jbp123/hello · Datasets at Hugging Face

instruction stringlengths 1 84	input stringlengths 1 85	output stringlengths 1 83
except the Supreme Court and the other high courts. This ensures	that they do not favour any one in the hope of future favour.	7. Power to Punish for its Contempt
A high court can punish any person for its contempt. Thus, its	actions and decisions cannot be criticised and opposed by	anybody. This power is vested in a high court to maintain its
authority, dignity and honour.	8. Freedom to Appoint its Staff	The chief justice of a high court can appoint officers and servants
of the high court without any interference from the executive. He	can also prescribe their conditions of service.	9. Its Jurisdiction cannot be Curtailed
The jurisdiction and powers of a high court in so far as they are	specified in the Constitution cannot be curtailed both by the	Parliament and the state legislature. But, in other respects, the
jurisdiction and powers of a high court can be changed both by	the parliament and the state legislature.	10. Separation from Executive
The Constitution directs the state to take steps to separate the	judiciary from the executive in public services. This means that the	executive authorities should not possess the judicial powers.
JURISDICTION AND POWERS OF HIGH COURT	Like the Supreme Court, the high court has been vested with quite	extensive and effective powers. It is the highest court of appeal in
the state. It is the protector of the Fundamental Rights of the	citizens. It is vested with the power to interpret the Constitution.	Besides, it has supervisory and consultative roles.
However, the Constitution does not contain detailed provisions	with regard to the jurisdiction and powers of a high court. It only	lays down that the jurisdiction and powers of a high court are to be
the same as immediately before the commencement of the	Constitution. But, there is one addition, that is, the Constitution	gives a high court jurisdiction over revenue matters (which it did
not enjoy in the pre-con-stitution era). The Constitution also	confers (by other provisions) some more additional powers on a	high court like writ jurisdiction, power of superintendence,
consultative power, etc. Moreover, it empowers the Parliament	and the state legislature to change the jurisdiction and powers of a	high court.
At present, a high court enjoys the following jurisdiction and	powers:	1. Original jurisdiction.
2. Writ jurisdiction.	3. Appellate jurisdiction.	4. Supervisory jurisdiction.
5. Control over subordinate courts.	6. A court of record.	7. Power of judicial review.
The present jurisdiction and powers of a high court are	governed by (a) the constitutional provisions, (b) the Letters	Patent, (c) the Acts of Parliament, (d) the Acts of State
Legislature, (e) Indian Penal Code, 1860, (f) Cirminal Procedure	Code, 1973, and (g) Civil Procedure Code, 1908.	1. Original Jurisdiction
(a) Matters of admirality and contempt of court.	(b) Disputes relating to the election of members of Parliament	and state legislatures.
(c) Regarding revenue matter or an act ordered or done in	revenue collection.	(d) Enforcement of fundamental rights of citizens.
(e) Cases ordered to be transferred from a subordinate court	involving the interpretation of the Constitution to its own file.	(f) The four high courts (i.e., Calcutta, Bombay, Madras and
Delhi High Courts) have original civil jurisdiction in cases of	higher value.	Before 1973, the Calcutta, Bombay and Madras High Courts
also had original criminal jurisdiction. This was fully abolished by	the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973.	2. Writ Jurisdiction
Article 226 of the Constitution empowers a high court to issue	writs including habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition	and quo warranto for the enforcement of the fundamental rights of
the citizens and for any other purpose. The phrase ‘for any other	purpose’ refers to the enforcement of an ordinary legal right. The	high court can issue writs to any person, authority and
government not only within its territorial jurisdiction but also	outside its territorial jurisdiction if the cause of action arises within	its territorial jurisdiction8 .
The writ jurisdiction of the high court (under Article 226) is not	exclusive but concurrent with the writ jurisdiction of the Supreme	Court (under Article 32). It means, when the fundamental rights of
a citizen are violated, the aggrieved party has the option of	moving either the high court or the Supreme Court directly.	However, the writ jurisdiction of the high court is wider than that of
the Supreme Court. This is because, the Supreme Court can	issue writs only for the enforcement of fundamental rights and not	for any other purpose, that is, it does not extend to a case where
the breach of an ordinary legal right is alleged.	In the Chandra Kumar case9 (1997), the Supreme Court ruled	that the writ jurisdiction of both the high court and the Supreme
Court constitute a part of the basic structure of the Constitution.	Hence, it cannot be ousted or excluded even by way of an	amendment to the Constitution.
3. Appellate Jurisdiction	A high court is primarily a court of appeal. It hears appeals against	the judgements of subordinate courts functioning in its territorial
jurisdiction. It has appellate jurisdiction in both civil and criminal	matters. Hence, the appellate jurisdiction of a high court is wider	than its original jurisdiction.
(a) Civil Matters	The civil appellate jurisdiction of a high court is as follows:	(i) First appeals from the orders and judgements of the district
courts, additional district courts and other subordinate courts	lie directly to the high court, on both questions of law and fact,	if the amount exceeds the stipulated limit.
(ii) Second appeals from the orders and judgements of the	district court or other subordinate courts lie to the high court in	the cases involving questions of law only (and not questions
of fact).	(iii) The Calcutta, Bombay and Madras High Courts have	provision for intra-court appeals. When a single judge of the
high court has decided a case (either under the original or	appellate jurisdiction of the high court), an appeal from such a	decision lies to the division bench of the same high court.
(iv) Appeals from the decisions of the administrative and other	tribunals lie to the division bench of the state high court. In	1997, the Supreme Court ruled that the tribunals are subject
to the writ jurisdiction of the high courts. Consequently, it is	not possible for an aggrieved person to approach the	Supreme Court directly against the decisions of the tribunals,
without first going to the high courts.	(b) Criminal Matters	The criminal appellate jurisdiction of a high court is as follows:
imprisonment for more than seven years. It should also be	noted here that a death sentence (popularly known as capital	punishment) awarded by a sessions court or an additional
sessions court should be confirmed by the high court before it	can be executed, whether there is an appeal by the convicted	person or not.
(ii) In some cases specified in various provisions of the Criminal	Procedure Code (1973), the appeals from the judgements of	the assistant sessions judge, metropolitan magistrate or other
magistrates (judicial) lie to the high court.	4. Supervisory Jurisdiction	A high court has the power of superintendence over all courts and
tribunals functioning in its territorial jurisdiction (except military	courts or tribunals). Thus, it may–	(a) call for returns from them;
(b) make and issue, general rules and prescribe forms for	regulating the practice and proceedings of them;	(c) prescribe forms in which books, entries and accounts are to
be kept by them; and	(d) settle the fees payable to the sheriff, clerks, officers and legal	practitioners of them.
This power of superintendence of a high court is very broad	because, (i) it extends to all courts and tribunals whether they are	subject to the appellate jurisdiction of the high court or not; (ii) it
covers not only administrative superintendence but also judicial	superintendence; (iii) it is a revisional jurisdiction; and (iv) it can be	suo-motu (on its own) and not necessarily on the application of a
party.	However, this power does not vest the high court with any	unlimited authority over the subordinate courts and tribunals. It is
an extraordinary power and hence has to be used most sparingly	and only in appropriate cases. Usually, it is limited to, (i) excess of	jurisdiction, (ii) gross violation of natural justice, (iii) error of law,
5. Control over Subordinate Courts	In addition to its appellate jurisdiction and supervisory jurisdiction	over the subordinate courts as mentioned above, a high court has
an administrative control and other powers over them. These	include the following:	(a) It is consulted by the governor in the matters of appointment,
posting and promotion of district judges and in the	appointments of persons to the judicial service of the state	(other than district judges).
(b) It deals with the matters of posting, promotion, grant of leave,	transfers and discipline of the members of the judicial service	of the state (other than district judges).
(c) It can withdraw a case pending in a subordinate court if it	involves a substantial question of law that require the	interpretation of the Constitution. It can then either dispose of
the case itself or determine the question of law and return the	case to the subordinate court with its judgement.	(d) Its law is binding on all subordinate courts functioning within
its territorial jurisdiction in the same sense as the law	declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts in	India.
6. A Court of Record	As a court of record, a high court has two powers:	(a) The judgements, proceedings and acts of the high courts are
recorded for perpetual memory and testimony. These records	are admitted to be of evidentiary value and cannot be	questioned when produced before any subordinate court.
They are recognised as legal precedents and legal	references.	(b) It has power to punish for contempt of court, either with
simple imprisonment or with fine or with both.	The expression ‘contempt of court’ has not been defined by the	Constitution. However, the expression has been defined by the
Contempt of Court Act of 1971. Under this, contempt of court may	be civil or criminal. Civil contempt means wilful disobedience to	any judgement, order, writ or other process of a court or wilful
breach of an undertaking given to a court. Criminal contempt	means the publication of any matter or doing an act which–(i)	scandalises or lowers the authority of a court; or (ii) prejudices or
interferes with the due course of a judicial proceeding; or (iii)	interferes or obstructs the administration of justice in any other	manner.
However, innocent publication and distribution of some matter,	fair and accurate report of judicial proceedings, fair and	reasonable criticism of judicial acts and comment on the
administrative side of the judiciary do not amount to contempt of	court.	As a court of record, a high court also has the power to review
and correct its own judgement or order or decision, even though	no specific power of review is conferred on it by the Constitution.	The Supreme Court, on the other hand, has been specifically
conferred with the power of review by the constitution.	7. Power of Judicial Review	Judicial review is the power of a high court to examine the
constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive orders of	both the Central and state governments. On examination, if they	are found to be violative of the Constitution (ultra-vires), they can
be declared as illegal, unconstitutional and invalid (null and void)	by the high court. Consequently, they cannot be enforced by the	government.
Though the phrase ‘judicial review’ has no where been used in	the Constitution, the provisions of Articles 13 and 226 explicitly	confer the power of judicial review on a high court. The
constitutional validity of a legislative enactment or an executive	order can be challenged in a high court on the following three	grounds:
(a) it infringes the fundamental rights (Part III),	(b) it is outside the competence of the authority which has	framed it, and
(c) it is repugnant to the constitutional provisions.	The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 curtailed the judicial review	power of high court. It debarred the high courts from considering
the constitutional validity of any central law. However, the 43rd	Amendment Act of 1977 restored the original position.	Table 34.1 Name and Jurisdiction of High Courts
Name Year of Territorial Seat	establishment Jurisdiction	1. Allahabad 1866 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad
(Bench at	Lucknow)	2. Andhra 2019 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati
Pradesh	3. Bombay13 1862 Maharashta, Mumbai	Goa, Dadra and (Benches at
Nagar Haveli Nagpur,	and Daman and Panaji and	Diu Aurangabad)
4. Calcutta13 1862 West Bengal Kolkata	and Andaman (Circuit	and Nicobar Bench at
Islands Port Blair)	5. Chhattisgarh 2000 Chhattisgarh Bilaspur	6. Delhi 1966 Delhi Delhi
7. Guwahati 194810 Assam, Guwahati	Nagaland, (Benches at	Mizoram and Kohima,
Arunachal Aizawl and	Pradesh14 Itanagar)	8. Gujarat 1960 Gujarat Ahmedabad
9. Himachal 1971 Himachal Simla	Pradesh Pradesh	10. Jammu and 1928 Jammu and Srinagar and
Kashmir Kashmir and Jammu	Ladakh	11. Jharkhand 2000 Jharkhand Ranchi
12. Karnataka 188411 Karnataka Bengaluru	13. Kerala 1956 Kerala and Ernakulam	Lakshadweep
14. Madhya 1956 Madhya Jabalpur	Pradesh Pradesh (Benches at	Gwalior and
Indore)	15. Madras13 1862 Tamil Nadu and Chennai	Puducherry
16. Manipur15 2013 Manipur Imphal	17. Meghalaya15 2013 Meghalaya Shillong	18. Orissa16 1948 Odisha Cuttack
19. Patna 1916 Bihar Patna	20. Punjab and 187512 Punjab, Chandigarh	Haryana Haryana and
Chandigarh	21. Rajasthan 1949 Rajasthan Jodhpur	(Bench at
Jaipur)	22. Sikkim 1975 Sikkim Gangtok	23. Telangana17 1954 Telangana Hyderabad
24. Tripura15 2013 Tripura Agartala	25. Uttarakhand 2000 Uttarakhand Nainital	Table 34.2 Articles Related to High Courts at a Glance
Article No. Subject Matter	214. High Courts for states	215. High Courts to be courts of record
216. Constitution of High Courts	217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a	Judge of a High Court
218. Application of certain provisions relating to	Supreme Court to High Courts	219. Oath or affirmation by judges of High Courts
220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent	judge	221. Salaries etc., of judges
222. Transfer of a judge from one High Court to	another	223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice

except the Supreme Court and the other high courts. This ensures

that they do not favour any one in the hope of future favour.

7. Power to Punish for its Contempt

A high court can punish any person for its contempt. Thus, its

actions and decisions cannot be criticised and opposed by

anybody. This power is vested in a high court to maintain its

authority, dignity and honour.

8. Freedom to Appoint its Staff

The chief justice of a high court can appoint officers and servants

of the high court without any interference from the executive. He

can also prescribe their conditions of service.

9. Its Jurisdiction cannot be Curtailed

The jurisdiction and powers of a high court in so far as they are

specified in the Constitution cannot be curtailed both by the

Parliament and the state legislature. But, in other respects, the

jurisdiction and powers of a high court can be changed both by

the parliament and the state legislature.

10. Separation from Executive

The Constitution directs the state to take steps to separate the

judiciary from the executive in public services. This means that the

executive authorities should not possess the judicial powers.

JURISDICTION AND POWERS OF HIGH COURT

Like the Supreme Court, the high court has been vested with quite

extensive and effective powers. It is the highest court of appeal in

the state. It is the protector of the Fundamental Rights of the

citizens. It is vested with the power to interpret the Constitution.

Besides, it has supervisory and consultative roles.

However, the Constitution does not contain detailed provisions

with regard to the jurisdiction and powers of a high court. It only

lays down that the jurisdiction and powers of a high court are to be

the same as immediately before the commencement of the

Constitution. But, there is one addition, that is, the Constitution

gives a high court jurisdiction over revenue matters (which it did

not enjoy in the pre-con-stitution era). The Constitution also

confers (by other provisions) some more additional powers on a

high court like writ jurisdiction, power of superintendence,

consultative power, etc. Moreover, it empowers the Parliament

and the state legislature to change the jurisdiction and powers of a

high court.

At present, a high court enjoys the following jurisdiction and

powers:

1. Original jurisdiction.

2. Writ jurisdiction.

3. Appellate jurisdiction.

4. Supervisory jurisdiction.

5. Control over subordinate courts.

6. A court of record.

7. Power of judicial review.

The present jurisdiction and powers of a high court are

governed by (a) the constitutional provisions, (b) the Letters

Patent, (c) the Acts of Parliament, (d) the Acts of State

Legislature, (e) Indian Penal Code, 1860, (f) Cirminal Procedure

Code, 1973, and (g) Civil Procedure Code, 1908.

1. Original Jurisdiction

(a) Matters of admirality and contempt of court.

(b) Disputes relating to the election of members of Parliament

and state legislatures.

(c) Regarding revenue matter or an act ordered or done in

revenue collection.

(d) Enforcement of fundamental rights of citizens.

(e) Cases ordered to be transferred from a subordinate court

involving the interpretation of the Constitution to its own file.

(f) The four high courts (i.e., Calcutta, Bombay, Madras and

Delhi High Courts) have original civil jurisdiction in cases of

higher value.

Before 1973, the Calcutta, Bombay and Madras High Courts

also had original criminal jurisdiction. This was fully abolished by

the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973.

2. Writ Jurisdiction

Article 226 of the Constitution empowers a high court to issue

writs including habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition

and quo warranto for the enforcement of the fundamental rights of

the citizens and for any other purpose. The phrase ‘for any other

purpose’ refers to the enforcement of an ordinary legal right. The

high court can issue writs to any person, authority and

government not only within its territorial jurisdiction but also

outside its territorial jurisdiction if the cause of action arises within

its territorial jurisdiction8 .

The writ jurisdiction of the high court (under Article 226) is not

exclusive but concurrent with the writ jurisdiction of the Supreme

Court (under Article 32). It means, when the fundamental rights of

a citizen are violated, the aggrieved party has the option of

moving either the high court or the Supreme Court directly.

However, the writ jurisdiction of the high court is wider than that of

the Supreme Court. This is because, the Supreme Court can

issue writs only for the enforcement of fundamental rights and not

for any other purpose, that is, it does not extend to a case where

the breach of an ordinary legal right is alleged.

In the Chandra Kumar case9 (1997), the Supreme Court ruled

that the writ jurisdiction of both the high court and the Supreme

Court constitute a part of the basic structure of the Constitution.

Hence, it cannot be ousted or excluded even by way of an

amendment to the Constitution.

3. Appellate Jurisdiction

A high court is primarily a court of appeal. It hears appeals against

the judgements of subordinate courts functioning in its territorial

jurisdiction. It has appellate jurisdiction in both civil and criminal

matters. Hence, the appellate jurisdiction of a high court is wider

than its original jurisdiction.

(a) Civil Matters

The civil appellate jurisdiction of a high court is as follows:

(i) First appeals from the orders and judgements of the district

courts, additional district courts and other subordinate courts

lie directly to the high court, on both questions of law and fact,

if the amount exceeds the stipulated limit.

(ii) Second appeals from the orders and judgements of the

district court or other subordinate courts lie to the high court in

the cases involving questions of law only (and not questions

of fact).

(iii) The Calcutta, Bombay and Madras High Courts have

provision for intra-court appeals. When a single judge of the

high court has decided a case (either under the original or

appellate jurisdiction of the high court), an appeal from such a

decision lies to the division bench of the same high court.

(iv) Appeals from the decisions of the administrative and other

tribunals lie to the division bench of the state high court. In

1997, the Supreme Court ruled that the tribunals are subject

to the writ jurisdiction of the high courts. Consequently, it is

not possible for an aggrieved person to approach the

Supreme Court directly against the decisions of the tribunals,

without first going to the high courts.

(b) Criminal Matters

The criminal appellate jurisdiction of a high court is as follows:

imprisonment for more than seven years. It should also be

noted here that a death sentence (popularly known as capital

punishment) awarded by a sessions court or an additional

sessions court should be confirmed by the high court before it

can be executed, whether there is an appeal by the convicted

person or not.

(ii) In some cases specified in various provisions of the Criminal

Procedure Code (1973), the appeals from the judgements of

the assistant sessions judge, metropolitan magistrate or other

magistrates (judicial) lie to the high court.

4. Supervisory Jurisdiction

A high court has the power of superintendence over all courts and

tribunals functioning in its territorial jurisdiction (except military

courts or tribunals). Thus, it may–

(a) call for returns from them;

(b) make and issue, general rules and prescribe forms for

regulating the practice and proceedings of them;

(c) prescribe forms in which books, entries and accounts are to

be kept by them; and

(d) settle the fees payable to the sheriff, clerks, officers and legal

practitioners of them.

This power of superintendence of a high court is very broad

because, (i) it extends to all courts and tribunals whether they are

subject to the appellate jurisdiction of the high court or not; (ii) it

covers not only administrative superintendence but also judicial

superintendence; (iii) it is a revisional jurisdiction; and (iv) it can be

suo-motu (on its own) and not necessarily on the application of a

party.

However, this power does not vest the high court with any

unlimited authority over the subordinate courts and tribunals. It is

an extraordinary power and hence has to be used most sparingly

and only in appropriate cases. Usually, it is limited to, (i) excess of

jurisdiction, (ii) gross violation of natural justice, (iii) error of law,

5. Control over Subordinate Courts

In addition to its appellate jurisdiction and supervisory jurisdiction

over the subordinate courts as mentioned above, a high court has

an administrative control and other powers over them. These

include the following:

(a) It is consulted by the governor in the matters of appointment,

posting and promotion of district judges and in the

appointments of persons to the judicial service of the state

(other than district judges).

(b) It deals with the matters of posting, promotion, grant of leave,

transfers and discipline of the members of the judicial service

of the state (other than district judges).

(c) It can withdraw a case pending in a subordinate court if it

involves a substantial question of law that require the

interpretation of the Constitution. It can then either dispose of

the case itself or determine the question of law and return the

case to the subordinate court with its judgement.

(d) Its law is binding on all subordinate courts functioning within

its territorial jurisdiction in the same sense as the law

declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts in

India.

6. A Court of Record

As a court of record, a high court has two powers:

(a) The judgements, proceedings and acts of the high courts are

recorded for perpetual memory and testimony. These records

are admitted to be of evidentiary value and cannot be

questioned when produced before any subordinate court.

They are recognised as legal precedents and legal

references.

(b) It has power to punish for contempt of court, either with

simple imprisonment or with fine or with both.

The expression ‘contempt of court’ has not been defined by the

Constitution. However, the expression has been defined by the

Contempt of Court Act of 1971. Under this, contempt of court may

be civil or criminal. Civil contempt means wilful disobedience to

any judgement, order, writ or other process of a court or wilful

breach of an undertaking given to a court. Criminal contempt

means the publication of any matter or doing an act which–(i)

scandalises or lowers the authority of a court; or (ii) prejudices or

interferes with the due course of a judicial proceeding; or (iii)

interferes or obstructs the administration of justice in any other

manner.

However, innocent publication and distribution of some matter,

fair and accurate report of judicial proceedings, fair and

reasonable criticism of judicial acts and comment on the

administrative side of the judiciary do not amount to contempt of

court.

As a court of record, a high court also has the power to review

and correct its own judgement or order or decision, even though

no specific power of review is conferred on it by the Constitution.

The Supreme Court, on the other hand, has been specifically

conferred with the power of review by the constitution.

7. Power of Judicial Review

Judicial review is the power of a high court to examine the

constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive orders of

both the Central and state governments. On examination, if they

are found to be violative of the Constitution (ultra-vires), they can

be declared as illegal, unconstitutional and invalid (null and void)

by the high court. Consequently, they cannot be enforced by the

government.

Though the phrase ‘judicial review’ has no where been used in

the Constitution, the provisions of Articles 13 and 226 explicitly

confer the power of judicial review on a high court. The

constitutional validity of a legislative enactment or an executive

order can be challenged in a high court on the following three

grounds:

(a) it infringes the fundamental rights (Part III),

(b) it is outside the competence of the authority which has

framed it, and

(c) it is repugnant to the constitutional provisions.

The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 curtailed the judicial review

power of high court. It debarred the high courts from considering

the constitutional validity of any central law. However, the 43rd

Amendment Act of 1977 restored the original position.

Table 34.1 Name and Jurisdiction of High Courts

Name Year of Territorial Seat

establishment Jurisdiction

1. Allahabad 1866 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad

(Bench at

Lucknow)

2. Andhra 2019 Andhra Pradesh Amaravati

Pradesh

3. Bombay13 1862 Maharashta, Mumbai

Goa, Dadra and (Benches at

Nagar Haveli Nagpur,

and Daman and Panaji and

Diu Aurangabad)

4. Calcutta13 1862 West Bengal Kolkata

and Andaman (Circuit

and Nicobar Bench at

Islands Port Blair)

5. Chhattisgarh 2000 Chhattisgarh Bilaspur

6. Delhi 1966 Delhi Delhi

7. Guwahati 194810 Assam, Guwahati

Nagaland, (Benches at

Mizoram and Kohima,

Arunachal Aizawl and

Pradesh14 Itanagar)

8. Gujarat 1960 Gujarat Ahmedabad

9. Himachal 1971 Himachal Simla

Pradesh Pradesh

10. Jammu and 1928 Jammu and Srinagar and

Kashmir Kashmir and Jammu

Ladakh

11. Jharkhand 2000 Jharkhand Ranchi

12. Karnataka 188411 Karnataka Bengaluru

13. Kerala 1956 Kerala and Ernakulam

Lakshadweep

14. Madhya 1956 Madhya Jabalpur

Pradesh Pradesh (Benches at

Gwalior and

Indore)

15. Madras13 1862 Tamil Nadu and Chennai

Puducherry

16. Manipur15 2013 Manipur Imphal

17. Meghalaya15 2013 Meghalaya Shillong

18. Orissa16 1948 Odisha Cuttack

19. Patna 1916 Bihar Patna

20. Punjab and 187512 Punjab, Chandigarh

Haryana Haryana and

Chandigarh

21. Rajasthan 1949 Rajasthan Jodhpur

(Bench at

Jaipur)

22. Sikkim 1975 Sikkim Gangtok

23. Telangana17 1954 Telangana Hyderabad

24. Tripura15 2013 Tripura Agartala

25. Uttarakhand 2000 Uttarakhand Nainital

Table 34.2 Articles Related to High Courts at a Glance

Article No. Subject Matter

214. High Courts for states

215. High Courts to be courts of record

216. Constitution of High Courts

217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a

Judge of a High Court

218. Application of certain provisions relating to

Supreme Court to High Courts

219. Oath or affirmation by judges of High Courts

220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent

judge

221. Salaries etc., of judges

222. Transfer of a judge from one High Court to

another

223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice