh weather. The young man shrugged off the warnings and went out anyway. I believe that London is trying to show us how we need to listen to our elders and not to what our young minds tell us to do. The elders have been there and know what will work. An example of this is when engineering students first begin work. They design projects that work well on paper however, by the time that these projects reach the foreman on the job site, the sites are often immediately sent back to be reworked. The man in charge of construction on the site knows designs that will work and ones that will not by experience. The fresh young college graduate knows only what works on paper, unless he has spent some time in the field earlier in college or in his life. I believe that London uses the theme of rugged individualism to show how sometimes we do not need to be alone. If the man had been traveling with a friend instead of a dog, then he would most likely not have died. Instead the man tries to prove his ruggedness by traveling alone. He most likely had nothing to prove but to increase his self-esteem. The man also refuses to listen to the dog; it knew that it was too dangerous to traveling. The dog cowers away and even wants to return to the first fire that the man builds. The dog tucks his tail between his legs and whimpers for the man to return to the warmth. I believe that the dog is trying to show the man that it was foolish to try and travel in such weather. London also shows the theme of ruggedness by how the man seems to have no fear of a temperature of fifty below zero. To me this emphasizes the man's cockiness. I have many years of camping in my life, either through hunting or from my Boy Scout days. I have enough sense to know when it is too cold or the weather is too rough to begin a trip. This man knows the dangers and what may happen and chooses to live with what the consequences may be and pays the ultimate price. I have been camping before when there have been lightning storms, thunder storms, or hurricanes approaching. However, the group I travel with has enough sense to know when "the getting is good" and to make it home or to shelter safely. London uses the man as a symbolic character. The man symbolizes certain people who believe that they can survive on their own. London uses this to show that, even if someone tries to make it on their own, that the unlikely often happens. If the man had been traveling with a friend, then he most likely would have survived. In Boy Scouting, this idea of traveling with a "buddy" is taught in the first rank that a scout attains. The young scouts must know why to travel with a buddy and what to do if that buddy becomes injured. I believe that London is showing us that, no matter how invincible we think we are, the inevitable can happen. London, Jack "To Build A Fire." (1908) URL: http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/London/Writings/LostFace/fire.html 15 June 2000. page for WebCT English 1102 Armstrong Atlantic State University

Federal prosecutors told a judge last week that they have started reassembling documents shredded by the Stanford Financial Group, whose owner, R. Allen Stanford, is charged with running a $7 billion Ponzi scheme. How do you reconstruct documents after they

Federal prosecutors told a judge last week that they have started reassembling documents shredded by the Stanford Financial Group, whose owner, R. Allen Stanford, is charged with running a $7 billion Ponzi scheme. How do you reconstruct documents after they've been passed through a shredder? With a computer. In a typical reconstruction process, technicians feed all the available shreds into a scanner. An automated software program then assigns a unique ID to each piece and analyzes a number of characteristics, including size, color, indentation, and font. Using a matching algorithm, the software then identifies potential neighboring shreds, displaying them onscreen for an operator to confirm. (For the home user, an Israeli company sells software that can turn any PC and scanner into an "unshredder.") Not all shredded documents can be put back together. The possibility and ease of reconstruction depends on the size of the shreds—the smaller and more numerous the pieces, the harder it is to reconstruct a document. Strip shredders cut paper into long strips 1/8- to 5/16-inch wide and are the most popular option because of their speed and low cost—but they're also the easiest to reassemble since they produce a relatively small number of large fragments. Cross-cut shredders, which slice paper into many tiny, confettilike pieces, are significantly more secure (and expensive), while shredders that pulverize paper into dust cost thousands of

Will graphene supercapacitors be the best? The soot is deposited on something akin to cooking foil and that often has the 40 micron thickness of lithium-ion battery electrodes ten years ago, before they were optimised. Contrary to teaching

Will graphene supercapacitors be the best? The soot is deposited on something akin to cooking foil and that often has the 40 micron thickness of lithium-ion battery electrodes ten years ago, before they were optimised. Contrary to teaching based on yesterday’s understanding, supercapacitors are competitors of lithium-ion batteries. Increasingly, they either go across them to protect them, enhance their performance and release more of their power – meaning less battery is needed – or they completely replace them as with over 600,000 modules that let conventional cars automatically switch off even when briefly stopped, firing them on again when the accelerator is next depressed. That saves several percent of fuel consumption and pollution. At the other extreme supercapacitors have started to replace lithium-ion batteries in hybrid vehicles from Formula One cars to trash trucks despite their up-front cost being over ten times those batteries per unit of energy stored. Ironically, this is always because those roasted coconut shells perform much better and last much longer than lithium-ion batteries despite being based on ‘Flintstones’ technology. They even cost less over life, in many cases. The New Marketplace The question therefore arises as to how much supercapacitors can improve if organisations more like NASA took over. After all, if supercapacitors can replace many batteries when, as today, they store one tenth of their energy, what will happen in the marketplace if they approach the theoretical ten times the lithium-ion battery figure while acting as a near-perfect “battery”? That perfection is something real batteries can never achieve. The calculations are based on utilising the huge area of graphene “soot” though aerogels, nanotubes and other allotropes are impressive as well. If exposed and made useful for this particular electrostatic process without collapsing or degradation, graphene may get up to 1000 W/kg, say the professors, giving pure electric vehicles, from e-planes to e-cars, more range than conventional ones today. A killer blow indeed. Supercapacitors Are The Ones To Watch Today, many companies make graphene supercapacitors in small quantities and some have increased the energy density ten times in the laboratory. Why not more? Well, it turns out that their graphene is very impure, it does not reveal enough useful area and it is on thick foil with sub-optimal electrol

Small Fish Develop Disguises for Survival A recent study, performed by researchers from Australia’s ARC Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (CoECRS) and James Cook University, reveals that particular tiny fish have developed deceiving behaviors and features

Small Fish Develop Disguises for Survival A recent study, performed by researchers from Australia’s ARC Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (CoECRS) and James Cook University, reveals that particular tiny fish have developed deceiving behaviors and features to enhance their survival chances against predatory fish. The damselfish, a tiny yellow fish with an eyespot on its tail, is capable of changing the size of its actual eye and eyespot in order to confuse and distract larger predators. This is the first study to document predator-induced changes in the size of eyes and eyespots in prey fish. Graduate student at CoECRS and James Cook University, Oona Lönnstedt, found that the eyespot causes the fish to appear to be heading in the opposite direction, potentially confusing predatory fish. A study performed on a natural coral reef with many predators showed that juvenile damselfish with larger eyes spots had survival rates five times greater than fish with normal-sized spots. According to Lönnstedt, "this was dramatic proof that eyespots work — and give young fish a hugely increased chance of not being eaten. We think the eyespots not only cause the predator to attack the wrong end of the fish, enabling it to escape by accelerating in the opposite direction, but also reduce the risk of fatal injury to the head." When placed in a control tank where they could see and smell predatory fish without being attacked, juvenile damselfish automatically began to grow bigger eyespots. Additionally, their real eyes became smaller as their spots grew, when compared to damselfish exposed only to herbivorous or isolated fish. "It all goes to show that even a very young, tiny fish a few millimeters long have evolved quite a range of clever strategies for survival, which they can deploy when a threatening situation demands," says Lönnstedt. It was also noted that young damselfish adopted other protective behaviors such as reducing activity

Microsoft today shared it vision for the future of computer technology involved in automotive industry. Microsoft called the “intelligent car” is a scenario in which telematics data can help improve both the driving experience and the design of the vehicle for the driver

Microsoft today shared it vision for the future of computer technology involved in automotive industry. Microsoft called the “intelligent car” is a scenario in which telematics data can help improve both the driving experience and the design of the vehicle for the driver. Read the below description of their vision, It means a world in which the same information that is available to drivers today to improve fuel efficiency or vehicle maintenance – speed, braking, fuel consumption, tire pressure and environmental conditions – can be used by carmakers to evaluate day-to-day performance to improve design on next year’s model or even fine tune an engine “over the air” to improve fuel economy of the current model year. Carmakers will increasingly have the ability to provide iterative updates, much in the same way that computer software works today, that refresh the driving experience and extend compatibility to the latest consumer devices. (For example, with a Windows Embedded-based system, an unsuccessful pairing of a vehicle and a smartphone could be transmitted to Microsoft, and a solution downloaded to the car overnight.) That same data over time could be used to perform tasks on driver’s behalf, such as tuning in to a preferred radio station or rescheduling a meeting due to traffic delays. And carmakers’ “Promised Land” is being able to provide for drivers the ability to access information and services, such as an app on a smartphone or a music file on a tablet at home – from anywhere on the road. Read more about it from the link below.

New study uses animal model similar to humans and shows BPA can affect thyroid function In utero exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) can be associated with decreased thyroid function in newborn sheep, according to a recent study accepted for publication

New study uses animal model similar to humans and shows BPA can affect thyroid function In utero exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) can be associated with decreased thyroid function in newborn sheep, according to a recent study accepted for publication in Endocrinology, a journal of The Endocrine Society. Hypothyroidism is characterized by poor mental and physical performance in human adults and in children can result in cognitive impairment and failure to grow normally. BPA, a major molecule used in the plastic industry, has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor that could exert deleterious effects on human health. Most investigations have focused on reproductive functions, but there is evidence that BPA might have negative effects on other endocrine systems including thyroid function. The current study used sheep, a relevant model for human pregnancy and thyroid regulation and ontogeny, and analyzed the internal exposures of the fetuses and their mothers to BPA and determined to what extent those exposures may be associated with thyroid disruption. "Our study is the first to show that BPA can alter thyroid function of pregnant animals and their offspring in a long-gestation species with similar regulation of thyroid function as humans," said Catherine Vigui-, PhD, of Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology in Toulouse, France and lead author of the study. "Because of the potential consequences of maternal/fetal thyroid disruption on neural and cognitive development, we think that our study warrants the need for further investigations on the effect of BPA on thyroid function." This study was conducted on adult ewes that had multiple pregnancies before being included in the experiment. Some of the pregnant ewes received daily subcutaneous injections of BPA while the remainder were allocated to the control group. Blood samples were taken from jugular blood, amniotic fluid, placenta samples and cord blood to determine levels of BPA, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine. Results showed that maternal and fetal exposure to BPA was associated with disruption of thyroid function of both the pregnant ewes throughout pregnancy and the newborns as characterized by a decrease in circulating thyroxine levels.

Timothy C. Hain, MD Please read our disclaimer Return to Index. Search this site Page last modified: September 18, 2004 |Figure 1: Schematic of the utricle and saccule.

Timothy C. Hain, MD Please read our disclaimer Return to Index. Search this site Page last modified: September 18, 2004 |Figure 1: Schematic of the utricle and saccule. These sensory organs in the inner ear primarily respond to linear acceleration such as due to orientation to gravity, but the saccule is also somewhat sensitive to sound. This is the basis of the VEMP test.| The purpose of this test is to determine if the saccule, one portion of the otoliths, as well the inferior vestibular nerve and central connections, are intact and working normally. The saccule, which is the lower of the two otolithic organs, has a slight sound sensitivity and this can be measured. This sensitivity is thought to be a reminent from the saccule's use as an organ of hearing in lower animals. |Figure2. VEMP circuitry. Sound stimulates the saccule, which activates the inferior vestibular nerve, lateral vestibular nucleus, medial vestibulospinal tract ipsilaterally, and then the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck (Colebach et al, 1994; Uchino et al, 1997; Kushiro et al, 2000; Murofushi et al, 1996; Wilson et al, 1995).| The pathway for the VEMP test is shown in figure 2 above. Sound stimulates the saccule, traverses the vestibular nerve and ganglion to reach the vestibular nucleus in the brainstem. From there, impulses are sent to the neck muscles via the medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST) and the leg muscles via the lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST). Sound evoked VEMPS are almost completely unilateral. (Colebach et al, 1994; Uchino et al, 1997; Kushiro et al, 2000; Murofushi et al, 1996; Wilson et al, 1995) |Figure 3: VEMP obtained in an individual with a modest left sided conductive hearing loss, using a Bio-Logic Navigator Pro. The VEMP on the right was normal, and the VEMP on the left, entirely absent. P1 designates the potential that occurs at 13 msec (often called P13)| Figure 3 illustrates a VEMP test. Higher than normal thresholds or low amplitudes may be found in persons with saccule disorders as well as conductive hearing loss. Reduced amplitudes are commonly found in vestibular nerve disurbances. Lower than normal thresholds as well as asymmetrical amplitudes are found in persons with Tullio's phenomenon, which is dizziness induced by sound. Prolonged latencies of P13 may be found in central disturbances (Murofushi et al, 2001). The VEMP response consists of an initial positivity (p13) followed by a negativity (n23), see figure 3 above. It is an evoked potential. Later components have a lower stimulus threshold and are non-vestibular. Tinnitus is a relative contraindication to click and tone-burst VEMP testing and an alternative stimulus should be considered in these subjects. EMG electrodes are applied to the middle third of anterior neck muscles (sternocleidomastoids) and the supine patient holds their head up unsupported, using the anterior neck muscles. Another method of obtaining activation is to have patients sit upright with their chin turned over the contralateral shoulder to tense the SCM muscle. Subjects are instructed to tense the muscle during acoustic stimulation, and relax between runs. If the neck muscles are not activated, no VEMP is produced. The reflex scales to tonic EMG. Loud clicks or tone bursts (typically 95-100 DB nHL or louder) are repetitively presented to each ear in turn at 200 msec intervals. The optimum frequency lies between 500 and 1000 Hz. The sternum is used as a reference and the forehead as a ground. Myogenic potentials are amplified, bandpass filtered (5-1K Hz), and averaged for at least 100 presentations. The response evoked in the neck EMG is averaged and presented as a VEMP (see figure 2). The latency, amplitude, and threshold for the p13-n23 wave is measured. Because of the high intensity of the sound used to evoke these responses, calibrated headphones should be used. In our opinion, a minimum of three repetitions should be obtained on both sides, to be sure that the VEMP is reproducible or absent, as the case may be. An exception to this can be made if the first two repetitions are of large amplitude and nearly identical (e.g. see figure 2). In general, the VEMP is generally quick and easy to obtain because it is a strong potential

Tsunamis are huge ocean waves generated by undersea earthquakes. Over the last 50 years, tsunamis have killed more people than the earthquakes that caused them. ||Japanese boat on top of house The

Tsunamis are huge ocean waves generated by undersea earthquakes. Over the last 50 years, tsunamis have killed more people than the earthquakes that caused them. ||Japanese boat on top of house The fishing boat No. 13 Good Luck was washed by a tsunami onto a house in Japan. 1960. Because 80% of the worlds earthquakes occur along the Pacific Rim, most tsunamis are generated in the Pacific Ocean. Underwater earthquakes cause sudden changes in the sea floor, sending waves racing through the water. Tsunami waves have been measured at speeds up to 800 km (500 miles) per hour. When tsunamis reach shallow water near the coast, the water gathers itself as waves up to 65 m (200 ft) high. Wave after wave floods the shore. With nothing in the way, tsunamis can travel all the way across the Pacific Ocean and still be dangerous when they reach land on the other side. In 1960, the east coast of Japan was devastated by tsunami waves that had traveled from Chile 10,000 miles in 22 hours. These same waves caused destruction all along the west coast of North America and around the Hawaiian Islands. |Hilo parking meters twisted Hilo, on the island of Hawaii, was devastated by the same tsunami caused by the 1960 quake in Chile. The wave traveled 14 hours to hit Hawaii. We cannot predict earthquakes, but once there has been a large underwater earthquake, we can predict that there will be a tsunami. An international tsunami early-warning system for the entire Pacific Rim was set up in Hawaii. Whenever a strong earthquake occurs, instruments detect whether a tsunami was generated. A warning is sent out to evacuate people from low-lying areas. Experts are helping coastal communities in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia plan for tsunamis. For example, researchers are mapping those areas likely to be flooded by tsunami waves. This kind of information alerts residents to potential dangers, and helps in planning the best evacuation routes. Such detailed maps also show engineers where they must build to withstand wave forces, or where they must select higher ground. ||Tsunami hazard map of mouth of the Columbia River (Warrenton, Oregon). Red indicates areas of extreme tsunami danger.

Drama Workshop II shares many of the same objectives as its prerequisite, Drama Workshop I: the creation of a truly collaborative, “serious-play” space where students can take risks and explore the dramatic art form in order to become better actors and better

Drama Workshop II shares many of the same objectives as its prerequisite, Drama Workshop I: the creation of a truly collaborative, “serious-play” space where students can take risks and explore the dramatic art form in order to become better actors and better musicians. However, Drama Workshop II takes this training further by emphasizing what goes into the creation of a full theatrical production. This year we will work on a workshop production of Bertolt Brecht’s The Good Person of Szechwan, a play about the difficulty of maintaining humane value

Read more: "How to be happy: Putting well-being on the agenda" Psychologist Daniel Gilbert knows exactly how happy 5000 people around the world are right now. What has he learned about our ups and downs? What's so tough

Read more: "How to be happy: Putting well-being on the agenda" Psychologist Daniel Gilbert knows exactly how happy 5000 people around the world are right now. What has he learned about our ups and downs? What's so tough about studying happiness? One problem is that researchers often measure different things and then talk about them as though t

Mississippi Church Records From Ancestry.com Wiki This entry was originally written by Kathleen Stanton Hutchison for Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources. The Spanish Dominion brought the strong influence of Catholicism into colonial Mississippi,

Mississippi Church Records From Ancestry.com Wiki This entry was originally written by Kathleen Stanton Hutchison for Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources. The Spanish Dominion brought the strong influence of Catholicism into colonial Mississippi, but Mississippi as a territory witnessed the development of other organized religions that were predominantly Protestant faiths. In actuality, the priest left with the Spanish when the U.S. officially claimed Mississippi Territory, leaving only a handful of Catholic families in the area. For a general interpretation of this period, see James J. Pillar, “Religious and Cultural Life, 1817–1860,” in McLemore, A History of Mississippi, vol. 1, 378-410, cited in Background Sources. In 1798 the remaining Roman Catholic populace was occasionally administered to by priests from Louisiana and Mobile. More specific information about Catholic records in colonial and territorial times may be found in Elizabeth Shown Mills, “Spanish Records: Locating Anglo and Latin Ancestry in the Colonial Southeast,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 73 (December 1985): 243-61; and in Records of the Diocese of Louisiana and the Floridas, 1576–1803, 12 reels (South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Archives Microfilm Publications, 1967). There was no real growth in the church until after the 1840s when there was a rush of Irish immigrants into the state. A separate diocese was created in 1837, located in Natchez, but ultimately was moved to Jackson. Archival material housed in the Catholic Diocese of Jackson Archives (P.O. Box 2248, 237 East Amite St., Jackson, MS 39225-2248) includes clipping files (1850-present); papers of all prior bishops of the Mississippi Catholic Church (1837-present); property deeds and microfilmed sacramental record books of all parishes in the diocese; national Catholic directories (1843-present); and books dealing with Mississippi history and Southern church history. Although no churches experienced rapid expansion during territorial and early statehood days, the Methodist Church became the largest antebellum religious group. See Gene R. Miller, A History of North Mississippi Methodism, 1820–1900 (Nashville, Tenn.: Parthenon Press, 1966) for a general history of this denomination. The J. B. Cain A

Historic Markers: South End Allen House - 1682 Washington Street The most elaborate example of a grand Victorian mansion surviving in the South End, the Allen House was built in 1859 for wealthy furniture dealer Aaron Hall Allen.

Historic Markers: South End Allen House - 1682 Washington Street The most elaborate example of a grand Victorian mansion surviving in the South End, the Allen House was built in 1859 for wealthy furniture dealer Aaron Hall Allen. The fashionable brownstone house is an exotic blend of the Italianate and French Second-Empire styles, with richly carved ornamentation that reflects furniture design of the era, incorporated by designer and builder John J. McNutt. From the 1870s to the 1950s, the building was home to a succession of social clubs that reflected the changing neighborhood. These included the Central Club, the Catholic Union and the Lebanese American Club. Chickering Piano Factory - 791 Tremont Street The South End was the center of Boston's thriving piano industry. Jonas Chickering's elegant case designs and technical improvements catapulted the company to the fore in the 1840's. When it was completed in 1854, this five acre complex was the largest factory in the nation. Designed by Edwin Payson, it was powered by steam, employed 400 men, and at its peak produced 60 pianos a week. During the Civil War, a portion of the mill housed Spencer's Repeating Rifle Co., whose firearms were cred

A fast-spreading fungus has ravaged tomato crops across the Northeast and mid-Atlantic, wiping out this year's crop and causing the price of heirloom tomatoes to skyrocket by 20 percent. But the cause of the pandemic is something that's

A fast-spreading fungus has ravaged tomato crops across the Northeast and mid-Atlantic, wiping out this year's crop and causing the price of heirloom tomatoes to skyrocket by 20 percent. But the cause of the pandemic is something that's much more innocent than you might think. In a recent New York Times column, renowned farm-to-table chef Dan Barber discusses the aggressive disease, known as late blight, that has wiped out 70 percent of this year's heirloom tomato crop. He argues that there are three contributing factors that caused the intense blight. First, a rainy Summer, moderate temperatures, and lots of humidity; second, infected tomato starter plants sold to home growers; and third, the explosion of home gardeners. Ironically, the very community that's engaged in eating locally has set the stage for one of the worst heirloom tomato harvests in history. Barber argues that, despite what Slow Food believers might advocate, future farming must involve nonheirloom plant varieties bred to resist diseases. The blight isn't limited to new home gardeners; even seasoned pro Martha Stewart has lamented that she lost 70 percent of the 50 different tomato varieties in her garden this year. Have you fallen victim to this year's tomato travesty? What do you think of Barber's argument?

The rhizome of Aletris farinosa, Linné, gathered after the plant has flowered. ILLUSTRATION.—Strong's American Flora (exclusive of root), p. 65. COMMON NAMES: Blazing

The rhizome of Aletris farinosa, Linné, gathered after the plant has flowered. ILLUSTRATION.—Strong's American Flora (exclusive of root), p. 65. COMMON NAMES: Blazing star, Star grass, Starwort, False unicorn root. Botanical Source.—Aletris is a small herb found in most parts of the United States. The common name is Star grass, but the term False unicorn is sometimes used. The name Unicorn root is more properly applied to Chamaelirium (Helonias). Aletris is also known as Blazing star. The leaves are all radical and grass-like, from 1/4 to 1/2 inch wide, and from 2 to 4 inches long. They are smooth, entire, acute, and of a firm texture, and have from 6 to 10 parallel and quite prominent veins. The flowering stem is erect, from 2 to 3 feet high, and arises from the center of the cluster of root leaves. It has no stem leaves, but at intervals of about 2 inches, there are very small, linear scales, which may readily escape detection without a close examination. The stems are round and striate near the base, but angular above. The flowers are perfect, and in slender, terminal, simple racemes. They are on short pedicles, with small bracts at the base. The perianth is cylindrical, urn-shaped, white, with a yellowish tinge at the apex; wrinkled, rough and mealy outside, and 6-cleft at the summit. The stamens are 6, small and included. The ovary is ovate, and tapers to a slender style, which is trifid at the apex. The fruit is a dry, many-seeded, acute pod, opening by 3 valves. History and Description.—The commercial drug, under this name, as found upon the market, is generally the rhizome of Chamaelirium (see Chamaelirium). Strange as it may seem under these circumstances, the two roots have no resemblance, are utterly unlike, and their appearance forbids admixture. We can not recall a single instance where Aletris farinosa was adulterated with Chamaelirium and yet so universal has the substitution of the last become, that Prof. King, in describing the root of Aletris (Amer. Disp., 8th ed., p. 78), has given a description of that of Chamaelirium, and Strong's American Flora figures the top of Aletris with the rhizome of Chamaelirium. In this connection, we invite attention to our exact engraving of the Aletris plant and root (Fig. 14), and, as a comparison, invite attention to the engraving of Chamaelirium (see Chamaelirium, Fig. 66). When dry, the root of Aletris farinosa is from 1/2 to 1 inch in length, seldom longer. It is surrounded and completely hidden by an intricate mass of fibers, remains of radical leaves and partly decayed matter. The recent growth of yearly fibres are white, and from 2 to 6, or even 10, inches in length. In texture, they are made up of a hard, durable, brown, woody center, over which are several layers of white, tissue-like epidermis, that peel off by age, and decay. Thus we find the lower portion of the dry rhizome of Aletris farinosa covered by a mass consisting of dead, brown, woody fibers of former years, from which the paper-like envelope has separated, together with white, recent rootlets from which the white epidermis is still scaling; while intermixed, are the chaff-like remains of the epidermis, in various stages of decomposition. The radical leaves spring directly from the upper part of the growing end of the creeping rhizome. They contain numerous hard, round, woody fibers running lengthwise with the leaf, and from year to year, as the succulent portions of the leaves decay, the fibers remain and hold the fragments of mealy leaf-matter; and thus the upper, as well a

Energy News: Solar Panels Wouldn't Have Help You in Sandy, Oil Spills in the Superstorm's Wake Grid-Tied Solar Panels May Be Little Help in Disaster It's tempting to go down the "if I only had solar panels

Energy News: Solar Panels Wouldn't Have Help You in Sandy, Oil Spills in the Superstorm's Wake Grid-Tied Solar Panels May Be Little Help in Disaster It's tempting to go down the "if I only had solar panels I wouldn't have lost power" route, but if your system is tied to the grid, and doesn't have battery back up, you'll have no power like everyone else. Business Week explains: One reason the grid-connected solar systems shut down automatically in outages is that when the power goes off, if home solar installations send electricity onto the lines, it could electrocute workers repairing them. In the U.S., it’s also rare for residential solar customers to have batteries in their home to store the power coming off their roofs in case of a broader outage. In countries such as Germany, Kennedy says, more homes have batteries or electric vehicles connected to their panels. The good news: A number of solar power providers contacted said they hadn't received calls reporting damaged panels. NYU's Cogeneration Facilities Kept Lights Working on Campus Back in 2011 NYU installed natural gas cogeneration facilities at its campus in Greenwich Village—right in the middle of the main area of Manhattan without power, for those not up on their New York City geography. New York Times reports that the system, which can generate power for some of NYU's bigger buildings, was preemptively cut off from the grid last week, put into "island mode," and functioned as planned throughout the storm. A much different story than NYU Medical Center further uptown, whose generator failed in the middle of the storm and had to be evacuated. Neglected Infrastructure Increased Power Outages Climate change fueling extreme weather certainly played a role in creating the background conditions for Superstorm Sandy, but a piece in Huffington Post highlights how underinvestment in infrastructure contributed to power outages. "You cannot make infrastructure hurricane-proof. We had a nine-foot storm surge on top of high tide. You cannot protect your infrastructure against that sort of damage," said Chris Eck, spokesman for Jersey Central Power & Light, which had 940,000 customers without power Wednesday. But several utility and climate experts maintained that utilities, faulted in many places for their response to Hurricane Irene a year ago, should look further back in geological history, and further ahead toward the destabilizing effects of global warming, as they prepare for natural disaster. In New York City, researchers warned in 2008 that the shoreline was highly vulnerable to a massive surge. Brian Colle, a professor of atmospheri

|Latest News Services Circuits Contact Us Archives Subscribe Search| FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE FARMERS AND FISHERMEN FIX MARINE 'DEAD ZONES' New study shows that composting manure counteracts environmental disasters CH

|Latest News Services Circuits Contact Us Archives Subscribe Search| FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE FARMERS AND FISHERMEN FIX MARINE 'DEAD ZONES' New study shows that composting manure counteracts environmental disasters CHESAPEAKE BAY, MD, August 20, 2004 --/WORLD-WIRE/-- New research released today by The Rodale Institute® (TRI) and funded by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) shows that by composting manure, farmers can significantly improve the quality of water entering the nation's watersheds. Based on a decade-long study, the report, Water, Agriculture and You, demonstrates that compost provides optimum nutrient levels for crop growth while simultaneously minimizing non-point nutrient pollution of ground and surface waters. "Organic farming can help prevent dead spots in the Gulf of Mexico, and prevent the algae blooms that choke off the crabs, clams and fish of the Chesapeake," said Anthony Rodale, chairman of the Institute. Estuaries from the Chesapeake Bay to the Gulf of Mexico are so polluted from upstream nutrients as a result of conventional agricultural practices that they are often incapable of sustaining aquatic life. Last year, one of the worst dead zones on record, stretching 150 miles from Baltimore to the York River in Virginia, killed crabs and fish in the Chesapeake Bay Estuary. According to analysis from The Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF), the bay is currently functioning at only 23 percent of its original quality and productivity. Primary causes of the bay's critical condition are nutrients and suspended solids from conventional agriculture. Three areas cited as being responsible for more than half of all agricultural nutrients making their way to the Chesapeake Bay are Lancaster, Pa., Rockingham, Va., and the central Delmarva Peninsula. "Widespread use of agricultural conservation practices is essential to improving the health of local rivers and streams, and ultimately to restoring the Chesapeake Bay," stated Kelly O'Neill, CBF's agricultural policy analyst. The Rodale Institute® research also documents that the use of organic farming practices reduces agricultural water pollution by up to 75 percent, improves quality in surface and ground waters, and benefits water quality in downstream marine environments. Improvements in soil organic matter levels under organic farming systems have also been shown to increase water penetration and retention in the soil by up to 50 percent, increase crop yields in dry years, improve ground water recharge rates, and reduce soil erosion compared to conventional corn and soybean row cropping. The United Nations Environment Program recently released a report outlining the rapid growth of dead zones worldwide, threatening 21st century fish stocks. Agricultural impacts on water resources have become major local, regional, national and International issues as recognition of their importance and impacts spread. Innovative partnerships, such as that between the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and The Rodale Institute, which produced the new report, provide practical ways to balance agricultural productivity with environmental needs. CONTACT: Michael Straus, 415-777-1170, [email protected] Editors: please visit www.StrausCom.com/rodale for:

A brilliant navigator and a taciturn but determined leader, Ferdinand Magellan was born of a noble family in northern Portugal about the year 1480. Having served as a page in the royal court o f King John 11, he joined

A brilliant navigator and a taciturn but determined leader, Ferdinand Magellan was born of a noble family in northern Portugal about the year 1480. Having served as a page in the royal court o f King John 11, he joined one of the annual Portuguese fleets to India. He took part in the seige of Malacca in 1511 as a captain of one of Alfonso d’Albuguerque’s ship. He befriended a Malay slave boy captured during the seige. Later he took the Malay slave boy back to Portugal and became his navigator because of his knowledge of the route to the Spice Islands and Nusantara. The Malay boy was given the name of Henry the Black or Enrique whose real name was Panglima Awang, who originates from Malacca. In fact it was Panglima Awang (Enrique) who taught Antonio Pigafetta the Malay language. Pigafetta manage to compile a list of 426 words, which was later made into the first Malay-Italian dictionary by Alessandrio Bausini. After eight years of soldiering in the Indies and Africa, he returned to Portugal, lamed by a wound received fighting the Moors in Morocco. Refused by King Manuel I Magellan turned to Spain and its young ruler Charles I, later emperor o f the Holy Roman Empire. Charles entrusted Magellan with a fleet of five ships to seek a westward passage to the Indies-the Portuguese dominated the eastern passage. Magellan had completed the most difficult part of his voyage when he was killed in a campaign against a native king at Mactan Island in the Philippines in 1521. Beyond The New World: Magellan's Great Venture One autumn day in 1516, a crippled soldier knelt awkwardly before his king, Manuel I of Portugal. The sovereign gazed with some distaste at the man, one Ferdinand Magellan. In recent years superior officers with whom Magellan had dared to disagree had been circulating malicious reports about his conduct. Yet there was no denying his noble birth, his brilliant military exploits, and his unswerving loyalty to the crown. Reluctantly, King Manuel nodded for him to speak. Magellan announced that, at the age of 36, he was impoverished by eight years of navigating, exploring, and fighting battles for the crown in Africa and the Portuguese Indies. What was more, he had suffered three serious wounds in his majesty's service, including a lance wound in the knee that had left him permanently lame. He humbly begged an increase in his pension. Manuel, who was not by nature a rewarder, denied the request. Surprised and hurt, Magellan remained on his knees. Then might he be granted command of a caravel to the Indies and perhaps restore his fortunes? No, said his majesty, there was no place at all for him in Portuguese service. The humiliated soldier could make only one final request: to be allowed to serve some other king. Manuel waved him away and snorted that he did not care in the least where Magellan went or what he did. Bitterly humiliated, Magellan brooded over these harsh words for months. Gradually, he began to form a plan. For years his friend Francisco Serrano, who had settled in the Moluccas, had been urging Magellan to join him. These islands, lying just to the west of New Guinea, were also known as the Spice Islands, for they were the primary source of most of the spices that Europeans desperately coveted. And, Serrano added, the profits to be made in the spice trade were fabulous. Eventually, Magellan wrote to his friend: "I will come to you soon, if not by way of Portugal, then by way of Spain." At the back of his mind as he penned those momentous words were recollections of maps and globes he had seen in the royal chartroom at Lisbon, as well as the widespread rumors that suggested the existence of an unexplored strait through the South American continent into Balboa's recently discovered "South Sea" (the Pacific). If he could discover the strait, he might open a western alternative to Portugal's lengthy-and fiercely defended-route around Africa and across the Indian Ocean to the Indies. Fortunately for Magellan, several influential men in Spain were considering the same possibility. And Ferdinand Magellan, with his wealth of experience in the Indies, they all agreed, was just the man to carry out their plan. When they summoned him to Spain, Magellan left his native Portugal immediately. In due course Magellan's backers arranged an audience with Spain's 17 year old King Charles I, who would have to approve the expedition. From the start everything went well. The youthful king was impressed by the limping veteran's passionate ambition, his geographical logic, and his personal knowledge of the Indies. Most likely, Magellan's past exploits a

Definitions for destabilizediˈsteɪ bəˌlaɪz This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word destabilize Random House Webster's College Dictionary de•sta•bi•lizedi

Definitions for destabilizediˈsteɪ bəˌlaɪz This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word destabilize Random House Webster's College Dictionary de•sta•bi•lizediˈsteɪ bəˌlaɪz(v.t.)-lized, -liz•ing. to make (a government, economy, etc.) unstable; rid of stabilizing attributes. Category: Common Vocabulary Origin of destabilize: "The economy destabilized rapidly" "Terrorism destabilized the government" To make something unstable. To undermine a government, especially by means of subversion or terrorism. To become unstable. Find a translation for the destabilize definition in other languages: Select another language:

The Migration of Young Marine Iguanas on Santa Cruz Recently hatched Galapagos marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) measure 10 cm in length. The presence of hundreds of marine iguanas in the

The Migration of Young Marine Iguanas on Santa Cruz Recently hatched Galapagos marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) measure 10 cm in length. The presence of hundreds of marine iguanas in the Galapagos Islands has attracted the attention of domestic and foreign tourists, as well as the inhabitants of Santa Cruz, who have witnessed the migration of newly hatched marine iguanas at Punta Nuñez and other nesting sites on the island. Soon after hatching, the reptiles head southwest from Punta Nuñez in search of better conditions for feeding, rest, and shelter. Marine Iguanas mate in February and March. Each female then digs a single nest in the sand and lays two to three eggs, which hatch in May-June. Hatchling iguanas weigh between 40 and 70 grams, measure about 10 cm in length, and cannot swim until they are about two years old. 95% of the hatchlings at Punta Nuñez migrate southwest in search of ravines and cliffs with reefs that will provide the best conditions for temperature regulation and an abundant source of food. Some have been observed traveling as much as three kilometers in two days. Because some of the marine iguanas migrate through the town of Puerto Ayora, the Galapagos National Park Service (GNPS) has called on the community to be extremely cautious when travelling through the streets near the coast. Lower speed limits are being implemented in areas where many young small iguanas have been spotted. The Galapagos Marine Iguana is considered vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. Their main predators are introduced rats, cats, and dogs. Marine Iguanas are the only reptile in the world that can spend 45 minutes under water. The smallest of the species lives on Genovesa Island in the northeast of the archipelago while the largest ones are found on Fernandina and Isabela Islands in the west. A group of generous donors have offered to match every gift we receive by December 31st — up to $35,000! Every dollar you give today will go twice as far towards preserving the magnificent biodiversity of the Galapagos Islands.

The Art Department’s painting program embraces the rich, often contested history and vibrant, diverse contemporary practices that this vital, complex discipline offers. Students learn how to draw and paint from observation as well as investigate abstract perceptual issues and conceptual content. Classes

The Art Department’s painting program embraces the rich, often contested history and vibrant, diverse contemporary practices that this vital, complex discipline offers. Students learn how to draw and paint from observation as well as investigate abstract perceptual issues and conceptual content. Classes promote a love and understanding of color, which is considered as an emotive, symbolic, and relational visual element. Students learn how to mix accurate colors, explore abstract color relationships, and develop a personal understanding of color’s expressive potential. Similarly, students are encouraged to manipulate different types of paint to create specific effects as well as experiment with the medium in order to discover aspects of its limitless material possibilities. Introductory courses focus on familiarizing students with materials, tools, and the discipline’s unique visual language. Intermediate courses expand upon technical skills and hone perceptual awareness while addressing more multifaceted, personally significant, and culturally relevant ideas.

During last week’s scichat (#scichat) on Twitter, I mentioned, “play with a purpose.” Play with a purpose is a saying that I often use with students. It means checking out something new in a systematic way;

During last week’s scichat (#scichat) on Twitter, I mentioned, “play with a purpose.” Play with a purpose is a saying that I often use with students. It means checking out something new in a systematic way; having fun in an organized fashion; discovery with a goal. Play with a purpose activities are opportunities for students to discover and explore something that you hope will inspire inquiry. It is a way to guide inquiry while still doing open-ended inquiry. It is also a good way to assess inquiry skills. The idea of play with a purpose is that you give students something – an object, a set of chemicals, an organism, a system – and ask them to see what they can find out about it. I usually ask them to record their findings in a t-chart of observations vs. questions. Of course, you must clearly identify any safety hazards prior to this activity. After play with a purpose, students should have a lot of questions and thoughts generated that they can use to create a scientific question that they want to answer. Some examples of play with a purpose activities I’ve done with students: - combine cornstarch with water and see what happens [fluid dynamics, macromolecules, polymers, non-Newtonian fluids] - observe stoneflies (they do pushups when the dissolved oxygen level in their water gets low) [homeostasis, gas exchange, physiology, respiration, etc.] - mix Alka-Seltzer with water in a closed film canister and observe the resulting explosion [reaction kinetics, acid/ base chemistry] - make whirligigs [gravity, aerodynamics] - vinegar and baking soda [acid/ base chemistry, gas production, reaction kinetics, etc.] - dilute HCl and various materials [metals, wood, plastics, etc.] - bromothymol blue, calcium chloride, and baking soda [endothermic/ exothermic reactions, reaction kinetics, etc.] Let’s pick one and see where it goes, shall we? Prior to an inquiry investigation into the effects of different parameters on reaction rates, I have students play with alka seltzer and film canisters. I demonstrate one and require all to wear safety goggles. I then give them the materials and step back and observe. I answer no questions, except those related to safety. They play with the stuff, manipulating variables haphazar

PESTS, PARASITES, DISEASES AND STRESS OF MANAGED HONEY BEES USED IN HONEY PRODUCTION AND POLLINATION Honey Bee Research Project Number: 6204-21000-010-00

PESTS, PARASITES, DISEASES AND STRESS OF MANAGED HONEY BEES USED IN HONEY PRODUCTION AND POLLINATION Honey Bee Research Project Number: 6204-21000-010-00 Start Date: Sep 12, 2008 End Date: Sep 11, 2013 1) Develop improved understanding of factors weakening hive vigor and foraging efficiency, and provide economically sound integrated pest management (IPM) approaches to lessen the effects of these factors. Improve IPM tactics for control of key pests of honey bees, including Varroa mites, and the small hive beetle. Develop IPM strategies to lessen pesticide/antibiotic use in managed honey bee colonies, biorational compounds, and sustainable agricultural practices/IPM tactics for use in crop production that will lessen bee exposure to pesticides. 1A) Develop IPM tools and methodologies for control of key pests, and miticide resistance management programs to preserve useful chemical options. 1B) Determine the impact of the small hive beetle on colony development and longevity, and develop management systems for controlling the beetle in hives, including use of antifeedants for protection of protein supplements from small hive beetle damage. Develop effective control programs for management of small hive beetle in bee hives, with the goal to prevent contamination of bee products. 1C) Determine impacts of pesticides on foragers, both acute lethal effects and sub-lethal effects on bee behavior due to chronic exposure, and develop methods to mitigate bee losses due to pesticides, including management strategies for minimizing exposure of bees to pesticides in the field. 2) Use molecular approaches to investigate the physiological basis for bee immune responses to fungal pathogens such as chalkbrood, and develop strategies for controlling natural honey bee diseases. Identify molecular bases for honey bee physiological responses to chalkbrood. Identify and assess the role of genes that could potentially be involved in the anti-fungal activity. Objective will be achieved through development of a combination of different IPM tactics (e.g., soft pesticides, acaricide rotation program, traps, lures) for control of pests, parasites, and diseases of the honey bee, and protection of hive products. It will also involve molecular studies to better understand the genetic basis of insect resistance to the fungal pathogen Ascosphaera apis, the causative agent of chalkbrood disease in honey bees. We will conduct a genome–wide screening of the honey bee immune cDNAs and will monitor the expression profile of larval genes by direct comparison of immune vs. pre-immune cDNAs. We will then utilize qRT-PCR approach to monitor expression profiles of the selected genes, identified through the genomic screens of bee's cDNAs, to better understand the correlation between changes in the level of gene transcripts and the progression of the disease.

What is an Umbilical Hernia? Before a baby is born, the umbilical cord goes through an opening in the muscle of the abdominal wall. Once the baby is born, the opening should close. Some close more slowly than others

What is an Umbilical Hernia? Before a baby is born, the umbilical cord goes through an opening in the muscle of the abdominal wall. Once the baby is born, the opening should close. Some close more slowly than others. Openings that persists more than a couple of weeks after the baby is born allow intestine to come out of the abdomen and cause the skin of the belly button to bulge. This is an umbilical hernia. Some are large, some are small. Since they rarely cause symptoms and since they are very likely to eventually close by themselves (and since the belly button will probably look better if it’s not operated on), we don’t operate on these hernias in babies. Umbilical hernias will require repair if they fail to close by the time the baby is a few years old. back to Conditions We Treat

Measuring more than 1,000 acres, the Golden Gate Park has stood as a symbol of natural beauty, easily earning the title as one of the most visited city parks in all of America. As San Franciscans turned their attention to

Measuring more than 1,000 acres, the Golden Gate Park has stood as a symbol of natural beauty, easily earning the title as one of the most visited city parks in all of America. As San Franciscans turned their attention to the happenings of New York City’s Central Park, residents began to yearn for their own scenic community dwelling. Today, although similar in shape, Golden Gate Park possesses an array of unique and one-of a-kind features that sets it apart from other urban settings. During the 1860s, plans were put into motion to transform the bleak sand and shore dunes that decorated San Francisco into a usable, inviting park for the all to enjoy. In 1870, a field engineer named William Hammond Hill organized a survey and developed a topographic map that would serve as the blueprint for the new park site. One year later, he was deemed commissioner of the project. At first, the park plans were met with natural opposition as engineers attempted to sketch a course of action that would add traverse roadways throughout the park. The positioning of gems, such as the Concourse and the Arboretum, made this difficult to achieve. In the beginning, ¾ of the park was covered in ocean dunes, but were soon blanketed with various tree plantings. By 1875, the area bloomed with close to 60,000 trees, such as the Blue Gum Eucalyptus and the Monterey Pine. Four years later, 155,000 trees were placed over 1,000 acres of land. In 1903, the Dutch Windmills found their home at the western end of the park with an initial duty to pump water and life throughout the park. Throughout the years, Golden Gate Park saw the establishment of a wealth of intriguing and entertaining attractions. To name a few, the Japanese Tea Garden welcomed visitors after it originally served as part of the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894. The plans for the San Francisco Botanical Garden at Strybing Arboretum were realized during the 1890s, but planting was stalled until 1937 due to lack of sufficient funds. Local donations helped place the garden on the map. The De Young Museum was first built in 1921 and has since undergone complete renovation and re-opened in 2005. Changes Throughout the Years With the evolving times of society and whatever Mother Nature decided to throw at Golden Gate Park, a variety of features or buildings have changed since its start. Over the years, earthquakes and severe storms have weakened some of the structures scattered throughout the park, causing a wave of renovations. In 1995, a major storm with 100 mph winds wreaked havoc on the Conservatory of Flowers, shattering 40% of the glass, until it was once again opened in 2003 after dramatic repair. In 1989, buildings at the Academy of Sciences were damaged when the Loma Prieta earthquake struck San Francisco. The Bird Hall building was shut down to ensure the safety of visitors and the Steinhart Aquarium suffered considerable seismic damage. The site is scheduled to reopen in 2008. Golden Gate Park has also seen a wide-range of wildlife, captive critters, and flora blossom on the premises. In the past, moose, caribou, moose, and antelope galloped throughout the meadows. At the Children’s Playground, chickens once scattered about an imitation barn while donkeys and goats gave rides to younger visitors. Throughout the years, zebras, elephants, kangaroos, ostriches, and peacocks once parad

Translate nature | into French | into German | into Italian | into Spanish - the physical force regarded as causing and regulating the phenomena of the world:it is impossible to change the laws of natureSee also Mother Nature. - [mass noun]

Translate nature | into French | into German | into Italian | into Spanish - the physical force regarded as causing and regulating the phenomena of the world:it is impossible to change the laws of natureSee also Mother Nature. - [mass noun] inborn or hereditary characteristics as an influence on or determinant of personality. Often contrasted with nurture. Middle English (denoting the physical power of a person): from Old French, from Latin natura 'birth, nature, quality', from nat- 'born', from the verb nasci

Leading the Fight to treatand cure Tay-Sachs, Canavan and related diseases This page describes:Speech and Voice ChallengesHow a Speach-Language Pathologist May HelpTips for Improving Communication Speech is a common challenge for people living with

Leading the Fight to treatand cure Tay-Sachs, Canavan and related diseases This page describes:Speech and Voice ChallengesHow a Speach-Language Pathologist May HelpTips for Improving Communication Speech is a common challenge for people living with LOTS. It can affect all aspects of enjoying a full and active life. Ways to help including working with a Speech language pathologist and reading Tips for Improving Communication, from NTSAD.Problems with communication vary in nature and severity from person to person. Although there are commonalities, no two people with LOTS are exactly alike. As the disease progresses, the variability continues. Many people talk so quickly their words run together, while others drop the endings of their words. Whatever the problem a Speech Language Pathologist can help.If you have LOTS, the following list summarizes problems that you may experience at different stages of the disease. In many cases, you may experience the same areas of difficulty throughout the course of the disease, often with increasing severity over time.Communication challenges may be caused by any of the following: If you are affected with LOTS, a speech-language pathologist can be helpful at all stages of the disease. In the early stages, a SLP can assist with problem solving and developing strategies to overcome communication challenges and help you continue to live a more full and empowered life.Early intervention and involvement with therapeutic professionals is best because you can learn compensatory strategies more successfully during the early stages of LOTS and can then apply them throughout the course of the disease.A SLP may recommend use of augmentative or alternative communication devices and techniques, which can be as simple as a word/picture board, or more complex, such as an electronic device that speaks for you.For example, the SLP might work with you and your family to create a word/picture board tailored to your environment (whether it be a private residence or a long-term care facility) or flexible enough to be carried around. If an electronic device might be beneficial, the SLP, will evaluation your interest and motivation to use it, and will help make it easily accessible. During a speech-language appointment the pathologist: It is very important for individuals with LOTS to seek speech-language therapy in order to address speech issues and maximize their ability to express themselves and communicate. Speech-language therapy can also help you address swallowing problems and help prevent respiratory infections caused by Generally your treating physician provides the referral. The SLP will coordinate with your overall health care providers and may possibly be covered by your medical insurance. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) provides an online directory of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology Programs. Their searchable database contains listings of more than 7,000 programs that employ audiologists and speech-language pathologists who hold the Certificate of Clinical Competence (CCC) from ASHA. Find a speech-language pathologist at www.asha.org. For the speaker - For the listener - Most importantly, be patient! National Tay-Sachs & Allied Diseases Association2001 Beacon StreetSuite 204Boston, MA 02135 [email protected](617) 277-4463 phone(617) 277-0134 fax HomeAbout NTSADMission & VisionBoard of DirectorsStaff & ProfilesChapters & AffiliatesScientific Advisory CommitteeFinancialsOur HistoryNewsLibrary DocumentsGlossaryContactSearchMember Login

Infographic: 'The New (Ab)Normal,' Today's Portion Sizes Compared to 1950s' From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) comes this infographic, "The New (Ab)Normal," showing how much

Infographic: 'The New (Ab)Normal,' Today's Portion Sizes Compared to 1950s' From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) comes this infographic, "The New (Ab)Normal," showing how much average portion sizes for burgers, fries, and soda have increased since the 1950s. From the chart: Portion sizes have been growing. So have we. The average restaurant meal today is more than four times larger than in the 1950s. And adults are, on average, 26 pounds heavier. If we want to eat heathy, there are things we can do for ourselves and our community. Order the smaller meals on the menu, split a meal with a friend, or, eat half and take the rest home. We can also ask the managers at our favorite restaurants to offer smaller meals. Do you wish today's portion sizes were smaller? Update (5/24/12): I received this list of sources for the infographic from a CDC repre

Since its first appearance on the original "Star Trek" series in 1966, the Starship Enterprise has become a symbol for space travel. Recently, an anonymous engineer claimed that an approximation of this iconic ship could be built in the next two

Since its first appearance on the original "Star Trek" series in 1966, the Starship Enterprise has become a symbol for space travel. Recently, an anonymous engineer claimed that an approximation of this iconic ship could be built in the next two decades. But just how close is mankind to zipping through the stars at warp speed? On the website BuildTheEnterprise.org, a self-proclaimed engineer who identifies himself only as "BTE-Dan" suggests that a working facsimile of the iconic ship could be built and launched over the next 20 to 30 years. The ship would require a few modifications, but would look a great deal like Captain Kirk's famous ship. Built in space, the ship would never visit the surface of any moon or planet, and so would never need to reach the high speeds necessary to escape surface gravity. The engines would be p

Merced County had its share of interesting Wild West characters long before it was a county. In addition to Joaquin Murrieta and John Muir, there was the rugged mountain man John Grizzly Adams (aka James Capen Adams)

Merced County had its share of interesting Wild West characters long before it was a county. In addition to Joaquin Murrieta and John Muir, there was the rugged mountain man John Grizzly Adams (aka James Capen Adams) whose presence in the county has been a topic of debate among historians. Was Grizzly Adams ever in Merced County? In The Adventures of James Capen Adams, Mountaineer and Grizzly Bear Hunter of California, a biography published by Theodore H. Hittell in 1860, there are numerous references to a place called Howards Ranch in the Sierra Nevada foothills, where Adams kept his transportation equipment, supplies and animals. Adams first mention of Howards Ranch occurs when he describes a hunting excursion in the spring of 1853 to the Oregon and Washington territories with William Sykesey. He recalls: I accordingly left my mountain fastness and drove down to a place called Howards Ranch. From Howards, Sykesey and I proceeded, with our mules and packs, to Strawberry Ranch, on the Tuolumne River. In the spring of 1854, when Adams was about to go on another expedition, he left his collection of animals at Howards Ranch with the exception of Lady Washington and Ben Franklin, both grizzlies, and a greyhound named Rambler whom he never for a moment thought of leaving behind. By 1856, Adams decided to retire from his hunting life and focus on show business. He then retrieved all his animals from Howards Ranch and exhibited them in the Mountaineer Museum in San Francisco. It is established that Howards Ranch was the preserve for Adams captives. However, the specifi

Earth Day 2012: Environmental Movement at a Crossroads Photo Credit: Cornelia Kopp Stay up to date with the latest headlines via email. This Sunday marks the 42nd anniversary of Earth Day. I was privileged to be

Earth Day 2012: Environmental Movement at a Crossroads Photo Credit: Cornelia Kopp Stay up to date with the latest headlines via email. This Sunday marks the 42nd anniversary of Earth Day. I was privileged to be legislative director for Senator Gaylord Nelson, who had the vision in 1970 for Earth Day’s “national teach-in on the environment,” and who helped make that vision a reality. Over the past four decades, I have witnessed and cheered the growth and development of the modern environmental movement. Yet, even as the achievements of the movement are honored, we should also be honest: viewed with any serious attention to long and deep trends, the environment is in serious and ever-growing danger. This is in no way to minimize the successes of the movement. There have been significant gains in connection with air quality, the incidence of lead, and water pollution, to name three issues that were the subjects of an explosion of public concern around the time of the original Earth Day. Between 1970 and 2010, concentrations of six principal air pollutants declined by almost 71 percent; and in just the first 20 years of the Clean Air Act, an estimated 200,000 premature deaths and 700,000 cases of chronic bronchitis were prevented. The percentage of children with elevated blood-lead levels dropped from 88 percent in the 1970s to just 4.4 percent in the mid-'90s. Similarly, lead air pollution decreased 98 percent by 2000. Prior to 1972, industrial waste and sewage had made approximately two-thirds of waterways unsafe for recreation and fishing use. Three decades later, in 2004, 53 percent of assessed river miles and 70 percent of bay and estuarine square miles were safe for recreation and fishing. It is important, however, to distinguish these significant but relatively isolated “legacy” achievements of policies enacted in earlier, more progressive times from the more recent, worsening trends of environmental degradation in many other areas. The examples are numerous. While the rate at which natural wetlands are being destroyed has slowed, the United States lost more than 500,000 additional acres of such vital areas between 1998 and 2004 alone. In 2007, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) concluded that “water quality improvement reached a plateau about a decade ago,” and that there had been a recent “upward trend for beach closings, red tides, dead zones, droughts, flooding, coral reef damage, nutrient pollution, and sewage pollution.” Given current trends, the EPA has “projected that sewage pollution will be as high in 2025 as it was in 1968, that is, before the passage of the Clean Water Act.” Fish consumption warning advisories increased from 899 nationwide in 1993 to 4,598 in 2010. Toxic chemicals, species loss, landfill waste, deteriorating freshwater supplies—the list seems endless. Around 154 million Americans, about half of the nation, currently live in areas that suffer from ambient ozone and/or particulate levels that are often too dangerous to breathe, resulting in 50,000 or more premature deaths per year. These dynamics—to say nothing of the complete failure to address climate change—are disheartening. They demonstrate that the capacity of the environmental movement to protect the environment through regulations and traditional political strategies is diminishing with each passing year. The problem is not a lack of effort or interest. The problem, first, is that attempts to significantly reverse ongoing social, economic and environmental decay have regularly been stymied by corporate opposition and our stalemated national political system. At a more fundamental level, the economic system is committed to and intertwined with endless growth—growth in the use of resources (many of them non-renewable); growth in the use of low-cost labor; growth in the number of products produced; growth of shareholder profits; and, inevitably, growth in pollution and carbon emissions. Put another way, the challenge is systemic, not simply political in the usual sense of the term. Ultimately, unless we begin to change the system, the politics and economics that produce the long trends of decay will continue. Nor is the problem abstract: Local communities feel the full effects of pollution and climate change, as well as the massive social and environmental costs of corporate outsourcing of jobs. Unless a more fundamental economic strategy can be developed, the pain—and decay—will continue. The environmental movement, and indeed the progressive movement as a whole, is at a critical crossroads. Defending past accomplishments and continuing to strive for stronger environmental laws and regulations are obviously important and necessary. However, the challenge now is greater. As James Gustave Speth, a leading environmentalist and former adviser to two presidents puts it: “For the most part, we have worked within this current system of political economy, but working within the system will not succeed in the end when what is needed is transformative change in the system itself.” What Speth and countless others have come to realize is that the world simply cannot wait for the increasingly remote possibility that somehow “business as usual” will generate a politics that can alter the deteriorating trends. A new economic system of environmental stewardship must be built from the ground up, community by community, state by state, region by region in the coming period. Just such a “new economy” movement is, in fact, quietly building up momentum just beneath the surface of media attention—paradoxically, in large part because the failure of national and international strategies produces more and more economic and ecological devastation. Citizens in all parts of the country

David Levy Yulee (1810 - 1886) David Levy Yulee was a Jewish American politician and the first Jew elected to serve in the U.S. Senate. Yulee was born in St. Thomas on June

David Levy Yulee (1810 - 1886) David Levy Yulee was a Jewish American politician and the first Jew elected to serve in the U.S. Senate. Yulee was born in St. Thomas on June 12, 1810. He was the son of Moses Elias Levy, a Moroccan Jew who made his fortune in timber in the Caribbean, then bought 50,000 acres of land near Jacksonville, Florida, hoping to create a New Jerusalem for Jewish settlers. Levy County and the city of Yulee are named after this family. Yulee went to school in Norfolk, Virginia and studied law in He served in the Florida legislature and was a leader in the campaign for statehood, serving as a delegate to the Florida constitutional convention in 1838. From 1841 to 1845, Yulee was the Florida territory's delegate to Congress. When Florida was admitted to the Union in 1845, he became one of the new state's senators and, at the same time, became the first Jew elected to the United States Senate. Yulee, a Democrat, was first elected in 1845 and served until 1851 and then served another term from 1855 to 1861, when he resigned his seat. Yulee had been known only as David Levy to this point, but legally assumed the name of Yulee after one of his ancestors, soon after his marriage in 1846 to the daughter of ex-Governor Wickliffe of Kentucky. Yulee subsquently adopted a Christian lifestyle by raising his children as Christians; nevertheless, he was an object of anti-Semitic attacks throughout his career. Yulee was a vigorous supporter of slavery and secession, and joined the Confederate Congress during the Civil War. After the war, he was imprisoned for nine months as a prisoner of state at Fort Pulaski until he was pardoned. He then returned to the pursuit of building the Florida railroad and served as president of the Florida Railroad Company from 1853 to 1866 as well as president of Peninsular Railroad Company, Tropical Florida Railway Company, and Fernandina and Jacksonville Railroad Company. Called the “Father of Florida’s railroads,” Yulee moved to Washington, D.C., He died in New York City, October 10, 1886, and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C. Sources: L. Sandy Maisel and Ira Forman, Eds. Jews in American Politics. (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), p. 439; Virtualology.com; Biographical Directory of the United States Congress; Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd Edition, "Yulee, David Levy." Photo: U.S. Senate Historical

Beginning Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Programming The 2012 release of Microsoft SQL Server changes how you develop applications for SQL Server. With this comprehensive resource, SQL Server authority Robert Vieira presents the fundamentals of database design and SQL concepts, and

Beginning Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Programming The 2012 release of Microsoft SQL Server changes how you develop applications for SQL Server. With this comprehensive resource, SQL Server authority Robert Vieira presents the fundamentals of database design and SQL concepts, and then shows you how to apply these concepts using the updated SQL Server. Publishing time and date with the 2012 release, Beginning Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Programming begins with a quick overview of database design basics and the SQL query language and then quickly proceeds to show you how to implement the fundamental concepts of Microsoft SQL Server 2012. You'll explore the key additions and changes to this newest version, including conditional action constructs, enhanced controls for results paging, application integration with SharePoint and Excel, and development of BI applications. - Covers new features such as SQL Azure for cloud computing, client-connectivity enhancements, security and compliance, data replication, and data warehouse performance improvements - Addresses essential topics including managing keys, writing scripts, and working with store procedures - Shares helpful techniques for creating and changing tables, programming with XML, and using SQL Server Reporting and Integration Services Beginning Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Programming demystifies even the most difficult challenges you may face with the new version of Microsoft SQL Server. CHAPTER 1: RDBMS BASICS: WHAT MAKES UP A SQL SERVER DATABASE? 1 CHAPTER 2: LEARNING THE TOOLS OF THE TRADE 23 CHAPTER 3: THE FOUNDATION STATEMENTS OF T-SQL 49 CHAPTER 4: JOINS 91 CHAPTER 5: CREATING AND ALTERING TABLES 129 CHAPTER 6: KEYS AND CONSTRAINTS 175 CHAPTER 7: ADDING MORE TO YOUR QUERIES 213 CHAPTER 8: BEING NORMAL: NORMALIZATION AND OTHER BASIC DESIGN ISSUES 257 CHAPTER 9: SQL SERVER STORAGE AND INDEX STRUCTURES 305 CHAPTER 10: VIEWS 353 CHAPTER 11: WRITING SCRIPTS AND BATCHES 383 CHAPTER 12: STORED PROCEDURES 435 CHAPTER 13: USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS 489 CHAPTER 14: TRANSACTIONS AND LOCKS 509 CHAPTER 15: TRIGGERS 537 CHAPTER 16: A BRIEF XML PRIMER 561 CHAPTER 17: BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE FUNDAMENTALS 615 CHAPTER 18: BI STORAGE AND REPORTING RESOURCES 649 CHAPTER 19: REPORTING FOR DUTY, SIR! A LOOK AT REPORTING SERVICES 681 CHAPTER 20: GETTING INTEGRATED WITH INTEGRATION SERVICES 719 CHAPTER 21: PLAYING ADMINISTRATOR 747 APPENDIX: ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 783 BONUS APPENDIX 1: SYSTEM FUNCTIONS 1 BONUS APPENDIX 2: VERY SIMPLE CONNECTIVITY EXAMPLES 69 Paul Atkinson works for Huron Healthcare as a BI Architect and Team Lead developing both traditional and real-time BI solutions. His training classes in high-performance TSQL programming are among the most popular course offerings available at Huron. Robert Vieira is a Software Architect with Huron Consulting Group and is considered one of the leading authorities on Microsoft SQL Server. He speaks at conferences nationally and is well known for his unique tutorial approach in his teaching and writing. |README||669 bytes||Click to Download| |Complete code download for Beginning Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Programming||30.84 KB||Click to Download| |AdventureWorks Database Readme Updated on 4/3/13 |462 bytes||Click to Download| |Bonus Appendix 1: System Functions||3.60 MB||Click to Download| |Bonus Appendix 2: Very Simple Connectivity Examples||1.02 MB||Click to Download|

Add Round Add Your child will practice two-digit addition and rounding to the nearest hundred in this challenging 2nd grade math worksheet. Young addition whizzes get a run for their money in this 2nd grade math worksheet that combines two-digit

Add Round Add Your child will practice two-digit addition and rounding to the nearest hundred in this challenging 2nd grade math worksheet. Young addition whizzes get a run for their money in this 2nd grade math worksheet that combines two-digit addition, place value, and rounding! Your child will practice two-digit addition and place value and learn how to round to the nearest hundred in this 2nd grade math worksheet. This challenging, multi-step 2nd grade math worksheet offers practice in two-digit addition with carrying, place value, and rounding. In this worksheet, your

It is only 7mm longer than the world's smallest fish, and seems to only appear at night, but the bright blue belly of a tiny Amazonian fish caught the eye of a team of scientists who spotted it was a new species and

It is only 7mm longer than the world's smallest fish, and seems to only appear at night, but the bright blue belly of a tiny Amazonian fish caught the eye of a team of scientists who spotted it was a new species and genus. Live (bottom) blue-bellied night wanderer fish with its full colour on show. Once dead and preserved, the colour is lost (top). The blue-bellied night wanderer species name is Cyanogaster noctivaga, Cyanogaster meaning blue belly and noctivaga meaning night wanderer. It is 17mm long, and in addition to its bright blue belly, it has large eyes, and unusual-looking snout, mouth and teeth. 'It is a strange little animal, completely transparent with an otherwise unique colour pattern,' says Natural History Museum fish expert (ichthyologist) Ralf Britz. Britz worked with expedition leader Monica Toledo-Piza, George Mattox and Manoela Marinho from the University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil, on the scientific expedition in Oct 2011. The blue-bellied fish was discovered in the Rio Negro, the largest tributary of the Amazon River. This area of the Amazon basin is probably one of the best explored, so finding not only a new species but a new genus too, was quite a surprise. The team found the blue-bellied fish in only one locality in an Amazonian tributary, (red dot on map) and photo (bottom). More museum specimens were later discovered from 2 other locations (yellow dots). The team could only find the blue-bellied fish in one place on the Rio Negro, and it could only be found at night. 'The fish appeared as a fast swimming blue streak in the net,' says Britz. Not only was the fish hard to find, but as soon as it was lifted out of the net it died. In order to get a photo of the live fish to show its unique colouration, Britz had to improvise. 'I set up a photo tank right at the shoreline with the camera and flashes ready to shoot. Then my colleague George and I went into the water and pulled the net towards the shoreline. I then used a large spoon to scoop them out of the net and transfer them into the photo tank without lifting them out of the water.' The blue-bellied night wanderer is tiny, but how does it compare to the world's smallest fish, which Britz helpe

Artificial urinary bladder The two main methods for replacing bladder function involve either redirecting urine flow or replacing the bladder in situ. Replacement can be done with an artificial urinary bladder, an artificial organ. The first ever laboratory-grown artificial organ to

Artificial urinary bladder The two main methods for replacing bladder function involve either redirecting urine flow or replacing the bladder in situ. Replacement can be done with an artificial urinary bladder, an artificial organ. The first ever laboratory-grown artificial organ to be transplanted into a human was an artificial bladder in the early 2000s in the United States. On January 30, 1999, scientists announced that a lab-grown bladder had been successfu

Some medicines can make blood pressure rise. If you have high blood pressure to begin with, it can rise to dangerous levels. Some medications may interact with your blood pressure medicine. This can prevent either drug from working properly. Here are common types of

Some medicines can make blood pressure rise. If you have high blood pressure to begin with, it can rise to dangerous levels. Some medications may interact with your blood pressure medicine. This can prevent either drug from working properly. Here are common types of drugs that can make your high blood pressure worse. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) NSAIDs include both prescription and over-the-counter medication. They are often used to relieve pain or reduce inflammation from conditions such as arthritis. However, NSAIDs can make your body retain fluid and decrease the function of your kidneys. This may cause your blood pressure to rise even higher, putting greater stress on your heart and kidneys. Common NSAIDs that can raise blood pressure include: You may also find NSAIDs in over-the-counter medication for other health problems. Cold medicine, for example, often contains NSAIDs. It's a good idea whenever you purchase an over-the-counter drug to check the label for NSAIDs. Ask your doctor if any NSAID is okay for you to use. Your doctor may be able to recommend alternatives, such as using acetaminophen instead of ibuprofen. Cough and Cold Medications Many cough and cold medications contain NSAIDs to relieve pain. As mentioned above, NSAIDs may increase your blood pressure. Cough and cold medications also frequently contain decongestants. Decongestants can make blood pressure worse in two ways: Decongestants may make your blood pressure and heart rate rise. Decongestants may prevent your blood pressure medication from working properly. Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) is a specific decongestant that can increase blood pressure. What can you do? Avoid using cough and cold medicine that contains NSAIDs or decongestants, especially pseudoephedrine. Ask your doctor for suggestions about other ways to ease congestion symptoms, such as antihistamines or nasal sprays. Migraine Headache Medications Some migraine medications work by tightening blood vessels in your head. This relieves migraine pain. However, they also constrict blood vessels throughout your body. This make

Hanukkah Celebration with HanuKat Preschool, K, 1-2, 3-5 Linda Yaman Haitani and Bruce Resnick The Hanukat story provides an opportunity for the introduction of Hanuk

Hanukkah Celebration with HanuKat Preschool, K, 1-2, 3-5 Linda Yaman Haitani and Bruce Resnick The Hanukat story provides an opportunity for the introduction of Hanukkah Holiday concepts. Below is a description of some of the ways HanuKat can be incorporated into your December Holiday activities. Read out loud the story of HanuKat from www.hanukat.com. For younger children, the story can be read over several days. For younger children, an explanation of the holiday (dreidel and menorah, etc.) can be delivered prior to reading the story. After reading, the following listening comprehension questio

"Effective targeted drug delivery systems have been a dream for a long time now, but it has been largely frustrated by the complex chemistry that is involved," says Eva Harth of Vanderbilt, who led the nanosponge development team. "We have

"Effective targeted drug delivery systems have been a dream for a long time now, but it has been largely frustrated by the complex chemistry that is involved," says Eva Harth of Vanderbilt, who led the nanosponge development team. "We have taken a significant step toward overcoming these obstacles." The current study was a collaboration between Harth's laboratory and that of Dennis Hallahan at the Washington University School of Medicine and Roberto Diaz at Emory University. "We call the material nanosponge, but it is really more like a three-dimensional network or scaffold," says Harth. The backbone is a long length of polyester. It is mixed in solution with small molecules called cross-linkers that act like tiny grappling hooks to fasten different parts of the polymer together. The net effect is to form spherically shaped particles filled with cavities where drug molecules can be stored. The polyester is biodegradable, so it breaks down gradually in the body. As it does, it releases the drug it is carrying in a predictable fashion. "Predictable release is one of the major advantages of this system compared to other nanoparticle delivery systems under development," says Harth. When they reach their target, many other systems unload most of their drug in a rapid and uncontrollable fashion. This is called the burst effect and makes it difficult to determine effective dosage levels. Another major advantage is that the nanosponge particles are soluble in water. Encapsulating the anti-cancer drug in the nanosponge allows the use of hydrophobic drugs that do not dissolve readily in water. Currently, these drugs must be mixed with another chemical, called an adjuvant reagent, which reduces the efficacy of the drug and can have adverse side- effects. It is also possible to control the size of nanosponge particles. By varying the proportion of cross-linker to polymer, the nanosponge particles can be made larger or smaller. This is important because research has shown that drug delivery systems work best when they are smaller than 100 nanometers. The nanosponge particles used in the current study were 50 nanometers in size. The targeting peptide used in the animal studies was developed by the Hallahan laboratory, which also tested the system's effectiveness in tumor-bearing mice. The peptide used in the study is one that selectively binds to a protein found on tumors that have been treated with radiation. The researchers used the nanoparticles to deliver paclitaxel to tumors in this study. The researchers recorded the response of two different tumor types – slow-growing human breast cancer and fast-acting mouse g

Digital Copyright: A Tale of Domestic Discord, Presented in Three Acts Amen, Kathleen, Keogh, Trish, Wolff, Necia, Computers in Libraries In the golden age of copyright, only a few years ago, the old

Digital Copyright: A Tale of Domestic Discord, Presented in Three Acts Amen, Kathleen, Keogh, Trish, Wolff, Necia, Computers in Libraries In the golden age of copyright, only a few years ago, the old adage "good fences make good neighbors" held true: Copyright laws and fair use doctrine created reliable boundaries of acceptable behavior. Copyright holders and copyright users had reached an accommodation. Fair use met the needs of each, allowing users of copyrighted material to reproduce materials in certain situations and also encouraging copyright owners to innovate by protecting against unlimited copying. And then one day (well, over the course of a few years, actually), digital technology upset this balance by providing users with the ability to obtain data and create multiple copies at almost no cost of time, money, or effort. Industrial interests were threatened by the independence that consumers had gained through digital and Web technology. They longed for the days when they were highly valued and highly compensated. When worthy adversaries like Napster appeared, they filed suit. And when their int

"How can one imagine not being hungry?" Primo Levi asks in his account of his experiences at Auschwitz. The camp "is hunger: we ourselves are hunger, living hunger". And according to Lizzie Collingham's ambitious new book, the whole

"How can one imagine not being hungry?" Primo Levi asks in his account of his experiences at Auschwitz. The camp "is hunger: we ourselves are hunger, living hunger". And according to Lizzie Collingham's ambitious new book, the whole second world war was hunger. It was Hitler's experience of it in the first world war that led to his determination to make Germany self-sufficient. The Germans exported their hunger to Russia, the British averted it through rationing and imports, while the Russians destroyed their own food supplies to starve the invading Germans. In total, 20 million people died from starvation and associated diseases; a figure equivalent to the 19.5m military deaths. The Taste of War is the first book to tell the intertwined stories of some 20 nations battling for food. This is a story of individual governments struggling to feed civilians and troops with limited resources. Britain and Germany introduced rationing. Japan allowed civilians and soldiers to starve, on the grounds that lives were expendable and the fighting spirit should be sustaining enough. Meanwhile America began to cultivate its image as a land of plenty by giving each soldier a staggering 4,757 calories a day in rations. Collingham also examines the situation in occupied countries, setting the famine in Greece against the relative abundance Hitler allowed Aryan nations such as Norway. In recounting these multiple narratives, Collingham structures her book cyclically, outlining the war rather repetitively from alternative perspectives. It is more a survey than a story and, perhaps necessarily, as a survey it is bleak and occasionall

|Figure 1 for PIA00436|| Figure 2 for PIA00436| Tropical Storm Blas as observed by NASA's spaceborne Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) The images above show Blas in visible light

|Figure 1 for PIA00436|| Figure 2 for PIA00436| Tropical Storm Blas as observed by NASA's spaceborne Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) The images above show Blas in visible light, as you would perceive it from space. The movie is Blas as'seen' in infrared light by AIRS (click on graphic below). Infrared movie in infrared light by AIRS The major contribution to radiation (infrared light) that AIRS channels sense comes from different levels in the atmosphere, depending upon the channel wavelength. To create the movie, a set of AIRS channels were selected which probe the atmosphere at progressively deeper levels. If there were no clouds, the color in each frame would be nearly uniform until the Earth's surface is encountered. The tropospheric air temperature warms at a rate of 6 K (about 11 F) for each kilometer of descent toward the surface. Thus the colors would gradually change from cold to warm as the movie progresses. Clouds block the infrared radiation. Thus wherever there are clouds we can penetrate no deeper in infrared. The color r

Veneer is not a modern invention. History shows us that the ancient Egyptians were the first to saw thin boards from logs in order to best utilize the material. Egyptians developed tools for shaving veneer from logs imported from Lebanon, Syria and Ph

Veneer is not a modern invention. History shows us that the ancient Egyptians were the first to saw thin boards from logs in order to best utilize the material. Egyptians developed tools for shaving veneer from logs imported from Lebanon, Syria and Phoenicia. Thousands of years ago, incredible veneer work made of ebony and ivory was put into King Tut’s tomb in Egypt. The history of veneer actually starts with the idea of conservation. Egypt consists mostly of desert, timber was rare was highly valued as the precious stones that were used for the elaborate decoration of furniture. As a result, veneers came into being where no lush forests marked the landscape, but instead in a place where timber, as a raw material, was rare and its products were highly sought after as a personal possession. The beautiful shrines in the tomb of King Tut show that, although the woodworking techniques of that time were still quite rudimentary, people in this age people already knew how to reveal the inner natural beauty of wood. Eventually, the veneer techniques during the Renaissance became very sophisticated, using tiny pieces of exotic woods and burl grain to create intricate designs or lavish scenes, called marquetry or intarsia work. Much of the finest royal furniture for hundreds of years employed lavish veneer construction, using the finest species of wood and tiny pieces of burl or exotic grain. Beginning in the 1800’s, veneer was employed to make valuable woods like mahogany or walnut go farther by gluing them to less prized species, like map

By Anjum Altaf Picking up on the speculation about the causes of poverty of Indian Muslims, I did some more reading on the subject. The bottom line is that the variations in the laws of inheritance matter in very interesting ways.

By Anjum Altaf Picking up on the speculation about the causes of poverty of Indian Muslims, I did some more reading on the subject. The bottom line is that the variations in the laws of inheritance matter in very interesting ways. Let me outline some of basic contours here and hope we can discuss the details in the comments. Where the principal form of property was land, a law favoring equal division amongst all heirs would lead to fragmented holdings while a law decreeing transfer to one heir only would avoid fragmentation. The same would apply to other immovable property – for example, if there were two heirs to a house with neither having sufficient funds to buy out the other, there would no option but to sell the property and divide the cash. Family wealth would rarely accumulate into corporate wealth with the growth of big business houses. This was the principal difference between England and France. As a result, the former had landed gentry with big estates while the latter was a society of peasant proprietors. The same difference existed between Japan and China. Let us go into a bit more detail. When the law of inheritance is based on ‘primogeniture,’ the inheritor is the eldest son (this is changing to eliminate gender discrimination). This was the case in England and Japan (which deliberately changed over to this practice at a certain point in time). This was also the old Hindu practice where the position of the eldest son was very important both for religious and secular functions. Note that primogeniture did not exist in Islam presumably because land was not the principal form of property in its domain. Rather, as was mentioned in the earlier post, it was animal stocks that were both divisible and reproductive assets. There is one further twist to primogeniture – the nature of the obligation of the inheritor to the other siblings. In England, all other heirs were disinherited, i.e., they were not legally entitled to anything from the inheritor. This forced younger offspring of the aristocracy to go into the professions – clergy, sciences, trades, military, entrepreneurship, etc. Many accounts attribute the spurt of innovations preceding the Industrial Revolution to this peculiarity of the English law of inheritance. A point of interest: Almost all the Founding Fathers of the United States were related to younger offspring of the English aristocracy that had migrated to Virginia to begin new lives after being disinherited. Now to an interesting point: Hinduism, at that time, also followed the practice of primogeniture but the eldest son had the social obligation to take care of the upkeep of all other siblings out of the proceeds of the estate. The one key result was that there was much less innovation in Hindu society compared to the English. Moving forward: With the development of the economy, the principal form of family wealth changes from land to divisible assets (like stocks and bonds). If so, the economic implications of primogeniture as the law of inheritance decline in significance. Of course, where land was never the form of property primogeniture was less important to begin with. This is what makes Dr. GM Mekhri’s observation so ironic. Islam in India ran into a form of property that was not matched to its law of inheritance and it was unable to adjust to the change (except for the sub-sects mentioned by Dr. Mekhri). The story does not end here because the law of inheritance has political as well as economic implications. Primogeniture brings a very neat closure to the thorny issue of political succession quite irrespective of the fact whether it is considered fair or not. Thus, one finds that problems of political succession were markedly few in the English monarchy and in the old Hindu kingdoms. By contrast, the Mughal Empire was a case study in problems caused by the absence of any rule to guarantee an acceptable succession – one heir had literally to physically eliminate all others. But the Mughal Empire was not unique – the Ottoman Empire had a similar history. In fact, the absence of primogeniture meant that Islam, from its earliest days, never really had a mechanism to ensure orderly transfers of political power. This issue was compounded by the fact that Muslim monarchs could have more than one lawful wife in addition to the concubines that almost all other monarchs in other societies also had. With more than one lawful wife, additional conflict was set up amongst heirs born of different wives – some in favor, some out of favor at any given time. As a result there were never ending court intrigues with factions lining up behind different potential heirs. This is a fascinating topic that has many more dimensions that can be explored. Let me end the post with the practical implications that can be seen in Pakistan, an underdeveloped economy where land still remains an important form of property and an underdeveloped polity where constitutional rules still remain unenforced. Pakistan is plagued by inheritance disputes amongst its citizens and succession disputes amongst its rulers. The cost to the growth of the economy and the stability of society is phenomenal. A discussion of the laws of inheritance has helped us cover a lot of ground.

Over the last two decades, photographers dissatisfied with the quality of commercially available photographic printing papers have sought to revive historic processes. Artists seeking a medium whereby the image could be manipulated outside of the camera for artistic expression found what they were looking for in

Over the last two decades, photographers dissatisfied with the quality of commercially available photographic printing papers have sought to revive historic processes. Artists seeking a medium whereby the image could be manipulated outside of the camera for artistic expression found what they were looking for in a revival of the Bromoil process. As latter-day volunteers flocked to reenactments of civil war battles, modern collodion photographers provided an authentic touch. Photographers with perserverance and dedication once again became practitioners of the Daguerreian art, which they held in the highest esteem. Altogether, the nineteenth-century methods for producing a photographic image employed by modern photographers are known as the alternative photographic processes. The revival afforded photographers an opportunity to use the old tonalities in new ways. An accomplished photographer, such as Crawford, could skillfully employ the alternative processes achieving in his work a paineterly effect reminiscent of Edward Hopper. Often, styles of art-photography have followed in the footsteps of painters and painters have borrowed effect from the camera. In the late nineteenth-century photographers sought pictorial effect through the use of surface manipulations and camera technique. Modern photographers such as Weston tore away the veil of pictorialism replacing it with an honest and straightforward approach reminiscent of the mid-nineteenth-century. In time, artists and photographers more concerned with individual expression though manipulating the image began to reexamine and explore the possibilities of pictorial effect. This required relearning the old processes. In Keepers of Light, the author William Crawford creates a unique and distinctive blend of practical advice and criticism. Indeed his book is a treasure-trove for anyone wanting practical advice on how to work in the alternative photographic

Bovine tuberculosis not completely eradicated In the early 1900s, bovine tuberculosis was common in cattle herds across the United States. Since then, it has been nearly eradicated, but seems to continue to cause problems at

Bovine tuberculosis not completely eradicated In the early 1900s, bovine tuberculosis was common in cattle herds across the United States. Since then, it has been nearly eradicated, but seems to continue to cause problems at various times. A recent outbreak of bovine TB in Nebraska has led to the quarantine of 27 herds in 14 north central and eastern Nebraska counties. One herd in Rock County, Neb., has two sick animals. While the herd has been quarantined, it has not been destroyed. Christin Kamm, spokesperson for the Nebraska Department of Agriculture (NDA), said the herd won't be destroyed unless the owner can be compensated for the loss. "We appreciate the ongoing cooperation NDA has received from producers with the quarantined herds, as well as the assistance of U.S. Department of Agriculture personnel," said Nebraska Director of Agriculture Greg Ibach. "Through a team effort, we have made huge strides toward addressing this disease situation." TB is a slow, progressive disease and is difficult to diagnose in the early stages, according to NDA State Veterinarian Dr. Dennis Hughes. "As the disease progresses,

An enigmatic message on a Roman gladiator's 1,800-year-old tombstone has finally been decoded, telling a treacherous tale. The epitaph and art on the tombstone suggest the gladiator, named Diodorus,

An enigmatic message on a Roman gladiator's 1,800-year-old tombstone has finally been decoded, telling a treacherous tale. The epitaph and art on the tombstone suggest the gladiator, named Diodorus, lost the battle (and his life) due to a referee's error, according to Michael Carter, a professor at Brock University in St. Catharines, Canada. Carter studies gladiator contests and other spectacles in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. He examined the stone, which was discovered a century ago in Turkey, trying to determine what the drawing and inscription meant. His results will be published in the most recently released issue of the Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (Journal for Papyrology and Ancient Epigraphics). The tombstone was donated to the Musee du Cinquanternaire in Brussels, Belgium, shortly before World War I. It shows an image of a gladiator holding what appear to be two swords, standing above his opponent who is signaling his surrender. The inscription says that the stone marks the spot where a man named Diodorus is buried. "After breaking my opponent Demetrius I did not kill him immediately," reads the epitaph. "Fate and the cunning treachery of the summa rudis killed me." The summa rudis is a referee, who may have had past experience as a gladiator. The inscription also indicates Diodorus was born in and fought in Amisus, on the south coast of the Black Sea in Turkey. Though Carter has examined hundreds of gladiator tombstones, this "epitaph is completely different from anything else; it's telling a story," he told LiveScience. The final fight The story the tombstone tells took place about 1,800 years ago when the empire was at its height, its borders stretching from Hadrian's Wall in England to the Euphrates River in Syria. Gladiator games were popular spectacles, many of them pitting two men against each other. Although deaths from wounds were common, the battles were not the no-holds-barred fights to the death depicted by Hollywood, said Carter. "I believe that there are a number of very detailed rules involved in regulating gladiatorial combat," Carter said. Though the exact rules are not well understood, some information can be gleaned from references in surviving texts and art. For starters, most, if not all, of the fights were overseen by the summa rudis. Among the rules he enforced was one in which a defeated gladiator could request submission, and if submission was approved by the munerarius (the wealthy individual paying for the show), the contestant could leave the arena without further harm. Another rule that appears to have been in place was that a gladiator who fell by accident (without the help of his opponent) would be allowed to get back up, pick up his equipment and resume combat. Science news from NBCNews.com Death of Diodorus It's this last rule that appears to have done in Diodorus. Carter interprets the picture of the gladiator holding two swords to be a moment in his final fight, when Demetrius had been knocked down and Diodorus had grabbed a hold of his sword. "Demetrius signals surrender, Diodorus doesn't kill him; he backs off expecting that he's going to win the fight," Carter said. The battle appears to be over. However the summa rudis — perhaps interpreting Demetrius' fall as accidental, or perhaps with some ulterior motive — thought otherwise, Carter said. "What the summa rudis has obviously done is stepped in, stopped the fight, allowed Demetrius to get back up again, take back his shield, take back his sword, and then resume the fight." This time Diodorus was in trouble, and either he died in the arena or Demetrius inflicted a wound that led to his death shortly thereafter. This event would have happened before a crowd of hundreds, if not thousands, of people in a theater or in part of an athletic stadium converted into a sort of mini- Colosseum. After Diodorus was dead, the people who created his tombstone (probably family or friends) were so upset, Carter suggests, that they decided to include some final words on the epitaph: "Fate and the cunning treachery of the summa rudis killed me." - 8 Grisly Archaeological Discoveries - Fight, Fight, Fight: The History of Human Aggression - History's Most Overlooked Mysteries © 2012 LiveScience.com. All rights reserved.

Is This Any Way to Run a Democracy? America prides itself on being the oldest continuous democracy in the world. But criticisms of the America system are widespread. Our system is tailored to narrow interests and wealthy elites. Our two parties lock out alternative

Is This Any Way to Run a Democracy? America prides itself on being the oldest continuous democracy in the world. But criticisms of the America system are widespread. Our system is tailored to narrow interests and wealthy elites. Our two parties lock out alternative voices. Our voting procedures discourage participation and lead to unrepresentative outcomes. Is this really the best way to run a democracy? Join John and Ken as they examine the philosophical underpinnings of democracy in America. What is so good about democracy? Ken thinks democracy is the most moral form of government. Is the democracy in the United States working well? Our representatives and senators make most decisions without popular input. John claims California has much more interaction between the people and the government. Is this a good thing? Ken introduces Josh Ober, professor at Princeton. What are the best arguments for democracy? Ober thinks that democracy requires an assumption of equality to get started. John asks what is wrong with a government ruled by a group of experts? Ober counters, saying that the experts are not guaranteed to be beneficent. One of the benefits of democracy is that people will try to work out their differences. What about issues on which people cannot agree, such as abortion? Do we have too much democracy in the US? What is allowable as to restrictions on individual freedoms and right in a democracy? If the entire population has one common religion, governing becomes easier. Isn't that good? Would a parliamentary democracy be better than the current form of democracy in the U.S.? Ober doubts that a parliamentary system would solve the problems of American democracy. What is the relationship between education and democracy? Ober warns against using education as a ticket to voting. What is the relationship between media communication and democracy? Ober thinks that one-way communication will damage democracy. Many institutions that were put in place to aid the fledgling American democracy have now gotten large and unwieldy. Are these institutions to blame for the problems here? How can we improve our democracy? Ober says that we should push the decision-making mechanism as close to local government as we can. Ken thinks that we need a national level government to assure equality across the country. Does the electoral college diminish the democratic process? Is our two-party system limiting to democracy? Ober worries that small parties tend to be extremist. In ancient Greece, political pa

The following is a bit of detour from my normal subjects but as a parent myself I felt it was important to share with folks.About 6 weeks ago a study was released by Environment California Research & Policy Center which identified that Bisphenol

The following is a bit of detour from my normal subjects but as a parent myself I felt it was important to share with folks.About 6 weeks ago a study was released by Environment California Research & Policy Center which identified that Bisphenol A, a developmental, neural, and reproductive toxicant, leaches from clear polycarbonate plastic.That plastic is used commonly in consumer products and by all major brands of clear plastic baby bottles (e.g. Avent, Dr. Brown, EvenFlo, Gerber and Playtex). The EU Food Safety Authority found that babies fed from polycarbonate bottles can consume 13 µg/kg/day which many scientists believe is outside the allowable range.Bisphenol A has been shown to cause diabetes, obiesity and reproductive defects. Most of these effects cannot be measured for 15-30 years and so by the time we know there is a problem it may be too late for many of my child’s generation. What’s scary is that the following behaviors common to raising a baby, increases the leaching of Bisphenol A from the plastic: - Heating (e.g. microwaving a bottle) - Repeated Washing (e.g. daily washing of bottles) - Exposure to Acidic or Basic foods/liquids (e.g. Gerber Baby Food) My wife and I took steps to investigate this further and then evaluated all products that our baby is exposed to. Below is what we learned. You can decide for yourself if you want to believe this new evidence and take action. We decided to play it safe and switch a number of the products we use with our baby.Steps you can take: - Look for plastics labeled #1, #2, or #5 in the recycling triangle. Avoid #3 and #7. (e.g. avoid crystal clear bottles/cups by Avent & Dr. Brown and baby food in #7 plastic) - Look for “PVC-free” on the labels of soft plastic toys and teethers. - Choose metal feeding utensils and enamel or ceramic plates. - Use glass to heat food or liquid in the microwave. You should not heat food in plastic containers or on plastic dishware, or heat liquids in plastic baby bottles. - Glass Baby Bottles (Evenflo 8oz from Radiant Life, BornFree 5oz) - Drop-ins Bottles (okay since the water is heated safely and plastic is used only once) - Fogged Plastic Sippy Cups (e.g. Avent Magic Trainer, BornFree Trainer Cups) What about my Nalgene bottle?You’ll want to avoid polycarbonate (PC) bottles with #7 plastic. Fortunately Nalgene also makes a polyethylene (also known as HDPE) water bottle which is safer. It is a more opaque milky plastic identified by the #2 recycling symbol. Want to learn more? - Toxic Baby Bottles Study [5MB PDF - Feb 2007] - SF Chronicle: Replace Bisphenal A or a child’s health? [Jan 2007] - Yahoo! Answers: Are my bottles going to give my baby cancer? [Mar 2007] - Smart Plastics Guide [PDF - Oct 2005] - US Department of Health and Human Services Report on Bisphenal A [Sept 2008] - Bisphenol A Free Portal - Old friend and fellow concerned parent, Omar Shahine on the subject with suggested product replacement ideas [Sept 2006]

The style sheet is one of the most important tools a writer can use. It is a guide that not only defines grammatical style but also the physical style of your project. It serves as a checklist of standards for whoever edits your text – and

The style sheet is one of the most important tools a writer can use. It is a guide that not only defines grammatical style but also the physical style of your project. It serves as a checklist of standards for whoever edits your text – and especially if you are doing your own editing. Using a style sheet insures your writing style remains consistent. You define things like how you’ll present dates – December 25, 2012 or 25 December 2012 or 25 Dec 12 – or which style of citations you’re using, your standards for using capitalization, how you will spell specific words and even the style for things like fonts and margins. These may seem like little things, but they combine to show you are a serious writer. Even a blogger – especially me – could make good use of a style sheet. Here’s one example. I’m constantly talking about ebooks. In one post I may write “ebook” but in another use “e-book” or even “eBook”. Which one is correct? They’re all correct, but to be taken as a serious writer I should settle on one style - my style – and use it consistently. By first defining a style sheet for my blog, then using it as a guide for each post, I will present a more professional front to those who read my articles. And, if I’m presenting myself well through my writing style, that should give my subject more gravitas too. At No. 2 Pen you’ll find both their Style Sheet Template for Copyediting and a sample to help you get started. Another very handy tool is their Editing and Proofreading Checklist. Both are free for you to use and you will immediately see their usefulness. Once you’ve developed your style standards, take a look at some of your writing tools and see if they can’t be used to support your style. For my ebook dilemma, I’ve settled that I will always use “ebook”. I’ve created snippets in my text replacement app so that if I should type “e-book” or “eBook”, it will automatically be changed to “ebook”. Most word processing apps have some sort of replacement tool in their spell-checking feature. See if you can’t put that to use to do the same thing. Yes, technology can help you, but there are limits and your eyes are still the best way to insure that you’re using the correct instance of words – like to, too and two. Copyediting is a skill just like writing. It will take time and practice to develop that skill. Getting comfortable with the style sheet is a good first step.

This excellent introduction to topology eases first-year math students and general readers into the subject by surveying its concepts in a descriptive and intuitive way, attempting to build a bridge from the familiar concepts of geometry to the formalized study of topology. The

This excellent introduction to topology eases first-year math students and general readers into the subject by surveying its concepts in a descriptive and intuitive way, attempting to build a bridge from the familiar concepts of geometry to the formalized study of topology. The first three chapters focus on congruence classes defined by transformations in real Euclidean space. As the number of permitted transformations increases, these classes become larger, and their common topological properties become intuitively clear. Chapters 4–12 give a largely intuitive presentation of selected topics. In the remaining five chapters, the author moves to a more conventional presentation of continuity, sets, functions, metric spaces, and topological spaces. Exercises and Problems. 101 black-and-white illustrations. 1974 edition. Reprint of the Crane, Russak & Company, Inc., New York, 1974 edition. |Availabilit

Fracking rule would require disclosure - NASA: Martian lake may have supported life - Ohio State’s pricey research fails to generate much income - Deaths of 11 more whales bodes ill for rest of pod - Geology takes center

Fracking rule would require disclosure - NASA: Martian lake may have supported life - Ohio State’s pricey research fails to generate much income - Deaths of 11 more whales bodes ill for rest of pod - Geology takes center stage in new park in Lewis Center - Arctic thaw, bad weather linked? - Egg-less cookies, mayo? Food-science startup tests 1,500 plants - Crocs, gators get tricky with prey WASHINGTON — The Obama administration said yesterday that it will require companies that drill for oil and natural gas on federal lands to publicly disclose chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing operations.The new fracking rule replaces a draft proposed last year that was withdrawn amid industry complaints that federal regulation could hinder an ongoing boom in natural-gas production. The new draft rule relies on an online database used by Ohio and 10 other states to track the chemicals used in fracking operations. FracFocus.org is a website formed by industry and intergovernmental groups in 2011 that allows users to gather well-specific data on thousands of drilling sites. The proposed rule also sets standards for proper construction of wells and disposal of wastewater. Fracking involves pumping huge volumes of water, sand and chemicals underground to split open rocks to allow oil and gas to

FAO Outlines Lessons from Developing Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategies September 2012: As institutions and countries place attention on approaches to agriculture that meet climate change mitigation, adaptation and food security objectives, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (

FAO Outlines Lessons from Developing Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategies September 2012: As institutions and countries place attention on approaches to agriculture that meet climate change mitigation, adaptation and food security objectives, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) has collected country experiences on developing climate-smart agriculture (CSA) strategies and presented a strategy framework with clear building blocks. The FAO paper, titled "Developing a Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy at the Country Level: Lessons from Recent Experience," presents: the evolution of the concept of CSA; the role of integrating research, policy and investment into a CSA strategy; the development of baseline scenarios; barriers to adoption of CSA strategies; approaches to address vulnerability and manage climate risks; guidance on building coherent policies and institutions; and the role of guiding investments. It stresses that a wide variety of mitigation and adaptation options exist at the farm level and that options will need to be prioritized, noting that coordination is required across the private sector, the financial sector, government bodies and research institutions. The paper also highlights that while information, inputs and output markets are necessary, translating risks and uncertainty in a way that farmers understand will be equally important. It underscores that CSA strategies should consider approaches to social safety nets that may be needed to bolster local resilience and reinforce coping strategies, and that the benefits from CSA implementation will not all be immediate. Finally, the paper notes that policy instruments that change incentives and build farmer capacity to change their production systems will be central to impacting livelihoods and affecting incenti

Guide to College Majors in Engineering --R. E. Hellmund What Is Civil Engineering? Civil engineers design and supervise the construction of infrastructure such as roads, buildings, tunnels, airports, dams, bridges, and water supply and sewage

Guide to College Majors in Engineering --R. E. Hellmund What Is Civil Engineering? Civil engineers design and supervise the construction of infrastructure such as roads, buildings, tunnels, airports, dams, bridges, and water supply and sewage systems. One of the oldest of the engineering disciplines, civil engineering encompasses many specialties, including structural, water resources, environmental, construction, transportation and geotechnical engineering. A civil engineering degree program applies mathematics and physical science to solve specific, real-world problems in commerce and industry. A strong civil engineering program typically emphasizes the practical use of geometry, trigonometry, and calculus in conjunction with physics, material science, and chemistry. Online degree programs in civil engineering, primarily available at the master's level, allow experienced students and professionals to learn advanced theory. Civil engineers work as part of a team with a wide range of backgrounds and often use theory and models to predict how a design will perform. They generally test ideas in the field using scale mockups, so they can prove new design theories without endangering lives or jeopardizing project budgets. Civil Engineering Career Trends Firms providing engineering consulting services, primarily developing designs for new construction projects, employ a little over half of civil engineers Almost a third of work in federal, state, and local government agencies. The construction and manufacturing industries accounts for most of the remaining employment. Approximately 12,000 civil engineers are self-employed, many as consultants. Due to general population growth and an expanding economy, more civil engineers will be needed to design and construct higher-capacity transportation, water supply, pollution control systems, and large buildings and building complexes. They will also be needed to repair or replace existing roads, bridges, and other public structures. There may be additional opportunities within non-civil engineering firms, such as management consulting or computer services firms. Civil Engineering Career Education Bachelor's Degrees in Civil Engineering Civil engineering is inherently an interdisciplinary field. Often, students select courses in related application areas, such as computer science, applied mathematics, urban and regional planning, economics, chemistry and management. During their degree programs, civil engineering majors learn to take a holistic approach to solving problems. By blending creative use of math and science with a psychological understanding of citizens' needs, future civil engineers can continue to make breakthroughs in design and efficiency. To earn a bachelor's degree in civil engineering, students complete courses in mathematical and computational methods, as well as courses geared more specifically toward the application of these methods to real-world problems. Typically, the student completes this curriculum within four to five years. Almost all entry-level engineering jobs require a bachelor's degree. Online Degree Programs in Civil Engineering Designed for working adults, online degree programs combine the convenience of home study with the expertise of experienced faculty. Students interested in augmenting their bachelor's training can obtain an M.S. through participation in online coursework or in an individual project under the guidance of an instructor, as administered through video seminars, chat rooms, forums and so on. A graduate degree is highly recommended, particularly because the job duties of a civil engineer lend themselves to management positions that require it. What Can You Do With a College Degree in Civil Engineering? Civil engineers are employed primarily by government departments, utilities, architectural firms, builders, and engineering firms. There are also career options available in education and consulting. Civil engineering is far from your average desk job. Engineers are often on the move, working outdoors at construction sites, sometimes in offices, and sometimes in research labs. Civil engineers work in all parts of the country, and some spend their entire careers traveling and working on different projects. About half of civil engineers work for public authorities. In the private sector, civil engineers can work not only for traditional engineering firms, but also for telecommunication businesses, consulting firms, or even toy and athletic equipment manufacturers. A variety of engineering specialties are open to qualified graduates: - Transportation engineers work with local and regional planning boards to identify areas of growth and development. They also look for opportunities to alleviate traffic snarls. Once they understand the needs of drivers in a region, they design plans and develop cost estimates for construction projects. - Structural engineers work with architects and builders to assure that steel and other material used in construction projects exceeds the needs of a given project. With advances in technology and an abundance of creative new building materials, today's structural engineers work on a wider variety of projects than ever before. - Geo-technical engineers help builders excavate underground projects and work with experts who manage challenging land renewal projects. When cities want to expand their underground mass transit systems, they call

- Enter a word for the dictionary definition. From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48: Voltzite \Voltz"ite\, n. [So named in honor of Voltz, a French engineer.] (

- Enter a word for the dictionary definition. From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48: Voltzite \Voltz"ite\, n. [So named in honor of Voltz, a French engineer.] (Min.) An oxysulphide of lead occurring in implanted spherical globules of a yellowish or brownish color; -- called also volt

What’s in a Tech Name? The name Google is based on the mathematical term “googol”, coined in 1938 to equal 10 to the power of 100, a number much larger than anything presently in existence. The original concept

What’s in a Tech Name? The name Google is based on the mathematical term “googol”, coined in 1938 to equal 10 to the power of 100, a number much larger than anything presently in existence. The original concept was Sky-Peer-To-Peer, which was later shortened to Skype. A transliteration of the company’s Japanese name, Nin-ten-dou. The first letters (nin) can be translated as “entrusted”; ten-dou means “heaven”. What started as a wood pulp mill, the company expanded into producing rubber products in the Finnish city of Nokia. Originally named, Echo Bay Technology Group, a consulting firm. They found EchoBay.com was already taken by Echo Bay Mines. The site was then shortened to ebay.com. Jeff Bezos wanted a name for his company that began with “A” so it would appear early in alphabetical order. He settled on Amazon, as he hoped his company would grow to the same size as the river.

More than half a century ago, a prominent Egyptian archaeologist unearthed a stunning ancient mummy mask at the Saqqara pyramids near Cairo — the golden image of a noblewoman's face. Mohammed Zakaria Ghoneim deposited the

More than half a century ago, a prominent Egyptian archaeologist unearthed a stunning ancient mummy mask at the Saqqara pyramids near Cairo — the golden image of a noblewoman's face. Mohammed Zakaria Ghoneim deposited the 3,200-year-old relic in a warehouse at Saqqara, where he meticulously documented his discovery. Seven years later, in 1959, Egyptian records show it was still in the same storeroom. What happened to the burial mask of Ka Nefer Nefer in the four decades that followed is a mystery. It resurfaced in 1998 when the St. Louis Art Museum acquired it. And now it is at the center of one of the most acrimonious fights in the antiquities world. The case lays bare the complexities involved in growing efforts by Egypt and other countries to reclaim artifacts stolen or looted from their ancient civilizations. Monday, November 24, 2008 Egypt faces obstacles in recovering antiquities Posted by Ben Morales-Correa at 9:46 pm

Ask anybody today what the fundamental requirements of life are, and they will tell you….food, shelter, lighting, warmth, their iphone… Ask anybody in prehistory what the fundamental requirements of life are, and they may tell you….food,

Ask anybody today what the fundamental requirements of life are, and they will tell you….food, shelter, lighting, warmth, their iphone… Ask anybody in prehistory what the fundamental requirements of life are, and they may tell you….food, shelter, lighting, warmth… And for most of this, until recently, that meant fire. Fire to protect, Fire to cook, Fire to see, Fire to sustain. And at times, it was Fire to communicate. Scientists and archaeologists have today released in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that humans, or rather hominids, our direct ancestors, were able to harness and control fire approximately 600,000 years before previously accepted dates. New evidence is pointing to a new date of 1 million years ago (1Ma). The article, here, goes on that it has generally been accepted that Homo erectus was cooking food at approximately 1.9Ma, however there has been little archaeological evidence to support the controlled use of fires to prepare food prior to consumption at this date. The earliest confirmed site has been known at Qesem Cave in Israel, and dated at 0.4Ma, 400,000 years ago. In the ongoing academic debate of whose site is oldest, earliest and shows best evidence of, or similarity to, modern humans, Francesco Bernaa, Paul Goldberga, Liora Kolska Horwitz, James Brink, Sharon Holt, Marion Bamford, and Michael Chazang have offered up the latest method to better understand the inhabitants of the Early Acheulian (or Early Stone Age) period at Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa, and their manipulation of fire. There have been other claims of controlled fires in the early Acheulian period in the recent past such as at Koobi Fora, Gadeb, Chesowanja in East Africa, and Gesher Benot Ya’akov in Israel, but todays authors suggest that the previous studies lack context that can be gained through morphological studies. Using Fourier Transform Infra-red Micro-spectroscopy (mFTIR) and Micromorphological analysis the researchers have been able to observe and characterise sediments at the microscopic level, that until recently has not been possible. The result being that the presence and nature of burnt bone and plant ash in the cave site of Wonderwerk, translated as Miracle C

E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. The cause which owes its existence to the causa causans; the secondary cause. The vera causa is (a) the immediate predecessor of an

E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. The cause which owes its existence to the causa causans; the secondary cause. The vera causa is (a) the immediate predecessor of an effect; (b) a cause verifiable by independent evidence. (Mill.) In theology God is the causa causans, and creation the causa causta. The presence of the sun above the horizon is the vera causa of daylight, and his withdrawal below the horizon is the vera causa of night.

Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists. Search native plant database: Wasowski, Sally and Andy Heteroth

Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists. Search native plant database: Wasowski, Sally and Andy Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners Hairy false goldenaster, Hairy golden-aster USDA Symbol: hevi4 USDA Native Status: L48 (N), CAN (N) A round plant with erect or spreading leafy stems, with yellow flower heads in branched clusters. Stem covered with rough, grayish hairs. This species and its close relatives, distinguished by their hairiness, are so common in the West that they are difficult to overlook. They are everywhere in dry places, often in very showy displays. Plant CharacteristicsDuration: Perennial Habit: Subshrub Leaf: Bloom InformationBloom Color: Yellow Bloom Time: May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct , WY Canada: AB , SK Native Distribution: From Canada to southern California; east to Texas, Nebraska, and Wisconsin; south into Mexico. Native Habitat: Open plains, rocky slopes, cliffs, from low elevations into coniferous forests. Growing ConditionsWater Use: Low Light Requirement: Sun Soil Moisture: Dry CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium Soil Description: Sandy BenefitConspicuous Flowers: yes From the National Suppliers Directory According to the inventory provided by Associate Suppliers, this plant is available at the following locations: American Native Nursery - Quakertown, PA From the National Organizations Directory According to the species list provided by Affiliate Organizations, this plant is either on display or available from the following: Native Seed Network - Corvallis, OR Record Last Modified: 2009-02-18 Research By: TWC Staff

Every child grows at a different rate and meets milestones at a different pace because there is a wide range of "normal" when it comes to growing up. But the biggest concern for most parents happens when their babies fall behind in reaching milestones or have

Every child grows at a different rate and meets milestones at a different pace because there is a wide range of "normal" when it comes to growing up. But the biggest concern for most parents happens when their babies fall behind in reaching milestones or have issues with physical coordination. According to Dr. Karl Rosengren, a professor of psychology at Northwestern University, many children that are behind in their development such as not meeting milestones can benefit from consistent additional help at home. So what can you do to help baby's developm

Monday, August 30, 1999 Published at 21:27 GMT 22:27 UK Dolly cells surprise scientists Dolly's DNA may unlock secrets of inherited diseases Scientists have looked inside the cells of Dolly the

Monday, August 30, 1999 Published at 21:27 GMT 22:27 UK Dolly cells surprise scientists Dolly's DNA may unlock secrets of inherited diseases Scientists have looked inside the cells of Dolly the cloned sheep to determine the origin of her genetic material. What they found surprised them and may provide useful information to researchers who study inherited diseases like neuromuscular and kidney problems, which are passed down on the mother's side only. Scientists are sure the DNA in the nuclei of Dolly's cells is the same as the genetic material in the adult sheep from which she was cloned. What was not certain was whether the so-called mitochondrial DNA in Dolly's cells was also copied from that animal. The mitochondria are very special and hugely important features in cells. They are often called "powerhouses" because of their role in providing the energy that drives the biochemical processes in the body. They stand apart from other sections of the cell because they have their own unique genome - their own packet of DNA - that is separate from that of the nucleus. When Dolly was created by a method called nuclear transfer, the nucleus of a donor cell was fused with a recipient egg cell that had its nucleus removed. During this process, the cytoplasms - the cellular "soup" in which mitochondria reside - of the two different cells were merged. Theoretically, therefore, Dolly's mitochondria could have derived from the donor cell, the recipient cell or both. But when Dr Schon looked at the cells of the world famous sheep and nine other clones, he found that, in all cases, the mitochondrial DNA comes exclusively from the recipient egg cell. One of the key and little understood features of mitochondrial DNA in normal animals is why it is passed exclusively from mother to child with no mixing of similar genetic material from the father. When this genetic material is defective, it can lead to the mother passing on neuromuscular and kidney diseases to her young. Dr Schon believes his work may offer another route to investigate these problems. He told the BBC: "If we understood how that mechanism operated that would allow us to manipulate cells and study mitochondrial genetics with much greater clarity, this might allow us to develop new treatment strategies based on our ability to manipulate the mitchondria in cells." The research, which was conducted with the aid of Dolly's creators in Scotland, is published in Nature Genetics science journal.

Flushing occurs because the blood vessels in the skin dilate. When flushing is produced by activity of the nerves to the blood vessels, it is accompanied by sweating. Agents which act directly on the blood vessels cause dry flushing. Nicotinic acid

Flushing occurs because the blood vessels in the skin dilate. When flushing is produced by activity of the nerves to the blood vessels, it is accompanied by sweating. Agents which act directly on the blood vessels cause dry flushing. Nicotinic acid-induced flushing Rosacea causing flushing Causes of flushing Causes of flushing may be considered under the following headings. - There is increased susceptibility to alcohol-related flushing in Asians, who have a defective enzyme (aacetaldehyde dehydrogenase) leading to a build-up of acetaldehyde. - Tyramine or histamine in fermented alcoholic beverages (beer, sherry, wine) may induce flushing. - Occupational ‘degreaser’ flush occurs in workmen drinking beer after exposure to industrial solvents, such as trichlorethylene vapour, N,N-dimethyl formamide, and N-butyraldoxime. Some drugs cause flushing when the patient drinks alcohol. These include: - calcium carbamide (urea) - cephalosporin antibiotics Alcohol may also cause flushing while mushrooms are consumed, and in patients with the rare tumour, carcinoid. Flushing related to food additives Flushing related to food additives is uncommon. - MSG (Monosodium glutamate) (E621 and 622) in large doses may cause "Chinese restaurant syndrome." - Sodium nitrite (and nitrates) (E249, 250,251,252) in cured meats, frankfurters, bacon, salami, ham, may cause headache and flushing in some people. - Sulphites (potasssium metabisulfite) (E224), found in beer, cider, wine, desserts, fried and frozen vegetables, fruit juices, frozen prawns and shrimps, and milk products, may cause wheezing and flushing. E numbers are now on most NZ manufactured foods. However, fermented beverages, delicatessen food and restaurant food do not have to state additive content. Flushing associated with eating is very common. - Hot beverages or food, or spicy food may cause flushing in otherwise normal individuals. - Auriculotemporal flushing refers to one-sided flushing, heat, and sweating following parotid gland injury or surgery. - Gustatory flushing affects both sides of the face and is associated with excecssive salivation, tear production and nasal secretion with no history of parotid gland injury. This may be reproduced by chewing a chili pepper and holding it in the mouth for 5 minutes. - Dumping syndrome is th eassociation of facial flushing with racing heart, sweating, dizzi

Curriculum for Excellence offers opportunities for all children and young people to enjoy first-hand experience outdoors, whether within the school grounds, in urban green spaces, in Scotland’s countryside or in wilder environments. Such experiences inspire passion, motivating our children and

Curriculum for Excellence offers opportunities for all children and young people to enjoy first-hand experience outdoors, whether within the school grounds, in urban green spaces, in Scotland’s countryside or in wilder environments. Such experiences inspire passion, motivating our children and young people to become successful learners and to develop as healthy, confident, enterprising and responsible citizens. The core values of Curriculum for Excellence echo the key concepts of outdoor learning: challenge, enjoyment, relevance, depth, development of the whole person and an adventurous approach to learning. Explore how your school or centre can deliver Curriculum for Excellence through outdoor learning:PDF file: Curriculum for Excellence through outdoor learning (1.2 MB) Alternatively, browse the document by clicking on the image below: Scottish Government ministerial introduction In this video Keith Brown MSP, Minister for Skills and Lifelong Learning, introduces 'Curriculum for Excellence through Outdoor Learning'. Curriculum for Excellence through outdoor learning Peter Kormylo, Area Advisor at Education Scotland, explains the changes taking place under Curriculum for Excellence and highlights the needs to take learning beyond the boundaries of the classroom. These coded guides help practitioners identify where learning outdoors is most appropriate and valuable.

Date: Feb 24, 2013 3:26 AM Author: William Elliot Subject: Problems with Infinity? > Let's say a Mobius strip goes to infinity "feedback style" (in layman's > terms

Date: Feb 24, 2013 3:26 AM Author: William Elliot Subject: Problems with Infinity? > Let's say a Mobius strip goes to infinity "feedback style" (in layman's > terms) while a line goes to two separate but equal infinities "linear > style." How many different infinities does that make according to > Cantor? One, two, or three? No portion of the Mobius strip can go to infinity as it's bounded. Does "go to infinity feedback style" mean anything? The line can be consider to extend to a point at infinite. Cantor did not deal with geometric infinity. His infinities are the cardinalities of sets.

11.2.2 Ocean fertilization and other geo-engineering options Since the TAR, a body of literature has developed on alternative, geo-engineering techniques for mitigating climate change. This section focuses on apparently promising techniques: ocean fertilization

11.2.2 Ocean fertilization and other geo-engineering options Since the TAR, a body of literature has developed on alternative, geo-engineering techniques for mitigating climate change. This section focuses on apparently promising techniques: ocean fertilization, geo-engineering methods for capturing and safely sequestering CO2 and reducing the amount of sunlight absorbed by the earth’s atmospheric system. These options tend to be speculative and many of their environmental side-effects have yet to be assessed; detailed cost estimates have not been published; and they are without a clear institut

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in this country for both men and women. Although it's usually considered a disease of old age, heart disease can strike at any age. Some of the risk factors associated with heart disease--family history,

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in this country for both men and women. Although it's usually considered a disease of old age, heart disease can strike at any age. Some of the risk factors associated with heart disease--family history, gender and age--cannot be controlled. Men have a greater risk of heart attack than women and they have heart attacks earlier in life. Children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. African Americans, Mexican Americans, American Indians, native Hawaiians and some Asian Americans also have a higher risk. The good news is that there are factors that contribute to heart disease that you can control. Healthy Living is brought to you by: Here are some conditions that lead to heart disease, and the healthy lifestyle modifications you can make to reduce your risk of getting it: - Diabetes: High blood sugar damages blood vessels. People with diabetes have to be extra careful to reduce their risk by controlling as many of the other risk factors as possible. Learn more about a diet for diabetes. - High Blood Pressure: High blood pressure makes the heart work harder and increases the risk for stroke, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. High blood pressure can be controlled with diet, exercise, weight loss and/or medication. - High Blood Cholesterol: People with high blood cholesterol are at higher risk for developing heart disease. Blood cholesterol can be controlled with diet, exercise, weight loss and/or medication. Get more information about cholesterol. - Obesity: Obesity is considered a risk factor for diabetes, high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol. Obesity is also an independent risk factor for heart disease. People with excess body fat, especially around the abdominal area, are at higher risk for heart disease. Find weight loss help and support from other members on the My Community Weight Loss message boards. - Physical inactivity: Engaging in regular physical activity can help control the other risk factors and also help to strengthen the heart muscle. Discover some new ways to get more exercise. - Tobacco smoke: Smokers have

Principles of stereo viewing When we look at the world around us, our brain takes two slightly different images - one from each eye - and combines them to make one image with depth. This is sometimes called stereo or 3D vision

Principles of stereo viewing When we look at the world around us, our brain takes two slightly different images - one from each eye - and combines them to make one image with depth. This is sometimes called stereo or 3D vision. To see depth in a flat image - stereo viewing - requires the eye to be given two pictures, each one slightly different, which mimic the usual input to each eye and fools the brain into converting two flat pictures into one single image with the appearance of depth. The principle was first described by Euclid, who showed that the left and right eyes see slightly different views. Artists experimented with stereo drawings, and in 1838 Sir Charles Wheatstone invented a bulky stereoscope (which required drawings for viewing) but it wasn't until after the invention of photography that stereo views became relatively simple to produce. By 1870, the boom in stereoscopes and stereo cards was well under way. This 3-D picture card is of Brunig Station, Switzerland Millions of cards were sold. Victorian and Edwardian stereo cards, which have two pictures mounted side by side, are now very collectable, and a reasonable collection can be built up quickly and relatively cheaply. The popularity and use of side-by-side 3-D prints did not end with the Edwardian era but continued until well into the twentieth century. During the war 3-D aerial reconnaisance pictures were taken which were then examined using a table-mounted viewer. Vistascreen viewers were made in the early 1960s in red or cream plastic. They are very simple folding viewers which take stereo cards. Vistascreen picture cards Weetabix gave away Vistascreen picture cards and there was a promotional Weetabix viewer. The Weetabix cards are on cheaper card and are usually of poorer quality. There are other ways of producing two images for the brain to process. Anaglyphs are pictures printed in two colours which are slightly offset. Viewing the pictures through coloured glasses gives one colour for each eye and a seemingly 3-D image results. Usually the two colours are red and green or red and blue. This was the technique used to produce cinema films in 3-D. Anaglyph packaging and red/green filters for Swatch watch Anaglyph Swatch watch strap and face. Viewed through red/green filters, this will appear 3-D. Anaglyph pictures still used sometimes; for example, there is a "3-D" Swatch watch with red/green filters in the packaging. There is also the Minoru webcam which uses the same technique. The camera has two lenses at a separation which is approximately that of the human eyes. Software converts the two images into anaglyphs. Viewers need red/blue glasses to see the 3-D effect. The resulting films are compatible with YouTube. The View-Master Stereomatic uses polarised light to create two images. Special glasses are required to view the 3-D image. A silvered screen has to be used for projection to polarise the light. The View-Master System The two main components of the View-Master system are the View-Master viewer and the View-Master reel. Projectors, cameras, reel storage boxes and other accessories were also made but it is the viewer and the reel which are the foundation of the system. Yellowstone National Park reel, showing the pictures arranged in opposite pairs The View-Master reel contains fourteen pictures arranged around the rim of the reel. This gives seven stereo pairs of images. The pictures are on transparency film and therefore require a light source behind them to illuminate the image. The Thunderbirds set from the 1980s (reissued) showing a viewer and reels The disc is inserted into a special viewer and the result is a spectacular stereo effect. Although lighted viewers were made, the majority of viewers do not need batteries. They need to be held up to a light source - a window is good. Diffusers help provide even illumination. The viewers have two eyepieces and a lever to move the reel on to the next image. A View-Master reel from the America's Scenic Wonders Reel Pak issued in 1970 - Farmlands and Forests. More than a billion reels have been sold since the introduction of View-Master. Although marketed - mainly - as a toy, View-Master is widely collected by adults and children.

Justification of Ecoregion Delineation The Central Ranges Xeric Shrub ecoregion contains four IBRAs: ‘Burt Plain’, ‘MacDonnell Ranges’, ‘Finke’, and ‘Central R

Justification of Ecoregion Delineation The Central Ranges Xeric Shrub ecoregion contains four IBRAs: ‘Burt Plain’, ‘MacDonnell Ranges’, ‘Finke’, and ‘Central Ranges’ (Thackway and Cresswell 1995). Vegetation includes mulga scrubland, grassland, and open woodland on sandridges and sandplains with highlands that include the ‘Central Australian Mountain Ranges’ Centre of Plant Diversity (Latz and Pitts 1995). Latz, P. K. and B. Pitts. 1995. Central Australian Mountain Ranges. Pages 467 – 470 in S. D. Davis, V. H. Heywood and A. C. Hamilton. editors. Centres of Plant Diversity. Volume 2. Asia, Australasia, and the Pacific. WWF/IUCN, IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, UK. Thackway, R. and I. D. Cresswell. editors. 1995. An Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia: a framework for establishing the national system of reserves, Version 4.0. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra.

Students Measure Changes in Ice and Snow This short video features the Alaska Lake Ice and Snow Observatory Network (ALISON project), a citizen science program in which 4th and 5th graders help scientists study the relationship between climate change and

Students Measure Changes in Ice and Snow This short video features the Alaska Lake Ice and Snow Observatory Network (ALISON project), a citizen science program in which 4th and 5th graders help scientists study the relationship between climate change and lake ice and snow conditions. Notes From Our Reviewers The CLEAN collection is hand-picked and rigorously reviewed for scientific accuracy and classroom effectiveness. Read what our review team had to say about this resource below or learn more about how CLEAN reviews teaching materials

Highlight in History: On Oct. 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Palace church, marking the start of the Protestant Reformation in Germany. On this date: -

Highlight in History: On Oct. 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Palace church, marking the start of the Protestant Reformation in Germany. On this date: - 1795, poet John Keats is born. - 1864, Nevada became the 36th state. - 1941, the Navy destroyer USS Reuben James was torpedoed by a German U-boat off Iceland with the loss of about 100 lives, even though the United States had not yet entered World War II. Work was completed on the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in South Dakota, begun in 1927. - 1959, a former U.S. Marine showed up at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow to declare he was renouncing his American citizenship so he could live in the Soviet Union. His name: Lee Harvey Oswald. - 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered a halt to all U.S. bombing of North Vietnam, saying he hoped for fruitful peace negotiations. - 1984, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two Sikh security guards. - 1992, Pope John Paul II formally proclaimed that the Roman Catholic Church had erred in condemning the astronomer Galileo for holding that the Earth was not the center of the universe. - 1994, a Chicago-bound American Eagle ATR-72 crashed in northern Indiana, killing all 68 people aboard. - 1999, EgyptAir Flight 990, bound from New York to Cairo, crashed off the Massachusetts coast, killing all 217 people aboard. - 2002, Authorities charged the two Washington sniper suspects with murder in a Louisiana attack that came just two days after a similar slaying in Alabama. An earthquake toppled a school in San Giuliano Di Puglia, Italy, killing 27 children and a teacher.

An overview of the Torah’s description of Yosef’s reintroduction to his brothers and Yosef’s enigmatic plan Parshat Meketz recounts Yosef’s rescue from prison and his sudden ascent to the position of Prime Min

An overview of the Torah’s description of Yosef’s reintroduction to his brothers and Yosef’s enigmatic plan Parshat Meketz recounts Yosef’s rescue from prison and his sudden ascent to the position of Prime Minster of Egypt. The account of this remarkable change in Yosef’s status is followed by a description of the events of his reunion with his brothers. The description of this reunion is composed of four distinct components. First, Yaakov directs Yosef’s brothers to travel to Egypt and purchase food to sustain their family until the famine that has struck their region runs its course. Egypt is also experiencing the drought that has occasioned the famine. However, as a result of Yosef’s counsel, it amassed adequate reserves of grain prior to the onset of the famine to sustain it and the region. The brothers follow their father’s instructions and ten of them travel to Egypt. Binyamin, the youngest of the brothers remains with his father Yaakov. The brothers arrive in Egypt and encounter Yosef. Yosef has taken charge of the food distribution and sale. He recognizes his brothers but they do not recognize him. Yosef accuses the brothers of being spies. They respond by describing their family and the purpose of their mission – to purchase food for their family. Yosef rejects their response and places the brothers in prison. After a few days, he releases the brothers and tells them that he will provide them with an opportunity to vindicate themselves. They will be given provisions to sustain their family for a brief time. But one of their company will be held in prison. His release will be secured and further provisions will be provided only when they return with their youngest brother and thereby, prove that they have been truthful in their account. Yosef then reinters Shimon and sends the brothers home. However, he instructs his assistant to not only provide the brothers with the promised provisions, but to also surreptitiously return their payments. The payments for their provisions¬¬ should be packed with the purchased provisions. Second, the brothers begin their journey home. One immediately discovers the returned payment and the discovery causes some alarm. The brothers are concerned that some subterfuge is taking place. The brothers arrive home and they recount to Yaakov their experiences and describe the Egyptian Prime Minister’s threatening and mysterious behavior. Very soon, they realize that all of their payments have been returned. This discovery acerbates their alarm and increases their suspicions. At first, Yaakov refuses to allow them to return to Egypt with Binyamin. However, as the provisions near exhaustion and their situation becomes increasingly desperate, Yaakov relents. He allows the brothers to take Binyamin with them and return to Egypt. Third, the brothers return to Egypt. Yosef sees Binyamin. He releases Shimon and directs his assistant to invite the brothers to his home. The brothers are concerned that the invitation is related to the mysteriously returned payments and is the next step in some sinister plot to implicate them in a crime. But the assistant explains that they are not suspected of wrong-doing and the invitation is not the expression of any hidden motive. The brothers join Yosef. Yosef is a completely gracious host. He bestows a blessing upon Binyamin. Yosef and the brothers exchange gifts. They eat and drink together. Fourth, Yosef instructs his assistant to provide the brothers with all the provisions they can transport. Again, he directs that their payments be returned. However, he also instructs that his goblet should be hidden among Binyamin’s provisions. He allows the brothers to embark upon their return journey. Then, he sends his assistant after the brothers with instructions to accuse the brothers of stealing his goblet. The brothers deny any wrong-doing and submit their possessions to inspection. The goblet is found among Binyamin’s possessions. Yosef’s assistant tells the brothers that Binyamin will be punished by

Google Brings Earth View to Google Maps Google April 26 integrated Google Earth into Google Maps, providing an Earth view to Maps as a different way of looking at the world on the Web. Hundreds of millions of people use Google Maps to get

Google Brings Earth View to Google Maps Google April 26 integrated Google Earth into Google Maps, providing an Earth view to Maps as a different way of looking at the world on the Web. Hundreds of millions of people use Google Maps to get directions for driving, bicycling and walking to destinations, check traffic patterns, see street-level views and gather other directional info. Ditto for Google Earth, which provides 3D representations of mountains, buildings and the ocean. Thanks to Google Maps and Google Earth, plenty of users may peep the planet's topography from their Web browser. Starting today, users can click the "Earth" button in Google Maps. Users who don't already use Google Earth will be prompted to install the Earth plugin to see Earth view in Maps.Users will be able to zoom to any location and use navigation tools to pan around the browser. Users can "tilt" their view by holding down the shift key and the left mouse button while moving the mouse. Links to the views may be e-mailed to friends. Users can toggle between Map, Satellite and Earth views, meaning they will be able get directions and search for businesses to see their Place Pages the same way they already do in Google Maps. "Because Earth view is built right into Maps, you can switch back to cartographic view simply by clicking on the "Map" button," wrote Google Product Manager Peter Birch in a blog post. "The v