Datasets:

jhu-clsp

/

news21-instructions

like 0

Follow

Center for Language and Speech Processing @ JHU 49

749ec5b2-32f5-11e1-825f-dabc29fd7071_1

Bubbly planet Venus starts off New Year

in the east. A few hours later, at 1:30 a.m., the ringed Saturn ascends the east-southeast. By late January, both planets loiter in the Virgo constellation, as Mars will rise about 9 p.m. and Saturn appears just before midnight. Find fleet Mercury now before sunrise in the southeast, in the constellation Ophiuchus, hugging the horizon. With hot coffee, toast the Baby 2012 by viewing the Quadrantids meteor shower peak early Wednesday morning. The big, fat moon sets at 3:15 a.m., so very early risers could catch some falling stars between then and sunrise. The International Meteor Organization (www.imo.net) says the hourly rate could be 120, but, in all honesty, you’ll be lucky to spot a handful. If you spy them, they appear to emanate from the near the Big Dipper and Little Dipper constellations in the northeast. You might see a few errant Quadrantids up to Jan. 12, according to the IMO. Down-to-Earth events: Jan. 5 — “How Do Astronomers Know How Big Asteroids Are?” a lecture by astronomer Melissa Hayes-Gehrke, at the open house, University of Maryland Observatory, College Park. Weather permitting, see the night sky through telescopes after the lecture. 8 p.m., 301-405-6555. www.astro.umd.edu/ openhouse. Jan. 8 — “A Survey of Star Atlases,” presented by astronomer Cal Powell at the Northern Virginia Astronomy Club meeting, Room 80, Enterprise Hall, George Mason University, Fairfax. 7 p.m. www.novac.com. Jan. 14 — Guy Brandenburg explains “Making Your Own Telescope” at the National Capital Astronomers meeting, University of Maryland Observatory, College Park. 7:30 p.m. www.capitalastronomers.org. Jan. 14 — Stargazing at the National Air and Space Museum’s Public Observatory, adjacent to the museum building. 6:45 p.m. National Air and Space Museum, National Mall. Free. www.nasm.si.edu. Jan. 20 — Anne Lohfink, an astronomer who researches the physics of compact cosmic objects and their surroundings, speaks at the open house, University of Maryland Observatory, College Park. View the heavens through telescopes after lecture, weather permitting. 8 p.m. 301-405-6555. www.astro.umd.edu/openhouse. Jan. 28 — Neither Bieber nor Bono compare to authentic stars: “How Are Stars Born?” at the Montgomery College Planetarium, Takoma Park. 7 p.m. www.montgomerycollege.edu/departments/planet/. Jan. 28 — “Sand Dunes Throughout the Solar System,” a lecture by geologist Jim Zimbelman of the Smithsonian Center for Earth and Planetary Studies. This is part of the Smithsonian’s Stars Lecture Series. 5:45 p.m., Albert Einstein Planetarium, National Air and Space Museum, the Mall. After the presentation, stargazing at the

a9552634-2c06-11e1-9952-55d90a4e2d6d_3

As homicides fall in D.C., rise in Prince George’s, numbers meet in the middle

started here in 1990, the two things that used to really bother me was that we were known as the murder capital of the world and the city of unsolved homicides,” Lanier said. “Our detectives and our police officers have done an amazing job turning that around. We are no longer either one of those things.” Homicides in Prince George’s have been generally trending downward as well, though at a slower pace. The rest of the region’s suburbs have far fewer homicides than the District and Prince George’s, with most counties recording 2011 homicide numbers roughly unchanged from the prior year. Fairfax County was an exception, with a decrease from 16 to 11. Though Montgomery County had just 16 homicides in 2011, in March it saw one of the year’s highest-profile murders in the region when Brittany Norwood, an employee at a Bethesda Lululemon yoga store, fatally bludgeoned and stabbed a co-worker, Jayna Murray. And in the wealthier neighborhoods of Northwest Washington, where homicides are rare, three killings drew wide attention: a teen was shot on a busy street in Georgetown on Halloween night; socialite Viola Drath was killed in her Georgetown rowhouse in August, allegedly by her husband; and in November, a man was gunned down outside a nightclub in Dupont Circle. The Northeast quadrant of the city, covered by the 4th and 5th districts, ended the year with a combined eight more killings than in 2010. Area crime watchers say they’ve seen violence steadily shift from the District into Prince George’s. The migration of many of the District’s poorer residents to inside-the-Beltway communities in Prince George’s has been happening for years, fueled by the District tearing down some public housing, said former D.C. police chief Isaac Fulwood Jr., who led the department in the early 1990s, when the city had nearly 500 homicides a year. That shift has had lasting effects, he said. “People from D.C. that had to move tended to move to Prince George’s County, and they took with them the things that poverty brings: Lack of access to everything,” said Fulwood, who is now chairman of the U.S. Parole Commission. The Prince George’s police department, which has more than 2,000 fewer officers than in the District, was left to deal with neighborhood disputes that people brought with them, as well as new beefs created in the large apartment complexes in Prince George’s. “Alabama Avenue, Stanton

fdce25a8-30c0-11e1-b034-d347de95dcfe_1

The year ahead for D.C. region’s commuters

drivers really take to the new toll road or decide they will stick with the congestion and delay on the old routes. Many drivers probably will test out the connector and pick the portions of it that work for them under particular circumstances. Most times, it won’t be a question of paying $4 to use the entire highway at rush hour, but rather a choice to pay 70 cents to travel from southbound Interstate 95 to southbound Route 29, cutting a corner off the Capital Beltway when traffic reports say it’s especially congested. Beltway/Telegraph Road The repeated rounds of heavy rain this fall pushed back the Woodrow Wilson Bridge project’s goal of opening new lanes on the Capital Beltway near Telegraph Road in Virginia. Important parts of the remaining work on the Beltway require warmer weather, so expect to see the lanes in their current configuration through the winter. Then in late spring or early summer, a new portion of the THRU lanes will open in the zone between west of Route 1 and west of Telegraph Road. During the summer, the LOCAL lane segment also will be completed. This work will eliminate the three-lane bottleneck on the Beltway west of the Wilson Bridge, the obstacle that has prevented many drivers from enjoying the full benefits of the new, wider bridge. Federal base realignment More employees are scheduled to arrive at the Mark Center, off Interstate 395 in Alexandria. Some changes have been made in the signal timings and lane markings nearby, but the main planned improvement is a new HOV ramp at I-395 and Seminary Road. The Virginia Department of Transportation has scheduled a public meeting on that project for Jan. 25. Meanwhile, the Maryland State Highway Administration will begin to upgrade intersections near the newly consolidated Walter Reed National Military Medical Center on Rockville Pike in Bethesda. Several projects are scheduled to start this spring. 11th Street Bridge This D.C. project also made the list of 2011’s top transportation stories, but several of the new 11th Street Bridge’s most important and beneficial elements aren’t scheduled to open till later this year. The new span taking traffic away from downtown and over the Anacostia River is scheduled to open this month, following December’s opening of the new inbound span. That will clear the way for completion of the ramps that will link the highways on either side of the

5057141e-3261-11e1-825f-dabc29fd7071_3

NASA’s lunar probes will test theory of why one side of the moon is lopsided

both sides of the moon. Asphaug’s theory requires a very specific sequence of events some 4.5 billion years ago, when the infant Earth was a molten ball. Long before life appeared, rocky debris ricocheted around the early solar system. Something the size of Mars plowed into the Earth, sending huge globs of molten material hurtling into space. The largest glob coalesced into the moon. This catastrophic-impact theory of moon formation is widely accepted by scientists. To that, Asphaug and Jutzi threw in a twist: What if a second, smaller glob of Earth-stuff also got blasted free? If it launched at a particular angle, the glob would have coalesced into a second body and drifted behind the moon in roughly the same orbit. After a few million years, the pull of the sun would have drawn the smaller moon closer to the bigger moon. Eventually, the two bodies collided — in slow motion. A fast collision would have excavated a giant crater. But a slow collision — just the type predicted by the computer simulations — would have pancaked the small moon onto the surface, leaving evidence for GRAIL to spot. It’s a quirk of happenstance that GRAIL will be able to test the theory at all. Zuber proposed the $400 million mission five years ago, long before Asphaug and Jutzi published their idea. Zuber wanted to probe other, more general questions: Does the moon have a solid core? How long did the moon take to cool after it formed? And did the moon once have a magnetic field? “You might think we already know all there is to know about the moon,” said Zuber. ”Of course, that’s not the case.” The twin GRAIL probes arrived in a high lunar orbit this weekend, but they won’t begin collecting data until March. By then, thrusters will have dropped the pair to just 35 miles above the surface. Flying in formation — one ahead of the other — the probes will map minute fluctuations of the moon’s gravity over its entire surface. This new gravity map will be 100 to 1,000 times as accurate as current maps. From it, scientists will infer the internal structure of the moon “from crust to core,” Zuber said. Asphaug said there’s an even better way to test the long-shot idea, though it’s one that GRAIL can’t carry out: Study rocks from the far side of the moon.

489869a6-357e-11e1-ac55-e75ea321c80a_0

In Mexico 12,000 killed in drug violence in 2011

MEXICO CITY — More than 50,000 people have been killed during President Felipe Calderon’s U.S.-backed military confrontation with organized crime and drug trafficking, which began in 2006. The Calderon government, after promising to update figures regularly, has not reported its own death count, perhaps because the trend line does not look good. A government spokesman said new figures would be released later this month. The ruling party is facing national elections this summer, in which the main opposition party threatens to retake the presidency. The daily newspaper Reforma, one of the nation’s most respected independent news outlets, reported 12,359 drug-related killings in 2011, a 6.3 percent increase compared with the previous year. There were 2,275 drug killings in 2007, Reforma said. Other media reported similar numbers. Daily Milenio recorded 12,284 drug-related deaths last year. La Jornada counted 11,890 deaths in 2011, which it says is an 11 percent decrease from the previous year. Regardless, in its annual tally La Jornada featured a cartoon that showed Father Time 2011 lying in the desert with his head chopped off. In the Reforma count, the number of bodies that showed signs of torture grew to 1,079. Beheadings reached almost 600, up from 389 the year before. Reforma also found that women increasingly were victims of drug violence, with more than 900 slain last year. The newspaper did not offer a count of juveniles or children killed, but children increasingly have been caught in the crossfire or intentionally targeted to send a chilling message that the drug gangs will stop at nothing. One of the few bright spots is that the homicide rate appears to be down by about a third in the border manufacturing hub Ciudad Juarez, once dubbed Murder City. Baja California and Tijuana also saw decreases in homicides. Yet the violence has steadily spread across Mexico. The states that abut Texas — Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas — remain the most deadly. But new zones of conflict, such as the once-mellow gulf coast state of Veracruz, are now gripped by a wave of killing. More world news coverage: - Iran seeks more influence in Latin America - S. Korean president sees ‘window of opportunity’ to deal with North - In Iraq, leading Sunni official’s convoy hit by roadside bomb - Read more headlines from around the world

a5b7d5f6-33e2-11e1-825f-dabc29fd7071_3

Defense Secretary Panetta faces tough choices on national security in 2012

Congress authorizes dispatching Special Forces to Nigeria to assist in fighting a terrorist group, as it did when U.S. troops were sent to help battle the Lord’s Resistance Army in central Africa. Then there are the military issues that have election implications. Are personnel coming home from Iraq and Afghanistan getting enough help; what’s being done to reduce military suicides; are boards needed to determine which officers and senior enlisted troops should be retired as overall numbers go down; how do you monitor the end of “don’t ask, don’t tell” and the new legislation dealing with sexual abuse and rape in the military? Who will be on the promised commission to look into changes in the military retirement system and perhaps the Pentagon’s health system? These are all complicated issues, more often handled through small steps and compromise than through simplistic, black-and-white pronouncements — like campaign rhetoric. Speaking on Oct. 6, Romney said that he wanted Pentagon core spending to rise to 4 percent of gross domestic product and that he would increase active-duty personnel by about 100,000. In a speech the next day at the Citadel, he said he would “reverse the hollowing of our Navy and . . . increase the shipbuilding rate from nine per year to 15.” He also repeated a pledge that has Republican roots going back to the Nixon administration: “I will begin reversing Obama-era cuts to national missile defense and prioritize the full deployment of a multilayered national ballistic missile defense system.” During the Nov. 22 Republican presidential debate, Romney said the Obama administration, in response to the Budget Control Act, halted production of the F-22 stealth fighter, delayed aircraft carriers and said new long-range Air Force bombers would not be built. These steps and others, Romney said, are “cutting the capacity of America to defend itself.” Panetta did not step forward to challenge these remarks, though others have noted, for example, that the decisions to limit F-22 production and slow carrier production were made by then-Secretary Robert M. Gates before the Budget Control Act passed, while plans for the strategic bomber are still going ahead. When the presidential campaign becomes a two-person race in the fall, and the GOP candidate, his supporters or political action committees make similar charges against the Obama defense program, the feisty, outspoken politician inside Panetta may not be so controlled. “I am not sure Panetta will stay

faaec2b8-325c-11e1-a274-61fcdeecc5f5_3

Spaceship Earth: A new view of environmentalism

ahead of climate changes. One of the deans of technological environmentalism is Stewart Brand, who in the 1960s ran around with Ken Kesey and the LSD-gobbling Merry Pranksters. In 1968 he published the “Whole Earth Catalog,” which combined hippie sensibility with early computers and nifty gadgets. His catalog had a famous inscription: “We are as gods, and might as well get good at it.” Brand’s philosophy was pro-technology amid a counterculture movement that often saw technology as an evil — as the source of pollution, industrial-scale warfare and nuclear weapons. Early on, Brand saw the personal computer as a source of individual empowerment and resistance to authority; he sponsored an early convention of computer hackers. Brand, whose most recent book is “Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto,” advocates the use of genetically modified organisms and nuclear power, and speaks of “solar radiation management” through cloud-seeding and other forms of “geoengineering” as possible mitigators of climate change. This isn’t green orthodoxy, obviously. Albert Borgmann, a professor of philosophy at the University of Montana who has written extensively on technology and the environment, worries about a possible overreliance on technology to fix problems that humans have made. “It has to be done in a spirit of cautionary respect. There has to be some rueful recognition that the spirit of managing things has gotten us where we are. That same sort of arrogance — we control it all — can’t continue,” Borgmann says. Beyond the philosophical questions are nuts-and-bolts issues about how people could intelligently manage something as complicated as the natural world. We might not be good at it. A number of recent events have shown that complex technological systems are vulnerable to rare but consequential failures. The BP oil spill, for example, happened despite elaborate technologies and monitoring systems designed to prevent an oil-well blowout, or at least shut down a runaway well if the initial line of defense failed. Investigators said that Even more humbling was the March 11 earthquake in Japan. The earthquake wasn’t supposed to be possible. The seismic hazard maps showed that the maximum possible earthquake along the Japan Trench — the huge fault line where one plate of the Earth dives beneath another — could generate earthquakes up to magnitude 8.4. But on the afternoon of March 11, the fault broke and generated an earthquake registering 9.0, which was six times stronger than the theoretical maximum.

54f02a74-2b45-11e1-a53a-0ab7ddbf97ca_0

Smarter Food: A farmers market with a difference

A small chalkboard entices customers with today's Local Roots Cafe specials on December 15, 2011. The cafe uses only local ingredients and always offers a seasonal dish. (Ben Leitschuh/BEN LEITSCHUH) WOOSTER, OHIO — Except it wasn’t easy. Gaffney was able to sell some of the crops at farmers markets. But that required long hours away from Martha’s Farm during the height of the growing season. The rest she hawked at the local produce auction, where the going rate often was barely high enough for her to break even. Then in 2010, Gaffney found Local Roots, a market in nearby Wooster that saved the farm. The local-foods co-op allows as many as 150 producers to stock its shelves six days a week, year-round. Customers can buy milk, cheese, meat and produce from any combination of producers and pay at a central checkout. And the farmers receive 90 percent of the purchase price, nearly three times what they would get if they sold it to a wholesaler. “We were so happy,” says Gaffney, who now sells almost all of her meat and produce through Local Roots. “We won’t be slaves. We will be able to make a business.” Local Roots is a new kind of co-op. It helps small farmers such as Gaffney make ends meet. It also caters to customers who like the idea of buying local but find visits to farmers markets and weekly buying clubs, such as community-supported agriculture (CSA) programs, inconvenient. Launched two years ago in a renovated warehouse off Wooster’s main drag, the market is thriving. On a recent visit, the shelves were stocked with potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, arugula, nine varieties of apples, grass-fed milk, jam, maple syrup and locally milled flour. And this is the slow season. Market manager, Jessica Eikleberry is Local Roots’ only full-time employee. (Ben Leitschuh/BEN LEITSCHUH) To date, the co-op has grossed about $750,000 and is making a profit. The founders have added a small cafe and soon will build a community kitchen, where producers and entrepreneurs can preserve and can seasonal foods. This month, Local Roots helped to open a second market — what it calls a “sprout” — in Ashland, about 25 miles away. Wooster is not an obvious place for a local-foods co-op. The city is home to just 26,000 people. And this is not, say, Vermont or Northern California, where local food has become a cause. But Wooster

54f02a74-2b45-11e1-a53a-0ab7ddbf97ca_2

Smarter Food: A farmers market with a difference

does have two big advantages. The rolling hills that surround it are dotted with small farms; the county is home to one of the largest Amish populations in the country. And it has a small, dedicated group of residents who wanted a different kind of place to shop. Local Roots’ founders are a diverse group, including farmers, agricultural researchers, teachers, a banker and an architect. In 2009, the group began meeting weekly to figure out how to build a co-op without a lot of capital — which, co-founder Betsy Anderson says, “none of us had.” That ruled out traditional retail models, where the store sources and buys all of the food up front — and loses money on whatever goes to waste. “From the beginning, we were looking at how this would all fit together so it was environmentally and economically sustainable,” Anderson says. Local Roots’ solution was to develop a hybrid grocery store-farmers market. There are sections for meat, dairy products, bread, produce and specialty items such as gourmet popcorn and sorghum syrup. Each department carries offerings from a variety of producers, who come each week and stock the shelves themselves. That allows customers to buy grass-fed milk from Hartzler’s Dairy, eggs from the Shepherd’s Market, walnut bread from the Grain Maker bakery and turnips from Martha’s Farm but still check out at a single cash register, using a check, a credit card, even food stamps as well as cash. For tracking sales, each product in the store has a bar code, created with free, open-source software. Every week, each farmer gets an inventory report of what sold and when. Every two weeks, each farmer gets a check for 90 percent of his or her total gross sales. The other 10 percent goes toward operational expenses: rent, utilities and the salary of the co-op’s market manager, its only full-time staffer. Farmers also sell to the co-op’s cafe. On most days, the three chefs buy food just like any other customer and turn it into homey, delicious dishes such as leek-and-feta quiche or a curried cauliflower, apple and arugula pesto sandwich on locally made bread. Producers also sell the cafe their excess produce, the stuff that won’t sit another week on the shelves. The cooks prep and freeze it or use it for soups and sauces. The setup has been a boon to farmers. Marion Yoder, who sells pastured meats,

1490175a-31a3-11e1-a274-61fcdeecc5f5_0

First call: CSA providers

In early February, the Food section will publish online a list of Washington area farms offering community-supported agriculture (CSA) shares for sale in 2012. Farms that would like to be included should e-mail the following information to [email protected], with CSA PROVIDER in the subject field: farm name, location and county, contact person, phone number, Web site if applicable, prices for full shares and half-shares, number of weeks in the season, pickup location(s) and whether home delivery is available. The deadline for sending in your information is Jan. 18. A full crate from Arganica Farm Club photographed in the studio in Washington, DC on February 17, 2011. Arganica is a DC area organic/local CSA. (Wendy Galietta/WASHINGTON POST)

6330752c-357b-11e1-81ef-eaf2bd09c8a2_2

Brace yourselves for John Kelly’s upcoming film about zombie pandas

“We were queuing to see the pandas when a man in front shouted out in surprise that his jacket had been hit by a big dollop of penguin poo,” a 41-year-old man told the BBC. “It just missed me and my family and it was really oily and stank of fish.” There is speculation that the penguins are jealous of the attention lavished on the pandas. I think something else is afoot. The penguins are trying to warn us. Of what? There’s a clue in the names of Edinburgh’s new panda pair: Tian Tian and Yang Guang. That’s right: Scotland has a Tian Tian, too, just like our zoo. But their Tian Tian is a female, and they translate the name as “Sweetie,” unlike our Tian Tian, whose name the National Zoo translates as “more and more.” Well, which is it? Something fishy is going on here. And so my movie begins: EXTERIOR: National Zoo at midnight. The hooting and hollering sounds of a zoo are plainly heard: squawks, chirps, howls. The camera pans to a lighted window in a research building and into the laboratory of Dr. Benjamin Brady, handsome reproductive zoologist. He is peering through a microscope. Suddenly, he sits bolt upright and shouts: BRADY: Cass, come here! Comely graduate assistant Cass Ortiz enters. ORTIZ: What is it, doctor? BRADY: I accidentally knocked some neurological samples from a rhesus monkey into a petri dish containing giant panda stem cells. The results are amazing! Rapid cell growth at a rate I’ve never seen before! It’s what we’ve been missing all these years. Our female pandas simply need primate brain matter to become fertile! The animal sounds cease abruptly, leaving an uncomfortable silence. Suddenly, a single horrible cry pierces the night. ORTIZ: Doctor, what was that? BRADY: That was the unmistakable roar of an enraged giant panda. I wonder what. . . . “Zombie Pandas of the Apocalypse.” See it with someone you love. Children’s Hospital Please help support the Children’s National Medical Center. By making a tax-deductible donation, you will help ensure that even the poorest kids can be treated. Our annual campaign ends Friday. Simply go to washingtonpost.com/childrenshospital, or send a check or money order (payable to Children’s Hospital) to Washington Post Campaign, P.O. Box 17390, Baltimore, Md. 21297-1390. Donors who give $250 or more will receive a $20 gift certificate to the Chef Geoff family of restaurants.

30d05e80-36e3-11e1-9ee3-fd35588e7629_0

CES 2012 preview: HP releases Omni All-in-one, Pavilion Phoenix h9 PCs

Hewlett-Packard is making a big push to keep PCs in the mix as buzz for ultrabooks and tablets dominate the conversation ahead of the Consumer Electronics Show. Sure, the company is also prepping the release of what appears to be its own new ultrabook, the Spectre, but it’s also showing off some great desktop hardware ahead of the big show next week. On Wednesday the company unveiled two desktops, the 27-inch Omni All-in-One and the Pavilion Phoenix h9 desktop. The all-in-one computer appears to be aimed at the family office. It’s expansive screen is good for watching video and its “one cord” setup is clearly aimed at people who want a computer that can move around the house, easy to get going and want to share movies, pictures or other media with a crowd. The Pavilion Phoenix, on the other hand, is clearly aimed at power gamers, at least the ones who don’t want to build their own machines. The computer has nearly all of the bells and whistles you could want, from 2 TB of storage to a highly effective (but scary to DIY) liquid cooling system. It even has room for up to three hard drives. Sales of PCs grew modestly in the third quarter of 2011, according to research firm iSuppli, but it’s still a market losing traction to laptops and tablets. But for those who prize power over portability, there’s definitely still appeal in a desktop computer. The Omni All-in-One will sell for $1,199 when it goes on sale on Sunday; the Phoenix starts at $1,149. Related stories: CES 2012 preview: Ultrabook from HP coming to CES? Big technology trends and storylines of 2012 Asus launches Zenbook laptop Microsoft pulling out of Consumer Electronics Show after 2012 event

3160f128-371c-11e1-833b-6e53ffb7978e_3

Obama to unveil austere Pentagon strategy

$500 billion in projected defense spending over the same time period if lawmakers can’t agree on an alternative by the end of this year. As the Pentagon has contemplated a future with fewer troops and a reduced presence overseas, Obama has involved himself in the strategy review to an unusual degree, holding six meetings with senior Pentagon officials since September to forge the plan, according to administration officials. Obama has enjoyed high approval ratings in the polls for his handling of national security issues, particularly since May when Navy SEALS located and killed al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. But as November’s presidential election nears, he has faced heightened criticism from Republican contenders, some of whom have accused him of weakening the military and taking a soft line with foes such as Iran and North Korea. The move away from counterinsurgency probably will mean further reductions in the size of the Army and Marine Corps. The Pentagon announced a year ago that the Marine Corps would shed between 15,000 and 20,000 members and the Army 27,000 soldiers beginning in 2015 — the first time either service has faced reductions in troop levels since the mid-1990s. There are about 202,000 Marines on active duty, up from 175,000 in 2007. The Army has about 565,000 soldiers on active duty, including a temporary increase of 22,000 that is scheduled to lapse in 2013. With the war in Iraq over and troops starting to come home from Afghanistan, however, pressure is building on both services to downsize even more. The new strategy document explicitly states that the size of the Army and Marine Corps will no longer be governed by the need to conduct large-scale and long-term stability operations like those in Iraq and Afghanistan. In the Pentagon’s internal debates, Dempsey has insisted that any cuts to ground forces must be “gradual and reversible,” according to the senior military official. The Navy and Air Force are expected to fare better because they will play an instrumental role in the administration’s strategy for Asia, where the United States is seeking to counter China’s expanding military power. Staff writers Greg Jaffe and Scott Wilson contributed to this report. More on the world and national security: Iran strives to play spoiler in Afghanistan Did soldier at Ron Paul event break the rules? Was Petraeus the model for book’s drunk general? Taliban publicly expresses interest in talks with U.S.

7cd036c2-37cc-11e1-ac55-e75ea321c80a_2

Karzai demands transfer of U.S. military prison near Bagram to Afghan control

troops are scheduled to leave Afghanistan. “At this point, the Afghans don’t have the legal framework or the capacity to deal with violence being inflicted on the country by the insurgency,” a U.S. official said then. The official spoke on the condition of anonymity because of the matter’s sensitivity. On Thursday, State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland said in response to Karzai’s comments: “We’re going to continue to work with the Afghan government to implement the transition that we have both agreed needs to happen of detention operations in Afghanistan. We need to do this in a manner that is maximally responsible.” She said she could not comment further on the timeline for the transfer. The existence of the U.S. military prison about 30 miles north of Kabul has long been seen by Afghans as a sign of imperial overreach, and for years Karzai has singled the prison out for criticism. The U.S. military has detained suspected insurgents at facilities in the area for about a decade. Most have been held without trial, and fewer than a third of the detainees have been handed over to an Afghan-run court for prosecution. Still, the number of Afghan judges and guards has risen steadily, and, as of July, the Afghan-run court at the prison was hearing about 50 cases a month. Karzai has made bold claims in the name of Afghan sovereignty, and his insistence on a rapid prison transfer ranks among the boldest. But although he craves a more active role for Afghan institutions, he has also made repeated appeals for international support for the country to continue beyond 2014. A transition at the Bagram prison is expected to hold special symbolic value. Afghan officials say the Taliban has successfully used the prison in propaganda to galvanize insurgents, drawing on reports of harsh interrogation methods. A U.S. Army investigation into the deaths of two detainees in 2002 uncovered evidence that prisoners had been chained to the ceiling by their wrists and severely beaten by guards. The Pentagon facility was rebuilt in 2009 and the inmate review process was overhauled to increase transparency, officials said. Staff writer Jason Ukman and staff researcher Julie Tate, both in Washington, contributed to this report. More world news coverage: - Bombs targeting Iraqi Shiites kill 72 - Obama unveils new military strategy - Settlers temporarily banned from West Bank - Read more headlines from around the world

969ee54c-372e-11e1-81ef-eaf2bd09c8a2_1

Why a one-war posture for the U.S. military will work

Hussein is gone, and whatever threat Iraqis may one day pose to themselves and the region, they are unlikely to invade anyone. Farther from home, North Korea has acquired nuclear capabilities, but its conventional forces have weakened, and South Korea’s army is greatly strengthened. Russia remains problematic on multiple issues but not because of its military menace to NATO territory. Threats from Iran or China, at least in the short term, are much more likely to involve U.S. naval, air and special forces (which should retain a capacity for handling more than one major operation at a time). The uncertainty and instability from Syria to Yemen to South Asia, however potentially worrisome for American interests, are unlikely to again require large-scale U.S.-led action. All that said, budget hawks should beware of pushing this argument too far. The one-war paradigm is not a prescription for cutting the Army and Marine Corps by a third or more. Cuts in force structure and personnel should not exceed 15 to 20 percent, relative to current levels, and could be made only gradually, after the Afghanistan campaign winds down. Ten-year savings would reach perhaps $150 billion. That is much of the roughly $400 billion mandated by the August provisions of the Budget Control Act but hardly a dent in the (ill-advised) nearly trillion-dollar target required by sequestration. To carry out this approach responsibly, the United States would still need an active-duty Army and Marine Corps almost as large as those of the Clinton years. Then, we thought we had a two-war capability, a fallacy underscored by events in Iraq and Afghanistan. Within a one-war paradigm, we could no longer rely on the force package intended for a second war to compensate for any underestimations made in planning for a first war. Nor could we rely primarily on the National Guard, as rapid response would be even more critical to addressing problems before they could metastasize. The United States would still need capabilities for possibly simultaneous additional missions, which would probably be smaller in scale than full-fledged war but could be long in duration. Rather than a two-war paradigm, we would want a “1+2” framework for sizing ground forces — the “1” referring to a substantial regional war; the “2” being smaller, multinational but potentially long-lasting contingencies such as a stabilization effort in Afghanistan (or Syria or Yemen). Some critics will argue that capacity for even

6cecd726-1c5e-11e1-967a-d7f5eed205d7_4

Five myths about the American dream

with a population four times larger. China does own more than $1.1 trillion of U.S. debt, however; it is our largest creditor. But the problem isn’t just one nation. Japan holds almost $1 trillion of U.S. debt. Britain owns more than $400 billion. In 1970, less than 5 percent of U.S. debt was held by non-citizens. Today, almost half is. Neither China nor these other countries can be blamed for U.S. choices that have placed our financial future increasingly out of our hands. Still, no matter how much we owe, the United States remains the world’s land of opportunity. In fact, the largest international group coming to America to study is from China — 157,000 students in the 2010-2011 academic year. As recently reported in The Washington Post, the number of Chinese undergraduates at U.S. colleges increased 43 percent over the previous year. 5. Economic decline and political gridlock are killing the American dream. Our research showed a stunning lack of confidence in U.S. institutions. Sixty-five percent of those surveyed believe that America is in decline; 83 percent said they have less trust in “politics in general” than they did 10 or 15 years ago; 79 percent said they have less trust in big business and major corporations; 78 percent said they have less trust in government; 72 percent reported declining trust in the media. These recent figures are more startling when contrasted against Gallup polling from the 1970s, when as many as 70 percent of Americans had “trust and confidence” that the government could handle domestic problems. Even so, 63 percent of Americans said they are confident that they will attain their American dream, regardless of what the nation’s institutions do or don’t do. While they may be worried about future generations, their dream today stands defiantly against the odds. [email protected] Michael F. Ford Read more from Outlook’s Five Myths series: Five myths about the American flag Five myths about gas prices Five myths about 9/11 Five myths about why the South seceded Friend us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter. Few ideas are as central to American self-identity as the “American dream.” Politicians invoke it, immigrants pursue it, and despite unremittingly negative economic news, citizens embrace it. But what is the American dream? We began regular study of how people define and perceive the dream three years ago, and have discovered many misunderstandings worth a second look.

de7aa07c-1f91-11e1-a802-f6c7d4052fa6_4

Why do we ignore the civilians killed in American wars?

a military mistake, and want to forget the whole thing.” On Iraq, when an Associated Press survey asked Americans in early 2007how many Iraqis had died in the war, the average of all answers was 9,890, when the actual number was probably well into the hundreds of thousands. In several polls in 2007 and 2008, Americans were asked whether we should withdraw troops even if it put Iraqis at risk of more civil unrest; a clear majority said yes. Today there is virtually no support for helping rebuild Iraq or Afghanistan — no campaigns by large charities, no open doors for Iraqi refugees. Even Iraqis who worked with the American military are having trouble getting political asylum in the United States and face a risk of retribution at home. The U.S. response to so many dead, 5 million displaced and a devastated country is woefully dismissive. Even civilian atrocities tend to fade quickly from view, or else become rallying points for the accused troops. My Lai, where about 400 Vietnamese were murdered by a U.S. Army unit in 1968, at first shocked the nation, but Americans quickly came to support Lt. William L. Calley Jr. — who was later found guilty of killing 22villagers — and the others involved. More recently, eight Marines were charged in the 2005 Haditha massacre in Iraq, and none has been convicted. (The last defendant’s trial started this past week.) Indeed, each atrocity that fails to alter public opinion piles on to further prove American indifference. Why the American silence on our wars’ main victims? Our self-image, based on what cultural historian Richard Slotkin calls “the frontier myth” — in which righteous violence is used to subdue or annihilate the savages of whatever land we’re trying to conquer — plays a large role. For hundreds of years, the frontier myth has been one of America’s sturdiest national narratives. When the challenges from communism in Korea and Vietnam appeared, we called on these cultural tropes to understand the U.S. mission overseas. The same was true for Iraq and Afghanistan, with the news media and politicians frequently portraying Islamic terrorists as frontier savages. By framing each of these wars as a battle to civilize a lawless culture, we essentially typecast the local populations as theIndians of our North American conquest. As the foreign policy maven Robert D. Kaplanwrote on the Wall Street Journal op-ed page in 2004,

526e4a80-2053-11e1-87d1-5e5448f415de_0

Details, Guangzhou, China

details GETTING THERE Turkish Airlines offers one-stop flights from Washington Dulles to Guangzhou, with early February fares running $1,002 round trip. WHERE TO STAY The Garden Hotel 368 Huanshi E. Rd. 011-86-20-833-38989 www2.thegardenhotel.com.cn In the heart of the business and entertainment district, with 828 rooms and suites. Rooms from $120. The Ritz-Carlton 3 Xing An Rd. 011-86-20-381-36688 www.ritzcarlton.com Sleek 351-room luxury hotel with views of the Pearl River. Poolside bar, restaurant, full-service spa, health club and WiFi. Rooms from $310. WHERE TO EAT Nan Guo Yan Yue Restaurant Dong Fang Hotel 120 Liu Hua Rd. 011-86-20-866-69900 www.hoteldongfang.com/en/index.aspx Cantonese-style dishes in spacious hotel dining room. Dim sum features steamed pork buns and coriander dumplings. $1.50-$4 per item. Lucy’s Bar and Restaurant 3 Shamian St. S. 011-86-20-813-66203 www.lucyscafe.cn/Eindex.html Asian and Western cuisines. Casual dining indoors or alfresco on Shamian Island. $5-$15, cash only. Bosphorus Premium Jian She Liu Ma Lu No. 1 011-86-20-837-67644 Outstanding Turkish cuisine in stylish two-story setting. $15-$25. WHAT TO DO Canton Tower Yuejiang Road West 011-86-20-893-38222 www.gztvtower.info China’s tallest building and TV tower. Observation deck on the 108th story. Elliptical track Ferris wheel provides panoramic views of city. Tickets priced by level: $8, $16, $24. Huadiwan Huadi Avenue North, near Huadiwan metro stop Market complex selling traditional Cantonese furniture and pottery, with extensive bird, plant, fish and aquarium sections. Free. Onelink Onelink International Plaza 39 Jie Fang S. Rd. www.onelinkplaza.com/en/main.php International toys and gifts wholesale and retail market. Free. Hualin Temple Between Changshou Lu and Xiajiu Lu streets. One of the oldest Buddhist temples in the city. $1.25. Shamian Island Walking streets with late 19th-century architecture, shopping, restaurants and Consulate General of the United States. INFORMATION www.lifeofguangzhou.com

a43d204a-2051-11e1-87d1-5e5448f415de_4

Filling the empty spaces in Guangzhou, China

of narrow aisles branching off streets wide enough for delivery trucks. I trail Brian past tanks of all sizes filled with every imaginable kind of fish — from teeny neon tetras to stingrays and sharks — and shops overflowing with such fishy accoutrements as aquariums, gravel, filters, live plants, decorative plastic castles, coral, lights, turtles, live bait, frozen food, dried food and more. Eyeing one particularly crowded, narrow aisle, I take the helm of the stroller, in which Lulu, improbably, is sound asleep. As Brian plunges through the throngs to find one particular vendor, he shouts: “I’ll meet you in the plant store. Go to the end and turn left!” Thirty minutes later I’m cursing, walking round and round the perimeter of where I think I’m supposed to be, passing dozens of vendors selling bright green ferns and grasses, detouring down an outdoor dirt pathway filled with garden plants, then back to the main fish aisle where motorcycles honk and clatter past. Lulu is stirring, and it dawns on me that I have no cellphone, no idea where I am, and I don’t know my family’s street address. The good news, I realize, as people gather to ogle the sleeping blond child wearing a pink and white ruffled dress with matching shoes and hair ribbons, is that I’m not hard to spot. Cellphones and cameras aim our way: Click, click. “Gu gu,” I say. Aunt. “There you are,” says Brian. In China, nothing is possible, unless it is. One sunny day, when the often-smoggy air is almost clear, Jenny and I drop the kids at school and drive to Dong Shan Hu, a 33-acre public park with fishing, boat rentals, kiddie amusement rides and an outdoor exercise area for adults. But first we have to park the minivan. “The most important phrase to learn is ‘Tin bu dong,’ which roughly translates to, ‘I hear you are speaking to me, but I have no idea what you’re saying,’ ” explains Jenny. “Then you smile, wave and add, in English, ‘Bye-bye!’ ” We lock the van and are approached by a man in an official-looking uniform who speaks rapidly while gesturing and pointing. He wants us to park over there, farther down the road. We want to park here. Jenny pays for two hours, and we stroll away. “Tin bu dong! Bye-bye!” In the park, people are dancing. It’s not tai chi

77b7f060-2509-11e1-ba51-99a2b27f6305_2

“Terrorists in Love: The Real Lives of Islamic Radicals,” by Ken Ballen

curved to a straight hooked point, like a ski jump. The fingers on his right hand ended in a stump that resembled melted candle wax, while his left-hand fingers were twisted like the roots of the miswak stick jihadis regularly chew in imitation of the Prophet Muhammad. . . . His fingernails were little more than yellowed brown stumps, the color of toes infected with athlete’s foot.” Ahmad joined the fight because he was having difficulty with an abusive father. Looking for a place where he would be appreciated, Ahmad decided to join fellow Muslims fighting American forces in Iraq. But that, too, proved to be a negative experience. He waited months for a mission. Shuffled from one safe house to another, he was never trained for anything. He was allowed to hold a Kalashnikov, but not to fire one. Finally, he was asked to take a tanker truck into a wealthy neighborhood in Baghdad with two other men. He was told that he simply needed to drive the truck to a designated place and park it. On the way to Baghdad, the men teased Ahmad good-naturedly and talked to him like a brother. Ahmad said that for the first time, he began to feel he was part of something. Then, just a thousand yards from where they were supposed to park the truck, the two other men jumped out and shouted at Ahmad to pull the tanker up to the concrete blocks. ’Terrorists in Love: The Real Lives of Islamic Radicals’ by Ken Ballen (The Free Press) “In what seemed like a matter of seconds, perhaps twenty at most, he made it. His first mission of jihad completed, he could return to the safe house and call home. That was the last thought in his mind as he stopped before the concrete. A powerful explosion, remotely triggered, then turned the back of the tanker, filled with twenty-six tons of liquid explosives, into a powerful fireball that could be seen miles away. . . . ‘I see the world melt,’ Ahamd said. ‘Everything turns black. My hands disappear in more black. My throat leaves me in screams. Hell fire is licking up everywhere. My mind is dead numb. The flames are shooting at me from every direction.’ ” Ahmad miraculously survived and was taken to a hospital by U.S. medics. Eventually, he became a spokesman for the Saudi ministry to

960a186e-3566-11e1-81ef-eaf2bd09c8a2_0

Steven Pearlstein: Steering the region from .gov to .com

Local economic boosters love to remind anyone who will listen that the Washington region boasts the greatest concentration of technical or knowledge workers in the country. The implication, of course, is that we’re right out there on the technological edge alongside Silicon Valley, Austin and Boston. It makes for a wonderful marketing story, but it’s fundamentally misleading. What the numbers don’t tell you is that almost all of this high-tech work is done for the government — and therein is the problem. For even with this impressive ecosystem of firms, workers and advanced technology, the region hasn’t yet spawned a critical mass of companies providing technology products and services for consumers and private businesses. There was a brief moment, in the mid- to late ’90s, when the commercial tech sector looked like it might be taking off, with hot, fast-growing companies such as AOL, MicroStrategy, Nextel and scores of other entrepreneurial startups supported by a burgeoning network of venture capitalists. But as a result of failed mergers and the dot-com bust of 2000, most of that faded away, along with the commercial-tech sector’s momentum and swagger. Very little was made of this disappointment during the ensuing decade, if for no other reason than the government-contracting sector was growing so fast it didn’t seem to matter. Now that the region faces the prospect of a decade-long decline in federal spending, however, it has taken on some urgency. That doesn’t mean that the Washington region can never develop a thriving commercial-tech sector — as I’ll explain in a moment, we can and must. The challenge is that we’ll have to do it with different companies and different workers operating in a different business culture. The reality is that firms and workers that thrive in a government-contracting environment are almost antithetical to the ones developing new apps for the iPhone or even a new database-management system for Macy’s. The customer base, the timelines, the marketing, the skill sets, the way products are priced and employees are paid — they’re all quite different. As former Lockheed chairman Norm Augustine used to quip, the history of “diversification” by government contractors is unblemished by success. You can feel the difference in the two cultures the minute you step into any of the District offices of LivingSocial, the daily deal site that has become one of the hottest tech startups in the country, with 5,000 employees and

384c71a8-36fc-11e1-ac55-e75ea321c80a_0

What humanity can do to save the planet

Regarding the Jan. 3 front-page article “At the helm of ‘Spaceship Earth’ ”: Over the past two centuries, population growth, industrialization and increased consumption, along with poor natural resource management practices, have imperiled nature. Rapid climate change is just the latest manifestation of man’s activities, forcing environmentalists to reevaluate what their objectives should be and how to achieve them. The traditional response to environmental degradation has been to protect what is left and restore what is damaged. This is no longer a viable paradigm in a warmer world. Instead, we must proactively make our cities and our ecosystems more resilient to the impacts of climate change and take steps to ensure that nature can provide the services that people and other species rely on. Drought-resistant crops, mangrove forests, rainfall-absorbing green spaces and urban pavement materials that absorb less heat are just a few examples of measures that are now required. We don’t live on our parents’ planet; the world has already been changed irrevocably. However, there is still an amazingly vibrant and diverse world worth saving. Shaun Martin, Washington The writer is director of the World Wildlife Fund’s climate change adaptation program. ● ● ●

c8b00e9c-3a3c-11e1-bd99-502c7f894ebd_0

Saving the lives of patients with rare blood diseases

When Princeton University football star Jordan Culbreath was diagnosed in 2009 with the rare and potentially deadly blood disorder known as aplastic anemia, his prospects looked bleak. The life- threatening disease was wiping out the cells in his bone marrow, including red blood cells that carry oxygen, white blood cells that fight infection and platelets that help clot the blood. Culbreath was fortunate to have found his way to the National Institutes of Health and a team of expert physicians led by Dr. Neal S. Young, where he received immune suppressant therapy and made a full recovery. He returned to the gridiron for the 2010 season and later graduated from college. “I’m very lucky, I know that,” Culbreadth said last February when he received an award from an organization that seeks to raise awareness about rare diseases. Culbreath’s recovery, however, was more than luck. It was the result of years of painstaking research and clinical testing led by Young and his colleagues, who are widely credited with pioneering the development of the treatments for patients with aplastic anemia and related syndromes. The therapies tested by Young, the chief of the Hematology Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institutes at NIH, have resulted in a dramatic increase in survival rates for those suffering from aplastic anemia. When Young graduated from medical school in 1971, for example, almost all patients who developed severe aplastic anemia died within just a few months. Today, the survival rate is more than 70 percent. (Ernie Branson/NIH) Because of Young’s efforts, his clinic at NIH is considered one of the world’s major referral centers for bone marrow failure syndromes, including aplastic anemia. This disease strikes about 600 to 900 people a year in the United States. “Neal Young is a great scientist and he has done an enormous amount of good in terms of aplastic anemia,’ said Dr. Arthur Nienhaus, a prominent physician at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Tennessee and Young’s former boss at NIH. “He is truly one of the great investigators of our generation in terms of hematology,” said Nienhaus. At NIH, Young combines direct patient care and clinical trial research with basic science laboratory work in cell biology, molecular biology, virology, immunology and population-based epidemiologic studies. Young said the NIH gives him great “intellectual freedom” to follow the science, undertake a wide range of investigations and engage in “transformative work”

93b2b728-37a6-11e1-b32c-a37ca28b472a_0

CES 2012: The perils of ubiquity

Tucked among the 2,700 exhibitors at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas this week will be nearly 100 fledgling start-ups that represent a first for the 45-year-old trade event: Many don’t yet have products to sell. The experiment, called Eureka Park, occupies just a tiny portion of the 1.8 million square feet of exhibit space, but it’s the latest attempt by the Consumer Electronics Association to keep the show and its membership relevant in a rapidly changing industry. “We want to make sure we’re around for another 45 or 50 years, and what better way to do that than help promote new companies,” said Karen Chupka, senior vice president of events and conferences. The Arlington-based association has made an aggressive effort to broaden its appeal and roster of members in recent years, expanding the categories of companies it represents to include automakers, major retailers and medical device manufacturers, among others. That approach is most evident at CES, where the gamut of gizmos — if you can even call them all that — is staggering. Tech enthusiasts will find no shortage of traditional consumer electronics, including tablets, smartphones, televisions and game consoles. But there also will be dishwashers. And electric vehicles. Heart monitors, too. In many ways, consumer technology has become so ubiquitous that it ceases to become its own industry, raising questions about its future. Indeed, though this year’s gadget pageant is shaping up to be the second or third largest in history, one longtime mainstay, Microsoft, is scaling back. This will be the last year the software giant will deliver a major keynote or maintain a substantial presence. Amassing members Gary Shapiro took the helm of what would eventually be renamed the Consumer Electronics Association in 1991 when the organization counted just 60 member companies. With 2,200 on its roster today, it ranks among the country’s largest trade groups. “There has been phenomenal convergence,” Shapiro said. “A telephone is also a camera. A TV is also connected to the Internet. That convergence is something we knew would happen, and we positioned the show for it and our association.” That diverse membership produces a loud chorus of voices on policy matters here in Washington, where CEA weighs in on topics from Internet piracy to free trade. The association compiles market research and plays an influential role in debates over industry standards. But size isn’t always an asset, said

d941eee6-3623-11e1-81ef-eaf2bd09c8a2_0

Delta: Shopping centers with grocery stores poised to grow this year

Grocery-anchored shopping centers continue to perform reliably compared to other retail property types, according to Delta’s annual year-end survey of over 300 Washington area grocery-anchored shopping centers. Of the total retail inventory in the Washington metro area, 57.6 million square feet is located in 340 grocery-anchored shopping centers. The metropolitan area-wide vacancy rate for grocery-anchored shopping centers edged down to 5.5 percent at the end of 2011, from 5.6 percent at the end of 2010, matching the vacancy rate for the region’s overall shopping center market. The grocery-anchored shopping center vacancy rate in suburban Maryland declined to 5.6 percent at the end 2011, from 6.0 percent one year ago. Northern Virginia vacancy was 5.5 percent at year-end 2011, up from 5.3 percent one year ago. The District, Arlington and Alexandria experienced no change in vacancy compared with a year ago, remaining at 5.0 percent at the end of 2011. The large inner suburban counties of Fairfax, Montgomery and Prince George’s experienced a slight decline of 30 basis points during 2011, to 4.8 percent. This compares favorably to outer ring areas such as Loudoun and Prince William counties, where vacancy rose to 7.9 percent. Rental rates at grocery-anchored centers increased 2.1 percent in 2011, after declining 2.4 percent in 2010. The region’s average in-line tenant rents were $31.65 a square foot at year-end 2011, compared with $31.86 for suburban Maryland and $31.15 a square foot in Northern Virginia, up 1 percent from 2010. The District, Alexandria and Arlington experienced a healthy rise in asking rates at 6.8 percent during 2011, as tenants sought to remain in the urban core, with only 200,000 square feet of available space. The inner and outer rings experienced rent increases at a less robust pace, at 2.1 percent and 0.5 percent respectively. Overall, newer grocery-anchored shopping centers outperformed market averages during 2011. Centers built after 1999 in the Washington metro area hold a 6.5 percent vacancy rate at year-end 2011, a 70 basis point decline during the past year. Centers built in 1999 or before hold a 5.2 percent vacancy rate at year-end 2011, remaining unchanged from one year ago. We expect the retail market in the Washington metro area to gradually recover during 2012. Consumer spending will be muted compared to prior expansion periods, but we expect shoppers to focus spending at wholesale merchants as economic uncertainty persists. However, luxury retailers should continue to experience

1d40235c-3722-11e1-b32c-a37ca28b472a_1

Frozen peas inspired doctor, patient to create hot-cold pack

placed our first order of 5,000 packs, and really, we just wanted to sell those.” In the four years since, TheraPearl has become profitable and has expanded to include 15 full-time employees. Revenue has grown 200 percent in the past year, according to Daniel Baumwald, a senior vice president at TheraPearl. He estimates that the company had sales between $12 million and $15 million in 2011. “We cannot believe how people have embraced the product,” Dubbé said. Along the way, the company has scrapped many of its earlier notions about TheraPearl, which was originally being marketed exclusively to spas and beauty salons. “We got the occasional mom at the spa, but for the most part the packs got lost in the hair and beauty products,” Baumwald said. “Now we’re fishing where the fish are.” TheraPearl products now are sold in 10,000 pharmacies and stores across the U.S. and Canada, including Duane Reade in New York and Meijer stores in the Midwest. Tschiffely Pharmacy on K Street in the District has been carrying the packs for about two years. “It’s pretty much one of the top sellers because it’s hot and cold, instead of just one or the other,” said Colpon Jones, a technician at the pharmacy. The line of products, which began with one rectangular pack, has evolved to include more than a dozen shapes and sizes, including neck and back wraps, eye masks and packs for nursing mothers. TheraPearl also has a children’s line that includes packs in the shape of frogs, pigs, puppies and pandas. Before he quit his job at Vitamin Water in May 2009, Baumwald stood outside the food court at Columbia Mall. He had samples of TheraPearl and spent a few hours asking passers-by what they thought of the product. “I just asked them, ‘Do you think this is cool?,’ ” Baumwald said. “And when every single person said yes, I knew this had legs.” The company is evolving. It plans to introduce shin and knee wraps this year, and hopes to expand into sporting goods stores. There are more superficial changes, too, such as changing to vertical packaging to take up less space on the shelf. “Most of us are from the beverage industry, so we’re not only learning a new brand, but we’re also learning a new industry,” Baumwald said. “But the thing is, when you think of soft drinks, you think of

60d1b764-3aad-11e1-9d6b-29434ee99d6a_0

Amir Mirzaei Hekmati, alleged U.S. spy, sentenced to death in Iran

TEHRAN — Amir Mirzaei Hekmati, a former U.S. Marine of Iranian descent, was handed a death sentence for a list of alleged crimes that included spying for the CIA, state media reported. U.S. officials said the charges were false and politically motivated, describing them as the latest in a series of provocations by Iran’s clerical rulers. “We strongly condemn this verdict,” said Victoria Nuland, spokeswoman for the State Department. Iranian authorities accused Hekmati, 28, of receiving special training at U.S. bases in Iraq and Afghanistan before being dispatched to Iran on a spy mission. Hekmati, who was born in Arizona and holds dual citizenship, was given 20 days to appeal the verdict. The court’s decision comes at a time of increasing tension between Tehran and Washington, as the United States and its allies seek to dramatically toughen economic sanctions against Iran over its nuclear program. Iran has sought to retaliate by threatening to block the Strait of Hormuz and warning a U.S. aircraft carrier not to enter the strategic waterway. Iran has also boasted in recent days of new progress in its nuclear program, signaling that it has achieved its long-stated ambition of starting uranium enrichment at a mountain bunker, using a process that makes uranium that can be upgraded for weapons use more quickly than the country’s main stockpile. The International Atomic Energy Agency confirmed the assertion Monday. U.S. officials and Iran experts view the charges against Hekmati as further evidence that Iranian leaders are feeling pressure and are looking for ways to regain advantage. One analyst described the former Marine as “another hostage of the U.S.-Iran cold war.” “The Iranian regime is desperate for any leverage it can get vis-a-vis the United States,” said Karim Sadjadpour, an Iran analyst with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. “For that reason, it’s highly unlikely that they’ll execute Mr. Hekmati, for he would then cease to be a bargaining chip.” President Obama signed a bill on the last day of 2011 that placed the Central Bank of Iran under unilateral sanctions, setting off a steep slide in the Iranian currency. Since then, Europe has indicated that it will impose stiff sanctions of its own. The signs of strain in Tehran have encouraged U.S. officials in their belief that Iran’s leaders will eventually come around to negotiations over their nuclear program. But Greg Thielmann, a senior fellow at the Arms Control Association,

a4a31768-3322-11e1-a274-61fcdeecc5f5_0

Polar bear cub is unbearably cute

All together now: This baby polar bear was born November 22 at the Scandinavian Wildlife Park in Kolind, Denmark. But because his mother couldn’t produce milk to feed the cub, zookeepers had to decide whether they would let the animal die or take over feeding him themselves. It turned out to be a pretty easy decision to make. The cub weighed less than two pounds when he was born. He evidently likes what the keepers are feeding him; when they showed him off late last month, the bear was more than seven pounds and was packing on more. Keepers named the cub Siku, which means “sea ice.” They hope the bear will make people more aware of the effects that the shrinking of polar ice has on the bears in the wild. This adorable little cub won’t stay this size for very long. Fully grown male polar bears can stand 10 feet tall and weigh as much as 1,400 pounds. Until then, the cub is doing pretty much what all babies do: eating, sleeping and being unbearably adorable.

08d7294e-3aea-11e1-9ff8-fab9392b31bf_2

California’s high-speed rail to nowhere

Legislative Analysis Office and the PRG itself. The PRG’s caution seems amply justified, given that the project’s costs are already mounting far beyond what voters were originally told. The 2008 referendum assumed a $33 billion price tag for a system stretching from Sacramento to San Diego. But more recent estimates have reached $98 billion. But, to Brown, the warnings lose validity through repetition. The PRG report “does not appear to add any arguments that are new or compelling enough to suggest a change of course,” his spokesman said. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood, who has declared that “we will not be dissuaded by the naysayers and the critics,” told me to discount the PRG report. He said its lead author, former California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger’s (R) erstwhile transportation chief Will Kempton, used to support building a high-speed line in the San Joaquin Valley — until he “switched allegiances” and became CEO of transportation for Orange County. Kempton denies it. One could just as easily say the California High-Speed Rail Authority angrily rebutted the PRG report because two of the authority’s board members are officials of construction unions that stand to benefit from the project. Or that LaHood’s views reflect the president’s political interests. But enough of the inevitable pork-barrel politics. On the merits, high-speed rail would be a questionable investment even if California could afford to build it. LaHood and other boosters marvel at bullet trains in Europe and Japan, insisting simplistically that we need them, too. But the sprawling, decentralized cities of the United States do not make convenient destinations for train travelers. International experience shows that high-speed rail entails expensive debt service and large operating subsidies. This would likely be the case here as well, since, for better or worse, rail must compete with well-established air and car options. Business travel is one ostensible purpose of bullet trains in California, but increasingly people meet via video conference. For these and other reasons, high-speed rail in the United States would lower carbon emissions and reduce traffic far less cost-effectively than would alternative solutions. It’s especially odd for a Democratic president and governor to saddle California with the cost of bullet trains when the state is facing chronic deficits, tax increases and social spending cuts. Maybe this is why polls show that a majority of Californians have turned against the project. It’s still not too late to hit the brakes. [email protected]

05ed01bc-37df-11e1-8ffc-336017bccf38_7

Tuna, meat labeling disputes highlight WTO control

imports were allowed only from foreign plants certified to have food-safety systems that were “at least equal to” those in the United States, based on site visits by U.S. government inspectors. But now, Wallach says, foreign countries can have their regulatory system deemed “equivalent” based only on submitted documents and visits to a few pre-selected sites in the country. Once a nation’s system is found “equivalent,” any facility within its borders can export meat to the United States. And, Wallach adds, a number of countries were grandfathered as having equivalent systems when the WTO launched in 1995, even if only a select number of their plants had been previously approved as “equal to.” In the early 2000s, Public Citizen reviewed the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service reports for a number of countries granted equivalent status by the United States and determined that federal officials were “allowing imported meat onto U.S. grocery shelves that does not meet domestic food safety standards,” according to a July 2003 news release. “The very notion of replacing an import safety standard that required meat and poultry to meet U.S. standards [with] one that allows a very squishy, unclear notion of equivalents,” Wallach says, “means that U.S. consumers have been put at enormous new risk for the benefit of facilitating trade in products that, if not processed properly, can kill your kids.” At least with COOL, Wallach says, consumers can decide whether they want to buy meat imported from foreign countries. If Mexico, Canada or other country’s animals could gain “Product of the U.S.” labels — after feeding and slaughtering in the States — consumers would be “playing Russian roulette with every burger, steak or chop.” Pork and beef industry officials disagree vehemently with that position. “If there were an issue, we’d be up in arms about it,” says Nick Giordano, vice president and counsel for international affairs for the National Pork Producers Council. “Our ability to continue to supply the customer . . . is dependent on us supplying a product that is second to none in safety and quality.” To the meat industry, the COOL system is little more than package-based advertising, one that favors domestic products over foreign ones. “It’s not any sort of food safety program; it’s just simply a marketing program,” says Woodall of the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association. “We don’t think government should be in the marketing of cattle.”

5bb6ab5c-37b7-11e1-81ef-eaf2bd09c8a2_3

Beers for champagne tastes

said. Boston Beer enjoyed much greater success with its Infinium, introduced in winter 2010 and repeated last year. This one-of-a-kind brew is the result of a three-year-collaboration between Boston Beer Chairman Jim Koch and Josef Schradler, managing director of Bavaria’s venerable Weihenstephan Brewery, which traces its founding to 1040. The challenge was to create an entirely new style within Germany’s Reinheitsgebot, or purity law, which limits the ingredients in beer to four basics: barley malt, hops, yeast and water. Koch envisioned “a champagne style of beer: strong but not cloying or thick, dry but not thin, highly carbonated.” The catch was that he couldn’t use sugar, enzymes or high-fructose corn syrup to boost the alcohol. Adding more malt would simply produce a rich, heavy brew in the style of a German doppelbock. Eventually, Koch and his partners devised a unique, patent-pending brewing process featuring an extremely long, slow mash that converts a much greater percentage of the starches into simple sugars that the yeast can munch on, creating alcohol. After primary fermentation, the beer is shipped to Pleasant Valley Wine (maker of Great Western Champagne) in Hammondsport, N.Y., where re-fermentation takes place. The original 2010 Infinium underwent riddling and disgorgement. For the 2011 version, Koch tried an alternate process called Charmat, in which the re-fermentation takes place in steel tanks and the beer is gently drained off without stirring up the yeast sediment on the bottom. Unlike DeuS, Infinium is readily identifiable as a product of grain rather than grape. It has a brisk effervescence, a light and sherbet-y fruitiness (less noticeable in the 2011 vintage) and a sweet, sugary malt backbone (more pronounced in the 2011). It’s a pleasant beer (and it hides its 10.3 percent alcohol well), but it might disappoint extreme-beer junkies who expect a full-scale assault on the palate when they pay $20 for a fancy 750-ml bottle. Infinium might have some competition for the next holiday season. Ben Howe, a bartender and former brewer at Cambridge Brewing in Cambridge, Mass., plans to open a nanobrewery next summer called Enlightenment Ales, specializing in strong, golden champagne-style beer. He’ll brew out of Lowell, Mass., and self-distribute locally to keep costs down. “I want it to be accessible to people in my socioeconomic status,” he laughs. Will we see any here in Washington? “Maybe in a few years,” he answers. Kitsock is the editor of Mid-Atlantic Brewing News.

7a54054e-366a-11e1-81ef-eaf2bd09c8a2_1

Puree Artisan Juice Bar in Bethesda

LEED-certified space with electric-green wheat grass sprouting here and there. A few tables and a bar round things out. The produce is locally sourced, from growers such as Edrich Farms in Randallstown, Md.; the bee pollen comes from Thurmont, Md. Juice might be just the ticket for those who want nutrition in a hurry. Puree’s “Juice & Go” cooler holds refrigerated, glass-bottled elixirs (16 ounces, $9) freshly pressed each morning. (Waldman had expected customers to be able to bring the glass bottles back for reuse, but she is still working to persuade Montgomery County to allow that.) Waldman says the thick glass bottles preserve the juice longer and keep it from tasting like plastic. Her favorite is the Mean Lemon-Aid, a spicy lemon purifying tonic with a shot of kale that looks like a mad scientist’s experiment. It definitely tastes healthful, and not in an entirely unpleasant way. Waldman and chief operating officer/chef Steve Mekoski, 25, collaborated on the design of two cleanses, or regimens to detoxify the body (one-day, $65; three-day, $180) that come with lots of tips and information, and on the fruit-based purees and creamy shakes (16 ounces, $10). All of the shakes are customizable and vegan, getting their creaminess from almonds, bananas and coconut — and eventually avocados, when organic ones are more reasonably priced, Waldman says. All fruit is frozen after purchase, so no ice is needed. The orange lassi shake (one of several “signatures” from the bar), blended with almond, vanilla, coconut and a heavy hit of cardamom, is a really lovely combination, although I found the coconut was a bit too coarse. We liked the banana butter cup shake better, with its almonds, bananas, cinnamon and bitter cacao nibs. But our favorite was the cacao berry puree of strawberries, banana, coconut and cacao (unprocessed) powder. It’s the ideal way to get your New-Year’s-resolution juices flowing. — Rina Rapuano Puree Artisan Juice Bar Amy Waldman had intended to open her organic juice bar well before the start of 2012, and permit problems nearly derailed that resolution. But when many of us awoke Jan. 1 with a renewed commitment to health, Waldman wanted to be at the ready. “I was very adamant about being open for the new year,” she says. She squeezed in right under deadline, launching Puree Artisan Juice Bar on Dec. 29 in a slip of a space in Bethesda next to

2a61f7ee-3bb5-11e1-9ff8-fab9392b31bf_0

Public ire one goal of Iran sanctions, U.S. official says

An earlier version of this article incorrectly reported that a U.S. intelligence official had described regime collapse as a goal of U.S. and other sanctions against Iran. An updated version clarifies the official’s remarks. The Obama administration sees economic sanctions against Iran as building public discontent that will help compel the government to abandon an alleged nuclear weapons program, according to a senior U.S. intelligence official. In addition to influencing Iranian leaders directly, the official said, “another option here is that [sanctions] will create hate and discontent at the street level so that the Iranian leaders realize that they need to change their ways.” The intelligence official’s remarks pointed to what has long been an unstated reality of sanctions: Although designed to pressure a government to change its policies, they often impose broad hardships on a population. The official spoke this week on the condition of anonymity to discuss internal administration assessments. The comments came as the administration readies punitive new sanctions that affect Iran’s central bank and the European Union moves toward strict curbs on Iranian oil imports. A senior administration official, speaking separately, acknowledged that public discontent was a likely result of more punitive sanctions against Iran’s already faltering economy, but said that is not the direct intent. “We have a policy that is rooted in the notion that you need to supply sufficient pressure to compel [the government] to change behavior as it’s related to their nuclear program,” this official said. “The question is whether people in the government feel pressure from the fact that there’s public discontent,” the official said, “versus whether the sanctions themselves are intended to collapse the regime.” A Western diplomat familiar with the policy said that it was “introducing in the cost-benefit analysis a new parameter in the calculus” of the Iranian government. “To the extent we have done that, it is not because we want to collapse the government. It is because we want the Iranian government to understand that is a possible cost in continuing the way it is,” the diplomat said, speaking on the condition of anonymity to describe the intent of the policy. Dennis B. Ross, who managed Iran policy on the National Security Council staff until November, said, “The sanctions all along have been designed to put the Iranians in a position where they had to make a choice, and if they did not make a choice,

2a61f7ee-3bb5-11e1-9ff8-fab9392b31bf_4

Public ire one goal of Iran sanctions, U.S. official says

develop its nuclear infrastructure — including a recently revealed second uranium-enrichment facility — the “pause” in the nation’s direct march toward a weapon continues, the intelligence official said. “Our belief is that they are reserving judgement on whether to continue with key steps they haven’t taken regarding nuclear weapons,” he said. “It’s not a technical problem,” he said, adding that Iran already has the capability to build a bomb. Israel, the intelligence official said, has “a different opinion. They think [Iran] has already made the decision. The possibility that Israel will take action on its own to thwart Iran’s nuclear ambitions is “a very serious concern,” the intelligence official said. If the Israelis attack, he said, “it is very clear that Iran will retaliate” against Israel and ultimately hold the United States responsible. “In the end,” the intelligence official said of Israel, “they’re a sovereign country. . . . How much notice they might give us, I don’t know.” The International Atomic Energy Agency’s latest report on Iran, in November, cited evidence suggesting a resumption of weapons research after 2004, including work on triggering devices as recent as 2007. Officials for the nuclear agency have acknowledged in interviews that the evidence is ambiguous. “The information indicates that Iran has carried out activities relevant to the development of a nuclear explosive device,” the nuclear agency said in its report. “The information also indicates that prior to the end of 2003, these activities took place under a structured programme, and that some activities may still be ongoing.” Although different countries and agencies are looking at the same evidence, U.S. officials have tended to be conservative in their interpretation, in what some of the European counterparts regard as a reaction to the U.S. intelligence missteps before the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. “It is clear to everyone that, early in the last decade, a decision was made by Iran to close the ‘formal’ program,” said one European diplomat involved in internal IAEA discussions about Iran. “The question is whether the work is still being carried on, and to what end. It is harder to pin that down with exactitude.” Staff writer Joby Warrick contributed to this report. More world news coverage: - Syria’s Assad vows ‘iron fist’ against opposition - Bombing kills 30 in northwest Pakistan - Alleged U.S. spy sentenced to death in Iran - Read more headlines from around the world

c7e02e96-3bce-11e1-9958-657538129602_1

On 10th anniversary, Guantanamo Bay’s future is unclear

counsel to some of the detainees. Last month, it was reported that the administration had seriously considered transferring five Afghan detainees as part of a package of mutual confidence-building with the Taliban. Initially, it was proposed that the five would be held under house arrest in Qatar. But for some activists, the prospect of renewed movement on emptying the detention center was clouded by the inclusion of Mohammad Fazl, a former Taliban deputy defense minister, on the list of those who could take their first steps toward freedom in a villa in Doha. Almost immediately after Fazl’s capture, in late 2001, Human Rights Watch urged the U.S. government to ensure that the former Taliban commander be brought before a tribunal to answer allegations that he had a role in war crimes committed by Taliban forces in central Afghanistan in 2000 and 2001. U.N. and Human Rights Watch investigators found that at least 170 members of a Shiite Muslim ethnic group, the Hazara, were summarily executed by the Taliban in January 2001. Numerous witnesses testified that Fazl visited the district where the massacre occurred, during the four days when the men were shot in public by firing squads, according to Human Rights Watch. The commander who oversaw the killing and served directly under Fazl was also held at Guantanamo but was released in 2003, before the United States knew who he was. Human Rights Watch also said that the records of at least two of the other four Afghans who could be transferred to Qatar should be investigated for possible prosecution. “It’s sad, tragic and ironic that someone who could have been prosecuted may be let go, but we’re not saying that Guantanamo is the proper place to hold war criminals,” said John Sifton, advocacy director for Asia at Human Rights Watch. “What we are saying is that they should be investigated and, in Fazl’s case especially, tried for war crimes.” Of the 171 detainees remaining at Guantanamo, 59 have been cleared for transfer. The Obama administration has determined that an additional 30 Yemenis could be repatriated if conditions improve in their homeland. The remainder would be prosecuted or held indefinitely, the administration has said. White House spokesman Jay Carney said Monday that President Obama remains committed to closing the facility at Guantanamo. “We all are aware of the obstacles to getting that done as quickly as the president wanted to

af6f95b2-37c4-11e1-81ef-eaf2bd09c8a2_0

For most-hurting Americans, Fed remedies limited

In the most difficult economy in a generation, middle-income and poor Americans are hurting the worst. Congress is tied in knots, barely able to pass even the most basic measures to help. That has put pressure on the one arm of government with the power and the flexibility to try to boost ordinary Americans’ fortunes: the Federal Reserve. But the limited policies the Fed has at its disposal mostly put money in the hands of the affluent, at least through their direct effects. The affluent, in turn, are less likely than most to spend that money in the wider economy. That may be a key reason that a series of dramatic steps by the central bank has not done more to raise living standards for American workers. The Fed has aimed to strengthen growth and lower joblessness by pumping cash into the economy, buying vast amounts of government bonds using newly printed money. The bond purchases have pushed up the stock market, in which the wealthy are much more heavily invested than the poor and the middle class. The bond purchases also have helped lower mortgage rates, and the affluent are more likely to buy a home — and have bigger homes to refinance — than those of lesser means. At the same time, Fed bond purchases tend to weaken the dollar, driving up the cost of imported oil — and the poor spend a higher proportion of their incomes on gasoline than the rich. If Fed policies succeed in invigorating the economy, millions of people looking for work — or worried about losing it — would be among the big winners, and leaders of the central bank see a need to do whatever they can to try to get the overall economy back on track. Obstacles to success But the success of those policies are limited by their very nature. The Fed, as a central bank, largely acts through bond market purchases and interest rate changes that do not equally affect segments of society. A wide range of research shows that the poorer people are, the more likely they are to spend any new money they get, which keeps it circulating through the economy. Wealthier people are more likely to save it, which does little to foster economic activity. In 2010, middle-income families — those making about $46,000 a year — spent 91 percent of their after-tax income. The

6423000a-3bc3-11e1-9958-657538129602_2

Prince George’s woman runs for recovery after losing husband to cancer

his passing than to be committing ourselves to raising money for LLS while challenging ourselves mentally, physically and emotionally,” she said. Since the beginning of February 2011, Blattner has been involved in charity races through a program called Team in Training, an LLS charity group that’s aided her in raising more than $15,000 toward cancer research through sponsorships she’s obtained from family, friends and supporters. She said running has been a great way to honor her husband, raise money for the cause and get in shape, noting that she has lost about 40 pounds since joining TNT. While John Blattner was undergoing treatments, which included chemotherapy, radiation and bone marrow transplants, the couple became involved with LLS by participating in a yearly charity walk called Light the Night, she said. When he became too ill to work, LLS provided financial aid. About 1 million people in the United States are living with a form of blood cancer, while every four minutes someone is diagnosed, said Lisa Iannarino, an LLS spokeswoman. Iannarino said Blattner’s motivation and ability to be so involved shortly after losing her husband has been an inspiration for their organization. “For us, to see someone who has lost someone so close to them to give back and do something right away reminds us of what we’re doing and why we’re doing it,” Iannarino said. “Katie is a reminder to us of the work we still have to do.” Blattner’s sister, Jennifer Moshier, said they run each Saturday to train and said running has been a great way to overcome the hardship. “My sister is one of the strongest people I know,” she said. “Her ability to prove to herself that she is capable of achieving anything is going to show her son, Isaiah, what it truly means to battle and overcome obstacles, in the long run.” Blattner said she was never a runner prior to joining the TNT program, but said it has helped with her healing and helped her push herself to do more than she thought she could. “It’s a constant reminder that no matter how bad I’m feeling during a run, it’s nothing compared to what John went through during his 3.5-year battle with cancer.” Iannarino said TNT is recruiting new members for the spring season of races, which includes four marathons and two triathlons. To become involved, call LLS at 703-399-2042 or visit www.teamintraining.org/nca.

24e23ca6-3c6f-11e1-a72c-c808ebbd31f5_5

Hit with rising food costs, indie restaurant owners cope creatively

restaurateurs are also swapping out cuts of meat and seafood, which typically make up about half their cost for each plate, for less expensive versions — which Goldin says is part of the reason for the big burger resurgence of 2011. In fact, Casten said he’s surprised salmon hasn’t become a more popular menu item, since it has plummeted in price from last year. “A savvy restaurateur is looking at these prices weekly and determining what items he can take advantage of,” he said. “When you’re an independent, each item is really important.” Negotiating with vendors For owners, haggling with distributors is nothing new, but some are making it an art form as they angle for every possible discount. Merrin, like others, said his restaurant has been tougher with its food vendors and distributors, working out deals for months in advance or accepting fewer deliveries while buying more. Jammet said Sweetgreen also signs price contracts with farmers for their orders. Marcus Giuliano, who owns the health-food restaurant Aroma Thyme Bistro in Ellenville, N.Y., said he wanted to upgrade to organic coconut milk from conventional, but coconut prices were skyrocketing. Rather than go to the wholesale company, he approached his broker and asked if there was anything they could do. “She set up an ongoing discount with the wholesale vendor,” he said. “The brokers are the ones that sometimes have flexibility.” Although it’s the most obvious solution, independent restaurateurs tend to be cautious about raising menu prices, said the National Restaurant Association’s vice president for research, Hudson Riehle. “Consumers are sensitive to price increases,” he said. “The decision to raise prices is not taken lightly. Grocery store prices are running at more than double the rate of menu price increases.” Several restaurant chains surveyed by the National Restaurant Association, including the Cheesecake Factory and Texas Roadhouse, said they plan to increase prices modestly this year. Previously, independent restaurants had to resist doing so, Cannon said, because any fluctuations in their pricing would send customers fleeing to the marginally cheaper national chains. But now that even mainstays like Starbucks are charging more, smaller shops may start to do so, as well. Merrin, from Havana Central, said that he’s raised prices about 3.5 percent in the past six months, and he might again this year. His margins have also taken a slight hit, but he said that as far as a restaurateur’s myriad

74358734-3c5d-11e1-9d6b-29434ee99d6a_4

India advances in battle to eradicate polio

casual labor on farms and construction sites, potentially spreading the virus far and wide. “We needed a vaccine program that keeps up with this,” said Hamid Jafari, who runs the polio surveillance project for the WHO. “We needed to get the vaccine to the child before the virus got to the child.” The scale of the effort is mind-boggling. Last year, 2.3 million vaccinators administered 900 million oral polio vaccine doses in India to 172 million children younger than 5. Taking into account the constant migration of millions of Indians, vaccination booths were set up at train and bus stations, railway crossings and border posts, and 150,000 migrant settlements and slums where workers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar could have ended up were covered. The monitoring is constant. Health centers, doctors and even faith healers are conditioned to report the first sign of symptoms that might indicate polio. Doctors and volunteers fan out every day to examine babies and collect stool samples for testing. The government provided more than $2 billion to help finance the campaign and demonstrated the sort of political leadership and commitment all too rarely seen on a public health issue here. ­Globally, the U.S. government has provided $2 billion for the polio eradication campaign, Rotary International has raised about $1 billion from its members, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has donated more than $1 billion. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention weighed in with crucial expertise. But the campaign has also been enormously controversial. Throughout its history, experts have said that the goal of eradication was simply not feasible or that far too much money and effort was being spent on the single-minded pursuit of polio eradication to the detriment of other, more pressing public health goals. There were setbacks, too. Just as the disease seemed to be coming under control, a fresh epidemic would send program leaders back to the drawing board and scientists back to the lab to design new, more effective forms of the vaccine. Despite India’s success, the battle is far from won. The virus is still endemic in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria. In Africa, Angola, Chad and Congo seemed to have won the battle against polio, but the virus was re-imported from abroad and person-to-person transmission restarted. A model for success India’s success is serving as a template for others. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are states that have

00fe5b90-3d18-11e1-9d6b-29434ee99d6a_0

Japan agrees to reduce oil imports from Iran

U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner’s efforts to tighten economic sanctions on Iran over its nuclear program won backing from Japan a day after China rejected limiting oil imports from the country. (Kiyoshi Ota/BLOOMBERG) TOKYO — The Japanese pledge, made during a visit here by Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner, stood in contrast to resistance this week from China, where officials say that Iran’s uranium program and its energy sales should not be linked. Japan imports roughly 10 percent of its oil from Iran, making it the Islamic republic’s second-biggest oil customer, behind China. Japanese Finance Minister Jun Azumi said Thursday that Japan would cut its use of Iranian oil “as soon as possible in a planned manner.” Japan has already reduced its reliance on Iranian oil by 40 percent in the past five years, Azumi said. Geithner undertook his quick trip to Asia’s two largest economies as part of the Obama administration’s effort to tighten sanctions on Iran, taking primary aim at its oil industry. Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda told Geithner that he shared Washington’s concern about Iran’s nuclear program. But he also expressed worry about the targeting of Iran’s oil sector, saying that the sanctions “could cause serious effects on the Japanese and world economies,” according to a government statement. Oil prices are unlikely to rise sharply as long as China stands aloof from the U.S. campaign, analysts say. But if the sanctions take effect as envisaged, Iran could lose its major customers, all but eliminating it as an oil exporter. Oil prices would jump, and countries such as Japan — which is only 16 percent energy self-sufficient, with very few natural resources of its own — would face an increased burden. Japan imports more than three-quarters of its oil from the Middle East, mostly Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Since last year’s earthquake and tsunami triggered meltdowns at three nuclear reactors, the country has turned away from nuclear power. Only six of its 54 reactors are online. Separately Thursday, the Obama administration announced sanctions against three foreign companies — one of them from China — for trading with Iranian energy firms. The firms will be barred from obtaining U.S. export licenses or financing because of their history of allegedly selling gasoline or other refined petroleum products to Iran, the State Department said in a statement. The three firms were identified as Zhuhai Zhenrong of China,

4468d72a-3c87-11e1-8843-a6ed6c75c14c_0

Amtrak buying new locomotives, rail cars

Amtrak The new equipment will be a major upgrade for a system that now operates with locomotives that are 20 to 30 years old and some sleeper cars that are 60 years old, Amtrak President Joe Boardman said in announcing the federally subsidized passenger rail line’s plans for 2012. Though the new locomotives will be somewhat faster and the new cars will be able to travel at higher speeds, Boardman said the more significant improvement would come in reliability. New equipment breaks down less frequently After carrying a record 30.2 million passengers in 2011, Boardman said, Amtrak would continue upgrades to its 30-year-old reservation system and make improvements in New Jersey that will allow trains to reach speeds of 160 mph there. That $450 million project and a $72 million investment to replace track in four tunnels under the East River into New York were described as initial steps toward building a high-speed rail system in the United States. “We’ve got to go faster, we’ve got to be more reliable, we’ve got to be more on time,” Boardman said, “and we’ve got to coordinate all of that together in an investment in infrastructure for the Northeast corridor for the benefit of regional commuter and high-speed services.” The Obama administration’s ambitious proposal to build a national network of high-speed rail service has been caught in the maw of Congress amid budget-cutting and the aversion of some Republicans to the $1.5 billion annual Amtrak subsidy. House Transportation Committee Chairman John L. Mica takes delight in referring to Amtrak as the “Soviet-style” rail service. He has advocated splitting a proposed $117 billion high-speed rail system for the Northeast away from Amtrak in favor of an un-subsidized corporation. Unions and other Amtrak advocates have said that would rob the rail company of its only profitable route and leave it saddled with money-losing lines that span the rest of the country. The House has proposed reductions in Amtrak’s subsidy. “While some of our detractors expect us to fold our tent, we’re not going to do that,” Boardman said. “Uncertainty in federal funding and budget cuts are not new to Amtrak. Things are different now because of the financial difficulties and the pressures that are on absolutely everybody, from Amtrak all the way through every program.” Purchase of the locomotives will be funded through a loan from the Federal Railroad Administration. The rail cars — 25

49f3c068-3d42-11e1-8843-a6ed6c75c14c_5

of the American dream. “A fat bank account can be a means to these ends, but only a small minority believes that money is a worthy end in itself,” Ford writes. -- It’s not just about homeownership. A New York Times-CBS News poll found only 7 percent of Americans surveyed ranked homeownership as their first or second definition of the American dream. “Homeownership is more important to special interests than it is to most Americans, who, according to our research, care more about ‘a good job,’ ‘the pursuit of happiness’ and ‘freedom,’” Ford said. Got Financial Issues? On Monday “The Revolution” premieres at 2 p.m. ET on ABC. My first segment airs next Thursday, Jan. 19. This is your opportunity to meet me in person and let me help you with your financial issues. So, if you want to resolve a money dilemma, send an e-mail to [email protected]. The show is looking for couples who are always arguing about money. For example, do you fight about how much to spend on your child’s birthday party, if you can afford to take a vacation or whether you should buy a new car? If you and your honey are fighting over money, send your story to the casting e-mail address, and put “Money Disputes” in the subject line. If you have any general questions about credit cards, your credit score, debt, savings, retirement planning, insurance or other financial issues that I may cover on the show, send an e-mail with your financial question to [email protected]. Responses to “Consumers Finally Get Their Watchdog” President Obama’ s recent appointment of Richard Cordray as the director of the Consumer Federal Protection Bureau sparked some controversy. Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) said in a statement that Obama “has arrogantly circumvented the American people” by using his executive power to make a recess appointment. While Democratic lawmakers say the appointment was long overdue. For last week’s Color of Money question, I asked: “What are your thoughts on Obama sidestepping the Senate to appoint Cordray to the CFPB?” “This protection agency is a farce,” wrote Jeannette Mickey of McKinney, Tex. “It’s another government layer that will do very little for the American consumer. It will only increase our overwhelming debt burden.” Juliette Sager The majority of people responding to the question sided with Sager. “Republicans have worked very hard in the past three years to undercut President

174e5ca8-3d34-11e1-8843-a6ed6c75c14c_3

Study: Simple measures could reduce global warming, save lives

often burn agricultural waste, but plowing it under instead would cost almost nothing. Other interventions, such as capping landfills to trap methane, would be more costly. Several policy experts said that in the absence of a global treaty to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the new study should spur national governments to smaller actions. “This great news could not come at a better time for climate protection,” said Durwood Zaelke, president of the D.C.-based Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development. Zaelke said the proposed measures are particularly important for the world’s most vulnerable regions, such as the Arctic, which has warmed twice as fast as the rest of the world over the past half-century, and the Himalayas, which have warmed three times as fast. But even advocates of the strategy warned that world leaders have not yet shown the political will to move ahead. Brooks Yeager, executive vice president for policy for the advocacy group Clean Air-Cool Planet, said the new study shows that “the technical means to get these reductions are clear.” But, he added, “the bad news is it’s not as easy as it sounds.” For instance, Yeager said that countries that make up the Arctic Council, including the United States, pledged in 2009 to reduce black carbon. But since then, the Obama administration has cut back on domestic efforts to phase out dirtier diesel engines because of budget constraints. Until 2009, Congress had appropriated between $75 million and $150 million for the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act, which gave grants to retire or retrofit polluting diesel vehicles. The program got a boost to $300 million under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, but it has not received any more money since. State Department spokeswoman Emily Cain said the United States has spent $60 million to support methane reduction projects overseas and has pledged to spend an additional $50 million over the next five years. The administration has also committed $5 million to an Arctic Council initiative to reduce black carbon emissions in Russia. Yeager and Shindell said that reducing methane and soot, while laudable as a short-term strategy for dampening global warming, would not solve the long-term problem. “I think it’s a little dangerous to think you can do this instead of reducing carbon dioxide,” Yaeger said. “If you don’t reduce carbon dioxide, the benefits of reducing these [pollutants] will recede into the background and be overwhelmed by carbon.”

9eea2fb4-3d59-11e1-af18-7ec0de5907e2_0

Officer recommends court-martial for Bradley Manning in WikiLeaks case

An Army investigating officer recommended Thursday that accused leaker Pfc. Bradley Manning face a court-martial for his alleged role in providing massive amounts of classified information to anti-secrecy group WikiLeaks. The ruling came after a preliminary hearing last month in which prosecutors presented evidence appearing to link Manning with the security breach, including chat logs between him and WikiLeaks co-founder Julian Assange. Manning faces 22 counts, including aiding the enemy, and could face life in prison if convicted. The investigating officer, Lt. Col. Paul Almanza, found that the charges presented at the preliminary hearing offered reasonable evidence that Manning had committed the offenses alleged. Manning, 24, worked as an intelligence analyst in Baghdad and was detained in May 2010 and charged that July. Manning is accused of leaking hundreds of thousands of documents to WikiLeaks. They include State Department cables, daily field reports from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, detainee assessments from Guantanamo Bay, and a 2007 Army video of an Apache helicopter firing on civilians. Manning, a native of Crescent, Okla., was stationed at Forward Operating Base Hammer near Baghdad in November 2009. Manning first contacted Assange the same month he deployed to Baghdad. Investigators recovered a memory card from Manning’s aunt’s home in Potomac, Md., that contained Afghanistan and Iraq field reports. He had left the card there in January 2010 during home leave. In the preliminary hearing, more than 20 of Manning’s associates testified about his mental state, work product and training. The prosecution presented evidence showing that Manning had been well trained on the handling of classified information and would have been aware of the military regulations restricting the dissemination of classified documents. Defense attorney David Coombs argued that Manning’s superiors should have recognized signs that he was mentally unstable and stripped him of his access to classified information. He also argued that the military had overcharged Manning and made a plea to reduce the charges from 22 to three. Coombs did not reply to requests for comment on Thursday. Another military body, called a convening authority, will make the final decision of whether to refer the case to general court-martial. More national security coverage: - U.S. acts quickly to tamp down Afghan video scandal - Study: Cyber defense effort is mixed - U.S. peace talks with Taliban to resume - Read more national security headlines

13f6f690-3d17-11e1-8843-a6ed6c75c14c_1

U.S. acts quickly to tamp down Afghan video scandal

Military officials said they feared the photographic evidence of apparent Marine misconduct could produce a severe setback at a critical time in Afghanistan. U.S. officials have stepped up their long-shot efforts to negotiate a political settlement with the Taliban while struggling to maintain support from Karzai. The United States is also confronting an increasingly war-weary population in Afghanistan, where people often lend a sympathetic ear to Taliban propaganda about the presence and motives of foreign troops. Before receiving Panetta’s call Thursday, Karzai reacted sharply to news of the video, describing it as “completely inhumane and condemnable in the strongest possible terms.” His administration called on the U.S. military to “apply the most severe punishment to anyone found guilty in this crime.” Panetta said the phone call seemed to mollify the Afghan leader. “He appreciated what I was saying and appreciated the fact we understand how damaging this could be and that we are taking that kind of action.” Video implicates Marines The video, which runs for less than a minute, appears to show four Marines in combat gear laughing and joking as they urinate on three male bodies lined up on the ground next to a toppled wheelbarrow. The caption refers to the corpses as “dead Talibans,” but it was unclear whether they were civilians or fighters killed after a battle. A caption that accompanies the video asserts that the Marines are part of a scout sniper team with the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines, an infantry unit from Camp Lejeune, N.C. Marines from the unit were deployed to Afghanistan last year but returned to the United States in September. The NATO-led security force in Kabul said in a statement that the acts of desecration “appear to have been conducted by a small group of U.S. individuals, who apparently are no longer serving in Afghanistan.” The statement did not elaborate. A Marine official said investigators were questioning two individuals whom they had preliminarily identified as being in the video. The Marine Corps is “fairly confident” that all four were members of the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines, the official said, speaking on the condition of anonymity because the investigation is underway. It was unclear where or when the video was made. It was posted on the Internet on Wednesday and began to circulate quickly as news sites reported on its existence. Pentagon officials said that they were still trying to confirm the

2837a52c-3def-11e1-9d6b-29434ee99d6a_4

Taiwan elections stir hope for democracy in China

weekly magazine uncovered evidence of what it described as government spying on the opposition. Wang, the former Tiananmen student leader who is now 42, believes that the Internet and a rapid expansion in the flow of information through it will eventually allow today’s youth in China to succeed in bringing about change. “Everyone thinks young Chinese today aren’t interested in politics. This is a myth,” Wang said. “They might feel helpless but they still want change.” An example to follow At the end of Wang’s three-hour lecture, mainland students rushed to pose for a souvenir photograph with the man reviled by Beijing as a “counter-revolutionary” agitator. Public discussion of the Tiananmen Square protest movement and the massacre that ended it on June 4, 1989, is taboo in China. A 22-year-old electrical engineering student from Fujian province, which lies just over a 100 miles away across the Taiwan Strait, said he’d heard vaguely about Wang as a high school student but didn’t know much about what happened in 1989. He decided to attend Wang’s lecture so that “I can see what a student leader is really like.” China, which has more than 1.3 billion people, can’t jump to democracy in a single bound, he said, but it can “step by step” follow the example of Taiwan, an island with a well-educated and wealthier population of just 23 million. Before the lecture, Wang joined other Chinese exiles for a seminar. Li Hengqing, a Tiananmen-generation activist who, like Wang, got thrown in jail after the 1989 military crackdown, said that China, though much bigger than Taiwan, has already started on a path traced by the island nation. Taiwan’s own modern political awakening began, he noted, with a KMT massacre in 1947 and took decades of struggle. Hong Kong-based publisher Bao Pu, whose father was a senior Communist Party official who was purged and jailed for siding with students in 1989, said Taiwan’s biggest challenge to China is its stability, an order that has been reinforced not undermined by its retreat from authoritarianism. “Sooner or later, Beijing will get the message that it is their system that is unstable,” he said. Researcher Zhang Jie in Beijing contributed to this report. More world news coverage: - 2 Army brigades to leave Europe in cost-cutting move - Pakistan’s civil-army rift simmers - Putin site launch ignores Russian protests - Read more headlines from around the world

679ca4b6-2b51-11e1-b030-3ff399cf26f3_4

‘Crunch time’ at troubled nuclear fuel plant

reactors and will shut down the rest by 2020. U.S. nuclear power plans have been scaled back because of high construction costs and competition from new supplies of cheap shale gas. In December, Luc Oursel, the new chief executive of French nuclear giant Areva, said he was suspending work on the $3.2 billion Eagle Rock enrichment plant west of Idaho Falls, Idaho, even though the Nuclear Regulatory Commission had given Areva a license and the Energy Department had given it a $2 billion loan guarantee. The company, which is largely owned by the French government, plans to use centrifuge technology, but says it will start construction in late 2013 or 2014 instead of this spring. “If Areva has decided it doesn’t pay, why are we throwing money at it?” Sokolski said. “If Areva is inclined to say no, why is Congress inclined to say yes?” There are only a handful of firms in the uranium enrichment business. In addition to Tenex, Areva and USEC, there is Urenco, which opened a plant in New Mexico in June 2010. The British, Dutch and German governments each own one-third of the firm. “Completion of the new facilities poses a significant threat to USEC’s competitive market position because both facilities plan to use the lower-cost centrifuge technology, and both have applied to double the capacity of their U.S.-based facilities,” an S&P report said. Nonetheless, USEC and its supporters argue that a U.S. company with commercial U.S. technology is needed. “We do believe that having more suppliers is going to be helpful from a competitive supply standpoint,” said Marshall Murphy, spokesman for Exelon’s nuclear power business, a USEC customer. Energy Secretary Steven Chu has said that the United States also needs “indigenous” enrichment technology to provide enough tritium for nuclear weapons and highly enriched uranium for U.S. naval reactors on submarines and warships. The TVA uses about 2 percent of USEC’s enriched uranium to power a process producing tritium, a hydrogen isotope with a half life of 12 years. U.S. agreements with foreign-owned enrichment facilities in the United States bar them from doing anything to promote military purposes, the Energy Department says. “As President Obama has said, while we envision a world without nuclear weapons, until that day comes we must ensure that our deterrent is safe, secure and effective,” Chu wrote in a Dec. 1 letter to Sens. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) and ­Lamar Alexander

98a3a9b2-3e05-11e1-861f-2c3eff5ce2df_3

Incoming space junk: Failed Russian Mars probe expected to crash this weekend

filled with hardy microbes and tiny animals called tardigrades, or water bears, to see if the critters might survive the rigors of a 34-month trip to Mars and back. “If the probe should come in over land, it’s possible the return capsule could survive and be recovered,” said David Warmflash, a scientist who helped design the Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment, often called the LIFE experiment.The impending crash adds to concerns about the possible dangers of space debris. Last year, about 70 tons of space junk plummeted to Earth, including NASA’s school bus-size UARS satellite. During the UARS death watch in September, NASA estimated a 1-in-3,200 chance that the satellite could land on somebody. It didn’t. Instead, UARS broke up over the northern Pacific Ocean. The problem of space junk has drawn increasing international attention. In 2007, the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space adopted new guidelines for space-faring countries to minimize the dangers of space junk. NASA now designs its satellites with thrusters that can point defunct craft toward the ocean or boost them into orbits so high they will never come back down, said agency spokeswoman Beth Dickey. The Phobos-Grunt mission was supposed to be a technological triumph for Russia. The $163 million craft was to travel to one of the moons of Mars, collect a soil sample (“Grunt” is Russian for “ground”) and return the sample to Earth in a hardened capsule. Such a return of a sample from Mars or its moons has never been attempted. It would have been a watershed moment for Russia. Instead, Phobos-Grunt has become a searing embarrassment. The high-profile blunder has spurred Russian space officials to offer increasingly bizarre theories to explain the problem. In an interview published in the Russian newspaper Izvestia on Tuesday, the director of the Russian space agency, Vladimir Popovkin, implied that an anti-satellite weapon may have damaged Phobos-Grunt. “We don’t want to accuse anybody, but there are very powerful devices that can influence spacecraft now,” Popovkin said. “The possibility they were used cannot be ruled out.” Other Russian space experts said the cause of the failure was likely much more Earth-bound. “My strong belief is there are systemic problems in the industry which build spacecraft,” said Anatoly Zak, a Russian space historian and journalist who publishes the Web site RussianSpaceWeb.com. “Before the launch, I said the chances of mission success were nearly zero.”

84beb868-3d35-11e1-8843-a6ed6c75c14c_2

At Olympic marathon trials, Desiree Davila seeks to validate Boston performance

were running incredible times in 10Ks, winning medals. Those are the things you want to shoot for.” In the men’s race, which begins 15 minutes before the women’s at 9 a.m. EST, top seed Ryan Hall (2:04:58) will face challenges from Meb Keflezighi (2:09:13); Dathan Ritzenhein (2:10:00) and Galen Rupp (1:00:30 half-marathon qualifying time). As Kastor, Flanagan and Goucher emerged as stars in recent years with breakout performances in major meets, Davila toiled quietly and improved gradually. A native of Chula Vista, Calif., she earned all-America recognition with the Sun Devils but never was considered the top runner on her team. During her senior season in 2004, she placed 23rd in the 5,000 at the NCAA championships. Still, she loved the sport and believed she could get better after college. In 2005, she joined the Hansons-Brooks Distance Project, a group of post-graduate athletes that trains under brothers Kevin and Keith Hanson in Detroit. In 2006, she finished 43rd in the IAAF World Road Running Championships 20-kilometer race in Debrecen, Hungary. A year later, she ran her first marathon in Boston, finishing 19th in 2:44:56 on a rainy, blustery day. The time was good enough to qualify Davila for the 2008 Olympic trials, which turned out to be a pivotal — albeit disappointing — event. A virtual unknown entering that race, Davila found herself about eight seconds out of third place at Mile 18. She admitted that she panicked, surprised that she was in the hunt. She did not drink enough water. At Mile 20, she said, “I completely hit the wall. It was like a death march” to the finish. Davila stumbled home in 2:37:50. She would never again make the same mistake. “That was probably the race that got me where I am now,” she said. “It was a learning experience.” Despite that setback, Davila believed she had found her calling and that success would eventually come. She liked the length, the road, even the long, painful training mileage marathons required. She entered the 2008 Chicago Marathon that fall, finishing fifth in 2:31:33. At the same race two years later, she finished as the top American and fourth overall in 2:26:20. In Boston last spring, she did not emerge among the leaders until nearly two hours into the race. Then, she began passing the top women. With six miles remaining, the race had become a duel between her and

7c2471e8-3d7b-11e1-861f-2c3eff5ce2df_0

As a Marine and Afghan war vet, I’m insulted by the desecration video

In March I returned from Afghanistan’s Helmand province after handing about 12 square miles of villages and farmlands to the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines, the unit that is allegedly responsible for recording a video of Marines urinating on the corpses of Taliban insurgents. The actions of these few Marines have rightfully garnered widespread disdain, but for me the affront is personal. In a 42-second video, these Marines undid everything that my unit spent seven months working to accomplish. Many civilians I’ve talked to about the incident act like it’s no surprise. Hollywood and media depictions have convinced them that war is filled with atrocities such as this one and that, but for lack of coverage, they’d hear more about them. But those of us who have worn the uniform don’t excuse these acts by saying, “War is hell.” There’s right and wrong in war, and we probably know that better than anyone else, because we’ve seen the life-or-death consequences of our decisions. Before my first deployment, though, I wondered if it was true. People don’t usually talk about the wars they fight in. Maybe it’s because the things they would say are dark and unjustifiable. But then I went to Iraq and Afghanistan, where I faced combat and death, and I discovered that it’s nothing of the sort. There’s a shock the first time you deal with the aftermath of combat, but that soon subsides because there is a lot of work to be done. We would collect enemy bodies so we could engage in the macabre task of identifying them and gathering intelligence. When that was done, we’d hand the bodies over to the Afghan soldiers and police we worked with so that they could receive proper burial. In my unit, I’m not ashamed to admit, we celebrated the death of the enemy. After one hard day in 2010 when we lost a Marine, we discovered two insurgents planting a bomb along a road. As the insurgents drove away, we shot a missile at them, killing one. Alongside the jubilation, we felt that justice had been served. At the same time, the insurgent who survived the blast was brought by locals to one of our bases for medical attention. So amid the euphoria, we also provided aid to the enemy. Doing so was required to accomplish our mission of building local support. But celebrating victory in battle is different

baf16430-3df8-11e1-861f-2c3eff5ce2df_3

We’re all guilty of dehumanizing the enemy

but we remain oddly unfazed by the fact that, presumably, those same Marines just put high-caliber rounds through the fighters’ chests. American troops are not blind to this irony. They are very clear about the fact that society trains them to kill, orders them to kill and then balks at anything that suggests they have dehumanized the enemy they have killed. But of course they have dehumanized the enemy — otherwise they would have to face the enormous guilt and anguish of killing other human beings. Rather than demonstrate a callous disregard for the enemy, this awful incident might reveal something else: a desperate attempt by confused young men to convince themselves that they haven’t just committed their first murder — that they have simply shot some coyotes on the back 40. It doesn’t work, of course, but it gets them through the moment; it gets them through the rest of the patrol. There is a final context for this act in which we are all responsible, all guilty. A 19-year-old Marine has a very hard time reconciling the fact that it’s okay to waterboard a live Taliban fighter but not okay to urinate on a dead one. When the war on terror started, the Marines in that video were probably 9 or 10 years old. As children they heard adults — and political leaders — talk about our enemies in the most inhuman terms. The Internet and the news media are filled with self-important men and women referring to our enemies as animals that deserve little legal or moral consideration. We have sent enemy fighters to countries like Syria and Libya to be tortured by the very regimes that we have recently condemned for engaging in war crimes and torture. They have been tortured into confessing their crimes and then locked up indefinitely without trial because their confessions — achieved through torture — will not stand up in court. For the past 10 years, American children have absorbed these moral contradictions, and now they are fighting our wars. The video doesn’t surprise me, but it makes me incredibly sad — not just for them, but also for us. We may prosecute these men for desecrating the dead while maintaining that it is okay to torture the living. I hope someone else knows how to explain that to our soldiers, because I don’t have the faintest idea. [email protected] Sebastian Junger

cf0570f6-3e20-11e1-861f-2c3eff5ce2df_0

The U.S. must decide: More money and forces for Afghanistan?

Anthony H. Cordesman holds the Burke chair in strategy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. He has written extensively on the Afghan war. It may be fair to argue that the last thing the nation needs at the start of an election year is yet another budget crisis and another decade of war. Yet this is the path the United States appears to be taking in Afghanistan. U.S. officials are talking about removing all American troops from Afghanistan and about massive cuts in military spending as part of the “transition” to Afghan control of combat and civil governance operations in 2014. Given the lead times involved in funding and implementing such massive changes within two to three years, Washington really has only a few months in which to decide whether we will take on the burden of funding the Afghan government through 2014 and beyond, and whether we will provide most of the funds, advisers and partners that Afghan forces will need until 2020 and beyond. There has been near silence about these issues from the Obama administration and every Republican presidential candidate. Yet working studies from the U.S. and British governments, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank show that the withdrawal of U.S. and allied troops from Afghanistan could plunge that country into a recession or depression by the end of 2014 unless Kabul receives a massive new aid package. Afghanistan would need major assistance to compensate for the phaseout of U.S. and allied military spending that has kept its economy alive during the past 10 years of war, to pay for the services its government must provide to win and retain the loyalty of its people, to pay for the military and security forces it must develop, and to sustain the government until the Taliban and other insurgents are defeated or accept a political settlement. The Afghan government raised this need in a paper circulated at the international conference in Bonn, Germany, last month, but its call for aid got little attention in the international media or among U.S. politicians. President Hamid Karzai requested some $10 billion a year through 2025 for a program that set ambitious goals for security and development. He called for equally ambitious reforms and improvements in governance and for the Afghan government to achieve full independence by 2030. The Afghan government paper tracked closely with World Bank studies showing

6a4f4832-3e3c-11e1-b362-2b7f6df5e075_0

Marines questioned in connection with video

U.S. military officials said Friday they have questioned four Marines who were videotaped while urinating on Afghan corpses but that a criminal investigation was still at an early stage. Maryann B. Cummings, a spokeswoman for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, said the Marines are in the United States. They have not been arrested, and authorities have not decided whether to press charges. Cummings did not identify the Marines depicted in the short video, which shows them laughing as they urinate on three male bodies lined up on the ground next to a toppled wheelbarrow. A video caption refers to the corpses as “dead Talibans,” but it was unclear whether they were civilians or fighters killed after a battle. In a statement, Cummings said investigators are “still tracking down information on the individual(s) who created and posted the video as well as initiating computer forensic techniques on the video itself.” The caption asserts that the Marines are part of a scout sniper team with the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines, an infantry unit from Camp Lejeune, N.C. Marines from the unit were deployed to Afghanistan’s Helmand province last year and returned to the United States in September. The decision on whether to discipline the Marines will rest with Lt. Gen. Thomas Waldhauser, the head of the Marine Corps Forces Central Command, who was appointed to review the case by Gen. James F. Amos, the Marine Corps commandant. U.S. military law and the Geneva Conventions prohibit desecration, mishandling or exploitation of bodies of people killed in war. More national security coverage: - DHS monitoring of social media wories civil liberties advocates - Study: Cyber defense effort is mixed - Court-martial recommended in WikiLeaks case - Read more national security headlines

3e65c710-3c5b-11e1-9d6b-29434ee99d6a_0

U-Md.’s tone-deaf planning

Regarding Petula Dvorak’s Jan. 10 Metro column, “Appearances count, but U-Md. seems oblivious”: As a graduate of University of Maryland’s School of Law and a donor, I was already less willing to give to anything associated with the university as a result of its recent decision to eliminate certain sports teams. Although I am thankful my daughter is competing on the track team at Duke University, we are both saddened by the dilemma her racing friends from high school who chose College Park face, now that their NCAA careers have been cut short. The president’s fancy new house may be meant to win over donors, but what it says about priorities is further reducing my interest in donating. Liz Rubin, Annapolis

94316308-3ee4-11e1-934a-2f8ab90f81c8_0

U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials: Meb Keflezighi and Shalane Flanagan win races, spots in London

HOUSTON — On a day of huge stakes and high nerves, it was all business in the front of both fields. Meb Keflezighi, the 2004 Olympic silver medal winner, won the title in the men’s race with a finish in 2 hours 9 minutes 8 seconds. Shalane Flanagan, the 2008 Olympic bronze medalist in the 10,000 meters, claimed the women’s title in 2:25:38. The pair ultimately took charge in two professionally executed, respectably paced, coolly run races that rewarded the athletes that pushed hard from the start and left no doubt about who deserved tickets to this summer’s London Olympic Games. U.S. marathon record holder Ryan Hall, who led for most of the men’s race, finished second in 2:09:30 and Abdi Abdirahman, a three-time Olympian, claimed third in 2:09:47 to secure the other two men’s Olympic slots. Desiree Davila (2:25.55), the 2011 Boston Marathon runner-up, and Kara Goucher (2:26:06), the 2007 world bronze medalist in the 5,000, earned the final two women’s slots. Both trios ran in front over their races’ waning miles, effectively settling the issue of who would represent the United States in London well before the finish. “Having the race unfold as it did is a very good simulator for the Olympic Games,” Hall said. “The Olympic Games marathon has changed. . . . Guys aren’t afraid to run hard.” Flanagan’s finishing time not only represented a personal best by more than three minutes, it also was the fastest marathon finish in U.S. championship and Olympic trials history. On the men’s side, Keflezighi also set a personal best, his by five seconds, just 69 days after finishing sixth in the New York City Marathon. Never had two men gone under 2:10 in a U.S. Olympic trials marathon, let alone four. Keflezeghi, the oldest Olympic marathon trials winner in U.S. history at 36, celebrated his victory over the last mile, grabbing a small flag from a spectator and waving it as he raced to the finish, where his 74-year-old father hoisted him onto his shoulders. Flanagan, 30, meantime, said her mind was torn between elation and agony in the homestretch. “The last mile was a cross between savoring the moment and just being really grateful that I was almost done,” she said. Dathan Ritzenhein, a 2004 Olympian in the 10,000, produced the most dramatic moment of the day, closing a gap that reached more than 30 seconds to

c2418b04-3adb-11e1-9ff8-fab9392b31bf_2

Retail vacancies beg a question of identity

Location, location On paper, Friendship Heights seems like the ideal location for any retailer: it’s home to one of the Washington area’s wealthiest populations, resides along the main thoroughfare of Wisconsin Avenue, and is centered around a Metro station and bus terminal. A who’s who of department stores — Neiman Marcus, Saks Fifth Avenue, Lord & Taylor and Bloomingdales — anchor the district. Yet the area is never quite as bustling as Georgetown or Tysons Corner Center. The closing of Borders bookstore, Filene’s Basement and Pottery Barn in the past 12 months has left a few dark storefronts along Wisconsin Avenue. Farther up the street at the Wisconsin Place development, the Whole Foods welcomes a steady stream of customers, much like the Clyde’s restaurant across the street at Chevy Chase Center. The former Borders store, which is temporarily housing a warehouse sale of inventory from Roche Bobis, a neighboring store in Chevy Chase. (Jeffrey MacMillan/Capital Business) The center, however, is peppered with vacancies, which may soon be filled, according to David Smith, president of Chevy Chase Land Co., owner of the project. He said there are “leases out for signature” to fill three spaces along Wisconsin Circle, but declined to offer any details. Smith noted that his company is also in talks with restaurateurs to replace Famoso and M Cafe, which closed last April, at the Collection at Chevy Chase, which is next to Chevy Chase Center. A need for more eateries Restaurants are in short supply in the shopping corridor, said Jonathan Bender, a neighborhood commissioner for Advisory Neighborhood Commission 3E. “You get some cross-fertilization on foot traffic with restaurants, so they become kind of an anchor in the evenings,” he said. “The folks moving into this neighborhood have disposable income, eat out and want a walkable space.” Later this month, Rosa Mexicano is scheduled to open a 7,304-square-foot restaurant at 5225 Wisconsin Ave. NW. “Rosa will add a new dynamic to the area. It has a thriving bar scene and could become a popular hang out,” said Perry Reith, senior asset manager at Grosvenor, which owns the site. Reith said he believes Friendship Heights, where Grosvenor owns more than 153,000 square feet of mixed-use space, “matured and stabilized during the last economic cycle.” He said, “New tenants will take all of the vacant locations in time because the area, despite the turnover in tenants, has attractive demographics. ”

ca487f20-3fb2-11e1-bd99-09de6f1a68d4_0

Itzhak Perlman joins BSO at Strathmore

No one attends an Itzhak Perlman concert expecting to hear historically informed performances of baroque and classical repertoire. True to form, the violinist delivered well-upholstered, old-school readings of the “Winter” and “Summer” concertos from Vivaldi’s “The Four Seasons” at Strathmore Hall on Saturday, playing the solo parts and leading the Baltimore Symphony from his violin. He then conducted the orchestra in a comparably traditional rendering of Mozart’s Symphony No. 25. Despite the reduced size of the orchestra (roughly two dozen players), string tone was silken and vibrato-rich in the Vivaldi, and Perlman’s playing possessed all its accustomed sweetness and warmth (although a handful of less-than-immaculate notes were surprising from a violinist known for flawless finish). The overall tone of the readings was decidedly beefy and larger than life, leading Perlman to have the harpsichord amplified, an unfortunate choice that resulted in a distractingly outsize keyboard part with the canned sound of a poorly amped electric guitar. Players were added, and the harpsichord jettisoned, for a moderately paced, neatly proportioned performance of the Mozart work. This is a symphony that comes to fizzing life when period-instrument ensembles rip through it at lickety-split tempos. But with Perlman’s modern sonorities and comfortable, middle-of-the-road approach (and his observing of repeats in the score that stretched the music’s youthful inspiration to the breaking point), this perfectly respectable reading outstayed its welcome. The concert concluded with Perlman conducting Brahms’s Fourth Symphony. If he found little new to say in this warhorse piece, his interpretation was poised and affectionately molded, with a balance of glowing, saturated string tone and character-rich work from the BSO’s winds. Banno is a freelance writer.

25568ac8-3e29-11e1-934a-2f8ab90f81c8_0

Plans for high-speed rail are slowing down

PALO ALTO, Calif. — Since then, things have only gotten worse. Spiraling cost estimates and eroding political and public support now threaten a project crucial to a 21st-century vision of train travel that President Obama promised would transform U.S. transportation much as interstate highways did more than a half-century ago. A national high-speed rail network would not only support tens of thousands of construction and manufacturing jobs, but it would get Americans out of their cars, revitalize struggling downtowns, and spare the environment millions of tons of carbon emissions and travelers untold hours wasted in traffic or in airport terminals waiting out delays. Obama set a goal of providing 80 percent of Americans access to high-speed rail within 25 years. But that lofty vision is yielding to the political gravity generated by high costs, determined opponents and a public that has grown dubious of government’s ability to do big things. Virtually none of the projects has gotten off the ground, and the one that has is in trouble. For Obama, the political stakes are high going into the 2012 election. Republican front-runner Mitt Romney has accused him of putting too much faith in government to build the economy. The president, Romney says to the delight of Republican partisans, “does not know” how business, or the economy, works. The plan that envisions bullet trains trains zipping between the nation’s major cities at speeds up to 220 miles per hour, was one of the few transformative projects included in the $797 billion stimulus program enacted early in Obama’s presidency. “Imagine whisking through towns at speeds over 100 miles an hour, walking only a few steps to public transportation, and ending up just blocks from your destination,” Obama said in announcing his vision for high-speed rail in April 2009. “Imagine what a great project that would be to rebuild America.” So far, Obama has wagered more than $10 billion in federal money on high-speed rail, only to see his plans diminished, one after another. Republican governors in Florida, Wisconsin and Ohio turned back billions of dollars in federal money for high-speed rail, denouncing the proposals as both the creation of Big Government and as economically unfeasible. The objections in those three states left money to be redirected to a host of projects that promise to relieve bottlenecks and speed up traditional rail service in many parts of the country. In one case, the

b56da416-3ba9-11e1-9ff8-fab9392b31bf_0

Environmentalists celebrate long-shot victory at Mattawoman Creek

Even in cold January, when the woods are stripped bare, it’s clear why so many Maryland environmentalists compare the Mattawoman Creek to Eden. Eagles alight from barren trees and glide over serene waters, flocks of ducks darken the winter sky, and fish leap in the muddy shallows. Yellow perch will soon make their annual run to spawn by the tens of thousands in the Mattawoman, a feast for raptors. They release milky strands with 60,000 eggs each, bolstering the Charles County creek’s status as “the most productive tributary to the Chesapeake Bay,” according to state fishery biologists. And for years, the county planned to build a highway right through the watershed. But recently a strange thing happened. Local environmental activists actually won a fight against a development that they said would harm wildlife. The state said no to the road in a rare denial of a development permit after the activists relentlessly picked apart the county’s arguments for it in an application. The demise of the half-built $70 million Cross County Connector is being held up as a victory over urban sprawl that could be duplicated throughout the fragile Chesapeake Bay watershed. “There’s great enthusiasm for using the Mattawoman as a poster child for how the bay can be saved,” said Bonnie Bick, vice president of the Mattawoman Watershed Society. Early in the fight over the connector, opponents were a huge long shot to win. Like a boxer who takes a multitude of jabs to land one solid punch, they acknowledged suffering a series of defeats in failed efforts to get county planners to propose development designs that were friendly to the creek. The proposed 16-mile connector was designed to start at Route 5 and cut through small winding roads and the Mattawoman and end at Indian Head Highway. Eleven subdivisions with more than 2,000 homes were proposed, and were seen as likely to lead to more storm-water runoff laced with sediment and nutrient ­pollution — and foul the Chesapeake. Mattawoman Creek is like many of the bay’s tributaries. It’s good looks are only skin deep. Below its emerald tree canopies in Mason Springs are waters with shrinking populations of yellow perch, white perch, herring and largemouth bass. Walking through the area last week, Mason Springs Conservancy board member Ken Hastings explained how storm-water runoff from development, floods and sewage overflows have eroded and reshaped its banks, widening them, slowing

05ca2040-3d5f-11e1-84a4-02de40db9b91_2

Pentagon interest in cybersecurity may ease contractors’ pain from cuts

$11 billion, Howard Rubel, an analyst at Jefferies & Co. in New York, said in an interview. That spending may increase faster than many other military programs, he said. Increased reliance on satellites and drone aircraft may raise vulnerability to hackers and other disruptions that are expanding with technological sophistication. The United States will “invest in new capabilities to maintain a decisive military edge against a growing array of threats,’’ Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta said in introducing the plan. The National Counterintelligence Executive, an advisory panel of senior U.S. intelligence officials, blamed China and Russia in a Nov. 3 report for stealing sensitive U.S. economic and commercial data. The report said that the pace of cyberespionage is accelerating and threatening an estimated $398 billion in spending on research and development. Northrop chief executive Wes Bush said during an Oct. 26 conference call that the Falls Church-based company considers cybersecurity important “because of the just ever-growing recognition of the threat and the ever-growing magnitude of the threat.” Northrop is the Defense Department’s largest supplier of unmanned systems and the government’s biggest cybersecurity provider, spokesman Randy Belote said in an e-mail. Both sides of the coin Linking cybersecurity and space systems is “encouraging because it reflects reality that we need to be doing more on both sides of the coin,” said Roger Cressey, senior vice president for Booz Allen Hamilton, a McLean-based security and intelligence consulting firm. The Pentagon requested about $10.2 billion this fiscal year for its space initiatives, including about $5.8 billion for satellites and $2 billion in launch costs. Two of the space programs are being developed by Bethesda-based Lockheed Martin: the Advanced Extremely High Frequency satellite and the Space Based Infrared System, a network of satellites. Another is the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle, a satellite system using medium- and heavy-lift rockets that the Pentagon requested about $1.7 billion for this year. It’s run by United Launch Alliance, a joint venture of Lockheed Martin and Chicago-based Boeing. Increases in space-defense expenditures may lag behind those in the faster-growing cybersecurity area, said Mark Gunzinger, a military analyst at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments in Washington and former deputy assistant secretary of defense. NeuStar’s Joffe agrees, saying the United States should create “what our enemy already has, really good offensive cyber capabilities. We should be able to get enormous leverage from investments in offensive cybersecurity.” — Bloomberg Government

b040ebd4-3df6-11e1-9d6b-29434ee99d6a_0

Desecration? Consider the circumstances.

Warfare in Afghanistan has long been characterized by brutality and cruelty [“Panetta decries Afghan video,” front page, Jan. 13]. Which is more harmful — to shoot your enemy or to urinate on his corpse? The answer is obvious: A dead man doesn’t care what happens to his remains. I do not excuse the Marines if, in fact, the reports are correct, but they erred because only a fool gives his enemies more reason to hate him. As Civil War Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman may have been the first to say: “War is hell.” You cannot put men through three, four or five years of hell and expect them to behave rationally and calmly. Many Marines have had eight, nine or more rotations in Iraq or Afghanistan. Henry J. Gordon, Falls Church

276819fc-2da4-11e1-8af5-ec9a452f0164_3

D.C. cardiologist develops mobile app to speed diagnosis of heart attacks

technology online, only to find it lapped in a year.” Multiple approaches In cardiac care, many hospital systems have already invested heavily in commercially available systems that use dedicated hardware and software to perform one of the same functions as CodeHeart: Send ECG results from the field to the hospital via a secure digital file. Montgomery County began using one in June. Doing so has resulted in faster diagnosis, officials said. That, in turn, has allowed some patients to bypass emergency rooms and go directly to a hospital’s cardiac catheterization lab for the artery-opening procedure known as angioplasty. District ambulance crews and three D.C. hospitals plan to test the same commercial system, Lifenet, in a few weeks, said David Miramontes, medical director for the city’s emergency medical services department. The first year’s cost is about $100,000, funded by a grant from George Washington University Hospital, which received a donation from the nonprofit CTIA-The Wireless Foundation. Unlike that system, the CodeHeart mobile application requires no dedicated software or hardware but does require a device with camera and Internet access. The app is portable and versatile, according to Lowell Satler, the Washington Hospital Center cardiologist who has been developing it with wireless carrier AT&T. And unlike the commercial system, he said, the application has potential for use in emergency situations beyond cardiac care. The live video can let a neurologist evaluate a possible stroke patient or a dermatologist assess a mysterious skin rash remotely. The application allows an authorized user to send a secure video and audio stream. The results are immediately accessible to consulting cardiologists on designated smartphones, tablets or desktop computers. Doctors can look at the patient and at the same time talk to an emergency room physician or first responder in an ambulance en route to a hospital. Such a function can also be important when doctors at different hospitals want to confer quickly about a case and need access to patient information. Incompatible hospital information systems can be a barrier, and mobile apps could be one way to get around that problem, Satler said. It’s unclear whether CodeHeart will eventually be made available commercially, but in any event, Satler said he will not seek to profit from it. His goal, he said, is widespread use of the application among physicians and emergency medical personnel. Early obstacles So far, only a handful of emergency workers in St. Mary’s County

7e2c3914-4062-11e1-a19a-cfb2335d5efa_0

Dan Evins, founder of Cracker Barrel highway empire, dies

Dan Evins, the Cracker Barrel founder who turned his eatery into a highway empire, offering millions of hungry motorists a down-home alternative to traditional fast food, died Jan. 14 at his daughter’s home in Lebanon, Tenn. He was 76 and had cancer, said his daughter Betsy Jennings. “Nostalgia Sells” was the headline of a 1992 Forbes magazine article that chronicled the rise of Cracker Barrel Old Country Store. The chain began in 1969 as a single shop in Lebanon, Mr. Evins’s boyhood home, and expanded across the southern United States before becoming the national grits-and-biscuits behemoth that it is today. The chain went public in 1981 and employs 67,000 people at 600 locations in 42 states. Cracker Barrel stores, with their barn-style, weather-beaten wooden architecture, stand like mile-markers along American highways. For fans, part of their draw is that no matter the location, the eating experience is almost always the same. Before being seated, visitors walk through a “country store” stocked with wares such as rock candy, marmalades and wooden toys. Once at their table, they open a brown-paper menu listing trend-resistant American dishes — hickory smoked country ham, “chicken n’ dumplins,” and meatloaf — and fare such as the catfish platter, turnip greens and country-fried steak. Dan W. Evins, the founder of Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, died Jan. 14 in Lebanon, Tenn. He was 76. In this image he is shown standing on the front porch of one of his stores. (Courtesy of Cracker Barrel Old Country Store) After the meal, a porch lined with rocking chairs awaits. Mr. Evins owed his success in large part to two insights about American life in the second part of the 20th century. The first was that the interstate highway system, whose construction began in the 1950s during the Eisenhower administration, would forever change the way people traveled and, therefore, ate. His second was that some things never change, among them the appeal of a home-style meal, especially to someone who is on the road. “Most people perceive tourists on the interstate as being mostly one-time customers,” he told the publication Restaurant Business in 1987. “We knew that tourists were just creatures of habit.” In the 1960s, Mr. Evins was working at the oil company founded by his grandfather as a jobber, or wholesaler, with Shell. He dealt primarily with small gas stations in rural areas whose roads had become less

3f97c282-3729-11e1-b32c-a37ca28b472a_2

wrinkles If inflation did happen, it should have sent ripples through space-time – gravitational waves – that would cause variations in the CMB too subtle to have been spotted so far. The Planck satellite, the European Space Agency’s mission to study the CMB even more precisely, could well see them. Einstein referred to the cosmological constant as his “biggest blunder”. What was yours? I used to think that information was destroyed in black holes. But the AdS/CFT correspondence led me to change my mind. This was my biggest blunder, or at least my biggest blunder in science. NS: Black holes consume everything, including information, that strays too close. But in 1975, together with the Israeli physicist Jakob Bekenstein, Hawking showed that black holes slowly emit radiation, causing them to evaporate and eventually disappear. So what happens to the information they swallow? Hawking argued for decades that it was destroyed – a major challenge to ideas of continuity, and cause and effect. In 1997, however, theorist Juan Maldacena developed a mathematical shortcut, the “Anti-de-Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence”, or AdS/CFT. This links events within a contorted space-time geometry, such as in a black hole, with simpler physics at that space’s boundary. In 2004, Hawking used this to show how a black hole’s information leaks back into our universe through quantum-mechanical perturbations at its boundary, or event horizon. The recantation cost Hawking a bet made with fellow theorist John Preskill a decade earlier. What discovery would do most to revolutionise our understanding of the universe? The discovery of supersymmetric partners for the known fundamental particles, perhaps at the Large Hadron Collider. This would be strong evidence in favour of M-theory. NS: The search for supersymmetric particlesMovie Camera is a major goal of the LHC at CERN. The standard model of particle physics would be completed by finding the Higgs boson, but has a number of problems that would be solved if all known elementary particles had a heavier “superpartner”. Evidence of supersymmetry would support M-theory, the 11-dimensional version of string theory that is the best stab so far at a “theory of everything”, uniting gravity with the other forces of nature. If you were a young physicist just starting out today, what would you study? I would have a new idea that would open up a new field. What do you think most about during the day? Women. They are a complete mystery.

82272e98-40f8-11e1-bd99-09de6f1a68d4_1

Russia hints at U.S. radar role in Mars probe’s crash

in California and Puerto Rico, he said. Outside experts called the theory unlikely. “It’s not radar,” said Robert Zubrin, an aerospace engineer and president of the Mars Society. If radar could disable spacecraft, Zubrin said, “satellites would be dying all the time because they constantly pass over radar stations,” he said. Zubrin pointed instead to problems inside the Russia space industry. “It’s slipshod quality control. Every one of their Mars probes has failed.” On Tuesday evening, Russia’s Interfax news agency quoted another unnamed Russian official who blamed the crash on “a software mistake and ensuing steps by ground services, which ran the batteries down completely.” The person quoted — a member of the investigative commission, according to Interfax — said the main computer was overloaded and malfunctioned, preventing the spacecraft from reaching the orbit that would put it on course to Mars. Controllers tried to switch on the deep-space communications transmitter, the individual said, because the spacecraft did not have a close-range transmitter on board. “This transmitter, consuming a lot of power, worked for a long time and discharged the batteries, but the ground services still failed to contact the spacecraft due to a high speed with which it was flying over ground stations,” the individual told Interfax. “The situation was further complicated by the fact that the spacecraft was in the shade for a long time and could not recharge its batteries.” Once the batteries were drained, the problems could not be fixed. That theory contradicted part of the account in Kommersant, which said experts had determined that the spacecraft’s solar batteries were turned on normally. The idea of foreign interference was first floated by the head of the Roscosmos space agency, Vladimir Popovkin, who said last week that the probe might have been damaged by “a foreign technical facility.” The craft stopped responding to commands on its second orbit of Earth. The United States has come in for a lot of blame in Russia recently; some government officials have accused it of paying the demonstrators who turned out to protest the December elections. But James Oberg, a former NASA mission controller and an expert on the Russian space program, said radar interference does not seem likely. The U.S. Army radar station in the Marshall Islands routinely tracks every Russian space launch, Oberg said. “As far as I can tell, they have never accidentally or on purpose zapped a

7344cc68-3d3e-11e1-af18-7ec0de5907e2_2

Recommendations

Vintner: Available in the District at Connecticut Avenue Wine & Liquor, Cowgirl Creamery; on the list at District Kitchen. Available in Maryland at Columbia Palace Wine & Spirits in Columbia. Available in Virginia at Arrowine in Arlington, Locke Modern Country Store in Millwood, Planet Wine & Gourmet in Alexandria; on the list at Brabo and Evening Star Cafe in Alexandria, Tallula in Arlington. Planeta Cerasuolo di Vittoria 2010 ★★1 / 2 Sicily, Italy, $22 Nero d’avola meets frappato, in case you are keeping track of grape varieties you’ve tried. This is a delectable red. Planeta is Sicily’s leading wine family, and everything it makes is good; its wines combine the sun-baked yet mild climate of Sicily with a Burgundian sensibility that gives them elegance and complexity. Palm Bay Imports/RNDC: Available in the District at Calvert Woodley, MacArthur Beverages, Paul’s of Chevy Chase; on the list at Al Tiramisu, I Ricchi, Komi, Ristorante Tosca. Available in Maryland at Bay Ridge Wine & Spirits in Annapolis, Quarry Wine & Spirits in Baltimore; on the list at Charleston, Cinghiale and La Scala in Baltimore. Available in Virginia at Arrowine in Arlington; on the list at Il Fornaio in Reston. Murrieta’s Well the Whip 2010 ★★1 / 2 Livermore Valley, Calif., $20 A delightful melange of sauvignon blanc, viognier, semillon, pinot blanc, orange muscat and muscat canelli, this is the type of wine I revel in. It doesn’t follow any recipe or rules but is created new each year based on what the vintage and the terroir provide. Southern/FP Winner: Available in the District at Cairo Wine & Liquor, Central Liquors, De Vinos, Harry’s Reserve Fine Wine & Spirits; on the list at Agora, DC Coast, Firefly, Montmartre, Panache, Salt & Pepper, Serendipity 3, West End Bistro. Donkey & Goat Stone Crusher Roussanne 2010 ★★1 / 2 El Dorado, Calif., $35 Here’s an unusual wine for adventurous palates. Made like a red wine to emphasize its tannins, it challenges our preconception that white wine should be crisp and light. Although it definitely has heft, there’s also lively acidity, plus hints of pine forest and jasmine. Donkey & Goat wines are made in small amounts and can be hard to find but are worth looking for. Nice Legs: Available in Maryland at I.M. Wine in Fulton. Available in Virginia at Out of Site Wines in Vienna; on the list at Screwtop Wine Bar in Arlington.

3adefbda-4155-11e1-8f2d-87a67739d0d2_0

U.S. losing high-tech manufacturing jobs to Asia

The United States lost more than a quarter of its high-tech manufacturing jobs during the past decade as U.S.-based multinational companies placed a growing percentage of their research-and-development operations overseas, the National Science Board reported Tuesday. The rapid expansion of science and engineering capabilities in China and its neighbors pose a more formidable economic challenge to the United States, according to the group, with Asia rapidly boosting the number of engineering doctorates it produces and research dollars it spends. The report comes as the Obama administration is seeking to make U.S. manufacturing more competitive through engineering and innovation. In June, it announced its Advanced Manufacturing Partnership and sank $500 million into the effort. But as the National Science Board publication shows, vast government efforts in Asia are working along similar lines. It offered abundant evidence Asia’s efforts to attract and develop engineering outfits, and not just low-wage factories, have paid off. Since 2000: • • • “Over time, global science and technology capabilities have grown, nowhere more so than Asia,” according to the report. “In most broad aspects of science and technology activities, the United States continues to maintain a position of leadership. But it has experienced a gradual erosion of its position in many specific areas.” The report also highlights the broader loss of related U.S. jobs. The number of high-tech manufacturing jobs in the United States has declined by 687,000, or 28 percent between 2000 and 2010, according to the report. Although the long decline of manufacturing employment in the United States is often attributed to the cheaper wages in developing countries, China and developing countries in Asia have in recent years sought to lure more sophisticated manufacturing operations — and better jobs — by expanding their engineering prowess through government investment in education and research. The decline in U.S. manufacturing as a share of the nation’s economy and employment over the past decade “is not solely due to low-wage competition,” the president’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology wrote recently. “We cannot remain the world’s engine of innovation without manufacturing activity.” The National Science Board publication issued Tuesday found that other nations, by increasing their research and education spending, “challenge the world leadership role of the United States.” “The continued increase in the trends of these indicators are cause for concern,” said Jose-Marie Griffiths, chairman of the effort by the National Science Board, which is a

83deccca-41dc-11e1-8f2d-87a67739d0d2_3

Not quite a foe, U.S. looms large in Russian world view

was — and is — critical of Western intervention in Libya and does not want to see a reprise in Syria, which is an important arms customer. On Tuesday, Lavrov dismissed the idea that the United States had taken a back seat on Libya, letting the French and British take the lead. “The U.S. was not on the margins,” he said. “They had the situation under control.” On Iran, too, Russia opposes tightening sanctions — involving oil and banking transactions — that Western nations have been instituting following the U.S. example. Such sanctions, which Lavrov called “lopsided, unilateral Western additions,” would have little effect on nuclear proliferation and seem aimed at weakening the Iranian government, he said. He called that an unacceptable goal. If a war is launched against Iran, Lavrov warned, “the consequences will be dire.” It would, he said, set off a “chain reaction — and no knowing how it will end.” As he did in November, Lavrov warned the United States that if it does not take into account Russian objections to its missile-defense plan, Russia will be forced to take steps to ensure its national security. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has said that such steps could include the targeting of missile-defense installations and Russian withdrawal from the New START arms-control treaty. Provoked by several cases of the abuse and death of adopted Russian children in the United States, Lavrov said Moscow might once more introduce a freeze on adoptions by Americans until Washington can provide guarantees that the children will be protected. He also said that because of the Jackson-Vanik amendment — a Cold War leftover that ties trade status to the free emigration of Soviet Jews, Catholics and others — Russia may choose not to abide by its World Trade Organization agreements in its dealings with the United States. This could affect U.S. chicken exporters, who have been targeted by protectionist measures. Lavrov did note that the amendment has no actual bearing on trade because its provisions are suspended every year. That the law still exists is a source of annoyance to the Russians, and a handy stick with which they can take swings at U.S. policy when they feel the need. More world news coverage: - Haiti’s former dictator lives in style - Dilemma for China’s one-child generation - Did U.S. radar fry Russian Mars probe? - Read more headlines from around the world

260fe472-407d-11e1-ab0d-57daac9cd86d_0

Marines, the Taliban and desecration of the dead

Regarding Sebastian Junger’s Jan. 15 Outlook commentary, “In war, we all desecrate the enemy”: As a Marine who went to Vietnam when I was 20 and served 13 months, I read with sadness and understanding about my fellow Marines who apparently urinated on the corpses of their enemy. There is nothing glorious, chivalrous or romantic about combat. These four American volunteers did what they’d been trained to do: Kill their enemy and survive. How they chose to express their relief at cheating death is an unfortunate but understandable reaction to defeating a contemptible enemy who moments before was trying to end their young lives. However, the broader shame and sadness is prompted by the behavior of our government, which has long seen our military as a blunt-force tool of specious foreign policy and has been only too willing to send its young citizens into incomprehensible life-and-death situations. Ronald A. Stup, Highland ● ● ●

f3644c20-3b3b-11e1-af18-7ec0de5907e2_0

NSO had Columbia Heights on a string

It was the National Symphony Orchestra’s grand experiment. Take the players far away from the hallowed halls of the Kennedy Center. Plop them in a high school auditorium in the socioeconomic stew that is Columbia Heights. Have them play some Dvorak, Debussy, Vivaldi. Then, observe: Who would show up? Would anyone? Warren Williams, who manages community outreach for the orchestra, was nervous that Friday night earlier this month. Then he was amazed. There were young black children, clinging to their parents. The local postman and some business owners were there, too. Thirty minutes before the performance, they waited in the hallway of Bell Multicultural High School along with an overwhelming mass of the skinny-jeaned, a line that stretched from the metal detectors at the entrance to the seats in the auditorium. Over the past decade, much has been made of the transformation of Columbia Heights, thanks to the extension of Metro’s Green Line; the opening of big-box stores, such as Target; and a crop of new condos. Housing prices soared; young professionals moved in. Then came the inevitable tension between the working-class African Americans and Latinos who lived in the subsidized housing that once defined the neighborhood. The NSO saw an opportunity and arranged a week’s worth of free performances and workshops at Bell and smaller venues. It especially set its sights on two of classical music’s most elusive audiences: minorities and young people. “We thought here was a chance to reach out to everyone,” Williams said after the concert at Bell. “We know there are barriers to people enjoying classical music. But I think this shows that the music itself is not the barrier. We have to do a better job of reaching out.” Orchestra officials and musicians plan to: They are thinking about expanding to other D.C. neighborhoods but haven’t chosen the next one yet. As Williams spoke outside Bell’s auditorium after the concert, the orchestra’s assistant conductor walked by. “That crowd — they were so young and so awesome!” exclaimed Ankush Kumar Bahl, himself only 34. “Let’s find a way we can keep them!” The audiences were overwhelming: a standing-room-only crowd in the 850-seat auditorium at Bell and more than 5,000 music fans over the course of the week. The symphony orchestra, whose 100 members see themselves as ambassadors to classical music, has long tried to shatter the porcelain image of symphony audiences being older — much

4c3287fc-421e-11e1-9022-0d2194331bfe_0

Thousands of veterans line up in Washington for job fair

A long line of U.S. military veterans wait to speak with résumé coaches as the Department of Veterans Affairs hosts a major career fair. (Jahi Chikwendiu/WASHINGTON POST) Even before the doors officially opened at 8 a.m. Wednesday for an enormous veterans job fair at the Washington Convention Center, hundreds of job-seekers had shown up and were going through security, getting in lines and signing up for interviews. “It was already packed,” said John Sepulveda, assistant secretary for human resources and administration for the Department of Veterans Affairs. Some veterans showed up at the convention center on Tuesday and were told to return the next day, he said Army Staff Sgt. Adam Porras was one of thousands of veterans and service members who showed up for the VA-hosted Veteran Career Fair and Expo. After meeting with a résumé coach, Porras waited patiently in the federal job center line, hoping to find an employer willing to talk to him about a job as he prepares to leave the Army. “With the job market the way it is, I’m not sure how it will go,” Porras said. Porras, who suffered a traumatic brain injury during a 2009 rocket attack at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan, also suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder. Porras’s service dog, Atlas, lay at his feet, helping to keep his owner balanced and calm. “Were it not for him, I’d be running out of here,” said Porras. “It’s too big of a crowd for me.” The large turnout, at least in part, reflected the high unemployment rate for post-Sept. 11 veterans, which stood at 13.1 percent as of last month. About 6,400 jobs in the public and private sectors were advertised as available, including 800 with the federal government. “The whole federal government is stepping up here,” John Berry, director of the Office of Personnel and Management, said during a visit to the expo. “It’s a phenomenal response — all the agencies are here.” “We’re telling the federal agencies, ‘We’ve got hiring authority: Use it, use it, use it,’ ” said Mary Santiago, director of VA’s federal employment services office. The departments of Defense, Labor and Homeland Security had job openings, as well as the Philadelphia police department and the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. VA Secretary Eric K. Shinseki said more job fairs will be held. “This is just one piece,” Shinseki said. “We’ll take lessons from this and

148251b8-42b2-11e1-9022-0d2194331bfe_2

America remains the world’s beacon of success

many small businesses. During a meeting in Mumbai with three dozen business millionaires in their twenties and thirties, I asked a simple question: Which market would you most like to access? Almost unanimously, the answer was the United States. U.S. companies remain world leaders in information technology, bioscience, nanotechnology and aerospace. The evidence is clear not only in the development of products such as the iPad and iPhone but also in new patents. Last year, U.S. firms captured more than 50 percent of all U.S. patents; they received twice as many corporate patents as Japan, which came in second. Yes, our high schools need to do better, as reading and math scores and dropout rates show. But when it comes to higher education, we remain a beacon of success. Four of the world’s top five universities, and seven of the top 10, listed in last year’s Times Global Higher Education Rankings are in the United States. Americans have won 333 Nobel prizes, almost triple the number of Britons, the runner-up. In the past three years, Americans have won Nobel prizes in such critical fields as economics, physics, medicine and chemistry. Even immigration, a topic of some tension, continues to enhance our competitiveness. Highly capable and legal immigrants flock to our country — aiming not for Ellis Island but Silicon Valley and the Research Triangle Park. As researchers at Duke and the University of California at Berkeley showed in 2007, 25 percent of U.S. tech and engineering start-ups between 1995 and 2005 had one or more immigrant key founders, whose companies collectively generated an estimated $52 billion in 2005 sales and created nearly 450,000 jobs. Since the time of railroads and canals, our often-maligned federal government has invested in vital research in early phases for developing technologies, such as the Internet and energy technology, helping build a head start for the next generation of U.S. industry. Other advantages include our positive demographic growth pattern, our environmental protections of water and natural resources, and, as demonstrated by the smooth operation that took out Osama bin Laden, incredible military skill. This country faces real challenges, including a growing deficit, crumbling infrastructure and unsustainable entitlement spending. Addressing these issues will require leadership to meet the times, as happened during the Civil War, the Great Depression, World War II and the civil rights era. Leaders need to exhibit the spirit captured by Theodore Roosevelt when

d0665ea0-4218-11e1-9022-0d2194331bfe_1

The poor are the Americans no one wants to talk about

15.1 percent. The share of Americans in extreme poverty — with an income less than half the poverty line — is the highest in the 35 years that the Census Bureau has kept such records. GOP candidates seldom mention the problems of the poor, for fear of being viewed as ideological weaklings. Elected Democrats are advised by their pollsters to focus on the challenges of the voter-rich middle class. No president — including Barack Obama — is naturally inclined to talk about conditions that have grown worse on his watch. Yet a debate on poverty is needed. And it would benefit from specificity, which often challenges ideology. Conservatives naturally focus on equal opportunity rather than on equal outcomes. But equality of opportunity is a more radical concept than we generally concede. It is not a natural state; it is a social and political achievement. It depends on healthy families and cohesive communities. But opportunity also depends on effective government — on public safety, public education and public health. Governmental overreach can undermine other important social institutions. Yet the retreat of government does not automatically restore them to health. Liberals often fail to recognize that income redistribution, while preventing penury, is not identical to social equality. The main challenge of poverty is not a lack of consumption but a lack of social capital — measured in skills and values — and of opportunity. Addressing these problems is more complex than increasing marginal tax rates, particularly when revenue is used to cover the increasing costs of non-means-tested entitlement programs. The structure of the modern welfare state is not focused on empowering the poor. Instead, it has increased the percentage of government transfer payments that go to middle- and upper-income seniors. On all sides, the poverty debate can be paralyzed by an obsession with fundamental causes. A failing community is a puzzle box of interconnected failures. Globalization and technology put downward pressure on wages and lead to stagnant labor markets. Permissive cultural norms encourage family breakdown and self-destructive behavior. Complaining about the rise of China or the decline of morality can be satisfying. But cosmic explanations can be obstacles to action. The good news is this: During the past few decades, a focus on concrete solutions to specific problems has often yielded good results. Welfare reform decreased caseloads and child poverty while increasing employment and income for low-income families. Community policing and zero-tolerance

f1c0d5b6-4133-11e1-afad-097055960b44_1

Mary Ellen Avery, pediatrician

School of Public Health, Dr. Avery joined physiologist Jeremiah Mead to study a lung disorder believed to be a leading cause of death among preemies. Before Dr. Avery’s research, the condition was called hyaline membrane disease, taking its name from the glassy, or “hyaline,” film present in the lungs of many premature infants who did not survive. Today it is known as respiratory distress syndrome. The condition entered the national consciousness in 1963, when first lady Jacqueline Kennedy delivered a baby boy more than five weeks before his due date. Patrick Bouvier Kennedy was diagnosed with hyaline membrane disease and lived two days. “When medical scientists can solve the mystery of why the membrane forms,” the New York Times reported upon Patrick’s death, “they will have trapped one of the major killers of premature babies.” During her own previous clinical studies at hospitals, Dr. Avery had watched babies succumb to breathing difficulties. She was spurred to pursue research because of her frustration at not being able to help them. With Mead, Dr. Avery began examining the lungs of premature babies who did not live more than a few days. She made an unexpected observation: Unlike babies who died for other reasons, apparent victims of hyaline membrane disease had no trace of air in their lungs. Dr. Avery’s research led her to John Clements, an Army doctor whose study of wartime nerve gases had significantly advanced the study of pulmonology. He showed her a handmade scientific instrument he built to measure surface tension in the lung. Dr. Avery realized that the concept of surface tension would determine the course of her research. Surface tension, she learned, helps allow lungs to inflate, deflate and reinflate. She further learned that lungs maintain their surface tension with the help of surfactant, a foamy liquid that coats the inside of the organ. Back at the laboratory, Dr. Avery observed that the underdeveloped lungs of premature babies lacked surfactant. That, she theorized, was why they couldn’t breathe. In 1959, Dr. Avery and Mead explained their findings in an article published in the American Journal of Diseases of Children. For decades, it went mostly unnoticed, as competing theories about the respiratory ailment continued to circulate. But Dr. Avery persisted, continuing to publish on the topic and standing by her findings. Over the next two decades, her work “turned the understanding of hyaline membrane disease on its head,”

f949d5e0-4344-11e1-ae95-e3fd42f537ff_0

10 NATO troops killed in Afghan attack, helicopter crash

KABUL, Afghanistan — Ten NATO soldiers have died in Afghanistan in the past two days in the country’s embattled southern and eastern provinces. Four soldiers were killed by a member of the Afghan National Army in eastern Afghanistan on Friday. The suspected shooter has been apprehended, according to a NATO statement. In Paris, French President Nicolas Sarkozy identified the four victims as French soldiers and said the attack is “unacceptable.” He said France was suspending its training program for Afghan troops, the Associated Press reported. The attack occurred just hours after a military helicopter crashed in southern Afghanistan, killing six NATO service members, according to military officials. “The cause of the crash is under investigation,” according to a NATO statement. “However initial reporting indicates there was no enemy activity in the area at the time of the crash.” In a statement, Taliban officials claimed responsibility for the attack. As the United States edges slowly toward a political settlement with the Afghan government and the Taliban, the insurgency has continued its campaign of attacks and regular statements advocating violence against both western and Afghan troops. More world news coverage: - Arab League monitors’ mission expires in Syria - Beijing makes rare concession on pollution measure - Afghan government feels out of the loop on talks - Read more headlines from around the world

bafaa8ea-4354-11e1-ae95-e3fd42f537ff_3

France threatens early withdrawal from Afghanistan

reviewed. Although the French role in Afghanistan has often been criticized domestically — particularly since Sarkozy relaxed rules limiting exposure to combat — it has never been seriously brought into question in Parliament. But Sarkozy has moved into campaign mode, running for reelection in a two-round vote scheduled for April 22 and May 6. Any suggestion that he is not vigorously protecting French troops abroad could be disastrous for his hopes of a second term. Sarkozy’s main opponent in the election, Francois Hollande of the Socialist Party, reacted to the killings Friday by announcing that, if elected, he would bring French soldiers home from Afghanistan “as fast as possible, at the latest by the end of 2012.” “This operation has gone on long enough,” he said. About 400 French soldiers were pulled out of Afghanistan in October, leaving an estimated 3,600 in the country. Friday’s statement by Sarkozy is likely to reopen doubts about the depth of commitment to Afghanistan in Europe, where the war has long been unpopular and where leaders have been increasingly reluctant to put their troops in harm’s way. Some European allies have also expressed concern about the long-term cost of maintaining Afghanistan’s security forces, estimated at between $4 billion and $6 billion a year beyond 2014. The shootings Friday were the second such attack on French troops in less than a month. Two French Foreign Legion members were shot and killed Dec. 29 by an Afghan soldier in mountainous Kapisa province, which is France’s main area of responsibility. Kapisa is a relatively peaceful zone, but it includes key infiltration routes used by the Taliban to move fighters and supplies from havens across the border in Pakistan. Friday’s shootings occurred in the same general area. The French soldiers were finishing a workout on an Afghan-commanded base when they were joined by an Afghan army contingent that was to accompany them on a training patrol later in the day, according to reports in Paris. As a result, they were not armed or able to defend themselves, French officials said. The killings came on the same day that new details emerged about a helicopter crash Thursday in the southern province of Helmand, which claimed the lives of six U.S. Marines. The cause was under investigation Friday, but U.S. officials said insurgent fire did not appear to be involved. Sieff reported from Kabul. Staff writer Karen DeYoung in Washington

57f31108-4357-11e1-ad78-52434cb020f0_1

U.S. military chief in Israel for talks on Iran

each other, and I’m here to assure you that is the case.” No Israeli statement was issued after the day’s talks, reflecting the sensitivity of the subject, and spokesmen for Netanyahu and Barak declined to comment on the substance of the discussions, citing what they described as standard procedure for consultations with visiting U.S. military chiefs. A spokesman for Dempsey said in a statement that the talks had “served to advance a common understanding of the regional security environment.” News reports in Israel described Dempsey’s visit as part of an effort by Washington to clarify Israel’s intentions regarding a possible military strike on Iranian nuclear facilities and to press the Israelis to allow time for international sanctions on Iran to take effect before considering any attack. Barak said in a radio interview this week that any Israeli decision on military action was “very far off,” and he rejected suggestions that Dempsey was carrying a warning to Israel against going it alone. Policy matters, he said, were discussed in his regular contacts with Defense Secretary Leon Panetta. Dempsey’s visit came at a time of heightened tension after the assassination last week of the deputy director of an Iranian nuclear enrichment site and threats by Iran to close the strategic Strait of Hormuz, the passageway for about a fifth of the world’s oil trade, in response to U.S.-led moves to tighten international sanctions. Iran has blamed Israel and the United States for the killing of its scientist, the fifth such slaying since 2007. Washington has denied involvement, while Israel has not commented. Israel and the United States this week decided to postpone a large joint missile defense exercise scheduled for the spring, a move that Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman attributed to regional “tensions and instability.” Netanyahu and other Israeli leaders have argued that crippling sanctions on Iran, coupled with a credible military option, are needed to prevent Tehran from pursuing what they describe as a drive to build a nuclear bomb. Israeli officials say they view a nuclear-armed Iran as an existential threat and have hinted at possible military action should sanctions prove ineffective. “Nuclear arms in Iran are a threat to Israel, the region and the world,” Netanyahu said in a speech Wednesday during a visit to the Netherlands. “Sanctions should be applied to Iran’s central bank and its oil exports — and they should be applied now.” A new

ca3cd952-42e8-11e1-9091-3ad6d04900db_0

Military suicides drop, other problems on rise

The number of suicides among soldiers has been leveling off, but there has been a dramatic jump in domestic violence, sex crimes and other destructive behavior in a force that has been stressed by a decade of war, according to an Army report released Thursday. “There’s a lot of good news in this report, but there’s also some bad news,” the Army vice chief of staff, Gen. Peter Chiarelli, told a Pentagon news conference. “We know we’ve got still a lot of work to do.” Suicides among active-duty soldiers and National Guard and Army Reserve soldiers not on active duty totaled 278 last year, down 9 percent from 2010. “I think we’ve at least arrested this problem and, hopefully, will start to push it down,” Chiarelli said. But violent sex crimes and domestic violence have increased more than 30 percent since 2006 and child abuse by 43 percent. “After 10 years of war with an all-volunteer force, you’re going to have problems that no one could have [forecast] before this began,” he said. Chiarelli released a 200-page report for military leaders and health-care providers that is intended to assess the physical and mental condition of the force, disciplinary problems and deficiencies in how the Army deals with problems. It follows up on a 2010 report that said the Army was failing some soldiers by missing signs of trouble or by looking the other way as commanders tried to keep up with tight deployment schedules needed to fight in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Chiarelli said commanders are getting more troops into substance-abuse programs; are removing more troops from the service for misconduct; and are preventing would-be recruits with alcohol and drug convictions from joining. Other details of the report include: ● Post-traumatic stress disorder is epidemic, and there could be 472,000 U.S. service members with the condition, half of them in the Army. ■ Some 24,000 soldiers were referred to substance-abuse programs in the 2011 fiscal year, which ended in September. ■ The Army had more than 126,000 diagnosed cases of traumatic brain injury from 2000 to 2010. That included more than 95,000 mild cases, about 20,000 moderate cases and more than 3,500 cases in which there were severe, penetrating injuries. Chiarelli said the military has taken “a huge step forward,” with new screening procedures for troops who suffer concussions, a frequent injury in wars in which makeshift bombs have been

ca3cd952-42e8-11e1-9091-3ad6d04900db_1

Military suicides drop, other problems on rise

in a force that has been stressed by a decade of war, according to an Army report released Thursday. “There’s a lot of good news in this report, but there’s also some bad news,” the Army vice chief of staff, Gen. Peter Chiarelli, told a Pentagon news conference. “We know we’ve got still a lot of work to do.” Suicides among active-duty soldiers and National Guard and Army Reserve soldiers not on active duty totaled 278 last year, down 9 percent from 2010. “I think we’ve at least arrested this problem and, hopefully, will start to push it down,” Chiarelli said. But violent sex crimes and domestic violence have increased more than 30 percent since 2006 and child abuse by 43 percent. “After 10 years of war with an all-volunteer force, you’re going to have problems that no one could have [forecast] before this began,” he said. Chiarelli released a 200-page report for military leaders and health-care providers that is intended to assess the physical and mental condition of the force, disciplinary problems and deficiencies in how the Army deals with problems. It follows up on a 2010 report that said the Army was failing some soldiers by missing signs of trouble or by looking the other way as commanders tried to keep up with tight deployment schedules needed to fight in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Chiarelli said commanders are getting more troops into substance-abuse programs; are removing more troops from the service for misconduct; and are preventing would-be recruits with alcohol and drug convictions from joining. Other details of the report include: ● Post-traumatic stress disorder is epidemic, and there could be 472,000 U.S. service members with the condition, half of them in the Army. ■ Some 24,000 soldiers were referred to substance-abuse programs in the 2011 fiscal year, which ended in September. ■ The Army had more than 126,000 diagnosed cases of traumatic brain injury from 2000 to 2010. That included more than 95,000 mild cases, about 20,000 moderate cases and more than 3,500 cases in which there were severe, penetrating injuries. Chiarelli said the military has taken “a huge step forward,” with new screening procedures for troops who suffer concussions, a frequent injury in wars in which makeshift bombs have been insurgents’ weapons of choice. Troops are now taken off the battlefield and held off for days or weeks until they recover, he said. — Associated Press

4e816302-3e31-11e1-934a-2f8ab90f81c8_1

Escapes: The old brewery’s gone, but there’s still lots brewing in Mount Joy, Pa.

Joy, Pa., between Harrisburg and Lancaster. This lovely area of rolling farmland has long been dominated by residents of German descent; back in 1876, Bube, an immigrant from Bavaria, opened a brewery in a two-story stone structure on North Market Street to serve them his popular lager. As his fortunes rose, he outgrew the old brewery and added a bottling works next door. In 1879, he built the three-story, Victorian-style Central Hotel, notable for its intricate brickwork. It backed onto the other side of the original brewery building, completing the block-long row that still stands today. Bube’s empire lasted until 1920, the year Prohibition was introduced, and the brewery closed for good. Bube’s current owner is Samuel Allen, who bought the idle brewery and adjacent buildings in 1982. These historic structures (on the National Register of Historic Places) now house a modern microbrewery and an outdoor biergarten. Restaurant options include the Catacombs, which offers fine dining in the old beer cellar; the restaurant Alois, for group events in the Central Hotel; and the Bottling Works tavern. The microbrewery occupies the original brewery’s icehouse. Allen’s vision also includes murder mysteries in the Central Hotel, themed feasts in the Catacombs (a pirate feast was going on the night we dined there) and ghost tours in all the buildings. Allen has also opened a public art gallery promoting local talent. His newest project is offering limited lodging in the hotel. Starting in April, groups may rent its several rooms for a flat fee. “I always have four or five projects in the hopper,” Allen told me. The Mount Joy area is underlain by hundreds of limestone caverns that were ideal for storing beer in pre-refrigerator days. On our first night in town, we dined in the Catacombs, 43 feet below the ground, in a candlelit stone chamber lined with huge white-oak casks that once held Alois Bube’s long-lost recipe. Carol had a New York strip while I chose the grilled pork chop, complemented by the microbrewery’s malty red ale and hoppy India Pale Ale. On the way down to the restaurant, our guide, Nic Ellis, a Bube descendant, showed us four enormous bald-cypress conditioning casks left from the old brewery, each capable of holding 2,000 gallons of beer. Then he told us a ghost story. We were standing at the foot of a staircase in a corridor between the old brewery and the

fd6e80e0-4217-11e1-9022-0d2194331bfe_0

Coming & Going: More travelers head abroad and other travel news

Coming & Going More overseas visitors, more overnighters in Virginia parks Travelers abroad You can’t keep a good traveler down. The United Nations World Tourism Organization reports that international tourism arrivals in 2011 totaled 980 million. That’s 4.4 percent more than 2010’s 939 million. Lest we forget, the increase came despite worldwide economic and political upheaval. The regions that experienced the largest increases: Asia and the Pacific had 6 percent more arrivals (216 million total), and visits to the Americas went up 4 percent (156 million total). Africa held steady The UNWTO expects continued growth in 2012, with international arrivals hitting 1 billion sometime later in the year. Find more information at mkt.unwto.org/en/barometer. Park it here It looks as though tight budgets may be making travelers more savvy about affordable accommodations. In 2011, Virginia State Parks hosted a record number of overnight visitors. The system’s cabins, campgrounds and lodges welcomed 1,055,875 guests, up 3 percent from 1,022,698 in 2010. Of the 35 parks, 25 offer camping facilities and 18 have cabins or lodges. Nightly camping fees fall mostly in the $20 to $30 range. Rates at the cabins and lodges range from $59 per night for an efficiency to more than $300 for a six-room lodge, depending on the season and accommodation size. Overall attendance at the parks declined to 7,836,246. The previous year’s total was 8,065,558, an all-time high. Still, almost half the parks had higher daily attendance numbers. The system celebrated its 75th anniversary last year. To check out options for your next stay, visit dcr.virginia.gov/state_parks. Travel tickers Island Travel & Tours begins its charter flights to Cuba from BWI Marshall on March 21. Trips are still limited to “purposeful” travelers along the lines of journalists, academics and religious and cultural organizations. The roughly three-hour flight will leave BWI on Wednesdays at 3 p.m. . . . The State Department has issued an emergency message to U.S. citizens either in Thailand or thinking of traveling there. Officials are concerned that “foreign terrorists may be currently looking to conduct attacks against tourist areas in Bangkok in the near future.” . . . If you’re looking to help with restoration efforts in Italy’s Cinque Terre region, damaged by flooding last year, you can now make a donation through three Web sites: www.savevernazza.com, vernazzafutura.blogspot.com and www.amicidellecinqueterre.com. Help feed CoGo. Send travel news to: [email protected]. By mail: CoGo, Washington Post Travel Section,

8f5b14d0-42ce-11e1-ad72-baaf5868721b_6

An interview with Burma’s democracy activist Aung San Suu Kyi

think we didn’t have half the number of journalists and publications that we have now. Within the last year, the number of publications have proliferated. But they have to submit their stories to a censor. Yes. The censorship laws have been relaxed considerably. When I was released, I couldn’t publish anything under my name. Do you have ideas as to how to improve the living standards of the people of this country? We need to empower the people. One way to empower them is to make them stronger economically. That’s where we would like our friends to help: foreign aid in the right way; development aid that is not frittered away to those who are administering the funds. Do you favor privatizing the economy? Yes, but we need sound laws with regard to the economy. We need sound banking and sound investment laws. Only a small minority of our people have anything to do with banks. What is your view of the Arab Spring? Do you think the government in Naypyidaw was influenced by it? The situation in the Middle East is considerably different. I was heartened that people everywhere want certain basic freedoms, even if they live in a totally different cultural environment. I understand that when you met with President Thein Sein last summer, he had your father’s picture prominently displayed. When the military regime first took over, my father’s face was on the currency. It was gradually removed and replaced by the symbol of the USDP [Union Solidarity and Development Party]. All the photos of my father were taken down from schools and government offices. You were not allowed to put photos of my father in journals or magazines. The meeting without the picture would have meant less. Were you surprised when you walked in? I was, yes. I had not expected it. My father’s picture was in the center. Did you and the president decide you could work together? I felt I could work with him, and I hope he felt he could work with me. Did Secretary Hillary Rodham Clinton invite you to Washington when she was here in December? Yes, I would love to go to Washington as soon as possible. Has it changed much in the last 40 years? Recently you have had many foreign visitors. Hasn’t your life changed drastically in the past year? It doesn’t seem all that different, except much

d2fed218-f458-11e0-ac97-20990ab6bf05_0

Blasting Mozart to drive criminals away

Some months ago, I was sitting at the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York with enough time on my hands that I actually noticed the music coming over the speakers in the ceiling. It was the scherzo from Schubert’s first piano trio. Schubert’s piano trios are among my favorite pieces in the universe, but as I listened, I found that I wasn’t relaxing; quite the contrary. The music sounded awful: tinny, hard-edged, aggressive. I wanted to get away. I’ve long heard that the Port Authority is one of many public spaces across the country that uses classical music to help control vagrancy: to drive the homeless away. Listening to that Schubert rendition, I started to believe it. To many people, classical music is the perfect background music: soothing, attractive, undemanding. But for some time, it’s also been used as a form of crowd control: a kind of bug spray for people you don’t want hanging around. Early attempts in this direction date to the mid-1980s, when a 7-Eleven began playing music in the parking lot as a deterrent to the crowds of teenagers congregating there. Plenty of stores continue to use the technique, and other examples have been cropping up sporadically ever since. In 2001, police in West Palm Beach, Fla., blasted Mozart and Beethoven on a crime-ridden street corner and saw incidents dwindle dramatically. In 2010, the transit authority in Portland, Ore., began playing classical music at light-rail stops, and calls to police dropped. When the London Underground started piping classical music into its stations in 2005, physical and verbal abuse by young people (however you define THAT) declined by 33 percent. In a related story, a school in Derby, England, got into the news last year by using classical music to punish misbehaving pupils, forcing the disobedient to sit and listen to an hour of classical music. Behavior improved by 50 percent. Like many things in classical music, these endeavors have entered the realm of conventional wisdom without being adequately studied. Installing speakers in a public space to play classical music usually involves some degree of physical improvement to the area and an increased police presence. How, then, can you determine that classical music alone is responsible for improving conditions? (At the Derby school, the students were subjected to the hour of classical music on a Friday evening, followed by a DVD about math and then the

663808c8-36ea-11e1-9ee3-fd35588e7629_1

The immorality of Afghanistan’s ‘moral crimes’

of brutal crimes. My illiterate client told me of her experience going to court with her illegitimate daughter and not understanding the legal process. She was forced to represent herself after her Afghan lawyer failed to show up, yet the judges who presided over the case refused to allow her to speak. Instead, they berated Gulnaz for lying, insisting that women cannot get pregnant by having sex just once. This assertion was the basis for the 12-year sentence that was imposed, with a wrenching caveat: Marrying her attacker would allow her to be “free.” Unfortunately, Gulnaz’s case is not an anomaly but represents the situation that more than half of the imprisoned women in Afghanistan find themselves in — locked up for moral crimes, according to a recent studyby the United Nations. I submitted a pardon application for Gulnaz, accompanied by a petition with more than 6,000 signatures. She had no family willing to take up her cause, but the world, as we discovered, supported her release. Standing up for the rights of women like Gulnaz was part of the reason the United States went to Afghanistan in the first place. In 2001, one of the key political arguments that President George W. Bush’s administration used to support the military deployment was stopping the terrorists, for whom “the brutal oppression of women” was “a central goal.” In November 2001, Congress passed a bill noting Taliban oppression of women and stressing the need for Afghan women and children to have better access to health care and education. International attention to the fate of women in Afghanistan has been an issue throughout the war. In 2009, the Afghan government focused on violence and human rights when it passed the Elimination of Violence Against Women Law. Though this measure garnered substantial support worldwide, oversight has been limited. The law is largely ignored in Afghanistan’s justice system, and abused women are routinely imprisoned as a result. While Gulnaz’s case brought international media attention to the plight of Afghan rape victims, inside Afghanistan, gross violations of basic human rights are often business as usual. In Gulnaz’s case, after we submitted the pardon application, President Hamid Karzai formed a judicial committee with members from the Ministry of Justice, the Supreme Court and the attorney general’s office. They were to investigate Gulnaz’s case and, reportedly, the cases of all other women imprisoned in Kabul. The formation of

62b1da2c-43b9-11e1-a8f8-11a9b9bc2717_1

VRE advances plan to buy new rail cars

maximum VRE wanted to pay. According to agency documents, the company was the sole bidder. VRE chief executive Dale Zehner asked board members to approve the recommendation, which would deplete the agency’s capital reserve fund of $1.5 million to pay the higher price. The contract requires the approval of the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission and the Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission. Zehner said that VRE officials hoped to find a company that could handle the entire process within the United States but that there were no takers on what was considered a relatively small order. The weakness of the American dollar compared with the Japanese yen was one factor that forced the cost up, he said. Although the cars will be built in the United States, much of the engineering work will be done in Japan, he said. Board member Chris Zimmerman, an Arlington County supervisor, questioned the increase in price and whether VRE officials tried to “piggyback” on larger orders from others around the world. Zehner said that VRE could not find another company that made trains to the agency’s specifications and whose timeline coincided with VRE’s desire to have the cars delivered by February 2014. Board member Paul Milde, a Stafford County supervisor, said the cost overrun is problematic because of VRE’s looming “800-pound gorilla” in meeting increasing demand. “Our bigger problem here is accommodating increased ridership . . . and adding capacity to the new system,” Milde said. The railway’s average ridership was up 10 percent over December 2010 to 18,379, new statistics show. Milde also directed Zehner to again look into having WiFi on trains, an amenity more riders have come to expect. Zehner said in a Web chat this month: “While I was optimistic for WiFi in 2011, in 2012, the priority for WiFi is dropping. During our last survey, most riders said they wouldn’t use it if it wasn’t free. Also, I am not convinced that we can provide uninterrupted service at this time.” Zehner said Friday that he’s still not convinced. “Is it really necessary?” he asked. He said that WiFi comes with a high price tag and that more devices, such as tablets, connect by cellular phone signal. Milde said, however, that Stafford County residents often can’t connect in the more-rural area. Zehner said he would look at options and give the board a more detailed plan in the next few months.

d3f31b92-412a-11e1-ad78-52434cb020f0_0

Why high-speed rail is just the ticket

The financial uncertainties facing California’s high-speed rail project should not be read as an indictment of such rail development in America [front page, Jan. 16]. High-speed, inter-city passenger rail can be successful, even profitable — as proven in France. SNCF, the French national passenger rail system, wrote a check for 230 million euros ($299 million) to the national government just before Christmas and has returned 600 million euros ($780 million) to the government over the past five years. Congestion is choking our metropolitan areas, costing Americans $110 billion a year in lost productivity and wasted fuel. We must invest in a passenger rail alternative. The longer we wait, the less livable our cities will become and the more expensive the alternatives will be. The French have proven that the concept can succeed. We should follow their lead and not give up on inter-city passenger rail. James L. Oberstar, Potomac The writer, a Democrat from Minnesota, served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1975 to 2011. He chaired the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure from 2007 to 2011.

94a2af30-4269-11e1-9022-0d2194331bfe_0

Costco drives deeper into Washington area

Demolition was under way in December at the site of an empty Hecht’s at the Westfield Wheaton mall. A Costco is planned for the site. (Michael S. Williamson/The Washington Post) Discount retailer Costco Wholesale is making greater inroads into the Washington area with plans for a new store on a 12-acre tract in Alexandria, one of three locations in the works in the region. Costco stands to gain grocery market share, albeit marginal, at a time when traditional players, like Food Lion and Superfresh, struggle to compete in a changing industry. Drug stores and big-box chains are muscling in on supermarkets with a wider selection of groceries. Value-oriented merchants, such as Costco, still hold a profitable stake in the industry and are finding room for growth. Compared to Wal-Mart, which is opening more than a dozen new stores in the Washington area, Costco’s local expansion might seem minor. But given the sheer size of a Costco, at an average 148,000 square feet, and some of the locations, the growth is significant. Costco, for instance, struck a deal in December to open its first location in the District at the Shops at Dakota Crossing, a 42-acre retail destination in Northeast. At the Westfield Wheaton mall in Montgomery County, Costco is slated to open a location in the latter half of this year. Meanwhile, the Alexandria store has a target opening of spring 2013. The new additions will bring Costco’s total portfolio of stores in greater Washington to 19, up from 16. According to David Ward, president of brokerage firm H&R Retail, which represents Costco locally, the retailer is scouring the market for additional sites. He declined to disclose locations. Ward said Costco’s chairman, Jeffrey Brotman, is involved in all of the site selections, and is very deliberate in his choices. Costco looks for locations that can accommodate plenty of parking spaces as its bulk-buying customers typically drive out to its stores. “It’s difficult finding the real estate that can accommodate the footprint of the stores,” Ward said. “If you look at the stores Wal-Mart is planning [in D.C.], they’re all in Northeast and Southeast, where they can find larger parcels of land.” The average annual household income for shoppers at Costco is $96,000, and. Costco is coming off of a banner year. Its December same-store sales, for instance, jumped 9 percent year over year to $10 billion.

4a90221c-4154-11e1-8f2d-87a67739d0d2_1

Contractors vie for edge in cybersecurity race

Defense Secretary Leon Panetta vowed to protect and potentially increase the government’s spending on cyberspace capabilities. Booz Allen’s new network of cyber centers, all of which have their own focus, includes four sites in Maryland, four in Northern Virginia and one in New Jersey. A Fort Meade site specializes in cyber, forensics and malware analytics, while a Red Bank, N.J., center focuses on mobile response and modeling and simulation, among other areas. Booz Allen “wanted to have a cyber center that was responsive to our client needs and requirements but also that would be a bit different from what we have seen some of our competitors do,” said Joseph W. Mahaffee, chief information security officer at Booz Allen. “Candidly, we haven’t seen anyone else try to create this type of networked environment that involves many centers.” Mahaffee said the company plans to expand the network to a larger number of sites. General Dynamics last week opened a 28,000-square-foot facility, which will house 100 cyber employees — some new and some drawn from other locations. The office is in the same development as an Annapolis Junction facility, opened in 2002, that focuses on cyber work. Nadia Short, vice president of strategic planning for General Dynamics’s advanced information systems business, said the company’s cyber facilities in Annapolis Junction, which is near Fort Meade, are also linked to other company facilities across the country. Other cyber competitors too said last week that they are not limited by their brick-and-mortar cyber facilities. Bethesda-based Lockheed Martin has two local cyber-focused centers, but also depends on virtual connections, said Charles Croom, vice president of cyber security solutions in Lockheed’s information systems and global services unit. “It’s not about whether it’s physical or virtual, it’s about what you do with it,” he said. He and Larry Cox, general manager of Science Applications International Corp.’s cyber and information solutions business, said physical centers have proven effective in attracting government officials. Cox of SAIC, which opened its own cyber center near Fort Meade in late 2010, said the facility also brings together cybersecurity-focused employees and interns in a collaborative environment. The heightened interest in cybersecurity from a whole range of companies comes as no surprise to Short, who said General Dynamics reaps about $2 billion annually in cyber-related revenue. The government’s focus on funding the area “brings more competition,” Short said. “It’s just kind of how the world works.”

23992c78-42ec-11e1-ad72-baaf5868721b_0

Red, the color of the lunar new year, draws Post photographers’ eyes

Red, that brash, bleeding color of stop signs and bullfighters and aspirational lipstick shades women are always not quite pulling off — that one’s a bit too orange, love — is a hue that draws attention, sometimes the kind of attention one later regrets drawing. See: humanity’s biological red, the blush. ¶ It’s the color of luck in Lunar New Year parades, which will unfurl in the D.C. area this week, and the color of the countryside in places such as Liberty, N.Y., where the landscape is dotted with old wooden barns in various shades of red, in various stages of decay. ¶ In the District, red is officially coded in the the 1000 color block of the Federal Standard 595. In 1956, Washington, city of obscure regulations of obscurer domains, set about making order of the color palette. Fed-Std-595 was the military’s way of standardizing its paint and its supplies and its signage and whatnot, and over the years the Federal Standard has grown to include 650 federally recognized colors, including some 60 federally sanctioned reds. Which is thoroughly beside the point of red. The point of red is its unbridledness, its pertness, its sauce. One cannot wade through a feminist studies class without tripping on Hester Prynne and her big red A, Scarlett O’Hara and her big red dress, Eve and her big red apple. What does red mean? the professor asks, and it always has to mean something. Post-heartbreak, nobody puts on Taylor Swift and dances around her apartment in her sweats, boldly painting a wall beige. “It’s very recent in evolution,” this color thing, says Jeremy Nathans, a Johns Hopkins molecular biologist who studies why we see colors the way we see colors — which really aren’t colors at all. What we’re seeing is wavelengths of light, less than 1 percent of all light wavelengths in existence. Red exists at the longest visible wavelength, hovering around the 700 range. Dogs can’t see it, mice can’t, cows can’t — at least not the vibrant way that we do. Bees can, because they need the color variation to pollinate. And primates can. We primates need to see color variation to help us pick the unspoiled fruit from the spoiled, and to send each other garish heart-shaped chocolate boxes on Valentine’s Day. The images in this collection by Washington Post photographers, who spent weeks exploring the color, represent red

23992c78-42ec-11e1-ad72-baaf5868721b_1

Red, the color of the lunar new year, draws Post photographers’ eyes

places such as Liberty, N.Y., where the landscape is dotted with old wooden barns in various shades of red, in various stages of decay. ¶ In the District, red is officially coded in the the 1000 color block of the Federal Standard 595. In 1956, Washington, city of obscure regulations of obscurer domains, set about making order of the color palette. Fed-Std-595 was the military’s way of standardizing its paint and its supplies and its signage and whatnot, and over the years the Federal Standard has grown to include 650 federally recognized colors, including some 60 federally sanctioned reds. Which is thoroughly beside the point of red. The point of red is its unbridledness, its pertness, its sauce. One cannot wade through a feminist studies class without tripping on Hester Prynne and her big red A, Scarlett O’Hara and her big red dress, Eve and her big red apple. What does red mean? the professor asks, and it always has to mean something. Post-heartbreak, nobody puts on Taylor Swift and dances around her apartment in her sweats, boldly painting a wall beige. “It’s very recent in evolution,” this color thing, says Jeremy Nathans, a Johns Hopkins molecular biologist who studies why we see colors the way we see colors — which really aren’t colors at all. What we’re seeing is wavelengths of light, less than 1 percent of all light wavelengths in existence. Red exists at the longest visible wavelength, hovering around the 700 range. Dogs can’t see it, mice can’t, cows can’t — at least not the vibrant way that we do. Bees can, because they need the color variation to pollinate. And primates can. We primates need to see color variation to help us pick the unspoiled fruit from the spoiled, and to send each other garish heart-shaped chocolate boxes on Valentine’s Day. The images in this collection by Washington Post photographers, who spent weeks exploring the color, represent red doing all of the sorts of things that red does best. It punctuates a statement — the statement being a white faux-fur jacket, the belt being the exclamation point. It adds whimsy to a place of work, and it adds drama to a flag made to celebrate the Day of the Dead. The brake lights reflected on an otherwise empty street illustrate how the roads of life are more interesting with a touch of something bright and bold.

87db0bf2-439b-11e1-ae95-e3fd42f537ff_0

A large, Tokyo-based multinational company should receive a more than $20 million contract for new Virginia Railway Express passenger cars, the railway’s Operations Board recommended Friday. The board also asked rail system officials to reexamine options for how it can provide WiFi service to riders. The passenger-car contract was awarded to Sumitomo Corp. of America, a New York-based subsidiary of the Japanese corporation, for an amount not to exceed $23.1 million. The company will build eight new rail cars as part of an effort to replace aging “legacy” cars, more than 40 years old, in VRE’s fleet. The VRE has already approved a plan to replace 20 of its aging cars at a price of $36 million over the next four fiscal years, with the bulk of the funds coming from the state and federal funds, and $2.5 million from VRE. The contract to Sumitomo is $2 million above VRE officials’ asking price. But, according to agency documents, VRE officials had little choice: The company was the sole bidder. Chief Executive Dale Zehner asked board members to approve a recommendation that would deplete the agency’s capital reserve fund of $1.5 million to pay for the higher price. Zehner said VRE officials hoped to find a company that could handle the entire process within the United States, but there were no takers on what is considered a relatively small order. The weakness of the American dollar when compared with the Japanese yen, among other factors, forced an increase in price, he said. Although the new cars would be manufactured in the United States, much of the engineering work would take place in Japan, he said. He also said that pouring money into the aging fleet wasn’t a good idea and that there is a demand for the new cars. “You feel like you’re back in the ’50s or ’60s,” Zehner said of the aging rail cars. The cost overrun is problematic because of VRE’s looming “800-pound gorilla” in meeting ever-increasing demand as costs go up, said board member Paul Milde, a Stafford County supervisor. “Our bigger problem here is accommodating increased ridership . . . and adding capacity to the new system,” Milde said. New statistics show that the railway’s average ridership was up 10 percent over December 2010, to 18,379. December was also a good month for the train service, with 96 percent of trains on time. Board member Chris

b098fc34-4201-11e1-ad78-52434cb020f0_0

Drug laws are no joking matter

Regarding Al Kamen’s Jan. 18 column “ ‘Reefer Madness’ for the YouTube Generation”: This article is consistent with my hypothesis that the rules of professional conduct of journalists or some style manual require that articles about drug policy include a joke about chips, brownies or junk food. Can reporters and editors be so humor-deprived that they always have to joke about laws and policies that every year put hundreds of thousands of cannabis users in handcuffs, give them a criminal record and cost hundreds of millions of dollars on pointless police overtime. Ha, ha, ha, “pass the chips”; I’m dying with laughter. Eric E. Sterling, Chevy Chase

a2bec02c-410b-11e1-afad-097055960b44_2

Global warming would harm the Earth, but some areas might find it beneficial

anyone benefitting. Changes in precipitation patterns and volume could undermine the temperature benefits, and the warmer winters could open the area to new pests and invasive species.” When you talk to climate scientists about winners and losers, a few words come up over and over again: could, might, maybe. According to University of Arizona environmental economist Derek Lemoine, local climate-change patterns are difficult to predict because uncertainties in the global model “are compounded when considering smaller scales.” For this reason, it’s very hard to pin down climate scientists on local effects. Klaus Keller, an associate professor of geosciences at the Pennsylvania State University, is working to develop strategies to manage the effects of climate change. I posed a simple question to him: If the leaders of Russia or Norway asked whether their countries would be better off in 50 years if the temperature increased by a few degrees, what would you say? “We don’t know,” he replied. Keller chafes at the notion of climate-change winners. “It’s one thing that, on average, the yield of a few cultivars can increase,” he says. “But heat waves increase mortality, increased drought makes life less enjoyable, and extreme weather events can be quite damaging.” Keller argues that adaptability is the more important factor in determining how countries will fare. The most obvious and tragic cases of adaptability have to do with elevation. Mohamed Nasheed, president of the Maldives, has been among the most vocal proponents of climate-change mitigation, arguing that rising sea levels could leave his island nation underwater. But in most cases, adaptability largely comes down to money. India and the United States provide a stark example of this. Michael Greenstone, a professor of environmental economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his colleagues have pored over death records for the past several decades in those countries to see how changes in temperature affect national death rates. He found that hotter days have only a modest effect on the U.S. mortality rate. In rural India, however, changing just a single day from a comfortable low 70s to a stifling low 90s increases the annual mortality rate by more than 1 percent. That’s from just one day of additional heat. The scary part of the research is that most climate models predict a far more dramatic change than that, with 30 or more additional days of extreme heat in India by the end

ac8f269a-4206-11e1-9022-0d2194331bfe_0

To spy a black hole, astronomers will build a virtual globe-spanning telescope

It’s time for a black hole to shine. A dozing monster of a black hole lies at the heart of our galaxy, and a global group of astronomers wants to snap its picture. They expect to see a ring of hot plasma swirling around a blank spot, the death dance of gas clouds getting sucked into a sphere of no return, the so-called event horizon. “The thing we will actually see is light just barely escaping from the black hole,” said Dan Marrone, a University of Arizona astronomer involved in the new project, called the Event Horizon Telescope. Astronomers call black holes the most baffling objects in the universe. The powerful gravity of these collapsed stars sucks in everything around them. And no one has ever taken a picture of one. The reason: No single telescope is powerful enough to spy one. The black hole at the center of the Milky Way is as wee in the sky as a baseball on the moon. To see it, astronomers will synchronize a network of telescopes into an Earth-size super-telescope. Once the network is assembled, dozens of radio dishes from California to the South Pole will simultaneously peer at the Milky Way’s center, each recording a bit of whatever’s there. Computer disks from each station will then be flown to Massachusetts, where a supercomputer at MIT’s Haystack Observatory will collate the data and build an image. This picture won’t reveal the core of the black hole, as nothing — not even light — can escape it. But the picture should reveal never-before-seen details of the action swirling around it. The image will also test Einstein’s theory of gravity. Called general relativity, the theory, published in 1916, has withstood every challenge thrown its way. It perfectly predicts how gravity bends light around stars, for instance. But near the black hole, which astronomers call Sagittarius A* (pronounced “Sagittarius A-star”), gravity grows enormous. That’s because the object is as massive as nearly 4 million suns. (In astrophysical parlance, it’s “supermassive.”) As a result, the predictions made by general relativity might break down. If Einstein was correct, the ring of gas around the black hole should appear almost perfectly circular. But if he was wrong, the ring might be squished. The image might help solve another mystery: why Sagittarius A* is such a skimpy eater. It nibbles gas even though astronomers would expect it to be

c7a0adb4-45fd-11e1-b0ef-752cfddb1b51_1

Administration looking into repatriating non-Afghan detainees at U.S.-run prison

The officials spoke on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the issue. A small number of detainees may be deemed to pose a terrorist threat, requiring their continued detention or close supervision by their home country if released from the Afghan prison, officials said. Additionally, a number of them are Yemeni, complicating their possible repatriation. President Obama has suspended the transfer home of their fellow nationals from Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, because of concerns about the security situation in Yemen. The largest single group of foreign detainees at the prison is Pakistani, and there are up to two dozen Arabs of various nationalities, according to administration and foreign officials. Among the first detainees likely to be transferred home is Yunus Rahmatullah, a Pakistani national, whose release has been demanded by a British court. Rahmatullah, a suspected extremist, was picked up by troops with Britain’s elite Special Air Service in Iraq in 2004 and handed over to U.S. forces. The CIA subsequently flew him to Afghanistan without informing the British, according to press reports and court papers. Attorneys for Rahmatullah, 29, argued in the British courts that the transfer violated a memorandum of understanding between the U.S. and British militaries, and was a grave violation of the Geneva Conventions because it involved the removal of a civilian from the war theater. Last month, a British court granted a writ of habeas corpus and ordered the British government to get custody of Rahmatullah. The court noted that a 2010 Detainee Review Board hearing of military officers at Bagram cleared Rahmatullah for release. The British Court of Appeal said that if the British foreign secretary and defense minister failed to secure Rahmatullah, it would “be moved to commit you to prison for your contempt in not obeying the said writ.” The court set a deadline of Feb. 14 for Rahmatullah’s release. The British government has appealed the decision, but it has also asked the United States to arrange for Rahmatullah’s swift return to Pakistan, which would satisfy the court and his lawyers. “It would make no sense for the Obama administration to ratify this Bush-era war crime,” said Cori Crider, legal director of Reprieve, a London-base human rights group that is representing Rahmatullah. “Under the Geneva Convention, Yunus Rahmatullah is Britain’s responsibility and should never have been sent to Bagram in the first place. The man is cleared, his family are waiting,

a1020b50-45f6-11e1-b0ef-752cfddb1b51_0

Music review: American Youth Philharmonic

Conductor Daniel Spalding led the American Youth Philharmonic in a splendid concert at George Mason University’s Center for the Arts on Sunday. The event was free for people 18 and younger (although the parking fee was increased). Aside from Spalding’s opening commentary and pieces geared more toward adult listeners (the concert hall was only one-third filled), the afternoon gave the 129 student musicians opportunities to be featured either as soloists or as part of an individual orchestral section. And they did beautifully. The program opened with two works of recent vintage: Miguel del Aguila’s “The Giant Guitar,” a busy yet beguiling essay curiously echoing Bernstein’s “West Side Story.” The percussion section seemed to have the most fun with a multitude of instruments reflecting the composer’s South American upbringing. The group’s hard work also paid off in Mark Adamo’s “Four Angels,” a concerto for harp and orchestra, and Jean Sibelius’s Symphony No. 1 in E Minor, Op. 39. Dotian Levalier, principal harpist of the National Symphony Orchestra, starred in the concerto, as she had in its 2007 premiere with the NSO under Leonard Slatkin at the Kennedy Center. Adamo intended to reverse the traditional harp-orchestral role (the orchestra as central and the harp as decorative tracery) and have the harp lead, with the instruments only accompanying. To this end, Levalier summoned an unbridled impressionistic effect with a quiet luminosity pervading the orchestral texture. Adamo’s goal, however, was basically lost, for the orchestra favored fortissimos rather than playing second fiddle. To cap things off, the Philharmonic tackled Sibelius’s lumbering war horse of a symphony — an appropriate teaching piece, for it exposed the young musicians to stylistic reminders of Wagner (Siegfried’s “Rhine Journey”), Dvorak (“Slavonic Dances”), and Beethoven (the 9th Symphony finale) all delivered in one package. The strings showed an amazing sense of ensemble and intonation. And Sae Hashimoto was a fabulous timpanist. Cecilia Porter is a freelance writer.

ba38f5ee-45e1-11e1-95ea-d3d7baa6debe_1

Newt Gingrich’s troublesome lack of prudence

and require “fundamental change.” Opposing views are “fundamentally a lie” and “fundamentally alien to American tradition.” Only the biggest ideas are sufficient to his self-regard. So Gingrich diagnoses the genuine threat of terrorism and radical Islam. Then he calls for a federal law against sharia, which would address a nonexistent crisis while stigmatizing an entire faith. He makes a strong case for early work experience in low-income communities. Then he goes further to dismiss child labor laws as “truly stupid” and urges the employment of students as assistant janitors. Gingrich acknowledges the problem of climate change — or at least he once did. But he proposed to combat it through geoengineering — the risky manipulation of the planet’s environment by pumping nitrogen into the oceans or deflecting the sun’s rays with vast mirrors. Gingrich’s proposals for fundamental change The former speaker’s challenge to judicial supremacy is a case in point. As usual, Gingrich diagnoses a real problem. Judges are perfectly capable of serious overreach. They have sometimes encroached on legislative functions or imposed an intolerant theology of public secularism. Also as usual, Gingrich presses several steps too far in both rhetoric and policy. Judicial activists are “grotesquely dictatorial” and “radically anti-American.” They should be subpoenaed by Congress and compelled by marshals to testify. The president should have the right to ignore their rulings and abolish circuit courts entirely. Gingrich cites the example of Thomas Jefferson, who eliminated a number of circuit courts created by John Adams during the last days of his administration. It is a poorly chosen precedent. Jefferson was undoing his predecessor’s executive power grab, not targeting specific judges who made undesirable decisions. If President Gingrich simply eliminated, say, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit, it would leave a large portion of the country unserved by a federal appeals court. If he subsequently filled the vacancies, it would undermine the constitutional principle of life tenure. As former attorney general Michael Mukasey has argued, America would become a “banana republic, in which administrations would become regimes, and each regime would feel it perfectly appropriate to disregard decisions by courts staffed by previous regimes.” When Gingrich was called out by conservative legal scholars on the radical implications of his proposal, his response was both typical and alarming. He doubled down. After all, he said, “I taught a short course in this at the University of Georgia Law

b330f3ec-45c2-11e1-b0ef-752cfddb1b51_0

YouTube Space Lab finalist turns to snowflakes for cosmic answers

The International Space Station can be seen at the center of the frame with the payload bay of the space shuttle Endeavour in the foreground as the two spacecraft prepare to dock in this photograph provided by NASA and taken May 18, 2011. (NASA/REUTERS) This post has been updated to clarify the nature of Bresnahan’s experiment. When most people think about the science of snowflakes, they tend to bring up that old standby that no two snowflakes are alike. But for Emerald Bresnahan, a 17-year-old from Plainville, Mass., snowflakes hold a much more interesting scientific concept — one that could provide clues to how galaxies are formed. In an experiment proposal she submitted to YouTube as part of its Space Lab competition, Bresnahan said that galaxies form similarly to how snowflakes form from the inside out. She believes to have found possible evidence that the hexagonal formation of a snowflake relates to other aspects of the universe — a shape that’s also seen on the north pole of Saturn. Last week, YouTube announced Bresnahan is one of 60 finalists in its Space Lab competition, a global contest for young scientists to have two submitted experiments performed on the International Space Station. From these 60 finalists, people can vote for six finalists — two each from the Americas, Europe and Pacific Asia — to be judged by a panel of space and science experts. Bresnahan, a freshman at Wheaton College (she skipped the 10th grade) worked on her project alone for about a month after seeing an announcement about the contest on YouTube. After finishing some preliminary work, she consulted her astronomy professor on incorporating her research into a class project. “He supported what I was going to do and wanted to see what would happen,” she said in an interview with The Washington Post. She said that YouTube and other large forums like it can help inspire young people to get motivated about their own research and ask big questions. Because of that potential to share knowledge, she wasn’t shy about sharing her ideas on the site. “I really believe in my research and I wanted to share it with people,” she said. “It’s always great to get younger people involved, especially in science. It’s an important topic that should be looked into by everybody, and sharing it could help find answers,” she said. Many people would be shy about

866bf90a-469a-11e1-8cb4-cd666424bf3a_2

For export-dependent Japan, a trade deficit

recent months, the bank noted, Japan’s economy had been handcuffed by a strong yen, whose appreciation makes Japanese products more expensive overseas. In October, the yen hit a record high against the dollar, and it traded Tuesday at roughly 77 against the dollar, compared with more than 85 in April. The yen’s strength does carry some advantages — it gives Japanese companies more power to purchase and acquire overseas assets, for instance — but it has also encouraged those same companies to relocate entirely. Politicians now speak about the potential for a “hollowing out” of Japanese industry, with manufacturing giants maintaining only modest bases in Japan while building factories in Thailand, China and Vietnam. This process, already in progress, makes it all the harder for Japan to recover its export dominance. Signs of the shift to foreign markets can be seen particularly in the auto industry. According to figures by J.P. Morgan Chase, Japanese companies will produce roughly 75 percent of their cars abroad by 2014, compared with 67 percent last year. In recent years, Japan has sharply increased its trade volume with China, but only in 2009 did China overtake the United States as the largest buyer of Japanese exports. Trade pressures could push Tokyo even closer to Beijing, using China’s usually reliable growth to make up for tightening markets in the West. Japan remains the world’s largest net foreign creditor, so its income balance still outweighs its trade deficit. That net surplus is critical, allowing Japan to keep borrowing costs among the world’s lowest. But if Japan cannot maintain that surplus, borrowing will become more expensive, raising fears about a European-style crisis. Japan’s debt is more than twice the size of its GDP. Investor confidence in Japan could be rattled if the country cannot raise its consumption tax, the linchpin of Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda’s strategy to prevent a Greece-style crisis. Noda appeared in parliament Tuesday and emphasized the need for Japan to raise the tax from the current 5 percent to 10 percent by 2015. “As global financial markets continue to dominate, once ‘national credibility’ is lost it cannot be undone,” Noda said. “This is manifestly apparent in the current situation in Europe.” More world news coverage: - Muslim Brotherhood adopts caution on economy - Libya government faces growing frustrations - In Pakistan, coup looms but does not strike - Read more headlines from around the world

9bddbed4-4138-11e1-9091-3ad6d04900db_3

In D.C.’s brewing renaissance, every palate wins

cooks and brewers, filled with locally foraged herbs, spices and other ingredients. As for the beers themselves, Engert envisions constant experimentation and an ambitious barrel-aging and sour-beer program. He also says the brewery will team up with renowned brewers around the country to brew collaboration beers, which will help form the basis of the brewery’s distribution strategy. NRG wants to send its beer — mostly kegs and limited runs of 750-milliliter bottles — nationwide almost immediately. For sheer hipness, though, it might be hard for NRG to top the brewpub whose working name is “Right, Proper”: a partnership between Thor Cheston, formerly of Pizzeria Paradiso and Brasserie Beck, and Nathan Zeender, a home-brewer with a knack for dry, yeasty Belgian-inspired ales and barrel-aged sour beers reminiscent of Belgian lambics. Whereas NRG’s brewery will have a modern, glass-filled aesthetic and undoubtedly will be swamped by stadium-goers, Cheston and Zeender are aiming for an intimate neighborhood vibe inspired by the Baltimore brewpub Brewer’s Art. “Both myself and Thor have a pretty overdeveloped sense of place,” Zeender says, adding that they’ve been looking at historic buildings in and around the Shaw neighborhood of Northwest. The beers, too, will have a “revivalist” feel, gesturing to numerous global traditions. Before the tentative opening date — a year or more from now — Zeender hopes to bulk up his recipe book by interning at breweries in Belgium, Scandinavia and Quebec and throughout the United States. Of the four new brewing ventures, the one that most closely resembles what D.C. residents have already seen is Hellbender Brewing, which initially will focus on placing kegs in local bars, as DC Brau, Chocolate City and 3 Stars have done. Founder Ben Evans hopes to open by this summer and eventually sell cans to retailers, too. Still, Evans, a microbiology researcher who is overseeing Hellbender with congressional staffer Patrick Mullane, says his offerings won’t taste much like the competition’s. “For instance,” he says, “rather than coming out with a pale ale, we decided to come out with a Kolsch,” a hoppy, gold-colored German ale. “I’ve been working on that for many years, and we thought that would be a more unique addition to our lineup.” In the D.C. brewing world, that kind of thinking is now business as usual: Be good — but, maybe more important, be different. Fromson, a freelance writer, lives in Washington. Follow him on Twitter @dfroms.