--- dataset_info: - config_name: azerbaijani features: - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: subject dtype: string - name: choices sequence: string - name: CoT dtype: string splits: - name: dev num_bytes: 27087 num_examples: 35 - name: test num_bytes: 108825 num_examples: 700 download_size: 81693 dataset_size: 135912 - config_name: crimean-tatar features: - name: question dtype: string - name: choices sequence: string - name: subject dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: CoT dtype: string splits: - name: dev num_bytes: 8620 num_examples: 35 - name: test num_bytes: 89353 num_examples: 345 download_size: 64191 dataset_size: 97973 - config_name: karakalpak features: - name: question dtype: string - name: choices sequence: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: subject dtype: string - name: CoT dtype: string splits: - name: dev num_bytes: 6427 num_examples: 25 - name: test num_bytes: 58334 num_examples: 215 download_size: 46804 dataset_size: 64761 - config_name: kazakh features: - name: question dtype: string - name: choices sequence: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: subject dtype: string - name: CoT dtype: string splits: - name: dev num_bytes: 45540.444444444445 num_examples: 40 - name: test num_bytes: 202232 num_examples: 799 download_size: 130554 dataset_size: 247772.44444444444 - config_name: tatar features: - name: question dtype: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: subject dtype: string - name: choices sequence: string - name: CoT dtype: string splits: - name: dev num_bytes: 58721 num_examples: 44 - name: test num_bytes: 273310 num_examples: 795 download_size: 156167 dataset_size: 332031 - config_name: turkish features: - name: subject dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: choices sequence: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: CoT dtype: string splits: - name: dev num_bytes: 56582 num_examples: 45 - name: test num_bytes: 419356 num_examples: 900 download_size: 262328 dataset_size: 475938 - config_name: uyghur features: - name: subject dtype: string - name: question dtype: string - name: choices sequence: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: CoT dtype: string splits: - name: dev num_bytes: 11912 num_examples: 25 - name: test num_bytes: 256878 num_examples: 494 download_size: 116861 dataset_size: 268790 - config_name: uzbek features: - name: question dtype: string - name: choices sequence: string - name: answer dtype: string - name: subject dtype: string - name: CoT dtype: string splits: - name: dev num_bytes: 25340 num_examples: 35 - name: test num_bytes: 199912 num_examples: 700 download_size: 136517 dataset_size: 225252 configs: - config_name: azerbaijani data_files: - split: dev path: azerbaijani/dev-* - split: test path: azerbaijani/test-* - config_name: crimean-tatar data_files: - split: dev path: crimean-tatar/dev-* - split: test path: crimean-tatar/test-* - config_name: karakalpak data_files: - split: dev path: karakalpak/dev-* - split: test path: karakalpak/test-* - config_name: kazakh data_files: - split: dev path: kazakh/dev-* - split: test path: kazakh/test-* - config_name: tatar data_files: - split: dev path: tatar/dev-* - split: test path: tatar/test-* - config_name: turkish data_files: - split: dev path: turkish/dev-* - split: test path: turkish/test-* - config_name: uyghur data_files: - split: dev path: uyghur/dev-* - split: test path: uyghur/test-* - config_name: uzbek data_files: - split: dev path: uzbek/dev-* - split: test path: uzbek/test-* license: cc-by-4.0 task_categories: - multiple-choice language: - az - tr - tt - uz - ug - kk --- # TUMLU: A Unified and Native Language Understanding Benchmark for Turkic Languages This repo contains the TUMLU-mini dataset from [TUMLU paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.11020). Code repository is hosted on [GitHub](https://github.com/ceferisbarov/TUMLU). ## Dataset TurkicMMLU spans 8 Turkic languages, with plans to add more. - [x] Azerbaijani - [x] Crimean Tatar - [x] Karakalpak - [x] Kazakh - [x] Tatar - [x] Turkish - [x] Uyghur - [x] Uzbek - [ ] Kyrgyz All questions are at middle- and high-school level. All questions are native, i.e., not translated or synthetically generated. There can be some difference in difficuly levels across languages. ## Results ### 5-shot results | Model | Mean | aze | crh | kaa | kaz | tat | tur | uig | uzb | |-------------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------| | Claude 3.5 Sonnet | 79.3 | 84.4 | 81.2 | 75.3 | 83.0 | 84.0 | 85.7 | 71.3 | 69.1 | | GPT-4o | 75.1 | 82.4 | 70.5 | 70.8 | 81.0 | 80.5 | 83.7 | 66.5 | 65.4 | | Gemini 1.5 Pro | 74.0 | 78.6 | 70.3 | 68.2 | 78.4 | 80.5 | 80.0 | 71.0 | 65.1 | | Gemini 1.5 Flash | 65.6 | 72.4 | 68.0 | 61.2 | 68.6 | 68.3 | 76.6 | 57.8 | 52.1 | | Claude 3.5 Haiku | 63.9 | 70.6 | 62.9 | 55.2 | 69.9 | 67.5 | 78.0 | 56.6 | 50.3 | | Llama- 3.1 405B | 62.9 | 65.9 | 69.5 | 60.0 | 69.0 | 70.4 | 59.7 | 58.2 | 50.4 | | Qwen2.5 72B | 61.5 | 70.1 | 61.8 | 54.6 | 62.6 | 62.5 | 73.9 | 56.0 | 50.4 | | Llama 3.3 70B | 58.4 | 66.0 | 58.7 | 49.2 | 60.0 | 69.5 | 68.4 | 51.6 | 44.1 | | Llama 3.1 70B | 57.6 | 68.1 | 57.3 | 49.9 | 56.4 | 66.2 | 64.9 | 52.4 | 45.3 | | Gemma 2 27b | 51.6 | 58.1 | 49.8 | 47.6 | 58.4 | 54.9 | 64.3 | 42.2 | 37.6 | | Gemma 2 9b | 46.8 | 53.7 | 46.8 | 40.8 | 49.1 | 51.8 | 60.4 | 35.8 | 36.1 | | Qwen2.5 7B | 42.1 | 48.0 | 42.6 | 37.2 | 45.0 | 40.5 | 55.6 | 33.4 | 34.6 | | Llama 3.1 8B | 40.1 | 48.4 | 35.7 | 33.4 | 46.4 | 44.1 | 47.7 | 35.0 | 29.9 | ### 5-shot chain-of-thought results | Model | Mean | aze | kaz | tur | uzb | |-------|------|-----|-----|-----|-----| | Claude 3.5 Sonnet | 83.0 | **87.1 (+2.7)** | **84.1 (+1.1)** | **87.9 (+2.1)** | **72.9 (+3.7)** | | GPT-4o | 78.5 | 82.9 (+0.4) | 80.7 (-0.3) | 84.0 (+0.3) | 66.3 (+0.9) | | Gemini 1.5 Pro | 75.8 | 80.0 (+1.4) | 75.1 (-3.3) | 81.0 (+1.0) | 67.0 (+1.9) | | Llama 3.1 405B | 69.8 | 73.4 (+7.6) | 68.7 (-0.3) | 80.7 (+21.0) | 56.4 (+6.0) | | Claude 3.5 Haiku | 69.4 | 77.0 (+6.4) | 74.0 (+4.1) | 77.6 (-0.4) | 49.0 (-1.3) | | Gemini 1.5 Flash | 67.6 | 73.9 (+1.4) | 69.0 (+0.4) | 73.6 (-3.0) | 54.1 (+2.0) | | Qwen2.5 72B | 67.0 | 72.1 (+2.0) | 63.9 (+1.3) | 78.4 (+4.6) | 53.6 (+3.1) | | Llama 3.3 70B | 66.9 | 70.6 (+4.6) | 69.3 (+9.3) | 77.4 (+9.0) | 50.4 (+6.3) | | Gemma 2 27B | 59.0 | 63.0 (+4.9) | 61.6 (+3.1) | 66.4 (+2.1) | 44.9 (+7.3) | | Llama 3.1 70B | 55.6 | 59.4 (-8.7) | 61.7 (+5.3) | 73.3 (+8.4) | 27.9 (-17.4) | | Gemma 2 9B | 52.4 | 57.3 (+3.6) | 52.7 (+3.6) | 62.3 (+1.9) | 37.4 (+1.3) | | Qwen2.5 7B | 47.2 | 48.1 (+0.1) | 46.4 (+1.4) | 56.3 (+0.7) | 38.0 (+3.4) | | Llama 3.1 8B | 37.8 | 40.7 (-7.7) | 38.9 (-7.6) | 45.1 (-2.6) | 26.6 (-3.3) | ## Contributions All issues and PRs are welcome! We are particularly grateful for any feedback on data quality, even if it is a simple typo that we have missed. Our team consists of the following people, in alphabetical order: - Abdullatif Köksal - Amina Alisheva - Anar Rzayev - Ariana Kenbayeva - Arofat Akhundjanova - Aizirek Turdubaeva - Dmitry Gaynullin - Duygu Ataman - Ilshat Saetov - Jafar Isbarov - Kavsar Huseynova - Mammad Hajili - Osman Tursun - Rinat Kharisov - Samir Rustamov - Saule Belginova ## Citation If you use this dataset in your work, please, cite us: ```bib @misc{isbarov2025tumluunifiednativelanguage, title={{TUMLU: A Unified and Native Language Understanding Benchmark for Turkic Languages}}, author={Jafar Isbarov and Arofat Akhundjanova and Mammad Hajili and Kavsar Huseynova and Dmitry Gaynullin and Anar Rzayev and Osman Tursun and Ilshat Saetov and Rinat Kharisov and Saule Belginova and Ariana Kenbayeva and Amina Alisheva and Aizirek Turdubaeva and Abdullatif Köksal and Samir Rustamov and Duygu Ataman}, year={2025}, eprint={2502.11020}, archivePrefix={arXiv}, primaryClass={cs.CL}, url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.11020}, } ```